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BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD

OK

CALHOUN COUNTY

IOWA

ILLUSTRATED.

The people that lake no pride in tin- noble achievements of retnote ancestors will never achi anything worthy to be remembered with pride by remote generations. — Macaulay.

NEW YORK AND CHICAGO: ["he S I Clarke Pub

Biography is the only true History. — Emerson.

A people that take no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors

will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered with

pride by remote generations. — Macaulay.

PREFACE.

HE greatest of English historians, Macaulay, and one of the most brilliant writers of the present century, has said: "The history of a country is best told in a record of the lives of its people." In con- formity with this idea, the Biographical Record has been prepared. Instead of going to musty records, and taking therefrom dry statistical matter that can be appreciated by but few, our corps of writers have gone to the people, the men and women who have, by their enterprise and industry, brought this county to a rank second to none among those comprising this great and noble State, and from their lips have the story of their life struggles. No more interesting or instructive matter could be presented to an intelligent public. In this volume will be found a record of many whose lives are worthy the imitation of coming generations. It tells how some, commencing life in poverty, by industry and economy, have accumulated wealth. It tells how others, with limited advantages for securing an education, have become learned men and women, with an influence extending throughout the length and breadth of the land. It tells of men who have risen from the lower walks of life to eminence as statesmen, and whose names have become famous. It tells of those in every walk in life who have striven to succeed, and records how that success has usu- ally crowned their efforts. It tells also of those, who, not seeking the applause of the world, have pursued the " even tenor of their way," content to have it said of them, as Christ said of the woman performing a deed of mercy — " They nave done what they could." It tells how many, in the pride and strength of young manhood, left the plow and the am il. the lawyer's office and the counting-room, left every trade and profession, and at their country's call went forth valiantly " to do or die," and how through their efforts the Union was restored and peace once more reigned in the land. In the life of every man and of every woman is a lesson that should not be lost upon those who follow after.

Coming generations will appreciate this volume and preserve it as a sacred treasure, from the fact that it contains so much that would never find its way into public records, and which would otherwise be inaccessible. Great care has been taken in the compilation of the work and even- opportunity possible given to those represented to insure correctness in what has been written ; and the publishers flatter themselves that they give to their readers a work with few errors of consequence. In addition to biographical sketches, portraits of a number of representative citizens are given.

The faces of some, and biographical sketches of many, wdl be missed in this volume. For this the publishers are not to blame. Not having a proper conception of the work, some refused to give the information necessary to compile a sketch, while others were indifferent. Occasionally some member of the family would oppose the enterprise, and on account of such opposition the support of the interested one would be withheld. In a few instances men never could be found, though repeated calls were made at their residence or place of business.

June, 190-2

The S. J. Clarke Publishing Co.

CONTENTS

GENERAL INDEX.

Table of Contents, Introductory,

Compendium of National Biography, Compendium of Local Biography,

INDEX TO FART I.

Compendium of National Biography.

Biographical Sketches of National Celebrities.

page

Abbott, Lyman 144

Adams, Charles Kendall 143

Adams, John 25

Adams, John Quincy 61

Agassiz, Louis J. R 137

Alger, Russell A 173

Allison, William B 131

Allston, Washington 190

Altgeld, John Peter 140

Andrews, Elisha B 184

Anthony, Susan B 62

Armour, Philip D 62

Arnold, Benedict 84

Arthur, Chester Allen 108

Astor, John Jacob 139

Audubon, John James 166

Bailey, James Montgomery... 177

Bancroft, George 74

Barnard, Frederick A. P 179

Barnum, Phineas T 41

Barrett, Lawrence 156

Barton, Clara 209

Bayard, Thomas Francis 200

Beard, William H 196

ard, Pierre G. T 203

Henry War.l 26

Hell, Alexander Graham 96

Bennett, James Gordon 206

Benton, Thomas Hart 53

Bergh, Henry 160

Bierstadt, Albert 197

Billings, Josh 166

Blaine, James Gillespie 22

Bland, Richard Parks 106

PAGE

Boone, Daniel 36

Booth, Edwin 51

Booth, Junius Brutus 177

Brice, Calvin S 181

Brooks, Phillips 130

Brown, John 51

Brown, Charles Farrar 91

Brush, Charles Francis 153

Bryan, William Jennings 158

Bryant, William Cullen 44

Buchanan, Franklin 105

Buchanan, James 128

Buckner, Simon Boliver 188

Burdette, Robert J 103

Burr.Aaron Ill

Butler, Benjamin Franklin. ... 24

Calhoun, John Caldwell 23

Cameron, James Donald 141

Cameron, Simon 141

Cammack, Addison 197

Campbell, Alexander 180

Carlisle, John G 133

Carnegie, Andrew 73

Carpenter, Matthew Hale 178

Carson, Christopher (Kit).. .. 86

Cass, Lewis 110

Chase, Salmon Portland 65

Childs, George W 83

Choate, Ruf'us 207

Charlin, Horace Brigham 107

Clay, Henry 21

Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. . 86

Cleveland, Grover 174

Clews, Henry 153

PAGE.

Clinton, DeWitt 110

Colfax, Schuyler 139

Conklin, Alfred 32

Conklin, Roscoe 32

Cooley, Thomas Mclntyre 140

Cooper, James Fenimore 58

Cooper, Peter 37

Copely, John Singleton 191

Corbin, Austin 205

Corcoran, W. W 196

Cornell, Ezra 161

Cramp, Wdliam 1^!»

Crockett, David 76

Cullom, Shelby Moore 116

Curtis, George William . 144

Cushman, Charlotte 107

Custer, George A 95

Dana, Charles A 88

"Danbury News Man" 177

Davenport, Fanny.. 106

Davis, Jefferson 24

Debs, Eugene V 1:;-.'

Decatur, Stephen 101

Deering, William 198

Depew, Chauncey Mitchell... 209

Dickinson, Anna 103

Dickinson, Don M 139

Dingley, Nelson, Jr 215

1 (onnelly, Ignatius 161

Douglas, Stephen Arnold 53

Douglass", Frederick 43

Dow, Neal 108

Draper, John William 184

TABLE OF CONTENTS— PART I

PAGE

Drexel, Anthony Joseph 124

Dupont, Henry 198

Edison, Thomas Alva 55

Edmunds, George F 201

Ellsworth, Oliver 168

Emerson, Ralph Waldo 57

Ericsson, John 127

Evarts, William Maxwell 89

Farragut, David Glascoe 80

Field, Cyrus West 173

Field, David Dudley 126

Fi< Id, Marshall 59

Field, Stephen Johnson 216

Fillmore, Millard 113

Foote, Andrew Hull 176

Foraker, Joseph B 143

Forrest, Edwin 92

Franklin, Benjamin 18

Fremont, John Charles 29

Fuller, Melville Weston 168

Fulton, Robert 62

Gage, Lyman J 71

Gallatin, Albert 112

Garfield, James A 163

Garrett, John Work 200

Garrison, William Lloyd 50

Gates, Horatio 70

Gatling, Richard Jordan 116

George, Henry- 203

Gibbons, Cardinal James 209

Gilm. >re, Patrick Sarsfield 77

Girard, Stephen 137

Gough, John B 131

Goutd, Jay 52

Gordon, John B 215

Grant, Ulysses S 155

Grav, Asa 88

Gray, Elisha 149

Greeley, Adolphus W 142

Greeley, Horace 20

Greene, Nathaniel 69

Gresham, Walter Quintin 183

Hale, Edward Everett 79

Hall, Charles Francis 167

Hamilton, Alexander 31

Hamlin, Hannibal 214

Hampton, Wade 192

Hancock, Winfield Scott 146

Hanna, Marcus Alonzo 169

Harris, Isham G 214

Harrison, William Henry 87

Harrison, Benjamin 182

Harvard, John 129

Havemeyer, John Craig 182

Hawthorne, Nathaniel 135

Hayes, Rutherford Birchard.. . 157

Hendricks, Thomas Andrew. . 212

Henry, Joseph 105

Henrv, Patrick 83

Hill, David Bennett 90

Hobart, Garrett A 213

Holmes, Oliver Wendell 206

Hooker, Joseph 52

Howe, Elias 130

Howells, William Dean 104

PAGE

Houston, Sam 120

Hughes, Archbishop John 157

Hughitt, Marvin 159

Hull, Isaac 169

Huntington, Collis Potter 94

Ingalls, John James 114

Ingersoll, Robert G 85

Irving, Washington 33

Jackson, Andrew 71

Jackson, " Stonewall" 67

Jackson, Thomas Jonathan 67

Jay, John 39

Jefferson, Joseph 47

Jefferson, Thomas 34

Johnson, Andrew 145

Johnson, Eastman 202

Johnston, Joseph Eccleston... . 85

Jones, James K 171

Jones, John Paul '-'7

Jones, Samuel Porter 115

Kane, Elisha Kent 125

Kearney, Philip 210

Kenton, Simon 188

Knox, John Jay 134

Lamar, Lucius Q. C 201

Landon, Melville D 109

Lee, Robert Edward 38

Lewis, Charles B 193

Lincoln, Abraham 135

Livermore, Mary Ashton 131

Locke, David Ross 172

Logan, John A 26

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 37

Longstreet, James 56

Lowell, James Russell 104

Mackav, John William 148

Madison, James 42

Marshall, John 156

Mather, Cotton 163

Mather, Increase 163

Maxim, Hiram S 194

McClellan, George Brinton.. . . 47

McCormick, Cyrus Hall 172

McDonough, Com. Thomas.. . 167

McKinleyT William 217

Meade, George Gordon 75

Medill, Joseph 159

Miles, Nelson A 176

Miller, Cincinnatus Heine 218

Miller, Joaquin 218

Mills, Roger Quarles 211

Monroe, James 54

Moody, Dwight L 207

Moran, Thomas 98

Morgan, John Pierpont 208

Morgan, John T 216

Morris, Robert 165

Morse, Samuel F. B 124

Morton, Levi P 142

Morton, Oliver Perrv 215

Motley, John Lathro'p 130

"Nye, Bill" 59

Nye, Edgar Wilson 59

PAGE

O'Conor, Charles 187

Olney, Richard 133

Paine, Thomas 147

Palmer. John M 195

Parkhurst, Charles Henry 160

"Partington, Mrs." 202

Peabody, George 170

Peck, George W 187

Peffer, William A 164

Perkins, Eli 109

Perrv, Oliver Hazard 97

Phillips, Wendell ' 30

Pierce, Franklin 122

Pingree, Hazen S 212

Plant, Henry B 192

Poe, Edgar Allen 69

Polk, James Knox 102

Porter, David Dixon 68

Porter, Noah 93

Prentice, George Denison.. .. 119

Prescott, William Hickling. . .. 96

Pullman, George Mortimer — 121

Quad, M ■ 193

Quay Matthew S 171

Randolph, Edmund 136

Read, Thomas Buchanan 132

Reed, Thomas Brackett 208

Reid, Whitelaw 149

Roach, John 190

Rockefeller, John Davison.... 195

Root, George Frederick 218

Rothermel, Peter F 113

Rutledge, John 57

Sage, Russell 211

Schofield, John McAllister 199

Schurz, Carl 201

Scott, Thomas Alexander 204

Sett, Winfield 79

Seward, William Henry .... 44

Sharon, William 165

Shaw, Henry W 166

Sheridan, Phillip Henrv 40

Sherman, Charles R 87

Sherman, John 86

Shillaber, Benjamin Penhallow 202 Sherman, William Tecumseh.. 30

Smith, Edmund Kirby 114

Sousa, John Philip f>0

Spreckels, Claus 159

Stanford, Leland 101

Stanton, Edwin McMasters. . . 179

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 126

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton 32 Stephenson, Adlai Ewing. .. . 141

Stewart, Alexander T 58

Stewart, William Morris 213

Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth

Beecher 66

Stuart, James E. B 122

Sumner, Charles 34

Talmage, Thomas DeWitt . . 60

Tanev, Roger Broo!>- 129

Taylor, Zachary 108

I Teller, Henrv M 127

TABLE OF CONTEXTS— PART I

PAGE

Tesla, Nikola 193

Thomas, George H 73

Thomas, Theodore 1 7'2

Thurman, Allen G 90

Thurston, John M 166

Tilden, Samuel J 48

Tillman, Benjamin Ryan 119

Toombs, Robert 205

"Twain, Mark" 86

Tyler, John 93

Van Buren, Martin 78

V.inilirbilt, Cornelius 35

red 154

Vest, < leorge Graham 214

PAGE

Vilas, William Freeman 140

Voorhees, Daniel Wolsey 95

Waite, Morrison Remich 125

Wallace, Lewis 199

Wallack, Lester 121

Wallack, John Lester 121

Wanamaker, John .. . 89

Ward, "Artemus " 91

Washburne, Ehhu Benjamin. . 189

Washington, George 17

Watson, Thomas E 178

Watterson, Henry 76

Weaver, fames B 123

Webster/Daniel 19

PAGE

Webster, Noah 49

Weed, Thurlow. '.II

West, Benjamin 115

Whipple, Henry Benjamin 161

White, Stephen V 162

Whitefield, George 150

Whitman, Walt 197

Whitney, Eli 120

Whitney, William Collins 92

Whittier, John Greenleaf t!7

Willard, Frances E 133

Wilson, William 1 180

Winchell, Alexander 175

Windom, William 138

PORTRAITS OF NATIONAL CELEBRITIES.

PAGE

Alger, Russell A 16

William B 99

Anthonv, Susan B 63

Armour, Philip D 151

Arthur, Chester A 81

. 1'hineas T 117

ieecber, Henry Ward 27

Blaine, James G 151

Booth, Edwin 63

Bryan, Wm. J 63

Bryant, William Cullen 185

Buchanan, James 81

, Simon B 16

Bui ler Benjamin F 151

JohnG 151

i base, Salmon P 16

fluids, George W 99

Clay, Henry 81

nd, Grover 45

< ooper, Peter 99

Dana, Charles A 151

Dep< w.C hauncey M 117

I ioug lass, Fred 63

n, Ralph Waldo 27

WilliamM 99

, t Cm. D. G 185

Field, Cyrus W 63

PAGE

Field. Marshall 117

Franklin, Benjamin 63

Fremont, Gen. John C 16

Gage, Lyman J 151

Garfield, James A 45

Garrison, William Lloyd 63

George, Henry 117

Gould, lav 99

Grant, Gen. U. S 185

Greeley, Horace 81

Hampton, Wade 16

Hancock, Gen. Winfield S 185

Hanna, Mark A 117

Harrison, Benjamin 81

Haves, R. B 45

Hendricks, Thomas A 81

Holmes, Oliver W 151

Hooker, Gen. Joseph 16

Ingersoll, Robert G 117

Irving, Washington 27

Jackson, Andrew 45

Jefferson, Thomas 45

Johnston, Gen. J. E 16

Lee, Gen. Robert E 185

Lincoln, Abraham 81

Logan, Gen. John A 16

Longfellow, Henry W 185

PAGE

Longstreet, Gen. James 16

Lowell, James Russell '27

McKinley, William 45

Morse, S. F. B 185

Phillips, Wendell 27

Porter, Com. D. D 185

Pullman, George M 117

Quay, M. S. 99

Reed, Thomas B 151

Sage, Russell 117

Scott, Gen. Winfield 185

Seward, William H 45

Sherman, John • 99

Sherman, Gen. W. T. 151

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady '27

Stowe, Harriet Beecher 27

Sumner, Charles 45

Talmage, T. DeWitt 63

Teller, Henry M 99

Thurman, Allen G 81

Tilden, Samuel J 117

Van Buren, Martin 81

Yanderbilt, Commodore 99

Webster, Daniel 27

Whittier, JohnG 2fl

Washington, George 45

Watterson, Henry 63

INDEX.

1'AGE

i W 484

• lla 581

■ . Ole 384

Arney. Ira R 313

Ati hi, Levi D 259

Baker, j. H 526

Baker. Wendel 452

Ballstadt, Charles 363

Bassett, O. E 443

Bates. Clifton / 228

Blair, John B -'57

Bleam, David 372

Bolander, Henrv J 348

Botsford, Richard 5-7

Boyce, M. S 393

Braginton. James 409

Brand, August 519

Briggs, E. A 380

Bi 1 id . Benjamin 358

Brooks, E. S 570

Brown, David M 236

Br< iwn, < hi 1 < i 352

Brown, John 4-7

l.n mn, I. 1 45.1

Brown, W. II 51/

Burch, Edwin W 493

Burch. Rollin 287

Burrough, John Fvm 528

Buttolph, 'William W 256

Carskaddon, Alva 292

Campbell, F. 1 44"

Campbell, Jeremiah M ,114

Campbell, Mike D 4,u

Carlson, Carl 340

Carmichael, C. C 473

Cass, J. Frank 371

Cavanaugh, John 34''

Clark. Andrew 399

Clark. Jasper 537

Clark. William 370

( 'oates, George 260

larles 1 463

1 1 imbs Brothers 455

Levi 252

Cooper, Walu-r J 532

Corey, James E 530

Craig, j". W 278

rd S. G 244

Dalton. John F 339

Danforth, L. F -'54

Davidson, W. H 330

Headman, E. C 531

Dehart. George J 22b

Dellinger. George W 462

Dougherty. Tohn 536

Douglass, Asa C 317

Howling, Charles T 286

Dromrner, C. L 539

Ellis, William $51

H-hbaueh. Alfred W -'33

Eslick, Dr. L. E 447

F.teh. William H 300

Fleck, W. S 400

Fluhartv, David 549

Fouts, J. F 418

ger, B. F 546

French,' David H 45S

Fulkerson, Cyrus 365

Fulton, C. D 584

Glover. Robert 429

Graham, S. C 312

Gregg. John W 447

1 11 gi r\ . E. L 565

Griffin." Thos. P 336

Griffith, James 29]

Grove, Jacob A 234

Hackett. Tims. R 354

Harrison, John G 508

Harshbarger. Henrv 240

Hatch, E. B ' 57''

Haw kin-. L. D 272

Hedlund, 0. 1 4-?-'

Hews. Robert II 377

Ili.bb-. E. 1 578

Hochschwender, Chris 475

Holm, Erick G 295

Holtorf, C. C 411

Holtorf, Fred 569

I but. hi. R. A 54-'

I foulihan, John J 308

Hudson, ioseph 380

Huff. F. '1' S45

Hulett, Wm. L 42b

Hutchison, M. E 22^

PAGE

Hutchison, S. T 282

Hutzell, H. C 261

Her. John W 577

Jackson, E. S 370

Jacobs, John W 296

Johnson. Rudolph D 239

Jones, E. A 567

b 11 gen rn. L. Peter 295

Judge, Henry 388

Kelly. T. A 311

Kenning. John 353

Kent, S. L 486

Land. John A 457

Lanphier. J. J 241

Lavender. Jas. F 2:-,!

I ester, G. E 4(10

Lewi-. C. W 580

Lewis, Washington 450

Long. G. 1 433

Lung. T. D 433

Long, \\ ilbam B 251

i \ 325

Lucas, R. B 302

Mack. Mansfield E 582

Maiden, 1. F 548

Marsh. H. H 420

.Martin. D. T 494

Maulsby, Thos. C 307

McClure, E. B 248

McClure, James 237

McConeky, John 335

McCord, Robert I

McCrary, 1. Broun 44(1

McCrary, t. W 550

McCulloch, W. C 437

Meusburger, Mois 255

Michael. Oliver 270

Milburn, I..hn T 369

Miller. David A 503

I. one- M

Moore, Hugh 1 488

Morn-. Charles F . 196

Mullarky. Dr. H 444

Nelson, Swan 38]

Nicholson, C. R... Norris, D. E

O'Connor, Michael Olcott, George . . Overacker, Alanson

Owen. J. E

Parsons. Henry Pell. James H. . Peterson. Malcom Peterson. Peter Phifer, William H. Pitstick, John .. Pittman. W. D. .

Prav. G. L

Puffer, Frank S.

Radley, Samuel. Sr. Ramige, Frederick B Randlett, G. W. . Rasmess, John . Reading. M. M. . Rench. John H.. Richer, E. F.... Richardson. Clark Richmond, H. J. . Richter, A. G. . . Riebock, J. W...

Ringgenberg. H. A 559

Risely, A. L 327

Rix. Henry 560

Rose. Charles 401

Sandv, T. C 558

Sandy, William R 398

Schmidt, Ambrose 556

Seay, James W 439

Sebern, Bert E 414

Sebern, J. J 356

Sebern. T. H 557

Sherman, E. B 465

Shrader. F. R 4n

Smith, J. B 298

Smith, M. M 476

Smith. Richard A 279

Smith, W. T 289

Snyder, O. H 551

Spawn, F. B 482

Sperry, Fay 333

Starr. George B 375

Steinberg. H. V 509

Stewart. Robt. A 315

Stonebraker, B. E 275

Somerville. Tohn d.32

Surrell, W. C 541

Taylor. J. A. C 44?

PAGE

Thompson, W. L 510

Titus, Charles W 474

Toop, Jesse J 277

Townsend, D. J 223

Townsend. Sanford H 273

Townsend, W. A 492

Van Home, James 343

Warehime, John F 306

Wartchow, J. B 470

Webb. William 309

Weikert. W. H 387

Westveer, Abraham M 24s

Whittlesey, C. A 507

Wickmann, Charles 39=;

Williams, A. A 436

Williams, J. E 334

Wilson, J. F 508

Wise, Clias. H 233

Wood, Andrew 271

Wooden, Orrin 506

Wright, George C 47N

Wilson, J. W 281

Wilson, L. I.) 329

Yagen, Martin 445

Yates, Louisa H 407

Young, Dr. Henry 552

COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY

. . OF . .

Celebrated Americans &

.. ..■■■ ■ ..;:,.

1f;o

£.1 "

US

Off

WASHINGTON, the first president of the Unit- — e- ed States, called the "Father ^^ivniiorvynv^ of his Country," was one of ril<^" the most celebrated characters

/rS^" in history. He was born Feb- * ruary 22. 1732, in Washing-

ton Parish, Westmoreland county, Virginia. His father, Augustine Washington, first married Jane Butler, who bore him four children, and March 6, 1730, he .married Mary Ball. Of six children by his second marriage, George was the eldest.

Little is known of the eariy years of Washington, beyond the fact that the house in which he was born was burned during his early childhood, and that his father there- upon moved to another farm, inherited from his paternal ancestors, situated in Stafford county, on the north bank of the Rappahan- nock, and died there in 1743. From earliest childhood George developed a noble charac- ter. His education was somewhat defective, being confined to the elementary branches taught him by his mother and at a neighbor- ing school. On leaving school he resided some time at Mount Vernon with his half

brother, Lawrence, who acted as his guar dian. George's inclinations were for a sea- faring career, and a midshipman's warrant was procured for him; but through the oppo- sition of his mother the project was aban- doned, and at the ags of sixteen he was appointed surveyor to the immense estates of the eccentric Lord Fairfax. Three years were passed by Washington in a rough fron- tier life, gaining experience which afterwards proved very essential to him In 175 1, when the Virginia militia were put under training with a view to active service against France, Washington, though only nineteen years of age, was appointed adjutant, with the rank of major. In 1752 Lawrence Washington died, leaving his large property to an infant daughter. In his will George was named one of the executors and as an eventual heir to Mount Vernon, and by the death of the infant niece, soon succeeded t that estate. In 1753 George was commis- sioned adjutant-general of the Virginia militia, and performed important work at the outbreak of the French and Indian war, was rapidly promoted, and at the close of that war we find him commander-in-chief of

18

COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRATHT.

all the forces raised in Virginia. A cessation of Indian hostilities on the "frontier having followed the expulsion of the French from the Ohio, he resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Virginia forces, and then proceeded to Williamsburg to take his seat in the Virginia Assembly, of which he had been elected a member.

January 17, 1759, Washington marred Mrs. Martha (Dandridge) Curtis, a young and beautiful widow of great wealth, and devoted himself for the ensuing fifteen years to the quiet pursuits of agriculture, inter- rupted only by the annual attendance in winter upon the colonial legislature at Williamsburg, until summoned by his coun- try to enter upon that other arena in which his fame was to become world-wide. The war for independence called Washington into service again, and he was made com- mander-in-chief of the colonial forces, and was the most gallant and conspicuous figure in that bloody struggle, serving until Eng- land acknowledged the independence of each of the thirteen States, and negotiated with them jointly, as separate sovereignties. December 4, 1783, the great commander took leave of his officers in most affection- ate and patriotic terms, and went to An- napolis, Maryland, where the congress of the States was in session, and to that body, when peace and order prevailed everywhere, resigned his commission and retired to Mount Vernon.

It was in 1789 that Washington was called to the chief magistracy of the na- tion. The inauguration took place April 30, in the presence of an immense multi- tude which had assembled to witness the new and imposing ceremony. In the manifold de- tails of his civil administration Washington proved himself fully equal to the requirements of his position. In 1792, at the second presi-

dential election, Washington was desirous to retire; but he yielded to the general wish of the country, and was again chosen presi- dent. At the third election, in 1796, he was again most urgently entreated to con- sent to remain in the executive chair. This he positively refused, and after March 4, 1797, he again retired to Mount Vernon for peace, quiet, and repose.

Of the call again made on this illustrious chief to quit his repose at Mount Ver- non and take command of all the United States forces, with rank of lieutenant-gen- eral, when war was threatened with France in 1798, nothing need here be stated, ex- cept to note the fact as an unmistakable testimonial of the high regard in which he was still held by his countrymen of all shades of political opinion. He patriotic- ally accepted this trust, but a treaty of peace put a stop to all action under it. He again retired to Mount Vernon, where he died December 14, 1799, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His remains were depos- ited in a family vault on the banks of the Potomac, at Mount Vernon, where they still lie entombed.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, an eminent American statesman and scientist, was born of poor parentage, January 17, 1706, in Boston, Massachusetts. He was appren- ticed ti his brother James to learn the print- er's trade to prevent his running away and going to sea, and also because of the numer- ous family his parents had to support (there being seventeen children, Benjamin being the fifteenth). He was a great reader, and soon developed a taste for writing, and pre- pared a number of articles and had them published in the paper without his brother's knowledge, and when the authorship be- came known it resulted in difficulty for the

COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY.

JO

young apprentice, although his articles had been received with favor by the public. James was afterwards thrown into prison for political reasons, and young Benjamin con- ducted the paper alone during the time. In 1823, however, he determined to endure his bonds no longer, and ran away, going to Philadelphia, where he arrived with only three pence as his store of wealth. With these he purchased three rolls, and ate them as he walked along the streets. He soon found employment as a journeyman printer. Two years later he was sent to England by the governor of Pennsylvania, and was promised the public printing, but did not get it. On his return to Philadelphia he estab- lished the "Pennsylvania Gazette," and soon found himself a person of great popu- larity in the province, his ability as a writer, philosopher, and politician having reached the neighboring colonies. He rapidly grew in prominence, founded the Philadelphia Li- brary in 1842, and two years later the American Philosophical Society and the University of Pennsylvania. He was made Fellow of the Royal Society in London in 1775. His world-famous investigations in electricity and lightning began in 1746. He became postmaster-general of the colonies in 1753, having devised an inter-colonial postal system. He advocated the rights of the colonies at all times, and procured the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766. He was elected to the Continental congress of 1775, and in 1776 was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, being one of the commit- tee appointed to draft that paper. He rep- resented the new nation in the courts of Europe, especially at Paris, where his simple dignity and homely wisdom won him the admiration of the court and the favor of the people. He was governor of Pennsylvania lour vears; was also a member of the con-

vention in 1787 that drafted the constitution of the United States.

His writings upon political topics, anti- slavery, finance, and economics, stamp him as one of the greatest statesmen of his time, while his "Autobiography" and "Poor Richard's Almanac" give him precedence in the literary field. In early life he was an avowed skeptic in religious matters, but later in life his utterances on this subject were less extreme, though he never ex- pressed approval of any sect or creed. He died in Philadelphia April 17, 1790.

DANIEL WEBSTER.— Of world wide reputation for statesmanship, diplo- macy, and oratory, there is perhaps no more prominent figure in the history of our coun- try in the interval between 181 5 and 1861, than Daniel Webster. He was born at Salisbury (now Franklin), New Hampshire, January 18, 1782, and was the second son of Ebenezer and Abigail (Eastman) Webster. He enjoyed but limited educational advan- tages in childhood, but spent a few months in 1797, at Phillip Exeter Academy. He completed his preparation for college in the family of Rev. Samuel Wood, at Boscawen, and entered Dartmouth College in the fall of 1797. He supported himself most of the time during these years by teaching school and graduated in [8oi, having the credit of being the foremost scholar of his class. He entered the law office of Hon. Thomas W. Thompson, at Salisbury. In 1802 he con- tinued his legal studies at Fryeburg. Maine, where he was principal of the academy and copyist in the office of the register of deeds. In the office of Christopher Gore, at Boston, he completed his studies in 1804-5, an(l was admitted to the bar in the ir, and at Boscawen and at Ports- mouth soon rose to eminence in his profes-

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sion. He became known as a federalist but did not court political honors; but, at- tracting attention by his eloquence in oppos- ing the war with England, he was elected to congress in 1812. During the special session of May, 181 3, he was appointed on the committee on foreign affairs and made his maiden speech June 10, 1S13. Through- out this session (as afterwards) he showed his mastery of the great economic questions of the day. He was re-elected in 18 14. In 1 8 16 he removed to Boston and for seven years devoted himself to his profession, earning by his arguments in the celebrated •'Dartmouth College Case" rank among die most distinguished jurists of the country. In 1820 Mr. Webster was chosen a member Df the state convention of Massachusetts, to revise the constitution. The same year he delivered the famous discourse on the " Pil- grim fathers," which laid the foundation for his fame as an orator. Declining a nomi- nation for United States senator, in 1822 he was elected to the lower house of congress and was re-elected in 1824 and 1826, but in 1827 was transferred to the senate. He retained his seat in the latter chamber until 1841. During this time his voice was ever lifted in defence of the national life and honor and although politically opposed to him he gave his support to the administra- tion of President Jackson in the latter's con- test with nullification. Through all these fears he was ever found upon the side of vright and justice and his speeches upon all me great questions of the day have be- •ome household words in almost every family. In 1841 Mr. Webster was appointed secretary of state by President Harrison and was continued in the same office by President Tyler. While an incumbent of this office he showed consummate ability as a diplomat in the negotiation of the "Ash-

burton treaty " of August 9, 1849, which settled many points of dispute between the United States and England. In May, 1843, he resigned his post and resumed his pro- fession, and in December, 1845, took his place again in the senate. He contributed in an unofficial way to the solution of the Oregon question with Great Britain in 1847. He was disappointed in 1848 in not receiv- ing the nomination for the presidency. He became secretary of state under President Fillmore in 1850 and in dealing with all the complicated questions of the day showed a wonderful mastery of the arts of diplomacy. Being hurt in an accident he retired to his home at Marshfield, where he died Octo- ber 24, 1852.

HORACE GREELEY. —As journalist, author, statesman and political leader, there is none more widely known than the man whose name heads this article. He was born in Amherst, New Hampshire, Feb- ruary 3, 181 1, and was reared upon a farm. At an early age he evinced a remarkable intelligence and love of learning, and at the age of ten had read every book he could borrow for miles around. About 1821 the family removed to Westhaven, Vermont, and for some years young Greeley assisted in carrying on the farm. In 1826 he entered the office of a weekly newspaper at East Poultney, Vermont, where he remained about four years. On the discontinuance of this paper he followed his father's family to Erie county, Pennsylvania, whither they had moved, and for a time worked at the printer's trade in that neigh- borhood. In 1 83 1 Horace went to New York City, and for a time found employ- ment as journeyman printer. January, 1833, in partnership with Francis Story, he published the Morning Post, the first penny

COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY.

21

paper ever printed. This proved a failure and was discontinued after three weeks. The business of job printing was carried on, however, until the death of Mr. Story in July following. In company with Jonas Winchester, March 22, 1834, Mr. Greeley commenced the publication of the New Yorker, a weekly paper of a high character. For financial reasons, at the same time, Greeley wrote leaders for other papers, and, in [838, took editorial charge of the Jcffer- sonian, a Whig paper published at Albany. In 1840, on the discontinuance of that sheet, he devoted his energies to the Log Cabin, a campaign paper in the interests of the Whig party. In the fall of 1841 the latter paper was consolidated with the New Yorker, un- der the name of the Tribune, the first num- ber of which was issued April 10, 184 1. At the head of this paper Mr. Greeley remained until the day of his death.

In 1848 Horace Greeley was elected to the national house of representatives to fill a vacancy, and was a member of that body until March 4, 1849. In 185 1 he went to Europe and served as a juror at the World's Fair at the Crystal Palace, Lon- don. In 1855, he made a second visit to the old world. In 1859 he crossed the plains and received a public reception at San Francisco and Sacramento. He was a member of the Republican national con- vention, at Chicago in i860, and assisted in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for President. The same year he was a presi- dential elector for the state of New York, and a delegate to the Loyalist convention at Philadelphia.

At the close of the war, in 1865, Mr. Greeley became a strong advocate of uni- versal amnesty and complete pacification, and in pursuance of this consented to be- come one of the bondsmen for Jefferson

Davis, who was imprisoned for treason. In 1867 he was a delegate to the New York state convention for the revision of the constitution. In 1S70 he was defeated for congress in the Sixth New York district. At the Liberal convention, which met in Cincinnati, in May, 1872, on the fifth ballot Horace Greeley was nominated for presi- dent and July following was nominated for the same office by the Democratic conven- tion at Baltimore. He was defeated by a large majority. The large amount of work done by him during the campaign, together with the loss of his wife about the same time, undermined his strong constitution, and he was seized with inflammation of the brain, and died November 29, 1872.

In addition to his journalistic work, Mr. Greeley was the author of several meritori- ous works, among which were: "Hints toward reform," "Glances at Europe,' " History of the struggle for slavery exten sion," "Overland journey to San Francis co," "The American conflict," and " Rec- ollections of a busy life."

HENRY CLAY. — In writing of this em- inent American, Horace Greeley once said: "He was a matchless party chief, an admirable orator, a skillful legislator, wield- ing unequaled influence, not only over his friends, but even over those of his political antagonists who were subjected to the magic of his conversation and manners. " A law- yer, legislator, orator, and statesman, few men in history have wielded greater influ- ence, or occupied so prominent a | the hearts of the generation in which they lived.

Henry Clay was born near Rii b in Hanover county, Virginia, April [2, 1777, the son of a poor Baptist p who died when Henry was but I: .

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old. The mother married again about ten years later and removed to Kentucky leav- ing Henry a clerk in a store at Richmond. Soon afterward Henry Clay secured a posi- tion as copyist in the office of the clerk of the high court of chancery, and four years later entered the law office of Robert Brooke, then attorney general and later governor of his native state. In 1797 Henry Clay was licensed as a lawyer and followed his mother to Kentucky, opening an office at Lexington and soon built up a profitable practice. Soon afterward Kentucky, in separating from Virginia, called a state convention for the purpose of framing a constitution, and Clay at that time took a prominent part, publicly urging the adoption of a clause providing for the abolition of slavery, but in this he was overruled, as he was fifty years later, when in the height of his fame he again ad- vised the same course when the state con- stitution was revised in 1850. Young Clay took a very active and conspicuous part in the presidential campaign in 1800, favoring the election of Jefferson; and in 1803 was chosen to represent Fayette county in the state 'egislature. In 1S06 General John Adair, then United States senator from Kentucky, resigned and Henry Clay was elected to fill the vacancy by the legislature and served through one session in which he at once assumed a prominent place. In 1807 he was again a representative in the legislature and was elected speaker of the house. At this time originated his trouble with Humphrey Marshall. Clay proposed that each member clothe himself and family wholly in American fabrics, which Marshall characterized as the " language of a dema- gogue." This led to a duel in which both parties were slightly injured. In 1S09 Henry Clay was again elected to fill a va- cancy in the United States senate, and two

years later elected representative in the low- er house of congress, being chosen speaker of the house. About this time war was de- clared against Great Britain, and Clay took a prominent public place during this strug- gle and was later one of the commissioners sent to Europe by President Madison to ne- gotiate peace, returning in September, 1815, having been re-elected speaker of the house during his absence, and was re-elect- ed unanimously. He was afterward re- elected to congress and then became secre- tary of state under John Quincy Adams. In 1 S3 1 he was again elected senator from Kentucky and remained in the senate most of the time until his death.

Henry Clay was three times a candidate for the presidency, and once very nearly elected. He was the unanimous choice of the Whig party in 1844 for the presidency, and a great effort was made to elect him but without success, his opponent, James K. Polk, carrying both Pennsylvania and New York by a very slender margin, while either of them alone would have elected Clay. Henry Clay died at Washington June 29, 1852.

JAMES GILLESPIE BLAINE was one of the most distinguished of American statesmen and legislators. He was born January 31, 1830, in Washington county, Pennsylvania, and received a thorough edu- cation, graduating at Washington College in 1S47. In early life he removed to Maine and engaged in newspaper work, becoming editor of the Portland ' 'Advertiser. " While yet a young man he gained distinction as a debater and became a conspicuous figure in political and public affairs. In 1862 he was elected to congress on the Republican ticket in Maine and was re-elected five times. In March, 1S69, he was chosen speaker of the

COMTEXD/CM OF BIOGRAPHY.

house of representatives and was re-elected in 1 87 1 and again in 1873. In 1876 he was a representative in the lower house of con- gress and during that year was appointed United States senator by the Governor to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Morrill, who had been appointed secretary of the treasury. Mr. Blaine served in the senate until March 5, 1881, when President Garfield appointed him sec- retary of state, which position he resigned in December, 1S81. Mr. Blaine was nom- inated for the presidency by the Republic- ans, at Chicago in June, 18S4, but was de- feated by Grover Cleveland after an exciting and spirited campaign. During the later years of his life Mr. Blaine devoted most of his time to the completion of his work "Twenty Years in Congress," which had a remarkably large sale throughout the United States. Blaine was a man of great mental ability and force of character and during the latter part of his life was one of the most noted men of his time. He was the origina- tor of what is termed the " reciprocity idea" in tariff matters, and outlined the plan of carrying it into practical effect. In 1876 Robert G. Ingersoll in making a nominating speech placing Blaine's name as a candidate for president before the national Republican convention at Cincinnati, referred to Blaine as the " Plumed Knight " and this title clung to him during the remainder of his life. His death occurred at Washington, January 27, 1893-

JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN, a dis- tinguished American statesman, was a native of South Carolina, born in Abbeville district, March 18, 1782. He was given the advantages of a thorough education, graduating at Yale College it) 1804, and adopted the calling of a lawyer. A Demo-

crat politically, at that time, he took a fore- most part in the councils of his party and was elected to congress in 181 1, supporting the tariff of 18 16 and the establishing of the United States Bank. In 1817 he he- came secretary of war in President Monroe's cabinet , and in 1824 was elected vice-president of the United States, on the ticket with John Quincy Adams, and re-elected in 1828, on the ticket with General Jackson. Shortly after this Mr. Calhoun became one of the strongest advocates of free trade and the principle of sovereignty of the states and was one of the originators of the doctrine that "any state could nullify unconstitutional laws of congress." Meanwhile Calhoun had be- come an aspirant for the presidency, and the fact that General Jackson advanced t ho interests of his opponent, Van Buren, led to a quarrel, and Calhoun resigned the vice- presidency in 1832 and was elected United States senator from South Carolina. It was during the same year that a convention was held in South Carolina at winch the " Nul- lification ordinance " was adopted, the ob- ject of which was to test the constitution- ality of the protective tariff measures, and to prevent if possible the collection of im- port duties in that state which had been levied more for the purpose of ' ' protection " than revenue. This ordinance was to go into effect in February, 1833, and created a great deal of uneasiness throughout the country as it was feared there would be a clash between the state and federal authori- ties. It was in this serious condition or public affairs that Henry Clay came forward with the the famous "tariff compromise" of 1833, to which measure Calhoun and most of his followers gave their supp the crisis was averted. In 1843 Mr. Cal- houn was appointed secretar} ol President Tyler's cabinet, and it wi

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his administration that the treaty concern- ing the annexation of Texas was negotiated. In 1845 he was re-elected to the United States senate and continued in the senate until his death, which occurred in March, 1850. He occupied a high rank as a scholar, student and orator, and it is conceded that he was one of the greatest debaters America has produced. The famous debate between Calhoun and Webster, in 1S33, is regarded as the most noted for ability and eloquence in the history of the country.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER, one of America's most brilliant and pro- found lawyers and noted public men, was a native of New England, born at Deer- field, New Hampshire, November 5, 1818. His father, Captain John Butler, was a prominent man in his day, commanded a company during the war of 181 2, and served under Jackson at New Orleans. Benjamin F. Butler was given an excellent education, graduated at Waterville College, Maine; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840, at Lowell, Massachusetts, where he commenced the practice of his profession and gained a wide reputation for his ability at the bar, acquiring an extensive practice and a fortune. Early in life he began taking an active interest in military affairs and served in the state militia through all grades from private to brigadier-general. In 1853 he was elected to the state legisla- ture on the Democratic ticket in Lowell, and took a prominent part in the passage of legislation in the interests of labor. Dur- ing the same year he was a member of the constitutional convention, and in 1859 rep- resented his district in the Massachusetts senate. When the Civil war broke out General Butler took the field and remained at the front most of the time during that

bloody struggle. Part of the time he had charge of Fortress Monroe, and in Febru- ary, 1862, took command of troops forming part of the expedition against New Orleans, and later had charge of the department of the Gulf. He was a conspicuous figure dur- ing the continuance of the war. After the close of hostilities General Butler resumed his law practice in Massachusetts and in 1866 was elected to congress from the Es- sex district. In 1882 he was elected gov- ernor of Massachusetts, and in 1884 was the nominee of the " Greenback" party for president of the United States. He con- tinued his legal practice, and maintained his place as one of the most prominent men in New England until the time of his death, which occurred January 10, 1893.

JEFFERSON DAVIS, an officer, states- J man and legislator of prominence in America, gained the greater part of his fame from the fact that he was president of the southern confederacy. Mr. Davis was born in Christian county, Kentucky, June 3, 1808, and his early education and surround- ings were such that his sympathies and in- clinations were wholly with the southern people. He received a thorough education, graduated at West Point in 1828. and for a number of years served in the army at west- ern posts and in frontier service, first as lieutenant and later as adjutant. In 1835 he resigned and became a cotton planter in Warren county, Mississippi, where he took an active interest in public affairs and be- came a conspicuous figure in politics. In 1844 he was a presidential elector from Mississippi and during the two following years served as congressman from his d;s- trict. He then became colonel of a Missis- sippi regiment in the war with Mexico ana participated in some of the most severe cm-

COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHT.

ties, being seriously wounded at Buena Vista. Upon his return to private life he again took a prominent part in political af- fairs and represented his state in the United States senate from 1847 to 185 1. He then entered President Pierce's cabinet as secre- tary of war, after which he again entered the United States senate, remaining until the outbreak of the Civil war. He then be- came president of the southern confederacy and served as such until captured in May, 1865, at Irvvinville, Georgia. He was held as prisoner of war at Fortress Monroe, until 1867, when he was released on bail and finally set free in 1868. His death occurred December 6, 1889.

Jefferson Davis was a man of excellent abilities and was recognized as one of the best organizers of his day. He was a forceful and fluent speaker and a ready writer. He wrote and published the " Kise and Fall of the Southern Confederacy," a work which is considered as authority by the southern people

JOHN ADAMS, the second president of the United States, and one of the most conspicuous figures in the early struggles of his country for independence, was born in the present town of Quincy, then a portion of Braintree, Massachusetts, October 30, '735- He received a thorough education, graduating at Harvard College in 1755, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1758. He was well adapted for this profes- sion and after opening an office in his native town rapidly grew in prominence and public favor and soon was regarded as one of the leading lawyers of the country. 1 1 tion was called to political affairs by the passage of the Stamp Act, in 1765, and be drew up a set of resolutions on the which were very popular. In 1768 he re-

moved to Boston and became one of the most courageous and prominent advocates of the popular cause and was chosen a member of the Colonial legislatu: Boston. He was one of the delegates that represented Massachusetts in the first Con> tinental congress, which met in September, 1774. In a letter written at this crisis he uttered the famous words: "The die is now cast; I have passed the Rubicon. Sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish with my country, is my unalterable determination." He was a prominent B ress and

advocated the moven

when a majority of the members were in- clined to temporize and to petition the King. In May, 1770, he presented a resolution in congress that the colonies should assume the duty of self-government, which was passed. In June, of the same year, a reso- lution that the United States "are, and ol right ought.to be, free and independent, ' was moved by Richard H. Lee, seconded by Mr. Adams and adopted by a small majority Mr. Adams was a member of the committee of five appointed June 1 1 to prepare a declaration of independence, in support of which he made an eloquent speech. He was chairman of the Board of War in 1776 and in 1778 was sent as commissioner to France, but returned the following year. In 17S0 he went to Europe, having been appointed as minister to negotiate a treaty of peace and commerce with Great Britain. Con- jointly with Franklin and Jay he negotiated a treaty in 1782. He was employed as a minister to the Court of St. James from 1785 to 17SS, and during that period wrote his famous "Defence of the American Con- stitutions." In [789 he became vice-presi- dent of the United States and was re-elected

In 1791. Mr. Adams was chosen presi-

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COMPENDIl 1/ OF BIOGRAPHY.

dent of the United States, his competitor being Thomas Jefferson, who became vice- president. In 1800 he was the Federal candidate for president, but he was not cordially supported by Gen. Hamilton, the favorite leader of his party, and was de- feated by Thomas Jefferson.

Mr. Adams then retired from public life to his large estate at Quincy, Mass., where he died July 4, 1826, on the same day that witnessed the death of Thomas Jefferson. Though his physical frame began to give way many years before his death, his mental powers retained their strength and vigor to the last. In his ninetieth year he was glad- dened by .the elevation of his son, John Quincy Adams, to the presidential office.

HENRY WARD BEECHER, one of the most celebrated American preachers and authors, was born at Litchfield, Connec- ticut, June 24, 18 1 3. His father was Dr. Ly- man Beecher, also an eminent divine. At an early age Henry Ward Beecher had a strong predilection for a sea-faring life, and it was practically decided that he would fol- low this inclination, but about this time, in consequence of deep religious impressions which he experienced during a revival, he renounced his former intention and decided to enter the ministry. After having grad- uated at Amherst College, in 1834, he stud- ied theology at Lane Seminary under the tuition of his father, who was then president of that institution. In 1847 he became pas- tor of the Plymouth Congregational church in Brooklyn, where his dratorical ability and original eloquence attracted one of the larg- est congregations in the country. He con- tinued to served this church until the time of his death, March 8, 1887. Mr. Beecher also found time for a great amount of liter- ary work. For a number of years he was

editor of the "Independent" and also the " Christian Union. " He also produced many works which are widely known. Among his principal productions are "Lectures to Young " Star Papers, " "Life of Christ," "Life Thoughts," "Royal Truths" (a novel), "Norwood," " Evolution and Rev- olution," and "Sermons on Evolution and Religion." Mr. Beecher was also long a prominent adyocate of anti-slavery princi- ples and temperance reform, and, at a later period, of the rights of women.

JOHN A. LOGAN, the illustrious states- man and general, was born in Jackson county, Illinois, February 9, 1824. In his boyhood days he received but a limited edu- cation in the schools of his native county. On the breaking out of the war with Mexico he enlisted in the First Illinois Volunteers and became its quartermaster. At the close of hostilities he returned home and was elected clerk of the courts of Jackson county in 1849. Determining to supplement his education Logan entered the Louisville Uni- versity, from which he graduated in 1852 and taking up the study of law was admitted to the bar. He attained popularity and suc- cess in his chosen profession and was elected to the legislature in 1852, 1853, 1856 and 1857. He was prosecuting attorney from 1853 to 1857. He was elected to congress in 1 8 58 to fill a vacancy and again in i860. At the outbreak of the Rebellion, Logan re- signed his office and entered the army, and in September, 1861, was appointed colonel of the Thirty-first Illinois Infantry, which he led in the battles of Belmont and Fort Don- elson. In the latter engagement he was wounded. In March, 1862, he was pro- moted to be brigadier-general and in the following month participated in the battles of Pittsburg Landing. In November, 1862,

COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY

29

f ir gallant conduct he was made major-gen- e'rnl. Throughout the Vicksburg campaign he was in command of a division of the Sev- enth enth Corps and was distinguished at i urt Gibson, Champion Kills and in the si ge and capture cf Vicksburg. In October, 1863, he was placed in command of the Filteenth Corps, which he led with great credit. During the terrible conflict before Atlanta, July 22, 1864, on the death of General McPherson, Logan, assuming com- mand of the Army of the Tennessee, led it on to victory, saving the day by his energy and ability. He was shortly after succeeded by General O. O. Howard and returned to the command of his corps. He remained in command until the presidential election, when, feeling that his influence was needed at home he returned thither and there re- mained until the arrival of Sherman at Sa- vannah, when General Logan rejoined his command. In May, 1865, he succeeded General Howard at the head of the Army of the Tennessee. He resigned from the army in August, the same year, and in November was appointed minister to Mexico, but de- clined the honor. He served in the lower house of the fortieth and forty-first con- gresses, and was elected United States sena- tor from his native state in 1870, 1878 and 1885. He was nominated for the vice-presi- dency in 1884 on the ticket with Blaine, but was defeated. General Logan was the author of "The Great Conspiracy, its origin and history," published in 1885. He died at Washington, December 26, 1886.

JOHN CHARLES FREMONT, the first Republican candidate for president, was born in Savannah, Georgia, January 21, 1813. He graduated from Charleston Col- lege (South Carolina) in 1830, and turned his attention to civil engineering. He was shortly 2

afterward employed in the department of government surveys on the Mississippi, and constructing maps of that region. He was made lieutenant of engineers, and laid he- fore the war department a plan for p ne- trating the Rocky Mountain regions, which was accepted, and in 1842 he set out upon his first famous exploring expedition and ex- plored the South Pass. He also planned an expedition to Oregon by a new route further south, but afterward joined his expedition with that of Wilkes in the region of the Great Salt Lake. He made a later expedi- tion which penetrated the Sierra Nevadas, and the San Joaquin and Sacramento river valleys, making maps of all regions explored. In 1845 he conducted the great expedi- tion which resulted in the acquisition of California, which it was believed the Mexi- can government was about to dispose of to England. Learning that the Mexican gov- ernor was preparing to attack the American settlements in his dominion, Fremont deter- mined to forestall him. The settlers rallied to his camp, and in June, 1846, he defeated the Mexican forces at Sonoma Pass, and a month later completely routed the governor and his entire army. The Americans at once declared their independence of Mexico, and Fremont was elected governor of Cali- fornia. By this time Commodore Stockton had reached the coast with instructions from Washington to conquer California. Fre- mont at once joined him in that effort, which resulted in the annexation of California with its untold mineral wealth. Later Fremont became involved in a difficulty with fellow officers which resulted in a court martial, and the surrender of his commission. He declined to accept reinstatement. He af- terward laid out a great road from the Mis- sissippi river to San Francisco, and became the first United States senator from Califor-

COMPENDIUM OF B I OCR A PITT.

nia, in 1849. In 1856 he was nominated by the new Republican party as its first can- didate for president against Buchanan, and received 1 14 electoral votes, out of 296.

In 1 86 1 he was made major-general and placed in charge of the western department. He planned the reclaiming of the entire Mississippi valley, and gathered an army of thirty thousand men, with plenty of artil- lery, and was ready to move upon the con- federate General Price, when he was de- prived of his command. He was nominated for the presidency at Cincinnati in 1864, but withdrew. He was governor of Arizona in 1878, holding the position four years. He was interested in an engineering enterprise looking toward a great southern trans-con- tinental railroad, and in his later years also practiced law in New York. He died July 1 3, 1890.

WENDELL PHILLIPS, the orator and abolitionist, and a conspicuous figure in American history, was born November 29, 181 1, at Boston, Massachusetts. He received a good education at Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1 83 1 , and then entered the Cambridge Law School. After completing his course in that institu- tion, in 1833, he was admitted to the bar, in 1834, at Suffolk. He entered the arena of life at the time when the forces of lib- erty and slavery had already begun their struggle that was to culminate in the Civil war. William Lloyd Garrison, by his clear- headed, courageous declarations of the anti- slavery principles, had done much to bring about this struggle. Mr. Phillips was not a man that could stand aside and see a great struggle being carried on in the interest of humanity and look passively on. He first attracted attention as an orator in 1837, at a meeting that was called to protest against

the murder of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy. The meeting would have ended in a few perfunctory resolutions had not Mr. Phillipp by his manly eloquence taken the meeting out of the hands of the few that were in- clined to temporize and avoid radical utter- ances. Having once started out in this ca- reer as an abolitionist Phillips never swerved from what he deemed his duty, and never turned back. He gave up his legal practice and launched himself heart and soul in the movement for the liberation of the slaves. He was an orator of very great ability and by his earnest efforts and eloquence he did much in arousing public sentiment in behalf of the anti-slavery cause — possibly more than any one man of his time. After the abolition of slavery Mr. Phillips was, if pos- sible, even busier than before in the literary and lecture field. Besides temperance and women's rights, he lectured often and wrote much on finance, and the relations of labor and capital, and his utterances on whatever subject always bore the stamp of having emanated from a master mind. Eminent critics have stated that it might fairly be questioned whether there has ever spoken in America an orator superior to Phillips. The death of this great man occurred Feb- ruary 4, 1884.

WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN was one of the greatest generals that the world has ever produced and won im- mortal fame by that strategic and famous " march to the sea," in the war of the Re- bellion. He was born February 8, 1820, at Lancaster, Ohio, and was reared in the family of the Hon. Thomas Ewing, as his father died when he was but nine years of age. He entered West Point in 1836, wa? graduated from the same in 1840, and ap- pointed a second lieutenant in the Third

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31

Artillery. He passed through the various grades of the service and at the outbreak of thi Civil war was appointed colonel of the Thirteenth Regular Infantry. A full history of General Sherman's conspicuous services would be to repeat a history of the army. He commanded a division at Shiloh, and was instrumental in the winning of that bat- tle, and was also present at the siege of Vicks- burg. On July 4, 1863, he was appointed brigadier-general of the regular army, and shared with Hooker the victory of Mission- ary Ridge. He was commander of the De- partment of the Tennessee from October 27th until the appointment of General Grant as lieutenant-general, by whom he was appointed to the command of the De- partment of the Mississippi, which he as- sumed in March, 1864. He at once began organizing the army and enlarging his com- munications preparatory to his march upon Atlanta, which he started the same time of .he beginning of the Richmond campaign by Grant. He started on May 6, and was op- posed by Johnston, who had fifty thousand men, but by consummate generalship, he captured Atlanta, on September 2, after several months of hard fighting and a severe loss of men. General Sherman started on his famous march to the sea November 15, 1864, and by December 10 he was before Savannah, which he took on December 23. This campaign is a monument to the genius of General Sherman as he only lost 567 men from Atlanta to the sea. After rest- ing his army he moved northward and occu- pied the following places: Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville, Ayersboro, Benton- ville, Goldsboro, Raleigh, and April 18, he accepted the surrender of Johnston's army on a basis of agreement that was not re- ceived by the Government with favor, but finally accorded Johnston the same terms as

Lee was given by General Grant. He was present at the grand review at Washington, and after the close of the war was appointed to the command of the military division of the Mississippi; later was appointed lieu- tenant-general, and assigned to the military division of the Missouri. When General Grant was elected president Sherman became general, March 4, 1869, and succeeded to the command of the army. His death oc- curred February 14, 1891, at Washington.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON, one of the most prominent of the early American statesmen and financiers, was born in Nevis, an island of the West Indies, January 11, 1757, his father being a Scotchman and his mother of Huguenot descent. Owing to the death of his mother and business reverses which came to his father, young Hamilton was sent to his mother's relatives in Santa Cruz; a few years later was sent to a gram- mar school at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, and in 1773 entered what is now known as Columbia College. Even at that time he began taking an active part in public affairs and his speeches, pamphlets, and newspaper articles on political affairs of the day at- tracted considerable attention. In 1776 he received a captain's commission and served in Washington's army with credit, becoming aide-de-camp to Washington with rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1781 he resigned his commission because of a rebuke from Gen- eral Washington. He next received com- mand of a New York battalion and partici- pated in the battle of Yorktown. After this Hamilton studied law, served several terms in congress and was a member of the convention at which the Federal Constitu- tion was drawn up. His work connected with " The Federalist " at about this time attracted much attention. Mr. Hamilton

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was chosen as the first secretary of the United States treasury and as such was the author of the funding system and founder of the United States Bank. In 1798 he was made inspector-general of the army with the rank of major-general and was also for a short time commander-in-chief. In 1804 Aaron Burr, then candidate for governor of New York, challenged Alexander Hamilton to fight a duel, Burr attributing his defeat to Hamilton's opposition, and Hamilton, though declaring the code as a relic of bar- barism, accepted the challenge. They met at Weehawken, New Jersey, July 11, 1804. Hamilton declined to fire at his adversary, but at Burr's first fire was fatally wounded and died July 12, 1804.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON STEPH- ENS, vice-president of the southern confederacy, a former United States senator and governor of Georgia, ranks among the great men of American history. He was born February 11, 1812, near Crawfordsville, Georgia. He was a graduate of the Uni- versity of Georgia, and admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1837 he made his debut in political life as a member of the state house of representatives, and in 1 841 declined the nomination for the same office; but in 1842 he was chosen by the same constituency as slate senator. Mr. Stephens was one of the promoters of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. In 1843 he was sent by his dis- trict to the national house of representatives, which office he held for sixteen consec- utive years. He was a member of the house during the passing of the Compromise Bill, and was one of its ablest and most active supporters. The same year (1850) Mr. Stephens was a delegate .to the state convention that framed the celebrated " Georgia Platform," and was also a dele-

gate to the convention that passed the ordi- nance of secession, though he bitterly op- posed that bill by voice and vote, yet he readily acquiesced in their decision after it received the votes of the majority of the convention. He was chosen vice-president of the confederacy without opposition, and in 1865 he was the head of the commis- sion sent by the south to the Hampton Roads conference. He was arrested after the fall of the confederacy and was con- fined in Fort Warren as a prisoner of state but was released on his own parole. Mr. Stephens was elected to the forty-third, forty-fourth, forty-fifth, forty-sixth and for- ty-seventh congresses, with hardly more than nominal opposition. He was one of the Jeffersonian school of American politics. He wrote a number of works, principal among which are: "Constitutional View of the War between the States," and a " Compendium of the History of the United States." He was inaugurated as governor of Georgia November 4th, 1882, but died March 4, 1883, before the completion of his term.

ROSCOE CONKLING was one of the most noted and famous of American statesmen. He was among the most fin- ished, fluent and eloquent orators that have ever graced the halls of the American con- gress; ever ready, witty and bitter in de- bate he was at once admired and feared by his political opponents and revered by his followers. True to his friends, loyal to the last degree to those with whom his inter- ests were associated, he was unsparing to his foes and it is said "never forgot an injury." Roscoe Conkling was born at Albany, New York, on the 30th of October, 1829, being a son of Alfred Conkling. Alfred Conkling was also a native of New York,

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born at East Hampton, October 12, 1789, and became one of the most eminent law- yers in the Empire state; published several legal works; served a term in congress; aft- erward as United States district judge for Northern New York, and in 1852 was min- ister to Mexico. Alfred Conkling died in 1874.

Roscoe Conkling, whose name heads this article, at an early age took up the study of law and soon became successful and prominent at the bar. About 1846 he re- moved to Utica and in 1858 was elected mayor of that city. He was elected repre- sentative in congress from this district and was re-elected three times. In 1867 he was elected United States senator from the state of New York and was re-elected in 1873 and 1879. In May, 1881, he resigned on account of differences with the president. In March, 1882, he was appointed and con- firmed as associate justice of the United States supreme court but declined to serve. His death occurred April 18, 1888.

WASHINGTON IRVING, one of the most eminent, talented and popu- lar of American authors, was born in New York City, April 3, 1783. His father was William Irving, a merchant and a native of Scotland, who had married an English lady and emigrated to America some twenty years prior to the birth of Washington. Two of the older sons, William and Peter, were partially occupied with newspaper work and literary pursuits, and this fact naturally inclined Washington to follow their example. Washington Irving was given the advantages afforded by the common schools until about sixteen years of age when he began studying law, but continued to acquire his literary training by diligent perusal at home of the older English writers.

When nineteen he made his first literary venture by printing in the ' ' Morning Chroni- cle," then edited by his brother, Dr. Peter Irving, a series of local sketches under the nom-de-plume of "Jonathan Oldstyle." In 1804 he began an extensive trip through Europe, returned in i8o§, quickly com- pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, but never practiced the profession. In 1807 he began the amusing serial "Sal- magundi," which had an immediate suc- cess, and not only decided his future career but long determined the charac- ter of his writings. In 1808, assisted by his brother Peter, he wrote " Knickerbock- er's History of New York," and in 18 10 an excellent biography of Campbell, the poet. After this, for some time, Irving's attention was occupied by mercantile interests, but the commercial house in which he was a partner failed in 1817. In 1814 he was editor of the Philadelphia "Analectic Maga- zine." About 1818 appeared his "Sketch- Book," over the nom-de-plume of "Geoffrey Crayon," which laid the foundation of Ir- ving's fortune and permanent fame. This was soon followed by the legends of "Sleepy Hollow," and " Rip Van Winkle," which at once took high rank as literary productions, and Irving's reputation was firmly established in both the old and new worlds. After this the path of Irving was smooth, and his subsequent writings ap- peared with rapidity, including "Brace- bridge Hall, " "The Tales of a Traveler,"' " History of the Life and Voyages of Chris- topher Columbus," "The Conquest of Granada," "The Alhambra," " Tour on the Prairies," "Astoria," "Adventures o\ Captain Bonneville," "Woliert's Roost." " Mahomet and his Successors," and "Life of Washington," besides other works.

Washington Irving was never married.

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He resided during the closing years of his life at Sunnyside (Tarrytown) on the Hud- son, where he died November 28, 1859.

CHARLES SUMNER.— Boldly outlined on the pages of our history stands out the rugged figure of Charles Sumner, states- man, lawyer and writer. A man of unim- peachable integrity, indomitable will and with the power of tireless toil, he was a fit leader in troublous times. First in rank as an anti-slavery leader in the halls of con- gress, he has stamped his image upon the annals of his time. As an orator he took front rank and, in wealth of illustration, rhetoric and lofty tone his eloquence equals anything to be found in history.

Charles Sumner was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 6, 181 1, and was the son of Charles P. and Relief J. Sumner. The family had long been prominent in that state. Charles was educated at the Boston Public Latin School; entered Harvard Col- lege in 1826, and graduated therefrom in 1830. In 1 83 1 he joined the Harvard Law School, then under charge of Judge Story, and gave himself up to the study of law with enthusiasm. His leisure was devoted to contributing to the American Jurist. Ad- mitted to the bar in 1834 he was appointed reporter to the circuit court by Judge Story. He published several works about this time, and from 1835 to 1837 and again in 1843 was lecturer in the law school. He had planned a lawyer's life, but in 1845 he gave his attention to politics, speaking and working against the admission of Texas to the Union and subsequently against the Mexican war. In 1848 he was defeated for congress on the Free Soil ticket. His stand on the anti- slavery question at that time alienated both friends and clients, but he never swerved from his convictions. In 1 8 5 1 he was elected

to the United States senate and took his seat therein December 1 of that year. From this time his life became the history of the anti-slavery cause in congress. In August, 1852, he began his attacks on slavery by a masterly argument for the repeal of the fugitive slave law. On May 22, 1856, Pres- ton Brooks, nephew of Senator Butler, of South Carolina, made an attack upon Mr. Sumner, at his desk in the senate, striking him over the head with'a heavy cane. The attack was quite serious in its effects and kept Mr. Sumner absent from his seat in the senate for about four years. In 1857, 1863 and 1869 he was re-elected to the office of senator, passing some twenty-three years in that position, always advocating the rights of freedom and equity. He died March 11, 1874-

THOMAS JEFFERSON, the third pres- ident of the United States, was born near Charlottesville, Albemarle county, Vir- ginia, April 13, 1743, and was the son of Peter and Jane (Randolph) Jefferson. He received the elements of a good education, and in 1760 entered William and Mary Col- lege. After remaining in that institution for two years he took up the study of law with George Wythe, of Williamsburg, Virginia, one of the foremost lawyers of his day, and was admitted to practice in 1767. He ob- tained a large and profitable practice, which he held for eight years. The conflict be- tween Great Britain and the Colonies then drew him into public life, he having for some time given his attention to the study of the sources of law, the origin of liberty and equal rights.

Mr. Jefferson was elected to the Virginia house of burgesses in 1769, and served in that body several years, a firm supporter of liberal measures, and, although a slave-

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holder himself, an opponent of slavery. With others, he was a leader among the op- position to the king. He took his place as a member of the Continental congress June 21, 1775, and after serving on several com- mittees was appointed to draught a Declara- tion of Independence, which he did, some corrections being suggested by Dr. Franklin and John Adams. This document was pre- sented to congress June 28, 1776, and after six days' debate was passed and was signed. In the following September Mr. Jefferson resumed his seat in the Virginia legislature, and gave much time to the adapting of laws of that state to the new condition of things. He drew up the law, the first ever passed by a legislature or adopted by a government, which secured perfect religious freedom. June 1, 1779, he succeeded Patrick Henry as governor of Virginia, an office which, after co-operating with Washington in de- fending the country, he resigned two years later. One of his own estates was ravaged by the British, and his house at Monticello was held by Tarleton for several days, and Jefferson narrowly escaped capture. After the death of his wife, in 1782, he accepted the position of plenipotentiary to France, which he had declined in 1776. Before leaving he served a short time in congress at Annapolis, and succeeded in carrying a bill for establishing our present decimal sys- tem of currency, one of his most useful pub- lic services. He remained in an official ca- pacity until October, 1789, and was a most active and vigilant minister. Besides the onerous duties of his office, during this time, he published "Notes on Virginia," sent to the United States seeds, shrubs and plants, forwarded literary and scientific news and gave useful advice to some of the leaders of the French Revolution.

Mr. Jefferson landed in Virginia Novem-

ber 18, 1789, having obtained a leave of absence from his post, and shortly after ac- cepted Washington's offer of the portfolio of the department of state in his cabinet. He entered upon the duties of his office in March, 1791, and held it until January 1, 1794, when he tendered his resignation. About this time he and Alexander Hamilton became decided and aggressive political op- ponents, Jefferson being in warm sympathy with the people in the French revolution and strongly democratic in his feelings, while Hamilton took the opposite side. In 1796 Jefferson was elected vice-president of the United States. In 1800 he was elected to the presidency and was inaugurated March 4, 1S01. During his administration, which lasted for eight years, he having been re-elected in 1804, he waged a successful war against the Tripolitan pirates; purchased Louisiana of Napoleon; reduced the public debt, and was the originator of many wise measures. Declining a nomination for a third term he returned to Monticello, where he died July 4, 1826, but a few hours before the death of his friend, John Adams.

Mr. Jefferson was married January 1, 1772, to Mrs. Martha Skelton, a young, beautiful, and wealthy widow, who died September 6, 1782, leaving three children, three more having died previous to her demise.

CORNELIUS VANDERBILT, known as "Commodore" Vanderbilt, was the founder of what constitutes the present im- mense fortune of the Vanderbilt family. He was born May 27, 1794, at Port Richmond, Staten Island, Richmond county, New York, and we find him at sixteen years run- ning a small vessel between his home and New York City. The fortifications of Sta- ten and Long Islands were just in course of

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construction, and he carried the laborers from New York to the fortifications in his " perianger, " as it was called, in the day, and at night carried supplies to the fort on the Hudson. Later he removed to New York, where he added to his little fleet. At the age of twenty- three he was free from debt and was worth $9,000, and in 1817, with a partner he built the first steamboat that was run between New York and New Brunswick, New Jersey, and became her captain at a salary of $[,000 a year. The next year he took command of a larger and better boat and by 1824 he was in complete control of the Gibbon's Line, as it was called, which he had brought up to a point where it paid $40,000 a year. Commodore Vanderbilt acquired the ferry between New York and Elizabethport, New Jersey, on a fourteen years' lease and conducted this on a paying basis. He severed his connections with Gibbons in 1S29 and engaged in business alone and for twenty years he was the leading steamboat man in the country, building and operating steamboats on the Hudson River, Long Island Sound, on the Delaware River and the route to Boston, and he had the monopoly of trade on these routes. In 1850 he determined to broaden his field of operation and accordingly built the steamship Prometheus and sailed for the Isthmus of Darien, where he desired to make a personal investigation of the pros- pects of the American Atlantic and Pacific Ship Canal Company, in which he had pur- chased a controlling interest. Commodore Vanderbilt planned, as a result of this visit, a transit route from Greytown on the At- lantic coast to San Juan del Sud on the Pa- cific coast, which was a saving of 700 miles over the old route. In 1851 he placed three steamers on the Atlantic side and four on the Pacific side to accommodate the enor-

mous traffic occasioned by the discovery of gold in California. The following year three more vessels were added to his fleet and a branch line established from New Orleans to Greytown. In 1853 the Com- modore sold out hisNicarauguaTransit Com- pany, which had netted him $1,000,000 and built the renowned steam yacht, the "North Star." He continued in the ship- ping business nine years longer and accu- mulated some $10,000,000. In 1861 he presented to the government his magnifi- cent steamer " Vanderbilt, " which had cost him $800,000 and for which he received the thanks of congress. In 1844 he became interested in the railroad business which he followed in later years and became one of the greatest railroad magnates of his time. He founded the Vanderbilt University at a cost of $1,000,000. He died January 4, 1877, leaving a fortune estimated at over $100,000,000 to his children.

DANIEL BOONE was one of the most famous of the many American scouts, pioneers and hunters which the early settle- ment of the western states brought into prominence. Daniel Boone was born Feb- ruary 11, 1735, in Bucks county, Pennsyl- vania, but while yet a young man removed to North Carolina, where he was married. In 1769, with five companions, he pene- trated into the forests and wilds of Kentucky — then uninhabited by white men. He had frequent conflicts with the Indians and was captured by them but escaped and continued to hunt in and explore that region for over a year, when, in 1 771, he returned to his home. In the summer of 1773, he removed with his own and five other families into what was then the wilderness of Kentucky, and to defend his colony against the savages, he built, in 1775, a fort at Boonesborough,

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:>>!

on the Kentucky river. This fort was at- tacked by the Indians several times in 1777, but they were repulsed. The following year, however, Boone was surprised and captured by them. They took him to De- troit and treated him with leniency, but he soon escaped and returned to his fort which he defended with success against four hun- dred and fifty Indians in August, 1778. His son, Enoch Boone, was the first white male child born in the state of Kentucky. In 1795 Daniel Boone removed with his family to Missouri, locating about forty-five miles west of the present site of St. Louis, where he found fresh fields for his favorite pursuits — adventure, hunting, and pioneer life. His death occurred September 20, 1820.

HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFEL- LOW, said to have been America's greatest "poet of the people," was born at Portland, Maine, February 27, 1807. He entered Bowdoin College at the age of four- teen, and graduated in 1825. During his college days he distinguished himself in mod- ern languages, and wrote several short poems, one of the best known of which was the " Hymn of the Moravian Nuns." After his graduation he entered the law office of his father, but the following year was offered the professorship of modern languages at Bowdoin, with the privilege of three years study in Europe to perfect himself in French, Spanish, Italian and German. After the three years were passed he returned to the United States and entered upon his profes- sorship in 1829. His first volume was a small essay on the "Moral and Devotional Poetry of Spain" in 1833. In 1835 he pub- lished some prose sketches of travel under the title of " Outre Mer, a Pilgrimage be- yond the Sea." In 1835 he was elected to the chair of modern languages and literature

at Harvard University and spent a year in Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland, culti- vating a knowledge of early Scandinavian literature and entered upon his professor- ship in 1836. Mr. Longfellow published in 1839 " Hyperion, a Romance," and "Voices of the Night, " and his first volume of original verse comprising the selected poems of twenty years work, procured him immediate recognition as a poet. " Ballads and other poems" appeared in 1842, the "Spanish Student " a drama in three acts, in 1843, "The Belfry of Bruges " in 1846, "Evan- geline, a Tale of Acadia," in 1847, which was considered his master piece. In 1845 he published a large volume of the "Poets and Poetry of Europe," 1849 " Kavanagh, a Tale," "The Seaside and Fireside" in 1850, "The Golden Legend " in 185 1, "The Song of Hiawatha " in 1855, " The Court- ship of Miles Standish " in 1S58, " Tales of a Wayside Inn " in 1863; " Flower de Luce'' in 1866;" "New England Tragedies" in 1869; "The Divine Tragedy" in 1871; "Three Books of Song" in 1872; "The Hanging of the Crane " in 1874. He also published a masterly translation of Dante in 1867-70 and the " Morituri Salutamus," a poem read at the fiftieth anniversary of his class at Bowdoin College. Prof. Long- fellow resigned his chair at Harvard Univer- sity in 1854, but continued to reside at Cam- bridge. Some of his poetical works have been translated into many languages, and their popularity rivals that of the best mod- ern English poetry. He died March 24, 1882, but has left an imperishable fame as one of the foremost of American poets.

PETER COOPER was in three partic- ulars— as a capitalist and manufacturer, as an inventor, and as a philanthropist — connected intimately with some of the most

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important and useful accessions to the in- dustrial arts of America, its progress in in- vention and the promotion of educational and benevolent institutions intended for the benefit of people at large. He was born in New York city, February 12, 1791 . His iife was one of labor and struggle, as it was with most of America's successful men. In early boyhood he commenced to help his rather as a manufacturer of hats. He at- tended school only for half of each day for a single year, and beyond this his acquisi- tions were all his own. When seventeen vears old he was placed with John Wood- ward to learn the trade of coach-making and served his apprenticeship so satisfactorily that his master offered to set him up in busi- ness, but this he declined because of the debt and obligation it would involve.

The foundation of Mr. Cooper's fortune was laid in the invention of an improvement in machines for shearing cloth. This was iargely called into use during the war of 181 2 with England when all importations of cloth from that country were stopped. The machines lost their value, however, on the declaration of peace. Mr. Cooper then turned his shop into the manufacture of cabinet ware. He afterwards went into the grocery business in New York and finally he engaged in the manufacture of glue and isin- glass which he carried on for more than fifty years. In 1830 he erected iron works in Canton, near Baltimore. Subsequently he erected a rolling and a wire mill in the city of New York, in which he first success- fully applied anthracite to the puddling of iron. In these works, he was the first to roll wrought-iron beams for fire-proof build- ings. These works grew to be very exten- sive, including mines, blast furnaces, etc. While in Baltimore Mr. Cooper built in 1830, after his own designs, the first loco-

motive engine ever constructed on this con- tinent and it was successfully operated on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He also took a great interest and invested large cap- ital in the extension of the electric telegraph, also in the laying of the first Atlantic cable; besides interesting himself largely in the New York state canals. But the most cherished object of Mr. Cooper's life was the establishment of an institution for the instruction of the industrial classes, which he carried out on a magnificent scale in New York city, where the "Cooper Union" ranks among the most important institu- tions.

In May, 1876, the Independent party nominated Mr. Cooper for president of the United States, and at the election following he received nearly 100,000 votes. His death occurred April 4, 1883.

GENERAL ROBERT EDWARD LEE, one of the most conspicuous Confeder- ate generals during the Civil war, and one of the ablest military commanders of mod- ern times, was born at Stratford House, Westmoreland county, Virginia, January 19, 1807. In 1825 he entered the West Point academy and was graduated second in his class in 1829, and attached to the army as second lieutenant of engineers. For a number of years he was thus engaged in en- gineering work, aiding in establishing the boundary line between Ohio and Michigan, and superintended various river and harbor improvements, becoming captain of engi- neers in 1838. He first saw field service in the Mexican war, and under General Scott performed valuable and efficient service. In that brilliant campaign he was conspicu- ous for professional ability as well as gallant and meritorious conduct, winning in quick succession the brevets of major, lieutenant-

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colonel, and colonel for his part in the bat- tles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Cherubusco, Chapultepec, and in the capture of the city Mexico. At the close of that war he re- sumed his engineering work in connection with defences along the Atlantic coast, and from 1852 to 1S55 was superintendent of the Military Academy, a position which he gave up to become lieutenant-colonel of the Second Cavalry. For several years there- after he served on the Texas border, but happening to be near Washington at the time of John Brown's raid, October 17 to 25, 1859, Colonel Lee was placed in com- mand of the Federal forces employed in its repression. He soon returned to his regi- ment in Texas where he remained the greater part of i860, and March 16, 1861, became colonel of his regiment by regular promotion. Three weeks later, April 25, he resigned upon the secession of Virginia, went at once to Richmond and tendered his services to the governor of that state, being by acclamation appointed commander-in- chief of its military and naval forces, with the rank of major-general.

He at once set to work to organize and develop the defensive resources of his state and within a month directed the occupation in force of Manassas Junction. Meanwhile Virginia having entered the confederacy and Richmond become the capitol, Lee became one of the foremost of its military officers and was closely connected with Jefferson Davis in planning the moves of that tragic time. Lee participated in many of the hardest fought battles of the war among which were Fair Oaks, White Lake Swamps, Cold Harbor, and the Chickahominy, Ma- nassas, Cedar Run, Antietam, Fredericks- burg, Chancellorsville, Malvern Hill, Get- tysburg, the battles of the Wilderness cam- paign, all the campaigns about Richmond,

Petersburg, Five Forks, and others. Lee's surrender at Appomatox brought the war to a close. It is said of General Lee that but few commanders in history have been so quick to detect the purposes of an opponent or so quick to act upon it. Never surpassed, if ever equaled, in the art of winning the passionate, personal love and admiration of his troops, he acquired and held an influ- ence over his army to the very last, founded upon a supreme trust in his judgment, pre- science and skill, coupled with his cool, stable, equable courage. A great writer has said of him: "As regards the proper meas- ure of General Lee's rank among the sol- diers of history, seeing what he wrought with such resources as he had, under all the disadvantages that ever attended his oper- ations, it is impossible to measure what he might have achieved in campaigns and bat- tles with resources at his own disposition equal to those against which he invariably contended."

Left at the close of the war without es- tate or profession, he accepted the presi- dency of Washington College at Lexington, Virginia, where he died October 12, 1870.

JOHN JAY, first chief-justice of the United States, was born in New York, December 12, 1745. He took up the study of law, graduated from King's College (Columbia College), and was admitted to the bar in 1768. He was chosen a member of the committee of New York citizens to protest against the enforcement by the British government of the Boston Port Bill, was elected to the Continental congress which met in 1774, and was author of the addresses to the people of Great Britian and of Canada adopted by that and the suc- ceeding congress. He was chosen to tin- provincial assembly of his own state, and

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resigned from the Continental congress to serve in that body, wrote most of its public papers, including the constitution of the new state, and was then made chief-justice. He was again chosen as a member of the Con- tinental congress in 1778, and became presi- dent of that body. He was sent to Spain as minister in 1780, and his services there resulted in substantial and moral aid for the struggling colonists. Jay, Franklin, and Adams negotiated the treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1782, and Jay was ap- pointed secretary of foreign affairs in 1784, and held the position until the adoption of the Federal constitution. During this time he had contributed strong articles to the "Federalist" in favor of the adoption of the constitution, and was largely instru- mental in securing the ratification of that instrument by his state. He was appointed by Washington as first chief-justice of the United States in 1789. In this high capac- ity the great interstate and international questions that arose for immediate settle- ment came before him for treatment.

In 1794, at a time when the people in gratitude for the aid that France had ex- tended to us, were clamoring for the privilege of going to the aid of that nation in her struggle with Great Britain and her own op- pressors, John Jay was sent to England as special envoy to negotiate a treaty with that power. The instrument known as "Jay's Treaty " was the result, and while in many of its features it favored our nation, yet the neutrality clause in it so angered the masses that it was denounced throughout the entire country, and John Jay was burned in effigy in the city of New York. The treaty was finally ratified by Washington, and approved, in August, 1795. Having been elected governor of his state for three consecutive terms, he then retired from

active life, declining an appointment as chief-justice of the supreme court, made by John Adams and confirmed by the senate. He died in New York in 1829.

PHILLIP HENRY SHERIDAN was one of the greatest American cavalry generals. He was born March 6, 1831, at Somerset, Perry county, Ohio, and was ap- pointed to the United States Military Acad- emy at West Point, from which he graduat- ed and was assigned to the First Infantry as brevet second lieutenant July 1, 1853. After serving in Texas, on the Pacific coast, in Washington and Oregon territories until the fall of 1 86 1, he was recalled to the states and assigned to the army of south- west Missouri as chief quartermaster from the duties of which he was soon relieved. After the battle of Pea Ridge, he was quar- termaster in the Corinth campaign, and on May 25 he was appointed colonel of the Second Michigan Cavalry. On July 1, in command of a cavalry brigade, he defeated a superior force of the enemy and was com- missioned brigadier-general of volunteers. General Sheridan was then transferred to the army of the Ohio, and commanded a division in the battle of Perrysville and also did good service at the battle of Murfrees- boro, where he was commissioned major- general of volunteers. He fought with great gallantry at Chickamauga, after which Rosecrans was succeeded by General Grant, under whom Sheridan fought the battle of Chattanooga and won additional renown. Upon the promotion of Grant to lieutenant- general, he applied for the transfer of Gen- eral Sheridan to the east, and appointed him chief of cavalry in the army of the Potomac. During the campaign of 1864 the cavalry covered the front and flanks ol the infantry until May 8, when it was witT»

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drawn and General Sheridan started on a raid against the Confederate lines of com- munication with Richmond and on May 25 he rejoined the army, having destroyed con- siderable of the confederate stores and de- feated their cavalry under General Stuart at Yellow Tavern. The outer line of defences around Richmond were taken, but the sec- ond line was too strong to be taken by as- sault, and accordingly Sheridan crossed the Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge, reaching James River May 14, and thence by White House and Hanover Court House back to the army. The cavalry occupied Cold Harbor May 31, which they held until the arrival of the infantry. On General Sheri- dan's next raid he routed Wade Hampton's cavalry, and August 7 was assigned to the command of the Middle Military division, and during the campaign of the Shenan- doah Valley he performed the unheard of feat of " destroying an entire army." He was appointed brigadier-general of the reg- ular army and for his victory at Cedar Creek he was promoted to the rank of major-gen- eral. General Sheridan started out Febru- ary 27, 1865, with ten thousand cavalry and destroyed the Virginia Central Railroad and the James River Canal and joined the army again at Petersburg March 27. He commanded at the battle of Five Forks, the decisive victory which compelled Lee to evacuate Petersburg. On April 9, Lee tried to break through Sheridan's dismounted command but when the General drew aside his cavalry and disclosed the deep lines of infantry the attempt was abandoned. Gen- eral Sheridan mounted his men and was about to charge when a white flag was flown at the head of Lee's column which betokened tie- surrender of the army. After the war Gen- eral Sheridan had command of the army of the southwest, of the gulf and the depart-

ment of Missouri until he was appointed lieutenant-general and assigned to the di- vision of Missouri with headquarters at Chi- cago, and assumed supreme command of the army November 1, 1SS3, which post he held until his death, Augusts, '888.

PHINEAS T. BARNUM, the greatest showman the world has ever seen, was born at Danbury, Connecticut, July 5, 18 10. At the age of eighteen years he began busi- ness on his own account. He opened a re- tail fruit and confectionery house, including a barrel of ale, in one part of an old car- riage house. He spent fifty dollars in fitting up the store and the stock cost him seventy dollars. Three years later he put in a full stock, such as is generally carried in a country store, and the same year he started a Democratic newspaper, known as the "Herald of Freedom." He soon found himself in jail under a sixty days' sentence for libel. During the winter of 1834-5 ne went to New York and began soliciting busi- ness for -several Chatham street houses. In

1835 he embarked in the show business at Niblo's Garden, having purchased the cele- brated " Joice Heth" for one thousand dol- lars. He afterward engaged the celebrated athlete, Sig. Vivalia, and Barnum made his ' ' first appearance on any stage, " acting as a "super" to Sig. Vivalia on his opening night. He became ticket seller, secretary and treasurer of Aaron Turner's circus in

1836 and traveled with it about the country. His next venture was the purchase of a steamboat on the Mississippi, and 1

a theatrical company to show in the princi- pal towns along that river. In 1S40 he opened Vaux Hall Garden, New York, with variety performances, and introduced the celebrated jig dancer, John I ' public. The next year he quit the show

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business and settled down in New York as agent of Sear's Pictorial Illustration of the Bible, but a few months later again leased Vaux Hall. In September of the same year he again left the business, and became ' ' puff " writer for the Bowery Amphitheater. In December he bought the Scudder Museum, and a year later introduced the celebrated Tom Thumb to the world, taking him to England in i 844, and remaining there three years. He then returned to-New York, and in 1849, through James Hall Wilson, he en- gaged the "Swedish Nightingale," Jenny Lind, to come to this country and make a tour under his management. He also had sent the Swiss Bell Ringers to America in 1844. He became owner of the Baltimore Museum and the Lyceum and Museum at Philadelphia. In 1850 he brought a dozen elephants from Ceylon to make a tour of this country, and in 185 1 sent the " Bateman Children" to London. During 185 1 and 1852 he traveled as a temperance lecturer, and became president of a bank at Pequon- nock, Connecticut. In 1S52 he started a weekly pictorial paper known as the " Illus- trated News." In 1865 his Museum was destroyed by fire, and he immediately leased the Winter Garden Theatre, where he played his company until he opened his own Museum. This was destroyed by fire in 1868, and he then purchased an interest in the George Wood Museum.

After dipping into politics to some ex- tent, he began his career as a really great showman in 1871. Three years later he erected an immense circular building in New York, in which he produced his panoramas. He has frequently appeared as a lecturer, some times on temperance, and some times on other topics, among which were "Hum- bugs of the World," " Struggles and Triumphs," etc. He was owner of the im-

mense menagerie and circus known as the "Greatest Show on Earth," and his fame extended throughout Europe and America. He died in 1 891 .

JAMES MADISON, the fourth president of the United States, 1809-17, was born at Port Conway, Prince George coun- ty, Virginia, March 16, 1751. He was the son of a wealthy planter, who lived on a fine estate called " Montpelier," which was but twenty-five miles from Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson. Mr. Madison was the eldest of a family of seven children, all of whom attained maturity. He received his early education at home under a private tutor, and consecrated himself with unusual vigor to study. At a very early age he was a proficient scholar in Latin, Greek, French and Spanish, and in 1769 he entered Prince- ton College, New Jersey. He graduated in 1771, but remained for several months after his graduation to pursue a course of study under the guidance of Dr. Witherspoon. He permanently injured his health at this time and returned to Virginia in 1772, and for two years he was immersed in the study of law, and at the same time made extend- ed researches in theology, general literature, and philosophical studies. He then directed his full attention to the impending struggle of the colonies for independence, and also took a prominent part in the religious con- troversy at that time regarding so called persecution of other religious denominations by the Church of England. Mr. Madison was elected to the Virginia assembly in 1776 and in November, 1777, he was chosen a member of the council of state. He took his seat in the continental congress in March, 1780. He was made chairman of the committee on foreign relations, and drafted an able* memoranda for the use of

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the American ministers to the French and Spanish governments, that established the claims of the republic to the territories be- tween the Alleghany Mountains and the Mississippi River. He acted as chairman of the ways and means committee in 1783 and as a member of the Virginia legislature in 1784-86 he rendered important services to the state. Mr. Madison represented Vir- giana in the national constitutional conven- tion at Philadelphia in 1787, and was one of the chief framers of the constitution. He was a member of the first four congresses, 1789-97, and gradually became identified with the anti-federalist or republican party of which he eventually became the leader. He remained in private life during the ad- ministration of John Adams, and was secre- tary of state under President Jefferson. Mr. Madison administered the affairs of that post with such great ability that he was the natural successor of the chief magistrate and was chosen president by an electoral vote of 122 to 53. He was inaugurated March 4, 1809, at that critical period in our history when the feelings of the people were embittered with those of England, and his first term was passed in diplomatic quarrels, which finally resulted in the declaration of war, June 18, 1812. In theautumn ofthat year President Madison was re-elected by a vote of 128 to 89, and conducted the war for three years with varying success and defeat in Canada, by glorious victories at sea, and by the battle of New Orleans that was fought after the treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent, December 24, 1814. During this war the national capitol at Washington was burned, and many valuable papers were destroyed, but the declaration of independence was saved to the country by the bravery and courage of Mr. Madi- son's illustrious wife. A commercial treaty

was negotiated with Great Britain in 181 5, and in April, 18 16, a national bank was in- corporated by congress. Mr. Madison was succeeded, March 4, 1S17, by James Monroe, and retired into private life on his estate at Montpelier, where he died June 28, 1836.

FREDERICK DOUGLASS, a noted American character, was a protege of the great abolitionist, William Lloyd Garri- son, by whom he was aided in gaining his education. Mr. Douglass was born in Tuck- ahoe county, Maryland, in February, 18 17, his mother being a negro woman and his father a white man. He was born in slav- ery and belonged to a man by the name of Lloyd, under which name he went until he ran away from his master and changed it to Douglass. At the age of ten years he was sent to Baltimore where he learned to read and write, and later his owner allowed him to hire out his own time for three dollars a week in a shipyard. In September, 1838, he fled from Baltimore and made his way to New York, and from thence went to New Bedford, Massachusetts. Here he was mar- ried and supported himself and family by working at the wharves and in various work- shops. In the summer of 1841 he attended an anti-slavery convention at Nantucket, and made a speech which was so well re- ceived that he was offered the agency of the Massachusetts Anti-slavery Society. In this capacity he traveled through the New En- gland states, and about the same time he published his first book called "Narrative of my Experience in Slavery." Mi lass went to England in 1845 and lectured on slavery to large and enthusiastic audi- ences in all the large towns of the country, and his friends made up a purse of seven hundred and fifty dollars and purch freedom in due form of law.

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Mr. Douglass applied himself to the de- livery of lyceum lectures after the abolition of slavery, and in 1870 he became the editor of the " New National Era " in Washington. In 1 87 1 he was appointed assistant secretary of the commission to San Domingo and on his return he was appointed one of the ter- ritorial council for the District of Colorado by President Grant. He was elected presi- dential elector-at-large for the state of New York and was appointed to carry the elect- oral vote to Washington. He was also United States marshal for the District of Columbia in 1876, and later was recorder of deeds for the same, from which position he was removed by President Cleveland in 1886. In the fall of that year he visited England to inform the friends that he had made while there, of the progress of the colored race in America, and on his return he was appointed minister to Hayti, by President Harrison in 1889. His career as a benefactor of his race was closed by his death in February, 1895, near Washington.

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.— The ear for rhythm and the talent for graceful expression are the gifts of nature, and they were plentifully endowed on the above named poet. The principal charac- teristic of his poetry is the thoughtfulness and intellectual process by which his ideas ripened in his mind, as all his poems are bright, clear and sweet. Mr. Bryant was born November 3, 1794, at Cummington, Hampshire county, Massachusetts, and was educated at Williams College, from which he graduated, having entered it in 18 10. He took up the study of law, and in 181 5 was admitted to the bar, but after practicing successfully for ten years at Plainfield and Great Barrington, he removed to New York in 1825. The following year he became

the editor of the "Evening Post," which he edited until his death, and under his di- rection this paper maintained, through a long series of years, a high standing by the boldness of its protests against slavery be- fore the war, by its vigorous support of the government during the war, and by the fidelity and ability of its advocacy of the Democratic freedom in trade. Mr. Bry- ant visited Europe in 1834, 1845, 1849 and 1857, and presented to the literary world the fruit of his travels in the series of "Let- ters of a Traveler," and "Letters from Spain and Other Countries." In the world of literature he is known chiefly as a poet, and here Mr. Bryant's name is illustrious, both at home and abroad. He contributed verses to the "Country Gazette " before he was ten years of age, and at the age of nine- teen he wrote " Thanatopsis, " the most im- pressive and widely known of his poems. The later outgrowth of his genius was his translation of Homer's "Iliad" in 1870 and the "Odyssey" in 1871. He also made several speeches and addresses which have been collected in a comprehensive vol- ume called " Orations and Addresses." He was honored in many ways by his fellow citizens, who delighted to pay tributes of respect to his literary eminence, the breadth of his public spirit, the faithfulness of his service, and the worth of his private char- acter. Mr. Bryant died in New York City June 12, 1878.

WILLIAM HENRY SEWARD, the secretary of state during one of the most critical times in the history of our country, and the right hand man of Presi- dent Lincoln, ranks among the greatest statesmen America has produced. Mr. Seward was born May 16, 1 801, at Florida, Orange county, New York, and with such

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facilities as the place afforded he fitted him- self for a college course. He attended Union College at Schenectady, New York, at the age of fifteen, and took his degree in the regular course, with signs of promise in 1820, after which he diligently addressed himself to the study of law under competent instructors, and started in the practice of his profession in 1823.

Mr. Seward entered the political arena and in 1828 we find him presiding over a convention in New York, its purpose being the nomination of John Quincy Adams for a second term. He was married in 1824 and in 1S30 was elected to the state senate. From 1838 to 1842 he was governor of the state of New York. Mr. Seward's next im- portant position was that of United States senator from New York.

W. H. Seward was chosen by President Lincoln to fill the important office of the secretary of state, and by his firmness and diplomacy in the face of difficulties, he aided in piloting the Union through that period of strife, and won an everlasting fame.' This great statesman died at Auburn, New York, October 10, 1872, in the seventy-second year of his eventful life.

JOSEPH JEFFERSON, a name as dear as it is familiar to the theater-going world in America, suggests first of all a fun- loving, drink-loving, mellow voiced, good- natured Dutchman, and the name of "Rip Van Winkle " suggests the pleasant features of Joe Jefferson, so intimately are play and player associated in the minds of those who have had the good fortune to shed tears of laughter and sympathy as a tribute to the greatness of his art. Joseph Jefferson was born in Philadelphia, February 20, 1829. His genius was an inheritance, if there be such, as his great-grandfather, Thomas

Jefferson, was a manager and actor in Eng land. His grandfather, Joseph Jefferson, was the most popular comedian of the New York stage in his time, and his father, Jos- eph Jefferson, the second, was a good actor also, but the third Joseph Jefferson out- shone them all.

At the age of three years Joseph Jeffer- son came on the stage as the child in "Pi- zarro," and his training was upon the stage from childhood. Later on he lived and acted in Chicago, Mobile, and Texas. After repeated misfortunes he returned to New Orleans from Texas, and his brother-in-law, Charles Burke, gave him money to reach Philadelphia, where he joined the Burton theater company. Here his genius soon as- serted itself, and his future became promis- ing and brilliant. His engagements through- out the United States and Australia were generally successful, and when he went to England in 1865 Mr. Boucicault consented to make some important changes in his dramatization of Irving's story of Rip Van Winkle, and Mr. Jefferson at once placed it in the front rank as a comedy. He made a fortune out of it, and played nothing else for many years. In later years, however, Mr. Jefferson acquitted himself of the charge of being a one-part actor, and the parts of "Bob Acres," "Caleb Plummer" and "Golightly " all testify to the versatility of his genius.

GEORGE BRINTON McCLELLAN, a noted American general, was born in Philadelphia, December 3, 1826. He graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania, and in 1846 from West Point, and was breveted second lieutenant of engineers. He was with Scott in the Mexican war, taking part in all the engagements from Vera Cruz to the final capture of the Mexi-

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can capital, and was breveted first lieuten- ant and captain for gallantry displayed on various occasions. In 1857 he resigned his commission and accepted the position of chief engineer in the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, and became presi- dent of the St. Louis & Cincinnati Railroad Company. He was commissioned major- general by the state of Ohio in 1861, placed in command of the department of the Ohio, and organized the first volunteers called for from that state. In May he was appointed major-general in the United States army, and ordered to disperse the confederates overrunning West Virginia. He accomplished this task promptly, and received the thanks of congress. After the first disaster at Bull Run he was placed in command of the department of Wash- ington, and a few weeks later of the Army of the Potomac. Upon retirement of General Scott the command of the en- tire United States army devolved upon Mc- Clellan, but he was relieved of it within a few months. In March, 1862, after elabor- ate preparation, he moved upon Manassas, only to find it deserted by the Confederate army, which had been withdrawn to im- pregnable defenses prepared nearer Rich- mond. He then embarked his armies for Fortress Monroe and after a long delay at Yorktown, began the disastrous Peninsular campaign, which resulted in the Army of the Potomac being cooped up on the James River below Richmond. His forces were then called to the support of General Pope, near Washington, and he was left without an army. After Pope's defeat McClellan was placed in command of the troops for the de- fense of the capital, and after a thorough or- ganization he followed Lee into Maryland and the battles of Antietam and South Moun- tain ensued. The delay which followed

caused general dissatisfaction, and he was re- lieved of his command, and retired from active service.

In 1864 McClellan was nominated for the presidency by the Democrats, and over- whelmingly defeated by Lincoln, three states only casting their electoral votes for McClellan. On election day he resigned his commission and a few months later went to Europe where he spent several years. He wrote a number of military text- books and reports. His death occurred October 29, 1885.

SAMUEL J. TILDEN.— Among the great statesmen whose names adorn the pages of American history may be found that of the subject of this sketch. Known as a lawyer of highest ability, his greatest claim to immortality will ever lie in his successful battle against the corrupt rings of his native state and the elevation of the standard of official life.

Samuel J. Tilden was born in New Leb- anon, New York, February 9, 1814. He pursued his academic studies at Yale Col- lege and the University of New York, tak- ing the course of law at the latter. He was admitted to the bar in 1841. His rare ability as a thinker and writer upon public topics attracted the attention of President Van Buren, of whose policy and adminis- tration he became an active and efficient champion. He made for himself a high place in his profession and amassed quite a fortune as the result of his industry and judgment. During the days of his greatest professional labor he was ever one of the leaders and trusted counsellors of the Demo- cratic party. He was a member of the conventions to revise the state constitution, both in 1846 and 1867, and served two terms in the lower branch of the state leg-

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islature. He was one of the controlling spirits in the overthrow of the notorious " Tweed ring " and the reformation of the government of the city of New York. In 1874 he was elected governor of the state of New York. While in this position he assailed corruption in high places, success- fully battling with the iniquitous "canal ring " and crushed its sway over all depart- ments of the government. Recognizing his character and executive ability Mr. Tilden was nominated for president by the na- tional Democratic convention in 1876. At the election he received a much larger popu- lar vote than his opponent, and 1S4 uncon- tested electoral votes. There being some electoral votes contested, a commission ap- pointed by congress decided in favor of the Republican electors and Mr. Hayes, the can- didate of that party was declared elected. In 1880, the Democratic party, feeling that Mr. Tilden had been lawfully elected to the presidency tendered the nomination for the same office to Mr. Tilden, but he declined, retiring from all public functions, owing to failing health. He died August 4, 1886. By will he bequeathed several millions of dollars toward the founding of public libra- ries in New York City, Yonkers, etc.

NOAH WEBSTER.— As a scholar, law- yer, author and journalist, there is no one who stands on a higher plane, or whose reputation is better established than the honored gentleman whose name heads this sketch. He was a native of West Hartford, Connecticut, and was born October 17, 1758. He came of an old New England family, his mother being a descendant of Governor William Bradford, of the Ply- mouth colony. After acquiring a solid edu- cation in early life Dr. Webster entered Yale College, from which he graduated in

1778. For a while he taught school in Hartford, at the same time studying law, and was admitted to the bar in 1781. He taught a classical school at Goshen, Orange county, New York, in 1782-S3, and while there prepared his spelling book, grammar and reader, which was issued under the title of "A Grammatical Institute of the English Language," in three parts, — so successful a work that up to 1876 something like forty million of the spelling books had been sold. In 1786 he delivered a course of lec- tures on the English language in the seaboard cities and the following year taught an academy at Philadelphia. From December 17, 1787, until November, 1788, he edited the "American Magazine," a periodical that proved unsuccessful. In 1789-93 he prac- ticed law in Hartford having in the former year married the daughter of William Green- leaf, of Boston. He returned to New York and November, 1793, founded a daily paper, the "Minerva," to which was soon added a semi-weekly edition under the name of the " Herald." The former is still in existence under the name of the "Commercial Adver- tiser . " In this paper, over the signature of ' ' Curtius , " he published a lengthy and schol- arly defense of "John Jay's treaty."

In 1798, Dr. Webster moved to New Haven and in 1807 commenced the prepar- ation of his great work, the "American Dic- tionary of the English Language," which was not completed and published until 1828. He made his home in Amherst, Massachu- setts, for the ten years succeeding 1812, ami was instrumental in the establishment of Amherst College, of which institution he was the first president of the board of trustees. During 1824 5 he resided in Europe, pursu- ing his philological studies in Paris. lie completed his dictionary from the of Cambridge University in 18J5, and de-

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voted his leisure for the remainder of his life to the revision of that and his school books.

Dr. Webster was a member of the legis- latures of both Connecticut and Massachu- setts, was judge of one of the courts of the former state and was identified with nearly all the literary and scientific societies in the neighborhood of Amherst College. He died in New Haven, May 28, 1843.

Among the more prominent works ema- nating from the fecund pen of Dr. Noah Webster besides those mentioned above are the following: "Sketches of American Policy," " Winthrop's Journal," " A Brief History of Epidemics," " Rights of Neutral Nations in time of War," "A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English Lan- guage," "Dissertations on the English Language," "A Collection of Essays," "The Revolution in France," "Political Progress of Britain," "Origin, History, and Connection of the Languages of Western Asia and of Europe," and many Others.

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, the great anti-slavery pioneer and leader, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, December 12, 1804. He was apprenticed to the printing business, and in 1828 was in- duced to take charge of the "Journal of the Times" at Bennington, Vermont. While supporting John Quincy Adams for the presi- dency he took occasion in that paper to give expression of his views on slavery. These articles attracted notice, and a Quaker named Lundy, editor of the "Genius of Emancipation," published in Baltimore, in- duced him to enter a partnership with him for the conduct of his paper. It soon transpired that the views of the partners were not in harmony, Lundy favoring grad- ual emancipation, while Garrison favored

immediate freedom. In 1850 Mr. Garrison was thrown into prison for libel, not being able to pay a fine of fifty dollars and costs. In his cell he wrote a number of poems which stirred the entire north, and a mer- chant, Mr. Tappan, of New York, paid his fine and liberated him, after seven weeks of confinement. He at once began a lecture tour of the northern cities, denouncing slavery as a sin before God, and demanding its immediate abolition in the name of re- ligion and humanity. He opposed the col- onization scheme of President Monroe and other leaders, and declared the right of every slave to immediate freedom.

In 1 83 1 he formed a partnership with Isaac Knapp, and began the publication of the "Liberator" at Boston. The "imme- diate abolition " idea began to gather power in the north, while the south became alarmed at the bold utterance of this jour- nal. The mayor of Boston was besoughi by southern influence to interfere, and upon investigation, reported upon the insignifi- cance, obscurity, and poverty of the editor and his staff, which report was widely published throughout the country. Re- wards were offered by the southern states for his arrest and conviction. Later Garri- son brought from England, where an eman- cipation measure had just been passed, some of the great advocates' to work for the cause in this country. In 1835 a mob broke into his office, broke up a meeting of women, dragged Garrison through the street with a rope around his body, and his life was saved only by the interference of the police, who lodged him in jail. Garrison declined to sit in the World's Anti-Slaverv convention at London in 1840, because that body had refused women representa- tion. He opposed the formation of a po- litical party with emancipation as its basis.

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He favored a dissolution of the union, and declared the constitution which bound the free states to the slave states " A covenant with death and an agreement with hell." In I 843 he became president of the Amer- ican Anti-Slavery society, which position he held until 1865, when slavery was no more. During all this time the " Liberator " had continued to promulgate anti-slavery doc- trines, but in 1865 Garrison resigned his position, and declared his work was com- pleted. He died May 24, 1879. '

JOHN BROWN ('• Brown of Ossawato- mie"), a noted character in American history, was born atTorrington, Connecticut, May 9, 1800. In his childhood he removed to Ohio, where he learned the tanner's trade. He married there, and in 1855 set- tled in Kansas. He lived at the village of Ossawatomie in that state, and there began his fight against slavery. He advocated im- mediate emancipation, and held that the negroes of the slave states merely waited for a leader in an insurrection that would re- sult in their freedom. He attended the convention called at Chatham, Canada, in 1859, and was the leading spirit in organiz- ing a raid upon the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. His plans were well laid, and carried out in great secrecy. He rented a farm house near Harper's Ferry in the summer of 1859, and on October 1 6th of that year, with about twenty follow- ers, he surprised and captured the United States arsenal", with all its supplies and arms. To his surprise, the negroes did not come to his support, and the next day he was attacked by the Virginia state militia, wounded and captured. He was tried in the courts of the state, convicted, and was hanged at Charlestown, December 2, 1859. The raid and its results had a tremendous

effect, and hastened the culmination of the troubles between the north and south. The south had the advantage in discussing this event, claiming that the sentiment which inspired this act of violence was shared by the anti-slavery element of the country.

EDWIN BOOTH had no peer upon the American stage during his long career as a star actor. He was the son of a famous actor, Junius Brutus Booth, and was born in 1833 at his father's home at Belair, near Baltimore. At the age of sixteen he made his first appearance on the stage, at the Boston Museum, in a minor part in "Richard III." It was while playing in California in 1851 that an eminent critic called general atten- tion to the young actor's unusual talent. However, it was not until 1863, at the great Shakspearian revival at the Winter Garden Theatre, New York, that the brilliancy oi his career began. His Hamlet held the boards for 100 nights in succession, and from that time forth Booth's reputation was established. In 1868 he opened his own theatre (Booth's Theater) in New York. Mr. Booth never succeeded as a manager, however, but as an actor he was undoubted- ly the most popular man on the American stage, and perhaps the most eminent one in the world. In England he also won the greatest applause.

Mr. Booth's work was confined mostly to Shakspearean roles, and his art was characterized by intellectual acuteness, fervor, and poetic feeling. His Hamlet, Richard II, Richard III, and Richelieu gave play to his greatest powers. In iSi.:,, when his brother, John Wilkes Booth enacted his great crime, Edwin Booth re- solved to retire from the stage, but waspur- suaded to reconsider that decision. The odium did not in any way attach to the

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great actor, and his popularity was not affected. In all his work Mr. Booth clung closely to the legitimate and the traditional in drama, making no experiments, and offer- ing little encouragement to new dramatic authors. His death occurred in New York, June 7, 1894.

JOSEPH HOOKER, a noted American officer, was born at Hadley, Massachu- setts. November 13, 1814. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1837, and was appointed lieutenant of artillery. He served in Florida in the Seminole war, and in garrison until the outbreak of the Mexican war. During the latter he saw service as a staff officer and was breveted captain major and lieutenant-colonel for gallantry at Monterey, National Bridge and Chapultepec. Resigning his commission in 1833 he took up farming in California, which he followed until 1 861. During this time he acted as superintendent of military roads in Oregon. At the outbreak of the Rebel- lion Hooker tendered his services to the government, and, May 17, 1861, was ap- pointed brigadier-general of volunteers. He served in the defence of Washington and on the lower Potomac until his appointment to the command of a division in the Third Corps, in March, 1862. For gallant con- duct at the siege of Yorktown and in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Fra- zier's Farm and Malvern Hill he was made major-general. At the head of his division he participated in the battles of Manassas and Chantillv. September 6, 1862, he was placed at the head of the First Corps, and in the battles of South Mountain and An- tietam acted with his usual gallantry, being wounded in the latter engagement. On re- joining the army in November he was made brigadier-general in the regular army. On

General Burnside attaining the command of the Army of the Potomac General Hooker was placed in command of the center grand division, consisting of the Second and Fifth Corps. At the head of these gallant men he participated in the battle of Fred- ericksburg, December 13, 1862. In Janu- ary, 1863, General Hooker assumed com- mand of the Army of the Potomac, and in May following fought the battle of Chan- cellorsville. At the time of the invasion of Pennsylvania, owing to a dispute with Gen- eral Halleck, Hooker requested to be re- lieved of his command, and June 28 was succeeded by George G. Meade. In Sep- tember, 1863, General Hooker was given command of the Twentieth Corps and trans- ferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and distinguished himself at the battles of Look- out Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Ring- gold. In the Atlanta campaign he saw almost daily service and merited his well- known nickname of " Fighting Joe." July 30, 1864, at his own request, he was re- lieved of his command. He subsequently was in command of several military depart- ments in the north, and in October, 1868, was retired with the full rank of major-gen- eral. He died October 31, 1879.

JAY GOULD, one of the greatest finan- ciers that the world has ever produced, was born May 27, 1836, at Roxbury, Dela- ware county, New York. He spent his-early years on his father's farm and at the age of fourteen entered Hobart Academy, New York, and kept books for the village black- smith. He acquired a taste for mathematics and surveying and on leaving school found employment in making the surveyor's map of Ulster county. He surveyed very exten- sively in the state and accumulated five thou- sand dollars as the fruits of his labor. He

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was then stricken with typhoid fever but re- covered and made the acquaintance of one Zadock Pratt, who sent him into the west- ern part of the state to locate a site for a tannery. He chose a fine hemlock grove, built a sawmill and blacksmith shop and was soon doing a large lumber business with Mr. Pratt. Mr. Gould soon secured control of the entire plant, which he sold out just before the panic of 1857 and in this year he became the largest stockholderintheStrouds- burg, Pennsylvania, bank. Shortly after the crisis he bought the bonds of the Rutland & Washington Railroad at ten cents on the dollar, and put all his money into railroad securities. For a long time he conducted this road which he consolidated with the Rensselaer & Saratoga Railroad. In 1859 he removed to New York and became a heavy investor in Erie Railroad stocks, en- tered that company and was president until its reorganization in 1872. In December, 1880, Mr. Gould was in control of ten thou- sand miles of railroad. In 1887 he pur- chased the controlling interest in the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad Co., and was a joint owner with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Co. of the western portion of the Southern Pacific line. Other lines soon came under his control, aggregat- ing thousand of miles, and he soon was rec- ognized as one of the world's greatest rail- road magnates. He continued to hold his place as one of the master financiers of the century until the time of his death which occurred December 2, 1892.

THOMAS HART BENTON, a very prominent United States senator and statesman, was born at Hillsborough, North Carolina, March 14, 1782. He removed to Tennessee in early life, studied law, and be- gan to practice at Nashville about 18 10.

During the war of 1812-1815 he served as colonel of a Tennessee regiment under Gen- eral Andrew Jackson. In 181 5 he removed to St. Louis, Missouri, and in 1820 was chosen United States senator for that state. Having been re-elected in 1826, he sup- ported President Jackson in his opposition to the United States bank and advocated a gold and silver currency, thus gaining the name of " Old Bullion," by which he was familiarly known. For many years he was the most prominent man in Missouri, and took rank among the greatest statesmen of his day. He was a member of the senate for thirty years and opposed the extreme states' rights policy of John C. Calhoun. In 1852 he was elected to the house of rep- resentatives in which he opposed the repeal of the Missouri compromise. He was op- posed by a powerful party of States' Rights Democrats in Missouri, who defeated him as a candidate for governor of that state in 1856. Colonel Benton published a considerable work in two volumes in 1854-56, entitled " Thirty Years' View, or a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, 1820-50." He died April 10, 1S58.

STEPHEN ARNOLD DOUGLAS.— One of the most prominent figures in politic- al circles during the intensely exciting days that preceded the war, and a leader of the Union branch of the Democratic party was the gentleman whose name heads this sketch.

He was born at Brandon, Rutland coun- ty, Vermont, April 23, 1813, of poor but respectable parentage. His father, a prac- ticing physician, died while our subject was but an infant, and his mother, with two small children and but small means, could give him but the rudiments of an education.

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at the age of fifteen young- Douglas engaged at work in the cabinet making business to raise fui;ds to carry him through college. After a few years of labor he was enabled to pursue an academical course, first at Bran- don, and later at Canandaigua, New York. In the latter place he remained until 1833, taking up the study of law. Before he was twenty, however, his tunds running low, he abandoned all further attempts at educa- tion, determining to enter at once the battle of life. After some wanderings tnrough the western states he took up his residence at Jacksonville, Illinois, where, after teaching school for three months, he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office in 1834. Within a year from that time, so rapidly had he risen in his profession, he was chosen attorney general of the state, and warmly espoused the principles of the Democratic party. He soon became one of the most popular orators in Illinois. It was at this time he gained the name of the "Little Giant." In 1835 he resigned the position of attorney general having been elected to the legislature. In 1841 he was chosen judge of the supreme court of Illinois which he resigned two years later to take a seat in congress. It was during this period of his life, while a member of the lower house, that he established his reputation and took the side of those who contended that con- gress had no constitutional right to restrict the extension of slavery further than the agreement between the states made in 1 820. This, in spite of his being opposed to slav- ery, and only on grounds which he believed to be right, favored what was called the Missouri ccmpromise. In 1847 Mr. Doug- las was chosen United States senator for | six years, and greatly distinguished himself. | In 1852 he was re-elected to the same office, j During this latter term, under his leader- |

ship, the " Kansas-Nebraska bill " was car- ried in the senate. In 1858, nothwith- standing the fierce contest made by his able competitor for the position, Abraham Lin- coln, and with the administration of Bu- chanan arrayed against him, Mr. Douglas was re-elected senator. After the trouble in the Charleston convention, when by the withdrawal of several state delegates with- out a nomination, the Union Democrats, in convention at Baltimore, in i860, nomi- nated Mr. Douglas as their candidate for presidency. The results of this election are well known and the great events of 1861 coming on, Mr. Douglas was spared their full development, dying at Chicago, Illinois, June 3, 1 86 1, after a short illness. His last words to his children were, ' ' to obey the laws and support the constitution of the United States."

JAMES MONROE, fifth president of the United States, was born in Westmore- land county, Virginia, April 28, 1758. At the age of sixteen he entered William and Mary College, but two years later the Declaration of Independence having been adopted, he left college and hastened to New York where he joined Washington's army as a military cadet.

At the battle of Trenton Monroe per- formed gallant service and received a wound in the shoulder, and was promoted to a captaincy. He acted as aide to Lord Ster- ling at the battles of Brandywine, German- town and Monmouth. Washington then sent him to Virginia to raise a new regiment of which he was to be colonel. The ex hausted condition of Virginia made this ira possible, but he receivedt his commission He next entered the law office of Thoma Jefferson to study law, as there was no open ing for him as an officer in the army. In

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1782 he was elected to the Virginia assem- bly, and the next year he was elected to the Continental congress. Realizing the inade- quacy of the old articles of confederation, he advocated the calling of a convention to consider their revision, and introduced in congress a resolution empowering congress to regulate trade, lay import duties, etc. This resolution was referred to a committee, of which he was chairman, and the report led to the Annapolis convention, which called a general convention to meet at Phila- delphia in 1787, when the constitution was drafted. Mr. Monroe began the practice of law at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and was soon after elected to the legislature, and ap- pointed as one of the committee to pass upon the adoption of the constitution. He opposed it, as giving too much power to the central government. He was elected to the United States senate in 1789, where he allied himself with the Anti-Federalists or "Republicans," as they were sometimes called. Although his views as to neutrality between France and England were directly opposed to those of the president, yet Wash- ington appointed him minister to France. His popularity in France was so great that the antagonism of England and her friends in this country brought about his recall. He then became governor of Virginia. He was sent as envoy to France in 1802; minister to England in 1S03; and envoy to Spain in 1S05. The next year he returned to his estate in Virginia, and with an ample in- heritance enjoyed a few years of repose. He was again called to be governor of Virginia, and was then appointed secretary of state by President Madison. The war with Eng- land soon resulted, and when the capital was burned by the British, Mr. Monroe be- came secretary of war also, and planned the measures for the defense of New Orleans.

The treasury being exhausted and credit gone, he pledged his own estate, and thereby made possible the victory of Jackson at New Orleans.

In 1 817 Mr. Monroe became president of the United States, having been a candi- date of the "Republican" party, which at that time had begun to be called the ' ' Demo- cratic" party. In 1820 he was re-elected, having two hundred and thirty-one electoral votes out of two hundred and thirty-two. His administration is known as the "Era of good-feeling," and party lines were almost wiped out. The slavery question began to assume importance at this time, and the Missouri Compromise was passed. The famous ' ' Monroe Doctrine " originated in a great state paper of President Monroe upon the rumored interference of the Holy Alli- ance to prevent the formation of free repub- lics in South America. President Monroe acknowledged their independence, and pro- mulgated his great "Doctrine," which has been held in reverence since. Mr. Monroe's death occurred in New York on July 4, 1831.

THOMAS ALVA EDISON, the master wizard of electrical science and whose name is synonymous with the subjugation of electricity to the service of man, was born in 1847 at Milan, Ohio, and it was at Port Huron, Michigan, whither his parents had moved in 1854, that his self-education began — for he never attended school for more than two months. He eagerly de- voured every book he could lay his hands on and is said to have read through an encyclo- pedia without missing a word. At thirteen he began his working life as a trainboy upon the Grand Trunk Railway between Port Huron and Detroit. Much of his time was now spent in Detroit, where he found increased facilities for reading at the public libraries.

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He was not content to be a newsboy, so he got togetner three hundred pounds of type and started the issue of the " Grand Trunk Herald." It was only a small amateur weekly, printed on one side, the impression being made from the type by hand. Chemi- cal research was his next undertaking and a laboratory was added to his movable pub- lishing house, which, by the way, was an old freight car. One day, however, as he was experimenting with some phosphorus, it ignited and the irate conductor threw the young seeker after the truth, chemicals and all, from the train. His office and laboratory were then removed to the cellar of his fa- ther's house. As he grew to manhood he decided to become an operator. He won his opportunity by saving the life of a child, whose father was an old operator, and out of gratitude he gave Mr. Edison lessons in teleg- raphy. Five months later he was compe- tent to fill a position in the railroad office at Port Huron. Hence he peregrinated to Stratford, Ontario, and thence successively to Adrian, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Cin- cinnati, Memphis, Louisville and Boston, gradually becoming an expert operator and gaining experience that enabled him to evolve many ingenious ideas for the im- provement of telegraphic appliances. At Memphis he constructed an automatic re- peater, which enabled Louisville and New Orleans to communicate direct, and received nothing more than the thanks of his em- ployers. Mr. Edison came to New York in 1870 in search of an opening more suitable to his capabilities and ambitions. He hap- pened to be in the office of the Laws Gold Reporting Company when one of the in- struments got out of order, and even the inventor of the system could not make it work. Edison requested to be allowed to attempt the task, and in a few minutes he

had overcome the difficulty and secured an advantageous engagement. For several years he had a contract with the Western Union and the Gold Stock companies, whereby he received a large salary, besides a special price for all telegraphic improve- ments he could suggest. Later, as the head of the Edison General Electric com- pany, with its numerous subordinate organ- izations and connections all over the civil- ized world, he became several times a millionaire. Mr. Edison invented the pho- nograph and kinetograph which bear his name, the carbon telephone, the tasimeter, and the duplex and quadruplex systems of telegraphy.

JAMES LONGSTREET, one of the most conspicuous of the Confederate generals during the Civil war, was born in 1820, in South Carolina, but was early taken by his parents to Alabama where he grew to man- hood and received his early education. He graduated at the United States military academy in 1842, entering the army as lieutenant and spent a few years in the fron- tier service. When the Mexican war broke out he was called to the front and partici- pated in all the principal battles of that war up to the storming of Chapultepec, where he received severe wounds. For gallant conduct at Contreras, Cherubusco, and Mo- lino del Rey he received the brevets of cap- tain and major. After the close of the Mexican war Longstreet served as adjutant and captain on frontier service in Texas un- til 1858 when he was transferred to the staff as paymaster with rank of major. In June, 1 861, he resigned to join the Confederacy and immediately went to the front, com- manding a brigade at Bull Run the follow- ing month. Promoted to be major-general in 1862 he thereafter bore a conspicuous

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part and rendered valuable service to the Confederate cause. He participated in many of the most severe battles of the Civil war including Bull Run (first and second), Seven Pines, Gaines' Mill, Fraziers Farm, Malvern Hill, Antietam, Frederickburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Wilderness, Petersburg and most of the fighting about Richmond.

When the war closed General Long- street accepted the result, renewed his alle- giance to the government, and thereafter labored earnestly to obliterate all traces of war and promote an era of good feeling be- tween all sections of the country. He took up his residence in New Orleans, and took an active interest and prominent part in public affairs, served as surveyor of that port for several years; was commissioner of engineers for Louisiana, served four years as school commissioner, etc. In 1875 he was appointed supervisor of internal revenue and settled in Georgia. After that time he served four years as United States minister to Turkey, and also for a number of years was United States marshal of Georgia, be- sides having held other important official positions.

JOHN RUTLEDGE, the second chief- justice of the United States, was born at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1739. He was a son of John Rutledge, who had left Ireland for America about five years prior to the birth of our subject, and a brother of Edward Rutledge, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. John Rut- ledge received his legal education at the Temple, London, after which he returned to Charleston and soon won distinction at the bar. He was elected to the old Colonial congress in 1765 to protest against the "Stamp Act," and was a member of the

South Carolina convention of 1774, and of the Continental congress of that and the succeeding year. In 1776 he was chairman of the committee that draughted the con- stitution of his state, and was president of the congress of that state. He was not pleased with the state constitution, how- ever, and resigned. In 1779 he was again chosen governor of the state, and granted extraordinary powers, and he at once took the field to repel the British. He joined the army of General Gates in 1782, and the same year was elected to congress. He was a member of the constitutional con- vention which framed our present constitu- tion. In 1789 he was appointed an associate justice of the first supreme court of the United States. He resigned to accept the position of chief-justice of his own state. Upon the resignation of Judge Jay, he was appointed chief-justice of the United States in 1795. The appointment was never con- firmed, for, after presiding at one session, his mind became deranged, and he was suc- ceeded by Judge Ellsworth. He died at Charleston, July 23, 1800.

RALPH WALDO EMERSON was one of the most noted literary men of his time. He was born in Boston, Massachu- setts, May 25, 1803. He had a minister for an ancestor, either on the paternal or ma- ternal side, in every generation for eight generations back. His father, Rev. Will- iam Emerson, was a native of Concord, Massachusetts, born May 6, 1769, graduated at Harvard, in 1789, became a Unitarian minister; was a fine writer and one of the best orators of his day; died in 181 1.

Ralph Waldo Emerson was fitted for college at the public schools of Boston, and graduated at Harvard College in 1821, win- ning about this time several prizes for es-

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says. For five years he taught school in Boston; in 1826 was licensed to preach, and in 1829 was ordained as a colleague to Rev. Henry Ware of the Second Unitarian church in Boston. In 1832 he resigned, making the announcement in a sermon of his un- willingness longer to administer the rite of the Lord's Supper, after which he spent about a year in Europe. Upon his return he began his career as a lecturer before the Boston Mechanics Institute, his subject be- ing "Water." His early lectures on " Italy" and "Relation of Man to the Globe" also attracted considerable attention; as did also his biographical lectures on Michael Angelo, Milton, Luther, George Fox, and Edmund Burke. After that time he gave many courses of lectures in Boston and became one of the best known lecturers in America. But very few men have rendered such con- tinued service in this field. He lectured for forty successive seasons before the Salem, Massachusetts, Lyceum and also made re- peated lecturing tours in this country and in England. In 1835 Mr. Emerson took up his residence at Concord, Massachusetts, where he continued to make his home until his death which occurred April 27, 1882.

Mr. Emerson's literary work covered a wide scope. He wrote and published many works, essays and poems, which rank high among the works of American literary men. A few of the many which he produced are the following: "Nature;" "The Method of Nature;" " Man Thinking;" "The Dial;" "Essays;" "Poems;" "English Traits;" "The Conduct of Life;" "May-Day and other Poems " and " Society and Solitude;" besides many others. He was a prominent member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of the American Philosophical Society, the Massachusetts Historical Society and other kindred associations.

ALEXANDER T. STEWART, one of the famous merchant princes of New York, was born near the city of Belfast, Ire- land, in 1803, and before he was eight years of age was left an orphan without any near relatives, save an aged grandfather. The grandfather being a pious Methodist wanted to make a minister of young Stewart, and accordingly put him in a school with that end in view and he graduated at Trinity Col- lege, in Dublin. When scarcely twenty years of age he came to New York. His first employment was that of a teacher, but accident soon made him a merchant. En- tering into business relations with an ex- perienced man of his acquaintance he soon found himself with the rent of a store on his hands and alone in a new enterprise. Mr. Stewart's business grew rapidly in all directions, but its founder had executive ability sufficient for any and all emergencies, and in time his house became one of the greatest mercantile establishments of mod- ern times, and the name of Stewart famous. Mr. Stewart's death occurred April 10, 1876.

JAMES FENIMORE COOPER. — In speaking of this noted American nov- elist, William Cullen Bryant said: " He wrote for mankind at large, hence it is that he has earned a fame wider than any Amer- ican author of modern times. The crea- tions of his genius shall survive through centuries to come, and only perish with our language." Another eminent writer (Pres- cott) said of Cooper: " In his productions every American must take an honest pride; for surely no one has succeeded like Cooper in the portraiture of American character, or has given such glowing and eminently truth- fuhpictures of American scenery."

James Fenimore Cooper was born Sep-

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tember 15, 1789, at Burlington, New Jer- sey, and was a son of Judge William Cooper. About a year after the birth of our subject the family removed to Otsego county, New York, and founded the town called " Coop- erstown." James Fenimore Cooper spent his childhood there and in 1802 entered Yale College, and four years later became a midshipman in the United States navy. In 181 1 he was married, quit the seafaring life, and began devoting more or less time to lit- erary pursuits. His first work was "Pre- caution," a novel published in 18 19, and three years later he produced "The Spy, a Tale of Neutral Ground," which met with great favor and was a universal success. This was followed by many other works, among which may be mentioned the follow- ing: ' ' The Pioneers, " ' ' The Pilot, " ' ' Last of the Mohicans," "The Prairie," "The Red Rover," "The Manikins," "Home- ward Bound," " Home as Found," " History of the United States Navy," "The Path- finder," "Wing and Wing," "Afloat and Ashore," "The Chain-Bearer," "Oak- Openings," etc. J. Fenimore Cooper died at Cooperstown, New York, September 14, 1851.

MARSHALL FIELD, one of the mer- chant princes of America, ranks among the most successful business men of the cen- tury. He was born in 1835 at Conway, Massachusetts. He spent his early life on a farm and secured a fair education in the common schools, supplementing this with a course at the Conway Academy. His natural bent ran in the channels of commer- cial life, and at the age of seventeen he was given a position in a store at Pittsfie'.d, Massachusetts. Mr. Field remained there four years and removed to Chicago'in 1856. He began his career in Chicago as a clerk

in the wholesale dry goods house of Cooley, Wadsworth & Company, which later be- came Cooley, Farwell & Company, and still later John V. Farwell & Company. He remained with them four years and exhibit- ed marked ability, in recognition of which he was given a partnership. In 1865 Mr. Field and L. Z. Leiter, who was also a member of the firm, withdrew and formed the firm of Field, Palmer & Leiter, the third partner being Potter Palmer, and they continued in business until 1867, when Mr. Palmer retired and the firm became Field, Leiter & Company. They ran under the latter name until 1881, when Mr. Leiter re- tired and the house has since continued un- der the name of Marshall Field & Company. The phenomenal success accredited to the house is largely due to the marked ability of Mr. Field, the house had become one of the foremost in the west, with an annual sale of $8,000,000 in 1870. The total loss of the firm during the Chicago fire was $3,500,000 of which $2,500,000 was re- covered through the insurance companies. It rapidly recovered from the effects of this and to-day the annual sales amount to over $40,000,000. Mr. Field's real estate hold- ings amounted to $10,000,000. He was one of the heaviest subscribers to the Bap- tist University fund although he is a Presby- terian, and gave $1,000,000 for the endow- ment of the Field Columbian Museum — one of the greatest institutions of the kind in the world.

EDGAR WILSON NYE, who won an im- mense popularity under the pen name of " Bill Nye," was one of the most eccen- tric humorists of his day. He was bi >rn Au- gust 25, 1850, at Shirley, Piscataqua coun- tv, Maine, "at a very early age" as he ex- presses it. lie took an academic course in

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River Falls, Wisconsin, from whence, after his graduation, he removed to Wyoming Territory. He studied law and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1876. He began when quite young to contribute humorous sketches to the newspapers, became connected with various western journals and achieved a brilliant success as a humorist. Mr. Nye settled later in New York City where he devoted his time to writing funny articles for the big newspaper syndicates. He wrote for publication in book form the following : "Bill Nye and the Boomerang," "The Forty Liars," "Baled Hay," "Bill Nye's Blossom Rock," "Remarks," etc. His death occurred February 21, 1896, at Ashe- ville, North Carolina.

THOMAS DE WITT TALMAGE, one of the most celebrated American preach- ers, was born January 7, 1832, and was the youngest of twelve children. He made his preliminary studies at the grammar school in New Brunswick, New Jersey. At the age of eighteen he joined the church and entered the University of the City of New York, and graduated in May, 1853. The exercises were held in Niblo's Garden and his speech aroused the audience to a high pitch of en- thusiasm. At the close of his college duties he imagined himself interested in the law and for three years studied law. Dr. Tal- mage then perceived his mistake and pre- pared himself for the ministry at the Reformed Dutch Church Theological Semi- nary at New Brunswick, New Jersey. Just after his ordination the young minister re- ceived two calls, one from Piermont, New York, and the other from Belleville, New Jersey. Dr. Talmage accepted the latter and for three years filled that charge, when he was called to Syracuse, New York. Here it was that his sermons first drew large

crowds of people to his church, and from thence dates his popularity. Afterward he became the pastor of the Second Reformed Dutch church, of Philadelphia, remaining seven years, during which period he first entered upon the lecture platform and laid the foundation for his future reputation. At the end of this time he received three calls, one from Chicago, one from San Francisco, and one from . the Central Presbyterian church of Brooklyn, which latter at that time consisted of only nineteen members with a congregation of about thirty-five. This church offered him a salary of seven thousand dollars and he accepted the call. He soon induced the trustees to sell the old church and build a new one. They did so and erected the Brooklyn Tabernacle, but it burned down shortly after it was finished. By prompt sympathy and general liberality a new church was built and formally opened in February, 1874. It contained seats for four thousand, six hundred and fifty, but if necessary seven thousand could be accom- modated. In October, 1878, his salary was raised from seven thousand dollars to twelve thousand dollars, and in the autumn of 1889 the second tabernacle was destroyed by fire. A third tabernacle was built and it was for- mally dedicated on Easter Sunday, 1891.

JOHN PHILIP SOUSA, conceded as being one of the greatest band leaders in the world, won his fame while leader of the United States Marine Band at Washing- ton, District of Columbia. He was not originally a band player but was a violinist, and at the age of seventeen he was conduc- tor of an opera company, a profession which he followed for several years, until he was offered the leadership of the Marine Band at Washington. The proposition was re- pugnant to him at first but he accepted the

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offer and then ensued ten years of brilliant success with that organization. When he first took the Marine Band he began to gather the national airs of all the nations that have representatives in Washington, and compiled a comprehensive volume in- cluding nearly all the national songs of the different nations. He composed a number of marches, waltzes and two-steps, promi- nent among which are the "Washington Post," "Directorate," "King Cotton," "High School Cadets," "Belle of Chica- go," "Liberty Bell March," "Manhattan Beach," "On Parade March," "Thunderer March," "Gladiator March," " El Capitan March," etc. He became a very extensive composer of this class of music.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, sixth president of the United States, was born in Braintree, Massachusetts, July n, 1767, the son of John Adams. At the age of eleven he was sent to school at Paris, and two years later to Leyden, where he entered that great university. He returned to the United States in 1785, and graduated from Harvard in 1788. He then studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1791. His practice brought no income the first two years, but he won distinction in literary fields, and was appointed minister to The Hague in 1794. He married in 1797, and went as minister to Berlin the same year, serving until 1801, when Jefferson became' president. He was elected to the senate in 1803 by the Federalists, but was condemned by that party for advocating the Embargo Act and other Anti-Federalist measures. He was appointed as professor of rhetoric at Harvard in 1805, and in 1809 was sent as minister to Russia. He assisted in negotiat- ing the treaty of peace with England in 1 8 14, and became minister to that power

the next year. He served during Monroe's administration two terms as secretary of state, during which time party lines were obliterated, and in 1824 four candidates for president appeared, all of whom were iden- tified to some extent with the new " Demo- cratic" party. Mr. Adams received 84 elec- toral votes, Jackson 99, Crawford 41, and Clay 37. As no candidate had a majority of all votes, the election went to the house of representatives, which elected Mr. Adams. As Clay had thrown his influence to Mr. Adams, Clay became secretary of state, and this caused bitter feeling on the part of the Jackson Democrats, who were joined by Mr. Crawford and his following, and op- posed every measure of the administration. In the election of 1828 Jackson was elected over Mr. Adams by a great majority.

Mr. Adams entered the lower house of congress in 1830, elected from the district in which he was born and continued to rep- resent it for seventeen years. He was known as " the old man eloquent," and his work in congress was independent of party. He opposed slavery extension and insisted upon presenting to congress, one at a time, the hundreds of petitions against the slave power. One of these petitions, presented in 1842, was signed by forty-five citizens of Massachusetts, and prayed congress for a peaceful dissolution of the Union. His enemies seized upon this as an opportunity to crush their powerful foe, and in a caucus meeting determined upon his expulsion from congress. Finding they would not be able to command enough votes for this, they de- cided upon a course that would bring equal disgrace. They formulated a resolution to the effect that while he merited expulsion, the house would, in great mercy, substitute its severest censure. When it was read in the house the old man, then in his seventy-fifth

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year, arose and demanded that the first para- graph of the Declaration of Independence be read as his defense. It embraced the famous sentence, "that whenever any form of government becomes destructive to those ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, etc., etc." After eleven days of hard fight- ing his opponents were defeated. On Febru- ary 21, 1848, he rose to address the speaker on the Oregon question, when he suddenly fell from a stroke of paralysis. He died soon after in the rotunda of the capitol, where he had ' been conveyed by his col- leagues.

SUSAN B. ANTHONY was one of the most famous women of America. She was born at South Adams, Massachusetts, February 15, 1820, the daughter of a Quaker. She received a good education and became a school teacher, following that profession for fifteen years in New York. Beginning with about 1852 she became the active leader of the woman's rights move- ment and won a wide reputation for her zeal and ability. She also distinguished herself for her zeal and eloquence in the temperance, and anti-slavery causes, and became a conspicuous figure during the war. After the close of the war she gave most of her labors to the cause of woman's suffrage.

PHILIP D. ARMOUR, one of the most conspicuous figures in the mercantile history of America, was born May 16, 1832, on a farm at Stockbridge, Madison county, New York, and received his early education in the common schools of that county. He was apprenticed to a farmer and worked faithfully and well, being very ambitious and desiring to start out for himself. At the age of twenty he secured a release from his

indentures and set out overland for the gold fields of California. After a great deal of hard work he accumulated a little money and then came east and settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He went into the grain receiving and warehouse busi- ness and was fairly successful, and later on he formed a partnership with John Plankin- ton in the pork packing line, the style of the firm being Plankinton & Armour. Mr. Ar- mour made his first great "deal" in selling pork "short" on the New York market in the anticipation of the fall of the Confed- eracy, and Mr. Armour is said to have made through this deal a million dollars. He then established packing houses in Chicago and Kansas City, and in 1875 he removed to Chicago. He increased his business by add- ing to it the shipment of dressed beef to the European markets, and many other lines of trade and manufacturing, and it rapidly assumed vast proportions, employing an army of men in different lines of the busi- ness. Mr. Armour successfully conducted a great many speculative deals in pork and grain of immense proportions and also erected many large warehouses for the storage of grain. He became one of the representative business men of Chicago, where he became closely identified with all enterprises of a public nature, but his fame as a great busi- ness man extended to all parts of the world. He founded the "Armour Institute " at Chi- cago and also contributed largely to benevo- lent and charitable institutions.

ROBERT FULTON.— Although Fulton is best known as the inventor of the first successful steamboat, yet his claims to distinction do not rest alone upon that, for he was an inventor along other lines, a painter and an author. He was born at Little Britain, Lancaster county, Pennsyl

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vania, in 1765, of Scotch-Irish ancestry. At the age of seventeen he removed to Phila- delphia, and there and in New York en- gaged in miniature painting with success both from a pecuniary and artistic point of view. With the results of his labors he pur- chased a farm for the support of his mother. He went to London and studied under the great painter, Benjamin West, and all through life retained his fondness for art and gave evidence of much ability in that line. While in England he was brought in contact with the Duke of Bridgewater, the father of the English canal system; Lord Stanhope, an eminent mechanician, and James Watt, the inventor of the steam en- gine. Their influence turned his mind to its true field of labor, that of mechanical in- vention. Machines for flax spinning, marble sawing, rope making, and for remov- ing earth from excavations, are among his earliest ventures. His "Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation," issued in 1796, and a series of essays on canals were soon followed by an English patent for canal improvements. In 1797 he went to Paris, where he resided until 1806, and there invented a submarine torpedo boat for maritime defense, but which was rejected by the governments of France, England and the United States. In 1 803 he offered to con- struct for the Emperor Napoleon a steam- boat that would assist in carrying out the plan of invading Great Britain then medi- tated by that great captain. In pursuance he constructed his first steamboat on the Seine, but it did not prove a full success and the idea was abandoned by the French government. By the aid of Livingston, then United States minister to France, Fulton purchased, in 1806, an engine which he brought to this country. After studying the defects of his own and other attempts in

this line he built and launched in iSot the Clermont, the first successful steamboat This craft only attained a speed of five miles an hour while going up North river. His first patent not fully covering his in- vention, Fulton was engaged in many law suits for infringement. He constructed many steamboats, ferryboats, etc., among these being the United States steamer " Fulton the First," built in 18 14, the first war steamer ever built. This craft never attained any great speed owing to some de- fects in construction and accidentally blew up in 1829. Fulton died in New York, Feb- ruary 21, l8l 5.

SALMON PORTLAND CHASE, sixth chief-justice of the United States, and one of the most eminent of American jurists, was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, Jan- uary 13, 1808. At the age of nine he was left in poverty by the death of his father, but means were found to educate him. He was sent to his uncle, a bishop, who con- ducted an academy near Columbus, Ohio, and here young Chase worked on the farm and attended school. At the age of fifteen he returned to his native state and entered Dartmouth College, from which he gradu- ated in 1 S26. He then went to Washington, and engaged in teaching school, and study- ing law under the instruction of William Wirt. He was licensed to practice in 1S29, and went to Cincinnati, where he had a hard struggle for several years following. He had in the meantime prepared notes on the statutes of Ohio, which, when published, brought him into prominence locally. He was soon after appointed solicitor of the United States Bank. In 1837 he appeared as counsel for a fugitive slave woman, Ma- tilda, and sought by all the powers of his learning and eloquence to prevent her owner

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from reclaiming her. He acted in many other cases, and devolved the trite expres- sion, "Slavery is sectional, freedom is na- tional." He was employed to defend Van Zandt before the supreme court of the United States in 1846, which was one of the most noted cases connected with the great strug- gle against slavery. By this time Mr. Chase had become the recognized leader of that element known as " free-soilers." He was elected to the United States senate in 1849, and was chosen governor of Ohio in 1855 and re-elected in 1857. He was chosen to the United States senate from Ohio in 1861, but was made secretary of the treasury by Lincoln and accepted. He inaugurated a financial system to replenish the exhausted treasury and meet the demands of the great- est war in history and at the same time to revive the industries of the country. One of the measures which afterward called for his judicial attention was the issuance of currency notes which were made a legal tender in payment of debts. When this question came before him as chief-justice of the United States he reversed his former action and declared the measure unconstitu- tional. The national banking system, by which all notes issued were to be based on funded government bonds of equal or greater amounts, had its direct origin with Mr. Chase. Mr. Chase resigned the treasury port- lolio in 1864, and was appointed the same year as chief-justice of the United States supreme court. The great questions that came up before him at this crisis in the life of the nation were no less than those which confronted the first chief-justice at the for- mation of our government. Reconstruction, private, state and national interests, the constitutionality of the acts of congress passed in times of great excitement, the construction and interpretation to be placed

upon the several amendments to the national constitution, — these were among the vital questions requiring prompt decision. He received a paralytic stroke in 1870, which impaired his health, though his mental powers were not affected. He continued to preside at the opening terms for two years following and died May 7, 1873.

HARRIET ELIZABETH BEECHER STOWE, a celebrated American writ- er, was born June 14, 1812, at Litchfield, Connecticut. She was a daughter of Lyman Beecher and a sister of Henry Ward Beecher, two noted divines; was carefully educated, and taught school for several years at Hart- ford, Connecticut. In 1832 Miss Beecher married Professor Stowe, then of Lane Semi- nary, Cincinnati, Ohio, and afterwards at Bowdoin College and Andover Seminary. Mrs. Stowe published in 1849 "The May- flower, or sketches of the descendants of the Pilgrims," and in 1851 commenced in the ' ' National Era " of Washington, a serial story which was published separately in 1852 under the title of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." This book attained almost unparalleled success both at home and abroad, and within ten years it had been translated in almost every lan- guage of the civilized world. Mrs. Stowe pub- lished in 1853 a "Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin" in which the data that she used was published and its truthfulness was corroborated. In 1S53 she accompanied her husband and brother to Europe, and on her return pub- lished "Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands" in 1854. Mrs. Stowe was for some time one of the editors of the ' ' Atlantic Monthly " and the " Hearth and Home," for which she had written a number of articles. Among these, also published separately, are " Dred, a tale of the Great Dismal Swamp " (later published under the title of "Nina

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Gordon"); "The Minister's Wooing;" "The Pearl of Orr's Island;" "Agnes of Sorrento;" "Oldtown Folks;" " My Wife and I;" "Bible Heroines," and "A Dog's Mission." Mrs. Stowe's death occurred July i, 1896, at Hartford, Connecticut.

THOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON, bet- ter known as "Stonewall" Jackson, was one of the most noted of the Confeder- ate generals of the Civil war. He was a soldier by nature, an incomparable lieuten- ant, sure to execute any operation entrusted to him with marvellous precision, judgment and courage, and all his individual cam- paigns and combats bore the stamp of a masterly capacity for war. He was born January 21, 1824, at Clarksburg, Harrison county, West Virginia. He was early in life imbued with the desire to be a soldier and it is said walked from the mountains of Virginia to Washington, secured the aid of his congressman, and was appointed cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point from which he was graduated in

1846. Attached to the army as brevet sec- ond lieutenant of the First Artillery, his first service was as a subaltern with Magruder's battery of light artillery in the Mexican war. He participated at the reduction of Vera Cruz, and was noticed for gallantry in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Moline del Rey, Chapultepec, and the capture of the city of Mexico, receiving the brevets of captain for conduct at Contreras and Cher- ubusco and of major at Chapultepec. In the meantime he had been advanced by regular promotion to be first lieutenant in

1847. In 1852, the war having closed, he resigned and became professor of natural and experimental philosophy and artillery instructor at the Virginia State Military Institute at Lexington, Virginia, where he

remained until Virginia declared for seces- sion, he becoming chiefly noted for intense religious sentiment coupled with personal eccentricities. Upon the breaking ont nf the war he was made colonel and placed in command of a force sent to sieze Harper's Ferry, which he accomplished May 3, 1861. Relieved by General J. E. Johnston, May 23, he took command of the brigade of Valley Virginians, whom he moulded into that brave corps, baptized at the first Manassas, and ever after famous as the " Stonewall Brigade." After this "Stone- wall " Jackson was made a major-general, in 1861, and participated until his death in all the famous campaigns about Richmond and in Virginia, and was a conspicuous fig- ure in the memorable battles of that time. May 2, 1863, at Chancellorsville, he wa? wounded severely by his own troops, two balls shattering his left arm and another passing through the palm of his right hand. The left arm was amputated, but pneumonia intervened, and, weakened by the great loss of blood, he died May 10, 1863. The more his operations in the Shenandoah valley in 1862 are studied the more striking must the merits of this great soldier appear.

JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER.— Near to the heart of the people of the Anglo-Saxon race will ever lie the verses of this, the "Quaker Poet." The author of "Barclay of Ury," "Maud Muller" and "Barbara Frietchie," always pure, fervid and direct, will be remembered when many a more ambitious writer has been forgotten. John G. Whittier was born at Haver- hill, Massachusetts, December 7, 1807. of Quaker parentage. He had but a common- school education and passed his boyhood days upon a farm. In early life he learned the trade of shoemaker. At the age of

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eighteen he began to write verses for the Haverhill "Gazette." He spent two years after that at the Haverhill academy, after which, in 1829, he became editor of the "American Manufacturer," at Boston. In 1830 he succeeded George D. Prentice as editor of the "New England Weekly Re- view," but the following year returned to Haverhill and engaged in farming. In [832 and in 1836 he edited the " Gazette." In 1835 he was elected a member of the legis- lature,serving two years. In 1 836 he became secretary of the Anti-slavery Society of Phil- adelphia. In 1838 and 1839 he edited the " Pennsylvania Freeman," but in the latter year the office was sacked and burned by a mob. In 1840 Whittier settled at Ames- bury, Massachusetts. In 1847 he became corresponding editor of the " National Era," an anti-slavery paper published at Washing- ton, and contributed to its columns many of his anti-slavery and other favorite lyrics. Mr. Whittier lived for many years in retire- ment of Quaker simplicity, publishing several volumes of poetry which have raised him to a high place among American authors and brought to him the love and admiration of his countrymen. In the electoral colleges of i860 and 1864 Whittier was a member. Much of his time after 18/6 was spent at Oak Knoll, Danvers, Massachusetts, but still retained his residence at Amesbury. He never married. His death occurred Sep- tember 7, 1892.

The more prominent prose writings of John G. Whittier are as follows: "Legends of New England," "Justice and Expediency, or Slavery Considered with a View to Its Abo- lition," " The Stranger in Lowell," "Super- naturalism in New England," " Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal," "Old Portraits and Modern Sketches" and " Literary Sketches."

DAVID DIXON PORTER, illustrious as admiral of the United States navy, and famous as one of the most able naval offi- cers of America, was born in Pennsylvania, June 8, 18 14. His father was also a naval officer of distinction, who left the service of the United States to become commander of the naval forces of Mexico during the war between that country and Spain, and through this fact David Dixon Porter was appointed a midshipman in the Mexican navy. Two years later David D. Porter joined the United States navy as midship- man, rose in rank and eighteen years later as a lieutenant he is found actively engaged in all the operations of our navy along the east coast of Mexico. When the Civil war broke out Porter, then a commander, was dispatched in the Powhattan to the relief of Fort Pickens, Florida. This duty accom- plished, he fitted out a mortar flotilla for the reduction of the forts guarding the ap- proaches to New Orleans, which it was con- sidered of vital importance for the govern- ment to get possession of. After the fall of New Orleans the mortar flotilla was actively engaged at Vicksburg, and in the fall of 1862 Porter was made a rear-admiral and placed in command of all the naval forces on the western rivers above New Orleans. The ability of the man was now con- spicuously manifested, not only in the bat- tles in which he was engaged, but also in the creation of a formidable fleet out of river steamboats, which he covered with such plating as they would bear. In 1864 he was transferred to the Atlantic coast to command the naval forces destined to oper- ate against the defences of Wilmington, North Carolina, and on Jan. 15, 1865, the fall of Fort Fisher was hailed by the country as a glorious termination of his arduous war service. In 1866 he was made vice-admiral

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and appointed superintendent of the Naval Academy. On the death of Farragut, in 1870, he succeeded that able man as ad- miral of the navy. His death occurred at Washington, February 13, 1S91.

NATHANIEL GREENE was one of the best known of the distinguished gen- erals who led the Continental soldiery against the hosts of Great Britain during the Revolutionary war. He was the son of Quaker parents, and was born at War- wick, Rhode Island, May 27, 1742. In youth he acquired a good education, chiefly by his own efforts, as he was a tireless reader. In 1770 he was elected a member of the Assembly of his native state. The news of the battle of Lexington stirred his blood, and he offered his services to the government of the colonies, receiving the rank of brigadier-general and the com- mand of the troops from Rhode Island. He led them to the camp at Cambridge, and for thus violating the tenets of their faith, he was cast out of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. He soon won the es- teem of General Washington. In August,

1776, Congress promoted Greene to the rank of major-general, and in the battles of Trenton and Princeton he led a division. At the battle of Brandy wine, September 1 1,

1777, he greatly distinguished himself, pro- tecting the retreat of the Continentals by his firm stand. At the battle of German- town, October 4, the same year, he com- manded the left wing of the army with credit. In March, 1778, he reluctantly ac- cepted the office of quartermaster-general, but only with the understanding that his rank in the army would not be affected and that in action he should retain his command. On the bloody field of Monmouth, June 28,

1778, he commanded the right wing, as he

did at the battle of Tiverton Heights. He was in command of the army in 17S0, dur- ing the absence of Washington, and was president of the court-martial that tried and condemned Major Andre. After General Gates' defeat at Camden, North Carolina, in the summer of 1780, General Greene was ap- pointed to the command of the southernarmy. He sent out a force under General Morgan who defeated General Tarleton at Cowpens, January 17, 1781. On joining his lieuten- ant, in February, he found himself out num- bered by the British and retreated in good order to Virginia, but being reinforced re- turned to North Carolina where he fought the battle of Guilford, and a few days later compelled the retreat of Lord Cornwallis. The British were followed by Greene part of the way, when the American army marched into South Carolina. After vary- ing success he fought the battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8, 1781. For the latter battle and its glorious consequences, which virtually closed the war in the Carolinas, Greene received a medal from Congress and many valuable grants of land from the colonies of North and South Carolina and Georgia. On the return of peace, after a year spent in Rhode Island, General Greene took up his residence on his estate near Savannah, Georgia, where he died June 19, 1786.

EDGAR ALLEN POE.— Among the many great literary men whom this' country has produced, there is perhaps no name more widely known than that of Ed- gar Allen Poe. He was born at Boston, Massachusetts, February 19, 1809. His parents were David and Elizabeth (Arnold) Poe, both actors, the mother said to have been the natural daughter of Benedict Ar- nold. The parents died while Edgar was

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still a child and he was adopted by John Allen, a wealthy and influential resident of Richmond, Virginia. Edgar was sent to school at Stoke, Newington, England, where he remained until he was thirteen years old; was prepared for college by pri- vate tutors, and in 1826 entered the Virginia University at Charlottesville. He made rapid progress in his studies, and was dis- tinguished for his scholarship, but was ex- pelled within a year for gambling, after which for several years he resided with his benefactor at Richmond. He then went to Baltimore, and in 1829 published a 71 -page pamphlet called "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems," which, however, at- tracted no attention and contained nothing of particular merit. In 1830 he was ad- mitted as a cadet at West Point, but was expelled about a year later for irregulari- ties. Returning to the home of Mr. Allen he remained for some time, and finally quarrelled with his benefactor and enlisted as a private soldier in the U. S. army, but remained only a short time. Soon after this, in 1833, Poe won several prizes for literary work, and as a result secured the position of editor of 1/he ' ' Southern Liter- ary Messenger," at Richmond, Virginia. Here he married his cousin, Virginia Clemm, who clung to him with fond devo- tion through all the many trials that came to them until her death in January, 1848. Poe remained with the "Messenger" for several years, writing meanwhile many tales, reviews, essays and poems. He aft- erward earned a precarious living by his pen in New York for a time; in 1839 be- came editor of "Burton's Gentleman's Magazine" ; in 1840 to 1842 was editor of " Graham's Magazine," and drifted around from one place to another, returning to New York in 1844. In 1845 ms best

known production, "The Raven," appeared in the "Whig Review," and gained him a reputation which is now almost world-wide. He then acted as editor and contributor on various magazines and periodicals until the death of his faithful wife in 1848. In the summer of 1849 he was engaged to be mar- ried to a lady of fortune in Richmond, Vir- ginia, and the day set for the wedding. He started for New York to make prepara- tions for the event, but, it is said, began drinking, was attacked with dilirium tre- mens in Baltimore and was removed to a hospital, where he died, October 7, 1849. The works of Edgar Allen Poe have been repeatedly published since his death, both in Europe and America, and have attained an immense popularity.

HORATIO GATES, one of the prom- inent figures in the American war for Independence, was not a native of the col- onies but was born in England in 1728. In early life he entered the British army and attained the rank of major. At the capture of Martinico he was aide to General Monk- ton and after the peace of Aix la Chapelle, in 1748, he was among the first troops that landed at Halifax. He was with Braddock at his defeat in 1755, and was there severe- ly wounded. At the conclusion of the French and Indian war Gates purchased an estate in Virginia, and, resigning from the British army, settled down to life as a planter. On the breaking out of the Rev- olutionary war he entered the service of the colonies and was made adjutant-general of the Continental forces with the rank of brigadier-general. He accompanied Wash- ington when he assumed the command oi the army. In June, 1776, he was appoint- ed *to the command of the army of Canada, but was superseded in May of the following

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year by General Schuyler. In August, 1777, however, the command of that army was restored to General Gates and Septem- ber 19 he fought the battle of Bemis Heights. October 7, the same year, he won the battle of Stillwater, or Saratoga, and October 17 received the surrender of General Burgoyne and his arm}', the pivotal point of the war. This gave him a brilliant reputation. June 13, 1780, General Gates was appointed to the command of the southern military division, and August 16 of that year suffered defeat at the hands of Lord Cornwallis, at Camden, North Car- olina. In December following he was superseded in the command by General Nathaniel Greene.

On the signing of the peace treaty Gen- eral Gates retired to his plantation in Berkeley county, Virginia, where he lived until 1790, when, emancipating all his slaves, he removed to New York City, where he resided until his death, April 10, 1806.

LYMAN J. GAGE.— When President Mc- Kinley selected Lyman J. Gage as sec- retary of the treasury he chose one of the most eminent financiers of the century. Mr. Gage was born June 28, 1836, at De Ruy- ter, Madison county, New York, and was of English descent. He went to Rome, New York, with his parents when he was ten years old, and received his early education in the Rome Academy. Mr. Gage gradu- ated from the same, and his first position was that of a clerk in the post office. When he was fifteen years of age he was detailed as mail agent on the Rome & Watertown R. R. until the postmaster-general appointed regular agents for the route. In 1854, when he was in his eighteenth year, he entered the Oneida Central Bank at Rome as a junior clerk at a salary of one hundred dol-

lars per year. Being unable at the end of one year and a half's service to obtain an increase in salary he determined to seek a wider field of labor. Mr. Gage set out in the fall of 1855 and arrived in Chicago, Illinois, on October 3, and soon obtained a situation in Nathan Cobb's lumber yard and planing mill. He remained there three years as a bookkeeper, teamster, etc., and left on account of change in the management. But not being able to find anything else to do he accepted the position of night watchman in the place for a period of six weeks. He then became a bookkeeper for the Mer- chants Saving, Loan and Trust Company at a salary of five hundred dollars per year. He rapidly advanced in the service of this company and in 1868 he was made cashier. Mr. Gage was next offered the position of cashier of the First National Bank and ac- cepted the offer. He became the president of the First National Bank of Chicago Jan- uary 24, 1 89 1, and in 1897 he was appointed secretary of the treasury. His ability as a financier and the prominent part he took in the discussion of financial affairs while presi- dent of the great Chicago bank gave him a national reputation.

ANDREW JACKSON, the seventh pres- ident of the United States, was born at the Waxhaw settlement, Union county, North Carolina, March 15, 1767. His parents were Scotch-Irish, natives of Carr- ickfergus, who came to this country in 1665 and settled on Twelve-Mile creek, a trib- utary of the Catawba. His father, who was a poor farm laborer, died shortly be- fore Andrew's birth, when the mother re- moved to Waxhaw, where some relatives lived. Andrew's education was very limited, he showing no aptitude for study. In 17S0 when but thirteen years of age, he and his

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brother Robert volunteered to serve in the American partisan troops under General Sumter, and witnessed the defeat at Hang- ing Rock. The following year the boys were both taken prisoners by the enemy and endured brutal treatment from the British officers while confined at Camden. They both took the small pox, when the mother procured their exchange but Robert died shortly after. The mother died in Charleston of ship fever, the same year.

Young Jackson, now in destitute cir- cumstances, worked for about six months in a saddler's shop, and then turned school master, although but little fitted for the position. He now began to think of a pro- fession and at Salisbury, North Carolina, entered upon the study of law, but from all accounts gave but little attention to his books, being one of the most roistering, rollicking fellows in that town, indulging in many of the vices of his time. In 1786 he was admitted to the bar and in 1788 re- moved to Nashville, then in North Carolina, with the appointment of public prosecutor, then an office of little honor or emolument, but requiring much nerve, for which young Jackson was already noted. Two years later, when Tennessee became a territory he was appointed by Washington to the position of United States attorney for that district. In 1791 he married Mrs. Rachel Robards, a daughter of Colonel John Don- elson, who was supposed at the time to have been divorced from her former hus- band that year by act of legislature of Vir- ginia, but two years later, on finding that this divorce was not legal, and a new bill of separation being granted by the courts of Kentucky, they were remarried in 1793. This was used as a handle by his oppo- nents in the political campaign afterwards. Jackson was untiring in his efforts as United

States attorney and obtained much influence. He was chosen a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1796, when Tennessee became a state and was its first represent- ative in congress. In 1797 he was chosen United States senator, but resigned the fol- lowing year to accept a seat on the supreme court of Tennessee which he held until 1804. He was elected major-general of the militia of that state in 1801. In 1804, being unsuccessful in obtaining the govern- orship of Louisiana, the new territory, he retired from public life to the Hermitage, his plantation. On the outbreak of the war with Great Britain in 1812 he tendered his services to the government and went to New Orleans with the Tennessee troops in January, 18 13. In March of that year he was ordered to disband his troops, but later marched against the Cherokee Indians, de- feating them at Talladega, Emuckfaw and Tallapoosa. Having now a national reputation, he was appointed major-general in the United States army and was sent against the British in Florida. He con- ducted the defence of Mobile and seized Pensacola. He then went with his troops to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he gained the famous victory of January 8, 1815. In 18 17.- 1 8 he conducted a war against the Seminoles, and in 1821 was made governor of the new territory of Florida. In 1823 he was elected United States senator, but in 1 824 was the contestant with J. Q. Adams for the presidency. Four years later he. was elected president, and served two terms. In 1832 he took vigorous action against the milliners of South Carolina, and the next year removed the public money from the United States bank. During his second term the national debt was extinguished. At the close of his administration he retired to the Hermitage, where he died June 8, 1845.

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ANDREW CARNEGIE, the largest manu- facturer of pig-iron, steel rails and coke in the world, well deserves a place among America's celebrated men. He was born November 25, 1S35, at Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated to the United States with his father in 1S45, settling in Pittsburg. Two years later Mr. Carnegie began his business career by attending a small station- ary engine. This work did not suit him and he became a telegraph messenger with the Atlantic and Ohio Co., and later he became an operator, and was one of the first to read telegraphic signals by sound. Mr. Carnegie was afterward sent to the Pittsburg office of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co., as clerk to the superintendent and manager of the telegraph lines. While in this position he made the acquaintance of Mr. Woodruff, the inventor of the sleeping-car. Mr. Carnegie immediately became interested and was one of the organizers of the company for its con- struction after the railroad had adopted it, and the success of this venture gave him the nucleus of his wealth. He was promoted to the superintendency of the Pittsburg division of the Pennsylvania Railroad and about this time was one of the syndicate that purchased the Storey farm on Oil Creek which cost forty thousand dollars and in one year it yielded over one million dollars in cash dividends. Mr. Carnegie later was as- sociated with others in establishing a rolling- mill, and from this has grown the most ex- tensive and complete system of iron and steel industries ever controlled by one indi- vidual, embracing the Edgar Thomson Steel Works; Pittsburg Bessemer Steel Works; Lucy Furnaces; Union Iron Mills; Union Mill; Keystone Bridge Works; Hart- man SteelWorks; Frick Coke Co.; Scotia Ore Mines. Besides directing his immense iron industries he owned eighteen English

newspapers which he ran in the interest o; the Radicals. He has also devoted large sums of money to benevolent and educational purposes. In 1S79 he erected commodious swimming baths for the people of Dunferm- line, Scotland, and in the following year gave forty thousand dollars for a free library. Mr. Carnegie gave fifty thousand dollars to Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1884 to found what is now called " Carnegie Lab- oratory," and in 1885 gave five hundred thousand dollars to Pittsburg for a public library. He also gave two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for a music hall and library in Allegheny City in 18S6, and two hundred and fifty thousand dollars to Edinburgh, Scot- land, for a free library. He also established free libraries at Braddock, Pennsylvania, and other places for the benefit of his em- ployes. He also published the following works, "An American Four-in-hand in Britain;" "Round the World;" "Trium- phant Democracy; or Fifty Years' March of the Republic."

GEORGE H. THOMAS, the "Rock of Chickamauga," one of the best known commanders during the late Civil war, was born in Southampton county, Virginia, July 31, 1S16, his parents being of Welsh and French origin respectively. In 1836 young Thomas was appointed a cadet at the Mili- tary Academy, at West Point, from which he graduated in 1840, and was promoted to the office of second lieutenant in the Third Artillery. Shortly after, with his company, he went to Florida, where he served for two years against the Seminole Indians. In 1 84 1 he was brevetted first lieutenant for gallant conduct. He remained in garrison in the south and southwest until 1845, at which date with the regiment he joined the army under General Taylor, and participat-

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ed ir_ the defense of Fort Brown, the storm- ing of Monterey and the battle of Buena Vista. After the latter event he remained in garrison, now brevetted major, until the close of the Mexican war. After a year spent in Florida, Captain Thomas was or- dered to West Point, where he served as in- structor until 1854. He then was trans- ferred to California. In May, 1855, Thom- as was appointed major of the Second Cav- alry, with whom he spent five years in Texas. Although a southern man, and surrounded by brother officers who all were afterwards in the Confederate service, Major Thomas never swerved from his allegiance to the government. A. S. Johnston was the col- onel of the regiment, R. E. Lee the lieuten- ant-colonel, and W. J. Hardee, senior ma- jor, while among the younger officers were Hood, Fitz Hugh Lee, Van Dorn and Kirby Smith. When these officers left the regi- ment to take up arms for the Confederate cause he remained with it, and April 17th, 1861, crossed the Potomac into his native state, at its head. After taking an active part in the opening scenes of the war on the Poto- mac and Shenandoah, in August, 1861, he was promoted to be brigadier-general and transferred to the Army of the Cumberland. January 19-20, 1862, Thomas defeated Crittenden at Mill Springs, and this brought him into notice and laid the foundation of his fame. He continued in command of his division until September 20, 1862, except during the Corinth campaign when he com- manded the right wing of the Army of the Tennessee. He was in command of the latter at the battle of Perryville, also, Octo- ber 8, 1862.

On the division of the Army of the Cum- berland into corps, January 9, 1863, Gen- eral Thomas was assigned to the command of the Fourteenth, and at the battle of Chick-

amauga, after the retreat of Rosecrans, firmly held his own against the hosts of Gen- eral Bragg. A history of his services from that on would be a history of the war in the southwest. On September 27, 1864, Gen- eral Thomas was given command in Ten- nessee, and after organizing his army, de- feated General Hood in the battle of Nash- ville, December 15 and 16, 1864. Much complaint was made before this on account of what they termed Thomas' slowness, and he was about to be superseded because he would not strike until he got ready, but when the blow was struck General Grant was the first to place on record this vindica- tion of Thomas' judgment. He received a vote of thanks from Congress, and from the legislature of Tennessee a gold medal. Af- ter the close of the war General Thomas had command of several of the military di- visions, and died at San Francisco, Cali- fornia, March 28, 1870.

GEORGE BANCROFT, one of the most eminent American historians, was a native of Massachusetts, born at Worcester, October 3, 1800, and a son of Aaron Bancroft, D. D. The father, Aaron Ban- croft, was born at Reading, Massachusetts, November 10, 1755. He graduated at Harvard in 1778, became a minister, and for half a century was rated as one of the ablest preachers in New England. He was also a prolific writer and published a number of works among which was " Life of George Washington." Aaron Bancroft died August 19, 1839.

The subject of our present biography, George Bancroft, graduated at Harvard in 1 817, and the following year entered the University of Gottingen, where he studied history and philology under the most emi- nent teachers, and in 1820 received the de-

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gree of doctor of philosophy at Gottingen. Upon his return home he published a volume of poems, and later a translation of Heeren's "Reflections on the Politics of Ancient Greece." In 1834 he produced the first volume of his " History of the United States," this being followed by other vol- umes at different intervals later. This was his greatest work and ranks as the highest authority, taking its place among the great- est of American productions.

George Bancroft was appointed secretary of the navy by President Polk in 1845, but resigned in 1846 and became minister pleni- potentiary to England. In 1849 he retired from public life and took up his residence at Washington, D. C. In 1867 he was ap- pointed United States minister to the court of Berlin and negotiated thetreatyby which Ger- mans coming to the United States were re- leased from their allegiance to the govern- ment of their native land. In 1871 he was minister plenipotentiary to the German em- pire and served until 1874. The death of George Bancroft occurred January 17, 1891.

GEORGE GORDON MEADE, a fa- mous Union general, was born at Cadiz, Spain, December 30, 1815, his father •being United States naval agent at that port. After receiving a good education he entered the West Point Military Academy in 1 83 1. From here he was graduated June 30, 1835, and received the rank of second lieutenant of artillery. He par- ticipated in the Seminole war, but resigned from the army in October, 1836. He en- tered upon the profession of civil engineer, which he followed for several years, part of the time in the service of the government in making surveys of the mouth of the Missis- sippi river. His report and results of some experiments made by him in this service

gained Meade much credit. He also was employed in surveying the boundary line of Texas and the northeastern boundary line between the United States and Canada. In 1842 he was reappointed in the army to the position of second lieutenant of engineers. During the Mexican war he served with dis- tinction on the staff of General Taylor in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma and the storming of Monterey. He received his brevet of first lieutenant for the latter action. In 1851 he was made full first lieutenant in his corps; a captain in 1856, and major soon after. At the close of the war with Mexico he was employed in light- house construction and in geodetic surveys until the breaking out of the Rebellion, in which he gained great reputation. In August, i86r, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of the second brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves, a division of the First Corps in the Army of the Potomac. In the campaign of 1862, under McClellan, Meade took an active part, being present at the batties of Mechan- icsville, Gaines' Mill and Glendale, in the latter of which he was severely wounded. On rejoining his command he was given a division and distinguished himself at its head in the battles of South Mountain and Antie- tam. During the latter, on the wounding of General Hooker, Meade was placed in command of the corps and was himself slightly wounded. For services he was promoted, November, 1862, to the rank of major-general of volunteers. On the recovery of General Hooker General Meade returned to his division and in December, 1862, at Fredericksburg, led an attack which penetrated Lee's right line and swept to his rear. Being outnumbered and un- supported, he finally wa.s driven back. The same month Meade was assigned to the

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command of the Fifth Corps, and at Chan- cellorsville in May, 1863, his sagacity and ability so struck General Hooker that when the latter asked to be relieved of the com- mand, in June of the same year, he nomi- nated Meade as his successor. June 28, 1863, President Lincoln commissioned Gen- eral Meade commander-in-chief of the Army of the Potomac, then scattered and moving hastily through Pennsylvania to the great and decisive battlefield at Gettysburg, at which he was in full command. With the victory on those July days the name of Meade will ever be associated. From that time until the close of the war he com- manded the Army of the Potomac. In 1864 General Grant, being placed at the head of all the armies, took up his quarters with the Army of the Potomac. From that time until the surrender of Lee at Appo- matox Meade's ability shone conspicuously, and his tact in the delicate position in lead- ing his army under the eye of his superior officer commanded the respect and esteem of General Grant. For services Meade was promoted to the rank of major-general, and on the close of hostilities, in July, 1865, was assigned to the command of the military division of the Atlantic, with headquarters at Philadelphia. This post he held, with the exception of a short period on detached duty in Georgia, until his death, which took place November 6, 1S72.

DAVID CROCKETT was a noted hunter and scout, and also one of the earliest of American humorists. He was born Au- gust 17, 1786, in Tennessee, and was one of the most prominent men of his locality, serving as representative in congress from 1827 until 1 83 1. He attracted consider- able notice while a member of congress and was closely associated with General Jack-

son, of whom he was a personal friend. He went to Texas and enlisted in the Texan army at the time of the revolt of Texas against Mexico and gained a wide reputa- tion as a scout. He was one of the famous one hundred and forty men under Colonel W. B. Travis who were besieged in Fort Alamo, near San Antonio, Texas, by Gen- eral Santa Anna with some five thousand Mexicans on February 23, 1836. The fort was defended for ten days, frequent assaults being repelled with great slaughter, over one thousand Mexicans being killed or wounded, while not a man in the fort was injured. Finally, on March 6, three as- saults were made, and in the hand-to-hand fight that followed the last, the Texans were wofully outnumbered and overpowered. They fought desperately with clubbed mus- kets till only six were left alive, including W. B. Travis, David Crockett and James Bowie. These surrendered under promise of protection; but when they were brought before Santa Anna he ordered them all to be cut to pieces.

HENRY WATTERSON, one of the most conspicuous figures in the history of American journalism, was born at Wash- ington, District of Columbia, February 16, 1840. His boyhood days were mostly spent in the city of his birth, where his father, Harvey M. Watterson, was editor of the "Union," a well known journal.

Owing to a weakness of the eyes, which interfered with a systematic course of study, young Watterson was educated almost en- tirely at home. A successful college career was out of the question, but he acquired a good knowledge of music, literature and art from private tutors, but the most valuable part of the training he received was by as- sociating with his father and the throng ot

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public men whom he met in Washington in the stirring days immediately preceding the Civil war. He began his journalistic career at an early age as dramatic and musical critic, and in 1858, became editor of the "Democratic Review" and at the same time contributed to the "States," a journal of liberal opinions published in Washington. In this he remained until the breaking out of the war, when the "States," opposing the administration, was suppressed, and young Watterson removed to Tennessee. He next appears as editor of the Nashville "Republican Banner," the most influential paper in the state at that time. After the occupation of Nashville by the Federal troops, Watterson served as a volunteer staff officer in the Confederate service until the close of the war, with the exception of a year spent in editing the Chattanooga "Rebel." On the close of the war he returned to Nashville and re- sumed his connection with the "Banner." After a trip to Europe he assumed control of the- Louisville "Journal," which he soon combined with the "Courier" and the "Democrat" of that place, founding the well-known "Courier-Journal," the first number of which appeared November 8, 1868. Mr. Watterson also represented his district in congress for several years.

PATRICK SARSFIELD GILMORE, one of the most successful and widely known bandmasters and musicians of the last half century in America, was born in Ballygar, Ireland, on Christmas day, 1829. He attended a public school until appren- ticed to a wholesale merchant at Athlone, of the brass band of which town he soon became a member. His passion for music conflicting with the duties of a mercantile life, his position as clerk was exchanged for

that of musical instructor to the young sons of his employer. At the age of nineteen he sailed for America and two days after his arrival in Boston was put in charge of the band instrument department of a prominent music house. In the interests of the pub- lications of this house he organized a minstrel company known as "Ord way's Eolians," with which he first achieved success as a cornet soloist. Later on he was called the best E-flat cornetist in the United States. He became leader, successively, of the Suf- folk, Boston Brigade and Salem bands. During his connection with the latter he inaugurated the famous Fourth of July con- certs on Boston Common, since adopted as a regular programme for the celebration of Independence Day. In 1858 Mr. Gilmore founded the organization famous thereafter as Gilmore's Band. At the outbreak of the Civil war this band was attached to the Twenty-Fourth .Massachusetts Infantry. Later, when the economical policy of dis- pensing with music had proved a mistake, Gilmore was entrusted with the re-organiza- tion of state military bands, and upon his arrival at New Orleans with his own band was made bandmaster-general by General Banks. On the inauguration of Governor Hahn, later on, in Lafayette square, New Orleans, ten thousand children, mostly of Confederate parents, rose to the baton of Gilmore and, accompanied by six hundred instruments, thirty-six guns and the united fire of three regiments of infantry, sang the Star-Spangled Banner, America and other patriotic Union airs. In June, 1867, Mr. Gilmore conceived a national musical festi- val, which was denounced as a chimerical undertaking, but he succeeded and June 15. 1869, stepped upon the stage of the Boston Colosseum, a vast structure erected for the occasion, and in the presence of over fifty

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thousand people lifted his baton over an orchestra of one thousand and a chorus of ten thousand. On the 17th of June, 1872, he opened a still greater festival in Boston, when, in addition to an orchestra of two thousand and a chorus of twenty thousand, were present the Band of the Grenadier Guards, of London, of the Garde Repub- licaine, of Paris, of Kaiser Franz, of Berlin, and one from Dublin, Ireland, together with Johann Strauss, Franz Abt and many other soloists, vocal and instrumental. Gilmore's death occurred September 24, 1892.

MARTIN VAN BUREN was the eighth president of the United States, 1837 to 1 84 1. He was of Dutch extraction, and his ancestors were among the earliest set- tlers on the banks of the Hudson. He was born December 5, 17S2, at Kinderhook, New York. Mr. Van Buren took up the study of law at the age of fourteen and took an active part in political matters before he had attained his majority. He commenced the practice of law in 1803 at his native town, and in 1809 he removed to Hudson, Columbia county, New York, where he spent seven years gaining strength and wis- dom from his contentions at the bar with some of the ablest men of the profession. Mr. Van Buren was elected to the state senate, and from 181 5 until 18 19 he was at- torney-general of the state. He was re- elected to the senate in 18 16, and in 18 18 he was one of the famous clique of politi- cians known as the "Albany regency." Mr. Van Buren was a member of the con- vention for the revision of the state consti- tution, in 1 82 1. In the same year he was elected to the United States senate and served his term in a manner that caused his re-election to that body in 1827, but re- signed the following year as he had been

elected governor of New York. Mr. Van Buren was appointed by President Jackson as secretary of state in March, 1829, but resigned in 1831, and during the recess of congress he was appointed minister to England. The senate, however, when it convened in December refused to ratify the appointment. In May, 1832, he was nominated by the Democrats as their candidate for vice-presi- dent on the ticket with Andrew Jackson, and he was elected in the following Novem- ber. He received the nomination to suc- ceed President Jackson in 1836, as the Democratic candidate, and in the electoral college he received one hundred and seventy votes out of two hundred and eighty-three, and was inaugurated March 4, 1837. His administration was begun at a time of great business depression, and unparalled financial distress, which caused the suspension of specie payments by the banks. Nearly every bank in the country was forced to suspend specie payment, and no less than two hundred and fifty-four business houses failed in New York in one week. The President urged the adoption of the inde- pendent treasury idea, which passed through the senate twice but each time it was de- feated in the house. However the measure ultimately became a law near the close of President Van Buren's term of office. An- other important measure that was passed was the pre-emption law that gave the act- ual settlers preference in the purchase of public lands. The question of slavery had begun to assume great preponderance dur- ing this administration, and a great conflict was tided over by the passage of a resolu- tion that prohibited petitions or papers that in any way related to slavery to be acted upon. In the Democratic convention ot 1840 President Van Buren secured the nomination for re-election on that ticket

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without opposition, but in the election he only received the votes of seven states, his opponent, \V. H. Harrison, being elected president. In 1848 Mr. Van Buren was the candidate of the " Free-Soilers," but was unsuccessful. After this he retired from public life and spent the remainder of his life on his estate at Kinderhook, where he died July 24, 1862.

W INFIELD SCOTT, a distinguished American general, was born June 13, 1786, near Petersburg, Dinwiddie county, Virginia, and was educated at the William and Mary College. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, and in 1808 he accepted an appointment as captain of light artillery, and was ordered to New Orleans. In June,

1812, he was promoted to be lieutenant- colonel, and on application was sent to the frontier, and reported to General Smyth, near Buffalo. He was made adjutant-gen- eral with the rank of a colonel, in March,

18 1 3, and the same month attained the colo- nelcy of his regiment. He participated in the principal battles of the war and was wounded many times, and at the close of the war he was voted a gold medal by con- gress for his services. He was a writer of considerable merit on military topics, and he gave to the military science, "General Regulations of the Army " and " System of Infantry and Rifle Practice. " He took a prominent part in the Black Hawk war, and at the beginning of the Mexican war he was appointed to take the command of the army. Gen. Scott immediately assembled his troops at Lobos Island from which he moved by transports to Vera Cruz, which he took March 29, 1847, and rapidly fol- lowed up his first success. He fought the battles of Cerro Gordo and Jalapa, both of which he won, and proceeded to Pueblo

where he was preceded by Worth's division which had taken the town and waited for the coming of Scott. The army was forced to wait here for supplies, and August 7th, General Scott started on his victorious march to the city of Mexico with ten thou- sand, seven hundred and thirty-eight men. The battles of Contreras, Cherubusco and San Antonio were fought August 19-20, and on the 24th an armistice was agreed upon, but as the commissioners could not agree on the terms of settlement, the fight- ing was renewed at Molino Del Rey, and the Heights of Chapultepec were carried by the victorious army of General Scott. He gave the enemy no respite, however, and vigorously followed up his advantages. On September 14, he entered the City of Mexico and dictated the terms of surrender in the very heart of the Mexican Republic. General Scott was offered the presidency of the Mexican Republic, but declined. Con- gress extended him a vote of thanks and ordered a gold medal be struck in honor of his generalship and bravery. He was can- didate for the presidency on the Whig plat form but was defeated. He was honored by having the title of lieutenant-general con- ferred upon him in 1855. At the beginning of the Civil war he was too infirm to take charge of the army, but did signal service in be- half of the government. He retired from the .service November 1, 1861, and in 1864 he published his "Autobiography." Gen- eral Scott died at West Point, May 29, 1866

EDWARD EVERETT HALE for man? years occupied a high place among the most honored of America's citizens. As a preacher he ranks among the foremost in the New England states, but to the gen • eral public he is best known through his writings. Born in Boston, Mass., April 3,

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1822, a descendant of one of the most prominent New England families, he enjoyed in his youth many of the advantages denied the majority of boys. He received his pre- paratory schooling at the Boston Latin School, after which he finished his studies at Harvard where he was graduated with high honors in 1839. Having studied theology at home, Mr. Hale embraced the ministry and in 1846 became pastor of a Unitarian church in Worcester, Massachusetts, a post which he occupied about ten years. He then, in 1856, became pastor of the South Congregational church in Boston, over which he presided many years.

Mr. Hale also found time to write a great many literary works of a high class. ,\mong many other well-known productions :>f his are " The Rosary," " Margaret Per- :ival in America," "Sketches of Christian history," "Kansas and Nebraska," "Let- ters on Irish Emigration," " Ninety Days' Worth of Europe," " If, Yes, and Perhaps," T'Ingham Papers," "Reformation," "Level Best and Other Stories, " ' ' Ups and Downs, " "Christmas Eve and Christmas Day," " In His Name," "Our New Crusade," "Work- ingmen's Homes," " Boys' Heroes," etc., etc., besides many others which might be mentioned. One of his works, "In His Name," has earned itself enduring fame by the good deeds it has called forth. The numerous associations known as ' 'The King's Daughters," which has accomplished much good, owe their existence to the story men- tioned.

DAVID GLASCOE FARRAGUT stands pre-eminent as one of the greatest na- val officers of the world. He was born at Campbell's Station, East Tennessee, July 5, 1 801, and entered the navy of the United States as a midshipman. He had the good

fortune to serve under Captain David Por- ter, who commanded the " Essex," and by whom he was taught the ideas of devotion to duty from which he never swerved dur- ing all his career. In 1823 Mr. Farragut took part in a severe fight, the result of which was the suppression of piracy in the West Indies. He then entered upon the regular duties of his profession which was only broken into by a year's residence with Charles Folsom, our consul at Tunis, who was afterwards a distinguished professor at Harvard. Mr. Farragut was one of the best linguists in the navy. He had risen through the different grades of the service until the war of 1861-65 found him a captain resid- ing at Norfolk, Virginia. He removed with his family to Hastings, on the Hudson, and hastened to offer his services to the Federal government, and as the capture of New Orleans had been resolved upon, Farragut was chosen to command the expedition. His force consisted of the West Gulf block- ading squadron and Porter's mortar flotilla. In January, 1862, he hoisted his pennant at the mizzen peak of the "Hartford" at Hampton roads, set sail from thence on the 3rd of February and reached Ship Island on the 20th of the same month. A council of war was held on the 20th of April, in which it was decided that whatever was to be done must be done quickly. The signal was made from the flagship and accordingly the fleet weighed anchor at 1:55 on the morning of April 24th, and at 3:30 the whole force was under way. The history of this brilliant strug- gle is well known, and the glory of it made Far- ragut a hero and also made him rear admir- al. In the summer of 1 862 he ran the batteries at Vicksburg, and on March 14, 1863, he passed through the fearful and destructive fire from Port Hudson, and opened up com- munication with Flag-officer Porter, who

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had control of the upper Mississippi. On May 24th he commenced active operations against that fort in conjunction with the army and it fell on July 9th. Mr. Farragut filled the measure of his fame on the 5th of Au- gust, 1864, by his great victory, thecapture of Mobile Bay and the destruction of the Confederate fleet, including the formidable ram Tennessee. For this victory the rank of admiral was given to Mr. Farragut. He died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Au- gust 4, 1S70.

GEORGE W. CHILDS, a philanthropist whose remarkable personality stood for the best and highest type of American citizenship, and whose whole life was an object lesson in noble living, was born in 1829 at Baltimore, Maryland, of humble parents, and spent his early life in unremit- ting toil. He was a self-made man in the fullest sense of the word, and gained his great wealth by his own efforts. He was a man of very great influence, and this, in conjunction with his wealth, would have been, in the hands of other men, a means of getting them political preferment, but Mr. Childs steadily declined any suggestions that would bring him to figure prominently in public affairs. He did not choose to found a financial dynasty, but devoted all his powers to the helping of others, with the most enlightened beneficence and broadest sympathy. Mr. Childs once remarked that his greatest pleasure in life was in doing .good to others. He always despised mean- ness, and one of his objects of life was to prove that a man could be liberal and suc- cessful at the same time. Upon these lines Mr. Childs made a name for himself as the director of one of the representative news- papers of America, "The Philadelphia Pub- he Ledger," which was owned jointly by

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himself and the Drexel estate, and which he edited for thirty years. He acquired con- trol of the paper at a time when it was be- ing published at a heavy loss, set it upon a firm basis of prosperity, and he made it more than a money- making machine — he made it respected as an exponent of the best side of journalism, and it stands as a monument to his sound judgment and up- right business principles. Mr. Childs' char- itable repute brought him many applications for assistance, and he never refused to help any one that was deserving of aid; and not only did he help those who asked, but he would by careful inquiry find those who needed aid but were too proud to solicit it. He was a considerable employer of. labor and his liberality was almost unparalleled. The death of this great and good man oc- curred February 3d, 1894.

PATRICK HENRY won his way to un dying fame in the annals of the early history of the United States by introducing into the house of burgesses his famous reso- lution against the Stamp Act, which he car- ried through, after a stormy debate, by a majority of one. At this time he exclaimed " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Crom- well and George III " (here he was inter- rupted by cries of " treason ") " may profit by their example. If this be treason make the most of it."

Patrick Henry was born at Studley, Hanover county, Virginia, May 29, 1736, and was a son of Colonel John Henry, a magistrate and school teacher of Aberdeen, Scotland, and a nephew of Robertson, the historian. He received his education from his father, and was married at the age of eighteen. He was twice bankrupted before he had reached his twenty-fourth year, when after six weeks of study he was admitted to

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the bar. He worked for three years with- out a case and finally was applauded for his plea lor the people's rights and gained im- mense popularity. After his famous Stamp Act resolution he was the leader of the pa- triots in Virginia. In 1769 he was admitted to practice in the general courts and speed- ily won a fortune by his distinguished ability as a speaker. He was the first speaker of the General Congress at Philadelphia in 1774. He was for a time a colonel of militia in 1775, and from 1776 to 1779 and 1 78 1 to 1786 he was governor of Virginia. For a number of years he retired from pub- lic life and was tendered and declined a number of important political offices, and in March, 1789, he was elected state senator but aid not take his seat on account of his death which occurred at Red Hill, Charlotte county, Virginia, June 6, 1799.

BENEDICT ARNOLD, an American general and traitor of the Revolution- ary war, is one of the noted characters in American history. He was born in Nor- wich, Connecticut, January 3, 1740. He ran away and enlisted in the army when young, but deserted in a short time. He then became a merchant at New Haven, Connecticut, but failed. In 1775 he was commissioned colonel in the Massachusetts militia, and in the autumn of that year was placed in command of one thousand men for the invasion of Canada. He marched his army through the forests of Maine and joined General Montgomery before Quebec. Their combined forces attacked that city on December 31, 1775, and Montgomery was killed, and Arnold, severely wounded, was compelled to retreat and endure a rigorous winter a few miles from the city, where they were at the mercy of the Canadian troops had they cared to attack them. On his re-

turn he was raised to the rank of brigadier- general. He was given command of a small flotilla on Lake Champlain, with which he encountered an immense force, and though defeated, performed many deeds of valor. He resented the action of congress in pro- moting a number of his fellow officers and neglecting himself. In 1777 he was made major-general, and under General Gates at Bemis Heights fought valiantly. For some reason General Gates found fault with his conduct and ordered him under arrest, and he was kept in his tent until the battle of Stillwater was waxing hot, when Arnold mounted his horse and rode to the front of his old troop, gave command to charge, and rode like a mad man into the thickest of the fight and was not overtaken by Gates' courier until he had routed the enemy and fell wounded. Upon his recovery he was made general, and was placed in command at Philadelphia. Here he married, and his acts of rapacity soon resulted in a court- martial. He was sentenced to be repri- manded by the commander-in-chief, and though Washington performed this duty with utmost delicacy and consideration, it was never forgiven. Arnold obtained com- mand at West Point, the most important post held by the Americans, in 1780, and immediately offered to surrender it to Sir Henry Clinton, British commander at New York. Major Andre was sent to arrange details with Arnold, but on his return trip to New York he was captured by Americans, the plot was detected, and Andre suffered the death penalty as a spy. Arnold es- caped, and was paid about $40,000 by the British for his treason and was made briga- dier-general. He afterward commanded an expedition that plundered a portion of Vir- ginia, and another that burned New Lon- don, Connecticut, and captured Fort Trum-

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bull, the commandant of which Arnold mur- dered with the sword he had just surren- dered. He passed the latter part of his life in England, universally despised, and died in London June 14, 1801.

ROBERT G. INGERSOLL, one of the most brilliant orators that America has produced, also a lawyer of considerable merit, won most of his fame as a lecturer. Mr. Ingersoll was born August 24, 1833, at Dryden, Gates county, New York, and received his education in the common schools. He went west at the age of twelve, and for a short time he attended an academy in Tennessee, and also taught school in that state. He began the practice of law in the southern part of Illinois in 1854. Colonel Ingersoll's principal fame was made in the lecture room by his lectures in which he ridiculed religious faith and creeds and criti- cised the Bible and the Christian religion. He was the orator of the day in the Decora- tion Day celebration in the city of New York in 1882 and his oration was widely com- mended. He first attracted political notice in the convention at Cincinnati in 1876 by his brilliant eulogy on James G. Blaine. He practiced law in Peoria, Illinois, for a num- ber of years, but later located in the city of New York. He published the follow- ing: "The Gods and other Lectures;" "The Ghosts;" "Some Mistakes of Moses;" "What Shall I Do To Be Saved;" "Inter- views on Talmage and Presbyterian Cate- chism ;" The "North American Review Controversy;" "Prose Poems;" " A Vision of War;" etc.

JOSEPH ECCLESTON JOHNSTON, a noted general in the Confederate army, was born in Prince Edward county, Virginia, in 1807. He graduated from West Point

and entered the army in 1829. For a num- ber of years his chief service was garrisi n duty. He saw active service, how< the Seminole war in Florida, part of the time as a staff officer of General Scott. He resigned his commission in 1S37, but re- turned to the army a year later, and was brevetted captain for gallant services in Florida. He was made first lieutenant of topographical engineers, and was engaged in river and harbor improvements and also in the survey of the Texas boundary and the northern boundary of the United States until the beginning of the war with Mexico. He was at the siege of Vera Cruz, and at the battle of Cerro Gordo was wounded while reconnoitering the enemy's position, after which he was brevetted major and colonel. He was in all the battles about the city of Mexico, and was again wounded in the final assault upon that city. After the Mexican war closed he returned to duty as captain of topographical engineers, but in 1855 he was made lieutenant-colonel of cavalry and did frontier duty, and was ap- pointed inspector-general of the expedition to Utah. In i860 he was appointed quar- termaster-general with rank of brigadier- general. At the outbreak of hostilities in 1 86 1 he resigned his commission and re- ceived the appointment of major-general of the Confederate army. He held Harper's Ferry, and later fought General Patterson about Winchester. At the battle of Bull Run he declined command in favor of Beau- regard, and acted under that general's direc- tions. He commanded the Confederates in the famous Peninsular campaign, and was severely wounded at Fair Oaks and was succeeded in command by General Lee. Upon his recovery he was made lieutenant- general and assigned to the command of the southwestern department. He attempted

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to raise the siege of Vicksburg, and was finally defeated at Jackson, Mississippi. Having been made a general he succeeded General Bragg in command of the army of Tennessee and was ordered to check General Sherman's advance upon Atlanta. Not daring to risk a battle with the overwhelm- ing forces of Sherman, he slowly retreated toward Atlanta, and was relieved of com- mand by Fresident Davis and succeeded by General Hood. Hood utterly destroyed his own army by three furious attacks upon Sherman. Johnston was restored to com- mand in the Carolinas, and again faced Sherman, but was defeated in several en- gagements and continued a slow retreat toward Richmond. Hearing of Lee's sur- render, he communicated with General Sherman, and finally surrendered his army at Durham, North Carolina, April 26, 1865. General Johnston was elected a member of the forty-sixth congress and was ap- pointed United States railroad commis- sioner in 1885. His death occurred March 21, 1891.

SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS, known throughout the civilized world as "Mark Twain," is recognized as one of the greatest humorists America has pro- duced. He was born in Monroe county, Missouri, November 30, 1835. Hespenthis boyhood days in his native state and many of his earlier experiences are related in vari- ous forms in his later writings. One of his early acquaintances, Capt. Isaiah Sellers, at an early day furnished river news for the New Orleans " Picayune," using the nom- de-plume of "Mark Twain." Sellers died in 1863 and Clemens took up his nom-de- plume and made it famous throughout the world by his literary work. In 1862 Mr. Clemens became a journalist at Virginia,

Nevada, and afterward followed the same pro- fession at San Francisco and Buffalo, New York. He accumulated a fortune from the sale of his many publications, but in later years engaged in business enterprises, partic- ularly the manufacture of a typesetting ma- chine, which dissipated his fortune and re- duced him almost to poverty, but with resolute heart he at once again took up his pen and engaged in literary work in the effort to regain his lost ground. Among the best known of his works may be mentioned the fol- lowing : ' ' The Jumping Frog, " " Tom Saw- yer," " Roughingit," " Innocents Abroad," "Huckleberry Finn," "Gilded Age," "Prince and Pauper," "Million Pound Bank Note," "A Yankee in King Arthur's Court," etc.

CHRISTOPHER CARSON, better known as "Kit Carson;" was an Amer- ican trapper and scout who gained a wide reputation for his frontier work. He was a native of Kentucky, born December 24th, 1809. He grew to manhood there, devel- oping a natural inclination for adventure in the pioneer experiences in his native state. When yet a young man he became quite well known on the frontier. He served as a guide to Gen. Fremont in his Rocky Mountain explorations and enlisted in the army. He was an officer in the United States service in both the Mexican war and the great Civil war, and in the latter received a brevet of brigadier-general for meritorious service. His death occurred May 23,

JOHN SHERMAN.— Statesman, politi- cian, cabinet officer andsenator, the name of the gentleman who heads this sketch is al- most a household word throughout this country. Identified with some of the most

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important measures adopted by our Govern- ment since the close of the Civil war, he may well be called one of the. leading men of his day.

John Sherman was born at Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio, May ioth, i S _r j , the son of Charles R. Sherman, an emi- nent lawyer and judge of the supreme court of Ohio and who died in 1829. The subject of this article received an academic educa- tion and was admitted to the bar in 1844. In the Whig conventions of 1844 and 1848 he sat as a delegate. He was a member of the National house of representatives, from 1855 to 1861. In i860 he was re- elected to the same position but was chosen United States senator before he took his seat in the lower house.. He was re-elected senator in 1866 and 1872 and was long chairman of the committee on finance and on agriculture. He took a prominent part in debates on finance and on the conduct of the war, and was one of the authors of the reconstruction measures in 1866 and 1867, and was appointed secretary of the treas- ury March 7th, 1877.

Mr. Sherman was re-elected United States senator from Ohio January 18th, 1881, and again in 1886 and 1892, during which time he was regarded as one of the most promi- nent leaders of the Republican party, both in the senate and in the country. He was several times the favorite of his state for the nomination for president.

On the formation of his cabinet in March, 1897, President McKinley tendered the posi- tion of secretary of state to Mr. Sherman, which was accepted.

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, ninth president of the United States, was born in Charles county, Virginia, February 9, 1773, the son of Governor Benjamin

Harrison. He took a course in Hampden- Sidney College with a view to the practice of medicine, and then went to Philadelphia to study under Dr. Rush, but in [791 he entered the army, and obtained the commis- sion of ensign, was soon promoted to the lieutenancy, and was with General Wayne in his war against the Indians. For his valuable service he was promoted to the rank of captain and given command of Fort Washington, now Cincinnati. He was ap- pointed secretary of the Northwest Territory in 1797, and in 1799 became its representa- tive in congress. In 1S01 he was appointed governor of Indiana Territory, and held the position for twelve years, during which time he negotiated important treaties with the In- dians, causing them to relinquish millions of acres of land, and also won the battle of Tippecanoe in 181 1. He succeeded in obtaining a change in the law which did not permit purchase of public lands in less tracts than four thousand acres, reducing the limit to three hundred and twenty acres. He became major-general of Kentucky militia and brigadier-general in the United States army in 181 2, and won great renown in the defense of Fort Meigs, and his victory over the British and Indians under Proctor and Tecumseh at the Thames river, October

5. 1813-

In 1 8 16 General Harrison was elected to congress from Ohio, and during the canvass was accused of corrupt methods in regard tc the commissariat of the army. He demanded an investigation after the election and was exonerated. In 18 19 he was elected to the Ohio state senate, and in 1824 he gave his vote as a presidential elector to Henry Clay. He became a member of the United States senate the same year. During the last year of Adams' administration he was sent as minister to Colombia, but was re-

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called by President Jackson the following year. He then retired to his estate at North Bend, Ohio, a few miles below Cincinnati. In 1836 he was a candidate for the presidency, but as there were three other candidates the votes were divided, he receiving seventy- three electoral votes, a majority going to Mr. Van Buren, the Democratic candidate. Four years later General Harrison was again nominated by the Whigs, and elected by a tremendous majority. The campaign was noted for its novel features, many of which have found a permanent place in subsequent campaigns. Those peculiar to that cam- paign, however, were the ' ' log-cabin " and " hard cider" watchwords, which produced great enthusiasm among his followers. One month after his inauguration he died from an attack of pleurisy, April 4, 1841.

CHARLES A. DANA, the well-known and widely-read journalist of New York City, a native of Hinsdale, New Hampshire, was born August 8, 18 19. He received the elements of a good education in his youth and studied for two years at Harvard University. Owing to some disease of the eyes he was unable to complete his course and graduate, but was granted the degree of A. M. notwithstanding. For some time he was editor of the " Harbinger," and was a regular contributor to the Boston " Chrono- type." In 1847 he became connected with the New York "Tribune, " and continued on the staff of that journal until 1858. In the latter year he edited and compiled "The Household Book of Poetry," and later, in connection with George Ripley, edited the "New American Cyclopaedia."

Mr. Dana, on severing his connection with the " Tribune " in 1867, became editor of the New York "Sun," a paper with which he was identified for many years, and

which he made one of the leaders of thought in the eastern part 'of the United States. He wielded a forceful pen and fearlessly attacked whatever was corrupt and unworthy in politics, state or national. The same year, 1867, Mr. Dana organized the New York " Sun " Company.

During the troublous days of the war, when the fate of the Nation depended upon the armies in the field, Mr. Dana accepted the arduous and responsible position of assistant secretary of war, and held the position during the greater part of 1863 and 1864. He died October 17, 1897.

ASA GRAY was recognized throughout the scientific world as one of the ablest and most eminent of botanists. He was born at Paris, Oneida county, New York, November 18, 18 10. He received his medi- cal degree at the Fairfield College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, in Herkimer county, New York, and studied botany with the late Professor Torrey, of New York. He was appointed botanist to the Wilkes expedition in 1834, but declined the offer and became professor of natural history in Harvard Uni- versity in 1842. He retired from the active duties of this post in 1873, and in 1874 he was the regent of the Smithsonian Institu- tion at Washington, District of Columbia. Dr. Gray wrote several books on the sub- ject of the many sciences of which he was master. In 1836 he published his "Ele- ments of Botany," "Manual of Botany" in 1848; the unfinished "Flora of North America," by himself and Dr. Torrey, the publication of which commenced in 1838. There is another of his unfinished works called "Genera Boreali-Americana," pub- lished in 1848, and the "Botany of the United States Pacific Exploring Expedition in 1854." He wrote many elaborate papers

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on the botany of the west and southwest that were published in the Smithsonian Con- tributions, Memoirs, etc., of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of which in- stitution he was president for ten years. He was also the author of many of the government reports. ' ' How Plants Grow, " "Lessons in Botany," " Structural and Sys- tematic Botany," are also works from his ready pen.

Dr. Gray published in 1861 his "Free Examination of Darwin's Treatise " and his " Darwiniana," in 1876. Mr. Gray was elected July 29, 187S, to a membership in the Institute of France, Academy of Sciences. His death occurred at Cambridge, Massa- chusetts, January 30, 1889.

WILLIAM MAXWELL EVARTS was one of the greatest leaders of the American bar. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, February 6, 18 18, and grad- uated from Yale College in 1837. He took up the study of law, which he practiced in the city of New York and won great renown as an orator and advocate. He affiliated with the Republican party, which he joined soon after its organization. He was the leading counsel employed for the defense of President Johnson in his trial for impeach- .Dent before the senate in April and May of 1868.

In July, 1868, Mr. Evarts was appointed attorney-general of the United States, and served until March 4, 1869. He was one of the three lawyers who were selected by President Grant in 1871 to defend the inter- ests of the citizens of the United States be- fore the tribunal of arbitration which met at Geneva in Switzerland to settle the con- troversy over the " Alabama Claims."

He was one of the most eloquent advo- cates in the United States, and many of his

public addresses have been presci published. He was appointed secretary of state March 7, 1877, by President Hayes, and served during the Hayes administration. He was elected senator from the state of New York January 21, 1S85, and at once took rank among the ablest statesmen in Congress, and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions gave him a national reputation.

JOHN WANAMAKER.— The life of this great merchant demonstrates the fact that the great secret of rising from the ranks is, to-day, as in the past ages, not so much the ability to make money, as to save it, or in other words, the ability to live well within one's income. Mr. Wanamaker was born in Philadelphia in 1838. He started out in life working in a brickyard for a mere pit- tance, and left that position to work in a book store as a clerk, where he earned the sum of $5.00 per month, and later on was in the employ of a clothier where he received twenty-five cents a week more. He was only fifteen years of age at that time, but was a " money-getter " by instinct, and laid by a small sum for a possible rainy day. By strict attention to business, com- bined with natural ability, he was promoted many times, and at the age of twenty he had saved $2,000. After several months vacation in the south, he returned to Phila- delphia and became a master brick mason, but this was too tiresome to the young man, and he opened up the " Oak Hall " clothing store in April, 1861, at Philadelphia. The capital of the firm was rather limited, but finally, after many discouragements, they laid the foundations of one of the largest business houses in the world. The estab- lishment covers at the present writing some fourteen acres of floor space, and furnishes

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employment for five thousand persons. Mr. Wanamaker was also a great church worker, and built a church that cost him $60,000, and he was superintendent of the Sunday- school, which had a membership of over three thousand children. He steadily re- fused to run for mayor or congress and the only public office that he ever held was that of postmaster-general, under the Harrison administration, and here he exhibited his extraordinary aptitude for comprehending the details of public business.

DAVID BENNETT HILL, a Demo- cratic politician who gained a na- tional reputation, was born August 29, 1843, at Havana, New York. He was educated at the academy of his native town, and removed to Elmira, New York, in 1862, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1864, in which year he was ap- pointed city attorney. Mr. Hill soon gained a considerable practice, becoming prominent in his profession. He developed a taste for politics in which he began to take an active part in the different campaigns and became the recognized leader of the local Democ- racy. In 1870 he was elected a member of the assembly and was re-elected in 1872. While a member of this assembly he formed the acquaintance of Samuel J. Tilden, after- ward governor of the state, who appointed Mr. Hill, W. M. Evarts and Judge Hand as a committee to provide a uniform charter for the different cities of the state. The pressure of professional engagements com- pelled him to decline to serve. In 1877 Mr. Hill was made chairman of the Demo- cratic state convention at Albany, his elec- tion being due to the Tilden wing of the party, and he held the same position again in 1 88 1. He served one term as alderman m Elmira, at the expiration of which term,

in 1882, he was elected mayor of Elmira, and in September of the same year was nominated for lieutenant-governor on the Democratic state ticket. He was success- ful in the campaign and two years later, when Grover Cleveland was elected to the presidency, Mr. Hill succeeded to the gov- ernorship for the unexpired term. In 1885 he was elected governor for a full term of three years, at the end of which he was re- elected, his term expiring in 1891, in which year he was elected United States senator. In the senate he became a conspicuous figure and gained a national reputation.

ALLEN G. THURMAN.—" The noblest Roman of them all " was the title by which Mr. Thurman was called by his com- patriots of the Democracy. He was the greatest leader of the Democratic party in his day and held the esteem of all the people, regardless of their political creeds. Mr. Thurman was born November 13, 18 13, at Lynchburg, Virginia, where he remained until he had attained the age of six years, when he moved to Ohio. He received an academic education and after graduating, took up the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1835, and achieved a brilliant success in that line. In political life he was very successful, and his first office was that of representative of the state of Ohio in the twenty-ninth congress. He was elected judge of the supreme court of Ohio in 1851, and was chief justice of the same from 1854 to 1856. In 1867 he was the choice of the Democratic party of his state for governor, and was elected to the United States senate in 1869 to succeed Benjamin F. Wade, and was re-elected to the same position in 1874. He was a prominent figure in the senate, until the expiration of his service i.i 1 881. Mr. Thurman was also one of the

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principal presidental possibilities in the Democratic convention held at St. Louis in 1876. In 1888 he was the Democratic nominee for vice-president on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, but was defeated. Allen Granberry Thurman died December 12, 1895, at Columbus, Ohio.

CHARLES FARRAR BROWNE, better known as " Artemus Ward," was born April 26, 1834, in the village of Waterford, Maine. He was thirteen years old at the time of his father's death, and about a year later he was apprenticed to John M. Rix, who published the "Coos County Dem- ocrat " at Lancaster, New Hampshire. Mr. Browne remained with him one year, when, hearing that his brother Cyrus was starting a paper at Norway, Maine, he left Mr. Rix and determined to get work on the new paper. He worked for his brother until the failure of the newspaper, and then went to Augusta, Maine, where he remained a few weeks and then removed to Skowhegan, and secured a position on the "Clarion." But either the climate or the work was not satisfactory to him, for one night he silently left the town and astonished his good mother by appearing unexpectedly at home. Mr. Browne then received some letters of recom- mendation to Messrs. Snow and Wilder, of Boston, at whose office Mrs. Partington's (B. P. Shillaber) ' ' Carpet Bag " was printed, and he was engaged and remained there for three years. He then traveled westward in search of employment and got as far as Tif- fin, Ohio, where he found employment in the office of the "Advertiser," and remained there some months when he proceeded to Toledo, Ohio, where he became one of the staff of the "Commercial," which position he held until 1857. Mr. Browne next went co Cleveland, Ohio, and became the local

editor of the "Plain Dealer,'' and it was in the columns of this paper that he published his first articles and signed them "Artemus Ward." In i860 he went to New York and became the editor of " Vanity Fair," but the idea of lecturing here seized him, and he was fully determined to make the trial. Mr. Browne brought out his lecture, "Babes in the Woods " at Clinton Hall, December 23, 1S61, and in 1862 he published his first book entitled, " Artemus Ward; His Book." He attained great fame as a lecturer and his lectures were not confined to America, for he went to England in 1866, and became exceedingly popular, both as a lecturer and a contributor to "Punch." Mr. Browne lectured for the last time January 23, 1867. He died in Southampton, England, March 6, 1867.

THURLOW WEED, a noted journalist and politician, was born in Cairo, New York, November 15, 1797. He learned the printer's trade at the age of twelve years, and worked at this calling for several years in various villages in centra! New York. He served as quartermaster-sergeant during the warofi8i2. In 1818 he established the "Agriculturist," at Norwich, New York, and became editor of the "Anti-Masonic Enquirer," at Rochester, in 1826. In the same year he was elected to the legislature and re-elected in 1830, when he located in Albany, New York, and there started the " Evening Journal," and conducted it in op- position to the Jackson administration and the nullification doctrines of Calhoun. Hi became an adroit party manager, and was instrumental in promoting the nomination, of Harrison, Taylor and Scott for the pres- idency. In 1856 and in i860 he threw his support to W. H. Seward, but when defeat- ed in his object, he gave cordial support to

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Fremont and Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln pre- vailed upon him to visit the various capitals of Europe, where he proved a valuable aid tc the administration in moulding the opin- ions of the statesmen of that continent favorable to the cause of the Union.

Mr. Weed's connection with the " Even- ing Journal " was severed in 1862, when he settled in New York, and for a time edited the "Commercial Advertiser." In 1868 he retired from active life. His " Letters from Europe and the West Indies," published in 1 866, together with some interesting ' ' Rem- iniscences," published in the "Atlantic Monthly," in 1870, an autobiography, and portions of an extensive correspondence will be of great value to writers of the political history of the United States. Mr. Weed died in New York, November 22, 1882.

WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY, one of the- prominent Democratic politicians of the country and ex-secretary of the navy, was born July 5th, 1841, at Con- way, Massachusetts, and received his edu- cation at Williston Seminary, East Hamp- ton, Massachusetts. Later he attended Yale College, where he graduated in 1863, and entered the Harvard Law School, which he left in 1864. Beginning practice in New York city, he soon gained a reputation as an able lawyer. He made his first appear- ance in public affairs in 1871, when he was active in organizing a young men's Demo- cratic club. In 1872 he was the recognized leader of the county Democracy and in 1875 was appointed corporation counsel for the city of New York. He resigned the office, 1882, to attend to personal interests and on March 5, 1885, he was appointed secretary of the navy by President Cleveland. Under his administration the navy of the United States rapidly rose in rank among the navies

of the world. When he retired from office in 1889, the vessels of the United States navy designed and contracted for by him were five double-turreted monitors, twe new armor-clads, the dynamite cruiser "Ve- suvius," and five unarmored steel and iron cruisers.

Mr. Whitney was the leader of the Cleveland forces in the national Democratic convention of 1892.

EDWIN FORREST, the first and great- est American tragedian, was born in Philadelphia in 1806. His father was a tradesman, and some accounts state that he had marked out a mercantile career for his son, Edwin, while others claim that he had intended him for the ministry. His wonder- ful memory, his powers of mimicry and his strong musical voice, however, attracted at- tention before he was eleven years old, and at that age he made his first appearance on the stage. The costume in which he appeared was so ridiculous that he left the stage in a fit of anger amid a roar of laughter from the audience. This did not discourage him, however, and at the age of fourteen, after some preliminary training in elocution, he appeared again, this time as Young Norvel, and gave indications of future greatness. Up to 1826 he played entirely with strolling companies through the south and west, but at that time he obtained an engagement at the Bowery Theater in New York. From that time his fortune was made. His man- ager paid him $40 per night, and it is stated that he loaned Forrest to other houses from time to time at $200 per night. His great successes were Virginius, Damon, Othello, Coriolanus, William Tell, Spartacus and Lear. He made his first appearance in London in 1836, and his success was un- questioned from the start. In 1845, on his

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second appearance in London, he became involved in a bitter rivalry with the great English actor, Macready, who had visited America two years before. The result was that Forrest was hissed from the stage, and it was charged that Macready had instigated the plot. Forrest's resentment was so bitter that he himself openly hissed Macready from his box a few nights later. In 1848 Macready again visited America at a time when American admiration and enthusiasm for Forrest had reached its height. Macready undertook to play at Astor Place Opera House in May, 1849, but was hooted off the stage. A few nights later Macready made a second attempt to play at the same house, this time under police protection. The house was filled with Macready'sfriends, but the vio- olence of the mob outside stopped the play, and the actor barely escaped with his life. Upon reading the riot act the police and troops were assaulted with stones. The troops replied, first with blank cartridges, and then a volley of lead dispersed the mob, leaving thirty men dead or seriously wounded.

After this incident Forrest's popularity waned, until in 1855 he retired from the stage. He re-appeared in i860, however, and probably the most remunerative period of his life was between that date and the close of the Civil war. His last appearance on the stage was at the Globe Theatre, Boston, in Richelieu, in April, 1872, his death occurring December 12 of that year.

NOAH PORTER, D. D., LL. D., was one of the most noted educators, au- thors and scientific writers of the United States. He was born December 14, 181 1, at Farmington, Connecticut, graduated at Yale College in 183 1, and was master of Hopkins Grammar School at New Haven in

1831-33. During 1833-35 he was a tutor at Yale, and at the same time was pursuing his theological studies, and became pastor of the Congregational church at New Mil- ford, Connecticut, in April, 1836. Dr. Porter removed to Springfield, Massachu- setts, in 1843, and was chosen professor of metaphysics and moral philosophy at Yale in 1846. He spent a year in Germany in the study of modern metaphysics in 1853- 54, and in 1871 he was elected president of Yale College. He resigned the presidency in 18S5, but still remained professor of met- aphysics and moral philosophy. He was the author of a number of works, among which are the following: "Historical Es- say," written in commemorationof the 200th aniversary of the settlement of the town of Farmington; " Educational System of the Jesuits Compared;" "The Human Intel- lect," with an introduction upon psychology and the soul; " Books and Reading;" "American Colleges and the American Pub- lic;" " Elementsof Intellectual Philosophy;" " The Science of Nature versus the Science of Man;" "Science and Sentiment;" "Ele- ments of Moral Science." Dr. Porter was the principal editor of the revised edition of Webster's Dictionary in 1864, and con- tributed largely to religious reviews and periodicals. Dr. Porter's death occurred March 4, 1892, at New Haven, Connecticut.

JOHN TYLER, tenth president of the United States, was born in Charles City county, Virginia, March 29, 1790, and was the son of Judge John Tyler, one of the most distinguished men of his day.

When but twelve years of age young John Tyler entered William and Mary Col- lege, graduating from there in 1806. He took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1809, when but nineteen years

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of age. On attaining his majority in 181 1 he was elected a member of the state legis- lature, and for five years held that position by the almost unanimous vote of his county. He was elected to congress in 1816, and served in that body for four years, after which for two years he represented his dis- trict again in the legislature of the state. While in congress, he opposed the United States bank, the protective policy and in- ternal improvements by the United States government. 1825 saw Mr. Tyler governor of Virginia, but in 1827 he was chosen member of the United States senate, and held that office for nine years. He therein opposed the administration of Adams and the tariff bill of 1828, sympathized with the nullifiers of South Carolina and was the only senator who voted against the Force bill for the suppression of that state's insip- ient rebellion. He resigned his position as senator on account of a disagreement with the legislature of his state in relation to his censuring President Jackson. He retired to Williamsburg, Virginia, but being regarded as a martyr by the Whigs, whom, hereto- fore, he had always opposed, was supported by many of that party for the vice-presi- dency in 1836. He sat in the Virginia leg- islature as a Whig in 1839-40, and was a delegate to the convention of that party in

1839. This national convention nominated him for the second place on the ticket with General William H. H. Harrison, and he was elected vice-president in November,

1840. President Harrison dying one month after his inauguration, he was succeeded by John Tyler. He retained the cabinet chosen by his predecessor, and for a time moved in harmony with the Whig party. He finally instructed the secretary of the treasury, Thomas Ewing, to submit to congress a bill for the incorporation of a fiscal bank. of the

United States, which was passed by con- gress, but vetoed by the president on ac- count of some amendments he considered unconstitutional. For this and other meas- ures he was accused of treachery to his party, and deserted by his whole cabinet, except Daniel Webs' er. Things grew worse until he was abandoned by the Whig party formally, when Mr. Webster resigned. He was nominated at Baltimore, in May, 1844, at the Democratic convention, as their pres- idential candidate, but withdrew from the canvass, as he saw he had not succeed- ed in gaining the confidence of his old party. He then retired from politics until February, 1861, when he was made presi- dent of the abortive peace congress, which met in Washington. He shortly after re- nounced his allegiance to the United States and was elected a member of the Confeder- ate congress. He died at Richmond, Janu- ary 17, 1862.

Mr. Tyler married, in 181 3, Miss Letitia Christian, who died in 1842 at Washington. June 26, 1844, he contracted a second mar- riage, with Miss Julia Gardner, of New York.

COLLIS POTTER HUNTINGTON, one of the great men of his time and who has left his impress upon the history of our national development, was born October 22, 182 1, at Harwinton, Connecticut. He received a common-school education and at the age of fourteen his spirit of get- ting along in the world mastered his educa- tional propensities and his father's objec- tions and he left school. He went to Cali- fornia in the early days and had opportunities which he handled masterfully. Others had the same opportunities but they did not have his brains nor his energy, and it was he who overcame obstacles and reaped the reward of his genius. Transcontinental railways

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were inevitable, but the realization of this masterful achievement would have been de- layed to a much later day if there had been no Huntington. He associated himself with Messrs. Mark Hopkins, Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker, and they furnished the money necessary for a survey across the Sierra Nevadas, secured a charter for the road, and raised, with the government's aid, money enough to construct and equip that railway, which at the time of its completion was a marvel of engineering and one of the wonders of the world. Mr. Huntington be- came president of the Southern Pacific rail- road, vice-president of the Central Pacific; trustee of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company, and a director of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company, besides being identified with many other business enterprises of vast importance.

GEORGE A. CUSTER, a famous In- dian fighter, was born in Ohio in 1840. He graduated at West Point in 1861, an- served in the Civil war; was at Bull Run id 1S61, and was in the Peninsular campaign, being one of General McClellan's aides-de, camp. He fought in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam in 1863, and was with General Stoneman on his famous cavalry raid. He was engaged in the battle of Gettysburg, and was there made brevet- major. In 1863 was appointed brigadier- general of volunteers. General Custer was in many skirmishes in central Virginia in 1863-64, and was present at the following battles of the Richmond campaign: Wil- derness, Todd's Tavern, Yellow Tavern, where hewasbrevetted lieutenant-colonel; Meadow Bridge, Haw's Shop, Cold Harbor, Trevil- lian Station. In the Shenandoah Valley 1 864 65 he was brevetted colonel at Opequan Creek, and at Cedar Creek he was made

brevet major-general for gallant during the engagement. General Custer was in command of a cavalry division in the pursuit of Lee's army in 1865, and fought at Dinwiddie Court House, Five Forks, where he was made brevet brigadier-general ; Sailors Creek and Appomattox, where he gained additional honors and was made brevet major-general, and was given the command of the cavalry in the military division of the southwest and Gulf, in 1865. After the establishment of peace he went west on frontier duty and performed gallant and valuable service in the troubles with the Indians. He was killed in the massacre on the Little Big Horn river, South Dakota, June 25, 1876.

DANIEL WOLSEY VOORHEES, cel- brated as " The Tall Sycamore of the Wabash," was born September 26, 1827, in Butler county, Ohio. When he was two months old his parents removed to Fount- ain county, Indiana. He grew to manhood on a farm, engaged in all the arduous work pertaining to rural life. In 1845 he entered the Indiana Asbury University, now the De Pauw, from which he graduated in 1 S49. He took up the study of law at Crawfords- ville, and in 185 1 began the practice of his profession at Covington, Fountain county, Indiana. He became a law partner of United States Senator Hannegan, of Indi- ana, in 1852, and in 1856 he was an unsuc- cessful candidate for congress. In the fol- lowing year he took up his residence in Terre ' Haute, Indiana. He was United States district attorney for Indiana from 1857 until 1 86 1, and he had during this period been elected to congress, in i860. Mr. Voorhees was re-elected to congress in 1862 an but he was unsuccessful in the election of 1866. However, he was returned to con-

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gress in 1 868, where he remained until 1874, having been re-elected twice. In 1877 he was appointed United States senator from Indiana to fill a vacancy caused by the death of 0. P. Morton, and at the end of the term was elected for the ensuing term, being re- elected in 1885 and in 1891 to the same of- fice. He served with distinction on many of the committees, and took a very prom- inent part in the discussion of all the im- portant legislation of his time. His death occurred in August, 189 .

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, fa- mous as one of the inventors of the tele- phone, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3rd, 1847. He received his early education in the high school and later he attended the university, and was specially trained to follow his grandfather's profes- sion, that of removing impediments of speech. He emigrated to the United States in 1872, and introduced into this country his father's invention of visible speech in the institutions for deaf-mutes. Later he was appointed professor of vocal physiology in the Boston University. He worked for many years during his leisure hours on his telephonic discovery, and finally perfected it and exhibited it publicly, before it had reached the high state of perfection to which he brought it. His first exhibition of it was at the Centennial Exhibition that was held in Philadelphia in 1876. Its success is now established throughout the civilized world. In 1882 Prof. Bell received a diploma and the decoration of the Legion of Honor from the Academy of Sciences of France.

WILLIAM HICKLING PRESCOTT, the justly celebrated historian and author, was a native of Salem, Massachu- setts, and was born May 4, 1796. He was

the son of Judge William Prescott and the grandson of the hero of Bunker Hill, Colonel William Prescott.

Our subject in 1808 removed with the family to Boston, in the schools of which city he received his early education. He entered Harvard College as a sophomore in 181 1, having been prepared at the private classical college of Rev. Dr. J. S. J. Gardi- jner. The following year he received an in- ury in his left eye which made study through life a matter of difficulty. He graduated in 18 14 with high honors in the classics and belle lettres. He spent several months on the Azores Islands, and later visited England, France and Italy, return- ing home in 1817. In June, 1818, he founded a social and literary club at Boston for which he edited "The Club Room," a periodical doomed to but a short life. May 4, 1820, he married Miss Susan Amory. He devoted several years after that event to a thorough study of ancient and modern history and literature. As the fruits of his labors he published several well written essays upon French and Italian poetry and romance in the "North American Review." January 19, 1826, he decided to take up his first great historical work, the " History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella." To this he gave the labor of ten years, publish- ing the same December 25, 1837. Although placed at the head of all American authors, so diffident was Prescott of his literary merit that although he had four copies of this work printed for his own convenience, he hesitated a long time before giving it to the public, and it was only by the solicitation of friends, especially of that talented Spanish scholar, George Ticknor, that he was in- duced to do so. Soon the volumes were translated into French, Italian, Dutch and German, and the work was recognized

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throughout the world as one of the most meritorious of historical compositions. In 1843 he published the "Conquest of Mexi- co," and in 1847 the "Conquest of Peru." Two years later there came from his pen a volume of " Biographical and Critical Mis- cellanies. " Going abroad in the summer of 1850, he was received with great distinction in the literary circles of London, Edinburgh, Paris, Antwerp and Brussels. Oxford Uni- versity conferred the degree of D. C. L. upon him. In 1855 he issued two volumes of bis "History of the Reign of Philip the Second," and a third in 1858. In the meantime he edited Robertson's "Charles the Fifth," adding a history of the life of that monarch after his abdication. Death cut short his work on the remaining volumes of " Philip the Second," coming to him at Boston, Massachusetts, May 28, 1859.

OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, a noted American commodore, was born in South Kingston, Rhode Island, August 23, 1785. He saw his first service as a mid- shipman in the United States navy in April, 1799. He cruised with his father, Captain Christopher Raymond Perry, in the West In- dies for about two years. In 1804 he was in the war against Tripoli, and was made lieutenant in 1 807. At the opening of hostili- ties with Great Britain in 1 S 1 2 he was given command of a fleet of gunboats on the At- lantic coast. At his request he was trans- ferred, a year later, to Lake Ontario, where he served under Commodore Chauncey, and took an active part in the attack on Fort George. He was ordered to fit out a squad- ron on Lake Erie, which he did, building most of his vessels from the forests along the shore, and by the summer of 1 8 1 3 he had a fleet of nine vessels at Presque Isle, now Erie, Pennsylvania September 10th he

attacked and captured the British fleet near Put-in-Bay, thus clearing the lake- ships. His famous dispatch is part of bis fame, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." He co-operated with 1 , rison, and the success of the campaign in the northwest was largely due to hi The next year he was transferred to the Po- tomac, and assisted in the defense of Balti- more. After the war he was in constant service with the various squadrons in cruising in all parts of the world. He died of yellow fever on the Island of Trinidad. August 23, 1 8 19. His remains were conveyed to New- port, and buried there, and an imposing obelisk was erected to his memory by the State of Rhode Island. A bronze statue was also erected in his honor, the unveiling taking place in 1885.

JOHN PAUL JONES, though a native <J of Scotland, was one of America's most noted fighters during the Revolutionary war. He was born July 6, 1747. His father was a gardener, but the young man soon be- came interested in a seafaring life and at the age of twelve he was apprenticed to a sea captain engaged in the American trade. His first voyage landed him in Virginia, where he had a brother who had settled there several years prior. The failure of the captain released young Jones from his apprenticeship bonds, and he was engaged as third mate of a vessel engaged in the slave trade. He abandoned this trade after a few years, from his own sense of disgrace. He took passage from Jamaica for Scotland in 1768, and on the voyage both the captain and the mate died and he was compelled to take command of the vessel for the re- mainder of the voyage. He soo became master of the vessel. He returned to Virginia about 1773 to settle up the estate

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of his brother, and at this time added the name "Jones," having previously been known as John Paul. He settled down in Virginia, but when the war broke out in 1775 he offered his services to congress and was appointed senior lieutenant of the flag- ship "Alfred," on which he hoisted the American flag with his own hands, the first vessel that had ever carried a flag of the new nation. He was afterward appointed to the command of the "Alfred," and later of the "Providence," in each of which ves- sels he did good service, as also in the " Ranger," to the command of which he was later appointed. The fight that made him famous, however, was that in which he captured the " Serapis," off the coast of Scotland. He was then in command of the "Bon Homme Richard," which had been fitted out for him by the French government and named by Jones in honor of Benjamin Franklin, or " Good Man Richard," Frank- lin being author of the publication known as " Poor Richard's Almanac." The fight between the " Richard" and the "Serapis" lasted three hours, all of which time the vessels were at close range, and most of the time in actual contact. Jones' vessel was on fire several times, and early in the en- gagement two of his guns bursted, rendering the battery useless. Also an envious officer of the Alliance, one of Jones' own fleet, opened fire upon the " Richard " at a crit- ical time, completely disabling the vessel. Jones continued the fight, in spite of coun- sels to surrender, and after dark the " Ser- apis " struck her colors, and was hastily boarded by Jones and his crew, while the "Richard" sank, bows first, after the wounded had been taken on board the "Serapis." Most of the other vessels of the fleet of which the " Serapis" was con- voy, surrendered, and were taken with the

"Serapis" to France, where Jones was received with greatest honors, and the king presented him with an elegant sword and the cross of the Order of Military Merit. Congress gave him a vote of thanks and made him commander of a new ship, the "America," but the vessel was afterward given to France and Jones never saw active sea service again. He came to America again, in 1787, after the close of the war, and was voted a gold medal by congress. He went to Russia and was appointed rear-admiral and rendered service of value against the Turks, but on account of personal enmity of the fav- orites of the emperor he was retired on a pen- sion. Failing to collect this, he returned to France, where he died, July 18, 1792.

THOMAS MORAN, the well-known painter of Rocky Mountain scenery, was born in Lancashire, England, in' 1837. He came to America when a child, and showing artistic tastes, he was apprenticed to a wood engraver in Philadelphia. Three years later he began landscape painting, and his style soon began to exhibit signs of genius. His first works were water-colors, and though without an instructor he began the use of oils, he soon found it necessary to visit Europe, where he gave particular at- tention to the works of Turner. He joined the Yellowstone Park exploring expedition and visited the Rocky Mountains in 1871 and again in 1873, making numerous sketches of the scenery. The most note- worthy results were his ' ' Grand Canon of the Yellowstone," and " The Chasm of the Colorado," which were purchased by con- gress at $10,000 each, the first of which is undoubtedly the finest landscape painting produced in this country. Mr. Moran has subordinated art to nature, and the subjects he has chosen leave little ground for fault

_^k_ /y\!JN^ GEOlV.CHILDSh;

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1 l]

finding on that account. "The Mountain of the Holy Cross," "The Groves Were God's First Temples," " The Cliffs of Green River," " The Children of the Mountain," " The Ripening of the Leaf," and others have given him additional fame, and while they do not equal in grandeur the first mentioned, in many respects from an artis- tic standpoint they are superior.

L ELAND STANFORD was one of the greatest men of the Pacific coast and also had a national reputation. He was born March 9, 1824, in Albany county, New York, and passed his early life on his father's farm. He attended the local schools of the county and at the age of twenty began the study of law. He entered the law office of Wheaton, Doolittle and Hadley, at Albany, in 1845, and a few years later he moved to Port Washington, Wisconsin, where he practiced law four years with moderate success. In 1852 Mr. Stanford determined to push further west, and, accordingly went to California, where three of his brothers were established in business in the mining towns. They took Leland into partnership, giving him charge of a branch store at Michigan Bluff, in Placer county. There he developed great business ability and four years later started a mercantile house of his own in San Fran- cisco, which soon became one of the most substantial houses on the coast. On the formation of the Republican party he inter- ested himself in politics, and in i860 was sent as a delegate to the convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln. In the autumn of 1861 he was elected, by an im- mense majority, governor of California. Prior to his election as governor he had been chosen president of the newly-orga- nized Central Pacific Railroad Company,

and after leaving the executive chair he de- voted all of his time to the consti : the Pacific end of the transcontinental rail- way. May IO, 1S69, Mr. Stanford drove the last spike of the Central Pacific road, thus completing the route across the conti- nent. He was also president of the Occi- dental and Oriental Steamship Company. He had but one son, who died of typhoid fever, and as a monument to his child he founded the university which bears his son s name, Leland Stanford, Junior, University. Mr. Stanford gave to this university eighty- three thousand acres of land, the estimated value of which is $8,000,000, and the entire endowment is $20,000,000. In 18S5 Mr. Stanford was elected United States senator as a Republican, to succeed J. T. Farley, a Democrat, and was re-elected in 1 891. His death occurred June 20, 1894, at Palo Alto, California.

STEPHEN DECATUR, a famous com- modore in the United States navy, was born in Maryland in 1779. He entered the naval service in 1798. In 1804, when the American vessel Philadelphia had been run aground and captured in the harbor of Trip- oli, Decatur, at the head of a few men, boarded her and burned her in the face of the guns from the city defenses. For this daring deed he was made captain. He was given command of the frigate United States at the breaking out of the war of 18 12, and in October of that year he captured the British frigate Macedonian, and was re- warded with a gold medal by congress. Af- ter the close of the war he was sent as com- mander of a fleet of ten vessels to chastise the dey of Algiers, who was preying upon American commerce with impunity and de- manding tribute and ransom for the release j of American citizens captured. Decatur

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captured a number of Algerian vessels, and compelled the dey to sue for peace. He was noted for his daring and intrepidity, and his coolness in the face of danger, and helped to bring the United States navy into favor with the people and congress as a means of defense and offense in time of war. He was killed in a duel by Commo- dore Barron, March 12, 1820.

JAMES KNOX POLK, the eleventh president of the United States, 1845 to 1849, was born November 2, 1795, in Meck- lenburg county, North Carolina, and was the eldest child of a family of six sons. He removed with his father to the Valley of the Duck River, in Tennessee, in 1806. He attended the common schools and became very proficient in the lower branches of education, and supplemented this with a course in the Murfreesboro Academy, which he entered in 18 13 and in the autumn of 181 5 he became a student in the sopho- more class of the University of North Caro- lina, at Chapel Hill, and was graduated in 18 18. He then spent a short time in re- cuperating his health and then proceeded to Nashville, Tennessee, where he took up the study of law in the office of Felix Grundy. After the completion of his law studies he was admitted to the bar and removed to Columbia, Maury county, Tennessee, and started in the active practice of his profes- sion. Mr. Polk was a Jeffersonian "Re- publican " and in 1823 he was elected to the legislature of Tennessee. He was a strict constructionist and did not believe that the general government had the power to carry on internal improvements in the states, but deemed it important that it should have that power, and wanted the constitution amended to that effect. But later on he became alarmed lest the general government might

become strong enough to abolish slavery and therefore gave his whole support to the " State's Rights" movement, and endeavored to check the centralization of power in the general government. Mr. Polk was chosen a member of congress in 1825, and held that office until 1839. He then withdrew, as he was the successful gubernatorial candidate of his state. He had become a man of great influence in the house, and, as the leader of the Jackson party in that body, weilded great influence in the election of General Jackson to the presidency. He sustained the president in all his measures and still remained in the house after Gen- eral Jackson had been succeeded by Martin Van Buren. He was speaker of the house during five sessions of congress. He was elected governor of Tennessee by a large majority and took the oath of office at Nash- ville, October 4, 1839. He was a candidate for re-election but was defeated by Governor Jones, the Whig candidate. In 1844 the most prominent question in the election was the annexation of Texas, and as Mr. Polk was the avowed champion of this cause he was nominated for president by the pro- slavery wing of the democratic party, was elected by a large majority, and was inaug- urated March 4, 1845. President Polk formed a very able cabinet, consisting of James Buchanan, Robert J. Walker, Will- iam L. Marcy, George Bancroft, Cave John- son, and John Y. Mason. The dispute re- garding the Oregon boundary was settled during his term of office and a new depart- ment was added to the list of cabinet po- sitions, that of the Interior. The low tariff bill of 1846 was carried and the financial system of the country was reorganized. It was also during President Polk's term that the Mexican war was successfully conducted, which resulted in the acquisition of Califor-

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nia and New Mexico. Mr. Polk retired from the presidency March 4, 1849, after having declined a re-nomination, and was succeeded by General Zachary Taylor, the hero of the Mexican war. Mr. Polk retired to private life, to his home in Nashville, where he died at the age of fifty-four on June 9, 1849.

ANNA DICKINSON (Anna Elizabeth Dickinson), a noted lecturer and pub- lic speaker, was born at Philadelphia, Oc- tober 28, 1842. Herparents were Quakers, and she was educated at the Friends' free schools in her native city. She early man- ifested an inclination toward elocution and public speaking, and when, at the age of 18, she found an opportunity to appear before a national assemblage for the discussion of woman's rights, she at once established her reputation as a public speaker. From i860 to the close of the war and during the ex- citing period of reconstruction, she was one of the most noted and influential speakers before the American public, and her popu- larity was unequaled by that of any of her sex. A few weeks after the defeat and death of Colonel Baker at Ball's Bluff, Anna Dickinson, lecturing in New York, made the remarkable assertion, " Not the incom- petency of Colonel Baker, butthe treachery of General McClellan caused the disaster at Ball's Bluff." She was hissed and hooted off the stage. A year later, at the same hall and with much the same class of audi- tors, she repeated the identical words, and the applause was so great and so long con- tinued that it was impossible to go on with her lecture for more than half an hour. The change of sentiment had been wrought by the reverses and dismissal of McCiellan and his ambition to succeed Mr. Lincoln as presi- dent.

Ten years after the close of the war, Anna

Dickinson was not heard of on the lec- ture platform, and about that time an attempt to enter the dramatic pr but after appearing a number of times in dif- ferent plays she was pronounced a failure.

ROBERT J. BURDETTE.— Some per- sonal characteristics of Mr. Burdette were quaintly given by himself in the follow- ing words: "Politics? Republican after the strictest sect. Religion ? Baptist. Per- sonal appearance ? Below medium height, and weigh one hundred and thirty- five pounds, no shillings and no pence. Rich ? Not enough to own a yacht. Favorite read- ing? Poetry and history — know Longfellow by heart, almost. Write for magizines ? Have more ' declined with thanks ' letters than would fill a trunk. Never able to get into a magazine with a line. Care about it? Mad as thunder. Think about starting a magazine and rejecting everbody's articles except my own." Mr. Burdette was born at Greensborough, Pennsylvania, in 1844. He served through the war of the rebellion under General Banks "on an excursion ticket " as he felicitously described it, "good both ways, conquering in one direction and running in the other, pay going on just the same." He entered into journalism by the gateway of New York correspondence for the "Peoria Transcript," and in 1874 went on the "Burlington Hawkeye" of which he became the managing editor, and the work that he did on this paper made both him- self and the paper famous in the world of humor. Mr. Burdette married in 1870, and his wife, whom he called "Her Little Serene Highness," was to him a guiding light until the day of her death, and it was probably the unconscious pathos with which he described her in his work that broke the barriers that had kept him out of the maga-

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zines and secured him the acceptance of his "Confessions" by Lippincott some years ago, and brought him substantial fame and recognition in the literary world.

WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS, one of the leading novelists of the present century and author of a number of works that gained for him a place in the hearts of the people, was born March i, 1837, at Martinsville, Belmont county, Ohio. At the age of three years he accompanied his father, who was a printer, to Hamilton, Ohio, where he learned the printer's trade. Later he was engaged on the editorial staff of the " Cincinnati Gazette " and the "Ohio State Journal." During 1861-65 he was the United States consul at Venice, and from 1 87 1 to 1878 he was the editor-in- chief of the "Atlantic Monthly." As a writer he became one of the most fertile and readable of authors and a pleasing poet. In 1885 he became connected with " Har- per's Magazine." Mr. Howells was author of the list of books that we give below: "Venetian Life," " Italian Journeys," "No Love Lost," " Suburban Sketches," "Their Wedding Journey," "A Chance Acquaint- ance," "A Foregone Conclusion," "Dr. Breen's Practice," "A Modern Instance," "The Rise of Silas Lapham," "Tuscan Cities," "Indian Summer," besides many others. He also wrote the " Poem of Two, Friends," with J. J. Piatt in i860, and some minor dramas: "The Drawing Room Car," "The Sleeping Car," etc., 1 hat are full of exqusite humor and elegant dialogue.

JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL was a son of the Rev. Charles Lowell, and was born ..t Cambridge, Massachusetts, February 22, 10 19. He graduated at Harvard College in

1838 as class poet, and went to Harvard Law School, from which he was graduated in 1840, and commenced the practice of his profession in Boston, but soon gave his un- divided attention to literary labors. Mr. Lowell printed, in 1841, a small volume of poems entitled " A Year's Life," edited with Robert Carter; in 1843, "The Pioneer," a literary and critical magazine (monthly), and in 1848 another book of poems, that con- tained several directed against slavery. He published in 1844 a volume of "Poems" and in 1845 "Conversations on Some of the Old Poets," "The Vision of Sir Launfal," "A Fable for Critics," and "The Bigelow Papers," the latter satirical es- says in dialect poetry directed against slavery and the war with Mexico. In 1851-52 he traveled in Europe and re- sided in Italy for a considerable time, and delivered in 1854-55 a course, of lectures on the British poets, before the Lowell Insti- tute, Boston. Mr. Lowell succeeded Long- fellow in January, 1855, as professor of modern languages and literature at Harvard College, and spent another year in Emope qualifying himself for that post. He edited the " Atlantic Monthly " from 1857 to 1862, and the "North American Review" from 1863 until 1872. From 1864 to 1870 he published the following works: "Fireside Travels," "Under the Willows," "The Commemoration Ode," in honor of the alumni of Harvard who had fallen in the Civil war; "The Cathedral," two volumes of essays; "Among My Books" and "My Study Windows," and in 1867 he published a new series of the " Bigelow Papers. " He traveled extensively in Europe in 1872-74, and received in person the degree of D. C. L. at Oxford and that of LL. D. at the University of Cambridge, England. He was also interested in political life and held

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many important offices. He was United States minister to Spain in 1877 and was also minister to England in 1880-85. On January 2, 1884, he was elected lord rector of St. Andrew University in Glasgow, Scot- land, but soon after he resigned the same. Mr. Lowell's works enjoy great popularity in the United States and England. He died August 12, 1891.

JOSEPH HENRY, one of America's greatest scientists, was born at Albany, New York, December 17, 1797. He was educated in the common schools of the city and graduated from the Albany Academy, where he became a professor of mathemat- ics in 1826. In 1827 he commenced a course of investigation, which he continued for a number of years, and the results pro- duced had great effect on the scientific world. The first success was achieved by producing the electric magnet, and he next proved the possibility of exciting magnetic energy at a distance, and it was the invention of Pro- fessor Henry's intensity magnet that first made the invention of electric telegraph a possibility. He made a statement regarding the practicability of applying the intensity magnet to telegraphic uses, in his article to the "American Journal of Science " in 1831. During the same year he produced the first mechanical contrivance ever invented for maintaining continuous motion by means of electro-magnetism, and he also contrived a machine by which signals could be made at a distance by the use of his electro-magnet, the signals being produced by a lever strik- ing on a bell. Some of his electro-magnets were of great power, one carried over a ton and another not less than three thousand six hundred pounds. In 1832 he discovered that secondary currents could be produced in a long cc~ductor by the induction of the

primary current upon itself, and also in the same year he produced a spark by means of a purely magnetic induction. 1 Henry was elected, in 1S32, professor of nat- ural philosophy in the College of V sey, and in his earliest lectures at Princeton, demonstrated the feasibility of the electric telegraph. He visited Europe in 1837, and while there he had an interview with Pro- fessor Wheatstone, the inventor of the needle magnetic telegraph. In 1846 he was elected secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- tution,being the first incumbent in that office, which he held until his death. Professor Henry was elected president of the Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science, in 1849, and of the National Academy of Sciences. He was made chair- man of the lighthouse board of the United States in 1871 and held that position up to the time of his death. He received the honorary degree of doctor of laws from Union College in 1829, and from Harvard University in 1851, and his death occurred May 13, 1878. Among his numerous works may be mentioned the following: "Contri- butions to Electricity and Magnetism," "American Philosophic Trans," and many articles in the "American Journal of Science," the journal of the Franklin Insti- tute; the proceedings of the American As- sociation for the Advancement of Science, and in the annual reports of the Smith- sonian Institution from its foundation.

FRANKLIN BUCHANAN, the famous rear-admiral of the Confederate navy during the rebellion, was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He became a United States midshipman in 18 15 and was promoted through the various grades of the service and became a captain in 1 S 5 5 . Mi anan resigned his captaincy in order to join

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the Confederate service in 1861 and later he asked to be reinstated, but his request was refused and he then entered into the service of the Confederate government. He was placed in command of the frigate " Merri- mac " after she had been fitted up as an iron- clad, and had command of her at the time of the battle of Hampton Roads. It was he who had command when the " Merri- mac" sunk the two wooden frigates, " Con- gress " and "Cumberland," and was also in command during part of the historical battle of the " Merrimac " and the "Moni- tor," where he was wounded and the com- mand devolved upon Lieutenant Catesby Jones. He was created rear-admiral in the Confederate service and commanded the Confederate fleet in Mobile bay, which was defeated by Admiral Farragut, August 5, 1864. Mr. Buchanan was in command of the "Tennessee," an ironclad, and during the engagement he lost one of his legs and was taken prisoner in the end by the Union fleet. After the war he settled in Talbot county, Maryland, where he died May 11, 1 8/4-

RICHARD PARKS BLAND, a celebrated American statesman, frequently called "the father of the house," because of his many years of service in the lower house of congress, was born August 19, 1835, near Hartford, Kentucky, where he received a plain academic education. He moved, in 1855, to Missouri, from whence he went overland to California, afterward locating in Virginia City, now in the state of Nevada, but then part of the territory of Utah. While there he practiced law, dabbled in mines and mining in Nevada and California for several years, and served for a time as treasurer of Carson county, Nevada. Mr. Bland returned to Missouri in 1865, where

he engaged in the practice of law at Rolla, Missouri, and in 1869 removed to Lebanon, Missouri. He began his congressional career in 1873, when he was elected as a Demo- crat to the forty-third congress, and he was regularly re-elected to every congress after that time up to the fifty-fourth, when he was defeated for re-election, but was returned to the fifty-fifth congress as a Silver Demo- crat. During all his protracted service, while Mr. Bland was always steadfast in his support of democratic measures, yet he won his special renown as the great advocate of silver, being strongly in favor of the free and unlimited coinage of silver, and on ac- count of his pronounced views was one of the candidates for the presidential nomina- tion of the Democratic party at Chicago in 1896.

FANNY DAVENPORT (F. L. G. Daven- port) was of British birth, but she be- longs to the American stage. She was the daughter of the famous actor, E. L. Daven- port, and was born in London in 1850. She first went on the stage as a child at the Howard Athenaeum, Boston, and her entire life was spent upon the stage. She played children's parts at Burton's old theater in Chambers street, and then, in 1862, appeared as the King of Spain in ' ' Faint Heart Never Won Fair Lady. " Here she attracted the notice of Augustin Daly, the noted mana- ger, then at the Fifth Avenue theater, who offered her a six weeks' engagement with her father in "London Assurance." She afterwards appeared at the same house in a variety of characters, and her versatility was favorably noticed by the critics. After the burning of the old Fifth Avenue, the present theater of that name was built at Twenty-eighth street, and here Miss Daven- port appeared in a play written for her by

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Mr. Daly. She scored a great success. She then starred in this play throughout the country, and was married to Mr. Edwin F. Price, an actor of her company, in 1880. In 1882 she went to Paris and purchased the right to produce in America Sardou's great emotional play, "Fedora." It was put on at the Fourteenth Street theater in New York, and in it she won popular favor and became one of the most famous actresses of her time.

HORACE BRIGHAM CLAFLIN, one of the greatest merchants America has produced, was born in Milford, Massachu- setts, a son of John Claflin, also a mer- chant. Young Claflin started his active life as a clerk in his father's store, after having been offered the opportunity of a college education, but with the characteristic promptness that was one of his virtues he exclaimed, "No law or medicine for me." He had set his heart on being a merchant, and when his father retired he and his brother Aaron, and his brother-in-law, Sam- uel Daniels, conducted the business. Mr. Claflin was not content, however, to run a store in a town like Milford, and accordingly opened a dry goods store at Worcester, with his brother as a partner, but the partnership was dissolved a year later and H. B. Claflin assumed complete control. The business in Worcester had been conducted on ortho- dox principles, and when Mr. Claflin came there and introduced advertising as a means of drawing trade, he created considerable animosity among the older merchants. Ten years later he was one of the most prosper- ous merchants. He disposed of his busi- ness in Worcester for $30,000, and went to New York to search for a wider field than that of a shopkeeper. Mr. Claflin and William M. Bulkley started in the dry goods

business there under the firm name of Bulk- ley & Claflin, in 1843, ail(l Mr Bui connected with the firm until 185 1, when he retired. A new firm was then formed under the name of Claflin, Mellin & Co. This firm succeeded in founding the largest dry goods house in the world, and after weather- ing the dangers of the civil war, during which the house came very near going un- der, and was saved only by the superior business abilities of Mr. Claflin, continued to grow. The sales of the firm amounted to over $72,000,000 a year after the close of the war. Mr. Claflin died November 14,

CHARLOTTE CUSHMAN (Charlotte Saunders Cushman), one of the most celebrated American actresses, was born in Boston, July 23, 1816. She was descended from one of the earliest Puritan families. Her first attempt at stage work was at the age of fourteen years in a charitable concert given by amateurs in Boston. From this time her advance to the first place on the American lyric stage was steady, until, in 1835, while singing in New Orleans, she suddenly lost control of her voice so far as relates to singing, and was compelled to re- tire. She then took up the study for the dramatic stage under the direction of Mr. Barton, the tragedian. She soon after made her debut as " Lady Macbeth." She appeared in New York in September, 1836, and her success was immediate. Her "Romeo" was almost perfect, and she is the only woman that has ever appeared in the part of "Cardinal Wolsey." She at different times acted as support of Forrest and Macready. Her London enga secured in 1845, after many and great >!i- couragements, proved an unqualified suc- cess.

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Her farewell appearance was at Booth's theater, New York, November 7, 1874, in the part of " Lady Macbeth," and after that performance an Ode by R. H. Stoddard was read, and a body of citizens went upon the stage, and in their name the venerable poet Longfellow presented her with a wreath of laurel with an inscription to the effect that " she who merits the palm should bear it." From the time of her appearance as a modest girl in a charitable entertainment down to the time of final triumph as a tragic queen, she bore herself with as much honor to womanhood as to the profession she rep- resented. Her death occurred in Boston, February 18, 1876. By her profession she acquired a fortune of $600,000.

NEAL DOW, one of the most prominent temperance reformers our country has known, was born in Portland, Me., March 20, 1804. He received his education in the Friends Seminary, at New Bedford, Massa- chusetts, his parents being members of that sect. After leaving school he pursued a mecrantile and manufacturing career for a number of years. He was active in the affairs of his native city, and in 1839 be- came chief of the fire department, and in 1 8 5 1 was elected mayor. He was re-elected to the latter office in 1854. Being opposed to the liquor traffic he was a champion of the project of prohibition, first brought for- ward in 1839 by James Appleton. While serving his first term as mayor he drafted a bill for the "suppression of drinking houses and tippling shops," which he took to the legislature and which was passed without an alteration. In 1858 Mr. Dow was elected to the legislature. On the outbreak of the Civil war he was appointed colonel of the Thirteenth Maine Infantry and accompanied General Butler's expedition to New Orleans.

In 1862 he was made brigadier-general. At the battle of Port Hudson May 27, 1863, he was twice wounded, and taken prisoner. He was confined at Libby prison and Mobile nearly a year, when, being exchanged, he resigned, his health having given way under the rigors of his captivity. He made sev- eral trips to England in the interests of temperance organization, where he addressed large audiences. He was the candidate of the National Prohibition party for the presi- dency in 1880, receiving about ten thousand votes. In 1884 he was largely instrumental in the amendment of the constitution of Maine, adopted by an overwhelming popular vote, which forever forbade the manufacture or sale of any intoxicating beverages, and commanding the legislature to enforce the prohibition. He died October 2, 1897.

ZACHARY TAYLOR, twelfth president of the United States, was born in Orange county, Virginia, September 24, 1784. His boyhood was spent on his fath- er's plantation and his education was lim- ited. In 1808 he was made lieutenant of the Seventh Infantry, and joined his regi- ment at New Orleans. He was promoted to captain in 18 10, and commanded at Fort Harrison, near the present site of Terre Haute, in 18 12, where, for his gallant de- fense, he was brevetted major, attaining full rank in 18 14. In 181 5 he retired to an es- tate near Louisville. In 18 16 here-entered the army as major, and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and then to colonel. Having for many years been Indian agent over a large portion of the western country, he was often required in Washington to give advice and counsel in matters connected with the Indian b ireau. He served through the Black Hawk Indian war of 1832, and in 1837 was ordered to the command of the

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army in Florida, where he attacked the In- dians in the swamps and brakes, defeated them and ended the war. He was brevetted brigadier-general and made commander-in- chief of the army in Florida. He was as- signed to the command of the army of the southwest in 1840, but was soon after re- lieved of it at his request. He was then stationed at posts in Arkansas. In 1845 he was ordered to prepare to protect and de- fend Texas boundaries from invasion by Mexicans and Indians. On the annexation of Texas he proceeded with one thousand five hundred men to Corpus Christi, within the disputed territory. After reinforcement he was ordered by the Mexican General Am- pudia to retire beyond the Nueces river, with which order he declined to comply. The battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma followed, and he crossed the Rio Grande and occupied Matamoras May 18th. He was commissioned major-general for this campaign, and in September he advanced upon the city of Monterey and captured it after a hard fight. Here he took up winter quarters, and when he was about to resume activity in the spring he was ordered to send the larger part of his army to reinforce General Scott at Vera Cruz. After leaving garrisons at various points his army was re- duced to about five thousand, mostly fresh recruits. He was attacked by the army of Santa Anna at Buena Vista, February 22, 1847, and after a severe fight completely routed the Mexicans. He received the thanks of congress and a gold medal for this victory. He remained in command of the "army of occupation" until winter, when he returned to the United States.

In 1848 General Taylor was nominated by the Whigs for president. He was elected over his two opponents, Cass and Van Buren. Great bitterness was developing in

the struggle for and against the extension of slavery, and the newly acquired territory in the west, and the fact that the states were now equally divided on that question, tended to increase the feeling. President Taylor favored immediate admission of California with her constitution prohibiting slavery, and the admission of other states to be formed out of the new territory as they might elect as they adopted constitutions from time to time. This policy resulted in the " Omnibus Bill," which afterward passed congress, though in separate bills; not, how- ever, until after the death of the soldier- statesman, which occurred July 9, 1850. One of his daughters became the wife of Jefferson Davis.

MELVILLE D. LANDON, better known as " Eli Perkins, "author, lecturer and humorist, was born in Eaton, New York, September 7, 1839. He was the son of John Landon and grandson of Rufus Lan- don, a revolutionary soldier from Litchfield county, Connecticut. Melville was edu- cated at the district school and neighboring academy, where he was prepared for the sophomore class at Madison University. He passed two years at the latter, when he was admitted to Union College, and graduated in the class of 1861, receiving the degree of A. M., in 1862. He was, at once, ap- pointed to a position in the treasury depart- ment at Washington. This being about the time of the breaking out of the war, and before the appearance of any Union troops at the capital, he assisted in the organiza- tion of the " Clay Battalion," of Washing- ton. Leaving his clerkship some time later, he took up duties on the staff of General A. L. Chetlain, who was in command at Mem- phis. In 1864 he resigned from the army and engaged in cotton planting in Arkansas

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and Louisiana. In 1867 he went abroad, making the tour of Europe, traversing Rus- sia. While in the latter country his old commander of the " Clay Battalion," Gen- eral Cassius M. Clay, then United States minister at St. Petersburg, made him secre- tary of legation. In 1 87 1, on returning to America, he published a history of the Franco-Prussian war, and followed it with numerous humorous writings for the public press under the name of "Eli Perkins," which, with his regular contributions to the " Commercial Advertiser," brought him into notice, and spread his reputation as a hu- morist throughout thecountry. He also pub- lished "Saratoga in 1891," "Wit, Humor and Pathos," ' ' Wit and Humor of the Age," " Kings of Platform and Pulpit, "" Thirty Years of Wit and Humor," " Fun and Fact," and " China and Japan."

LEWIS CASS, one of the most prom- inent statesman and party leaders of his day, was born at Exeter, New Hampshire, October 9, 1782. He studied law, and hav- ing removed toZanesville, Ohio, commenced the practice of that profession in 1802. He entered the service of the American govern- ment in 18 12 and was made a colonel in the army under General William Hull, and on the surrender of Fort Maiden by that officer was held as a prisoner. Being re- leased in 181 3, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general and in 18 14 ap- pointed governor of Michigan Territory. After he had held that office for some sixteen years, negotiating, in the meantime, many treaties with the Indians, General Cass was made secretary of war in the cabi- net of President Jackson, in 1831. He was, in 1836, appointed minister to France, which office he held for six years. In 1844 he was elected United States senator from

Michigan. In 1846 General Cass opposed the Wilmot Proviso, which was an amend- ment to a bill for the purchase of land from Mexico, which provided that in any of the territory acquired from that power slavery should not exist. For this and other reasons he was nominated as Democratic candidate for the presidency of the United States in 1848, but was defeated by General Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate, having but one hundred and thirty-seven electoral votes to his opponent's one hundred and sixty- three. In 1849 General Cass was re-elected to the senate of the United States, and in 1854 supported Douglas' Kansas-Nebraska bill. He became secretary of state in March, 1857, under President Buchanan, but resigned that office in December, i860. He died June 17, 1866. The published works of Lewis Cass, while not numerous, are well written and display much ability. He was one of the foremost men of his day in the political councils of the Democratic party, and left a reputation for high probity and honor behind him.

DEWITT CLINTON.— Probably there were but few men who were so popular in their time, or who have had so much in- fluence in moulding events as the individual whose name honors the head of this article. De Witt Clinton was the son of General James Clinton, and a nephew of Governor George Clinton, who was the fourth vice- president of the United States. He was a native of Orange county, New York, born at Little Britain, March 2, 1769. He gradu- ated from Columbia College, in his "native state, in 1796, and took up the study of law. In 1790 he became private secretary to his uncle, then governor of New York. He en- tered public life as a Republican or anti- Federalist, and was elected to the lower

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house of the state assembly in 1797, and the senate of that body in 1798. At that time he was looked on as " the most rising man in the Union." In 1801 he was elected to the United States senate. In 1803 he was appointed by the governor and council mayor of the city of New York, then a very important and powerful office. Hav- ing been re-appointed, he held the office of mayor for nearly eleven years, and rendered great service to that city. Mr. Clinton served as lieutenant-governor of the state of New York, 1811-13, and was one of the commissioners appointed to examine and survey a route for a canal from the Hudson river to La-ke Erie. Dif- fering with President Madison, in relation to the war, in 18 12, he was nominated for the presidency against that gentleman, by a coalition party called the Clintonians, many of whom were Federalists. Clinton received eight-nine electoral votes. His course at this time impaired his popularity for a time. He was removed from the mayoralty in 1814, and retired to private life. In 18 1 5 he wrote a powerful argument for the con- struction of the Erie canal, then a great and beneficent work of which he was the prin- cipal promoter. This was in the- shape of a memorial to the legislature, which, in 18 17, passed a bill authorizing the construc- tion of that canal. The same year he was elected governor of New York, almost unani- mously, notwithstanding the opposition of a few who pronounced the scheme of the canal visionary. He was re-elected governor in 1820. He was at this time, also, presi- dent of the canal commissioners. He de- clined a re-election to the gubernatorial chair in 1822 and was removed from his place on the canal board two years later. But he was triumphantly elected to the of- fice of governor that fall, and his pet project,

the Erie canal, was finished the next year. He was re-elected governor in iS26, but died while holding that office, February 11, 1828.

AARON BURR, one of the many brillianl figures on the political stage in the early days of America, was born at Newark, New Jersey, February 6, 1756. He was the son of Aaron and Esther Burr, the former the president of the College of New Jersey, and the latter a daughter of Jonathan Edwards, who had been president of the same educa- tional institution. Young Burr graduated at Princeton in 1772. In 1775 he joined the provincial army at Cambridge, Massa- chusetts. For a time, he served as a private soldier, but later was made an aide on the staff of the unfortunate General Montgom- ery, in the Quebec expedition. Subse- quently he was on the staffs of Arnold, Put- nam and Washington, the latter of whom he disliked. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and commanded a brigade on Monmouth's bloody field. In l779< on account of feeble health, Colonel Burr resigned from the army. He took up the practice of law in Albany, New York, but subsequently removed to New York City. In 1789 he became attorney-general of that state. In 1791 he was chosen to represent the state of New York in the United States senate and held that position for six years. In 1800 he and Thomas Jefferson were both candidates for the presidency, and there being a tie in the electoral college, each having seventy-three votes, the choice was left to congress, who gave the first place to Jefferson and made Aaron Burr vice-presi- dent, as the method then was. In 1S04 Mr. Burr and his great rival, Alexander Hamil- ton, met in a duel, which resulted in the death of the latter, Burr losing thereby con-

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siderable political and social influence. He soon embarked in a wild attempt upon Mexico, and as was asserted, upon the southwestern territories of the United States. He was tried for treason at Richmond, Virginia, in 1807, but acquitted, and to avoid importunate creditors, fled to Europe. After a time, in 18 12, he returned to New York, where he practiced law, and where he died, September 14, 1836. A man of great ability, brilliant and popular talents, his influence was destroyed by his unscrupu- lous political actions and immoral private life. .

ALBERT GALLATIN, one of the most distinguished statesmen of the early days of the republic, was born at Geneva, Switzerland, January 29, 1761. He was the son of Jean de Gallatin and Sophia A. Rolaz du Rosey Gallatin, representatives of an old patrician family. Albert Gallatin was left an orphan at an early age, and was educated under the care of friends of his parents. He graduated from the University of Geneva in 1779, and declining employ- ment under one of the sovereigns of Ger- many, came to the struggling colonies, land- ing in Boston July 14, 1780. Shortly after his arrival he proceeded to Maine, where he served as a volunteer under Colonel Allen. He made advances to the government for the support of the American troops, and in November, 1780, was placed in command of a small fort at Passamaquoddy, defended by a force of militia, volunteers and Indians. In 1783 he was professor of the French language at Harvard University. A year later, having received his patrimony from Europe, he purchased large tracts of land in western Virginia, but was prevented by the Indians from forming the large settle- ment he proposed, and, in 1786, purchased

a farm in Fayette county, Pennsylvania. In 1 789 he was a member of the convention to amend the constitution of that state, and united himself with the Republican party, the head of which was Thomas Jefferson. The following year he was elected to the legislature of Pennsylvania, to which he was subsequently re-elected. In 1793 he was elected to the United States senate, but could not take his seat on account of not having been a citizen long enough. In 1794 Mr. Gallatin was elected to the representa- tive branch of congress, in which he served three terms. He also took an important position in the suppression of the "whiskey insurrection." In 1801, on the accession of Jefferson to the presidency, Mr. Gallatin was appointed secretary of the treasury. In 1809 Mr. Madison offered him the posi- tion of secretary of state, but he declined, and continued at the head of the treasury until 1 81 2, a period of twelve years. He exercised a great influence on the other de- partments and in the general administration, especially in the matter of financial reform, and recommended measures for taxation, etc., which were passed by congress, and be- came laws May 24, 1813. The same year he was sent as an envoy extraordinary to Rus- sia, which had offered to mediate between this country and Great Britain, but the lat- ter country refusing the interposition of another power, and agreeing to treat di- rectly with the United States, in 18 14, at Ghent, Mr. Gallatin, in connection with his distinguished colleagues, negotiated and signed the treaty of peace. In 181 5, in conjunction with Messrs. Adams and Clay, he signed, at London, a commercial treaty between the two countries. In 18 16, de- clining his old post at the head of the treas- ury, Mr. Gallatin was sent as minister to France, where he remained until 1823.

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After a year spent in England as envoy ex- traordinary, he took up his residence in New York, and from that time held no public office. In 1830 he was chosen president of the council of the University of New York. He was, in 1831, made president of the National bank, which position he resigned in 1839. He died August 12, 1849.

MILLARD FILLMORE, the thirteenth president of the United States, was born of New England parentage in Summer Hill, Cayuga county, New York, January 7, 1800. His school education was very lim- ited, but he occupied his leisure hours in study. He worked in youth upon his fa- ther's farm in his native county, and at the age of fifteen was apprenticed to a wool carder and cloth dresser. Four years later he was induced by Judge Wood to enter his office at Montviile, New York, and take up the study of law. This warm friend, find- ing young Fillmore destitute of means, loaned him money, but the latter, not wish- ing to incur a heavy debt, taught school during part of the time and in this and other ways helped maintain himself. In 1822 he removed to Buffalo, New York, and the year following, being admitted to the bar, he commenced the practice of his profession at East Aurora, in the same state. Here he remained until 1830, having, in the meantime, been admitted to practice in the supreme court, when he returned to Buffalo, where he became the partner of S. G. Haven and N. K. Hall. He entered poli- tics and served in the state legislature from 1829 to 1832. He was in congress in 1833- 35 and in 1837-41, where he proved an active and useful member, favoring the views of John Quincy Adams, then battling almost alone the slave-holding party in na- tional politics, and in most of public ques-

tions acted with the Whig party. While chairman of the committee of ways and means he took a leading part in draughting the tariff bill of 1842. In 1844 Mr. Fill- more was the Whig candidate for governor of New York. In 1S47 he was chosen comptroller of the state, and abandoning his practice and profession removed to Al- bany. In 1848 he was elected vice presi- dent on the ticket with General Zachary Taylor, and they were inaugurated the fol- lowing March. On the death of the presi- dent, July 9, 1850, Mr. Fillmore was in- ducted into that office. The great events of his administration were the passage of the famous compromise acts of 1850, and the sending out of the Japan expedition of 1852.

March 4, 1853, having served one term, President Fillmore retired from office, and in 1855 went to Europe, where he received marked attention. On returning home, in 1856, he was nominated for the presidency by the Native American or "Know-Noth- ing" party, but was defeated, James Buch- anan being the successful candidate.

Mr. Fillmore ever afterward lived in re- tirement. During the conflict of Civil war he was mostly silent. It was generally sup- posed, however, that his sympathy was with the southern confederacy. He kept aloof from the conflict without any words of cheer to the one party or the other. For this rea- son he was forgotten by both. He died of paralysis, in Buffalo, New York, March 8, 1874-

PETER F. ROTHERMEL, one of Amer- ica's greatest and best-known historical painters, was born in Luzerne county, Penn- sylvania, July 8, 1817, and was of German ancestry. He received his earlier education in his native county, and in Philadelphia

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learned the profession of land surveying. But a strong bias toward art drew him away and he soon opened a studio where he did portrait painting. This soon gave place to historical painting, he having discovered the bent of his genius in that direction. Be- sides the two pictures in the Capitol at Washington — "DeSoto Discovering the Mis- sissippi" and "Patrick Henry Before the Virginia House of Burgesses" — Rothermel painted many others, chief among which are: "Columbus Before Queen Isabella," "Martyrs of the Colosseum," "Cromwell Breaking Up Service in an English Church, " and the famous picture of the "Battle of Gettysburg." The last named was painted for the state of Pennsylvania, for which Rothermel received the sum of $25,- 000, and which it took him four years to plan and to paint. It represents the portion of that historic field held by the First corps, an exclusively Pennsylvania body of men, and was selected by Rothermel for that reason. For many years most of his time was spent in Italy, only returning for short periods. He died at Philadelphia, August 16, 1895.

EDMUND KIRBY SMITH, one of the distinguished leaders upon the side of the south in the late Civil war, was born at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1824. After receiv- ing the usual education he was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in 1845 and entered the army as second lieutenant of infantry. During the Mexican war he was made first lieutenant and captain for gallant conduct at Cerro Gordo and Contreras. From 1849 to 1852 he was assistant pro- fessor of mathematics at West Point. He was transferred to the Second cavalry with the rank of captain in 1855, served on the

frontier, and was wounded in a fight with Comanche Indians in Texas, May 13, 1859. In January, 1861, he became major of his regiment, but resigned April 9th to fol- low the fortunes of the southern cause. He was appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate army and served in Virginia. At the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861, he arrived on the field late in the day, but was soon disabled by a wound. He was made major-general in 1862, and being trans- ferred to East Tennessee, was given com- mand of that department. Under General Braxton Bragg he led the advance in the invasion of Kentucky and defeated the Union forces at Richmond, Kentucky, August 30,

1862, and advanced to Frankfort. Pro- moted to the rank of lieutenant-general, he was engaged at the battle of Perryville, October 10, and in the battle of Murfrees- boro, December 31, 1862, and January 3,

1863. He was soon made general, the highest rank in the service, and in com- mand of the trans-Mississippi department opposed General N. P. Banks in the famous Red River expedition, taking part in the battle of Jenkins Ferry, April 30, 1864, and other engagements of that eventful cam- paign. He was the last to surrender the forces under his command, which he did May 26, 1865. After the close of the war he located in Tennessee, where he died March 28, 1893.

JOHN JAMES INGALLS, a famous American statesman, was born Decem- ber 29, 1833, at Middleton, Massachusetts, where he was reared and received his early education. He went to Kansas in 1858 and joined the free-soil army, and a year after his arrival he was a member of the his- torical Wyandotte convention, which drafted a free-state constitution. In i860 he was

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made secretary of the territorial council, and in 1861 was secretary of the state sen- ate. The next year he was duly elected to the legitimate state senate from Atchison, where he had made his home. From that time he was the leader of the radical Re- publican element in the state. He became the editor of the " Atchison Champion " in 1863, which was a "red-hot free-soil Re- publican organ." In 1862 he was the anti- Lane candidate for lieutenant-governor, but was defeated. He was elected to the Unit- ed States senate to succeed Senator Pom- eroy, and took his seat in the forty-third congress and served until the fiftieth. In the forty-ninth congress he succeeded Sen- ator Sherman as president pro tern., which position he held through the fiftieth con- gress.

BENJAMIN WEST, the greatest of the early American painters, was of Eng- lish descent and Quaker parentage. He was born in Springfield, Pennsylvania, in 1738. From what source he inherited his genius it is hard to imagine, since the tenets and tendencies of the Quaker faith were not cal- culated to encourage the genius of art, but at the age of nine years, with no suggestion except that of inspiration, we find him choos- ing his model from life, and laboring over his first work calculated to attract public notice. It was a representation of a sleep- ing child in its cradle. The brush with which he painted it was made of hairs which he plucked from the cat's tail, and the colors were obtained from the war paints of friendly Indians, his mother's indigo bag, and ground chalk and charcoal, and the juice of berries, but there were touches in the rude production that he declared in later days were a credit to his best works. The pic- ture attracted notice, for a council was

called at once to pass upon the boy's con- duct in thus infringing the laws of the so- ciety. There were judges among them who saw in his genius a rare gift and their wis- dom prevailed, and the child was given per- mission to follow his inclination. He studied under a painter named Williams, and then spent some years as a portrait painter with advancing success. At the age of twenty- two he went to Italy, and not until he had perfected himself by twenty-three years of labor in that paradise of art was he satisfied to turn his face toward home. However, he stopped at London, and decided to settle there, sending to America for his intended bride to join him. Though the Revolution- ary war was raging, King George III showed the American artist the highest considera- tion and regard. His remuneration from works for royalty amounted to five thou- sand dollars per year for thirty years.

West's best known work in America is, perhaps, "The Death of General Wolf." West was one of the thirty-six original mem- bers of the Royal academy and succeeded Joshua Reynolds as president, which posi- tion he held until his death. His early works were his best, as he ceased to display originality in his later life, conventionality having seriously affected his efforts. He died in 1820.

SAMUEL PORTER JONES, the famous Georgia evangelist, was born October 16, 1847, in Chambers county, Alabama. He did not attend school regularly during his boyhood, but worked on a farm, and went to school at intervals, on account of ill health. His father removed to Carters- ville, Georgia, when Mr. Jones was a small boy. He quit school at the age of nineteen and never attended college. The war inter- fered with his education, which was intended

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to prepare him for the legal profession. After the war he renewed his preparation for college, but was compelled to desist from such a course, as his health failed him en- tirely. Later on, however, he still pursued his legal studies and was admitted to the bar. Soon after this event he went to Dal- las, Paulding county, Georgia, where he was engaged in the practice of his profession, and in a few months removed to Cherokee county, Alabama, where he taught school. In 1869 he returned to Cartersville, Georgia, and arrived in time to see his father die. Immediately after this event he applied for a license to preach, and went to Atlanta, Georgia, to the meeting of the North Geor- gia Conference of the M. E. church south, which received him on trial. He became an evangelist of great note, and traveled extensively, delivering his sermons in an inimitable style that made him very popular with the masses, his methods of conducting revivals being unique and original and his preaching practical and incisive.

SHELBY MOORE CULLOM, a national character in political affairs and for many years United States senator from Illinois, was born November 22, 1829, at Monticello, Kentucky. He came with his parents to Illinois in 1 830 and spent his early years on a farm, but having formed the purpose of devoting himself to the lawyer's profession he spent two years study at the Rock River seminary at Mount Morris, Illinois. In 1S53 Mr. Cullom entered the law office of Stuart and Edwards at Springfield, Illinois, and two years later he began the independent prac- tice of law in that city. He took an active interest in politics and was soon elected city attorney of Springfield. In 1856 he was elected a member of the Illinois house of representatives. He identified himself with

the newly formed Republican party and in i860 was re-elected to the legislature of his state, in which he was chosen speaker of the house. In 1862 President Lincoln appoint- ed a commission to pass upon and examine the accounts of the United States quarter- masters and disbursing officers, composed as follows: Shelby M. Cullom, of Illinois; Charles A. Dana, of New York, and Gov. Boutwell, of Massachusetts. Mr. Cullom was nominated for congress in 1864, and was elected by a majority of 1,785. In the house of representatives he became an active and aggressive member, was chairman of the committee on territories and served in congress until 1868. Mr. Cullom was returned to the state legislature, of which he was chosen speaker in 1872, and was re-elected in 1874. In 1876 he was elected governor of Illinois and at the end of his term he was chosen for a second term. He was elected United States senator in 1883 and twice re-elected.

RICHARD JORDAN GATLING, an American inventor of much note, was born in Hertford county, North Carolina, September 12, 1818. At an early age he gave promise of an inventive genius. The first emanation from his mind was the invention of a screw for the propulsion of water craft, but on application for a patent, found that he was forestalled but a short time by John Ericsson. Subse- quently he invented a machine for sowing wheat in drills, which was used to a great extent throughout the west. He then stud- ied medicine, and in 1847-8 attended lectures at the Indiana Medical College at Laporte, and in 1848-9 at the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati. He later discovered a method of transmitting power through the medium of compressed air. A

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double-acting hemp break was also invented by him. The invention, however, by which Dr. Gatling became best known was the famous machine gun which bears his name. This he brought to light in 1861-62, and on the first trial of it, in the spring of the latter year, two hundred shots per minute were fired from it. After making some improve- ments which increased its efficiency, it was submitted to severe trials by our govern- ment at the arsenals at Frankfort, Wash- ington and Fortress Monroe, and at other points. The gun was finally adopted by our government, as well as by that of Great Britain, Russia and others.

BENJAMIN RYAN TILLMAN, who won a national fame in politics, was born August 11, 1847, in Edgefield county, South Carolina. He received his education in the Oldfield school, where he acquired the rudiments of Latin and Greek, in addition to a good English education. He left school in 1864 to join the Confederate army, but was prevented from doing so by a severe illness, which resulted in the loss of an eye. In 1867 he removed to Florida, but returned in 1868, when he was married and devoted himself to farming. He was chairman of the Democratic organization of his county, but except a few occasional services he took no active part in politics then. Gradually, however, his attention was directed to the depressed condition of the farming interests of his state, and in August, 1885, before a joint meeting of the agricultural society and state grange at Bennettsville, he made a speech in which he set forth the cause of agricultural depression and urged measures of relief. From his active interest in the farming class he was styled the " Agricult- ural Moses." He advocated an industrial school for women and for a separate agri-

cultural college, and in 1887 he secured a modiiication in the final draft of the will of Thomas G. Clemson, which resulted in the erection of the Clemson Agricultural Col- lege at Fort Hill. In 1890 he was chosen governor on the Democratic ticket, and carried the election by a large majority. Governor Tillman was inaugurated Decem- ber 4, 1890. Mr. Tillman was next elected to the United States senate from South Carolina, and gained a national reputation by his fervid oratory.

GEORGE DENISON PRENTICE.— No journalist of America was so cele- brated in his time for the wit, spice, and vigor of his writing, as the gentleman whose name heads this sketch. From Atlantic to Pacific he was well known by his witticism as well as by strength and force of his edi- torials. He was a native of Preston, Con- necticut, born December 18, 1802. After laying the foundation of a liberal education in his youth, he entered Brown University, from which he was graduated in 1823. Tak- ing up the study of law, he was admitted to the bar in 1829. During part of his time he was editor of the " New England Weekly Review," a position which he relinquished to go south and was succeeded by John Greenleaf Whittier, the Quaker poet.

On arriving in Louisville, whither he had gone to gather items for his history of Henry Clay, Mr. Prentice became identified with the " Louisville Journal," which, under his hands, became one of the leading Whig newspapers of the country. At the head of this he remained until the day of his death. This latter event occurred January 22, 1870, and he was succeeded in the control of the "Journal" by Colonel Henry Watterson.

Mr. Prentice was an author of consider- able celebrity, chief among his works being

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"The Life of Henry Clay," and " Prentice- ana," a collection of wit and humor, that passed through several large editions.

SAM. HOUSTON, in the opinion of some critics one of the most remarkable men who ever figured in American history, was a native of Rockbridge county, Virginia, born March 2, 1793. Early in life he was left in destitute circumstances by the death of his father, and, with his mother, removed to Tennessee, then almost a boundless wilder- ness. He received but little education, spending the most of his time among the Cherokee Indians. Part of the time of his residence there Houston acted as clerk for a trader and also taught one of the primitive schools of the day. In 181 3 he enlisted as private in the United States army and was engaged under General Jackson in the war with the Creek Indians. When peace was made Houston was a lieutenant, but he re- signed his commission and commenced the study of law at Nashville. After holding some minor offices he was elected member of congress from Tennessee. This was in 1823. He retained this office until 1827, when he was chosen governor of the state. In 1829, resigning that office before the ex- piration of his term, Sam Houston removed to Arkansas, and made his home among the Cherokees, becoming the agent of that tribe and representing their interests at Washington. On a visit to Texas, just prior to the election of delegates to a con- vention called for the purpose of drawing up a constitution previous to the admission of the state into the Mexican union, he was unanimously chosen a delegate. The con- vention framed the constitution, but, it be- ing rejected by the government of Mexico, and the petition for admission to the Con- federacy denied and the Texans told by the

president of the Mexican union to give up their arms, bred trouble. It was determined to resist this demand. A military force was soon organized, with General Houston at the head of it. War was prosecuted with great vigor, and with varying success, but at the battle of San Jacinto, April 21, 1836, the Mexicans were defeated and their leader and president, Santa Anna, captured. Texas was then proclaimed an independent repub- lic, and in October of the same year Hous- ton was inaugurated president. On the ad- mission of Texas to the Federal Union, in 1845, Houston was elected senator, and held that position for twelve years. Oppos- ing the idea of secession, he retired from political life in 1861, and died at Hunts- ville, Texas, July 25, 1863. .

ELI WHITNEY, the inventor of the cot- ton-gin, was born in Westborough, Mas- sachusetts, December 8, 1765. After his graduation from Yale College, he went to Georgia, where he studied law, and lived with the family of the widow of General Nathaniel Greene. At that time the only way known to separate the cotton seed from the fiber was by hand, making it extremely slow and expensive, and for this reason cot- ton was little cultivated in this country. Mrs. Greene urged the inventive Whitney to devise some means for accomplishing this work by machinery. This he finally succeeded in doing, but he was harassed by attempts to defraud him by those who had stolen his ideas. He at last formed a part- nership with a man named Miller, and they began the manufacture of the machines at Washington, Georgia, in 1795. The suc- cess of his invention was immediate, and the legislature of South Carolina voted the sum of $50,000 for his idea. This sum he had great difficulty in collecting, after years of

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litigation and delay. North Carolina al- lowed him a royalty, and the same was agreed to by Tennessee, but was never paid.

While his fame rests upon the invention of the cotton-gin, his fortune came from his improvements in the manufacture and con- struction of firearms. In 1798 the United States government gave him a contract for this purpose, and he accumulated a fortune from it. The town of Whitneyville, Con- necticut, was founded by this fortune. Whitney died at New Haven, Connecticut, January 8, 1S25.

The cotton-gin made the cultivation of cotton profitable, and this led to rapid in- troduction of slavery in the south. His in- vention thus affected our national history in a manner little dreamed of by the inventor.

LESTER WALLACK (John Lester Wal- lack), for many years the leading light comedian upon the American stage, was the son of James W. Wallack, the " Brum- mell of the Stage." Both father and son were noted for their comeliness of feature and form. Lester Wallack was born in New York, January 1, 18 19. He received his education in England, and made his first appearance on the stage in 1S48 at the New Broadway theater, New York. He acted light comedy parts, and also occasion- ally in romantic plays like Monte Cristo, which play made him his fame. He went to England and played under management of such men as Hamblin and Burton, and then returned to New York with his father, who opened the first Wallack's theater, at the corner of Broome and Broadway, in 1852. The location was afterward changed to Thirteenth and Broadway, in 1861, and later to its present location, Broadway and Thirteenth, in 1882. The elder Wallack died in 1864, after which Lester assumed

management, jointly with Theodore Moss. Lester Wallack was commissioned in the queen's service while in England, and there he also married a sister to the famous artist, the late John Everett Millais. While Les- ter Wallack never played in the interior cities, his name was as familiar to the public as that of our greatest stars. He died Sep- tember 6, 1888, at Stamford, Connecticut.

GEORGE MORTIMER PULLMAN, the palace car magnate, inventor, multi-millionaire and manufacturer, may well be classed among the remarkable self-made men of the century. He was born March 3, 1831, in Chautauqua county, New York. His parents were poor, and his education was limited to what he could learn of the rudimentary branches in the district school. At the age of fourteen he went to work as clerk for a country mer- chant. He kept this place three years, studying at night. When seventeen he went to Albion, New York, and worked for his brother, who kept a cabinet shop there. Five years later he went into business for himself as contractor for moving buildings along the line of the Erie canal, which was then being widened by the state, and was successful in thii. In 1858 he removed to Chicago and engaged in the business of moving and raising houses. The work was novel there then and he was quite success- ful. About this time the discomfort attend- ant on traveling at night attracted his at- tention. He reasoned that the public would gladly pay for comfortable sleeping accom- modations. A few sleeping cars were in use at that time, but they were wretchedly crude, uncomfortable affairs. In 1859 he bought two old day coaches from the Chi- cago & Alton road and remodeled them some- thing like the general plan of the sleeping

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cars of- the present day. They were put into service on the Chicago & Alton and became popular at once. In 1863 he built the first sleeping-car resembling the Pullman cars of to-day. It cost $18,000 and was the "Pioneer." After that the Pullman Palace Car Company prospered. It had shops at different cities. In 1880 the Town of Pullman was founded by Mr. Pullman and his company, and this model manufac- turing community is known all over the world. Mr. Pullman died October 19, 1897.

JAMES E. B. STUART, the most famous cavalry leader of the Southern Confed- eracy during the Civil war, was born in Patrick county, Virginia, in 1833. On graduating from the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 1854, he was as- signed, as second lieutenant, to a regiment of mounted rifles, receiving his commission in October. In March, 1855, he was trans- ferred to the newly organized First cavalry, and was promoted to first lieutenant the following December, and to captain April 22, 1861. Taking the side of the south, May 14, 1861, he was made colonel of a Virginia cavalry regiment, and served as such at Bull Run. In September, 1861, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-gen- erai. and major-general early in 1862. On the reorganization of the Army of Northern Virginia, in June of the latter year, when R. E. Lee assumed command, General Stu- art made a reconnoissance with one thou- sand five hundred cavalry and four guns, and in two days made the circuit of McClel- lan's army, producing much confusion and gathering useful information, and losing but one man. August 25, 1862, he captured part of Pope's headquarters' train, including that general's private baggage and official correspondence, and the next night, in a

descent upon Manasses, capturing immense quantities of commissary and quartermaster store, eight guns, a number of locomotives and a few hundred prisoners. During the invasion of Maryland, in September, 1862, General Stuart acted as rearguard, resisting the advance of the Federal cavalry at South Mountain, and at Antietam commanded the Confederate left. Shortly after he crossed the Potomac, making a raid as far as Cham- bersburg, Pennsylvania. In the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, Gen- eral Stuart's command was on the extreme right of the Confederate line. At Chancel- lorsville, after "Stonewall " Jackson's death and the wounding of General A. P. Hill, General Stuart assumed command of Jack- son's corps, which he led in the severe con- test of May 3, 1863. Early in June, the same year, a large force of cavalry was gathered under Stuart, at Culpepper, Vir- ginia, which, advancing to join General Lee in his invasion of Pennsylvania, was met at Brandy Station, by two divisions of cavalry and two brigades of infantry, under General John I. Gregg, and driven back. During the movements of the Gettysburg campaign he rendered important services. In May, 1864, General Stuart succeeded, by a detour, in placing himself between Richmond and Sheridan's advancing column, and at Yellow Tavern was attacked in force. During the fierce conflict that ensued General Stuart was mortally wounded, and died at Rich- mond, May 11, 1864.

FRANKLIN PIERCE, the fourteenth president of the United States — from 1853 until 1857 — was born November 23, 1804, at Hillsboro, New Hampshire. He came of old revolutionary stock and his father was a governor of the state. Mr. Pierce entered Bowdoin College in 1820,

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was graduated in 1824, and took up the study of law in the office of Judge Wood- bury, and later he was admitted to the bar. Mr. Pierce practiced his profession with varying successes in his native town and also in Concord. He was elected to the state legislature in 1833 and served in that body until 1837, the last two years of his term serving as speaker of the house. He was elected to the United States senate in 1837, just as President Van Buren began his term of office. Mr. Pierce served until 1842, and many times during Polk's term he declined important public offices. During the war with Mexico Mr. Pierce was ap- pointed brigadier-general, and he embarked with a portion of his troops at Newport, Rhode Island, May 27, 1847, and went with them to the field of battle. He served through the war and distinguished himself by his skill, bravery and excellent judg- ment. When he reached his home in his native state he was received coldly by the opponents of the war, but the advocates of the war made up for his cold reception by the enthusiastic welcome which they ac- corded him. Mr. Pierce resumed the prac- tice of his profession, and in the political strife that followed he gave his support to the pro-slavery wing of the Democratic party. The Democratic convention met in Baltimore, June 12, 1852, to nominate a candidate for the presidency, and they con- tinued in session four days, and in thirty- five ballotings no one had secured the re- quisite two-thirds vote. Mr. Pierce had not received a vote as yet, until the Virginia delegation brought his name forward, and finally on the forty-ninth ballot Mr. Pierce received 282 votes and all the other candi- dates eleven. His opponent on the Whig ticket was General Winfield Scott, who only received the electoral votes of four

states. Mr. Pierce was inaugurated presi- dent of the United States March 4, 1853, with W. R. King as vice president, and the following named gentlemen were afterward chosen to fill the positions in the cabinet: William S. Marcy, James Guthrie, Jeffer- son Davis, James C. Dobbin, Robert Mc- Clelland, James Campbell and Caleb Cush- ing. During the administration of President Pierce the Missouri compromise law was repealed, and all the territories of the Union were thrown open to slavery, and the dis- turbances in Kansas occurred. In 1857 he was succeeded in the presidency by James Buchanan, and retired to his home in Con- cord, New Hampshire. He always cherished his principles of slavery, and at the out- break of the rebellion he was an adherent of the cause of the Confederacy. He died at Concord, New Hampshire, October 8, 1869.

JAMES B. WEAVER, well known as a leader of the Greenback and later of the Populist party, was born at Dayton, Ohio, June 12, 1833. He received his earlier education in the schools of his native town, and entered the law department of the Ohio University, at Cincinnati, from which he graduated in 1854. Removing to the grow- ing state of Iowa, he became connected with "The Iowa Tribune," at the state capital, Des Moines, as one of its editors. He afterward practiced law and was elected district attorney for the second judicial dis- trict of Iowa, on the Republican ticket in 1866, which office he held for a short time. In 1867 Mr. Weaver was appointed assessor of internal revenue for the first district of Iowa, and filled that position until some- time in 1873. He was elected and served in the forty-sixth congress. In 1880 the National or Greenback party in convention at Chicago, nominated James B. Weaver as

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its candidate for the presidency. By a union of the Democratic and National parties in his district, he was elected to the forty-ninth congress, and re-elected to the same office in the fall of 1886. Mr. Weaver was conceded to be a very fluent speaker, and quite active in all political work. On July 4, 1892, at the National convention of the People's party, General James B. Weaver was chosen as the candidate for president of that organization, and during the campaign that followed, gained a na- tional reputation.

ANTHONY JOSEPH DREXEL, one of the leading bankers and financiers of the United States, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1826, and was the son of Francis M. Drexel, who had established the large banking institution of Drexel & Co., so well known. The latter was a native of Dornbirn, in the Austrian Tyrol. He studied languages and fine arts at Turin, Italy. On returning to his mountain home, in 1809, and finding it in the hands of the French, he went to Switzerland and later to Paris. In 1 812, after a short visit home, he went to Berlin, where he studied paint- ing until 18 1 7, in which year he emigrated £0 America, and settled in Philadelphia. A few years later he went to Chili and Peru, where he executed some fine portraits of notable people, including General Simon Bolivar. After spending some time in Mex- ico, he returned to Philadelphia, and en- gaged in the banking business. In 1837 he founded the house of Drexel & Co. He died in 1837, and was succeeded by his two sons, Anthony J. and Francis A. His son, Anthony J. Drexel, Jr. , entered the bank when he was thirteen years of age, before he was through with his schooling, and after that the history of the banking business of

which he was the head, was the history of his life. The New York house of Drexel, Mor- gan & Co. was established in 1850; the Paris house, Drexel, Harjes & Co., in 1867. The Drexel banking houses have supplied iand placed hundreds of millions of dollars n government, corporation, railroad and other loans and securities. The reputation of the houses has always been held on the highest plane. Mr. Drexel founded and heavily endowed the Drexel Institute, in Philadelphia, an institution to furnish better and wider avenues of employment to young people of both sexes. It has departments of arts, science, mechanical arts and domes- tic economy. Mr. Drexel, Jr., departed this life June 30, 1893.

SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE MORSE, inventor of the recording telegraph in- strument, was born in Charlestown, Massa- chusetts, April 27, 1 79 1. He graduated from Yale College in 18 10, and took up art as his profession. He went to London with the great American painter, Washington Allston, and studied in the Royal Academy under Benjamin West. His "Dying Her- cules," his first effort in sculpture, took the gold medal in 181 3. He returned to Amer- ica in 181 5 and continued to pursue his profession. He was greatly interested in scientific studies, which he carried on in connection with other labors. He founded the National Academy of Design and was many years its president. He returned to Europe and spent three years in study in the art centers, Rome, Florence, Venice and Paris. In 1832 he returned to America and while on the return voyage the idea of a recording telegraph apparatus occurred to him, and he made a drawing to represent his conception. He was the first to occupy the chair of fine arts in the University of New

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York City, and in 1835 he set up his rude instrument in his room in the university. But it was not until after many years of discouragement and reverses of fortune that l;e finally was successful in placing his inven- tion before the public. In 1844, by aid of the United States government, he had con- structed a telegraph line forty miles in length from Washington to Baltimore. Over this line the test was made, and the first tele- graphic message was flashed May 24, 1844, from the United States supreme court rooms to Baltimore. It read, "What hath God wrought!" His fame and fortune were es- tablished in an instant. Wealth and honors poured in upon him from that day. The nations of Europe vied with each other in honoring the great inventor with medals, titles and decorations, and the learned societies of Europe hastened to enroll his name upon their membership lists and confer degrees. In 1858 he was the recipient of an honor never accorded to an inventor before. The ten leading nations of Europe, at the suggestion of the Emporer Napoleon, ap- pointed representatives to an international congress, which convened at Paris for the special purpose of expressing gratitude of the nations, and they voted him a present of 400,000 francs.

Professor Morse was present at the unveil- ing of a bronze statue erected in his honor in Central Park, New York, in 1871. His last appearance in public was at the unveiling of the statue of Benjamin Franklin in New York in 1872, when he made the dedica- tory speech and unveiled the statue. He died April 2, 1 872, in the city of New York.

MORRISON REMICH WAITE, seventh chief justice of the United States, was born at Lyme, Connecticut, November 29, 1816. He was a graduate from Yale Col-

lege in 1837, in the class with William M. Evarts. His father was judge of the su- preme court of errors of the state of Con- necticut, and in his office young Waite studied law. He subsequently removed to Ohio, and was elected to the legislature of that state in 1849. He removed from Maumee City to Toledo and became a prom- inent legal light in that state. He was nominated as a candidate for congress re- peatedly but declined to run, and also de- clined a place on the supreme bench of the state. He won great distinction for his able handling of the Alabama claims at Geneva, before the arbitration tribunal in 1S71, and was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of the United States in 1874 on the death of Judge Chase. When, in 1876, elec- toral commissioners were chosen to decide the presidential election controversy between Tilden and Hayes, Judge Waite refused to serve on that commission.

His death occurred March 23, 1888.

ELISHA KENT KANE was one of the distinguished American explorers of the unknown regions of the frozen north, and gave to the world a more accurate knowl- edge of the Arctic zone. Dr. Kane was born February 3, 1820, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a graduate of the universities of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and took his medical degree in 1843. He entered the service of the United States navy, and was physician to the Chinese embassy. Dr. Kane traveled extensively in the Levant, Asia and Western Africa, and also served in the Mexican war, in which he was severely wounded. His first Arctic expedition was under De Haven in the first Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin in 1850. He com- manded the second Grinnell expedition

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in 1853-55, and discovered an open polar sea. For this expedition he received a gold medal and other distinctions. He published a narrative of his first polar expedition in 1853, and in 1856 published two volumes relating to his second polar expedition. He was a man of active, enterprising and cour- ageous spirit. His health, which was al- ways delicate, was impaired by the hard- ships of his Arctic expeditions, from which he never fully recovered and from which he died February 16, 1857, at Havana.

ELIZABETH CADY STANTON was a daughter of Judge Daniel Cady and Margaret Livingston, and was born Novem- ber 12, 181 5, at Johnstown, New York. She was educated at the Johnstown Academy, inhere she studied with a class of boys, and was fitted for college at the age of fifteen, lifter which she pursued her studies at Mrs. Willard's Seminary, at Troy. Her atten- tion was called to the disabilities of her sex by her own educational experiences, and through a study of Blackstone, Story, and Kent. Miss Cady was married to Henry B. Stanton in 1S40, and accompanied him to the world's anti-slavery convention in Lon- don. While there she made the acquain- tance of Lucretia Mott. Mrs. Stanton resided at Boston until 1847, when the family moved to Seneca Falls, New York, and she and Lucretia Mott signed the first call for a woman's rights convention. The meeting was held at her place of residence July 19-20, 1848. This was the first oc- casion of a formal claim of suffrage for women that was made. Mrs. Stanton ad- dressed the New York legislature, in 1854, on the rights of married women, and in i860, in advocacy of the granting of di- vorce for drunkenness. She also addressed the legislature and the constitutional con-

vention, and maintained that during the revision of the constitution the state was resolved into its original elements, and that all citizens had, therefore, a right to vote for the members of that convention. After 1869 Mrs. Stanton frequently addressed congressional committees and state consti- tutional conventions, and she canvassed Kansas, Michigan, and other states when the question of woman suffrage was sub- mitted in those states. Mrs. Stanton was one of the editors of the " Revolution," and most of the calls and resolutions for con- ventions have come from her pen. She was president of the national committee, also of the Woman's Loyal League, and of the National Association, for many years.

DAVID DUDLEY FIELD, a great American jurist was born in Connecti- cut in 1805. He en.c.ca Williams College when sixteen years old, and commenced the study of law in 1825. In 1828 he was ad- mitted to the bar, and went to New York, where he soon came into prominence be- fore the bar of that state. He entered upon the labor of reforming the practice and procedure, which was then based upon the common law practice of England, and had become extremely complicated, difficult and uncertain in its application. His first paper on this subject was published in 1839, and after eight years of continuous efforts in this direction, he was appointed one of a com- mission by New York to reform the practice of that state. The result was embodied in the two codes of procedure, civil and crimi- nal, the first of which was adopted almost entire by the state of New York, and has since been adopted by more than half the states in the Union, and became the basis of the new practice and procedure in Eng- land, contained in the Judicature act. He

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was later appointed chairman of a new com- mission to codify the entire body of laws. This great work employed many years in its completion, but when finished it embraced a civil, penal, and political code, covering the entire field of American laws, statutory and common. This great body of law was adopted by California and Dakota territory in its entirety, and many other states have since adopted its substance. In 1867 the British Association for Social Science heard a proposition from Mr. Field to prepare an international code. This led to the prepara- tion of his " Draft Outlines of an Interna- tional Code," which was in fact a complete body of international laws, and introduced the principle of arbitration. Other of his codes of the state of New York have since been adopted by that state.

In addition to his great works on law, Mr. Field indulged his literary tastes by fre- quent contributions to general literature, and his articles on travels, literature, and the political questions of the hour gave him rank with the best writers of his time. His father was the Rev. David Dudley Field, and his brothers were Cyrus W. Field, Rev. Henry Martin Field, and Justice Stephen J. Field of the United States supreme court. David Dudley Field died at New York, April 13, 1894.

HENRY M. TELLER, a celebrated American politician, and secretary of the interior under President Arthur, was born May 23, 1830, in Allegany county, New York. He was of Hollandish ancestry and received an excellent education, after which he took up the study of law and was ad- mitted to the bar in the state of New York. Mr. Teller removed to Illinois in January, 1858, and practiced for three years in that state. From thence he moved to Colorado

in 1 86 1 and located at Central City, which was then one of the principal mining towns in the state. His exceptional abilities as a lawyer soon brought him into prominence and gained for him a numerous and profit- able clientage. In politics he affiliated with the Republican party, but declined to become a candidate for office until the admission of Colorado into the Union as a state, when he was elected to the United States senate. Mr. Teller drew the term ending March 4, 1877, but was re-elected December 11, 1876, and served until April 17, 1882, when he was appointed by President Arthur as secretary of the interior. He accepted a cabinet position with reluctance, and on March 3, 1885, he retired from the cabinet, having been elected to the senate a short time before to succeed Nathaniel P. Hill. Mr. Teller took his seat on March 4, 1885, in the senate, to which he was afterward re-elected. He served as chairman on the committee of pensions, patents, mines and mining, and was also a member of commit- tees on claims, railroads, privileges and elections and public lands. Mr. Teller came to be recognized as one of the ablest advo- cates of the silver cause. He was one of the delegates to the Republican National conven- tion at St. Louis in 1896, in which he took an active part and tried to have a silver plank inserted in the platform of the party. Failing in this he felt impelled to bolt the convention, which he did and joined forces with the great silver movement in the cam- paign which followed, being recognized in that campaign as one of the most able and eminent advocates of "silver" in America.

JOHN ERICSSON, an eminent inven- tor and machinist, who won fame in America, was born in Sweden, July 31,1 803. In early childhood he evinced a decided in-

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clination to mechanical pursuits, and at the age of eleven he was appointed to a cadet- ship in the engineer corps, and at the age of seventeen was promoted to a lieutenancy. In 1826 he introduced a "flame engine," which he had invented, and offered it to English capitalists, but it was found that it could be operated only by the use of wood for fuel. Shortly after this he resigned his commission in the army of Sweden, and de- voted himself to mechanical pursuits. He discovered and introduced the principle of artificial draughts in steam boilers, and re- ceived a prize of two thousand five hundred dollars for his locomotive, the "Novelty," which attained a great speed, for that day. The artificial draught effected a great saving in fuel and made unnecessary the huge smoke-stacks formerly used, and the princi- ple is still applied, in modified form, in boil- ers. He also invented a steam fire-engine, and later a hot-air engine, which he at- tempted to apply in the operation of his ship, "Ericsson," but as it did not give the speed required, he abandoned it, but after- wards applied it to machinery for pumping, hoisting, etc.

Ericsson was first to apply the screw propeller to navigation. The English peo- ple not receiving this new departure readily, Ericsson came to America in 1839, and built the United States steamer, ' ' Prince- ton," in which the screw-propeller was util- ized, the first steamer ever built in which the propeller was under water, out of range of the enemy's shots. The achievement which gave him greatest renown, however, was the ironclad vessel, the "Monitor," an entirely new type of vessel, which, in March, 1862, attacked the Confederate monster ironclad ram, "Virginia," and after a fierce struggle, compelled her to withdraw from Hampton Roads for repairs. After the war

one of his most noted inventions was his vessel, " Destroyer, " with a submarine gun, which carried a projectile torpedo. In 1886 the king of Spain conferred on him the grand cross of the Order of Naval Merit. He died in March, 1889, and his body was transferred, with naval honors, to the country of his birth.

JAMES BUCHANAN, the fifteenth presi- dent of the United States, was a native of Pennsylvania, and was born in Franklin county, April 23, 1791. He was of Irish ancestry, his father having come to this country in 1783, in quite humble circum- stances, and settled in the western part of the Keystone state.

James Buchanan remained in his se- cluded home for eight years, enjoying but few social or intellectual advantages. His parents were industrious and frugal, and prospered, and, in 1799, the family removed to Mercersbur Pennsylvania, where he was placed in school. His progress was rapid, and in 1801 he entered Dickinson College, at Carlisle, where he took his place among the best scholars in the institution. In 1809 he graduated with the highest hon- ors in his class. He was then eighteen, tall, graceful and in vigorous health. He com- menced the study of law at Lancaster, and was admitted to the bar in 18 12. He rose very rapidly in his profession and took a stand with the ablest of his fellow lawyers. When but twenty-six years old he success- fully defended, unaided by counsel, one of the judges of the state who was before the bar of the state senate under articles of im- peachment.

During the war of 18 12-15, Mr. Buch- anan sustained the government with all his power, eloquently urging the vigorous prose- cution of the war, and enlisted as a private

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volunteer to assist in repelling the British who had sacked and burned the public buildings of Washington and threatened Baltimore. At that time Buchanan was a Federalist, but the opposition of that party to the war with Great Britain and the alien and sedition laws of John Adams, brought that party into disrepute, and drove many, among them Buchanan, into the Re- publican, or anti-Federalist ranks. He was elected to congress in 1828. In 1831 he was sent as minister to Russia, and upon his return to this country, in 1833, was ele- vated to the United States senate, and re- mained in that position for twelve years. Upon the accession of President Polk to office he made Mr. Buchanan secretary of state. Four years later he retired to pri- vate life, and in 1853 he was honored with the mission to England. In 1856 the na- tional Democratic convention nominated him for the presidency and he was elected. It was during his administration that the rising tide of the secession movement over- took the country. Mr. Buchanan declared that the national constitution gave him no power to do anything against the movement to break up the Union. After his succession by Abraham Lincoln in i860, Mr. Buchanan retired to his home at Wheatland, Pennsyl- vania, where he died June 1, 1868.

JOHN HARVARD, the founder of the Harvard University, was born in Eng- land about the year 1608. He received his education at Emanuel College, Cambridge, and came to America in 1637, settling in Massachusetts. He was a non-conformist minister, and a tract of land was set aside for him in Charlestown, near Boston. He was at once appointed one of a committee to formulate a body of laws for the colony. One year before his arrival in the colony

the general court had voted the sum of four hundred pounds toward the establishment of a school or college, half of which was to be paid the next year In 1637 preliminary plans were made for starting the school. In 1638 John Harvard, who had shown great interest in the new institution of learning proposed, died, leaving his entire property, about twice the sum originally voted, to the school, together with three hundred volumes as a nucleus for a library. The institution was then given the name of Harvard, and established at Newton (now Cambridge), Massachusetts. It grew to be one of the two principal seats of learning in the new world, and has maintained its reputation since. It now consists of twenty-two separate build- ings, and its curriculum embraces over one hundred and seventy elective courses, and it ranks among the great universities of the world.

ROGER BROOKE TANEY, a noted jurist and chief justice of the United States supreme court, was born in Calvert county, Maryland, March 17, 1777. He graduated ftom Dickinson College at the age of eighteen, took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1799. He was chosen to the legislature from his county, and in 1801 removed to Frederick, Mary- land. He became United States senator from Maryland in 1 8 16, and took up his permanent residence in Baltimore a few years later. In 1824 he became an ardent admirer and supporter of Andrew Jackson, and upon Jackson's election to the presi- dency, was appointed attorney general of the United States. Two years later he was appointed secretary of the treasury, and after serving in that capacity for nearly one year, the senate refused to confirm the ap- pointment. In 1835, upon the death of

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Chief-justice Marshal!, he was appointed to that place, and a political change having occurred in the make up of the senate, he was confirmed in 1836. He presided at his first session in January of the following year.

The case which suggests itself first to the average reader in connection with this jurist is the celebrated " Dred Scott " case, which came before the supreme court for decision in 1856. In his opinion, delivered on behalf of a majority of the court, one remarkable statement occurs as a result of an exhaustive survey of the historical grounds, to the effect that ' ' for more than a century prior to the adoption of the con- stitution they (Africans) had been regarded so far inferior that they had no rights which a white man was bound to respect." Judge Taney retained the office of chief justice until his death, in 1864.

JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY.— This gen- tleman had a world-wide reputation as an historian, which placed him in the front rank of the great men of America. He was born April 15, 18 14, at Dorchester, Massa- chusetts, was given a thorough preparatory education and then attended Harvard, from which he was graduated in 1831. He also studied at Gottingen and Berlin, read law and in 1836 was admitted to the bar. In 1 841 he was appointed secretary of the legation at St. Petersburg, and in 1866-67 served as United States minister to Austria, serving in the same capacity during 1869 and 1870 to England. In 1856, after long and exhaustive research and preparation, he published in London "The Rise of the Dutch Republic." It embraced three vol- umes and immediately attracted great at- tention throughout Europe and America as a work of unusual merit. From 1861 to

1868 he produced "The History of the United Netherlands," in four volumes. Other works followed, with equal success, and his position as one of the foremost his torians and writers of his day was firmly established. His death occured May 29, 1377-

ELIAS HOWE, the inventor of the sew- ing machine, well deserves to be classed among the great and noted men of Amer- ica. He was the son of a miller and farmer and was born at Spencer, Massachusetts, July 9, 1819. In 1835 he went to Lowell and worked there, and later at Boston, in the machine shops. His first sewing machine was completed in 1845, and he patented it in 1846, laboring with the greatest persistency in spite of poverty and hardships, working for a time as an engine driver on a railroad at pauper wages and with broken health. He then spent two years of unsuccessful ex- ertion in England, striving in vain to bring his invention into public notice and use. He returned to the United States in almost hopeless poverty, to find that his patent had been violated. At last, however, he found friends who assisted him financially, and after years of litigation he made good his claims in the courts in 1854. His inven- tion afterward brought him a large fortune. During the Civil war he volunteered as a private in the Seventeenth Connecticut Vol- unteers, and served for some time. During his life time he received the cross of the Legion of Honor and many other medals. His death occurred October 3, 1867, at Brooklyn, New York.

PHILLIPS BROOKS, celebrated as an eloquent preacher and able pulpit ora- tor, was born in Boston on the 13th day of December, 1835. He received excellent

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educational advantages, and graduated at Harvard in 1855. Early in life he decided upon the ministry as his life work and studied theology in the Episcopal Theolog- ical Seminary, at Alexandria, Virginia. In 1859 he was ordained and the same year became pastor of the Church of the Advent, in Philadelphia. Three years later he as- sumed the pastorate of the Church of the Holy Trinity, where he remained until 1870. At the expiration of that time he accepted the pastoral charge of Trinity Church in Boston, where his eloquence and ability at- tracted much attention and built up a pow- erful church organization. Dr. Brooks also devoted considerable time to lecturing and literary work and attained prominence in these lines.

WILLIAM B. ALLISON, a statesman of national reputation and one of the leaders of the Republican party, was born March 2, 1829, at Perry, Ohio. He grew up on his father's farm, which he assisted in cultivating, and attended the district school. When sixteen years old he went to the academy at Wooster, and subse- quently spent a year at the Allegheny Col- lege, at Meadville, Pennsylvania. He next taught school and spent another year atthe Western Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio. Mr. Allison then took up the study of law at Wooster, where he was admitted to the barini85i, and soon obtained a position as deputy county clerk. His political lean- ings were toward the old line Whigs, who afterward laid the foundation of the Repub- lican party. He was a delegate to the state convention in 1856, in the campaign of which he supported Fremont for president. Mr Allison removed to Dubuque, Iowa, in the following year. He rapidly rose to prominence at the bar and in politics. In

i860 he was chosen as a delegate to the Republican convention held in Chicago, of which he was elected one of the secretaries. At the outbreak of the civil war he was ap- pointed on the staff of the governor. His congressional career opened in 1862, when he was elected to the thirty-eighth congress; he was re-elected three times, serving from March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1871. He was a member of the ways and means committee a good part of his term. His career in the United States senate began in 1873, and he rapidly rose to eminence in national affairs, his service of a quarter of a century in that body being marked by close fealty to the Republican party. He twice declined the portfolio of the treasury tendered him by Garfield and Harrison, and his name was prominently mentioned for the presidency at several national Republican conventions.

MARY ASHTON LIVERMORE, lec- turer and writer, was born in Boston, December 19, 1821. She was the daughter of Timothy Rice, and married D. P. Liver- more, a preacher of the Universalist church. She contributed able articles to many of the most noted periodicals of this country and England. During the Civil war she labored zealously and with success on behalf of the sanitary commission which played so impor- tant a part during that great struggle. She became editor of the " Woman's Journal," published at Boston in 1870.

She held a prominent place as a public speaker and writer on woman's suffrage, temperance, social and religious questions, and her influence was great in every cause she advocated.

JOHN B. GOUGH, a noted temperance lecturer, who won his fame in America, was born in the village of Sandgate, Kent,

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England, August 22, 18 17. He came to the United States at the age of twelve. He followed the trade of bookbinder, and lived in great poverty on account of the liquor habit. In 1843, however, he re- formed, and began his career as a temper- ance lecturer. He worked zealously in the cause of temperance, and his lectures and published articles revealed great earnestness. He formed temperance societies throughout the entire country, and labored with great success. He visited England in the same cause about the year 1853 and again in 1878. He also lectured upon many other topics, in which he attained a wide reputa- tion. His death occurred February 18, 1886.

THOMAS BUCHANAN READ, author, sculptor and painter, was born in Ches- ter county, Pennsylvania, March 12, 1822. He early evinced a taste for art, and began the study of sculpture in Cincinnati. Later he found painting more to his liking. He went to New York, where he followed this profession, and later to Boston. In 1846 he located in Philadelphia. He visited Italy in 1850, and studied at Florence, where he resided almost continuously for twenty-two years. He returned to America in 1872, and died in New York May 11 of the same year.

He was the author of many heroic poems, but the one giving him the most re- nown is his famous "Sheridan's Ride," of which he has also left a representation in painting.

EUGENE V. DEBS, the former famous president of the American Railway Union, and great labor leader, was born in the city of Terre Haute, Indiana, in 1855. He received his education in the public

schools of that place and at the age of sixteen years began work as a painter in the Vandalia shops. After this, for some three years, he was employed as a loco- motive fireman on the same road. His first appearance in public life was in his canvass for the election to the office of city clerk of Terre Haute. In this capacity he served two terms, and when twenty six years of age was elected a member of the legislature of the state of Indiana. While a member of that body he secured the passage of several bills in the interest of organized labor, of which he was always a faithful champion. Mr. Debs' speech nominating Daniel Voorhees for the United States senate gave him a wide reputation for oratory. On the expiration of his term in the legislature, he was elected grand secre- tary and treasurer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Fireman and filled that office for fourteen successive years. He was always an earnest advocate of confederation of railroad men and it was mainly through his efforts that the United Order of Railway Employes, composed of the Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen and Conductors, Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and the Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association was formed, and he became a member of its supreme council. The order was dissolved by disagreement between two of its leading orders, and then Mr. Debs conceived the idea of the American Railway Union. He worked on the details and the union came into existence in Chicago, June 20, 1S93. For a time it prospered and became one of the largest bodies of railway men in the world. It won in a contest with the Great Northern Railway. In the strike made by the union in sympathy with the Pullman employes inaugurated in Chicago June 25, 1S94, and the consequent rioting, the Railway Union

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lost much prestige and Mr. Debs, in company with others of the officers, being heldas in con- tempt of the United States courts, he suffered a sentence of six months in jail at Wood- stock, McHenry county, Illinois. In 1897 Mr. Debs, on the demise of the American Railway Union, organized the Social Democracy, an institution founded on the best lines of the communistic idea, which was to provide homes and employment for its members.

JOHN G. CARLISLE, famous as a law- yer, congressman, senator and cabinet officer, was born in Campbell (now Kenton) county, Kentucky, September 5, 1835, on a farm. He received the usual education oi the time and began at an early age to teach school and, at the same time, the study of law. Soon opportunity offered and he entered an office in Covington, Kentucky, and was admitted to practice at the bar in 1858. Politics attracted his attention and in 1859 he was elected to the house of rep- resentatives in the legislature of his native state. On the outbreak of the war in 1861, he embraced the cause of the Union and was largely instrumental in preserving Kentucky to the federal cause. He resumed his legal practice for a time and declined a nomina- tion as presidential elector in 1864. In 1866 and again in 1869 Mr. Carlisle was elected to the senate of Kentucky. He re- signed this position in 1S71 and was chosen lieutenant governor of the state, which office he held until 1875. He was one of the presidential electors-at-large for Ken- tucky in 1876. He first entered congress in 1877, and soon became a prominent leader on the Democratic side of the house of rep- resentatives, and continued a member of that body through the forty-sixth, forty- seventh, forty-eighth and forty-ninth con-

gresses, and was speaker of the house during the two latter. He was elected to the United States senate to succeed Senator Blackburn, and remained a member of that branch of congress until March, 1893, when he was appointed secretary of the treasury. He performed the duties of that high office until March 4, 1897, throughout the en- tire second administration of President Cleveland. His ability and many years of public service gave him a national reputa- tion.

FRANCES E. WILLARD, for many years president of the -Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and a noted American lecturer and writer, was born in Rochester, New York, September 28, 1839. Graduating from the Northwestern Female College at the age of nineteen she began teaching and mef with great success in many cities of the west. She was made directress of Genesee Wes- leyan Seminary at Lima, Ohio, in 1867, and four years later was elected president of the Evanston College for young ladies, a branch of the Northwestern University.

During the two years succeeding 1869 she traveled extensively in Europe and the east, visiting Egypt and Palestine, and gathering materials for a valuable course of lectures, which she delivered at Chicago on her return. She became very popular, and won great influence in the temperance cause. Her work as president of the Wo- man's Christian Temperance Union greatly strengthened that society, and she made frequent trips to Europe in the interest of that cause.

RICHARD OLNEY.— Among the promi- nent men who were members of the cabinet of President Cleveland in his second administration, the gentleman whose namo

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heads this sketch held a leading place, oc- cupying the positions of attorney general and secretary of state.

Mr. Olney came from one of the oldest and most honored New England families; the first of his ancestors to come from Eng- land settled in Massachusetts in 1635. This was Thomas Olney. He was a friend and co-religionist of Roger Williams, and when the latter moved to what is now Rhode feland, went with him and became one of the founders of Providence Plantations.

Richard Olney was born in Oxford, Massachusetts, in 1835, and received the elements of his earlier education in the com- mon schools which New England is so proud of. He entered Brown University, from which he graduated in 1856, and passed the Harvard law school two years later. He began the practice of his profession with judge B. F. Thomas, a prominent man of that locality. For years Richard Olney was regarded as one of the ablest and most learned lawyers in Massachusetts. Twice he was offered a place on the bench of the supreme court of the state, but both times he declined. He was always a Democrat in his political tenets, and for many years was a trusted counsellor of members of that party. In 1874 Mr. Olney was elected a member of the legislature. In 1876, during the heated presidential campaign, to strengthen the cause of Mr. Tilden in the New England states, it was intimated that in the event of that gentleman's election to the presidency, Mr. Olney would be attor- eey general.

When Grover Cleveland was elected presi- dent of the United States, on his inaugura- tion in March, 1893, he tendered the posi- tion of attorney general to Richard Olney. This was accepted, and that gentleman ful- fclled the duties of the office until the death

of Walter Q. Gresham, in May, 1895, made vacant the position of secretary of state. This post was filled by the appointment of Mr. Olney. While occupying the later office, Mr. Olney brought himself into inter- national prominence by some very able state papers.

JOHN JAY KNOX, for many years comp- troller of the currency, and an eminent financier, was born in Knoxboro, Oneida county, New York, May 19, 1828. He re- ceived a good education and graduated at Hamilton College in 1849. For about thirteen years he was engaged as a private banker, or in a position in a bank, where he laid the foundation of his knowledge of the laws of finance. In 1862, Salmon P. Chase, then secretary of the treasury, ap- pointed him to an office in that department of the government, and later he had charge of the mint coinage correspondence. In 1 867 Mr. Knox was made deputy comptroller of the currency, and in that capacity, in 1870, he made two reports on the mint service, with a codification of the mint and coinage laws of the United States, and suggesting many important amendments These reports were ordered printed by reso- lution of congress. The bill which he pre- pared, with some slight changes, was sub- sequently passed, and has been known in history as the " Coinage Act of 1873."

In 1872 Mr. Knox wns appointed comp- troller of the currency, and held that re- sponsible position until 1884, when he re- signed. He then accepted the position of president of the National Bank of the Re- public, of New York City, which institution he served for many years. He was the author of " United States Notes," published in 1884. In the reports spoken of above, a history of the two United States banks is

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given, together with that of the state and national banking system, and much valuable statistical matter relating to kindred sub- jects.

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.— In the opinion of many critics Hawthorne is pronounced the foremost American novelist, and in his peculiar vein of romance is said to be without a peer. His reputation is world-wide, and his ability as a writer is recognized abroad as well as at home. He was born July 4, 1804, at Salem, Massa- chusetts. On account of feeble health he spent some years of his boyhood on a farm near Raymond, Maine. He laid the foun- dation of a liberal education in his youth, and entered Bowdoin College, from which he graduated in 1825 in the same class with H W Longfellow and John S. C. Abbott. He then returned to Salem, where he gave his attention to literature, publishing several tales and other articles in various periodi- cals. His first venture in the field of ro- mance, " Fanshaw," proved a failure. In 1836 he removed to Boston, and became editor of the "American Magazine," which soon passed out of existence. In 1837 he published " Twice Told Tales," which were chiefly made up of his former contributions to magazines. In 1838-41 he held a posi- tion in the Boston custom house, but later took part in the " Brook farm experiment," a socialistic idea after the plan of Fourier. In 1843 he was married and took up his residence at the old parsonage at Concord, Massachusetts, which Ue immortalized in his next work, " Mosses From an Old Manse," published in 1846. From the lat- ter date until 1850 he was surveyor of the port of Salem, and while thus employed wrote one of his strongest works, "The Scarlet Letter." For the succeeding two

years Lenox, Massachusetts, was his home, and the " House of the Seven Gables" was produced there, as well as the " Blithedale Romance." In 1852 he published a "Life of Franklin Pierce," a college friend whom he warmly regarded. In 1853 he was ap- pointed United States consul to Liverpool, England, where he remained some years, after which he spent some time in Italy. On returning to his native land he took up his residence at Concord, Massachusetts. While taking a trip for his health with ex- President Pierce, he died at Plymouth, New Hampshire, May 19, 1864. In addition to the works mentioned above Mr. Hawthorne gave to the world the following books: " True Stories from History," "The Won- der Book," " The Snow Image," "Tangle- wood Tales," "The Marble Faun," and " Our Old Home." After his death appeared a series of "Notebooks," edited by his wife, Sophia P. Hawthorne; " Septimius Felton," edited by his daughter, Una, and " Dr. Grimshaw's Secret," put into shape by his talented son, Julian. He left an unfinished work called " Dolliver Romance," which has been published just as he left it.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, sixteenth presi- dent of the United States, was born February 12, 1809, in Larue county (Har- din county), Kentucky, in a log-cabin near Hudgensville. When he was eight years old he removed with his parents to Indiana, near the Ohio river, and a year later his mother died. His father then married Mrs. Elizabeth (Bush) Johnston, of Elizabeth- town, Kentucky, who proved a kind of fos- ter-mother to Abraham, and encouraged him to study. He worked as a farm hand and as a clerk in a store at Gentryville, and was noted for his athletic feats and strength, fondness for debate, a fund of humorous

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anecdote, as well as the composition of rude verses. He made a trip at the age of nine- teen to New Orleans on a flat-boat, and set- tled in Illinois in 1830. He assisted his father to build a log house and clear a farm on the Sangamon river near Decatur, Illinois, and split the rails with which to fence it. In 185 1 he was employed in the building of a flat-boat on the Sangamon, and to run it to New Orleans. The voyage gave him anew insight into the horrors of slavery in the south. On his return he settled at New Salem and engaged, first as a clerk in a store, then as grocer, surveyor and postmaster, and he piloted the first steamboat that as- cended the Sangamon. He participated in the Black Hawk war as captain of volun- teers, and after his return he studied law, interested himself in politics, and became prominent locally as a public speaker. He was elected to the legislature in 1834 as a " Clay Whig, " and began at once to dis- play a command of language and forcible rhetoric that made him a match for his more cultured opponents. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1837, and began prac- tice at Springfield. He married a lady of a prominent Kentucky family in 1842. He was active in the presidential campaigns of 1840 and 1844 and was an elector on the Harrison and Clay tickets, and was elected to congress in 1846, over Peter Cartwright. He voted for the Wilmot proviso and the abolition of slavery in the District of Colum- bia, and opposed the war with Mexico, but gained little prominence during his two years' service. He then returned to Spring- field and devoted his attention to law, tak- ing little interest in politics, until the repeal of the Missouri compromise and the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1854. This awakened his interest in politics again and he attacked the champiorvof that measure,

Stephen A. Douglas, in a speech at Spring- field that made him famous, and is said by those who heard it to be the greatest speech of his life. Lincoln was selected as candidate for the United States senate, but was defeated by Trumbull. Upon the pas- sage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill the Whig party suddenly went to pieces, and .the Re- publican party gathered head. At the Bloomington Republican convention in 1856 Lincoln made an effective address in which he first took a position antagonistic to the ex- istence of slavery. He was a Fremont elector and received a strong support for nomina- tion as vice-president in the Philadelphia convention. In 1858 he was the unanimous choice of the Republicans for the United States senate, and the great campaign of de- bate which followed resulted in the election of Douglas, but established Lincoln's repu- tation as the leading exponent of Republican doctrines. He began to be mentioned in Illinois as candidate for the presidency, and a course of addresses in the eastern states attracted favorable attention. When the national convention met at Chicago, his rivals, Chase, Seward, Bates and others, were compelled to retire before the western giant, and he was nominated, with Hannibal Hamlin as his running mate. The Demo- cratic party had now been disrupted, and Lincoln's election assured. He carried practically every northern state, and the secession of South Carolina, followed by a number of the gulf states, took place before his inauguration. Lincoln is the only presi- dent who was ever compelled to reach Washington in a secret manner. He es- caped assassination by avoiding Baltimore, and was quietly inaugurated March 4, 1861. His inaugural address was firm but con- ciliatory, and he said to the secessionists: "You have no oath registered in heaven

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to destroy the government, while I have the most solemn one to preserve, protect and defend it.' He made up his cabinet chiefly of those political rivals in his own party — Seward, Chase, Cameron, Bates — and se- cured the co-operation of the Douglas Dem- ocrats. His great deeds, amidst the heat and turmoil of war, were: His call for seventy-five thousand volunteers, and the blockading of southern ports; calling of con- gress in extra session, July 14, 1861, and obtaining four hundred thousand men and four hundred million dollars for the prosecu- tion of the war; appointing Stanton secre- tary of war; issuing the emancipation proc- lamation; calling three hundred thou- sand volunteers; address at Gettysburg cemetery; commissioned Grant as lieuten- ant-general and commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States; his second inaugural address; his visit to the army be- fore Richmond, and his entry into Rich- mond the day after its surrender.

Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth in a box in Ford's theater at Washington the night of April 14, 1865, and expired the following morning. His body was buried at Oak Ridge cemetery, Springfield, Illinois, and a monument com- memorating his great work marks his resting place.

STEPHEN GIRARD, the celebrated philanthropist, was born in Bordeaux, •France, May 24, 1750. He became a sailor engaged in the American coast trade, and also made frequent trips to the West Indies. During the Revolutionary war he was a grocer and liquor seller in Philadelphia. He married in that city, and afterward separated from his wife. After the war he again engaged in the coast and West India trade, and his fortune began to accumulate

from receiving goods from West Indian planters during the insurrection in Hayti, little of which was ever called for again. He became a private banker in Philadelphia in 18 1 2, and afterward was a director in the United States Bank. He made much money by leasing property in the city in times of depression, and upon the revival of industry sub-leasing at enormous profit. He became the wealthiest citizen of the United States of his time.

He was eccentric, ungracious, and a freethinker. He had few, if any, friends in his lifetime. However, he was most chari- tably disposed, and gave to charitable in- stitutions and schools with a liberal hand. He did more than any one else to relieve the suffering and % deprivations during the great yellow fever scourge in Philadelphia, devoting his personal attention to the sick. He endowed and made a free institution, the famous Will's Eye and Ear Infirmary of Philadelphia — one of the largest institu- tions of its kind in the world. At his death practically all his immense wealth was be- queathed to charitable institutions, more than two millions of dollars going to the founding of Girard College, which was to be devoted to the education and training of boys between the ages of six and ten years. Large donations were also made to institu- tions in Philadelphia and New Orleans. The principal building of Girard College is the most magnificent example of Greek architecture in America. Girard died De- cember 26, 1 83 1.

LOUIS J. R. AGASSIZ, the eminent nat- uralist and geologist, was born in the parish of Motier, near Lake Neuchatel, Swit- zerland, May 28, 1807, but attained his greatest fame after becoming an American citizen. He studied the medical sciences at

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Zurich, Heidelberg and Munich. His first work was a Latin description of the fishes which Martius and Spix brought from Brazil. This was published in 1 829-3 1 . He devoted much time to the study of fossil fishes, and in 1832 was appointed professor of natural history at Neuchatel. He greatly increased his reputation by a great work in French, entitled " Researches on Fossil Fishes," in 1832-42, in which he made many important improvements in the classification of fishes. Having passed many summers among the Alps in researches on glaciers, he propounded some new and interesting ideas on geology, and the agency of glaciers in his "Studies by the Glaciers." This was published in 1840. This latter work, with his " System of the Glaciers," published in 1847, are among his principal works.

In 1846, Professor Agassiz crossed the ocean on a scientific excursion to the United States, and soon determined to remain here. He accepted, about the beginning of 1848, the chair of zoology and geology at Harvard. He explored the natural history of the United States at different times and gave an impulse to the study of nature in this country. In 1865 he conducted an expedi- tion to Brazil, and explored the lower Ama- zon and its tributaries. In 1868 he was made non-resident professor of natural his- tory at Cornell University. In December, 1 87 1, he accompanied the Hassler expedi- tion, under Professor Pierce, to the South Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 14, 1873.

Among other of the important works of Professor Agassiz may be mentioned the fol- lowing: "Outlines of Comparative Physi- ology," "Journey to Brazil," and "Contri- butions to the Natural History of the United States." It is said of Professor Agassiz,

that, perhaps, with the exception of Hugh Miller, no one had so popularized science in his day, or trained so many young natural- ists. Many of the theories held by Agassiz are not supported by many of the natural- ists of these later days, but upon many of the speculations into the origin of species and in physics he has left the marks of his own strongly marked individuality.

WILLIAM WINDOM.— As a prominent and leading lawyer of the great north- west, as a member of both houses of con- gress, and as the secretary of the treasury, the gentleman whose name heads this sketch won for himself a prominent position in the history of our country.

Mr. Windom was a native of Ohio, born in Belmont county, May 10, 1827. He received a good elementary education in the schools of his native state, and took up the study of law. He was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the practice of his profession in Ohio, where he remained until 1855. In the latter year he made up his mind to move further west, and accordingly went to Minnesota, and opening an office, became identified with the interests of that state, and the northwest generally. In 1858 he took his place in the Minnesota delegation in the national house of repre- sentatives, at Washington, and continued to represent his constituency in that body for ten years. In 1871 Mr. Windom was elected United States senator from Min- nesota, and was re-elected to the same office after fulfilling the duties of the position for a full term, in 1876. On the inauguration of President Garfield, in March, 1881, Mr. Windom became secretary of the treasury in his cabinet. He resigned this office Oc- tober 27, 1 88 1, and was elected senator from the North Star state to fill the va-

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cancy caused by the resignation of A. J. Edgerton. Mr. Windom served in that chamber until March, 1883.

William Windom died in New York City January 29, 1891.

DON M. DICKINSON, an American politician and lawyer, was born in Port Ontario, New York, January 17, 1846. He removed with his parents to Michigan when he was but two years old. He was educated in the public schools of Detroit and at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-one. In 1872 he was made secretary of the Democratic state central committee of Michigan, and his able man- agement of the campaign gave him a prom- inent place in the councils of his party. In 1876, during the Tilden campaign, he acted as chairman of the state central committee. He was afterward chosen to represent his state in the Democratic national committee, and in 18S6 he was appointed postmaster- general by President Cleveland. After the expiration of his term of office he returned to Detroit and resumed the practice of law. In the presidential campaign of 1896, Mr. Dickinson adhered to the "gold wing "of the Democracy, and his influence was felt in the national canvass, and especially in his own state.

JOHN JACOB ASTOR, the founder of <J the Astor family and fortunes, while not a native of this country, was one of the most noted men of his time, and as all his wealth and fame were acquired here, he may well be classed among America's great men. He was born near Heidelberg, Ger- many, July 17, 1763, and when twenty years old emigrated to the United States. Even at that age he exhibited remarkable

business ability and foresight, and soon he was investing capital in furs which he took to London and sold at a great profit. He next settled at New York, and engaged ex- tensively in the fur trade. He exported furs to Europe in his own vessels, which re- turned with cargoes of foreign commodities, and thus he rapidly amassed an immense fortune. In 181 1 he founded Astoria on the western coast of North America, near the mouth of the Columbia river, as a depot for the fur trade, for the promotion of which he sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific ocean. He also purchased a large amount of real estate in New York, the value of which increased enormously All through life his business ventures were a series of marvelous successes, and he ranked as one of the most sagacious and successful business men in the world. He died March 29, 1848, leaving a fortune es- timated at over twenty million dollars to his children, who have since increased it. John Jacob Astor left $400,000 to found a public library in New York City, and his son, William B. Astor, who died in 1875, left $300,000 to add to his father's bequest. This is known as the Astor Library, one of the largest in the United States.

SCHUYLER COLFAX, an eminent American statesman, was born in New York City, March 23, 1823, being a grand- son of General William Colfax, the com- mander of Washington's life-guards. In 1836 he removed with his mother, who was then a widow, to Indiana, settling at South Bend. Young Schuyler studied law, and in 1845 became editor of the "St. Joseph Valley Register," a Whig paper published at South Bend. He was a member of the convention which formed a new constitu- tion for Indiana in 1850, and he opposed

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the clause that prohibited colored men from settling in that state. In 1851 he was defeated as the Whig candidate for congress but was elected in 1854, and, being repeat- edly re-elected, continued to represent that district in congress until 1869. He became one of the most prominent and influential members of the house of representatives, and served three terms as speaker. During the Civil war he was an active participant in all public measures of importance, and was a confidential friend and adviser of President Lincoln. In May, 1868, Mr. Colfax was nominated for vice-president on the ticket with General Grant, and was elected. After the close of his term he re- tired from office, and for the remainder of his life devoted much of his time to lectur- ing and literary pursuits. His death oc- curred January 23, 1885. He was one of the most prominent members of the Inde- pendent Order of Odd Fellows in America, and that order erected a bronze statue to his memory in University Park, Indianapo- lis, Indiana, which was unveiled in May, 18S7.

WILLIAM FREEMAN VILAS, who at- tained a national reputation as an able lawyer, statesman, and cabinet officer, was born at Chelsea, Vermont, July 9, 1840. His parents removed to Wisconsin when our subject was but eleven years of age, and there with the early settlers endured all the hardships and trials incident to pioneer life. William F. Vilas was given all the advantages found in the common schools, and supplemented this by a course of study in the Wisconsin State University, after which he studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practicing at Madison. Shortly afterward the Civil war broke out and Mr. Vilas enlisted and became colonel

of the Twenty-third regiment of Wisconsin Volunteers, serving throughout the war with distinction. At the close of the war he re- turned to Wisconsin, resumed his law prac- tice, and rapidly rose to eminence in this profession. In 1885 he was selected by President Cleveland for postmaster-general and at the close of his term again returned to Madison, Wisconsin, to resume the prac- tice of law.

THOMAS McINTYRE COOLEY, an em- inent American jurist and law writer, was born in Attica, New York, January 6, 1 824. He was admitted to the bar in 1 846, and four years later was appointed reporter of the supreme court of Michigan, which office he continued to hold for seven years. In the meantime, in 1859, he became pro- fessor of the law department of the Univer- sity of Michigan, and soon afterward was made dean of the faculty of that depart- ment. In 1864 he was elected justice of the supreme court of Michigan, in 1867 be- came chief justice of that court, and in 1869 was re-elected for a term of eight years. In 1881 he again joined the faculty of the University of Michigan, assuming the professorship of constitutional and adminis- trative law. His works on these branches have become standard, and he is recog- nized as authority on this and related sub- jects. Upon the passage of the inter-state commerce law in 1887 he became chairman of the commission and served in that capac- ity four years.

JOHN PETER ALTGELD, a noted American politician and writer on social questions, was born in Germany, December 30, 1847. He came to America with his parents and settled in Ohio when two years old. In 1864 he entered the Union army

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and served till the close of the war, after which he settled in Chicago, Illinois. He was elected judge of the superior court of Cook county, Illinois, in 1886, in which capacity he served until elected governor of Illinois in 1892, as a Democrat. During the first year of his term as governor he at- tracted national attention by his pardon of the anarchists convicted of the Haymarket murder in Chicago, and again in 1894 by his denunciation of President Cleveland for calling out federal troops to suppress the rioting in connection with the great Pull- man strike in Chicago. At the national convention of the Democratic party in Chi- cago, in July, 1896, he is said to have in- spired the clause in the platform denuncia- tory of interference by federal authorities in local affairs, and "government by injunc- tion." He was gubernatorial candidate for re-election on the Democratic ticket in 1896, but was defeated by John R. Tanner, Re- publican. Mr. Altgeld published two vol- umes of essays on " Live Questions," evinc- ing radical views on social matters.

ADLAI EWING STEVENSON, an Amer. ican statesman and politician, was born in Christian county, Kentucky, October 23, 1835, ar>d removed with the family to Bloomington, Illinois, in 1S52. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, and set- tled in the practice of his profession in Metamora, Illinois. In 1861 he was made master in chancery of Woodford county, and in 1864 was elected state's at- torney. In 1868 he returned to Blooming- ton and formed a law partnership with James S. Ewing. He had served as a pres- idential elector in 1864, and in 1868 was elected to congress as a Democrat, receiv- ing a majority vote from every county in his district. He became prominent in his

party, and was a delegate to the national convention in 1884. On the election oi Cleveland to the presidency Mr. Stevenson was appointed firs-t assistant postmaster- general. After the expiration of his term he continued to exert a controlling influence in the politics of his state, and in 1892 was elected vice-president of the United States on the ticket with Grover Cleveland. At the expiration of his term of office he re- sumed the practice of law at Bloomington, Illinois.

SIMON CAMERON, whose name is prominently identified with the history of the United States as a political leader and statesman, was born in Lancaster coun- ty, Pennsylvania, March 8, 1799. He grew to manhood in his native county, receiving good educational advantages, and develop- ing a natural inclination for political life. He rapidly rose in prominence and became the most influential Democrat in PennsyJ" vania, and in 1845 was elected by that party to the United States senate. Upon the organization of the Republican party he was one of the first to declare his allegiance to it, and in 1856 was re-elected United States senator from Pennsylvania as a Republican. In March, 1 861, he was appointed secretary of war by President Lincoln, and served until early in 1862, when he was sent as minister to Russia, returning in 1863. In 1866 he was again elected United States senator and served until 1877, when he re- signed and was succeeded by his son, James Donald Cameron. He continued to exert a powerful influence in political affairs up to the time of his death, June 26, 1889.

James Donald Cameron was the eld- est son of Simon Cameron, and also attained a high rank among American statesmen. He was born at Harrisburg,

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Pennsylvania, May 14, 1833, and received an excellent education, graduating at Princeton College in 1852. He rapidly developed into one of the most able and successful business men of the country and was largely inter- ested in and identified with the develop- ment of the coal, iron, lumber and manu- facturing interests of his native state. He served as cashier and afterward president of the Middletownbank, and in 1861 was made vice-president, and in 1863 president of the Northern Central railroad, holding this position until 1874, when he resigned and was succeeded by Thomas A. Scott. This road was of great service to the government during the war as a means of communica- tion between Pennsylvania and the national capital, via Baltimore. Mr. Cameron also took an active part in political affairs, always as a Republican. In May, 1876, he was appointed secretary of war in Pres- ident Grant's cabinet, and in 1877 suc- ceeded his father in the United States senate. He was re-elected in 1885, and again in 1 891, serving until 1896, and was recognized as one of the most prominent and influential members of that body.

ADOLPHUS W. GREELEY, a famous American arctic explorer, was born at Newburyport, Massachusetts, March 27, 1844. He graduated from Brown High School at the age of sixteen, and a year later enlisted in Company B, Nineteenth Massachusetts Infantry, and was made first sergeant. In 1863 he was promoted to second lieutenant. After the war he was assigned to the Fifth United States Cavalry, and became first lieutenant in 1873. He was assigned to duty in the United States signal service shortly after the close of the war. An expedition was fitted out by the United States government in 1881, un-

der auspices of the weather bureau, and Lieutenant Greeley placed in command. They set sail from St. Johns the first week in July, and after nine days landed in Green- land, where they secured the services of two natives, together with sledges, dogs, furs and equipment. They encountered an ice pack early in August, and on the 28th of that month freezing weather set in. Two of his party, Lieutenant Lockwood and Ser- geant Brainard, added to the known maps about forty miles of coast survey, and reached the highest point yet attained by man, eighty-three degrees and twenty-four minutes north, longitude, forty-four degrees and five minutes west. On their return to Fort Conger, Lieutenant Greeley set out for the south on August 9, 1883. He reached Baird Inlet twenty days later with his entire party. Here they were compelled to abandon their boats, and drifted on an ice-floe for one month. They then went into camp at Cape Sabine, where they suf- fered untold hardships, and eighteen of the party succumbed to cold and hunger, and had relief been delayed two days longer none would have been found alive. They were picked up by the relief expedition, under Captain Schley, June 22, 1884. The dead were taken to New York for burial. Many sensational stories were published concerning the expedition, and Lieutenant Greeley prepared an exhaustive account of his explorations and experiences.

LEVI P. MORTON, the millionaire poli- tician, was born in Shoreham, Ver- mont, May 16, 1824, and his early educa- tion consisted of the rudiments which he obtained in the common school up to the age of fourteen, and after that time what knowledge he gained was wrested from the hard school of experience. He removed to

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Hanover, Vermont, then Concord, Vermont, and afterwards to Boston. He had worked in a store at Shoreham, his native village, and on going to Hanover he established a store and went into business for himself. In Boston he clerked in a dry goods store, and then opened a business of his own in the same line in New York. After a short career he failed, and was compelled to set- tle with his creditors at only fifty cents on the dollar. He began the struggle anew, and when the war began he established a banking house in New York, with Junius Morgan as a partner. Through his firm and connections the great government war loans were floated, and it resulted in im- mense profits to his house. When he was again thoroughly established he invited his former creditors to a banquet, and under each guest's plate was found a check cover- ing the amount of loss sustained respec- tively, with interest to date.

President Garfield appointed Mr. Mor- ton as minister to France, after he had de- clined the secretaryship of the navy, and in 1888 he was nominated as candidate for vice-president, with Harrison, and elected. In 1894 he was elected governor of New York over David B. Hill, and served one term.

CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, one of the most talented and prominent educators this country has known, was born January 24, 1835, at Derby, Vermont. He received an elementary education in the common schools, and studied two terms in the Derby Academy. Mr. Adams moved with his parents to Iowa in 1856. He was very anxious to pursue a collegiate course, but this was impossible until he had attained the age of twenty-one. In the autumn of 1856 he began the study of Latin and Greek

at Denmark Academy, and in September, 1857, he was admitted to the University of Michigan. Mr. Adams was wholly depend- ent upon himself for the means of his edu- cation. During his third and fourth year he became deeply interested in historical studies, was assistant librarian of the uni- versity, and determined to pursue a post- graduate course. In 1864 he was appointed instructor of history and Latin and was ad- vanced to an assistant professorship in 1865, and in 1867, on the resignation oi Professoi White to accept the presidency of Cornell, he was appointed to fill the chair of profes- sor of history. This he accepted on con- dition of his being allowed to spend a year for special study in Germany, France and Italy. Mr. Adams returned in 1868, and assumed the duties of his professorship. He introduced the German system for the instruction of advanced history classes, and his lectures were largely attended. In 1885, on the resignation of President White at Cornell, he was elected his successor and held the office for seven years, and on Jan- uary 17, 1893, he was inaugurated presi- dent of the University of Wisconsin. Pres- ident Adams was prominently connected with numerous scientific and literary organ- izations and a frequent contributor to the historical and educational data in the peri- odicals and journals of the country. He was the author of the following: " Dem- ocracy and Monarchy in France," " Manual of Historical Literature," " A Plea for Sci- entific Agriculture," " Higher Education in Germany."

JOSEPH B. FORAKER, a prominent po- litical leader and ex-governor of Ohio, was born near Rainsboro, Highland county, Ohio, July 5, 1846. His parents operated a small farm, with a grist and sawmill, hav-

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ing emigrated hither from Virginia and Delaware on account of their distaste for slavery.

Joseph was reared upon a farm until 1862, when he enlisted in the Eighty -ninth Ohio Infantry. Later he was made ser- geant, and in 1864 commissioned first lieu- tenant. The next year he was brevetted captain. At the age of nineteen he was mustered out of the army after a brilliant service, part of the time being on the staff of General Slocum. He participated in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Lookout Mount- ain and Kenesaw Mountain and in Sher- man's march to the sea.

For two years subsequent to the war young Foraker was studying at the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, but later went to Cornell University, at Unity, New York, from which he graduated July 1, 1869. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1879 Mr. Foraker was elected judge of the superior court of Cincinnati and held the office for three years. In 1883 he was defeated in the contest for the gov- ernorship with Judge Hoadly. In 1885, however, being again nominated for the same office, he was elected and served two terms. In 1889, in running for governor again, this time against James E. Camp- bell, he was defeated. Two years later his career in the United States senate began. Mr. Foraker was always a prominent figure at all national meetings of the Republican party, and a strong power, politically, in his native state.

LYMAN ABBOTT, an eminent American preacher and writer on religious sub- jects, came of a noted New England family. His father, Rev. Jacob Abbott, was a prolific and popular writer, and his uncle, Rev. John S. C. Abbott, was a noted

preacher and author. Lyman Abbott was born December 18, 1835, in Roxbury, Massachusetts. He graduated at the New York University, in 1853, studied law, and practiced for a time at the bar, after which he studied theology with his uncle, Rev. John S. C. Abbott, and in i860 was settled in the ministry at Terre Haute, Indiana, re- maining there until after the close of the war. He then became connected with the Freedmen's Commission, continuing this until 1868, when he accepted the pastorate of the New England Congregational church, in New York City. A few years later he re- signed, to devote his time principally to lit- erary pursuits. For a number of years he edited for the American Tract Society, its "Illustrated Christian Weekly," also the New York "Christian Union." He pro- duced many works, which had a wide circu- lation, among which may be mentioned the following: "Jesus of Nazareth, His Life and Teachings," "Old Testament Shadows of New Testament Truths," "Morning and Evening Exercises, Selected from Writings of Henry Ward Beecher," " Laicus, or the Experiences of a Layman in a Country Parish," "Popular Religious Dictionary," and "Commentaries on Matthew, Mark, Luke, John and Acts."

GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS.— The well-known author, orator and journal- ist whose name heads this sketch, was born at Providence, Rhode Island, February 24, 1824. Having laid the foundation of a most excellent education in his native land, he went to Europe and studied at the Uni- versity of Berlin. He made an extensive tour throughout the Levant, from which he returned home in 1850. At that early age literature became his field of labor, and in 185 1 he published his first important work,

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" Nile Notes of a Howadji." In 1852 two works issued from his facile pen, "The Howadji in Syria," and " Lotus-Eating. " Later on he was the author of the well- known " Potiphar Papers," " Prue and I," and "Trumps." He greatly distinguished himself throughout this land as a lecturer on many subjects, and as an orator had but few peers. He was also well known as one of the most fluent speakers on the stump, making many political speeches in favor of the Republican party. In recognition of his valuable services, Mr. Curtis was ap- pointed by President Grant, chairman of the advisory board of the civil service. Al- though a life-long Republican, Mr. Curtis refused to support Blaine for the presidency in 1884, because of his ideas on civil ser- vice and other reforms. For his memorable and magnificent eulogy on Wendell Phillips, delivered in Boston, in 1884, that city pre- sented Mr. Curtis with a gold medal.

George W. Curtis, however, is best known to the reading public of the United States by his connection with the Harper Brothers, having been editor of the "Har- per's Weekly," and of the " Easy Chair," in " Harper's Monthly Magazine, "for many years, in fact retaining that position until the day of his death, which occurred August 31, 1S92.

ANDREW JOHNSON, the seventeenth president of the United States, served from 1865 to 1869. He was born Decem- ber 8, 1808, at Raleigh, North Carolina, and was left an orphan at the age of four years. He never attended school, and was apprenticed to a tailor. While serving his apprenticeship he suddenly acquired a pas- sion for knowledge, and learned to read. From that time on he spent all his spare time in reading, and after working for two

years as a journeyman tailor at Lauren's Court House, South Carolina, he removed to Greenville, Tennessee, where he worked at his trade and was married. Under his wife's instruction he made rapid progress in his studies and manifested such an interest in local politics as to be elected as " work- ingmen's candidate " alderman in 1828, and in 1830 to the mayoralty, and was twice re-elected to each office. Mr. Johnson utilized this time in cultivating his talents as a public speaker, by taking part in a de- bating society. He was elected in 1835 to the lower house of the legislature, was re- elected in 1839 as a Democrat, and in 1 841 was elected state senator. Mr. John- son was elected representative in congress in 1843 and was re-elected four times in succession until 1853, when he was the suc- cessful candidate for the gubernatorial chair of Tennessee. He was re-elected in 1855 and in 1857 he entered the United States senate. In i860 he was supported by the Tennessee delegation to the Democratic convention for the presidential nomination, and lent his 'influence to the Breckinridge wing of the party. At the election of Lin- coln, which brought about the first attempt at secession in December, i860, Mr. John- son took a firm attitude in the senate for the Union. He was the leader of the loy- alists in East Tennessee. By the course that Mr. Johnson pursued in this crisis he was brought prominently before the north- ern people, and when, in March, 1862, he was appointed military governor of Ten- nessee with the rank of brigadier-general, he increased his popularity by the vigorous manner in which he labored to restore order. In the campaign of 1864 he was elected vice-president on the ticket with President Lincoln, and upon the assassi- nation of the latter he succeeded to the

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presidency, April 15, 1865. He retained the cabinet of President Lincoln, and at first exhibited considerable severity towards the former Confederates, but he soon inau- gurated a policy of reconstruction, pro- claimed a general amnesty to the late Con- federates, and established provisional gov- ernments in the southern states. These states claimed representation in congress in the following December, and then arose the momentous question as to what should be the policy of the victorious Union against their late enemies. The Republican ma- jority in congress had an apprehension that the President would undo the results of the war, and consequently passed two bills over the executive veto, and the two highest branches of the government were in open antagonism. The cabinet was reconstructed in July, and Messrs. Randall, Stanbury and Browning superseded Messrs. Denison, Speed and Harlan. In August, 1867, Pres- ident Johnson removed the secretary of war and replaced him with General Grant, but when congress met in December it refused to ratify the removal of Stanton, who re- sumed the functions of his office. In 1868 the president again attempted to remove Stanton, who refused to vacate his post and was sustained by the senate. Presi- dent Johnson was accused by congress of high crimes and misdemeanors, but the trial resulted in his acquittal. Later he was Uni- ted States senator from Tennessee, and died July 31, 1875.

EDMUND RANDOLPH, first attorney- general of the United States, was born in Virginia, August 10, 1753. His father, John Randolph, was attorney-general of Virginia, and lived and died a royalist. Ed- mund was educated in the law, but joined the army as aide-de-camp to Washington

in 1775, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was elected to the Virginia convention in 1776, and attorney-general of the state the same year. In 1779 he was elected to the Continental congress, and served four years in that body. He was a member of the con- vention in 1787 that framed the constitu- tion. In that convention he proposed what was known as the " Virginia plan" of con- federation, but it was rejected. He advo- cated the ratification of the constitution in the Virginia convention, although he had re- fused to sign it. He became governor of Virginia in 1788, and the next year Wash- ington appointed him to the office of at- torney-general of the United States upon the organization of the government under the constitution. He was appointed secre- tary of state to succeed Jefferson during Washington's second term, but resigned a year later on account of differences in the cabinet concerning the policy pursued to- ward the new French republic. He died September 12, 181 3.

W INFIELD SCOTT HANCOCK was born in Montgomery county, Penn- sylvania, February 14, 1824. He received his early education at the Norristown Academy, in his native county, and, in 1840, was appointed a cadet in the United States Military Academy, at West Point. He was graduated from the latter in 1844, andbrev- etted as second lieutenant of infantry. In 1853 he was made first lieutenant, and two years later transferred to the quartermaster's department, with the rank of captain, and in 1863 promoted to the rank of major. He served on the frontier, and in the war with Mexico, displaying conspicuous gallantry dur- ing the latter. He also took a part in the Seminole war, and in the troubles in Kan- sas, in 1857, and in California, at the out-

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break of the Civil war, as chief quarter- master of the Southern district, he exerted a powerful influence. In 1861 he applied for active duty in the field, and was assigned to the department of Kentucky as chief quartermaster, but before entering upon that duty, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. His subsequent history during the war was substantially that of the Army of the Potomac. He participated in the campaign, under McClellan, and led the gallant charge, which captured Fort Magru- der, won the day at the battle of Wil- liamsburg, and by services rendered at Savage's Station and other engagements, won several grades in the regular service, and was recommended by McClellan for major-general of volunteers. He was a con- spicuous figure at South Mountain and An- tietam. He was commissioned major-gen- eral of volunteers, November 29, 1862, and made commander of the First Division of the Second Corps, which he led at Fred- ricksburg and at Chancellorsville. He was appointed to the command of the Second Corps in June, 1863, and at the battle of Gettysburg, July I, 2 and 3, of that year, took an important part. On his arrival on the field he found part of the forces then in retreat, but stayed the retrograde movement, checked the enemy, and on the following day commanded the left center, repulsed, on the third, the grand assault of General Lee's army, and was severely wounded. For his services on that field General Hancock received the thanks of congress. On recovering from his wound, he was detailed to go north to stimulate re- cruiting and fill up the diminished corps, and was the recipient of many public receptions and ovations. In March, 1864, he returned to his command, and in the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania led large bodies of men

successfully and conspicuously. From that on to the close of the campaign he was a prominent figure. In November, 1864, he was detailed to organize the First Veteran Reserve Corps, and at the close of hostilities- was appointed to the command of the Mid- dle Military Division. In July, 1866, he was made major-general of the regular service. He was at the head of various military departments until 1872, when he was assigned to the command of the Depart- ment of the Atlantic, which post he held until his death. In 1869 he declined the nomination for governor of Pennsylvania. He was the nominee of the Democratic party for president, in 1SS0, and was de- feated by General Garfield, who had a popu- lar majority of seven thousand and eighteen and an electoral majority'.of fifty-nine. Gen- eral Hancock died February 9, 1886.

THOMAS PAINE, the most noted polit- ical and deistical writer of the Revolu- tionary period, was born in England, Jan- uary 29, 1737, of Quaker parents. His edu- cation was. obtained in the grammar schools of Thetford, his native town, and supple- mented by hard private study while working at his trade of stay-maker at London and other cities of England. He was for a time a dissenting preacher, although he did not relinquish his employment. He married a revenue official's daughter, and was employed in the revenue service for some time. He then became a grocer and during all this time he was reading and cultivating his literary tastes, and had developed a clear and forci- ble style of composition. He was chosen to represent the interests of the excisemen, and published a pamphlet that brought him considerable notice. He was soon after- ward introduced to Benjamin Franklin, and having been dismissed from the service on a

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charge of smuggling, his resentment led him to accept the advice of that statesman to come to America, in 1774. He became editor of the "Pennsylvania Magazine," and the next year published his "Serious Thoughts upon Slavery" in the "Penn- sylvania Journal." His greatest political work, however, was written at the sugges- tion of Dr. Rush, and entitled "Common Sense." It was the most popular pamphlet written during the period and he received two thousand five hundred dollars from the state of Pennsylvania in recognition of its value. His periodical, the "Crisis," began in 1776, and its distribution among the soldiers did a great deal to keep up the spirit of revolution. He was made secretary of the committee of foreign affairs, but was dis- missed for revealing diplomatic secrets in one of his controversies with Silas Deane. He was originator and promoter of a sub- scription to relieve the distress of the soldiers near the close of the war, and was sent to France with Henry Laurens to negotiate the treaty with France, and was granted three thousand dollars by congress for his services there, and an estate at New Rochelle, by the state of New York.

In 1787, after the close of the Revolu- tionary war, he went to France, and a few years later published his " Rights of Man," defending the French revolution, which gave him great popularity in France. He was made a citizen and elected to the na- tional convention at Calais. He favored banishment of the king to America, and opposed his execution. He was imprisoned for about ten months during 1794 by the Robespierre party, during which time he wrote the " Age of Reason," his great deis- tical work. He was in danger of the guillo- tine for several months. He took up his residence with the family of James Monroe,

then minister to France and was chosen again to the convention. He returned to the United States in 1802, and was cordially received throughout the coun- try except at Trenton, where he was insulted by Federalists. He retired to his estate at New Rochelle, and his death occurred June 8, 1809.

JOHN WILLIAM MACKAY was one of America's noted men, both in the de- velopment of the western coast and the building of the Mackay and Bennett cable. He was born in 1831 at Dublin, Ireland; came to New York in 1840 and his boyhood days were spent in Park Row. He went to California some time after the argonauts of 1849 and took to the primitive methods of mining — dost and won and finally drifted into Nevada about i860. The bonanza dis- coveries which were to have such a potent influence on the finance and statesmanship of the day came in 1872. Mr. Mackay founded the Nevada Bank in 1878. He is said to have taken one hundred and fifty million dollars in bullion out of the Big Bonanza mine. There were as- sociated with him in this enterprise James G. Fair, senator from Nevada; William O'Brien and James C. Flood. When vast wealth came to Mr. Mackay he be- lieved it his duty to do his country some service, and he agitated in his mind the building of an American steamship line, and while brooding over this his attention was called to the cable relations, between America and Europe. The financial man- agement of the cable was selfish and ex- travagant, and the capital was heavy with accretions of financial " water" and to pay even an apparent dividend upon the sums which represented the nominal value of the cables, it was necessary to hold the rates

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at an exorbitant figure. And, moreover, the cables were foreign; in one the influence of France being paramount and in the other that of England; and in the matter of intel- ligence, so necessary in case of war, we would be at the mercy of our enemies. This train of thought brought Mr. Mackay into re- lation with James Gordon Bennett, the pro- prietor of the " New York Herald." The result of their intercourse was that Mr. Mac- kay so far entered into the enthusiasm of Mr. Bennett over an independent cable, that he offered to assist the enterprise with five hundred thousand dollars. This was the inception of the Commercial Cable Com- pany, or of what has been known for years as the Mackay-Bennett cable.

ELISHA GRAY, the great inventor and electrician, was born August 2, 1835. at Barnesville, Belmont county, Ohio. He was, as a child, greatly interested in the phenomena of nature, and read with avidity all the books he could obtain, relating to this subject. He was apprenticed to various trades during his boyhood, but his insatiable thirst for knowledge dominated his life and he found time to study at odd intervals. Supporting himself by working at his trade, he found time to pursue a course at Oberlin College, where he particularly devoted him- self to the study of physicial science. Mr. Gray secured his first patent for electrical or telegraph apparatus on October I, 1867. His attention was first attracted to tele- phonic transmission during this year and he saw in it a way of transmitting signals for telegraph purposes, and conceived the idea of electro-tones, tuned to different tones in the scale. He did not then realize the im- portance of his invention, his thoughts being employed on the capacity of the apparatus for transmitting musical tones through an

electric circuit, and it was not until 1874 that he was again called to consider the re- production of electrically-transmitted vibra- tions through the medium of animal tissue. He continued experimenting with various results, which finally culminated in his taking out a patent for his speaking tele- phone on February 14, 1876. He took out fifty additional patents in the course of eleven years, among which were, telegraph switch, telegraph repeater, telegraph annun- ciator and typewriting telegraph. From 1869 until 1873 he was employed in the manufacture of telegraph apparatus in Cleve- land and Chicago, and filled the office of electrician to the Western Electric Com- pany. He was awarded the degree of D. S., and in 1874 he went abroad to perfect himself in acoustics. Mr. Gray's latest in- vention was known as the telautograph or long distance writing machine. Mr. Gray wrote and published several works on scien- tific subjects, among which were: "Tele- graphy and Telephony," and "Experi- mental Research in Electro-Harmonic Tele- graphy and Telephony."

WHITELAW REID.— Among the many men who have adorned the field of journalism in the United States, few stand out with more prominence than the scholar, author and editor whose name heads this ar- ticle. Born at Xenia, Greene county, Ohio, October 27, 1837, he graduated at Miami University in 1856. For about a year he was superintendent of the graded schools of South Charleston, Ohio, after which he pur- chased the "Xenia News," which he edited for about two years. This paper was the first one outside of Illinois to advocate the nomination of Abraham Lincoln, Mr. Reid having been a Republican since the birth of that party in 1856. After taking an active

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part in the campaign, in the winter of 1860- 61, he went to the state capital as corres- pondent of three daily papers. At the close of the session of the legislature he became city editor of the "Cincinnati Gazette," and at the breaking out of the war went to the front as a correspondent for that journal. For a time he served on the staff of General Morris in West Virginia, with the rank of captain. Shortly after he was on the staff of General Rosecrans, and, under the name of "Agate," wrote most graphic descrip- tions of the movements in the field, espe- cially that of the battle of Pittsburg Land- ing. In the spring of 1862 Mr. Reid went to Washington and was appointed librarian to the house of representatives, and acted as correspondent of the " Cincinnati Gazette." His description of the battle of Gettysburg, written on the field, gained him added reputation. In 1865 he accompanied Chief Justice Chase on a southern tour, and pub- lished "After the War; a Southern Tour." During the next two years he was engaged in cotton planting in Louisiana and Ala- bama, and published "Ohio in the War." In 1868 he returned to the " Cincinnati Ga- zette," becoming one of its leading editors. The same year he accepted the invitation of Horace Greeley and became one of the staff on the " New York Tribune." Upon the death of Mr. Greeley in 1872, Mr. Reid be- came editor and chief proprietor of that paper. In 1878 he was tendered the United States mission to Berlin, but declined. The offer was again made by the Garfield ad- ministration, but again he declined. In 1878 he was elected by the New York legis- lature regent of the university, to succeed General John A. Dix. Under the Harrison administration he served as United States minister to France, and in 1892 was the Republican nominee for the vice-presidency

of the United States. Among other works published by him were the " Schools of Journalism," "The Scholar in Politics," "Some Newspaper Tendencies," and "Town-Hall Suggestions."

GEORGE WHITEFIELD was one of the most powerful and effective preach- ers the world has ever produced, swaying his hearers and touching the hearts of im- mense audiences in a manner that has rarely been equalled and never surpassed. While not a native of America, yet much of his labor was spent in this country. He wielded a great influence in the United States in early days, and his death occurred here; so that he well deserves a place in this volume as one of the most celebrated men America has known.

George Whitefield was born in the Bull Inn, at Gloucester, England, December 16, 1 7 14. He acquired the rudiments of learn- ing in St. Mary's grammar school. Later he attended Oxford University for a time, where he became intimate with the Oxford Methodists, and resolved to devote himself to the ministry. He was ordained in the Gloucester Cathedral June 20, 1836, and the following day preached his first sermon in the same church. On that day there commenced a new era in Whitefield's life. He went to London and began to preach at Bishopsgate church, his fame soon spread- ing over the city, and shortly he was en- gaged four times on a single Sunday in ad- dressing audiences of enormous magnitude, and he preached in various parts of his native country, the people crowding in multitudes to hear him and hanging upon the rails and rafters of the churches and approaches there- to. He finally sailed for America, landing in Georgia, where he stirred the people to great enthusiasm. During the balance of

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his life he divided his time between Great Britain and America, and it is recorded that he crossed the Atlantic thirteen times. He came to America for the seventh time in 1770. He preached every day at Boston from the 17th to the 20th of September, 1770, then traveled to Nevvburyport, preach- ing at Exeter, New Hampshire, September 29, on the way. That evening he went to Newburyport, where he died the next day, Sunday, September 30, 1770.

• ' Whitefield's dramatic power was amaz- ing," says an eminent writer in describing him. " His voice was marvelously varied, and he ever had it at command — an organ, a flute, a harp, all in one. His intellectual powers were not of a high order, but he had an abundance of that ready talent and that wonderful magnetism which makes the pop- ular preacher; and beyond all natural en- dowments, there was in his ministry the power of evangelical truth, and, as his con- verts believed, the presence of the spirit of God."

CHARLES FRANCIS BRUSH, one of America's prominent men in the devel- opment of electrical science, was born March 17, 1849, near Cleveland, Ohio, and spent his early life on his father's farm. From the district school at Wickliffe, Ohio, he passed to the Shaw Academy at Collamer, and then entered the high school at Cleve- land. His interest in chemistry, physics and engineering was already marked, and during his senior year he was placed in charge of the chemical and physical appar- atus. During these years he devised a plan for lighting street lamps, constructed tele- scopes, and his first electric arc lamp, also an electric motor. In September, 1867, he entered the engineering department of the University of Michigan and graduated in

1869, which was a year in advance of his class, with the degree of M. E. He then returned to Cleveland, and for three years was engaged as an analytical chemist and for four years in the iron business. In 1875 Mr. Brush became interested in elec- tric lighting, and in 1876, after four months' experimenting, he completed the dynamo- electric machine that has made his name famous, and in a shorter time produced the series arc lamps. These were both patent- ed in the United States in 1876, and he afterward obtained fifty patents on his later inventions, including the fundamental stor- age battery, the compound series, shunt- winding for dynamo-electric machines, and the automatic cut-out for arc lamps. His patents, two-thirds of which have already been profitable, are held by the Brush Electric Company, of Cleveland, while his foreign patents are controlled by the Anglo- American Brush Electric Light Company, of London. In 1880 the Western Reserve University conferred upon Mr. Brush the degree of Ph. D., and in 1881 the French government decorated him as a chevalier of the Legion of Honor.

HENRY CLEWS, of Wall-street fame, was one of the noted old-time opera- tors on that famous street, and was also an author of some repute. Mr. Clews was born in Staffordshire, England, August 14, 1840. His father had him educated with the intention of preparing him for the minis- try, but on a visit to the United States the young man became interested in a business life, and was allowed to engage as a clerk in the importing house of Wilson G. Hunt & Co., of New York. Here he learned the first principles of business, and when the war broke out in 1861 young Clews saw in the needs of the government an opportunity to

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reap a golden harvest. He identified him- self with the negotiating of loans for the government, and used his powers of pur- suasion upon the great money powers to convince them of the stability of the govern- ment and the value of its securities. By enthusiasm and patriotic arguments he in- duced capitalists to invest their money in government securities, often against their judgment, and his success was remarkable. His was one of the leading firms that aided the struggling treasury department in that critical hour, and his reward was great. In addition to the vast wealth it brought, President Lincoln and Secretary Chase both wrote important letters, acknowledging his valued service. In 1873, by the repu- diation of the bonded indebtedness of the state of Georgia, Mr. Clews lost six million dollars which he had invested in those se- curities. It is said that he is the only man, with one exception, in Wall street, who ever regained great wealth after utter dis- aster. His " Twenty-Eight Years in Wall Street " has been widely read.

ALFRED VAIL was one of the men that gave to the world the electric telegraph and the names of Henry, Morse and Vail will forever remain linked as the prime fac- tors in that great achievement. Mr. Vail was born September 25, 1807, at Morris- town, New Jersey, and was a son of Stephen Vail, the proprietor of the Speedwell Iron Works, near Morristovvn. At the age of seventeen, after he had completed his stud- ies at the Morristown Academy, Alfred Vail went into the Speedwell Iron Works and contented himself with the duties of his position until he reached his majority. He then determined to prepare himself for the ministry, and at the age of twenty-five he entered the University of the City of New

York, where he was graduated in 1836. His health becoming impaired he labored for a time under much uncertainty as to his future course. Professor S. F. B. Morse had come to the university in 1835 as professor of lit- erature and fine arts, and about this time,

1837, Professor Gale, occupying the chair of chemistry, invited Morse to exhibit his apparatus for the benefit of the students. On Saturday, September 2, 1837, the exhi- bition took place and Vail was asked to at- tend, and with his inherited taste for me- chanics and knowledge of their construction, he saw a great future for the crude mechan- ism used by Morse in giving and recording signals. Mr. Vail interested his father in the invention, and Morse was invited to Speedwell and the elder Vail promised to help him. It was stipulated that Alfred Vail should construct the required apparatus and exhibit before a committee of congress the telegraph instrument, and was to receive a quarter interest in the invention. Morse had devised a series of ten numbered leaden types, which were to be operated in giving the signal. This was not satisfactory to Vail, so he devised an entirely new instru- ment, involving a lever, or "point," on a radically different principle, which, when tested, produced dots and dashes, and de- vised the famous dot-and-dash alphabet, misnamed the "Morse." At last the ma- chine was in working order, on January 6,

1838. The machine was taken to Wash- ington, where it caused not only wonder, but excitement. Vail continued his experi- ments and devised the lever and roller. When the line between Baltimore and Washington was completed. Vail was sta- tioned at the Baltimore end and received the famous first message. It is a remarka- ble fact that not a single feature of the original invention of Morse, as formulated

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1.",

by his caveat and repeated in his original patent, is to be found in Vail's apparatus. From 1837 to 1844 it was a combination of the inventions of Morse, Henry and Vail, but the work of Morse fell gradually into desuetude, while Vail's conception of an alphabet has remained unchanged for half a century. Mr. Vail published but one work, "American Electro-Magnetic Telegraph," in 1845, and died at Morristown at the com- paratively early age of fifty-one, on January 19. I859-

ULYSSES S. GRANT, the eighteenth president of the United States, was born April 27, 1822, at Point Pleasant, Cler- mont county, Ohio. At the age of seven- teen he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in June, 1843, and was given his brevet as second lieutenant and assigned to the Fourth Infantry. He remained in the service eleven years, in which time he was engaged in the Mexican war with gal- lantry, and was thrice brevetted for conduct in the field. In 1848 he married Miss Julia Dent, and in 1854, having reached the grade of captain, he resigned and engaged in farming near St. Louis. In i860 he en- tered the leather business with his father at Galena, Illinois.

On the breaking out of the war, in 1861, he commenced to drill a company at Ga- lena, and at the same time offered his serv- ices to the adjutant-general of the army, but he had few influential friends, so re- ceived no answer. He was employed by the governor of Illinois in the organization of the various volunteer regiments, and at the end of a few weeks was given the colonelcy of the Twenty-first Infantry, from that state. His military training and knowl- edge soon attracted the attention of his su-

perior officers, and on reporting to General Pope in Missouri, the latter put him in the way of advancement. August 7, 1861, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier- general of volunteers, and for a few weeks was occupied in watching the movements of partisan forces in Missouri. September 1, the same year, he was placed in command of the Department of Southeast Missouri, with headquarters at Cairo, and on the 6th of the month, without orders, seized Padu- cah, which commanded the channel of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, by which he se- cured Kentucky for the Union. He now received orders to make a demonstration on Belmont, which he did, and with about three thousand raw recruits held his own against the Confederates some seven thousand strong, bringing back about two hundred prisoners and two guns. In February,! 1 862, he moved up the Tennessee river with the naval fleet under Commodore Foote. The latter soon silenced Fort Henry, and Grant advanced against Fort Donelson and took their fortress and its garrison. His prize here consisted of sixty-five cannon, seventeen thousand six hundred stand of arms, and fourteen thousand six hundred and twenty-three prisoners. This was the first important success won by the Union forces. Grant was immediately made a major-general and placed in command of the district of West Tennessee. In April, 1 862 , he fought the battle of Pittsburg Land- ing, and after the evacuation of Corinth by the enemy Grant became commander of the Department of the Tennessee. He now made his first demonstration toward Vicks- burg, but owing to the incapacity of subor- dinate officers, was unsuccessful. In Janu- ary, 1863, he took command of all the troops in the Mississippi Valley and devoted several months to the siege of Vicksburg,

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which was finally taken possession of by him July 4, with thirty-one thousand six hundred prisoners and one hundred and seventy-two cannon, thus throwing the Mississippi river open to the Federals. He was now raised to the rank of major-general in the regular army. October following, at the head of the Department of the Mississippi, General Grant went to Chattanooga, where he over- threw the enemy, and united with the Army of the Cumberland. The remarkable suc- cesses achieved by him pointed Grant out for an appropriate commander of all na- tional troops, and in February, 1864, the rank of lieutenant-general was made for him by act of congress. Sending Sherman into Georgia, Sigel into the Valley of West Vir- ginia and Butler to attempt the capture of Richmond he fought his way through the Wilderness to the James and pressed the siege of the capital of the Confederacy. After the fall of the latter Grant pressed the Confederate army so hard that their commander surrendered at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. This virtually ended the war.

After the war the rank of general was conferred upon U. S. Grant, and in 1868 he was elected president of the United States, and re-elected his own successor in 1872. After the expiration of the latter term he made his famous tour of the world. He died at Mt. McGregor, near Saratoga, New York, July 23, 1885, and was buried at Riverside Park, New York, where a magnificent tomb has been erected to hold the ashes of the nation's hero.

JOHN MARSHALL, the fourth chief jus- tice of the United States supreme court, was born in Germantown, Virginia, Septem- ber 24, 1755 His father, Colonel Thomas Marshall, served with distinction in the Rev-

olutionary war, while he also served from the beginning of the war until 1779, where he became noted in the field and courts martial. While on detached service he at- tended a course of law lectures at William and Mary College, delivered by Mr. Wythe, and was admitted to the bar. The next year he resigned his commission and began his career as a lawyer. He was a distinguished member of the convention called in Virginia to ratify the Federal constitution. He was tendered the attorney-generalship of the United States, and also a place on the su- preme bench, besides other places of less honor, all of which he declined. He went to France as special envoy in 1798, and the next year was elected to congress. He served one year and was appointed, first, secretary of war, and then secretary of state, and in 1801 was made chief justice of the United States. He held this high office un- til his death, in 1835.

Chief Justice Marshall's early education was neglected, and his opinions, the most valuable in existence, are noted for depth of wisdom, clear and comprehensive reason- ing, justice, and permanency, rather than for wide learning and scholarly construction. His decisions and rulings are resorted to constantly by our greatest lawyers, and his renown as a just judge and profound jurist was world wide.

LAWRENCE BARRETT is perhaps known more widely as a producer of new plays than as a great actor. He was born in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1838, and educated himself as best he could, and at the age of sixteen years became salesman for a Detroit dry goods house. He after- wards began to go upon the stage as a supernumerary, and his ambition was soon rewarded by the notice of the management.

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During the war of the Rebellion he was a soldier, and after valiant service for his country he returned to the stage. He went to Europe and appeared in Liverpool, and returning in 1869, he began playing at Booth's theater, with Mr. Booth. He was afterward associated with John McCullough in the management of the California theater. Probably the most noted period of his work was during his connection with Edwin Booth as manager of that great actor, and supporting him upon the stage. Mr. Barrett was possessed of the crea- tive instinct, and, unlike Mr. Booth, he sought new fields for the display of his genius, and only resorted to traditional drama in response to popular demand. He preferred new plays, and believed in the encouragement of modern dramatic writers, and was the only actor of prominence in his time that ventured to put upon the stage new American plays, which he did at his own expense, and the success of his experi- ments proved the quality of his judgment. He died March 21, i8gr.

ARCHBISHOP JOHN HUGHES, a cel- ebrated Catholic clergyman, was born at Annaboghan, Tyrone county, Ireland, June 24, 1797, and emigrated to America when twenty years of age, engaging for some time as a gardener and nurseryman. In 1 8 19 he entered St. Mary's College, where he secured an education, paying his way by caring for the college garden. In 1825 he was ordained a deacon of the Ro- man Catholic church, and in the same year, a priest. Until 1 838 he had pastoral charges in Philadelphia, where he founded St. John's Asylum in 1829, and a few years later es- tablished the "Catholic Herald." In 1838 he was made bishop of Basileopolis in parti- bus and coadjutor to Bishop Dubois, of

New York, and in 1842 became bishop of New York. In 1839 he founded St. John's College, at Fordham. In 1850 he was made archbishop of New York. In 186 1-2 he was a special agent of the United States in Europe, after which he returned to this country and remained until his death, Jan- uary 3, 1864. Archbishop Hughes early attracted much attention by his controver- sial correspondence with Rev. John Breck- inridge in 1833-35. He was a man of great ability, a fluent and forceful writer and an able preacher.

RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD HAYES was the nineteenth president of the United States and served from 1877 to 1 88 1 . He was born October 4, 1822, at Delaware, Ohio, and his ancestry can be traced back as far as 1280, when Hayes and Rutherford were two Scottish chieftans fighting side by side with Baliol, William Wallace and Robert Bruce. The Hayes family had for a coat of arms, a shield, barred and sur- mounted by a flying eagle. There was a circle of stars about the eagle, while on a scroll underneath was their motto, "Recte. " Misfortune overtook the family and in 1680 George Hayes, the progenitor of the Ameri- can family, came to Connecticut and settled at Windsor. Rutherford B. Hayes was a very delicate child at his birth and was not expected to live, but he lived in spite of all and remained at home until he was seven years old, when he was placed in school. He was a very tractable pupil, being always very studious, and in 1838 entered Kenyon College, graduating from the same in 1842. He then took up the study of law in the office of Thomas Sparrow at Colum- bus, but in a short time he decided to enter a law school at Cambridge, Massachusetts, where for two years he was immersed in the

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study of law. Mr. Hayes was admitted to the bar in 1845 in Marietta, Ohio, and very soon entered upon the active practice of his profession with Ralph P. Buckland, of Fremont, Ohio. He remained there three years, and in 1849 removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where his ambition found a new stimulus. Two events occurred at this period that had a powerful influence on his after life. One was his marriage to Miss Lucy Ware Webb, and the other was his introduction to a Cincinnati literary club, a body embracing such men as Salmon P. Chase, John Pope, and Edward F. Noyes. In 1856 he was nominated for judge of the court of common pleas, but declined, and two years later he was appointed city solicitor. At the outbreak of the Rebellion Mr. Hayes was appointed major of the Twenty-third Ohio Infantry, June 7, 1861, and in July the regiment was ordered to Virginia, and October 15, 1861, saw him promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy of his regiment. He was made colonel of the Seventy-ninth Ohio Infantry, but refused to leave his old comrades; and in the battle of South Mountain he was wounded very severely and was unable to rejoin his regi- ment until November 30, 1862. He had been promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment on October 15, 1862. In the following December he was appointed to command the Kanawa division and was given the rank of brigadier-general for meritorious services in several battles, and in 1864 he was brevetted major-general for distinguished services in 1864, during which campaign he was wounded several times and five horses had been shot under him. Mr. Hayes' first venture in politics was as a Whig, and later he was one of the first to unite with the Republican party. In 1864 he was elected from the Second Ohio

district to congress, re-elected in 1866, and in 1867 was elected governor of Ohio over Allen G. Thurman, and was re-elected in 1869. Mr. Hayes was elected to the presidency in 1876, for the term of four years, and at its close retired to private life, and went to his home in Fremont, Ohio, where he died on January 17, 1893.

WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN became a celebrated character as the nominee of the Democratic and Populist parties for president of the United States in 1896. He was born March 19, i860, at Salem, Illi- nois. He received his early education in the public schools of his native county, and later on he attended the Whipple Academy at Jacksonville. He also took a course in Illinois College, and after his graduation from the same went to Chicago to study law, and entered the Union College of Law a? a student. He was associated with the late Lyman Trumbull, of Chicago, during his law studies, and devoted considerable time to the questions of government. He graduated from the college, was admitted to the bar, and went to Jacksonville, Illinois, where he was married to Miss Mary Eliza- beth Baird. In 1887 Mr. Bryan removed to Lincoln, Nebraska, and formed a law partnership with Adolphus R. Talbot. He entered the field of politics, and in 1888 was sent as a delegate to the state con- vention, which was to choose delegates to the national convention, during which he made a speech which immediately won him a high rank in political affairs. He declined, in the next state convention, a nomination for lieutenant-governor, and in 1890 he was elected congressman from the First district of Nebraska, and was the youngest member of the fifty-second congress. He cham- pioned the Wilson tariff bill, and served

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three terms in the house of representatives. He next ran for senator, but was defeated by John M. Thurston, and in 1896 he was selected by the Democratic and Populist parties as their nominee for the presidency, being defeated by William McKinley.

MARVIN HUGHITT, one of America's famous railroad men, was born in Genoa, New York, and entered the railway service in 1856 as superintendent of tele- graph and trainmaster of the St. Louis, Al- ton & Chicago, now Chicago & Alton Rail- road. Mr. Hughitt was superintendent of the southern division of the Illinois Central Railroad from 1862 until 1864, and was, later on, the general superintendent of the road until 1870. He was then connected with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- road as assistant general manager, and re- tained this position until 1871, when he be- came the general manager of Pullman's Palace Car Company. In 1872 he was made general superintendent of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He served during 1876 and up to 1880 as general manager, and from 1880 until 1887 as vice-presi- dent and general manager. He was elected president of the road in 1887, in recog- nition of his ability in conducting the affairs of the road. He was also chosen president of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minne- apolis & Omaha Railway; the Fremont, Elk- horn & Missouri Valley Railroad, and the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railroad, and his services in these capacities stamped him as one of the most able railroad mana- gers of his day.

JOSEPH MEDILL, one of the most eminent of American journalists, was born in New Brunswick, Canada, April 6, 1823. In 1831 his father moved to Stark

county, Ohio, and until 1841 Joseph Medill worked on his father's farm. Later he studied law, and began the practice of that profession in 1846 at New Philadelphia, Ohio. But the newspaper field was more attractive to Mr. Medill, and three years later he founded a free-soil Whig paper at Coshocton, Ohio, and after that time jour- nalism received all his abilities. "The Leader," another free-soil Whig paper, was founded by Mr. Medill at Cleveland in 1852. In that city he also became one of the first organizers of the Republican party. Shortly after that event he removed to Chicago and in 1855, with two partners, he purchased the " Chicago Tribune." In the contest for the nomination for the presidency in i860, Mr. Medill worked with unflagging zeal for Mr. Lincoln, his warm personal friend, and was one of the president's stanchest sup- porters during the war. Mr. Medill was a member of the Illinois Constitutional con- vention in 1870. President Grant, in 1871, appointed the editor a member of the firs.1 United States civil service commission, and the following year, after the fire, he was elected mayor of Chicago by a great ma- jority. During 1873 and 1874 Mr. Medill spent a year in Europe. Upon his return he purchased a controlling interest in the " Chicago Tribune."

CLAUSSPRECKELS, the great " sugar baron," and one of the most famous representatives of commercial life in Amer- ica, was born in Hanover, Germany, and emigrated to the United States in 1840, locating in New York. He very soon be- came the proprietor of a small retail gro- cery store on Church street, and embarked on a career that has since astonished the world. He sold out his business and went to California with the argonauts of 1849,

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not as a prospector, but as a trader, and for years after his arrival on the coast he was still engaged as a grocer. At length, after a quarter of a century of fairly prosperous business life, he found himself in a position where an ordinary man would have retired, but Mr. Spreckles did not retire; he had merely been gathering capital for the real work of his life. His brothers had followed him to California, and in combination with them he purchased for forty thousand dollars an interest in the Albany Brewery in San Francisco. But the field was not extensive enough for the development of his business abilities, so Mr. Sprecklas branched out extensively in the sugar business. He suc- ceeded in securing the entire output of sugar that was produced on the Sand- wich Islands, and after 1885 was known as the "Sugar King of Sandwich Islands." He controlled absolutely the sugar trade of the Pacific coast which was known to be not less than ten million dollars a year.

CHARLES HENRY PARKHURST, famous as a clergyman, and for many years president of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, was born April 17, 1842, at Framingham, Massachusetts, of English descent. At the age of sixteen he was pupil in the grammar school at Clinton, Massachusetts, and for the ensu- ing two years was a clerk in a dry goods store, which position he gave up to prepare himself for college at Lancaster academy. Mr. Parkhurst went to Amherst in 1862, and after taking a thorough course he gradu- ated in 1866, and in 1867 became the prin- cipal of the Amherst High School. He re- tained this position until 1870, when he visited Germany with the intention of tak- ing a course in philosophy and theology, but was forced to abandon this intention on

account of illness in the family causing his early return from Europe. He accepted the chair of Latin and Greek in Williston Semi- nary, Easthampton, Massachusetts, and re- mained there two years. He then accom- panied his wife to Europe, and devoted two years to study in Halle, Leipsic and Bonn. Upon his return home he spent considerable time in the study of Sanscrit, and in 1874 he became the pastor of the First Congrega- tional church at Lenox, Massachusetts. He gained here his reputation as a pulpit ora- tor, and on March 9, 1880, he became the pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian church of New York. He was, in 1890, made a member of the Society for the Pre- vention of Crime, and the same year be- came its president. He delivered a sermon in 1892 on municipal corruption, for which he was brought before the grand jury, which body declared his charges to be without suffi- cient foundation. But the matter did not end here, for he immediately went to work on a second sermon in which he substantiated his former sermon and wound up by saying, "I know, for I have seen." He was again summoned before that august body, and as a result of his testimony and of the investi- gation of the jurors themselves, the police authorities were charged with incompetency and corruption. Dr. Parkhurst was the author of the following works: ' ' The Forms of the Latin Verb, Illustrated by Sanscrit," "The Blind Man's Creed and Other Ser- mons," "The Pattern on the Mount," and " Three Gates on a Side."

HENRY BERGH, although a writer, diplomatist and government official, was noted as a philanthropist — the founder of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. On his labors for the dumb creation alone rests his fame.

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Alone, in the face of indifference, opposition and ridicule, he began the reform which is now recognized as one of the beneficent movements of the age. Through his exer- tions as a speaker and lecturer, but above all as a bold worker, in the street, in the court room, before the legislature, the cause he adopted gained friends and rapidly in- creased in power until it has reached im- mense proportions and influence. The work of the society covers all cases of cruelty to all sorts of animals, employs every moral agency, social, legislative and personal, and touches points of vital concern to health as well as humanity.

Henry Bergh was born in New York City in 1823, and was educated at Colum- bia College. In 1863 he was made secre- tary of t,he legation to Russia and also served as vice-consul there. He also de- voted some time to literary pursuits and was the author of "Love's Alternative," a drama; "Married Off," a poem; "'The Portentous Telegram, " "The Ocean Para- gon;" "The Streets of New York," tales and sketches.

HENRY BENJAMIN WHIPPLE, one of the most eminent of American di- vines, was born in Adams, Jefferson county, New York, February 15, 1822. He was brought up in the mercantile business, and early in life took an active interest in polit- ical affairs. In 1847 he became a candidate for holy orders and pursued theological studies with Rev. W. D. Wilson, D. D., afterward professor in Cornell University. He was ordained deacon in 1849, in Trinity church, Geneva, New York, by Rt. Rev. W. H. De Lancey, D. D., and took charge of Zion church, Rome, New York, Decem- ber 1, 1849. In 1850, our subject was or- dained priest by Bishop De Lancey. In

1857 he became rector of the Church of the Holy Communion, Chicago. On the 30th of June, 1859, he was chosen bishop of Minnesota, and took charge of the interests of the Episcopal church in that state, being located at Faribault. In i860 Bishop Whipple, with Revs. I. L. Breck, S. W. Mauncey and E. S. Peake, organized the Bishop Seabury Mission, out of which has grown the Cathedral of Our Merciful Savior, the Seabury Divinity School, Shattuck School and St. Mary's Hall, which have made Faribault City one of the greatest educational centers of the northwest. Bishop Whipple also became noted as the friend and defender of the North American In- dians and planted a number of successful missions among them.

EZRA CORNELL was one of the greatest philanthropists and friends of education the country has known. He was born at Westchester Landing, New York, January 11, 1807. He grew to manhood in his na- tive state and became a prominent figure in business circles as a successful and self-made man. Soon after the invention of the elec- tric telegraph, he devoted his attention to that enterprise, and accumulated an im- mense fortune. In 1865, by a gift of five hundred thousand dollars, he made possible the founding of Cornell University, which was named in his honor. He afterward made additional bequests amountingto many hundred thousand dollars. His death oc- curred at Ithaca, New York, December 9, 1874-

IGNATIUS DONNELLY, widely knowi. 1 as an author and politician, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 3, 1 83 1. He was educated at the public schools of that city, and graduated from the

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Central High School in 1849. He studied law in the office of Judge B. H. Brewster, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. In the spring of 1856, Mr. Donnelly emigrated to Minnesota, then a new territory, and, at Hastings, resumed the practice of law in partnership with A. M. Hayes. In 1857, and again in 1858, he was defeated for state senator, but in 1859 he was elected by the Republicans as lieutenant-governor, and re- elected in 1 86 1. In 1862 he was elected to represent the Second district of Minnesota in congress. He was re-elected to the same office in 1864 and in 1866. He was an abolitionist and warmly supported President Lincoln's administration, but was strongly in favor of leniency toward the people of the south, after the war. In many ways he was identified with some of the best meas- ures brought before the house during his presence there. In the spring of 1868, at the request of the Republican national com- mittee, he canvassed New Hampshire and Connecticut in the interests of that party. E. B. Washburne about this time made an attack on Donnelly in one of the papers of Minnesota, which was replied to on the floor of the house by a fierce phillipic that will long be remembered. Through the inter- vention of the Washburne interests Mr. Don- nelly failed of a re-election in 1870. In 1873 he was elected to the state senate from Dakota county, and continuously re-elected until 1878. In 1886 he was elected mem- ber of the house for two years. In later years he identified himself with the Popu- list party.

In 1882, Mr. Donnelly became known as an author, publishing his first literary work, "Atlantis, the Antediluvian World," which passed through over twenty-two editions in America, several in England, and was trans- lated into French. This was followed by

" Ragnarok, the Age of Fire and Gravel," which attained nearly as much celebrity as the first, and these two, in the opinion of scientific critics, are sufficient to stamp the author as a most capable and painstaking student of the facts he has collated in them. The work by which he gained the greatest notoriety, however, was "The Great Cryp- togram, or Francis Bacon's Cipher in the Shakespeare Plays." "Caesar's Column," " Dr. Huguet," and other works were pub- lished subsequently.

STEVEN V. WHITE, a speculator of Wall Street of national reputation, was born in Chatham county, North Carolina, August 1, 1 83 1, and soon afterward re- moved to Illinois. His home was a log cabin, and until his eighteenth year he worked on the farm. Then after several years of struggle with poverty he graduated from Knox College, and went to St. Louis, where he entered a wholesale boot and shoe house as bookkeeper. He then studied law and worked as a reporter for the "Missouri Democrat." After his admission to the bar he went to New York, in 1865, and became a member of the banking house of Marvin & White. Mr. White enjoyed the reputa- tion of having engineered the only corner in Wall Street since Commodore Vander- bilt's time. This was the famous Lacka- wanna deal in 1883, in which he made a profit of two million dollars. He was some- times called " Deacon" White, and, though a member for many years of the Plymouth church, he never held that office. Mr. White was one of the most noted characters of the street, and has been called an orator, poet, philanthropist, linguist, abolitionist, astronomer, schoolmaster, plowboy, and trapper. He was a lawyer, ex-congress- man, expert accountant, art critic andtheo-

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logian. He laid the foundation for a "Home for Colored People," in Chatham county, North Carolina, where the greater part of his father's life was spent, and in whose memory the work was undertaken.

JAMES A. GARFIELD, the twentieth president of the United States, was born November 19, 1831, in Cuyahoga county, Ohio, and was the son of Abram and Eliza (Ballou) Garfield. In 1833 the father, an industrious pioneer farmer, died, and the care of the family devolved upon Thomas, to whom James became deeply indebted for educational and other advantages. As James grew up he was industrious and worked on the farm, at carpentering, at chopping wood, or anything else he found to do, and in the meantime made the most of his books.

Until he was about sixteen, James' high- est ambition was to become a sea captain. On attaining that age he walked to Cleveland, and, not being able to find work, he engaged as a driver on the Ohio & Penn- sylvania canal, but quit this after a short time. He attended the seminary at Ches- ter for about three years, after which he entered Hiram Institute, a school started by the Disciples of Christ in 1850. In order to pay his way he assumed the duties of janitor and at times taught school. After completing his course at the last named edu- cational institution he entered Williams Col- lege, from which he graduated in 1856. He afterward returned to Hiram College as its president. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1859. November 11, 1858, Mr. Garfield and Lucretia Rudolph were married.

In 1859 Mr. Garfield made his first polit- ical speeches, at Hiram and in the neighbor- hood. The same year he was elected to the state senate.

On the breaking out of the war, in 1861, he became lieutenant-colonel of the Forty second Ohio Infantry, and, while but a ne^ soldier, was given command of four regi- ments of infantry and eight companies of cavalry, with which he drove the Confeder- ates under Humphrey Marshall out of Ken tucky. January 11, 1862, he was commis- sioned brigadier-general. He participated with General Buell in the battle of Shiloh and the operations around Corinth, and was then detailed as a member of the Fitz John Porter court-martial. Reporting to General Rosecrans, he was assigned to the position of chief of staff, and resigned his position, with the rank of major-general, when his immediate superior was superseded. In the fall of 1862 Mr. Garfield was elected to congress and remained in that body, either in the house or senate, until 1880.

June 8, 1880, at the national Republican convention, held in Chicago, General Gar- field was nominated for the presidency, and was elected, He was inaugurated March 4, 1 88 1, but, July 2, following, he was shot and fatally wounded by Charles Guiteau for some fancied political slight, and died Sep- tember 19, 1 88 1.

INCREASE MATHER was one of the 1 most prominent preachers, educators and authors of early times in the New England states. He was born at Dorchester, Massa- chusetts, June 21, 1639, and was given an excellent education, graduating at Harvard in 1656, and at Trinity College, Dublin, two years later. He was ordained a min- ister, and preached in England and America, and in 1664 became pastor of the North church, in Boston. In 1685 he became president of Harvard University, serving until 1 70 1. In 1692 he received the first doctorate in divinity conferred in English

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speaking America. The same year he pro- cured in England a new charter for Massa- chusetts, which conferred upon himself the power of naming the governor, lieutenant- governor and council. He opposed the severe punishment of witchcraft, and took a prominent part in all public affairs of his day. He was a prolific writer, and became the author of nearly one hundred publica- tions, large and small. His death occurred August 23, 1723, at Boston.

COTTON MATHER, a celebrated minis- ter in the "Puritan times" of New England, was born at Boston, Massachu- setts, February 12, 1663, being a son of Rev. Increase Mather, and a grandson of John Cotton. A biography of his father will be found elsewhere in this volume. Cotton Mather received his early education in his native city, was trained by Ezekiel Cheever, and graduated at Harvard College in 1678; became a teacher, and in 1684 was ordained as associate pastor of North church, Boston, with his father, having by persistent effort overcome an impediment in his speech. He labored with great zeal as a pastor, endeavoring also, to establish the ascendancy of the church and ministry in civil affairs, and in the putting down of witchcraft by legal sentences, a work in which he took an active part and through which he is best known in history. He re- ceived the degree of D. D. in 17 10, con- ferred by the University of Glasgow, and F. R. S. in 17 1 3. His death occurred at Boston, February 13, 1728. He was the author of many publications, among which were " Memorable Providences Relating to Witchcraft," "Wonders of the Invisible World," "Essays to Do Good," " Mag- nalia Christi Americana," and " Illustra- tions of the Sacred Scriptures." Some of

these works are quaint and curious, full of learning, piety and prejudice.. A well- known writer, in summing up the life and character of Cotton Mather, says: ' ' Mather, with all the faults of his early years, was a man of great excellence of character. He labored zealously for the benefit of the poor, for mariners, slaves, criminals and Indians. His cruelty and credulity were the faults of his age, while his philanthro- phy was far more rare in that age than in the present."

WILLIAM A. PEFFER, who won a national reputation during the time he was in the United States senate, was born on a farm in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, September 10, 1831. He drew his education from the public schools of his native state and at the age of fifteen taught school in winter, working on a farm in the summer. In June, 1853, while yet a young man, he removed to Indiana, and opened up a farm in St. Joseph county. In 1859 he made his way to Missouri and settled on a farm in Morgan county, but on account of the war and the unsettled state of the country, he moved to Illinois in Feb- ruary, 1862, and enlisted as a private in Company F, Eighty-third Illinois Infantry, the following August. He was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant in March, 1863, and served successively as quartermaster, adjutant, post adjutant, judge advocate of a military commission, and depot quartermaster in the engineer department at Nashville. He was mustered out of the service June 26, 1865. He had, during his leisure hours while in the army, studied law, and in August, 1865, he com- menced the practice of that profession at Clarksville, Tennessee. He removed to Kansas in 1870 and practiced there until

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1878, in the meantime establishing and conducting two newspapers, the " Fredonia Journal " and " Coffeyville Journal."

Mr. Peffer was elected to the state senate in 1874 and was a prominent and influential member of several important committees. He served as a presidential elector in 1880. The year following he became editor of the " Kansas Farmer," which he made a promi- nent and useful paper. In 1890 Mr. Peffer was elected to the United States senate as a member of the People's party and took his seat March 4, 1891. After six years of service Senator Peffer was succeeded in March, 1897, by "William A. Harris.

ROBERT MORRIS.— The name of this financier, statesman and patriot is closely connected with the early history of the United States. He was a native of England, born January 20, 1734, and came to America with his father when thirteen years old. Until 1754 he served in the counting house of Charles Willing, then formed a partnership with that gentleman's son, which continued with great success until 1793. In 1776 Mr. Morris was a delegate to the Continental congress, and, although once voting against the Declaration of Inde- pendence, signed that paper on its adop- tion, and was several times thereafter re- elected to congress. During the Revolu- tionary war the services of Robert Morris in aiding the government during its finan- cial difficulties were of incalculable value; he freely pledged his personal credit for sup- plies for the army, at one time to the amount . of about one and a half million dollars, with- out which the campaign of 1781 would have been almost impossible. Mr. Morris was appointed superintendent of finance in 1781 and served until 1784, continuing to employ his personal credit to facilitate the needs of

his department. He also served as mem- ber of the Pennsylvania legislature, and from 1786 to 1795 was United States sena- tor, declining meanwhile the position of sec- retary of the treasury, and suggesting the name of Alexander Hamilton, who was ap- pointed to that post. During the latter part of his life Mr. Morris was engaged ex- tensively in the China trade, and later be- came involved in land speculations, which ruined him, so that the remaining days of this noble man and patriot were passed in confinement for debt. His death occurred at Philadelphia, May 8, 1806.

WILLIAM SHARON, a senator and capitalist, and mine owner of na- tional reputation, was born at Smithfield, Ohio, January 9, 1821. He was reared upon a farm and in his boyhood given excel- lent educational advantages and in 1842 entered Athens College. He remained in that institution about two years, after which he studied law with Edwin M. Stanton, and was admitted to the bar at St. Louis and commenced practice. His health failing, however, he abandoned his profession and engaged in mercantile pursuits at Carrollton, Greene county, Illinois. During the time of the gold excitement of 1849, Mr. Sharon went to California, whither so many went, and engaged in business at Sacramento. The next year he removed to San Francisco, where he operated in real estate. Being largely interested in its silver mines, he re- moved to Nevada, locating at Virginia City, and acquired an immense fortune. He be- came one of the trustees of the Bank of California, and during the troubles that arose on the death of William Ralston, the president of that institution, was largely in- strumental in bringing its affairs into a satis- factory shape.

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Mr. Sharon was elected to represent the state of Nevada in the United States senate in 1875, and remained a member of that body until 1881. He was always distin- guished for close application to business. Senator Sharon died November 13, 1885.

HENRY W. SHAW, an American hu- morist who became celebrated under the non-de-plume of " Josh Billings," gained his fame from the witticism of his writing, and peculiar eccentricity of style and spell- ing. He was born at Lanesborough, Mas- sachusetts, in 1818. For twenty-five years he lived in different parts of the western states, following various lines of busmess, including farming and auctioneering, and in the latter capacity settled at Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1858. In 1863 he began writing humorous sketches for the news- papers over the signature of "Josh Bill- ings," and became immediately popular both as a writer and lecturer. He pub- lished a number of volumes of comic sketches and edited an " Annual Allminax " for a number of years, which had a wide cir- culation. His death occurred October 14, 1885, at Monterey, California.

JOHN M. THURSTON, well known throughout this country as a senator and political leader, was born at Mont- pelier, Vermont, August 21, 1847, of an old Puritan family which dated back their ancestry in this country to 1636, and among whom were soldiers of the Revolution and of the war of 18 12-15.

Young Thurston was brought west by the family in 1854, they settling at Madison, Wisconsin, and two years later at Beaver Dam, where John M. received his schooling in the public schools and at Wayland Uni- versity. His father enlisted as a private in

the First Wisconsin Cavalry and died while in the service, in the spring of 1863.

Young Thurston, thrown on his own resources while attaining an education, sup- ported himself by farm work, driving team and at other manual labor. He studied law and was admitted to the bar May 21, 1869, and in October of the same year located in Omaha, Nebraska. He was elected a member of the city council in 1872, city attorney in 1874 and a member of the Ne- braska legislature in 1874. He was a mem- ber of the Republican national convention of 1884 and temporary chairman of that of 1888. Taking quite an interest in the younger members of his party he was instru- mental in forming the Republican League of the United States, of which he was presi- dent for two years. He was then elected a member of the United States senate, in 1895, to represent the state of Nebraska.

As an attorney John M. Thurston occu- pied a very prominent place, and for a num- ber of years held the position of general solicitor of the Union Pacific railroad sys- tem.

JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, a celebrated American naturalist, was born in Louis- iana, May 4, 1780, and was the son of an opulent French naval officer who owned a plantation in the then French colony. In his childhood he became deeply interested in the study of birds and their habits. About 1794 he was sent to Paris, France, where he was partially educated, and studied de- signing under the famous painter, Jacques Louis David. He returned to the Unit- ed States about 1798, and settled on a farm his father gave him, on the Perkiomen creek in eastern Pennsylvania. He mar- ried Lucy Bakewell in 1808, and, disposing of his property, removed to Louisville, Ken-

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tucky, where he engaged in mercantile pur- suits. About two years later he began to make extensive excursions through the pri- meval forests of the southern and south- western states, in the exploration of which he passed many years. He made colored drawings of all the species of birds that he found. For several years he made his home with his wife and children at Henderson, on the Ohio river. It is said that about this time he had failed in business and was re- duced to poverty, but kept the wolf from the door by giving dancing lessons and in portrait painting. In 1824, at Philadelphia, he met Charles Lucien Bonaparte, who encouraged hrm to publish a work on ornithology. Two years later he went to England and com- menced the publication of his great work, "The Birds of America." He obtained a large number of subscribers at one thousand dollars a copy. This work, embracing five volumes of letterpress and five volumes of beautifully colored plates, was pronounced byCuvier " the most magnificent monument that art ever raised to ornithology."

Audubon returned to America in 1829, and explored the forests, lakes and coast from Canada to Florida, collecting material for another work. This was his " Ornitho- logical Biography; or, An Account of the Habits of the Birds of the United States, Etc." He revisited England in 1831, and returned in 1839, after which he resiaed on the Hudson, near New York City, in which place he died January 27, 1851. During his life he issued a cheaper edition of his great work, and was, in association with Dr. Bachman, preparing a work on the quadrupeds of North America.

COMMODORE THOMAS McDON- OUGH gained his principal fame from he celebrated victory which he gained over

the superior British squadron, under Com- modore Downie, September 1 1, 18 14. Com- modore McDonough was born in Newcastle county, Delaware, December 23, 1783, and when seventeen years old entered the United States navy as midshipman, serving in the expedition to Tripoli, under Decatur, in 1803-4. In 1807 he was promoted to lieutenant, and in July, 181 3, was made a commander. The following year, on Lake Champlain, he gained the celebrated victory above referred to, for which he was again promoted; also received a gold medal from congress, and from the state of Vermont an estate on Cumberland Head, in view of the scene of the engagement. His death oc- curred at sea, November 16, 1825, while he was returning from the command of the Mediterranean squadron.

CHARLES FRANCIS HALL, one of America's most celebrated arctic ex- plorers, was born in Rochester, New Hamp- shire, in 1 82 1. He was a blacksmith by trade, and located in Cincinnati, where later he became a journalist. For several years he devoted a great deal of attention to cal- orics. Becoming interested in the fate of the explorer, Sir John Franklin, he joined the expedition fitted out by Henry Grinnell and sailed in the ship "George Henry," under Captain Buddington, which left New Lon- don, Connecticut, in i860. He returned in 1862, and two years later published his " Arctic Researches." He again joined the expedition fitted out by Mr. Grinnell, and sailed in the ship, " Monticello," under Captain Buddington, this time remaining in the arctic region over four years. On his return he brought back many evidences of having found trace of Franklin.

In 1 87 1 the ' ' Polaris " was fitted out by the United States government, and Captain

KW

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Hall again sailed for the polar regions. He died in Greenland in October, 1871, and the "Polaris" was finally abandoned by the crew, a portion of which, under Captain Tyson, drifted with the icebergs for one hundred and ninety-five days, until picked up by the " Tigress," on the 30th of April, 1873. The other portion of the crew built boats, and, after a perilous voyage, were picked up in June, 1873, by a whaling vessel.

OLIVER ELLSWORTH, the third chief justice of the United States, was born at Windsor, Connecticut, April 29, 1745. After graduating from Princeton, he took up the study of law, and was licensed to practice in 177 1. In 1777 he was elected as a delegate to the Continental congress. He was judge of the superior court of his state in 1784, and was chosen as a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1787. He sided with the Federalists, was elected to the United States senate in 1789, and was a firm supporter of Washington's policy. He won great distinction in that body, and was appointed chief justice of the supreme court of the United States by Washington in 1796. The relations between this coun- try and France having become violently strained, he was sent to Paris as envoy ex- traordinary in 1799, and was instrumental in negotiating the treaty that averted war. He resigned the following year, and was suc- ceeded by Chief Justice Marshall. His death occurred November 26, 1807.

MELLVILLE WESTON FULLER, an eminent American jurist and chief justice of the United States supreme court, was born in Augusta, Maine, in 1833. His education was looked after in boyhood, and at the age of sixteen he entered Bowdoin College, and on graduation entered the law

department of Harvard University. He then entered the law office of his uncle at Ban- gor, Maine, and soon after opened an office for the practice of law at Augusta. He was an alderman from his ward, city attorney, and editor of the " Age," a rival newspaper of the "Journal," which was conducted by James G. Blaine. He soon decided to re- move to Chicago, then springing into notice as a western metropolis. He at once iden- tified himself with the interests of the new city, and by this means acquired an experience that fitted him for his future work. He devoted himself assiduously to his profession, and had the good fortune to connect himself with the many suits grow- ing out of the prorogation of the Illinois legislature in 1863. It was not long before he became one of the foremost lawyers in Chicago. He made a three days' speech in the heresy trial of Dr. Cheney, which added to his fame. He was appointed chief jus- tice of the United States by President Cleve- land in 1888, the youngest man who ever held that exalted position. His income from his practice had for many years reached thirty thousand dollars annually.

CHESTER ALLEN ARTHUR, twenty- first president of the United States, was born in Franklin county, Vermont, Octo- ber 5, 1830. He was educated at Union College, Schenectady, New York, from which he graduated with honor, and en- gaged in teaching school. After two years he entered the law office of Judge E. D. Culver, of New York, as a student. He was admitted to the bar, and formed a partner- ship with an old room-mate, Henry D. Gar- diner, with the intention of practicing law in the west, but after a few months' search for a location, they returned to New York and opened an office, and at once entered

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upon a profitable practice. He was shortly afterwards married to a daughter of Lieu- tenant Herndon, of the United States navy. Mrs. Arthur died shortly before his nomina- tion for the vice-presidency. In 1856 a colored woman in New York was ejected from a street car and retained Mr. Arthur in a suit against the company, and obtained a verdict of five hundred dollars. It result- ed in a general order by all superintendents of street railways in the city to admit col- ored people to the cars.

Mr. Arthur was a delegate to the first Republican national convention, and was appointed judge-advocate for the Second Brigade of New York, and then chief engi- neer of Governor Morgan's staff. At the close of his term he resumed the practice of iaw in New York. In 1872 he was made collector of the port of New York, which position he held four years. At the Chi- cago convention in 1880 Mr. Arthur was nominated for the vice-presidency with Garfield, and after an exciting campaign was elected. Four months after the inau- guration President Garfield was assassinated, and Mr. Arthur was called to take the reins of government. His administration of affairs was generally satisfactory. At its close he resumed the practice of law in New York. His death occurred November 18, 1886.

ISAAC HULL was one of the most con- spicuous and prominent naval officers in the early history of America. He was born at Derby, Connecticut, March 9, 1775, be- ing the son of a Revolutionary officer. Isaac Hull early in life became a mariner, and when nineteen years of age became master of a merchant ship in the London trade. In 1 798 he became a lieutenant in the United States navy, and three years later was made

first lieutenant of the frigate "Constitution." He distinguished himself by skill and valor against the French on the coast of Hayti, and served with distinction in the Barbary expe- ditions. July 12, 1812, he sailed from Annapolis, in command of the "Constitu- tion," and for three days was pursued by a British squadron of five ships, from which he escaped by bold and ingenious seaman- ship. In August of the same year he cap- tured the frigate " Guerriere," one of his late pursuers and for this, the first naval advantage of that war, he received a gold medal from congress. Isaac Hull was later made naval commissioner and had command of various navy yards. His death occurred February 13, 1843, at Philadelphia.

MARCUS ALONZO HANNA, famous as a prominent business man, political manager and senator, was born in New Lis- bon, Columbiana county, Ohio, September 24, 1837. He removed with his father's family to Cleveland, in the same state, in 1852, and in the latter city, and in the Western Reserve College, at Hudson, Ohio, received his education. He became an em- ploye of the wholesale grocery house of Hanna, Garrettson & Co., his father being the senior member of the firm. The latter died in 1862, and Marcus represented his interest until 1867, when the business was closed up.

Our subject then became a member of the firm of Rhodes & Co., engaged in the iron and coal business, but at the expira- tion of ten years this firm was changed to that of M. A. Hanna & Co. Mr. Hanna was long identified with the lake carrying business, being interested in vessels on the lakes and in the construction of them. As a director of the Globe Ship Manufacturing Company, of Cleveland, president of the

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Union National Bank, of Cleveland, president of the Cleveland City Railway Company, and president of the Chapin Mining Com- pany, of Lake Superior, he became promi- nently identified with the business world. He was one of the government directors of the Union Pacific Railroad, being appointed to that position in 1885 by President Cleve- land.

Mr. Hanna was a delegate to the na- tional Republican convention of 1884, which was his first appearance in the political world. He was a delegate to the con- ventions of 1888 and 1896, and was elect- ed chairman of the Republican national committee the latter year, and practically managed the campaign of William McKin- ley for the presidency. In 1897 Mr. Hanna was appointed senator by Governor Bush- nell, of Ohio, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Sherman.

GEORGE PEABODY was one of the best known and esteemed of ail philan- thropists, whose munificent gifts to Ameri- can institutions have proven of so much benefit to the cause of humanity. He was born February 18, 1795, at South Danvers, Massachusetts, which is now called Pea- body in honor of him. He received but a meager education, and during his early life he was a mercantile clerk at Thetford, Ver- mont, and Newburyport, Massachusetts. In 1814 he became a partner with Elisha Riggs, at Georgetown, District of Columbia, and in 1 8 1 5 they moved to Baltimore, Mary- land. The business grew to great propor- tions, and they opened branch houses at New York and Philadelphia. Mr. Peabody made several voyages to Europe of com- mercial importance, and in 1829 became the head of the firm, which was then called Peabody, Riggs & Co., and in 1838 he re-

moved to London, England. He retired from the firm, and established the cele- brated banking house, in which he accumu- lated a large fortune. He aided Mr. Grin- nell in fitting out Dr. Kane's Arctic expedi- tion, in 1852, and founded in the same year the Peabody Institute, in his native town, which he afterwards endowed with two hun- dred thousand dollars. Mr. Peabody visited the United States in 1857, and gave three hundred thousand dollars for the establish- ment at Baltimore of an institute of science, literature and fine arts. In 1862 he gave two million five hundred thousand dollars for the erecting of lodging houses for the poor in London, and on another visit to the United States he gave one hundred and fifty thousand dollars to establish at Harvard a museum and professorship of American archaeology and ethnology, an equal sum for the endowment of a department of physical science at Yale, and gave the "Southern Educational Fund " two million one hundred thousand dollars, besides devoting two hun- dred thousand dollars to various objects of public utility. Mr. Peabody made a final visit to the United States in 1869, and on this occasion he raised the endowment of the Baltimore Institute one million dollars, created the Peabody Museum, at Salem, Massachusetts, with a fund of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, gave sixty thou- sand dollars to Washington College, Vir- ginia; fifty thousand dollars for a "Peabody Museum, " at North Danvers, thirty thousand dollars to Phillips Academy, Andover; twen- ty-five thousand dollars to Kenyon College, Ohio, and twenty thousand dollars to the Maryland Historical Society. Mr. Peabody also endowed an art school at Rome, in

1868. He died in London, November 4,

1869, less then a month after he had re- turned from the United States, and his

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171

remains were brought to the United States and interred in his native town. He made several other bequests in his will, and left his family about five million dollars.

MATTHEW S. QUAY, a celebrated public man and senator, was born at Dillsburgh, York county, Pennsylvania, September 30, 1833, of an old Scotch-Irish family, some of whom had settled in the Keystone state in 171 5. Matthew received a good education, graduating from the Jef- ferson College at Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, at the age of seventeen. He then traveled, taught school, lectured, and studied law under Judge Sterrett. He was admitted to the bar in 1854, was appointed a prothon- otary in 1855 and elected to the same office in 1856 and 1859. Later he was made lieutenant of the Pennsylvania Re serves, lieutenant-colonel and assistant com- missary-general of the state, private secre- tary of the famous war governor of Pennsyl- vania, Andrew G. Curtin, colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Pennsylva- nia Infantry (nine months men), military state agent and held other offices at different times.

Mr. Quay was a member of the house of representatives of the state of Pennsylvania from 1865 to 1868. He filled the office of secretary of the commonwealth from 1872 to 1878, and the position of delegate-at- large to the Republican national conventions of 1872, 1876, 1880 and 1888. Hewasthe editor of the "Beaver Radical" and the ' ' Philadelphia Record " for a time, and held many offices in the state conventions and on their committees. He was elected secre- tary of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1869, and served three years, and in 1885 was chosen state treasurer. In 1886 his great abilities pointed him out as the

natural candidate for United States senator, and he was accordingly elected to that posi- tion and re-elected thereto in 1892. He was always noted for a genius for organiza- tion, and as a political leader had but lew peers. Cool, serene, far-seeing, resourceful, holding his impulses and forces in hand, he never quailed from any policy he adopted, and carried to success most, if not all, of the political campaigns in which he took part.

JAMES K. JONES, a noted senator and political leader, attained national fame while chairman of the national executive committee of the Democratic party in the presidential campaign of 1896. He was a native of Marshall county, Mississippi, and was born September 29, 1839. His father, a well-to-do planter, settled in Dallas county, Arkansas, in 1848, and there the subject of this sketch received a careful education. During the Civil war he served as a private soldier in the Confederate army. From 1866 to 1873 he passed a quiet life as a planter, but in the latter year was admitted to the bar and began the practice of law. About the same time he was elected to the Arkansas senate and re-elected in 1874. In 1877 he was made president of the senate and the following year was unsuccessful in obtaining a nomination as member of con- gress. In 1880 he was elected representa- tive and his ability at once placed him in a foremost position. He was re-elected to congress in 1882 and in 1884, and served as an influential member on the committee of ways and means. March 4, 1885, Mr. Jones took his seat in the United States senate to succeed James D. Walker, and was after- ward re-elected to the same office. In this branch of the national legislature his capa- bilities had a wider scope, and he was rec-

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ognized as one of the ablest leaders of his party.

On the nomination of William J. Bryan as its candidate for the presidency by the national convention of the Democratic party, held in Chicago in 1896, Mr. Jones was made chairman of the national com- mittee.

THEODORE THOMAS, one of the most celebrated musical directors America has known, was born in the kingdom of Han- over in 1835, and received his musical educa- tion from his father. He was a very apt scholar and played the violin at public concerts at the age of six years. He came with his parents to America in 1845, and joined the orchestra of the Italian Opera in New York City. He played the first violin in the orchestra which accompanied Jenny Lind in her first American concert. In 1861 Mr. Thomas established the orchestra that be- came famous under his management, and gave his first symphony concerts in New York in 1864. He began his first "summer night concerts" in the same city in 1868, and in 1869 he started on his first tour of the principal cities in the United States, which he made every year for many years. He was director of the College of Music in Cincinnati, Ohio, but resigned in 1880, after having held the position for three years.

Later he organized one of the greatest and most successful orchestras ever brought together in the city of Chicago, and was very prominent in musical affairs during the World's Columbian Exposition, thereby add- ing greatly to his fame.

CYRUS HALL McCORMICK, the fa- mous inventor and manufacturer, was born at Walnut Grove, Virginia, February 15,1 809. When he was seven years old his

father invented a reaping machine. It was a rude contrivance and not successful. In 1 83 1 Cyrus made his invention of a reaping machine, and had it patented three years later. By successive improvements he was able to keep his machines at the head of its class during his life. In 1 845 he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, and two years later located in Chicago, where he amassed a great fortune in manufacturing reapers and harvesting machinery. In 1859 he estab- lished the Theological Seminary of the Northwest at Chicago, an institution for pre- paring young men for the ministry in the Presbyterian church, and he afterward en- dowed a chair in the Washington and Lee College at Lexington, Virginia. He mani- fested great interest in educational and re- ligious matters, and by his great wealth he was able to extend aid and encouragement to many charitable causes. His death oc- curred May 13, 1884.

DAVID ROSS LOCKE.— Under the pen name of Petroleum V. Nasby, this well-known humorist and writer made for himself a household reputation, and estab- lished a school that has many imitators.

The subject of this article was born at Vestal, Broome county, New York, Sep- tember 30, 1833. After receiving his edu- cation in the county of his birth he en- tered the office of the ' ' Democrat, " at Cort- land, New York, where he learned the printer's trade. He was successively editor and publisher of the ' 'Plymouth Advertiser, " the "Mansfield Herald," the " Bucyrus Journal," and the "Findlay Jeffersonian." Later he became editor of the "Toledo Blade." In i860 he commenced his " Nasby" articles, several series of which have been given the world in book form. Under a mask of misspelling, and in a quaint

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i;a

and humorous style, a keen political satire is couched — a most effective weapon. Mr. Locke was the author of a num- ber of serious political pamphlets, and later on a more pretentious work, " The Morals of Abou Ben Adhem." As a news- paper writer he gained many laurels and his works are widely read. Abraham Lincoln is said to have been a warm admirer of P. V. Nasby, of " Confedrit X Roads" fame. Mr. Locke died at Toledo, Ohio, February 15, 1S88.

RUSSELL A. ALGER, noted as a sol- dier, governor and secretary of war, was born in Medina county, Ohio, February 27, 1836, and was the son of Russell and Caroline (Moulton) Alger. At the age of twelve years he was left an orphan and pen- niless. For about a year he worked for his board and clothing, and attended school part of the time. In 1850 he found a place which paid small wages, and out of his scanty earnings helped his brother and sister. While there working on a farm he found time to attend the Richfield Academy, and by hard work between times managed to get a fair education for that time. The last two years of his attendance at this institu- tion of learning he taught school during the winter months. In 1857 he commenced the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. For a while he found employ- ment in Cleveland, Ohio, but impaired health induced him to remove to Grand Rapids, where he engaged in the lumber business. He was thus engaged when the Civil war broke out, and, his business suf- fering and his savings swept away, he en- listed as a private in the Second Michigan Cavalry. He was promoted to be captain the following month, and major for gallant conduct at Boonesville, Mississippi, July 1,

1862. October 16, 1862, he was made lieutenant-colonel of the Sixth Michigan Cavalry, and in February, 1863, colonel of the Fifth Michigan Cavalry. He rendered excellent service in the Gettysburg cam- paign. He was wounded at Boonesboro, Maryland, and on returning to his command took part with Sherman in the campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. For services ren- dered, that famous soldier recommended him for promotion, and he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. In 1866 Gen- eral Alger took up his residence at Detroit, and prospered exceedingly in his business, which was that of lumbering, and grew quite wealthy. In 1884 he was a delegate to the Republican national convention, and the same year was elected governor of Michigan. He declined a nomination for re-election to the latter office, in 1887, and was the following year a candidate for the nomination for president. In 1889 he was elected commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, and at different times occupied many offices in other or- ganizations.

In March, 1897, President McKinley appointed General Alger secretary of war.

CYRUS WEST FIELD, the father of submarine telegraphy, was the son of the Rev. David D. Field, D.D., a Congre- gational minister, and was born at Stock- bridge, Massachusetts, November 30, 18 19. He was educated in his native town, and at the age of fifteen years became a clerk in a store in New York City. Being gifted with excellent business ability Mr. Field pros- pered and became the head of a large mer- cantile house. In 1853 he spent about six months in travel in South America. On his return he became interested in ocean teleg- raphy. Being solicited to aid in the coii-

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struction of a land telegraph across New Foundland to receive the news from a line of fast steamers it was proposed to run from from Ireland to St. Johns, the idea struck him to carry the line across the broad At- lantic. In 1850 Mr. Field obtained aeon- cession from the legislature of Newfound- land, giving him the sole right for fifty years to land submarine cables on the shores of that island. In company with Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts and Chandler White, he organized a company under the name of the New York, New- foundland & London Telegraph Company. In two years the line from New York across Newfoundland was built. The first cable connecting Cape Breton Island with New- foundland having been lost in a storm while being laid in 1855, another was put down in 1856. In the latter year Mr. Field went to London and organized the Atlantic Tele- graph Company, furnishing one-fourth of the capital himself. Both governments loaned ships to carry out the enterprise. Mr. Field accompanied the expeditions of 1857 and two in 1858. The first and second cables were failures, and the third worked but a short time and then ceased. The people of both continents became incredulous of the feasibility of laying a successful cable under so wide an expanse of sea, and the war breaking out shortly after, nothing was done until 1865-66. Mr. Field, in the former year, again made the attempt, and the Great Eastern laid some one thousand two hun- dred miles when the cable parted and was lost. The following year the same vessel succeeded in laying the entire cable, and picked up the one lost the year before, and both were carried to America's shore. After thirteen years of care and toil Mr. Field had his reward. He was the recipient of many medals and honors from both home and

abroad. He gave his attention after this to establishing telegraphic communication throughout the world and many other large enterprises, notably the construction of ele- vated railroads in New York. Mr. Field died July 1 1, 1892.

G ROVER CLEVELAND, the twenty- second president of the United States, was born in Caldwell, Essex county, New Jersey, March 18, 1837, and was the son of Rev. Richard and Annie (Neale) Cleve- land. The father, of distinguished New England ancestry, was a Presbyterian min- ister in charge of the church at Caldwell at the time.

When Grover was about three years of age the family removed to Fayetteville, Onondaga county, New York, where he attended the district school, and was in the academy for a short time. His father be- lieving that boys should early learn to labor, Grover entered a village store and worked for the sum of fifty dollars for the first year. While he was thus engaged the family re- moved to Clinton, New York, and there young Cleveland took up h-s studies at the academy. The death of his father dashed all his hopes of a collegiate education, the family being left in straightened circum- stances, and Grover started out to battle for himself. After acting for a year (1853- 54) as assistant teacher and bookkeeper in the Institution for the Blind at New York City, he went to Buffalo. A short time after he entered the law office of Rogers, Bowen & Rogers, of that city, and after a hard struggle with adverse circumstances, was admitted to the bar in 1859. He be- came confidential and managing clerk for the firm under whom he had studied, and remained with them until 1863. In the lat- ter year he was appointed district attorney

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of Erie county. It was during his incum- bency of this office that, on being nominated by the Democrats for supervisor, he came within thirteen votes of election, although the district was usually Republican by two hundred and fifty majority. In 1 866 Grover Cleveland formed a partnership with Isaac V. Vanderpoel. The most of the work here fell upon the shoulders of our subject, and he soon won a good standing at the bar of the state. In 1869 Mr. Cleveland associated himself in business with A. P. Laning and Oscar Folsom, and under the firm name of Laning, Cleveland & Folsom soon built up a fair practice. In the fall of 1870 Mr. Cleve- land was elected sheriff of Erie county, an office which he filled for four years, after which he resumed his profession, with L. K. Bass and Wilson S. Bissell as partners. This firm was strong and popular and shortly was in possession of a lucrative practice. Mr. Bass retired from the firm in 1879, and George J. Secard was admit- ted a member in 1 88 1. In the latter year Mr. Cleveland was elected mayor of Buffalo, and in 1882 he was chosen governor by the enormous majority of one hundred and ninety-two thousand votes. July 11, 1884, he was nominated for the presidency by the Democratic national convention, and in November following was elected.

Mr. Cleveland, after serving one term as president of the United States, in 1888 was nominated by his party to succeed himself, but he failed of the election, being beaten by Benjamin Harrison. In 1892, however, being nominated again in opposition to the then incumbent of the presidency, Mr. Har- rison, Grover Cleveland was elected pres- ident for the second time and served for the usual term of four years. In 1897 Mr. Cleveland retired from the chair of the first magistrate of the nation, and in New York

City resumed the practice of law, in which city he had established himself in 1889.

June 2, 1886, Grover Cleveland was united in marriage with Miss Frances Fol- som, the daughter of his former partner.

ALEXANDER WINCHELL, for many years one of the greatest of American scientists, and one of the most noted and prolific writers on scientific subjects, was born in Duchess county, New York, Decem- ber 31, 1824. He received a thorough col- legiate education, and graduated at the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connect- icut, in 1847. His mind took a scientific turn, which manifested itself while he was yet a boy, and in 1848 he became teacher of natural sciences at the Armenian Semi- nary, in his native state, a position which he filled for three years. In 185 1-3 he oc- cupied the same position in the Mesopo- tamia Female Seminary, in Alabama, after which he was president of the Masonic Fe- male Seminary, in Alabama. In 1853 he became connected with the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, at which institu- tion he performed the most important work of his life, and gained a wide reputation as a scientist. He held many important posi- tions, among which were the following: Professor of physics and civil engineering at the University of Michigan, also of geology, zoology and botany, and later professor of geology and palaeontology at the same insti- tution. He also, for a time, was president of the Michigan Teachers' Association, and state geologist of Michigan. Professor Winchell was a very prolific writer on scien- tific subjects, and published many standard works, his most important and widely known being those devoted to geology. He also contributed a large number of articles tc scientific and popular journals.

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ANDREW HULL FOOTE, of the United States navy, was a native of New England, born at New Haven, Con- necticut, May 4, 1808. He entered the navy, as a midshipman, December 4, 1822. He slowly rose in his chosen profession, at- taining the rank of lieutenant in 1830, com- mander in 1852 and captain in 1861. Among the distinguished men in the break- ing out of the Civil war, but few stood higher in the estimation of his brother officers than Foote, and when, in the fall of 1861, he was appointed to the command of the flotilla then building on the Mississippi, the act gave great satisfaction to the service. Although embarrassed by want of navy yards and supplies, Foote threw himself into his new work with unusual energy. He overcame all obstacles and in the new, and, until that time, untried experiment, of creat- ing and maintaining a navy on a river, achieved a success beyond the expectations of the country. Great incredulity existed as to the possibility of carrying on hostilities on a river where batteries from the shore might bar the passage. But in spite of all, Foote soon had a navy on the great river, and by the heroic qualities of the crews en- trusted to him, demonstrated the utility of this new departure in naval architecture. All being prepared, February 6, 1862, Foote took Fort Henry after a hotly-contested action. On the 14th of the same month, for an hour and a half engaged the batteries of Fort Donelson, with four ironclads and two wooden gunboats, thereby dishearten- ing the garrison and assisting in its capture. April 7th of the same year, after several hotly-contested actions, Commodore Foote received the surrender of Island No. 10, one of the great strongholds of the Confederacy on the Mississippi river. Foote having been wounded at Fort Donelson, and by neglect

it having become so serious as to endanger his life, he was forced to resign his command and return home. June 16, 1862, he re- ceived the thanks of congress and was pro- moted to the rank of rear admiral. He was appointed chief of the bureau of equipment and recruiting. June 4, 1863, he was ordered to the fleet off Charleston, to super- cede Rear Admiral Dupont, but on his way to that destination was taken sick at New York, and died June 26, 1863.

NELSON A. MILES, the well-known sol- dier, was born at Westminster, Massa- chusetts, August 8,1839. His ancestors set- tled in that state in 1643 among the early pioneers, and their descendants were, many of them, to be found among those battling against Great Britain during Revolutionary times and during the war of 18 12. Nelson was reared on a farm, received an academic education, and in early manhood engaged in mercantile pursuits in Boston. Early in

1 86 1 he raised a company and offered his services to the government, and although commissioned as captain, on account of his youth went out as first lieutenant in the Twenty-second Massachusetts Infantry. In

1 862 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the Sixty-first New York In- fantry. At the request of Generals Grant and Meade he was made a brigadier by President Lincoln. He participated in all but one of the battles of the Army of the Potomac until the close of the war. During the latter part of the time he commanded the first division of the Second Corps. General Miles was wounded at the battles of Fair Oaks, Fredericksburg and Chan- cellorsville, and received four brevets for distinguished service. During the recon- struction period he commanded in North Carolina, and on the reorganization of the

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regular army he was made colonel of in- fantry. In 1 8 80 he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, and in 1890 to that of major-general. He successfully con- ducted several campaigns among the In- dians, and his name is known among the tribes as a friend when they are peacefully inclined. He many times averted war with the red men by judicious and humane settlement of difficulties without the military power. In 1892 General Miles was given command of the proceedings in dedicating the World's Fair at Chicago, and in the summer of 1894, during the great railroad strike at the same city, General Miles, then in command of the department, had the disposal of the troops sent to protect the United States mails. On the retirement of General J. M. Schofield, in 1895, General Miles became the ranking major-general of the United States army and the head of its forces.

JUNIUS BRUTUS BOOTH, the great actor, though born in London (1796), is more intimately connected with the Amer- ican than with the English stage, and his popularity in America was almost un- bounded, while in England he was not a prime favorite. He presented " Richard III. " in Richmond on his first appearance on the American stage in 1821. This was his greatest role, and in it he has never had an equal. In October of the same year he appeared in New York. After a long and successful career he gave his final perform- ance at New Orleans in 1852. He con- tracted a severe cold, and for lack of proper medical attention, it resulted in his death on November 30th of that year. He was, without question, one of the greatest tra- gedians that ever lived. In addition to his professional art and genius, he was skilled

in languages, drawing, painting and sculp- ture. In his private life he was reserved, and even eccentric. Strange stories are related of his peculiarities, and on his farm near Baltimore he forbade the use of animal food, the taking of animal life, and even the felling of trees, and brought his butter and eggs to the Baltimore markets in person.

Junius Brutus Booth, known as the elder Booth, gave to the world three sons of note: Junius Brutus Booth, Jr., the husband of Agnes Booth, the actress; John Wilkes Booth, the author of the greatest tragedy in the life of our nation; Edwin Booth, in his day the greatest actor of America, if not of the world.

JAMES MONTGOMERY BAILEY, fa- mous as the "Danbury News Man," was one of the best known American humor- ists, and was born September 25, 1841, at Albany, N. Y. He adopted journalism as a profession and started in his chosen work on the "Danbury Times," which paper he pur- chased on his return from the war. Mr. Bailey also purchased the "Jeffersonian," another paper of Danbury, and consolidated them, forming the "Danbury News," which paper soon acquired a celebrity throughout the United States, from an incessant flow of rich, healthy, and original humor, which the pen of the editor imparted to its columns, and he succeeded in raising the circulation of the paper from a few hundred copies a week to over forty thousand. The facilities of a country printing office were not so com- plete in those days as they are now, but Mr. Bailey was resourceful, and he put on re- lays of help and ran his presses night and day, and always prepared his matter a week ahead of time. The "Danbury News Man" was a new figure in literature, as his humor was so different from that of the newspaper

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wits — who had preceded him, and he maybe called the pioneer of that school now so familiar. Mr. Bailey published in book form "Life in Danbury" and "The Danbury News Man's Almanac. " One of his most admirable traits was philanthrophy, as he gave with unstinted generosity to all comers, and died comparatively poor, notwithstand- ing his ownership of a very profitable busi- ness which netted him an income of $40,000 a year. He died March 4, 1894.

MATTHEW HALE CARPENTER, a famous lawyer, orator and senator, was born in Moretown, Vermont, December 22, 1824. After receiving a common-school education he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, but only remained two years. On returning to his home he commenced the study of law with Paul Dillingham, afterwards governor of Vermont, and whose daughter he married. In 1847 he was admitted to practice at the bar in Vermont, but he went to Boston and for a time studied with Ruf us Choate. In 1 848 he moved west, settling at Beloit, Wisconsin, and commencing the practice of his profes- sion soon obtained a wide reputation for ability. In 1856 Mr. Carpenter removed to Milwaukee, where he found a wider field for his now increasing powers. During the Civil war, although a strong Democrat, he was loyal to the government and aided the Union cause to his utmost. In 1868 he was counsel for the government in a test case to settle the legality of the reconstruc- tion act before the United States supreme court, and won his case against Jeremiah S. Black. This gave him the election for sen- ator from Wisconsin in 1869, and he served until 1875, during part of which time he was president pro tempore of the senate. Failing of a re-election Mr. Carpenter resumed the

practice of law, and when William W. Belknap, late secretary of war, was im- peached, entered the case for General Belknap, and secured an acquittal. During the sitting of the electoral commission of 1877, Mr. Carpenter appeared for Samuel J. Tilden, although the Republican man- agers had intended to have him represent R. B. Hayes. Mr. Carpenter was elected, to the United States senate again in 1879, and remained a member of that body until the day of his death, which occurred at Washington, District of Columbia, Feb- ruary 24, 1 88 1.

Senator Carpenter's real name was De- catur Merritt Hammond Carpenter but about 1852 he changed it to the one by which he was universally known.

T

HOMAS E. WATSON, lawyer and congressman, the well-known Geor- gian, whose name appears at the head of this sketch, made himself a place in the his- tory of our country by his ability, energy and fervid oratory. He was born in Col- umbia (now McDuffie) county, Georgia, September 5, 1856. He had a common- school education, and in 1872 entered Mer- cer University, at Macon, Georgia, as fresh- man, but for want of money left the college at the end of his sophomore year. He taught school, studying law at the same time, until 1875, when he was admitted to the bar. He opened an office and com- menced practice in Thomson, Georgia, in November, 1876. He carried on a success- ful business, and bought land and farmed on an extensive scale.

Mr. Watson was a delegate to the Demo- cratic state convention of 1880, and was a member of the house of representatives of the legislature of his native state in 1882. In 1888 he was an elector-at-large on the

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Cleveland ticket, and in 1890 was elected to represent his district in the fifty-second congress. This latter election is said to have been due entirely to Mr. Watson's "dash- ing display of ability, eloquence and popular power." In his later years he championed the alliance principles and policies until he became a leader in the movement. In the heated campaign of 1896, Mr. Watson was nominated as the candidate for vice-presi- dent on the Bryan ticket by that part of the People's party that would not endorse the nominee for the same position made by the Democratic party.

FREDERICK A. P. BARNARD, mathe- matician, physicist and educator, was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, May 5, 1809. He graduated from Yale College in 1828, and in 1830 became a tutor in the same. From 1837 to 1848 he was professor of mathe- matics and natural philosophy in the Uni- versity of Alabama, and from 1848 to 1850, professor of chemistry and natural history in the same educational institution. In 1854 he became connected with the Univer- sity of Mississippi, of which he became president in 1856, and chancellor in 1858. In 1854 he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1861 Professor Barnard resigned his chancellorship and chair in the university, and in 1863 and 1864 was con- nected with the United States coast survey in charge of chart printing and lithography. In May, 1864, he was elected president of Columbia College, New York City, which he served for a number of years.

Professor Barnard received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Jefferson College, Mississippi, in 1855, and from Yale College in 1859; also the degree of S. T. D. from the University of Mississippi in 1861, and that of L. H. D. from the regents of the

University of the State of New York in 1872. In i860 he was a member of the eclipse party sent by the United States coast sur- vey to Labrador, and during his absence was elected president of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science. la the act of congress establishing the National Academy of Sciences in 1863, he was named as one of the original corporators. In 1867 he was one of the United States commis- sioners to the Paris Exposition. He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, associate member of the Amer- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences, and many other philosophical and scientific societies at home and abroad. Dr. Barnard was thoroughly identified with the progress of the age in those branches. His published works relate wholly to scientific or educa- tional subjects, chief among which are the following: Report on Collegiate Education; Art Culture; History of the American Coast Survey; University Education; Undulatory Theory of Light; Machinery and Processes of the Industrial Arts, and Apparatus of the Exact Sciences, Metric System of Weights and Measures, etc.

EDWIN McMASTERS STANTON, the secretary of war during the great Civil war, was recognized as one of America's foremost public men. He was born Decem- ber 19, 1 8 14, at Steubenville, Ohio, where he received his education and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1836, and was reporter of the supreme court of Ohio from 1842 until 1845. He removed to Washington in 1856 to attend to his prac- tice before the United States supreme court, and in 1858 he went to California as counsel for the government in certain land cases, which he carried to a successful conclusion. Mr. Stanton was appointed

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attorney-general of the United States in December, i860, by President Buchanan. On March 4, 1861, Mr. Stanton went with the outgoing administration and returned to the practice of his profession. He was appointed secretary of war by President Lincoln January 20, 1862, to succeed Simon Cameron. After the assassination of Presi- dent Lincoln and the accession of Johnson to the presidency, Mr. Stanton was still in the same office. He held it for three years, and by his strict adherence to the Repub- lican party, he antagonized President John- son, who endeavored to remove him. On August 5, 1867, the president requested him to resign, and appointed General Grant to succeed him, but when congress convened in December the senate refused to concur in the suspension. Mr. Stanton returned to his post until the president again removed him from office, "but was again foiled by congress. Soon after, however, he retired voluntarily from office and took up the practice of law, in which he engaged until his death, on December 24, 1869.

ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, the eminent theologian and founder of the church known as Disciples of Christ, was born in the country of Antrim, Ireland, in June, 1788, and was the son of Rev. Thomas Campbell, a Scoth-Irish "Seceder. " After studying at the University of Glasgow, he, in company with his father, came to America in 1808, and both began labor in western Pennsylvania to restore Christianity to apostolic simplicity. They organized a church at Brush Run, Washington county, Pennsylvania, in 181 1, which, however, the year following, adopted Baptist views, and in 181 3, with other congregations joined a Baptist association. Some of the under- lying principles and many practices of the

Campbells and their disciples were repug- nant to the Baptist church and considerable friction was the result, and 1827 saw the separation of that church from the Church of Christ, as it is sometimes called. The latter then reorganized themselves anew. They reject all creeds, professing to receive the Bible as their only guide. In most mat- ters of faith they are essentially in accord with the other Evangelical Christian churches, especially in regard to the person and work of Christ, the resurrection and judgment. They celebrate the Lord's Supper weekly, hold that repentance and faith should precede baptism, attaching much importance to the latter ordinance. On all other points they encourage individual liberty of thought. In 1 841, Alexander Campbell founded Bethany College, West Virginia, of which he was president for many years, and died March 4, 1866.

The denomination which they founded is quite a large and important church body in the United States. They support quite a number of institutions of learning, among which are: Bethany College, West Virginia; Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio; Northwestern Christian University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Eureka College, Illinois; Kentucky Univer- sity, Lexington, Kentucky; Oskaloosa College, Iowa; and a number of seminaries and schools. They also support several monthly and quarterly religious periodicals and many papers, both in the United States and Great Britain and her dependencies.

WILLIAM L.WILSON, the noted West Virginian, who was postmaster-gener- al under President Cleveland's second ad- ministration, won distinction as the father of the famous " Wilson bill," which became a law under the same administration. Mr. Wilson was born May 3, 1843, in Jeffer-

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son county, West Virginia, and received a good education at the Charlestown Academy, where he prepared himself for college. He attended the Columbian Col- lege in the District of Columbia, from which he graduated in i860, and then attended the University of Virginia. Mr. Wilson served in the Confederate army dur- ing the war, after which he was a professor in Columbian College. Later he entered into the practice of law at Charlestown. He attended the Democratic convention held at Cincinnati in 1880, as a delegate, and later was chosen as one of the electors for the state-at-large on the Hancock ticket. In the Democratic convention at Chicago in 1892, Mr. Wilson was its per- manent president. He was elected pres- ident of the West Virginia University in 1882, entering upon the duties of his office on September 6, but having received the nomination for the forty-seventh congress on the Democratic ticket, he resigned the presidency of the university in June, 1883, to take his seat in congress. Mr. Wil- son was honored by the Columbian Uni- versity and the Hampden-Sidney College, both of which conferred upon him the de- gree of LL. D. In 1884 he was appointed regent of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington for two years, and at the end of his term was re-appointed. He was elected to the forty-seventh, forty-ninth, fiftieth, fifty-first, fifty-second and fifty- third congresses, but was defeated for re- election to the fifty-fourth congress. Upon the resignation of Mr. Bissell from the office of postmaster-general, Mr. Wilson was ap- pointed to fill the vacancy by President Cleveland. His many years of public serv- ice and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions gave him a national reputation.

CALVIN S. BRICE, a successful and noted financier and politician, was born at Denmark, Ohio, September 17, 1845, of an old Maryland family, who trace their lineage from the Bryces, or Bruces, of Airth, Scotland. The father of our subject was a prominent Presbyterian clergyman, who removed to Ohio in 1812. Calvin S. Brice was educated in the common schools of his native town, and at the age of thir- teen entered the preparatory department of Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and the following year entered the freshman class. On the breaking out of the Civil war, although but fifteen years old, he enlisted in a company of three-months men. He re- turned to complete his college course, but re-enlisted in Company A, Eighty-sixth Ohio Infantry, and served in the Virginia campaign. He then returned to college, from which he graduated in 1863. In 1864 he organized Company E, One Hundred and Eightieth Ohio Infantry, and served until the close of hostilities, in the western armies.

On his return home Mr. Brice entered the law department of the University of Michigan, and in 1866 was admitted to the bar in Cincinnati. In the winter of 1870- 71 he went to Europe in the interests of the Lake Erie & Louisville Railroad and pro- cured a foreign loan. This road became the Lake Erie & Western, of which, in 1887, Mr. Brice became president. This was the first railroad in which he had a personal interest. The conception, build- ing and sale of the New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, known as the "Nickel Plate," was largely due to him. He was connected with many other railroads, among which may be mentioned the following: Chicago & Atlantic; Ohio Central; Rich- mond & Danville; Richmond & West Point

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Terminal; East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia; Memphis & Charleston; Mobile & Birmingham; Kentucky Central; Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic, and the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon. In 1890 he was elected United States senator from Ohio. Notwithstanding his extensive business inter- ests, Senator Brice gave a considerable time to political matters, becoming one of the leaders of the Democratic party and one of the most widely known men in the country.

BENJAMIN HARRISON, twenty-third president of the United States, was born August 20, 1833, at North Bend, Hamilton county, Ohio, in the house of his grandfather, General William Henry Har- rison, afterwards president of the United States. His great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison, was a member of the Continental congress, signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and was three times elected gov- ernor of Virginia.

The subject of this sketch entered Farm- ers College at an early age, and two years later entered Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio. Upon graduation he entered the office of Stover & Gwyne, of Cincinnati, as a law student. He was admitted to the bar two years later, and having inherited about eight hundred dollars worth of property, he married the daughter of Doctor Scott, pres- ident of a female school at Oxford, Ohio, and selected Indianapolis, Indiana, to begin practice. In 1S60 he was nominated by the Republicans as candidate for state supreme court reporter, and did his first political speaking in that campaign. He was elected, and after two years in that position he organized the Seventieth Indi- ana Infantry, of which he was made colonel, and with his regiment joined General Sher-

man's army. For bravery displayed at Re- saca and Peach Tree Creek he was made a brigadier-general. In the meantime the office of supreme court reporter had been declared vacant, and another party elected to fill it. In the fall of 1864, having been nominated for that office, General Harrison obtained a thirty-day leave of absence, went to Indiana, canvassed the state and was elected. As he was about to rejoin his command he was stricken down by an attack of fever. After his recovery he joined General Sherman's army and participated in the closing events of the war.

In 1868 General Harrison declined to be a candidate for the office of supreme court reporter, and returned to the practice of the law. His brilliant campaign for the office of governor of Indiana in 1876, brought him into public notice, although he was defeated. He took a prominent part in the presidential canvass of 1880, and was chosen United States senator from Indiana, serving six years. He then returned to the practice of his profession. In 1888 he was selected by the Republican convention at Chicago as candidate for the presidency, and after a heated campaign was elected over Cleveland. He was inaugurated March 4, 1889, and signed the McKinley bill October 1, 1890, perhaps the most distinctive feature of his administration. In 1892 he was again the nominee of the Republican party for president, but was defeated by Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate, and again resumed the practice of law in Indian- apolis.

JOHN CRAIG HAVEMEYER, the ■ celebrated merchant and sugar refiner, was born in New York City in 1833. His father, William F. Havemeyer, and grand- father, William Havemeyer, were both sugar

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refiners. The latter named came from Buckeburg, Germany, in 1799, and settled in New York, establishing one of the first refineries in that city. William F. succeeded his father, and at an early age retired from business with a competency. He was three times mayor of his native city, New York. John C. Havemeyer was educated in private schools, and was prepared for college at Columbia College grammar school. Owing to failing eyesight he was unable to finish his college course, and began his business career in a wholesale grocery store, where he remained two years. In 1854, after a year's travel abroad, he assumed the responsibility of the office work in the sugar refinery of Havemeyer & Molter, but two years later etablished a refinery of his own in Brooklyn. This afterwards developed into the immense business of Havemeyer & Elder. The capital was furnished by his father, and, chafing under the anxiety caused by the use of borrowed money, he sold out his interest and returned to Havemeyer & Molter. This firm dissolving the next year, John C. declined an offer of partnership from the successors, not wishing to use borrowed money. For two years he remain- ed with the house, receiving a share of the profits as compensation. For some years thereafter he was engaged in the commission business, until failing health caused his retirement. In 1871, he again engaged in the sugar refining business at Greenport, Long Island, with his brother and another partner, under the firm name of Havemeyer Brothers & Co. Here he remained until 1880, when his health again declined. During the greater part of his life Mr. Havemeyer was identified with many benev- olent societies, including the New York Port Society, Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, American Bible Society,

New York Sabbath School Society and others. He was active in Young Men's Christian Association work in New York, and organized and was the first president of an affiliated society of the same at Yonkers. He was director of several railroad corpo- rations and a trustee of the Continental Trust Company of New York.

WALTER QUINTIN GRESHAM, an eminent American statesman and jurist, was born March 17, 1833, near Cory- don, Harrison county, Indiana. He ac- quired his education in the local schools of the county and at Bloomington Academy, although he did not graduate. After leav- ing college he read law with Judge Porter at Corydon, and just before the war he be- gan to take an interest in politics. Mr. Gresham was elected to the legislature from Harrison county as a Republican; previous to this the district had been represented by a Democrat. At the commencement of hostilities he was made lieutenant-colonel of the Thirty-eighth Indiana Infantry, but served in that regiment only a short time, when he was appointed colonel of the Fifty- third Indiana, and served under General Grant at the siege of Vicksburg as brigadier- general. Later he was under Sherman in the famous "March to the Sea," and com- manded a division of Blair's corps at the siege of Atlanta where he was so badly wounded in the leg that he was compelled to return home. On his way home he was forced to stop at New Albany, where he re- mained a year before he was able to leave. He was brevetted major-general at the close of the war. While at New Albany, Mr. Gresham was appointed state agent, his duty being to pay the interest on the state debt in New York, and he ran twice for congress against ex-Speaker Kerr, but was

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defeated in both cases, although he greatly reduced the Democratic majority. He was held in high esteem by President Grant, who offered him the portfolio of the interior but Mr. Gresham declined, but accepted the appointment of United States judge for Indiana to succeed David McDonald. Judge Gresham served on the United States district court bench until 1883, when he was appointed postmaster-general by Presi- dent Arthur, but held that office only a few months when he was made secretary of the treasury. Near the end of President Arthur's term, Judge Gresham was ap- pointed judge of the United States circuit court of the district composed of Indiana, Illinois and contiguous states, which he held until 1893. ' Judge Gresham was one of the presidential possibilities in the National Re- publican convention in 1888, when General Harrison was nominated, and was also men- tioned for president in 1892. Later the People's party made a strenuous effort to induce him to become their candidate for president, he refusing the offer, however, and a few weeks before the election he an- nounced that he would support Mr. Cleve- land, the Democratic nominee for president. Upon the election of Mr. Cleveland in the fall of 1892, Judge Gresham was made the secretary of state, and filled that position until his death on May 28, 1895, at Wash- ington, District of Columbia.

ELISHA B. ANDREWS, noted as an ed- ucator and college president, was born at Hinsdale, New Hampshire, January 10, 1844, his father and mother being Erastus and Elmira (Bartlett) Andrews. In 1861, he entered the service of the general gov- ernment as private and non-commissioned officer in the First Connecticut Heavy Ar- tillery, and in 1863 was promoted to the

rank of second lieutenant. Returning home he was prepared for college at Powers In- stitute and at the Wesleyan Academy, and entered Brown University. From here he was graduated in 1870. For the succeeding two years he was principal of the Connecti- cut Literary Institute at SufHeld, Connecticut. Completing a course at the Newton Theo- logical Institute, he was ordained pastor of the First Baptist church at Beverly, Massa- chusetts, July 2, 1874. The following year he became president of the Denison University, at Granville, Ohio. In 1879 he accepted the professorship of homiletics, pastoral duties and church polity at Newton Theological Institute. In 1882 he was elected to the chair of history and political economy at Brown University. The Uni- versity of Nebraska honored him with an LL. D. in 1884, and the same year Colby University conferred the degree of D. D. In 1888 he became professor of political economy and public economy at Cornell University, but the next year returned to Brown University as its president. From the time of his inauguration the college work broadened in many ways. Many timely and generous donations from friends and alumni of the college were influenced by him, and large additions made "to the same. Professor Andrews published, in 1887, "Institutes of General History," and in 1888, " Institutes of Economics."

JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, the subject of the present biography, was, during his life, one of the most distinguished chemists and scientific writers in America. He was an Englishman by birth, born at Liverpool, May 5, 181 1, and was reared in his native land, receiving an excellent education, graduating at the University of London. In 1833 ne came to tne United States, and

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settled first in Pennsylvania. He graduated in medicine at the University of Philadel- phia, in 1836, and for three years following was professor of chemistry and physiology at Hampden-Sidney College. He then be- came professor of chemistry in the New York University, with which institution he was prominently connected for many years. It is stated on excellent authority that Pro- fessor Draper, in 1839, took the first photo- graphic picture ever taken from life. He was a great student, and carried on many important and intricate experiments along scientific lines. He discovered many of the fundamental facts of spectrum analysis, which he published. He published a number of works of great merit, many of which are recognized as authority upon the subjects of which they treat. Among his work were: "Human Physiology, Statistical and Dyna- mical of the Conditions and Cause of Life in Man," "History of Intellectual Develop- ment of Europe," "History of the Ameri- can Civil War," besides a number of works on chemistry, optics and mathematics. Pro- fessor Draper continued to hold a high place among the scientific scholars of America until his death, which occurred in January, 1882.

GEORGE W. PECK, ex-governor of the state of Wisconsin and a famous journalist and humorist, was born in Jeffer- son county, New York, September 28, 1840. When he was about three years of age his parents removed to Wisconsin, settling near Whitewater, where young Peck received his education at the public schools. At fifteen he entered the office of the "Whitewater Register," where he learned the printer's art. He helped start the "Jefferson County Republican" later on, but sold out his interest therein and set type in the office of

the "State Journal," at Madison. At the outbreak of the war he enlisted in the Fourth Wisconsin Cavalry as a private, and after serving four years returned a second lieutenant. He then started the " Ripon Representative," which he sold not long after, and removing to New York, was on the staff of Mark Pomeroy's "Democrat." Going to La Crosse, later, he conducted the La Crosse branch paper, a half interest in which he bought in 1874. He next started "Peck's Sun," which four years later he removed to Milwaukee. While in La Crosse he was chief of police one year, and also chief clerk of the Democratic assembly in 1874. It was in 1878 that Mr. Peck took his paper to Milwaukee, and achieved his first permanent success, the circulation increasing to 80,000. For ten years he was regarded as one of the most original, versa- tile and entertaining writers in the country, and he has delineated every phase of country newspaper life, army life, domestic experience, travel and city adventure. Up to 1890 Mr. Peck took but little part in politics, but in that year was elected mayor of Milwaukee on the Democratic ticket. The following August he was elected gov- ernor of Wisconsin by a large majority, the "Bennett School Bill" figuring to a large extent in his favor.

Mr. Peck, besides many newspaper arti- cles in his peculiar vein and numerous lect- ures, bubbling over with fun, is known to fame by the following books: "Peck's Bad Boy and his Pa," and "The Grocery Man and Peck's Bad Boy."

CHARLES O'CONOR, who was for many years the acknowledged leader of the legal profession of New York City, was also conceded to be one of the greatest lawyers America has produced. He was

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born in New York City in 1804, his father being an educated Irish gentleman. Charles received a common-school education, and early took up the study of law, being ad- mitted to practice in 1824. His close ap- plication and untiring energy and industry soon placed him in the front rank of the profession, and within a few years he was handling many of the most important cases. One of the first great cases he had and which gained him a wide reputation, was that of "Jack, the Fugitive Slave," in 1835, in which his masterful argument before the supreme court attracted wide attention and com- ment. Charles O'Conor was a Democrat all his life. He did not aspire to office- holding, however, and never held any office except that of district attorney under Presi- dent Pierce's administration, which he only retained a short time. He took an active interest, however, in public questions, and was a member of the state (New York) con- stitutional convention in 1864. In 1868 he was nominated for the presidency by the " Extreme Democrats." His death occurred in May, 1884.

SIMON BOLIVAR BUCKNER, a noted American officer and major-general in the Confederate army, was born in Ken- tucky in 1823. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1844, served in the United States infantry and was later as- signed to commissary duty with the rank of captain. He served several years at fron- tier posts, and was assistant professor in the military academy in 1846. He was with General Scott in the Mexican war, and en- gaged in all the battles from Vera Cruz to the capture of the Mexican capital. He was wounded at Cherubusco and brevetted first lieutenant, and at Molino del Rey was brevetted captain. After the close of the

Mexican war he returned to West Point as assistant instructor, and was then assigned to commissary duty at New York. He re- signed in 1855 and became superintendent of construction of the Chicago custom house. He was made adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, of Illinois militia, and was colonel of Illinois volunteers raised for the Utah expedition, but was not mustered into service. In i860 he removed to Kentucky, where he settled on a farm near Louisville and became inspector-general in command of the Kentucky Home Guards. At the opening of the Civil war he joined the Con- federate army, and was given command at Bowling Green, Kentucky, which he was compelled to abandon after the capture of Fort Henry. He then retired to Fort Don- elson, and was there captured with sixteen thousand men, and an immense store of pro- visions, by General Grant, in February, 1862. He was held as a prisoner of war at Fort Warren until August of that year. He commanded a division of Hardee's corps in Bragg's Army of the Tennessee, and was afterward assigned to the third division and participated in the battles of Chickamauga, and Murfreesboro. He was with Kirby Smith when that general surrendered his army to General Canby in May, 1865. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the vice- presidency on the Gold Democratic ticket with Senator John M. Palmer in 1896.

SIMON KENTON, one of the famous pio- neers and scouts whose names fill the pages of the early history of our country, was born in Fauquier county, Virginia, April 3, 1755. In consequence of an affray, at the age of eighteen, young Kenton went to Kentucky, then the "Dark and Bloody Ground," and became associated with Dan- iel Bpone and other pioneers of that region.

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For a short time he acted as a scout and spy for Lord Dunmore, the British governor of Virginia, but afterward taking the side of the struggling colonists, participated in the war for independence west of the Alle- ghanies. In 1784 he returned to Virginia, but didjiot remain there long, going back with his family to Kentucky. From that time until 1793 he participated in all the combats and battles of that time, and until "Mad Anthony" Wayne swept the Valley of the Ohio, and settled the suprem- acy of the whites in that region. Kenton laid claim to large tracts of land in the new country he had helped to open up, but through ignorance of law, and the growing value of the land, lost it all and was reduced to poverty. During the war with England in 1812-15, Kenton took part in the inva- sion of Canada with the Kentucky troops and participated in the battle of the Thames. He finally bad land granted him by the legislature of Kentucky, and received a pen- sion from the United States government. He died in Logan county, Ohio, April 29, 1836.

ELIHU BENJAMIN WASHBURNE, an American statesman of eminence, was born in Livermore, Maine, September 23, 1 8 16. He learned the trade of printer, but abandoned that calling at the age of eight- een and entered the Kent's Hill Academy at Reading, Maine, and then took up the study of law, reading in Hallowell, Boston, and at the Harvard Law School. He began prac- tice at Galena, Illinois, in 1840. He was elected to congress in 1852, and represented his district in that body continuously until March, 1869, and at the time of his retire- ment he had served a greater number of consecutive terms than any other member of the house. In 1873 President Grant ap-

pointed him secretary of state, which posi- tion he resigned to accept that of minister to France. During the Franco-Prussian war, including the siege of Paris and the reign of the Commune, Mr. Washburne re- mained at his post, protecting the lives and property of his countrymen, as well as that of other foreign residents in Paris, while the ministers of all other powers abandoned their posts at a time when they were most needed. As far as possible he extended protection to unfortunate German residents, who were the particular objects of hatred of the populace, and his firmness and the suc- cess which attended his efforts won the ad- miration of all Europe. Mr. Washburne died at Chicago, Illinois, October 22, 1887.

WILLIAM CRAMP, one of the most extensive shipbuilders of this coun- try, was born in Kensington, then a suburb, now a part of Philadelphia, in 1806. He received a thorough English education, and when he left school was associated with Samuel Grice, one of the most eminent naval architects of his day. In 1830, hav- ing mastered all the details of shipbuilding, Mr. Cramp engaged in business on his own account. By reason of ability and excel- lent work he prospered from the start, until now, in the hands of his sons, under the name of William Cramp & Sons' Ship and Engine Building Company, it has become the most complete shipbuilding plant and naval arsenal in the western hemisphere, and fully equal to any in the world. As Mr. Cramp's sons attained manhood they learned their father's profession, and were admitted to a partnership. In 1872 the firm was incor- porated under the title given above. Until i860 wood was used in building vessels, al- though pace was kept with all advances in the art of shipbuilding. At the opening of

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the war came an unexpected demand for war vessels, which they promptly met. The sea-going ironclad "New Ironsides" was built by them in 1862, followed by a num- ber of formidable ironclads and the cruiser "Chattanooga." They subsequently built several war vessels for the Russian and other governments which added to their reputation. When the American steamship line was established in 1870, the Cramps were commissioned to build for it four first- class iron steamships, the "Pennsylvania," "Ohio," "Indiana" and "Illinois," which they turned out in rapid order, some of the finest specimens of the naval architecture of their day. William Cramp remained at the head of the great company he had founded until his death, which occurred January 6, 1879.

Charles H. Cramp, the successor of his father as head of the William Cramp & Sons' Ship and Engine Building Company, was born in Philadelphia May 9, 1829, and received an excellent education in his native city, which he sedulously sought to sup- plement by close study until he became an authority on general subjects and the best naval architect on the western hemis- phere. Many of the best vessels of our new navy were built by this immense con- cern.

WASHINGTON ALLSTON, probably the greatest American painter, was born in South Carolina in 1779. He was sent to school at the age of seven years at Newport, Rhode Island, where he met Ed- ward Malbone, two years his senior, and who later became a painter of note. The friendship that sprang up between them un- doubtedly influenced young Allston in the choice of a profession. He graduated from Harvard in 1800, and went to England the

following year, after pursuing his studies for a year under his friend Malbone at his home in South Carolina. He became a student at the Royal Academy where the great American, Benjamin West, presided, and who became his intimate friend. Allston later went to Paris, and then to Italy, where four years were spent, mostly at Rome. In 1809 he returned to America, but soon after returned to London, having married in the meantime a sister of Dr. Channing. In a short time his first great work appeared, "The Dead Man Restored to Life by the Bones of Elisha, " which took the British Association prize and firmly established his reputation. Other paintings followed in quick succession, the greatest among which were "Uriel in the Center of the Sun," "Saint Peter Liberated by the Angel," and "Jacob's Dream," supplemented by many smaller pieces. Hard work, and grief at the death of his wife began to tell upon his health, and he left London in 1818 for America. The same year he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy. During the next few years he painted "Jeremiah," "Witch ofEndor," and "Beatrice." In 1830 Alls- ton married a daughter of Judge Dana, and went to Cambridge, which was his home until his death. Here he produced the "Vision of the Bloody Hand," "Rosalie," and many less noted pieces, and had given one week of labor to his unfinished master- piece, "Belshazzar's Feast," when death ended his career July 9, 1843.

JOHN ROACH, ship builder and manu- facturer, whose career was a marvel of. industrial labor, and who impressed his in- dividuality and genius upon the times in which he lived more, perhaps, than any other manufacturer in America. He was born at Mitchelstown, County Cork, Ire-

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land, December 25, 181 5, the son of a wealthy merchant. He attended school until he was thirteen, when his father be- came financially embarrassed and failed and shortly after died; John determined to come to America and carve out a fortune for himself. He landed in New York at the age of sixteen, and soon obtained employ- ment at the Howell Iron Works in New Jer- sey, at twenty-five cents a day. He soon made himself a place in the world, and at the end of three years had saved some twelve hundred dollars, which he lost by the failure of his employer, in whose hands it was left. Returning to New York he began to learn how to make castings for marine engines and ship work. Having again accumulated one thousand dollars, in company with three fellow workmen, he purchased a small foundry in New York, but soon became sole proprietor. At the end of four years he had saved thirty thou- sand dollars, besides enlarging his works. In 1856 his works were destroyed by a boiler explosion, and being unable to collect the insurance, was left, after paying his debts, without a dollar. However, his credit and reputation for integrity was good, and he built the Etna Iron Works, giving it capacity to construct larger marine engines than any previously built in this country. Here he turned out immense engines for the steam ram Dunderberg, for the war ves- sels Winooski and Neshaning, and other large vessels. To accommodate his increas- ing business, Mr. Roach, in 1869, pur- chased the Morgan Iron Works, one of the largest in New York, and shortly after sev- eral others. In 1871 he bought the Ches- ter ship yards, which he added to largely, erecting a rolling mill and blast furnace, and providing every facility for building a ship out of the ore and timber. This immense

plant covered a large area, was valued at several millions of dollars, and was known as the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works, of which Mr. Roach was the principal owner. He built a large percentage of the iron vessels now flying the American flag, the bulk of his business being for private parties. In 1875 he built the sectional dry docks at Pensacola. He, about this time, drew the attention of the government to the use of compound marine engines, and thus was the means of im- proving the speed and economy of the ves- sels of our new navy. In 1883 Mr. Roach commenced work on the three cruisers for the government, the "Chicago," "Boston" and "Atlanta," and the dispatch boat " Dolphin." For some cause the secretary of the navy refused to receive the latter and decided that Mr. Roach's contract would not hold. This embarrassed Mr. Roach, as a large amount of his capital was in- volved in these contracts, and for the pro- tection of bondsmen and creditors, July 18, 1885, he made an assignment, but the financial trouble broke down his strong con- stitution, and January 10, 1887, he died. His son, John B. Roach, succeeded to the shipbuilding interests, while Stephen W. Roach inherited the Morgan Iron Works at New York.

JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, one of J the two great painters who laid the foundation of true American art, was born in Boston in 1737, one year earlier than his great contemporary, Benjamin West. His education was limited to the common schools of that time, and his training in art he ob- tained by his own observation and experi- ments solely. When he was about seven- teen years old he had mapped out his future, however, by choosing painting as his pro-

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fession. If he ever studied under any teacher in his early efforts, we have no au- thentic account of it, and tradition credits the young artist's wonderful success en- tirely to his own talent and untiring effort. It is almost incredible that at the age of twenty-three years his income from his works aggregated fifteen hundred dollars per annum, a very great sum in those days. In 1774 he went to Europe in search of ma- terial for study, which was so rare in his native land. After some time spent in Italy he finally took up his permanent residence in England. In 1783 he was made a mem- ber of the Royal Academy, and later his son had the high honor of becoming lord chancellor of England and Lord Lyndhurst. Many specimens of Copley's work are to be found in the Memorial Hall at Harvard and in the Boston Museum, as well as a few of the works upon which he modeled his style. Copley was essentially a portrait painter, though his historical paintings at- tained great celebrity, his masterpiece being his " Death of Major Pierson," though that distinction has by some been given to his "Death of Chatham," It is said that he never saw a good picture until he was thirty-five years old, yet his portraits prior to that period are regarded as rare speci- mens. He died in 181 5.

HENRY B. PLANT, one of the greatest railroad men of the country, became famous as president of the Plant system of railway and steamer lines, and also the Southern & Texas Express Co. He was born in October, 18 19, at Branford, Connecticut, and entered the railroad serv- ice in 1844, serving as express messenger on the Hartford & New Haven Railroad until 1853, during which time he had entire charge of the express business of that road.

He went south in 1853 and established ex- press lines on various southern railways, and in 1 86 1 organized the Southern Express Co., and became its president. In 1879 he purchased, with others, the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad of Georgia, and later reorganized the Savannah, Florida & Western Railroad, of which he became president. He pur- chased and rebuilt, in 1880, the Savannah & Charleston Railroad, now Charleston & Savannah. Not long after this he organ- ized the Plant Investment Co., to control these railroads and advance their interests generally, and later established a steamboat line on the St. John's river, in Florida. From 1853 until i860 he was general superintendent of the southern division of the Adams Express Co., and in 1867 be- came president of the Texas Express Co. The "Plant system" of railway, steamer and steamship lines is one of the greatest business corporations of the southern states.

WADE HAMPTON, a noted Confeder- ate officer, was born at Columbia, South Carolina, in 18 18. He graduated from the South Carolina College, took an active part in politics, and was twice elected to the legislature of his state. In 1861 he joined the Confederate army, and command- ed the " Hampton Legion " at the first bat- tle of Bull Run, in July, 1861. He did meritorious service, was wounded, and pro- moted to brigadier-general. He command- ed a brigade at Seven Pines, in 1862, and was again wounded. He was engaged in the battle of Antietam in September of the same year, and participated in the raid into Pennsylvania in October. In 1863 he was with Lee at Gettysburg, where he was wounded for the third time. He was pro- moted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and commanded a troop of cavalry in Lee's

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army during 1864, and was in numerous en- gagements. In 1865 he was in South Car- olina, and commanded the cavalry rear guard of the Confederate army in its stub- born retreat before General Sherman on his advance toward Richmond.

After the war Hampton took an active part in politics, and was a prominent figure at the Democratic national convention in 1868, which nominated Seymour and Blair for president and vice-president. He was governor of South Carolina, and took his seat in the United States senate in 1879, where he became a conspicuous figure in national affairs.

NIKOLA TESLA, one of the most cele- brated electricians America has known, was born in 1857, at Smiljau, Lika, Servia. He descended from an old and representative family of that country. His father was a a minister of the Greek church, of high rank, while his mother was a woman of remarka- ble skill in the construction of looms, churns and the machinery required in a rural home. Nikola received early education in the public schools of Gospich, when he was sent to the higher "Real Schule" at Karl- stadt, where, after a three years' course, he graduated in 1873. He devoted him- self to experiments in electricity and magnetism, to the chagrin of his father, who had destined him for the ministry, but giving way to the boy's evident genius he was allowed to continue his studies in the polytechnic school at Gratz. He in- herited a wonderful intuition which enabled him to see through the intricacies of ma- chinery, and despite his instructor's demon- stration that a dynamo could not be oper- ated without commutators or brushes, began experiments which finally resulted in his rotating field motors. After the study

of languages at Prague and Buda-Pesth, he became associated with M. Puskas, who had introduced the telephone into Hungary. He invented several improvements, but being unable to reap the necessary benefit from them, he, in search of a wider field, went to Paris, where he found employment with one of the electric lighting companies as electrical engineer. Soon he set his face westward, and coming to the United States for a time found congenial employment wfth Thomas A. Edison. Finding it impossible, overshadowed as he was, to carry out his own ideas he left the Edison works to join a company formed to place his own inven- tions on the market. He perfected his rotary field principle, adapting it to circuits then in operation. It is said of him that some of his proved theories will change the entire electrical science. It would, in an article of this length, be impossible to ex- plain all that Tesla accomplished for the practical side of electrical engineering. His discoveries formed the basis of the at- tempt to utilize the water power of Niagara Falls. His work ranges far beyond the vast department of polyphase currents and high potential lighting and includes many inventions in arc lighting, transformers, pyro and thermo-magnetic motors, new forms of incandescent lamps, unipolar dyna- mos and many others.

CHARLES B. LEWIS won fame as an American humorist under the name of "M. Quad." It is said he owes his celebrity originally to the fact that he was once mixed up in a boiler explosion on the Ohio river, and the impressions he received from the event he set up from his case when he was in the composing room of an ob- scure Michigan paper. His style possesses a peculiar quaintness, and there runs through

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it a vein of philosophy. Mr. Lewis was born in 1844, near a town called Liverpool, Ohio. He was, however, raised in Lansing, Michigan, where he spent a year in an agri- cultural college, going from there to the composing room of the "Lansing Demo- crat." At the outbreak of the war he en- listed in the service, remained during the entire war, and then returned to Lansing. The explosion of the boiler that "blew him into fame, " took place two years later, while he was on his way south. When he re- covered physically, he brought suit for dam- ages against the steamboat company, which he gained, and was awarded a verdict of twelve thousand dollars for injuries re- ceived. It was while he was employed by the "Jacksonian" of Pontiac, Mich., that he set up his account of how he felt while being blown up. He says that he signed it "M Quad," because "a bourgeoise em quad is useless except in its own line — it won't justify with any other type." Soon after, because of the celebrity he attained by this screed, Mr. Lewis secured a place on the staff of the "Detroit Free Press," and made for that paper a wide reputation. His sketches of the "Lime Kiln Club" and " Brudder Gardner " are perhaps the best known of his humorous writings.

HIRAM S. MAXIM, the famous inventor, was born in Sangersville, Maine, February 5, 1840, the son of Isaac W. and Harriet B. Maxim. The town of his birth was but a small place, in the woods, on the confines of civilization, and the family endured many hardships. They were without means and entirely dependent on themselves to make out of raw materials all they needed. The mother was an expert spinner, weaver, dyer and seamstress and the father a trapper, tanner,

miller, blacksmith, carpenter, mason and farmer. Amid such surroundings young Maxim gave early promise of remarkable aptitude. With the universal Yankee jack- knife the products of his skill excited the wonder and interest of the locality. His parents did not encourage his latent genius but apprenticed him to a coach builder. Four years he labored at this uncongenial trade but at the end of that time he forsook it and entered a machine shop at Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Soon mastering the details of that business and that of mechanical drawing, he went to Boston as the foreman of the philosophical instrument manufactory. From thence he went to New York and with the Novelty Iron Works Shipbuilding Co. he gained experience in those trades. His inventions up to this time consisted of improvements in steam engines, and an automatic gas machine, which came into general use. In 1877 he turned his attention to electricity, and in 1878 produced an incandescent lamp, that would burn 1,000 hours. He was the first to design a process for flashing electric carbons, and the first to "standardize" carbons for electric light- ing. In 1880 he visited Europe and exhibit- ing, at the Paris Exposition of 1881, a self- regulating machine, was decorated with the Legion of Honor. In 1883 he returned to London as the European representative of the United States Electric Light Co. An incident of his boyhood, in which the recoil of a rifle was noticed by him, and the apparent loss of power shown, in 188 1-2 prompted the invention of a gun which utilizes the recoil to automatically load and fire seven hundred and seventy shots per minute. The Maxim- Nordenfelt Gun Co., with a capital of nine million dollars, grew from this. In 1883 he patented his electric training gear for large guns. And later turned his attention to fly-

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ing machines, which he claimed were not an impossibility. He took out over one hundred patents for smokeless gunpowder, and for pe- troleum and other motors and autocycles.

JOHN DAVISON ROCKEFELLER, J one of America's very greatest financiers and philanthropists, was born in Richford, Tioga county, New York, July 8, 1839. He received a common-school education in his native place, and in 1853, when his parents removed to Cleveland, Ohio, he entered the high school of that city. After a two-years' course of diligent work, he entered the com- mission and forwarding house of Hewitt & Tuttle, of Cleveland, remaining with the firm some years, and then began business for himself, forming a partnership with Morris B. Clark. Mr. Rockefeller was then but nineteen years of age, and during the year i860, in connection with others, they started the oil refining business, under the firm name of Andrews, Clark & Co. Mr. Rockefeller and Mr. Andrews purchased the interest of their associates, and, after taking William Rockefeller into the firm, established offices in Cleveland under the name of William Rockefeller & Co. Shortly after this the house of Rockefeller & Co. was es- tablished in New York for the purpose of finding a market for their products, -and two years later all the refining companies were consolidated under the firm name of Rocke- feller, Andrews & Flagler. This firm was succeeded in 1870 by the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, said to be the most gigantic business corporation of modern times. John D. Rockefeller's fortune has been variously estimated at from one hun- dred million to two hundred million dollars. Mr. Rockefeller's philanthropy mani- fested itself principally through the American Baptist Educational Society. He donated

the building for the. Spelman Institute at Atlanta, Georgia, a school for the instruction of negroes. His other gifts were to the University of Rochester, Cook Academy, Peddie Institute, and Vassar College, be- sides smaller gifts to many institutions throughout the country. His princely do- nations, however, were to the University of Chicago. His first gift to this institution was a conditional offer of six hundred thou- sand dollars in 1889, and when this amount was paid he added one million more. Dur- ing 1892 he made it two gifts of one million each, and all told, his donations to this one institution aggregated between seven and eight millions of dollars.

JOHN M. PALMER.— For over a third of a century this gentleman occupied a prominent place in the political world, both in the state of Illinois and on the broader platform of national issues.

Mr. Palmer was born at Eagle Creek, Scott county, Kentucky, September 13, 18 17. The family subsequently removed to Christian county, in the same state, where he acquired a common-school education, and made his home until 1831. His father was opposed to slavery, and in the latter year removed to Illinois and settled near Alton. In 1834 John entered Alton College, or- ganized on the manual-labor plan, but his funds failing, abandoned it and entered a cooper shop. He subsequently was en- gaged in peddling, and teaching a district school near Canton. In 1838 he began the study of law, and the following year re- moved toCarlinville, where, in December of that year, he was admitted to the bar. He was shortly after defeated for county clerk. In 1843 he was elected probate judge. In the constitutional convention of 1847, Mr. Palmer was a delegate, and from 1849 to

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185 1 he was county judge. In 1852 he be- came a member of the state senate, but not being with his party on the slavery question he resigned that office in 1854. In 1856 Mr. Palmer was chairman of the first Re- publican state convention held in Illinois, and the same year was a delegate to the national convention. In i860 he was an elector on the Lincoln ticket, and on the breaking out of the war entered the service as colonel of the Fourteenth Illinois Infan- try, but was shortly after brevetted brigadier- general. In August, 1862, he organized the One Hundred and Twenty-second Illi- nois Infantry, but in September he was placed in command of the first division of the Army of the Mississippi, afterward was promoted to the rank of major-general. In 1865 he was assigned to the military ad- ministration in Kentucky. In 1867 General Palmer was elected governor of Illinois and served four years. In 1872 he went with the Liberal Republicans, who supported Horace Greeley, after which time he was identified with the Democratic party. In 1890 he was elected United States senator from Illinois, and served as such for six years. In 1896, on the adoption of the sil- ver plank in the platform of the Democratic party, General Palmer consented to lead, as presidential candidate, the National Dem- ocrats, or Gold Democracy.

WILLIAM H. BEARD, the humorist among American painters, was born at Painesville, Ohio, in 1821. His father, James H. Beard, was also a painter of na- tional reputation. William H. Beard be- gan his career as a traveling portrait painter. He pursued his studies in New York, and later removed to Buffalo, where he achieved reputation. He then went to

Italy and after a short stay returned to New York and opened a studio. One of his earliest paintings was a small picture called "Cat and Kittens," which was placed in the National Academy on exhibition. Among his best productions are "Raining Cats and Dogs," "The Dance of Silenus, " "Bears on a Bender," "Bulls and Bears," " Whoo!" " Grimalkin's Dream," "Little Red Riding Hood," "The Guardian of the Flag." His animal pictures convey the most ludicrous and satirical ideas, and the intelligent, human expression in their faces is most comical. Some artists and critics have re- fused to give Mr. Beard a place among the first circles in art, solely on account of the class of subjects he has chosen.

WW. CORCORAN, the noted philan- thropist, was born at Georgetown, District of Columbia, December 27, 1798. At the age of twenty-five he entered the banking business in Washington, and in time became very wealthy. He was noted for his magnificent donations to char- ity. Oak Hill cemetery was donated to Georgetown in 1847, and ten years later the Corcoran Art Gallery, Temple of Art, was presented to the city of Washington. The uncompleted building was utilized by the government as quartermaster's headquar- ters during the war. The building was completed after the war at a cost of a mil- lion and a half dollars, all the gift of Mr. Corcoran. The Louise Home for Women is another noble charity to his credit. Its object is the care of women of gentle breed- ing who in declining years are without means of support. In addition to this he gave liberally to many worthy institutions of learning and charity. He died at Wash- ington February 24, 1888.

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ALBERT BIERSTADT, the noted paint- er of American landscape, was born in Dusseldorf, Germany, in 1829, and was brought to America by his parents at the age of two years. He received his early education here, but returned to Dusseldorf to study painting, and also went to Rome. On his return to America he accompanied Lander's expedition across the continent, in 185S, and soon after produced his most popular work, "The Rocky Mountains — Lander's Peak. " Its boldness and grandeur were so unusual that it made him famous. The picture sold for twenty-five thousand dollars. In 1867 Mr. Bierstadt went to Europe, with a government commission, and gathered materials for his great historic- al work, "Discovery of the North River by Hendrik Hudson." Others of his great works were "Storm in the Rocky Mount- ains," "Valley of the Yosemite," "North Fork of the Platte," "Diamond Pool," "Mount Hood," "Mount Rosalie," and "The Sierra Nevada Mountains." His "Estes Park" sold for fifteen thousand dollars, and "Mount Rosalie" brought thirty-five thousand dollars. His smaller Rocky mountain scenes, however, are vast- ly superior to his larger works in execution and coloring.

ADDISON CAMMACK, a famous mill- ionaire Wall street speculator, was born in Kentucky. When sixteen years old he ran away from home and went to New Orleans, where he went to work in a ship- ping house. He outlived and outworked all the partners, and became the head of the firm before the opening of the war. At that time he fitted out small vessels and en- gaged in running the blockade of southern ports and carrying ammunition, merchan- dise, etc., to the southern people. This

made him a fortune. At the close of the war he quit business and went to New York. For two years he did not enter any active business, but seemed to be simply an on-looker in the great speculative center of America. He was observing keenly the methods and financial machinery, however, and when, in 1867, he formed a partnership with the popular Charles J. Osborne, the firm began to prosper. He never had an office on the street, but wandered into the various brokers' offices and placed his orders as he saw fit. In 1873 he dissolved his partnership with Osborne and operated alone. He joined a band of speculative conspirators known as the "Twenty-third party," and was the ruling spirit in that or- ganization for the control of the stock mar- ket. He was always on the ' ' bear " side and the only serious obstacle he ever encoun- tered was the persistent boom in industrial stocks, particularly sugar, engineered by James R. Keane. Mr. Cammack fought Keane for two years, and during the time is said to have lost no less than two million dollars before he abandoned the fight.

WALT. WHITMAN.— Foremost among the lesser poets of the latter part of the nineteenth century, the gentleman whose name adorns the head of this article takes a conspicuous place.

Whitman was born at West Hills, Long Island, New York, May 13, 1809. In the schools of Brooklyn he laid the foundation of his education, and early in life learned the printer's trade. For a time he taught coun- try schools in his native state. In 1846-7 he was editor of the "Brooklyn Eagle," but in 1848-9 was on the editorial staff of the "Crescent," of New Orleans. He made an extended tour throughout the United States and Canada, and returned to

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Brooklyn, where, in 1850, he published the "Freeman. " For some years succeeding 'his he was engaged as carpenter and builder. During the Civil war, Whitman acted as a volunteer nurse in the hospitals at Washington and vicinity and from the close of hostilities until 1873 he was employed in various clerkships in the government offices in the nation's capital. In the latter year he was stricken with paralysis as a result of his labors in the hospital, it is said, and being partially disabled lived for many years at Camden, New Jersey.

The first edition of the work which was to bring him fame, "Leaves of Grass," was published in 1855 and was but a small volume of about ninety-four pages. Seven or eight editions of "Leaves of Grass" have been issued, each enlarged and enriched with new poems. "Drum Taps," at first a separate publication, has been incorporated with the others. This volume and one prose writing entitled " Specimen Days and Collect," constituted his whole work.

Walt. Whitman died at Camden, New Jersey, March 26, 1892.

HENRY DUPONT, who became cele- brated as America's greatest manufact- urer of gunpowder, was a native of Dela- ware, born August 8, 1812. He received his education in its higher branches at the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated and entered the army as second lieutenant of artillery in 1S33. In 1834 he resigned and became proprietor of the extensive gunpowder manufacturing plant that bears his name, near Wilmington, Delaware. His large business interests interfered with his tak- ing any active participation in political life, although for many years he served as adjutant-general of his native state, and

during the war as major-general command- ing the Home Guards. He died August 8, 1889. His son, Henry A. Dupont, also was a native of Delaware, and was born July 30, 1838. After graduating from West Point in 1 86 1, he entered the army as second lieutenant of engineers. Shortly after he was transferred to the Fifth Artillery as first lieutenant. He was promoted to the rank of captain in 1864, serving in camp and garrison most of the time. He was in com- mand of a battery in the campaign of 1863-4. As chief of artillery of the army of West Virginia, he figured until the close of the war, being in the battles of Opequan, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, besides many minor engagements. He afterward acted as instructor in the artillery school at Fortress Monroe, and on special duty at West Point. He resigned from the army March 1, 1875.

WILLIAM DEERING, one of the fa- mous manufacturers of America, and also a philanthropist and patron of educa- tion, was born in Maine in 1826. His an- cestors were English, having settled in New England in 1634. Early in life it was Will- iam's intention to become a physician, and after completing his common-school educa- tion, when about eighteen years of age, he began an apprenticeship with a physician. A short time later, however, at the request of his father, he took charge of his father's business interests, which included a woolen mill, retail store and grist mill, after which he became agent for a dry goods commission house in Portland, where he was married. Later he became partner in the firm, and removed to New York. The business pros- pered, and after a number of years, on ac- count of failing health, Mr. Deering sold his interest to his partner, a Mr. Milner. The

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business has since made Mr. Milner a mill- ionaire many times over. A few years later Mr. Deering located in Chicago. His beginning in the manufacture of reapers, which has since made his name famous, was somewhat of an accident. He had loaned money to a man in that business, and in 1878 was compelled to buy out the business to protect his interests. The busi- ness developed rapidly and grew to immense proportions. The factories now cover sixty- two acres of ground and employ many thou- sands of men.

John McAllister schofield, an American general, was born in Chautau- qua county, New York, September 29, 1 831. He graduated at West Point in 1853, and was for five years assistant professor of nat- ural philosophy in that institution. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as major of the First Missouri Volunteers, and was ap- pointed chief of staff by General Lyon, under whom he fought at the battle of Wilson's Creek. In November, 1861, he was ap- pointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the Missouri militia until November, 1862, and of the army of the frontier from that time until 1863. In 1862 he was made major-general of volunteers, and was placed in command of the Department of the Missouri, and in 1864 of the Department of the Ohio. During the campaign through Georgia General Scho- field was in command of the Twenty-third Army Corps, and was engaged in most of the fighting of that famous campaign. Novem- ber 30, 1864, he defeated Hood's army at Franklin, Tennessee, and then joined Gen- eral Thomas at Nashville. He took part in the battle of Nashville, where Hood's army was destroyed. In January, 1865, he led his corps into North Carolina, captured

Wilmington, fought the battle of Kingston, and joined General Sherman at Goldsboro March 22, 1865. He executed the details of the capitulation of General Johnston to Sherman, which practically closed the war. In June, 1868, General Schofield suc- ceeded Edwin M. Stanton as secretary of war, but was the next year appointed major- general of the United States army, and order- ed to the Department of the Missouri. From 1 870 to 1 876 he was in command of the De- partment of the Pacific; from 1876 to 1881 superintendent of the West Point Military Academy; in 1883 he was in charge of the Department of the Missouri, and in 1886 of the division of the Atlantic. In 1888 he became general-in-chief of the United States army, and in February, 1895, was appoint- ed lieutenant-general by President Cleve- land, that rank having been revived by con- gress. In September, 1895, he was retired from active service.

LEWIS WALLACE, an American gen- eral and famous author, was born ir\ Brookville, Indiana, April 10, 1827. He served in the Mexican war as first lieutenant of a company of Indiana Volunteers. After his return from Mexico he was admitted to the bar, and practiced law in Covington and Crawfordsville, Indiana, until 1861. At the opening of the war he was appointed ad- jutant-general of Indiana, and soon after be- came colonel of the Eleventh Indiana Vol- unteers. He defeated a force of Confeder- ates at Romney, West Virginia, and was made brigadier-general in September, 1861. At the capture of Fort Donelson in 1S62 he commanded a division, and was engaged in the second day's fight at Shiloh. In 1863 his defenses about Cincinnati saved that city from capture by Kirby Smith. At Monoc- acy in July, 1864, he was defeated, but

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his resistance delayed the advance of Gen- eral Early and thus saved Washington from capture.

General Wallace was a member of the court that tried the assassins of President Lincoln, and also of that before whom Cap- tain Henry Wirtz, who had charge of the Andersonville prison, was tried. In 1881 General Wallace was sent as minister to Turkey. When not in official service he devoted much of his time to literature. Among his better known works are his "Fair God," "Ben Hur," "Prince of India," and a " Life of Benjamin Harrison."

THOMAS FRANCIS BAYARD, an Ameri- can statesman and diplomat, was born at Wilmington, Delaware, October 29, 1828. He obtained his education at an Episcopal academy at Flushing, Long Island, and after a short service in a mercantile house in New York, he returned to Wilmington and entered his father's law office to prepare himself for the practice of that profession. He was admitted to the bar in 185 1. He was appointed to the office of United States district attorney for the state of Delaware, serving one year. In 1 869 he was elected to the United States senate, and continuously represented his state in that body until 1885, and in 1881, when Chester A. Arthur entered the presidential chair, Mr. Bayard was chosen president pro tempore of the senate. He had also served on the famous electoral commission that decided the Hayes-Tilden contest in 1876-7. In 1885 President Cleve- land appointed Mr. Bayard secretary of state. At the beginning of Cleveland's sec- ond term, in 1893, Mr. Bayard was selected for the post of ambassador at the court of St. James, London, and was the first to hold that rank in American diplomacy, serving until the beginning of the McKinley admin-

istration. The questions for adjustment at that time between the two governments were the Behring Sea controversy and the Venezuelan boundary question. He was very popular in England because of his tariff views, and because of his criticism of the protective policy of the United States in 'his public speeches delivered in London, Edinburgh and other places, he received, in March, 1896, a vote of censure in the lower house of congress.

JOHN WORK GARRETT, for so many years at the head of the great Baltimore & Ohio railroad system, was born in Balti- more, Maryland, July 31, 1820. His father, Robert Garrett, an enterprising merchant, had amassed a large fortune from a small beginning. The son entered Lafayette Col- lege in 1834, but left the following year and entered his father's counting room, and in 1839 became a partner. John W. Gar- rett took a great interest in the develop- ment of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. He was elected one of the directors in 1857, and was its president from 1858 until his death. When he took charge of the road it was in an embarrassed condition, but within a year, for the first time in its exist- ence, it paid a dividend, the increase in its net gains being $725,385. After the war, during which the road suffered much damage from the Confederates, numerous branches and connecting roads were built or acquired, until it reached colossal proportions. Mr. Garrett was also active in securing a regular line of steamers between Baltimore and Bremen, and between the same port and Liverpool. He was one of the most active trustees of Johns Hopkins University, and a liberal contributor to the Young Men's Christian Association of Baltimore. He died September 26, 1884.

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Robert Garrett, the son of John W. Garrett, was born in Baltimore April 9, 1847, and graduated from Princeton in 1867. He received a business education in the banking house of his father, and in 1871 became president of the Valley Railroad of Virginia. He was made third vice-presi- dent of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1879, and first vice-president in 1881. He succeeded his father as president in 1884. Robert Garrett died July 29, 1896.

CARLSCHURZ, a noted German-Ameri- can statesman, was born in Liblar, Prus- sia, March 2, 1829. He studied at the Uni- versity of Bonn, and in 1849 was engaged in an attempt to excite an insurrection at that place. After the surrender of Rastadt by the revolutionists, in the defense of which Schurz took part, he decided to emigrate to America. He resided in Philadelphia three years, and then settled in Watertown, Wis- consin, and in 1859 removed to Milwaukee, where he practiced law. On the organiza- tion of the Republican party he became a leader of the German element and entered the campaign for Lincoln in i860. He was appointed minister to Spain in 1861, but re- signed in December of that year to enter the army. He was appointed brigadier- general in 1862, and participated in the second battle of Bull Run, and also at Chancellorsville. At Gettysburg he had temporary command of the Eleventh Army Corps, and also took part in the battle of Chattanooga.

After the war he located at St. Louis, and in 1869 was elected United States sena- tor from Missouri. He supported Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1S72, and in the campaign of 1876, having removed to New York, he supported Hayes and the Re- publican ticket, and was appointed secre-

tary of the interior in 1877. In 1881 he became editor of the "New York Evening Post," and in 1884 was prominent in his opposition to James G. Blaine, and became a leader of the "Mugwumps," thus assist- ing in the election of Cleveland. In the presidential campaign of 1896 his forcible speeches in the interest of sound money wielded an immense influence. Mr. Schurz wrote a "Life of Henry Clay," said to be the best biography ever published of that eminent statesman.

GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, an American statesman of national reputation, was born in Richmond, Vermont, February 1, 1828. His education was obtained in the public schools and from the instructions of a private tutor. He was admitted to the bar, practiced law, and served in the state legislature from 1854 to 1859, during three years of that time being speaker of the lower house. He was elected to the state senate and acted as president pro tempore of that body in 1861 and 1862. He became promi- nent for his activity in the impeachment proceedings against President Johnson, and was appointed to the United States senate to fill out the unexpired term of Solomon Foot, entering that body in 1866. He was re-elected to the senate four times, and served on the electoral commission in 1877. He became president pro tempore of the senate after the death of President Garfield, and was the author of the bill which put an end to the practice of polygamy in the ter- ritory of Utah. In November, 1 891, owing to impaired health, he retired from the sen- ate and again resumed the practice of law.

LUCIUS Q. C. LAMAR, a pr< political leader, statesman and jurist, was born in Putnam county, Georgia, Sep-

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temberi7, 1825. He graduated from Emory College in 1845, studied law at Macon under Hon. A. H. Chappell, and was admitted to the bar in 1847. He moved to Oxford, Mississippi, in 1849, and was elected to a professorship in the State University. He resigned the next year and returned to Cov- ington, Georgia, and resumed the practice of law. In 1853 he was elected to the Georgia Legislature, and in 18 54 he removed to his plantation in Lafayette county, Mis- sissippi, and was elected to represent his district in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth congresses. He resigned in i860, and was sent as a delegate to the secession conven- tion of the state. He entered the Confed- erate service in 1861 as lieutenant-colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, and was soon after made colonel. In 1863 President Davis appointed him to an important diplo- matic mission to Russia. In 1866 he was elected professor of political economy and social science in the State University, and was soon afterward transferred to the pro- fessorship of the law department. He rep- resented his district in the forty-third and forty-fourth congresses, and was elected United States senator from Mississippi in 1877, and re-elected in 1882. In 1885, be- fore the expiration of his term, he was appointed by President Cleveland as secre- tary of the interior, which position he held until his appointment as associate justice of the United States supreme court, in 1888, in which capacity he served until his death, January 23, 1894.

BENJAMIN PENHALLOW SHILLA- BER won fame in the world of humorists under the name of "Mrs. Parting- ton." He was born in 1841 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and started out in life as a printer. Mr. Shillaber went to Dover,

where he secured employment in a printing office, and from there he went to Demerara, Guiana, where he was employed as a com- positor in 1835-37. In 1840 he became connected with the "Boston Post," and acquired quite a reputation as a humorist by his "Sayings of Mrs. Partington." He remained as editor of the paper until 1850, when he printed and edited a paper of his own called the "Pathfinder," which he con- tinued until 1852. Mr. Shillaber be- came editor and proprietor of the "Carpet Bag," which he conducted during 1850-52, and then returned to the "Boston Post," with which he was connected until 1856. During the same time he was one of the editors of the "Saturday Evening Gazette," and continued in this line after he severed his connection with the "Post," for ten years. After 1866 Mr. Shillaber wrote for various newspapers and periodicals, and during his life published the following books: ' 'Rhymes with Reason and Without, " "Poems," "Life and Sayings of Mrs. Part- ington," "Knitting Work," and others. His death occurred at Chelsea, Massachu- setts, November 25, 1890.

EASTMAN JOHNSON stands first among painters of American country life. He was born in Lovell, Maine, in 1824, and be- gan his work in drawing at the age of eight- een years. His first works were portraits, and, as he took up his residence in Wash- ington, the most famous men of the nation were his subjects. In 1 846 he went to Bos- ton, and there made crayon portraits of Longfellow, Emerson, Sumner, Hawthorne and other noted men. In 1849 he went to Europe. He studied at Dusseldorf, Ger- many; spent a year at the Royal Academy, and thence to The Hague, where he spent four years, producing there his first pictures

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of consequence, "The Card-Players " and "The Savoyard." He then went to Paris, but was called home, after an absence from America of six years. He lived some time in Washington, and then spent two years among the Indians of Lake Superior. In 1858 he produced his famous picture, "The Old Kentucky Home." He took up his permanent residence at New York at that time. His "Sunday Morning in Virginia" is a work of equal merit. He was espe- cially successful in coloring, a master of drawing, and the expression conveys with precision the thought of the artist. His portrayal of family life and child life is un- equalled. Among his other great works are "The Confab," "Crossing a Stream,' "Chimney Sweep," "Old Stage Coach," " The New Bonnet," " The Drummer Boy," "Childhood of Lincoln," and a great vari- ety of equally familiar subjects.

PIERCE GUSTAVE TOUTANT BEAU- REGARD, one of the most distin- guished generals in the Confederate army, was born near New Orleans, Louisiana, May 28, 1 81 8. He graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1838, and was made second lieutenant of engineers. He was with General Scott in Mexico, and dis- tinguished himself at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, and^ the battles near the City of Mexico, for which he was twice brevetted. After the Mexican war closed he was placed in charge of defenses about New Orleans, and in i860 was appointed superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He held this position but a few months, when he resigned February 20, 1 86 1, and accepted a commission of briga- dier-general in the Confederate army. He directed the attack on Fort Sumter, the first engagement of the Civil war. He was

in command of the Confederates at the first battle of Bull Run, and for this victory was made general. In 1862 he was placed in command of the Army of the Mississippi, and planned the attack upon General Grant at Shiloh, and upon the death of General Johnston he took command of the army and was only defeated by the timely arrival of General Buell with reinforcements. He commanded at Charleston and successfully defended that city against the combined at- tack by land and sea in 1863. In 1864 he was in command in Virginia, defeating Gen- eral Butler, and resisting Grant's attack upon Petersburg until reinforced from Rich- mond. During the long siege which fol- lowed he was sent to check General Sher- man's march to the sea, and was with Gen- eral Joseph E. Johnston when that general surrendered in 1865. After the close of the war he was largely interested in railroad management. In 1866 he was offered chief command of the Army of Roumania, and in 1869, that of the Army of Egypt. He de- clined these offers. His death occurred February 20, 1893.

HENRY GEORGE, one of America's most celebrated political economists, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 2, 1839. He received a common- school education and entered the high school in 1853, and then went into a mer- cantile office. He made several voyages on the sea, and settled in California in 1858. He then worked at the printer's trade for a number of years, which he left to follow the editorial profession. He edited in succession several daily newspapers, and attracted at- tention by a number of strong essays and speeches on political and social questions. In 1 87 1 he edited a pamphlet, entitled " Out Land and Policy," in which he outlined a

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theory, which has since made him so widely known. This was developed in " Progress and Poverty," a book which soon attained a large circulation on both sides of the Atlan- tic, which has been extensively translated. In 1880 Mr. George located in New York, where he made his home, though he fre- quently addressed audiences in Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, and throughout the United States. In 1886 he was nominated by the labor organizations for mayor of New York, and made a campaign notable for its development of unexpectedpower. In 1887 he was candidate of the Union Labor party for secretary of state of New York. These cam- paigns served to formulate the idea of asingle tax and popularize the Australian ballot sys- tem. Mr. George became a free trader in 1888, and in 1892 supported the election of Grover Cleveland. His political and eco- nomic ideas, known as the "single tax," have a large and growing support, but are not confined to this country alone. He wrote numerous miscellaneous articles in support of his principles, and also published: "The Land Question," "Social Problems," "Protection or Free Trade," "The Condi- tion of Labor, an Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII.," and " Perplexed Philosopher."

THOMAS ALEXANDER SCOTT. —This name is indissolubly connected with the history and development of the railway systems of the United States. Mr. Scott was born December 28, 1823, at London, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. He was first regularly employed by Major James Patton, the collector of tolls on the state road be- tween Philadelphia and Columbia, Penn- sylvania. He entered into the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1 850, and went through all the different branches of work until he had mastered all the details

of the office work, and in 1858 he was ap- pointed general superintendent. Mr. Scott was the next year chosen vice-president of the road. This position at once brought him before the public, and the enterprise and ability displayed by him in its manage- ment marked him as a leader among the railroad men of the country. At the out- break of the rebellion in 1861, Mr. Scott was selected by Governor Curtin as a mem- ber of his staff, and placed in charge of the equipment and forwarding of the state troops to the seat of war. On April 27, 1861, the secretary of war desired to establish a new line of road between the national capital and Philadelphia, for the more expeditious transportation of troops. He called upon Mr. Scott to direct this work, and the road by the way of Annapolis and Perryville was completed in a marvelously short space of time. On May 3, 1861, he was commis- sioned colonel of volunteers, and on the 23d of the same month the government railroads and telegraph lines were placed in his charge. Mr. Scott was the first assistant secretary of war ever appointed, and he took charge of this new post August 1, 1861. In Janu- ary, 1862, he was directed to organize transportation in the northwest, and in March he performed the same service on the western rivers. He resigned June 1, 1862, and resumed his direction of affairs on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Colonel Scott directed the policy that secured to his road the control of the western roads, and be- came the president of the new company to operate these lines in 1871. For one year, from March, 1 871, he was president of the Union Pacific Railroad, and in 1874 he suc- ceeded to the presidency of the Pennsyl- vania Company. He projected the Texas Pacific Railroad and was for many years its president. Colonel Scott's health failed

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him and he resigned the presidency of the road June I, 1880, and died at his home in Darby, Pennsylvania, May 21, 1881.

ROBERT TOOMBS, an American states- man of note, was born in Wilkes coun- ty, Georgia, July 2, 18 10. He attended the University of Georgia, and graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, and then took a law course at the University of Virginia. In 1S30, before he had attained his majority, he was admitted to the bar by special act of the legislature, and rose rapidly in his profession, attracting the attention of the leading statesmen and judges of that time. He raised a volunteer company for the Creek war, and served as captain to the close. He was elected to the state legislature in 1837, re-elected in 1842, and in 1S44 was elected to congress. He had been brought up as a Jeffersonian Democrat, but voted for Harrison in 1840 and for Clay in 1844. He made his first speech in congress on the Oregon question, and immediately took rank with the greatest debaters of that body. In 1853 he was elected to the United States senate, and again in 1859, but when his native state seceded he resigned his seat in the senate and was elected to the Confederate con- gress. It is stated on the best authority that had it not been for a misunderstanding which could not be explained till too late he would have been elected president of the Confederacy. He was appointed secretary of state by President Davis, but resigned after a few months and was commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate army. He won distinction at the second battle of Bull Run and at Sharpsburg, but resigned his commission soon after and returned to Georgia. He organized the militia of Georgia to resist Sherman, and was made

brigadier-general of the state troops. He left the country at the close of the war and did not return until 1867. He died Decem- ber 15, 1885.

AUSTIN CORBIN, one of the greatest railway magnates of the United States, was born July n, 1827, at Newport, New Hampshire. He studied law with Chief Justice Cushing and Governor Ralph Met- calf, and later took a course in the Harvard Law School, where he graduated in 1849. He was admitted to the bar, and practiced law, with Governor Metcalf as his partner, until October 12, 1851. Mr. Corbin then removed to Davenport, Iowa, where he re- mained until 1865. In 1854 he was a part- ner in the banking firm of Macklot & Cor- bin, and later he organized the First Na- tional bank of Davenport, Iowa, which commenced business June 29, 1863, and which was the first national bank open for business in the United States. Mr. Corbin sold out his business in the Davenport bank, and removed to New York in 1865 and com- menced business with partners under the style of Corbin Banking Company. Soon after his removal to New York he became interested in railroads, and became one of the leading railroad men of the country. The development of the west half of Coney Island as a summer resort first brought him into general prominence. He built a rail- road from New York to the island, and built great hotels on its ocean front. He next turned his attention to Long Island, and secured all the railroads and consoli- dated them under one management, became president of the system, and under his con- trol Long Island became the great ocean suburb of New York. His latest public achievement was the rehabilitation of the Reading Railroad, of Pennsylvania, and

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during the same time he and his friends purchased the controlling interest of the New Jersey Central Railroad. He took it out of the hands of the receiver, and in three years had it on a dividend-paying basis. Mr. Corbin's death occurred June 4, 1896.

JAMES GORDON BENNETT, Sr., was one of the greatest journalists of America in his day. He was born Septem- ber 1, 1795, at New Mill, near Keith, Scot- land. At the age of fourteen he was sent to Aberdeen to study for the priesthood, but, convinced that he was mistaken in his vocation, he determined to emigrate. He landed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1819, where he attempted to earn a living by teaching bookkeeping. Failing in this he went to Boston and found employment as a proof reader. Mr. Bennett went to New York about 1822 and wrote for the news- papers. Later on he became assistant editor in the office of the "Charleston Courier, "but returned to New York in 1824 and endeavored to start a commercial school, but was unsuccessful in this, and again returned to newspaper work. He continued in newspaper work with varying success until, at his suggestion, the "En- quirer" was consolidated with another paper, and became the "Courier and En- quirer," with James Watson Webb as editor and Mr. Bennett for assistant. At this time this was the leading American newspaper. He, however, severed his con- nection with this newspaper and tried, without success, other ventures in the line of journalism until May 6, 1835, when he issued the first number of the "New York Herald." Mr. Bennett wrote the entire paper, and made up for lack of news by his own imagination. The paper became popu-

lar, and in 1838 he engaged European jour- nalists as regular correspondents. In 1841 the income derived from his paper was at least one hundred thousand dollars. Dur- ing the Civil war the " Herald " had on its staff sixty-three war correspondents and the circulation was doubled. Mr. Bennett was interested with John W. Mackay in that great enterprise which is now known as the Mac- kay-Bennett Cable. He had collected for use in his paper over fifty thousand biographies, sketches and all manner of information re- garding every well-known man, which are still kept in the archives of the "Herald" office. He died in the city of New York in 1872, and left to his son, James Gordon, Jr., one of the greatest and most profitable journals in the United States, or even in the world.

OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, a noted American, won distinction in the field of literature, in which he attained a world-wide reputation. He was born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 29, 1809. He received a collegiate education and grad- uated from Harvard in 1829, at the age of twenty, and took up the study of law and later studied medicine. Dr. Holmes at- tended several years in the hospitals of Europe and received his degree in 1836. He became professor of anatomy and phys- iology in Dartmouth in 1838, and re- mained there until 1847, when he was called to the Massachusetts Medical School at Boston to occupy the same chair, which position he resigned in 1882. The first collected edition of his poems appeared in 1836, and his "Phi Beta Kappa Poems," "Poetry," in 1836; "Terpsichore," in 1843; "Urania," in 1846, and "Astrsea," won for him many fresh laurels. His series of papers in the "Atlantic Monthly," were:

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"Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," "Pro- fessor at the Breakfast Table," "Poet at the Breakfast Table," and are a series of masterly wit, humor and pathos. Among his medical papers and addresses, are: "Cur- rents and Counter-currents in the Medical Science," and "Borderland in Some Prov- inces of Medical Science." Mr. Holmes edited quite a number of works, of which we quote the following: "Else Venner, " "Songs in Many Keys," "Soundings from the Atlantic," "Humorous Poems," "The Guardian Angel," "Mechanism in Thoughts and Morals," "Songs of Many Seasons," "John L. Motley" — a memoir, "The Iron Gate and Other Poems," "Ralph Waldo Emerson," "A Moral Antipathy." Dr. Holmes visited England for the second time, and while there the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the University of Edinburgh. His death occurred October 7, 1894-

RUFUS CHOATE, one of the most em- inent of America's great lawyers, was born October 1, 1799, at Essex, Massachu- setts. He entered Dartmouth in 1815, and after taking his degree he remained as a teacher in the college for one year. He took up the study of law in Cambridge, and subsequently studied under the distinguished lawyer, Mr. Wirt, who was then United States attorney-general at Washington. Mr. Choatebegan the practice of law in Danvers, Massachusetts, and from there he went to Salem, and afterwards to Boston, Massa- chusetts. While living at Salem he was elected to congress in 1832, and later, in 1 84 1, he was chosen United States senator to succeed Daniel Webster, Mr. Webster having been appointed secretary of state under William Henry Harrison.

After the death of Webster. Mr- Choate

was the acknowledged leader of the Massa- chusetts bar, and was looked upon by the younger members of the profession with an affection that almost amounted to a rever- ence. Mr. Choate's powers as an orator were of the rarest order, and his genius made it possible for him to enchant and in- terest his listeners, even while discussing the most ordinary theme. He was not merely eloquent on the subjects that were calculated to touch the feelings and stir the passions of his audience in themselves, but could at all times command their attention. He re- tired from active life in 1858, and was on his way to Europe, his physician having ordered a sea voyage for his health, but had only reached Halifax, Nova Scotia, when he died, July 13, 1858.

D WIGHT L. MOODY, one of the most noted and effective pulpit orators and evangelists America has produced, was born in Northfield, Franklin county, Massachu- setts, February 5, 1837. He received but a meager education and worked on a farm until seventeen years of age, when he be- came clerk in a boot and shoe store in Boston. Soon after this he joined the Con- gregational church and went to Chicago, where he zealously engaged in missionary work among the poor classes. He met with great success, and in less than a year he built up a Sunday-school which numbered over one thousand children. When the war broke out he became connected with what was known as the "Christian Com- mission," and later became city missionary of the Young Men's Christian Association at Chicago. A church was built there for his converts and he became its unordained pas- tor. In the Chicago fire of 1871 the church and Mr. Moody's house and furniture, which had been given him, were destroyed. The

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church edifice was afterward replaced by a new church erected on the site of the old one. In 1873, accompanied by Ira D. Sankey, Mr. Moody went to Europe and excited great religious awakenings through- out England, Ireland and Scotland. In 1875 they returned to America and held large meetings in various cities. They afterward made another visit to Great Britain for the same purpose, meeting with great success, returning to the United States in 1884. Mr. Moody afterward continued his evangelistic work, meeting everywhere with a warm reception and success. Mr. Moody produced a number of works, some of which had a wide circulation.

JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN, a financier of world-wide reputation, and famous as the head of one of the largest banking houses in the world, was born April 17, 1837, at Hartford, Connecticut. He re- ceived his early education in the English high school, in Boston, and later supple- mented this with a course in the University of Gottingen, Germany. He returned to the United States, in 1857, and entered the banking firm of Duncan, Sherman & Co., of New York, and, in i860, he became agent and attorney, in the United States, for George Peabody & Co., of London. He became the junior partner in the banking firm of Dabney, Morgan & Co., in 1864, and that of Drexel, Morgan & Co., in 1871. This house was among the chief negotiators of railroad bonds, and was active in the re- organization of the West Shore Railroad, and its absorption by the New York Central Railroad. It was conspicuous in the re- organization of the Philadelphia & Read- ing Railroad, in 1887, which a syndicate of capitalists, formed by Mr. Morgan, placed on a sound financial basis. After that time

many other lines of railroad and gigantic financial enterprises were brought under Mr. Morgan's control, and in some respects it may be said he became the foremost financier of the century.

THOMAS BRACKETT REED, one of the most eminent of American states- men, was born October 18, 1839, at Port- land, Maine, where he received his early education in the common schools of the city, and prepared himself for college. Mr. Reed graduated from Bowdoin College in i860, and won one of the highest honors of the college, the prize for excellence in Eng- lish composition. The following four years were spent by him in teaching and in the study of law. Before his admission to the bar, however, he was acting assistant pay- master in the United States navy, and served on the "tin-clad" Sybil, which pa- trolled the Tennessee, Cumberland and Mississippi rivers. After his discharge in 1865, he returned to Portland, was admit- ted to the bar, and began the practice of his profession. He entered into political life, and in 1868 was elected to the legislature of Maine as a Republican, and in 1869 he was re-elected to the house, and in 1870 was made state senator, from which he passed to attorney-general of the state. He retired from this office in 1873, and until 1877 he was solicitor for the city of Portland. In 1876 he was elected to the forty-fifth congress, which assembled in 1877. Mr. Reed sprung into prominence in that body by one of the first speeches which he delivered, and his long service in congress, coupled with his ability, gave him a national reputation. His influence each year became more strongly marked, and the leadership of his party was finally conceded to him, and in the forty-ninth and fiftieth

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congresses the complimentary nomination for the speakership was tendered him by the Republicans. That party having obtained the ascendency in the fifty-first congress he was elected speaker on the first ballot, and he was again chosen speaker of the fifty- fourth and fifth-fifth congresses. As a writer, Mr. Reed contributed largely to the magazines and periodicals, and his book upon parliamentary rules is generally rec- ognized as authority on that subject.

CLARA BARTON is a celebrated char- acter among what might be termed as the highest grade of philanthropists Amer- ica has produced. She was born on a farm at Oxford, Massachusetts, a daughter of Captain Stephen Barton, and was educated at Clinton, New York. She engaged in teaching early in life, and founded a free school at Bordentown, the first in New Jer- sey. She opened with six pupils, but the attendance had grown to six hundred up to 1854, when she went to Washington. She was appointed clerk in the patent depart- ment, and remained there until the out- break of the Civil war, when she resigned her position and devoted herself to the al- leviation of the sufferings of the soldiers, serving, not in the hospitals, but on the bat- tle field. She was present at a number of battles, and after the war closed she origi- nated, and for some time carried on at her own expense, the search for missing soldiers. She then for several years devoted her time to lecturing on "Incidents of the War." About 1868 she went to Europe for her health, and settled in Switzerland, but on the outbreak of the Franco-German war she ac- cepted the invitation of the grand duchess of Baden to aid in the establishment of her hospitals, and Miss Barton afterward fol- lowed the German army She was deco-

rated with the golden cross by ihe grand duke of Baden, and with the iron cross by the emperor of Germany. She aiso served for many years as president of the famous Red Cross Society and attained a world- wide reputation.

CARDINAL JAMES GIBBONS, one of the most eminent Catholic clergymen in America, was born in Baltimore, Mary- land, July 23, 1S34. He was given a thorough education, graduated at St. Charles College, Maryland, in 1857, and studied theology in St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Maryland. In 1861 he became pastor of St. Bridget's church in Baltimore, and in 1868 was consecrated vicar apostolic of North Carolina. In 1872 our subject be- came bishop of Richmond, Virginia, and five years later was made archbishop of Bal- timore. On the 30th of June, i885, he was admitted to the full degree of cardinal and primate of the American Catholic church. He was a fluent writer, and his book, " Faith of Our Fathers,'' had a wide circulation.

CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW.— This name is, without doubt, one of the most widely known in the United States. Mr. Depew was born April 23, 1834, at Peekskill, New York, the home of the Depew family for two hundred years. He attended the common schools of his native place, where he prepared himself to enter college. He began his collegiate course at Yale at the age of eighteen and graduated in 1856. He early took an active interest in politics and joined the Republican party at its for- mation. He then took up the study of law and went into the office of the Hon. Will- iam Nelson, of Peekskill, for that purpose, and in 1858 he was admitted to the bar.

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He was sent as a delegate by the new party to the Republican state convention of that year. He began the practice of his profes- sion in 1859, but though he was a good worker, his attention was detracted by the campaign of 1 860, in which he took an act- ive part. During this campaign he gained his first laurels as a public speaker. Mr. Depew was elected assemblyman in 1862 from a Democratic district. In 1863 he se- cured the nomination for secretary of state, and gained that post by a majority of thirty thousand. In 1866 he left the field of pol- itics and entered into the active practice of his law business as attorney for the New York & Harlem Railroad Company, and in 1869 when this road was consoli- dated with the New York Central, and called the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, he was appointed the attor- ney for the new road. His rise in the rail- road business was rapid, and ten years after his entrance into the Vanderbilt system as attorney for a single line, he was the gen- eral counsel for one of the largest railroad systems in the world. He was also a director in the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, Michigan Central, Chicago & Northwestern, St. Paul & Omaha, West Shore, and Nickel Plate railroad companies. In 1874 Mr. Depew was made regent of the State University, and a member of the commission appointed to superintend the erection of the capitol at Albany. In 1882, on the resignation of W. H. Vanderbilt from the presidency of the New York Cen- tral and the accession to that office by James H. Rutter, Mr. Depew was made second vice-president, and held that posi- tion until the death of Mr. Rutter in 1885. In this year Mr. Depew became the execu- tive head of this great corporation. Mr. Depew's greatest fame grew from his ability

and eloquence as an orator and " after-din- ner speaker," and it has been said by emi- nent critics that this country has never pro- duced his equal in wit, fluency and eloquence.

PHILIP KEARNEY.— Among the most dashing and brilliant commanders in the United States service, few have outshone the talented officer whose name heads this sketch. He was born in New York City, June 2, 18 15, and was of Irish ancestry and imbued with all the dash and bravery of the Celtic race. He graduated from Columbia College and studied law, but in 1837 ac- cepted a commission as lieutenant in the First United States Dragoons, of which his uncle, Stephen W. Kearney, was then colo- nel. He was sent by the government, soon after, to Europe to examine and report upon the tactics of the French cavalry. There he attended the Polytechnic School, at Samur, and subsequently served as a vol- unteer in Algiers, winning the cross of the Legion of Honor. He returned to the United States in 1840, and on the staff of General Scott, in the Mexican war, served with great gallantry. He was made a cap- tain of dragoons in 1846 and made major for services at Contreras and Cherubusco. In the final assault on the City of Mexico at the San Antonio Gate, Kearney lost an arm. He subsequently served in California and the Pacific coast. In 1851 he resigned his commission and went to Europe, where he resumed his military studies. In the Italian war, in 1859, he served as a volun- teer on the staff of General Maurier, of the French army, and took part in the battles of Solferino and Magenta, and for bravery was, for the second time, decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honor. On the opening of the Civil war he hastened home, and, offering his services to the general gov-

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ernrr.ent, was made brigadier-general of volunteers and placed in command of a bri- gade of New Jersey troops. In the cam- paign under McClellan he commanded a di- vision, and at Williamsburg and Fair Oaks his services were valuable and brilliant, as well as in subsequent engagements. At Harrison's Landing he was made major-gen- eral of volunteers. In the second battle of Bull Run he was conspicuous, and at the battle of Chantilly, September i, 1862, while leading in advance of his troops, Gen- eral Kearney was shot and killed.

RUSSELL SAGE, one of the financial giants of the present century and for more than an average generation one of the most conspicuous and celebrated of Ameri- cans, was born in a frontier hamlet in cen- tral New York in August, 1 8 1 6. While Rus- sell was still a boy an elder brother, Henry Risley Sage, established a small grocery store at Troy, New York, and here Russell found his first employment, as errand boy. He served a five-years apprenticeship, and then joined another brother, Elisha M. Sage, in a new venture in the same line, which proved profitable, at least for Russell, who soon became its sole owner. Next he formed the partnership of Sage & Bates, and greatly extended his field of operations. At twenty-five he had, by his own exertions, amassed what was,, in those days, a consid- erable fortune, being worth about seventy- five thousand dollars. He had acquired an influence in local politics, and four years later his party, the Whigs, elected him to the aldermanic board of Troy and to the treasuryship of Rensselaer county. In 1848 he was a prominent member of the New York delegation to the Whig convention at Philadelphia, casting his first votes for Henry Clay, but joining the "stampede" which

nominated Zachary Taylor. In 1S50 the Whigs of Troy nominated him for congress, but he was not elected — a failure which he retrieved two years later, and in 1854 he was re-elected by a sweeping majority. At Washington he ranked high in influence and ability. Fame as a speaker and as a polit- ical leader was within his grasp, when he gave up public life, declined a renomination to congress, and went back to Troy to de- vote himself to his private business. Six years later, in 1863, he removed to New York and plunged into the arena of Wall street. A man of boundless energy and tireless pertinacity, with wonderful judg- ment of men and things, he soon took his place as a king in finance, and, it is said, during the latter part of his life he con- trolled more ready money than any other single individual on this continent.

ROGER QUARLES MILLS, a noted United States senator and famous as the father of the "Mills tariff bill, "was born in Todd county, Kentucky, March 30, 1832. He received a liberal education in the com- mon schools, and removed to Palestine, Texas, in 1849. He took up the study of law, and supported himself by serving as an assistant in the post-office, and in the offices of the court clerks. In 1850 he was elected engrossing clerk of the Texas house of rep- resentatives, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar, while still a minor, by special act of the legislature. He then settled at Cor- sicana, Texas, and began the active prac- tice of his profession. He was elected to the state legislature in 1859, and in 1872 he was elected to congress from the state at large, as a Democrat. After his first elec- tion he was continuously returned to con- gress until he resigned to accept the posi- tion of United States senator, to which he

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was elected March 23, 1892, to succeed Hon. Horace Chilton. He took his seat in the senate March 30, 1892; was afterward re-elected and ranked among the most use- ful and prominent members of that body. In 1876 he opposed the creation of the elec- toral commission, and in 1887 canvassed the state of Texas against the adoption of a prohibition amendment to its constitution, which was defeated. He introduced into the house of representatives the bill that was known as the "Mills Bill," reducing duties on imports, and extending the free list. The bill passed the house on July 21, 1888, and made the name of "Mills" famous throughout the entire country.

HAZEN S. PINGREE, the celebrated Michigan political leader, was born in Maine in 1842. Up to fourteen years of age he worked hard on the stony ground of his father's small farm. Attending school in the winter, he gained a fair education, and when not laboring on the farm, he found employment in the cotton mills in the vicinity. He resolved to find more steady work, and accordingly went to Hopkinton, Massachusetts, where he entered a shoe fac- tory, but on the outbreak of the war he en- listed at once and was enrolled in the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. He partici- pated in the battle of Bull Run, which was his initial fight, and served creditably his early term of service, at the expiration of which he re-enlisted. He fought in the battles of Fredricksburg, Harris Farm, Spottsylvania Court House and Cold Har- bor. In 1864 he was captured by Mosby, and spent five months at Andersonville, Georgia, as a prisoner, but escaped at the end of that time. He re-entered the service and participated in the battles of Fort Fisher, Boyden, and Sailor's Creek. He

was honorably mustered out of service, and in 1866 went to Detroit, Michigan, where he made use of his former experience in a shoe factory, and found work. Later he formed a partnership with another workman and started a small factory, which has since become a large establishment. Mr. Pin- gree made his entrance into politics in 1889, in which year he was elected by a surpris- ingly large majority as a Republican to the mayoralty of Detroit, in which office he was the incumbent during four consecutive terms. In November, 1896, he was elected gov- ernor of the state of Michigan. While mayor of Detroit, Mr. Pingree originated and put into execution the idea of allowing the poor people of the city the use of va- cant city lands and lots for the purpose of raising potatoes. The idea was enthusiast- ically adopted by thousands of poor families, attracted wide attention, and gave its author a national reputation as "Potato-patch Pin- gree."

THOMAS ANDREW HENDRICKS, an eminent American statesman and a Democratic politician of national fame, was born in Muskingum county, Ohio, Septem- ber 7, 1 8 19. In 1822 he removed, with his father, to Shelby county, Indiana. He graduated from the South Hanover College in 1 841, and two years later was admitted to the bar. In 1851 he was chosen a mem- ber of the state constitutional convention, and took a leading part in the deliberations of that body. He was elected to congress in 1 85 1, and after serving two terms was appointed commissioner of the United States general land-office. In 1863 he was elected to the United States senate, where his dis- tinguished services commanded the respect of all parties. He was elected governor of Indiana in 1872, serving four years, and in

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(876 was nominated by the Democrats as candidate for the vice-presidency with Til- den. The returns in a number of states were contested, and resulted in the appoint- ment of the famous electoral commission, which decided in favor of the Republican candidates. In 1884 Mr. Hendricks was again nominated as candidate for the vice- presidency, by the Democratic party, on the ticket with Grover Cleveland, was elected, and served about six months. He died at Indianapolis, November 25, 1885. He was regarded as one of the brainiest men in the party, and his integrity was never ques- tioned, even by his political opponents.

GARRETT A. HOBART, one of the many able men who have held the high office of vice-president of the United States, was born June 3, 1844, in Mon- mouth county, New Jersey, and in i860 en- tered the sophomore class at Rutgers Col- lege, from which he graduated in 1863 at the age of nineteen. He then taught school until he entered the law office of Socrates Tuttle, of Paterson, New Jersey, with whom he studied law. and in 1869 was admitted to the bar. He immediately began the active practice of his profession in the office of the above named gentleman. He became interested in political life, and espoused the cause of the Republican party, and in 1865 held his first office, serving as clerk for the grand jury. He was also city counsel of Paterson in 1871, and in May, 1872, was elected counsel for the board of chosen freeholders. He entered the state legislature in 1873, and was re-elected to the assembly in 1874. Mr. Hobart was made speaker of the assembly in 1876, and and in 1879 was elected to the state senate. After serving three years in the same, he was elected president of that body in 1881,

and the following year was re-elected to that office. He was a delegate-at large to the Republican national convention in 1876 and 1880, and was elected a member of the national committee in 1884, which position he occupied continuously until 1896. He was then nominated for vice-president by the Republican national convention, anr" was elected to that office in the fall of 1896 on the ticket with William McKinley.

WILLIAM MORRIS STEWART, noted as a political leader and senator, was born in Lyons, Wayne county, New York, August 9, 1827, and removed with his par- ents while still a small child to Mesopota- mia township, Trumbull county, Ohio. He attended the Lyons Union school and Farm- ington Academy, where he obtained his ed- ucation. Later he taught mathematics in the former school, while yet a pupil, and with the little money thus earned and the assistance of James C. Smith, one of the judges of the supreme court of New York, he entered Yale College. He remained there until the winter of 1849-50, when, at- tracted by the gold discoveries in California he wended his way thither. He arrived at San Francisco in May, 1850, and later en- gaged in mining with pick and shovel in Ne- vada county. In this way he accumulated some money, and in the spring of 1852 he took up the study of law under John R. McConnell. The following December he was appointed district attorney, to which office he was chosen at the general election of the next year. In 1854 he was ap- pointed attorney-general of California, and in i860 he removed to Virginia City, Ne- vada, where he largely engaged in early mining litigation. Mr. Stewart was also in- terested in the development of the "Corn- stock lode," and in 1861 was chosen a

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member of the territorial council. He was elected a member of the constitutional con- vention in 1863, and was elected United States senator in 1864, and re-elected in 1869. At the expiration of his term in 1875, he resumed the practice of law in Nevada, California, and the Pacific coast generally. He was thus engaged when he was elected again to the United States sen- ate as a Republican in 1887 to succeed the late James G. Fair, a Democrat, and took his seat March 4, 1887. On the expiration of his term he was again re-elected and be- came one of the leaders of his party in con- gress. His ability as an orator, and the prominent part he took in the discussion of public questions, gained him a national rep- utation.

GEORGE GRAHAM VEST, for many years a prominent member of the United States senate, was born in Frank- fort, Kentucky, December 6, 1848. He graduated from Center College in 1868, and from the law department of the Transyl- vania University of Lexington, Kentucky, in 1853. In the same year he removed to Missouri and began the practice of his pro- fession, In i860 he was an elector on the Democratic ticket, and was a member of the lower house of the Missouri legislature in 1860-61. He was elected to the Con- federate congress, serving two years in the lower house and one in the senate. He then resumed the practice of law, and in 1 879 was elected to the senate of the United States to succeed James Shields. He was re-elected in 1885, and again in 1891 and 1897. His many years of service in the National congress, coupled with his ability as a speaker and the active part he took in the discussion of public questions, gave him a wide reputation.

HANNIBAL HAMLIN, a noted American statesman, whose name is indissolubly connected with the history of this country, was born in Paris, Maine, August 27, 1809. He learned the printer's trade and followed that calling for several years. He then studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1833. He was elected to the legislature of the state of Maine, where he was several times chosen speaker of the lower house. He was elected to congress by the Demo- crats in 1843, and re-elected in 1845. ln 1848 he was chosen to the United States senate and served in that body until 1 861 . He was elected governor of Maine in 1857 on the Republican ticket, but resigned when re-elected to the United States senate the same year. He was elected vice-presi- dent of the United States on the ticket with Lincoln in i860, and inaugurated in March, 1S61. In 1865 he was appointed collector of the port of Boston. Beginning with 1869 he served two six-year terms in the United States senate, and was then ap- pointed by President Garfield as minister to Spain in 1881. His death occurred July 4,

TSHAM G. HARRIS, famous as Confed- 1 erate war governor of Tennessee, and distinguished by his twenty years of service in the senate of the United States, was born in Franklin county, Tennessee, and educated at the Academy of Winchester. He then took up the study of law, was ad- mitted to the bar, and commenced practice at Paris, Tennessee, in 1841. He was elected to the state legislature in 1847, was a candidate for presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1848, and the next year was elected to congress from his dis- trict, and re-elected in 185 1. In 1853 he was renominated by the Democrats of his

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district, but declined, and removed to Mem- phis, where he took up the practice of law. He was a presid ntial elector-at-large from Tennessee in 1856, and was elected gov- ernor of the state the next year, and again in 1859, and in 1861. He was driven from Nashville by the advance of the Union armies, and for the last three years of the war acted as aid upon the staff of the com- manding general of the Confederate army of Tennessee. After the war he went to Liverpool, England, where he became a merchant, but returned to Memphis in 1867, and resumed the practice of law. In 1877 he was elected to the United States senate, to which position he was successively re- elected until his death in 1897.

NELSON DINGLEY, Jr., for nearly a quarter of a century one of the leaders in congress and framer of the famous "Dingley tariff bill," was born in Durham, Maine, in 1832. His father as well as all his ancestors, were farmers, merchants and mechanics and of English descent. Young Dingley was given the advantages first of the common schools and in vacations helped his father in the store and on the farm. When twelve years of age he attended high school and at seventeen was teaching in a country school district and preparing him- self for college. The following year he en- tered Waterville Academy and in 185 1 en- tered Colby University. After a year and a half in this institution he entered Dart- mouth College and was graduated in 1855 with high rank as a scholar, debater and writer. He next studied law and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1856. But instead of practicing his profession he purchased the " Lewistown (Me.) Journal," which be- came famous throughout the New England Tvates as a leader in the advocacy of Repub-

lican principles. About the same time Mr. Dingley began his political career, although ever after continuing at the head of the newspaper. He was soon elected to the state legislature and afterward to the lower house of congress, where he became a prominent national character. He also served two terms as governor of Maine.

OLIVER PERRY MORTON, a distin- guished American statesman, was born in Wayne county, Indiana, August 4, 1823. His early education was by private teaching and a course at the Wayne County Seminary. At the age of twenty years he entered the Miami University at Oxford, Ohio, and at the end of two yeaxs quit the college, began the study of law in the office of John New- man, of Centerville, Indiana, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1847.

Mr. Morton was elected judge on the Democratic ticket, in 1852, but on tht. passage of the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill " he severed his connection with that party, and soon became a prominent leader of the Re- publicans. He was elected governor of In- diana in 1 86 1, and as war governor became well known throughout the country. He received a paralytic stroke in 1865, which partially deprived him of the use of his limbs. He was chosen to the United States senate from Indiana, in 1867, and wielded great influence in that body until the time of his death, November 1, 1877.

JOHN B. GORDON, a brilliant Confeder- ateofficer and noted senatorof the United States, was born in Upson county, Georgia, February 6, 1832. He graduated from the State University, studied law, and took up the practice of his profession. At the be- ginning of the war he entered the Confederate service as captain of infantry, and rapidly

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rose to the rank of lieutenant-general, commanding one wing of the Confederate army at the close of the war. In 1868 he was Democratic candidate for governor of Georgia, and it is said was elected by a large majority, but his opponent was given the office. He was a delegate to the national Democratic conventions in 1868 and 1872, and a presidential elector both years. In 1873 he was elected to the United States senate. In 1886 he was elected governor of Georgia, and re-elected in 1888. He was again elected to the United States senate in 1890, serving until 1897, when he was "succeeded by A. S. Clay. He was regarded as a leader of the southern Democ- racy, and noted for his fiery eloquence.

STEPHEN JOHNSON FIELD, an illus- trious associate justice of the supreme court of the United States, was born at Haddam, Connecticut, November 4, 1S16, being one of the noted sons of Rev. D. D. Field. He graduated from Williams College in 1837, took up the study of law with his brother, David Dudley Field, be- coming his partner upon admission to the bar. He went to California in 1849, and at once began to take an active interest in the political affairs of that state. He was elected alcalde of Marysville, in 1850, and in the autumn of the same year was elected to the state legislature. In 1857 he was elected judge of the supreme court of the state, and two years afterwards became its chief justice. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln as associate justice of the supreme court of the United States. 'During his incumbency, in 1873, he was appointed by the governor of California one of a com- mission to examine the codes of the state and for the preparation of amendments to the same for submission to the legislature.

In 1877 he was one of the famous electoral commission of fifteen members, and voted as one of the seven favoring the election of Tilden to the presidency. In 1880 a large portion of the Democratic party favored his nomination as candidate for the presidency. He retired in the fall of 1897, having served a greater number of years on the supreme bench than any of his associates or predecessors, Chief Justice Marshall coming next in length of service.

JOHN T. MORGAN, whose services in the United States senate brought him into national prominence, was born in Athens, Tennessee, June 20, 1824. At the age of nine years he emigrated to Alabama, where he made his permanent home, and where he received an academic education. He then took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. He took a leading part in local politics, was a presi- dential elector in i860, casting his ballot for Breckenridge and Lane, and in 1861 was a delegate to the state convention which passed the ordinance of secession. In May, of the same year, he joined the Confederate army as a private in Company I, Cahawba Rifles, and was soon after made major and then lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Regiment. In 1862 he was commissioned colonel, and soon after made brigadier-general and as- signed to the command of a brigade in Vir- ginia. He resigned to join his old regiment whose colonel had been killed. He was soon afterward again made brigadier-gen- eral and given command of the brigade that included his regiment.

After the war he returned to the prac- tice of law, and continued it up to the time of his election to the United States senate, iv 1877. He was a presidential elector in 1876 and cast his vote for Tilden and HendricJiS

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He was re-elected to the senate in 1883, and again in 1889, and 1S95. His speeches and the measures he introduced, marked as they were by an intense Americanism, brought him into national prommence.

WILLIAM McKINLEY, the twenty-fifth president of the United States, was born at Niles, Trumbull county, Ohio, Jan- uary 29, 1844. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and received his early education in a Methodist academy in the small village of Poland, Ohio. At the outbreak of the war Mr. McKinley was teaching school, earning twenty-five dollars per month. As soon as Fort Sumter was fired upon he en- listed in a company that was formed in Poland, which was inspected and mustered in by General John C. Fremont, who at first objected to Mr. McKinley, as being too young, but upon examination he was finally accepted. Mr. McKinley "was seventeen when the war broke out but did not look his age. He served in the Twenty-third Ohio Infantry throughout the war, was promoted from sergeant to captain, for good conduct on the field, and at the close of the war, for meritorious services, he was brevetted major. After leaving the army Major Mc- Kinley took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar, and in 1869 he took his initiation into politics, being elected pros- ecuting attorney of his county as a Republi- can, although the district was usually Demo- cratic. In 1 876 he was elected to congress, and in a call upon the President-elect, Mr. Hayes, to whom he went for advice upon the way he should shape his career, he was told that to achieve fame and success he must take one special line and stick to it. Mr. McKinley chose tariff legislation and he became an authority in regard to import duties. He was a member of congress for

many years, became chairman of the ways and means committee, and later he advo- cated the famous tariff bill that bore his name, which was passed in 1890. In the next election the Republican party was overwhelmingly defeated through the coun- try, and the Democrats secured more than a two thirds majority in the lower house, and also had control of the senate, Mr. McKinley being defeated in his own district by a small majority. He was elected gov- ernor of Ohio in 1891 by a plurality of twenty-one thousand, five hundred and eleven, and two years later he was re-elected by the still greater plurality of eighty thou- sand, nine hundred and ninety-five. He was a delegate-at-large to the Minneapolis Re- publican convention in 1892, and was in- structed to support the nomination of Mr. Harrison. He was chairman of the con- vention, and was the only man from Ohio to vote for Mr. Harrison upon the roll call. In November, 1892, a number of prominent politicians gathered in New York to discuss the political situation, and decided that the result of the election had put an end to Mc- Kinley and McKinleyism. But in less than four years from that date Mr. McKinley was nominated for the presidency against the combined opposition of half a dozen rival candidates. Much of the credit for his suc- cess was due to Mark A. Hanna, of Cleve- land, afterward chairman of the Republican national committee. At the election which occurred in November, 1896, Mr. McKinley was elected president of the United States by an enormous majority, on a gold stand- ard and protective tariff platform. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, [897, and called a special session of congress, to which was submitted a bill for tariff reform, which was passed in the latter part of July of that vear.

218

COMPENDIUM OF BIOGRAPHY.

CINCINNATUS HEINE MILLER, known in the literary world as Joaquin Miller, " the poet of the Sierras," was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1841. When only about thirteen years of age he ran away from home and went to the mining regions in California and along the Pacific coast. Some time afterward he was taken prisoner by the Modoc Indians and lived with them for five years. He learned their language and gained great influence with them, fight- ing in their wars, and in all modes of living became as one of them. In 1858 he left the Indians and went to San Francisco, where he studied law, and in i860 was ad- mitted to the bar in Oregon. In 1866 he was elected a county judge in Oregon and served four years. Early in the seventies he began devoting a good deal of time to literary pursuits, and about 1874 he settled in Washington, D. C. He wrote many poems and dramas that attracted consider- able attention and won him an extended reputation. Among his productions may be mentioned " Pacific Poems," " Songs of the Sierras," "Songs of the Sun Lands," ' ' Ships in the Desert, " ' ' Adrianne, a Dream of Italy," " Danites, " "Unwritten History," " First Families of the Sierras " (a novel), " One Fair Woman " (a novel), " Songs of Italy," " Shadows of Shasta," "The Gold- Seekers of the Sierras," and a number of others.

GEORGE FREDERICK ROOT, a noted music publisher and composer, was born in Sheffield, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, on August 30, 1820. While working on his father's farm he found time to learn, unaided, several musical instru- ments, and in his eighteenth year he went to Boston, where he soon found employ- ment as a teacher of music. From 1839

until 1844 he gave instructions in music in the public schools of that city, and was also director of music in two churches. Mr. Root then went to New York and taught music in the various educational institutions of the city. He went to Paris in 1850 and spent one year there in study, and on his re- turn he published his first song, "Hazel Dell." It appeared as the work of " Wur- zel," which was the German equivalent of his name. He was the originator of the normal musical institutions, and when the first one was started in New York he was one of the faculty. He removed to Chicago, Illinois, in i860, and established the firm of Root & Cady, and engaged in the publication of music. He received, in 1872, the degree of "Doctor of Music" from the University of Chicago. After the war the firm became George F. Root & Co., of Cincinnati and Chicago. Mr. Root did much to elevate the standard of music in this country by his compositions and work as a teacher. Besides his numerous songs he wrote a great deal of sacred music and pub- lished many collections of vocal and instru- mental music. For many years he was the most popular song writer in America, and was one of the greatest song writers of the war. He is also well-known as an author, and his work in that line comprises: ' ' Meth- ods'for the Piano and Organ," "Hand- book on Harmony Teaching," and innumer- able articles for the musical press. Among his many and most popular songs of the wartime are: " Rosalie, the Prairie-flower," " Battle Cry of Freedom," " Just Before the Battle," "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching," " The Old Folks are Gone," "A Hundred Years Ago," "Old Potomac Shore, "and " There's Music in the Air." Mr. Root's cantatas include "The Flower Queen" and "The Haymakers." He died in 1896.

PART II

BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD

OK

Calhoun County

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BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

DANIEL J. TOWNSEND, M. D.

There are in every community men of great force of character and exceptional ability, who by reason of their capacity for leadership become recognized as foremost citizens, and bear a most important part in the development and progress of the locality with which they are connected. Such a man is Dr. Townsend. who is prominently identi- fied with the interests of Lohrville and sur- rounding country, having made his home here since the establishment of the town.

The Doctor was born in Bureau county, Illin' >is. December 9, 1856, and is a son of John and Sarah J. (Valentine) Townsend, how living at Gowrie, Iowa. The father was born in Vermont, January iS, 18^6. and the mother in New York state, October 5, 1835. The former spent his early life in the Green Mountain state, and when he was twelve years of age his parents moved to Erie coun- ty. New York. He was married, May 15. 1S55. In the spring of 1856 he went west and located at Pond Creek, Bureau county, Illinois. Pie purchased a piece of land in Manlius township, of the same county, from ernment, at two dollars and a half per acre, where he lived until the fall of [866, when he sold his Illinois possessions and came to Iowa. He rented a farm twelve

miles south of Fort Dodge, near Tysons Mills, now known as Lehigh. One year later he entered a tract of river land on section 9, Sumner township, where he made his home for five years, and then purchased a farm near the village of Gowrie in the same county. He gave his time and attention to the improvement and cultivation of this place until his retirement from active labor, when he and his wife moved to the village where they now live. Although past the alloted span of life, they are still hale and hearty, and bid fair to live for many years yet, enjoying the esteem and respect of those who know them.

The father served in Company K, Fifty- seventh Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the war of the Rebellion. In his political views he has always been an ardent Republican, having cast his vote for Fremont in 1850, and has voted for every Republican candi- date for president since that time. Four children were born to this family, the sub- ject of our sketch being the oldest. I lie others were: George E., a physician resid- ing at Austin. Colorado; Fnimett P... a con- tractor at Fort Dodge, Iowa; and Ellen 1'"., who died at the age of thirty years, at Gow- rie. Iowa.

Reared in Bureau county, Illinois, Dr. Townsend acquired his early education in its

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

public schools, and after coming to- Iowa he attended the public schools of Webster county. He earned his first money when fourteen years old, driving a breaking team consisting of five yoke of oxen hitched to a twenty-eighth-inch breaking plow, in Lost Grove township, Webster county, his com- pensation for this work being eight dollars per mouth. The winter he was eighteen years of age he began teaching school. His first school was in a district where another teacher had failed and the school was consid- ered a hard one to handle, but he succeeded in controlling the incorrigibles so success- fully that the school board retained him at an advance in salary of ten dollars a month above the usual contract price, and at the end of the term the board re-employed him for the following year. He taught in all six- teen terms of school, including the prin- cipalship of the Dayton schools.

During the time he was teaching he be- gan the study of medicine under the direc- tion of O. E. Evans, M. D., of Gowrie, Iowa. To the efficiency of the instruction ami good advice of Dr. Evans, Dr. Town- send gives great credit for his success in his chosen profession. He attended a course of lectures at the College of Physicians, at Keokuk, .luring 1X79-80, and afterward at- tending at Chicago and graduating at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, at Des Moines, March 4, 1887. Since graduating he has taken three courses in clinical med- icine aid surgery. In the fall of 1887 he became a member of the Central District Medical Association, and in 1888 a member of the Iowa State Society. In 1890 he was a delegate from the State Medical Society to the American Medical Association, which met at Nashville, Tennessee ; was a delegate a second time to the American Association,

at Atlanta, Georgia, in 1896; and again a third time, in 1901, the American Associa- tion meeting that year being held at St. Paul, Minnesota. He was one of the delegates appointed by Governor Leslie M. Shaw to represent Iowa in the International Associa- tion, for the investigation of tuberculosis, at London, England, in July. 1901.

On the 15th of May, 1884, Dr. Town- send was married to Myra M. Hawthorne, a native of Upper Kent, Carlton county, Xew Brunswick, and the daughter of George H. Hawthorne and wife. Dr. and Mrs. Townsend have four children, all living. Their names and dates of birth are as fol- lows: Blanche, December 8, 1885; Orville J., January 18, 1888; Irwin, February 3, 1895 I anJ Dewitt, July 14, 1899.

Dr. Townsend has been identified with almost the entire growth and development of Lohrville ; there was but one building, and that a farm house, on the farm which is now the site of a live, thrifty town, when he lo- cated here. On Thanksgiving day of 1881 he was one of a party of eight — all strangers — who met at Gowrie and were anxious to come to Lohrville. As there were no trains running they secured permission to use a handcar, on which they all crowded and worked «their passage westward. This little party consisted of two physicians, two mer- chants, two harnessmakers, one lawyer and one blacksmith, all of whom located at Lohr- ville, except one of the harnessmakers, and four of them still make their homes here. They are Drs. Townsend and Craig and Attorneys Towers and J. M. Stephens. J. J. Flanigan erected the first building in Lohrville and occupied it as a saloon. It is now owned by Mrs. Quinn and is occupied as a restaurant by M. O. Wheatley. Enos Ralston soon after built the City Hotel and

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

225

John Morrison built a saloon where the Wilson House now stands. The first fire in Lohrville was the burning of Morrison's saloon in the fall of 1882. The buildings erected the first fall and winter the town was in existence in addition to those men- ti.incl were as follows: A hardware store and drug store, erected by L. \V. Johnson; a general store, by O. M. Hollingshead ; a meat market, by John Back ; a general store, hardware store and hotel, by A. W. Safely; a general store, by Hopkins & Wilkinson; a restaurant, by J. H. Griffin; a drug store, by J. W. .' Ilison; a general store, by Adams iv Dryden; a livery, by A. O. Garlock; a saloon, by William Baldwin; and a bank, by S. ( 1. Crawford & Company. One of the cjueer combinations that sometimes occur in the building up and organizing of business in new towns in the west was shown here during the winter of 1 881-2, J. M. Stephens and J. J. Flanigan conducting a saloon and shoe -tore in the same room.

The town was incorporated during the winter of 1883 and S. G. Crawford was elected mayor. The following spring Dr. Townsend was elected as a member of the council, a position to which he was re-elected feveral terms. He was elected mayor in [897 and again in 1898, and served until March. 1900. He was a member of the Bshool hoard from 189010 1900, being presi- dent of the board fir several years. He en- tered the campaign of 1899 as a candidate for state representative with J. C. Lowry, of Pomeroy, and R. A. Horton, of Manson, as candidates for nomination against him. About the middle of the campaign Mr. Hor- ton withdrew ami the contest was a spirited <me from that time until the primaries, when were counted and it was found that Dr. Townsend had three hundred and one

more than .Mr. Lowry, and consequently re- ceived the nomination, which in that strong Republican district meant election. In 1901

he was again a candidate for the same office and received the nomination of his party without contest, and was re-elected, thus serving in the twenty-eighth and twenty- ninth general assemblies of the legislature, where he made a record for careful, con- servative work, of which he may justly feel proud. As a Republican he has always taken a lively interest in promoting the wel- fare of the party, and his official duties have been creditably and satisfactorily discharged. He is a member of the Republican Grant club of Des Moines, Iowa.

Dr. Townsend also belongs to the follow- ing civic societies : Zerrubbabel Lodge, No. 240, A. F. & A. M. ; Cypress Chapter, No. 99, R. A. M. : Rose Croix Commandery, No. 38, K. T. ; Lohrville Lodge, No. 469,' I. O. O. F. The last named lodge was organized at Lohrville, August 3, 1882, with the char- ter members as follows : D. J. Townsend. H. R. Howell, James Herring, I!. F. Howell and Daniel Lowe. The Doctor is a public- spirited and progressive citizen and gives his support to all measures for the public good and welfare of the community in which he

MARION E. HUTCHISON.

In the field of political and professional activity Marion E. Hutchison has won dis- tinction and is today numbered among the leading influential! and honored residents of Lake City. In his practice of law he has shown himself familiar with the principles of jurisprudence and with precedent and is now capably filling the position of county

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

attorney. In his private practice he is asso- ciated with J. W. Jacobs, under the firm name of Hutchison & Jacobs, and the large clientage which they retain is an indication of the confidence reposed in their ability by the public.

Mr. Hutchison was horn in Lake City, January 31, 1S71, and is a son of S. T. and Elizabeth (Hold) Hutchison, both of whom were natives of Ohio, but their marriage was celebrated in Lake City. Their children are: Viola A., wife of R. G. Pinney, of Manson; J. F., connected with the Rockwell City Bank ; Jessie B., the wife of William C. Beer; Walter E., who died in the Philippine islands; Lucy M. and Lucian, twins, both deceased, the former having passed away when ten years of age, and the latter in in- fancy ; George G., attending school in L iwa City; Raymond O. ; Corinne H., at home; and Marion E., the subject of this review.

At the usual age Maron E. Hutchison entered the public schools of Lake City and after completing the high-school course was matriculated in Drake University in 1889, there remaining as a student for tw< 1 years. Thus with a broad general knowledge which served as the foundation upon which to rear the superstructure of professional learning, he entered the law school of the State University in the fall of 1891 and was graduated in June, 1893. Immediately af- terward he began the practice in his native city where he has since remained and grad- ually his clientage has increased both in vol- ume and importance. He handles his cases with masterly skill and is strong in argu- ment, original in his deductions and force- ful in bis presentation of a cause. Mr. Hutch- ison has ben very prominent in political circles, his opinions carrying weight and in- fluence in the councils of his part)-. From

1893 until 1898 he was a member of the Republican county central committee and in 1896 he was elected city attorney, filling the position for four years. In the fall of 1900 he was elected county attorney of Cal- houn county and will continue in the office until January, 1903. He has attended sev- eral of the state conventions and his in- fluence and support are ever given to the party in which he so firmly believes. He is now serving as local attorney for the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway Company, for the First National Bank, and for the Lake City Electric Company, and of the last named he is one of the stockholders.

On the 2 1 st of October, 1894, was cele- brated the marriage of Mr. Hutchison and Miss Ida E. Townsend, a daughter of S. H. Townsend, of Lake City, and they now have two interesting children — Hildred E., born November 23, 1895, and Samuel T., born December 16, 1899. Socially Mr. Hutchi- son is connected with the Benevolent Pro- tective Order of Elks. He is of a genial nature and gentlemanly bearing, which characteristics are evidences of a commend- able character, and he is one of the popular and esteemed residents of Calhoun county.

GEORGE J. DEHART.

George J. Dehart, one of the leading farmers of Calhoun township, whose home is on section 23, came to this state about 1874, and has made his home in Calhoun county since May, 1881. He was born on the 10th of September, 1835, in Monroe county, West Virginia, of which county his father, Samuel Dehart, was also' a native. His paternal grandfather, Abraham Dehart,

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

was' born in France, and with two brothers came to the new world with General La Fayette, all of them aiding the colonies in their struggle for indq>endence as soldiers in the Revolutionary war. When peace was restored Abraham Dehart located in Monroe county, West Virginia, being one of the first settlers of that section. There his son, Samuel, grew to manhood and mar- ried Sophia Spade, a native of Virginia and a daughter of John Spade, who was also a soldier of the Revolutionary war. He was a German by birth, being one of the soldiers employed by the English in their efforts to subdue the colonies. He was captured by the colonial forces and paroled, but remained with the American army, not caring to be exchanged. Later he settled in Virginia, but was married in Maryland. During his active business life Samuel Dehart f< Hi wed farming and continued to make his home in West Virginia until called to his final rest in 1882. His wife survived him some time and passed away in 1894.

Upon the old home farm in West Vir- ginia ( leorge J. Dehart passed his boyhood and youth, remaining with his father until grown. He then worked lay the month as a farm hand for a few years, and subsequently bought a farm in his native county, which ted for several years. In early life he entered the state militia, and rose to the rank of second lieutenant. After the Civil war broke out he was induced to join the Confederate army and became a member of Company D, Twenty-seventh Virginia In- fantry, which was first under the command of General Stonewall Jackson, and later un- der General Robert E. Lee. During the first Kittle of Bull Run he received a gunshot

wound, but was not disabled, and remained in the service for nearly three years.

Mr. Dehart was first married in Green- brier county, West Virginia, August 28, i860, to Miss Sarah F. Skaggs, a daughter of David J. Skaggs. She was born in In- diana, but was reared in West Virginia. In 1809 Mr. Dehart removed to Alton, Illinois, where he engaged in farming for two years, and then spent a year and a half at Bloom- ington. Coming to Iowa in 1874 he first located in Carroll county, where he engaged in farming one season, and then removed across the boundary line into Sac county where the following three years were passed. At the end of that period he returned to Carmll county and made his home there un- til coming to Calhoun county in 1881, lo- cating on a tract of eighty acres in Calhoun township, which he had purchased several years previously. After building a small house upon the place he began to break the land and improve his farm, and subsequent- ly added to it until he now has a quarter sec- tion. Air. Dehart has since enlarged and improved his residence, has erected conven- ient outbuildings, has set out fruit and shade trees, and made many other useful and val- uable improvements. He raises a good grade of stock, and although he started out in life with no capital he has steadily pros- pered through his own well directed efforts, being a good business man and a thon ugh and systematic farmer.

Mr. Dehart's first wife died in thi ty, October 20, 1885, leaving five children, namely: James F., who is now married and resides in Kansas; Virginia Mice, wife of Sherman Peterson, of Lake City, Iowa; Emma Susan, wife of William Borden, of

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Chicago, Illinois; Frank, who is with his brother in Kansas ; and May, at home. On the 5th of June, 1888, Air. Dehart was again married, in Calhoun county, his second un- ion being with Miss Sarah Cotvy, who was born and reared in DeKaJb county, Illinois, and is a daughter of Daniel Corey of that county. By this marriage two children have been born: John C. and Mary Caro- line.

Always a strong temperance man Mr. Dehart is now identified with the Prohibi- tion party and is a stanch supporter of its principles. He takes an active interest in educational affairs and most efficiently served as a member of the school board far some years. He and his wife are both earn- est and consistent members of the Baptist church of Lake City and are held in the highest regard by all who know them.

CLIFTON A. BATES.

Clifton A. Bates, a well known repre- sentative of the operative department of rail- road service in Lake City, has for a lor- period been connected with the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company and is now one of its engineers, running between Lake City and Des Moines. He was born on In- dian land in Wisconsin, April 21, 1858, a son of Andrew J. and Jane (Ackerman) Bates, the former a native of New York, while the latter was born in the Buckeye state. In the year 1837 the family removed to Minnesota and there the father purchased a farm, which he continued to cultivate until 1873, when he took up his abode in Waseca. There he engaged in the lumber business un- til 1885 — the year of his removal to Spo-

kane, Washington, where his widow still re- sides. His death occurred on the 10th of March, 1894. Unto them were born the following children: Hazen, now deceased; Ernest, a resident of Spokane; Clifton A., of this review; Libbie, the wife of John Grant, of Spokane; E. G., who is an engi- neer employed by the Chicago & North- western Railway Company and makes his home in Tama, Iowa; and B. B., a brakes- man residing in Eagle Grove, Iowa.

Mr. Bates of this review spent the first nine years of his life in his native state and then accompanied his parents to Minnesota, where he continued his education, which had begun in the schools of Wisconsin. He re- mained at home until 1879, and then started out in life on his own account. He resided in Eagle Grove, Iowa, from 1882 until -890, and then came to Lake City, where he has since made his home. He began his rail- road work as a brakesman on the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, and after being em- ployed in that capacity for three years, he entered the employ of the Chcago & North- western Railroad Company, in 1882, in the capacity of a fireman, running out of Eagle Grove on the northern Iowa division. He thus served for three years, and on the 2d of September, 1885. he was promoted to en- gineer, while in October, 1899, he was as- signed to a passenger train and is now run- ning between Lake City and Des Moines. _ The only accident which he has ever had oc- curred in 1893. when he ran into some cattle on the track and the engine and five cars were derailed but nobody was injured. He exercises the greatest care in the perform- ance of his duties and is regarded as one of the most safe and reliable engineers in the sen-ice.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

229

On the 29th of October, 1888, Mr. Bates married .Miss Lizzie Sadler, of Eagle Grove, but on the 10th of March, 1894, he was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died on that date, leaving many friends. He is a well known and esteemed Mason, belonging to Zerubbabel lodge, also to the chapter and commandery, the last named being in Sac City. He also holds membership relations with the Knights of Pythias Lodge in Lake City and with the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, in which he is insurance collector. He has made judicious investments of his savings and is the owner of property in Eagle Grove and a fruit farm in Washington. These are the visible evidence of his life of dili- gence and perseverance. He is a self-made man and all that he possesses has come to him as the merited reward of earnest and honest labor.

JAMES M. MILLER.

James M. Miller, an honored veteran of the Civil war. is a representative of railroad interests, being an engineer in the service of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Com- pany, and is equally well known in connec- tion with the work of the Young Men's Christian Association. Pie has a very wide acquaintance in this portion of the state, as well as in Lake City, where he makes his home, and all who know him entertain for him high regard in recognition erf his many splendid qualities of heart and mind. Yet few men are more free from ostentation and display than Mr. Miller, hut he has hern so loyal in citienship, so reliable in business and so trustworthy in all life's relations that his

fellow men, in consequence, entertain for him the highest respect. •

Mr. Miller was born in [beria, June 2. 1842. IPs father, John Miller, was born December 16, 1815, in Pennsylvania, and after attaining to man's estate married Miss Lucinda Marshall, whose birth oc- curred in Ohio. March 12, 1819. In [851 they removed with their family to Washing- ton county , Iowa. The father died in War- ren county, Iowa, November 4, 1883, and his wife passed away December 26, 1874. They were the parents of the following named: Esther J., who was born July 25, 1839, became the wife of James Wilson, of Washington, Iowa, ami both are now de- ceased, the wife passing away December 13, 1874; Emily E. horn August 31, 1840. is the wife of James Myers, of Sheridan, [owa; James Marshall was horn June 2, 1842; John W., born in Ohio, December 22, 1843, is now in the west ; Jeanette, born June 26, 1846, is the wife of Joseph Pressley, now de- ceased; Lucinda, horn August 12. 1847, died on the 1 2th of July, 1849; George W., who was born August 2, 1850, and was an engi- neer, was killed in a railroad collision on the Rock Island railroad near Ottumwa, Iowa; Mary A., born in Washington county. Iowa, August 2. 1855, died July 8, 1800; Joseph A., born January 26, 1837, was a locomotive engineer and was killed in a wreck on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad, near Pueblo, Colorado. October 8, 1892 ; Willis was born August 5, 1851;; and Ralph E., born March 10, 1862, died December 31. 1866.

When nine years of age James M. Miller accompanied his parents to [owa, tl locating in Dutch Creek township, Wash- ington county. After acquiring his prelim- inary education, he became a student in the

230

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

college of Washington, Iowa, and was there pursuing his studies when the Civil war was inaugurated, in April, 1861. Together with twenty-four other students from that col- lege, he offered his services to the govern- ment, becoming a member of Company H, Second Iowa Infantry, April 16, 1861, be- ing mustered in May 27th as a private. He was promoted to corporal, then to sergeant and afterward to second lieutenant of Com- pany A, Fifty-fifth United States Colored Infantry, at Corinth. Mississippi, about the 10th of May, 1863. While a member of the Second he participated in the engagement at Fort Don el son, February 15, 1862, and Sliilnh, April 6 and 7, 1862, receiving a sliglit wound on the second day of the battle. He participated in the advance on Corinth from the 1st to the 29th of May, and was in several skirmishes during that time. On the 3d and 4th of October he was in the battle of Corinth, being in the thickest of the fight on both days. He was in the battle at Little Bear creek, November 28, 1862, Town Creek, in April, 1863, and in the fal- lowing month was made second lieutenant of Company A, Fifty-fifth United States Col- ored Infantry, with which he went to Mem- phis, Tennessee, where he did garrison duty until June, 1864. The command was then ordered put on a raid by General Sturges, and met the enemy on the 10th and nth of June, at Georgetown, Mississippi, the Con- federates out-numbering the Union troops three to one. The latter were driven back in confusion and of his company of seventy- six men, Lieutenant Miller lost all but four- teen. After six days of hard marching and without anything to eat, he was captured when within twelve miles of the Union pick- ets. With fourteen others he was taken to

Oxford, Mississippi, where they were held as prisoners for a few days. There Mr. Miller made a desperate attempt to esfcape and was punished for this by being separated from the rest of the company and sent south to Granada, Mississippi, where he and forty- one others were placed in a. jail used for pris- oners of war. Ten days later they were notified that thiey would be taken to Andar- sonville prison, so again Mr. Miller made an effort for liberty. Joseph Gould', of the Ninth Minnesota, and our subject succeeded in prying one of the iron bars from across the window and thus made their escape. It was a desperate chance, but they took it and won. The others, however, remained be- hind rather than take the risk. After six- teen days and nights, during which time they endured great hardships from starvation and exposure, they reached the Mississippi river at Horseshoe Bend, nine miles above the mouth of White river. They bad little clothing and were almost utterly exhausted. However, they secured a plank fr« in the bushes, where it had lodged in time of high water, and in this way they managed to float out upon the river, where they were picked up by Union boats and taken to Memphis, Tennessee. Soon afterward, Mr. Miller was commissioned first lieutenant of Company D, of the same regiment, and did garrison duty at Port Hudson and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, until the close of the war, when he was mustered out at Yicksburg with a most creditable military record, extending from April 16, 1861, until January 5, 1866. Few men are more familiar with the hard- ships of War and certainly he deserves great credit, for he was a brave and loyal soldier and never wavered in his allegiance to the old flag from the time it was first fired upon

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

until it was planted in the capital of the Confederacy.

About [868 Mr. Miller came to Boone, Iowa, and entered the service of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway as check clerk, freight and baggage handler. From Boone he removed to the city of Chicago, Illinois. In iS-[ he again entered the service of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Com- pany, as a fireman running out of Chicago far some time. He fired on the Galena di- vision for i\ve and one-half years, running between Chicago, Clinton and Freeport, and in December, 1877, he was promoted to- the position of engineer, in which capacity he has since served, remaining on the same division until 1881. In that year he was transferred to the Northern Iowa division, and ran an engine on the construction work into Dakota. He was on that division for one year in the freight service, and in 1884 was given a passenger run, since which time be has served in that capacity, being 1 ne of the most careful engineers on the line, realiz- ing fully the obligation and responsibility thai devolve upon him as the custodian of the lives of all who ride upon his train.

Mr. Miller has been very prominent in connection with the Young Men's Christian Associatii n. He was one of three men ap- pointed to act as the state deputation of the Railway A'. M. C. A., doing evangelistic work all over the state, organizing local as- 9 1 iatii iw in all parts of Iowa. for eight years he save much of his time to his labors in that connection. He established an asso- ciation among railway men in Lake City and his influence in this direction has been most marked, while his efforts have been very effective.

Mr. Miller was married to Mary C. Lit- wiler, of Crawford county, Pennsylvania,

born near Meadville, that state. They have one child, Lottie M., who was born July 4, 1 87 1, the wife of Professor C. W. Dolbey, a musical composer of wide reputation, his home being in Des Moines, Iowa. Both Mr. and Mrs. Miller hold membership in the Methodist Episcopal church at Lake City, in which he is now serving as trustee. They have made many warm friends in this place and the hospitality of many of its best homes is extended to them. Fraternally Mr. Miller is connected with the Masonic fraternity. belonging to the lodge at Lake City, while he is also connected with the Brotherhood of Li -motive Engineers. His humanitar- ian principles, his fraternal spirit and his kindly nature are manifest so strongly in his life — being a part of his nature — that he is classed among those who have made the world Letter for having: lived.

JAMES F. LAVENDER.

Mr. Lavender was born amid the hills of Xew Hampshire, his birth occurring in Rochester, on the 24th of March, 1851. his parents being Robert and Ann 1 Mcllwrath) Lavender. The Lavender family is of Huguenot origin, ami from Ireland came to the new world. On the maternal side the subject of this review is of Scotch lineage and the ancestry can be traced hack to the days of King William. For many years members of the Lavender family were well- known in connection with the manufacture of linen and as linen merchants, while the Mcllwralh family was identified with agri- cultural pursuits. The father of our sub ject was born on the Emerald isle and o\i crossing the Atlantic to the new world set-

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

tied in Massachusetts, whence he afterward removed to New Hampshire and later be- came a resident of Iowa. He was a miller, designer and. boss weaver in woolen manu- facture, and was employed in the mills in the east until 1863, when he came to the Hawkeye state. Taking up his abode in Scott county, he there engaged in fitting up a woolen mill at Davenport, and later turned his attention to fanning, devoting his latter years to agricultural pursuits. Removing ta Poweshiek county, he there spent his re- maining days, passing away at the age of seventy-two years. His wife died at the age of seventy-three. In their family were five sons and three daughters, all of whom are yet living. William J., who is a resident of Davenport, Iowa; Robert L., who makes his home in Newton; Mrs. Elizabeth Booth, of Storm Lake, Iowa; James F., of this re- view; Mrs. Hannah J. Parker, who lives in Oilman; Mrs. Martha "A. Sowerwine, of Brooklyn, Iowa; Alexander F., who is a resident of Hamburg, California; and Thomas H., of Oilman, Iowa.

James F. Lavender spent the first twelve years of his life in New Hampshire and then accompanied his parents to Iowa, where he continued his education in the Agricul- tural College at Ames. Desiring to enter professional life he took up the study of law in Davenport, in 1873, pursuing his reading during the months of vacation while teach- ing school. It was through his work as a teacher that he acquired the means that en- abled him to pursue his college course. The elemental strength of his Character was thus early shown forth and indicated the qualities which would mark his later career. Ad- mitted to the bar in September, 1880, he

entered upon active connection with the pro- fession in Davenport, as a clerk in the law office of the firm of Brown & Campbell, well known attorneys of that city. Subsequent- ly he came to Rockwell City in 1881, and now for twenty-one years has been a practi- tioner at the bar of Calhoun county, being the oldest lawyer in years of continuous ser- vice here, with one exception. He has given his entire attention to his legal work and his preparation of cases is most thorough and exhaustive.

On the 20th of December, 1876, Mr. Lavender was united in marriage to Miss Mary L. Davison, who was born in Le Claire, Iowa, — a daughter of Alfred N. Davison. She is a lady of superior culture and intelligence, and for several years suc- cessfully engaged in teaching. Six children have been born unto them; Fannie S., Fabius C, Robert A., James B., Mary F. and Alice E.

In public affairs Mr. Lavender has l>een prominent. He served from 1886 until 1890 as county superintendent of schools and from 1895 until 1899 he had the honor of representing his district in the state legisla- ture. He is a Republican in his political views and has a broad and comprehensive knowledge of the political issues of the day. He ably and creditably served in the house, taking an active part in the business that was transacted in the council chambers of the commonwealth. His course has ever been above suspicion. The good of the state he places before partisanship and the wel- fare of his constituents before personal ag- grandizement. He commanded the respect of the members of the house, but at home1 — in the county of his adoption — where he is

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD

233

best known, he inspires personal friendship of unusual strength, and all who know him have the highest admiration far his good qualities of heart and mind.

ALFRED \V. ESHBAUGH.

Alfred W. Eshbaugh, one of the most practical and progressive agriculturists of Center township, his home being on section 28, was born in Oregon, Ogle county, Illi- nois, an the 12th of July, 1852, and is a son of Solomon J. and Sarah (Lilly) Eshbaugh, who were natives of Pennsylvania and were fanning people. Our subject remained un- der the paternal roof until he attained his majority, pursuing his studies in the district of the neighborhood until twenty years of age. and attending the high school in Oregon one term. He was also a student at R<>ck River Seminary, now Mount Mor- ris College, for a time, and engaged in teach- ing in the district schools of his native coun- ty for thirteen terms with excellent success.

On" the 4th of September, 1879, Mr. Eshbaugh was united in marriage to Miss Kate Ray, who was born April 3, 1857, and they have become the parents of four chil- dren, namely: Amy B., born August 27, 1884; Cora K... November 27, 1885; Paul I... September 10, 1889; and Eula M'., May 10. [891. The three older children are now attending school in Rockwell City.

Coming to Iowa in the spring of 1880, Mr. Eshbaugh purchased an unimproved Barm of one hundred and sixty acres on sec- tion 28, Center township, Calhoun county, and -u the 1st of June, 1881, took up his residence thereon, it having since been his home. Stock raising has always claimed a

large share of his attention, his specialties being short hi rn cattle, Shropshii Poland China hogs and Hasnl horses. He is a good judge of stock and 111 this branch of his business he has been re- markably successful.

Both Mr. and Mrs. Eshbaugh are mem- bers of the First Presbyterian church of Rockwell City, and occupy an enviable posi- tion in the esteem of their fellow citizens. Politically he is identified with the Republi- can party, and has been called upon to fill a number of local offices of honor and trust, having served as road supervisor live years, justice of the peace two years, a member of the school board two years, and a member of the county Ik ard 1 »f supervisors. His of- ficial duties have been discharged with a promptness and fidelity worthy of the high- est commendation, and he well deserves the high regard in which he is uniformly held.

CHARLES H. WISE

Charles H. Wise, of the firm of Craw- ford, Wise & Company, of Lohrville, is one of the leading bankers of Calhoun county, and is rapidly working his way to a fi re most position among the prominent finan- ciers of this section of the state. He is proud to claim Iowa as his native state, his birth having occurred in Cedar county, June 17, 1859. His parents were Isaac K. and Emma ( Hanslip) Wise, the former born in Union county, Pennsylvania, the latter in Goole, England. In early life the father followed the miller's trade for fifteen years or more. On coming to Iowa, in 1836, he first located in Cedar county and afterward removed to Muscatine, being employed to

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haul government supplies from there to Fort Dodge. He has now retired from active business cares and makes his home in Blairs- town, Iowa. He was mayor of that city for a number of years, and was engaged in the lumber business, and is one of its most prominent and highly respected citizens. In politics he is a Republican, and in religious belief is a Methodist. His wife, who was also a member of that church, died on the 20th of September, 1901. They were the parents of five children, of whom our sub- ject is the eldest. Jessie E. makes her home in Biairstown, Iowa, and Jennie M. is now a resident of Chicago, Illinois. Two chil- dren died in infancy.

Charles H. Wise grew to manhood in Wilton Junction and Blairstown, and re- ceived a good common school and academic education, which has well fitted him for the practical duties of life. Coming to Lohr- ville, in 1882, he embarked in the lumber business, which he carried on quite success- fully for ten years, and then became con- nected with his brother-in-law, S. G. Craw- ford, in the banking business under the firm name of Crawford, Wise & Company. He has steadily prospered during his residence here and is to-day one of the representative business men of the place, being far-sighted, energetic and enterprising, as well as thor- oughly reliable in all transactions. He has interested himself in farming and owns sev- eral fine farms in Calhoun county whch he rents.

In June, 1892, Mr. Wise married Miss Elizabeth Crawford, a sketch of whose fam- ily is given in connection with that of her brother on another page of this volume. Mr. Wise is a stanch supporter of the Re- publican party, and has been a member of the city council since the city was incorpor-

ated. He is a prominent Mason, having for seventeen years been a member of the Com- mandery and Mystic Shrine, and socially his pleasant, genial manner makes him quite popular.

JACOB A. GROVE.

Jacob A. Grove owns and operates a valuable farm of two hundred and forty acres in Lake Creek township, whose neat and thrifty appearance well indicates his careful supervision. Substantial improve- ments are surrounded by well tilled fields, and all the accessories and conveniences of a model farm are there found.

Mr. Grove is a native of the Prairie state, his birth having occurred in Menard county. Illinois, October 1, 1851. His par- ents were Adam J. and Sarah A. T. (Horn) Grove, and his paternal grandparents were Henry and Eve Grove. The former was born October 20, 1784, at Ephrata, Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania. His father, Jacob Grove, settled near Harrisburg, Penn- svlvania, about 1800. The family is of Ger- man lineage and was established at Ephrata about 1785. The name was then spelled Graff and the family was identified with the Seventh Day Baptists. At Ephrata there are deeds of land purchased by Abram Graff and dated 1760. He had five children, and died in Lancaster county in 1788. His son, Jacob, was born in 1751. He made the fam- ily name Groff and there are many of his descendants still living in Lancaster county. He married Nancy Kneisley. of Ephrata, about 1780, and they became the parents of sixteen children, one of whom was Henry, the paternal grandfather of our subject. It was he who adopted the present form of the

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235

name — Grove. He was married, in Hum- melston, Pennsylvania. June 7, 1S08, to Eve Hammaker, who was bom January 9, 1791, in that county. They were the parents of twelve children, and on the 1st of November, 1836, they emigrated westward, settling at that date in Springfield, Illinois. The fol- lowing year they took up their abode in what is now Williams township, Sangamon coun- ty, Illinois. The grandfather was a farmer by occupation and passed his last days in Illinois.

The father of our subject was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on the nth of March, 1809, and chose the tailor's trade as his life work, but he also engaged in preach- ing as a minister of the Christian church. He was married, at Xenia, Ohio, to Sarah A. T. Horn, and in the year 1830 remove'd to Springfield, Illinois, preceding his father six years. He spent some years in Sanga- mon and Menard counties, and died in Athens, that state, June 30, 1851. He was an earnest and consistent Christian and was highly respected and esteemed by all who knew him. His wife, who was horn in Xenia, Ohio. May 4, 1816, departed this life December 31, 1893. After the death of her first husband, she married John England. The children horn of the first marriage were as follows: Edwin II., April 20, 1836; John H., December 1, 1839; Sarah E., Oc- tober 12, 1841; William B., January 10, 1843; Elizabeth C, February 18, 1844: Su- san M., May 12, 1845; Daniel H.. April 14, 1847; Anna, December 23, 1849; and Adam •J. and Jacob A., twins, October 1, 1851, in -Athens, Menard county, Illinois. Of this number John H. is now in Cape Nome, Alaska, although his home is at Williams- ville, Illinois.

The subject of this sketch spent his early life in Illinois, and attended the schools near his boyhood home. At the age of twenty- one he left the parental roof and began to make his own way in the world. The first farm which he owned was a tract of sixty acres in Logan county, Illinois, where he made his home until coming to Calhoun county, Iowa, in the spring of 1892. He purchased two hundred and forty acres of land in Lake Creek township, and to its im- provement and cultivation he has since de- voted his time and energies with marked success. He usually plants one hundred acres to corn and eighty-five acres to small grain, the remainder of his farm being meadow and pasture land, and there is also an orchard and grove. He gives consider- able attention to the raising of stock, keep- ing forty head of slTort horn cattle and a large number of Poland China hogs.

On the 30th of April, 1880, Mr. Grove was united in marriage to Miss Lydia J. Lucas, who was horn in Mount Pulaski, Logan county, Illinois, November 1, 1858, a daughter of Richard B. and Martha 1 Nich- olson) Lucas. Her father was also born in that county. December 5. 1830, and is now a fanner of Calhoun county, Iowa, his sketch appearing elsewhere in this volume. The birth of her mother occurred in Mich- igan. March 7, 1834. Mr. and Mrs. Grove have five children, the three oldest of whom were born in Mount Pulaski, Illinois, the others in Calhoun county, Iowa. They are as follows: Richard A., horn February <), 1881 ; Vinton, August 20, [882 : Elmer, July 9, 1888; Verna, February 8, [893 : and Etta, September 25, 1895.

Socially Mr'. Grove is a memiber of Camp No. 2522, M. W. A., at Rockwell City, and

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

politically is identified with the Republican party. He has served as president of the school board three years and director for eight years ; and has also filled the office of township trustee three years; and is now township treasurer. His official duties have been discharged with a promptness and fidel- ity worthy of the highest commendation, and he is justly regarded as one of the most valuable and highly respected citizens of his community.

DAVID M. BROWN.

David M. Brown is living retired in Lohrville, but through many years has been associated with farming interests in Calhoun county and is yet the owner of his old home place in Union township. From New Eng- land he came to the west, his birth having occurred in Addison county, Vermont, on the 23rd of February, 1831, his parents be- ing Samuel and Louisa (Ayers) Brown, both of whom were also natives of the Green Mountain state. The father's birth occurred on the 16th of August, 1794. while the mother was burn December 28, 1805. He was a farmer by occupation and spent his entire life in Vermont. At the time of the second war with England he joined his coun- try's troops and fought for the rights of this nation. Both he and his wife were almost ninety-one years of age when called to their final rest. In his political vieAvs he was a Republican and was a citizen who gave his earnest support to every movement and measure which he believed would effect the welfare of his town, state or nation. In his family were ten children, of whom four are yet living, namely: Mrs. Rena Byam, of

Whiteside county, Illinois; David M., of this review; Mrs. Alvira Ellsworth, of Lohr- ville; and Mrs. Roxanna Ferrin, of Mis- souri.

David M. Brown spent the first nineteen years of his life in the Green Mountain state and the schools of his locality afforded him his educational privileges. When quite young he began working at the mason's trade, and on leaving New England he first settled in Indiana, subsequently residing in Illinois, where he was engaged at work at the mason's and blacksmith's trades. He also followed farming and the first land which he ever owned was in Indiana. In the year 1869 he arrived in Calhoun county, casting in his lot with the early settlers whose frontier experiences were new to him, but with courageous heart he set to work to make a home in this wild district. He pur- chased one hundred and twenty acres of raw prairie land, and as his financial resources have increased he has made other purchases until his farm now comprises three hundred and forty-ftxir acres. His nearest neighbor at the time of his arrival was a mile and a half away, and his nearest trading place was Jefferson. Deer and other lesser game were very plentiful and furnished many a meal for the early settlers. The huntsmen had ample opportunity to indulge his love of the chase. There were many hardships and trials to be borne in reclaiming this region for man, but there were also many pleasures and privileges which are unknown at the present day and there was a free-hearted hospitality and helpfulness that made life well worth the living. When he came to the county there was not a house between his home and Manson, twenty miles to the north. Mr. Brown has resided in Union

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237

township from the time of his arrival in the county until the present and is one of its honored and valued citizens. In 189 2 he pgBJOved to the village of Lohrville, but sup- erintends to some extent the operation of his land, although much of it is now rented. On the 4th of October, 1857, our sub- ject was joined in wedlock to Miss Martha Hulett, a native of Indiana, and a daughter of Thomas Hulett. Their marriage has been blessed with eight children, who are yet living, — Leota. Orin, Minnie, Ella, Ida, Ed- ward, Hattie and Delia, and they have also lost two, Orin and Lindsey. For one term Mr. Brown has served as county supervisor and also served a part of the term in that 1 Hire 1 m account of a vacancy which had oc- curred. He has filled various township of- fices and has been active in public affairs. He helped to survey most of the roads in ;hi- section of the county. He was one of the appraisers on the assessment of the right of way of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and was also on the drainage board that reclaimed many thousand' acres of swamp land. He exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, so that he is ever able to support his position by intelligent argument. With the Methodist Episcopal church he and his wife hold membership, and his Christian principles have permeated hi- life, making him a citizen of strong pur- pose and honorable character. He is one of the early settlers of Union township, and Enough a third of a century has witnessed with interesl the progress and upbuilding of tins section of the state. He lias seen the raw prairie changed into rich farms, while towns and villages have sprung up and churches and schools have indicated the

progress of civilization. As the years have passed his earnest and consecutive labor has brought to him success and now he is resting in the enjoyment of the fruits of his former toil.

JAMES McCLURE.

In business and public affairs which have contributed to the prosperity and progress of Calhoun county, James McClure has taken an active part. He was born in Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania, in the town of Bart, December 17, 1824, his parents being John and Susan (Hull) McClure. John McClure, the grandfather of our subject, was born in the north of England, and his wife, Eliza, was a native of Scotland. When a young man he became a resident of Penn- sylvania, and there followed the blacksmith's trade, which he had learned in his native country. He also owned a farm in Bart township, and there both he and his wife died at an advanced age, both having passed the eightieth milestone on life's journey when called to their final rest. The father of our subject was also a native of the town of Bart, while the mother was born in Stras- burg township, Lancaster count}'. The former followed the occupation of farming and spent his entire life in Bart township, where his diligence and unremitting labor enabled him to acquire a good living for himself and family. Both he and his wife were more than eighty years of age when called to their final rest. \\\ religion- faith they were I 'resbj terians and in political views the father of our subject was a Demo- crat. This worthy couple were the parents of twelve children: John, Eliza and Samuel, who are now deceased; David; Christiana;

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Martha; James, our subject; Francis ; Jo- seph; Amanda; Jane; and one who died in infancy.

James McClure resided in his native town until after the close of the Civil war. He obtained his education in the schools of the neighborhood and in Strasburg College, in which he was graduated with the class of 1850. Having thus obtained a good educa- tion, he was well fitted to instruct others, and engaged in teaching school in both Bart and Strasburg townships for a number of terms. Learning the profession of civil en- gineering, he has followed it to the present day. although other business has occupied his attention to some extent. On leaving the Keystone state, in 1865, he made his way westward to Illinois, taking up his abode in Sterling, where he was engaged in business as a contractor and civil engineer. For six and one-half years he remained in Sterling and thence came to Calhoun county. Iowa, in the spring of 1872, locating one mile south of the village of Lohrville, although the town had not been established at that time. Only at rare intervals were homes found, for all was wild and new, and the work of civilization and progress seemed scarcely begun. Securing land from the speculators he at once began the task of de- veloping a new farm upon the frontier. He secured two hundred acres of land at a cost of four dollars per acre. His nearest neigh- bor was three miles distant and that family had also just arrived in the county. Mr. McClure made the journey to Iowa by team and lived in true pioneer style for many years until advancing civiliation had brought all the comforts and conveniences known to the older east. He remained upon the old homestead until 1888, and he still owns that property. During all these years he carried

on general farming and also engaged in civil engineering. He placed his land under a high state of cultivation and in early spring time the fields were green, giving promise of golden harvests in the autumn. In the year 1888 he removed to Lohrville, where he erected his present residence, rent-' ing his farm, from which he derives a good income.

On the nth of November, 1853, Mr. McClure was united in marriage to Joanna Wilkinson, who was born in Paradise, Penn- sylvania, in November, 1831. For thirty- five years she traveled life's journey by his side, but on the 8th of November, 1899, tney were separated by death, his wife being called to her final rest. Unto this worthy couple were born seven children, and with the exception of Frazer, who died in in- fancy, all are yet living. The others are: Franklin, who is engaged in the real-estate business in Chicago and married Nellie Way, by whom he has one child, Earl ; Charles, who follows general merchandising in Lohr- ville and wedded Fanny Campbell, by whom he has five children, Guy, Lee, Frazer, Os- car and Elmer, but Oscar died at the age of one year ; Aldus, who is engaged in car- pentering in Lohrville and married Alma Moriarity, who died leaving a daughter, Ad- die ; William, who is a civil engineer of Lohrville and married Nora Christman, by whom he has two children, Julia and De Los: Mary, the wife of Fred Hulett, a fann- er residing nar Lohrville, by whom she has six children. Carrie, Gordon, Jessie, Ray, Alva and Lee: and Anna, the wife of Ed Richey, a merchant owning and1 conducting a department store in Somers, Iowa, by whom she has four children, Ethel and Roy, now deceased, and Floyd and Frank, wim are with their parents.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

229

Mr. McClure has led a very busy and useful life. Indolence and idleness are Ut- terK foreign to his nature, and although he has put aside the arduous cares of the farm, he has few leisure moments, his attention being occupied by civil engineering and many other interests. He is a member of the Civil Engineers' Association of I< wa. In his political views he is a stalwart Re- publican and for ten years he has filled' the .ii'iicr of county surveyor. For four years he acted as postmaster in his own home be- fore the village of Lohrville was founded. As a member of the Presbyterian church be is very active and earnest in advancing its work and he does everything' in his power to promote public progress along all lines of general good. He is to-day one of the old- est residents of his township, but is a hale and heartv man although almost an octogen- arian. In manner he is pleasant and genial, and he receives the veneration and respect which should ever be accorded to one of his years. ]n public office he has been most faithful to the trust reposed in him and his life has at all times been worthy of the high- est regard.

RUDOLPH D. JOHNSON.

Rudolph D. Johnson, who follows gen- eral farming and stock-raising on section 13. Elm Grove township, has for a half a century been numbered among Iowa's resi- dents and his home has been maintained in Calhoun county since 1883. He is a native ■ 1 Indiana, his birth having occurred in Rip- ley county, that state, June 8, 1846. His father. Thomas Johnson, yvas a native of Maryland, and in Ohio was united in mar- Miss Dorcas Scritchfield. Remov-

ing to Ohio he located in Hampton county,

where he remained for fourteen years, and then went to Indiana, locating in Ripley, which was his place of abode for fourteen years. He was one of its early settlers and established his home in the midst of the for- est where he hewed out a farm. The year 1852 witnessed his arrival in Iowa. He lo- cated in Jackson county among its first set- tlers and purchased a place upon which a few improvements had been made. There he carried on farming and reared his family, spending his remaining days upon the home- stead there. He passed away in 1873, at the age of sixty-seven years, and his wife died in Indiana in 185 1. He was afterward married again, his second wife surviving him for about a year.

Rudolph D. Johnson was a little lad of only six summers when the family came to this state and upon the home farm in Jack- son county he was reared, early becoming familiar with all the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist, lie ob- tained a common school education, and in 1875 came to Calhoun county, where he pur- chased the two hundred acres of land that he now owns. He then returned to Jackson county, where he carried a daily mail be- tween Bellevue andMaquoketa for seven and a half years, bis capable service giving entire satisfaction. In 1883 he took up bis perma- nent abode in this county, his attention being since given to the development and improve- ment of his farm. Iowa is noted for its fine farms and the splendid improvements found thereon, and the property of Mr. Johnson helps to sustain this reputation. His atten tion was given. to the cultivation of his fields and the care of his fruit trees. als« b the raising of stock, for some years g 1 ever, he has lived retired and rents

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

In 1868 Mr. Johnson cast his first presi- dential vote, supporting U. S. Grant. Since that time he has voted for each presidential nominee of the Republican party, for he be- lieves firmly in its principles. He has never desired or sought office and when elected justice of the peace would not qualify. His fellow townsmen have besought him to> en- ter official life, but he has steadily refused, content to do his duty as a private citizen. He formerly belonged to the Knights of Pythias, but has not affiliated for some years. His residence in Iowa covers a half century and through two decades he has been identified with public interests in Cal- houn county, where he has gained a wide acquaintance. He is well known in Lake City and in Rockwell City, and is a man of integrity and worth, well deserving honor- able mention in the biographical history.

HEXRY HARSHBARGER.

Henry Harshbarger is one of the hon- ored veterans of the Civil war, who fought for the defense of the Union when secession in the south attempted the overthrow of the republic. He is to-day a loyal, faithful citi- zen, as true to duty as when he followed the starry banner upon the southern battle- fields. For a number of years he was con- nected with agricultural interests in Cal- houn county, but now resides in Lake City, where he is engaged in merchandising.

Henry Harshbarger was born in Mont- gomery county, Ohio, near Dayton, August 30. 1838. The father, Jacob Harshbarger, was also a native of Ohio and there married Lr.cinda Kessler, who was likewise born in the Buckeye state, but the parents of both

were natives of Pennsylvania. Unto Jacob and Lucinda seven children were born: Elizabeth, the wife of Abner M. Jones, a farmer of Warrick county, Indiana ; Nancy, the wife of Abraham L. Rose, a farmer of Russell county, Kansas; Henry of this re- view; Christopher M., who is engaged in ag- ricultural pursuits in Russell county; Cath- erine, who died in Fremont. Iowa, in 1894; John, who was a Union soldier in the Civii war and was killed at Marks Mills, April 14, 1863; and Malinda, the wife of Mr. Boals, oi Fremont county. Iowa. In the year 1838 the parents removed with their family to Spencer county, Indiana, where the father engaged in farming until 1850, when he came to Iowa, settling in Keokuk county, where he made his home until the fall of 1878, at which time he removed to Russell county, Kansas, and there remained until his death. His wife has also passed away! Mr. Harshbarger, whose name intro- duces this review, obtained his early educa- tion in Spencer county, Indiana, and also pursued his studies in Keokuk county. He remained with his father until 1858. when he began business on his own account, rent- ing a farm in Keokuk county. He followed agricultural pursuits till the 6th of August, 1862, when he offered his services to the government, enlisting as a member of Company B, Thirty-sixth Iowa Infantry, at Ottumwa. The regiment was assigned to the Seventh Corps of the Western Division, and with his company Mr, Harshbarger participated in the battles of Helena. Arkansas, July 4. 1863, anc» of Little Rock, on the 10th of August. He was also in the Red River campaign and the Saline river campaign, and took part in a number of skirmishes, being mustered out on the 26th of August. 1865, after a service

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

of three years and twenty days. He was foyal and faithful, displaying his bravery on many a battle-field.

On the ;tli of September, 1865, Mr. Harshbarger returned to his home and re- sumed farm work, which he continued until the iall of 1875, when he removed to Cal- houn county. Here he began farming in Elm Grove township, where he remained un- til 1889, at which date he took up his abode in Lake City and entered the employ of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company in the machine shops. There he was em- ployed until the spring of 1891, when he em- harked in his present business. He is en- gaged in merchandising, which he success- fully follows, and has a well appointed store, whereby he has gained a liberal pat- ronage. He is the owner of a farm in Chil- ton county, Alabama, and is in comfortable circumstances as a result of his well directed affairs.

Henry Harshbarger was married June 24. 1858, to Mary McVey, the daughter of John 1'.. McVey. a farmer and minister of Keokuk comity, Iowa. They now have nine children: John M., who follows agricult- ural pursuits in Greene county, Jacob, who runs a bus line in Cnlar Falls, Iowa; Chris- i' phcr II.. also a fanner of Greene county; Annie, the wife of George Wingerson, of Calhoun county : Lydia L. the wife of Jacob Wingerson, of this county: Ora E., who Married Clinton II. Taylor and live- in Lake City; Edward, who is engaged in teaming in the mountains of Montana; Fred and Herbert, who are resident farmers of Car iity. [owa. The mother died August JQ, [882, and in Lake City on the 17th of [897, Mr. Harshbarger was again married, his second union being with De-

borah A. Frame, a daughter of Levi They now occup} a pleasant home in Lake City, and have many warm friends in the community. Socially our subject is connec- ted with the Zerubbabel Lodge, E. & A. M., and has attained to the thirtj -second degree of the Scottish Rite. He also belongs to the Lander Post, No. 156, G. A. R., and in poli- tics he has always been a stanch Republican since casting his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln. While residing in Elm Grove township he served as assessor, clerk and trustee, filling each office for two years, and since coming to Lake City he has served as a member of the city council for six years. He belongs to the Methodist church and his wife holds membership in the Woodlawn Christian church. Throughout all his career he has been true to the princi- ples which inculcate honorable manhood, and whether as a soldier in the Civil war, in business pursuits or in private life he has commanded the respect and confidence 1 *f his fellow men.

JOHN J. LAX PHI EU.

Canada has furnished to the United States many bright, enterprising young men who have left the Dominion to enter the business circles of this country with its more progressive methods, livelier competition and advancement more quickly secured. Among this number is John J. Lanphier, who is now s, , successfully engaged in mer- chandising in Lohrville. Iowa.

He was born in Middlesex county. Can- ada, on the J7U1 of September, [85 ; a son of Anthony and Margaret Crawford, both natives of Ireland, the fofmi County Tipperary, the latter in

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Down. It was during their childhood that they emigrated to the new world and have since made their home in Canada. Through- out his active business life the father en- gaged in farming with good success, and for twenty years lived retired, enjoying the fruits of former toil, dying January 28, 1902. His home was in Middlesex county, north of London, Canada. Our subject is the fourth in order of birth in a family of six children, four sons and two daughters, namely : Thomas, now deceased ; Mary Ann. James, John ]., Margaret Jane and Anthony.

In the county of his nativity John J. Lanphier was reared and educated, pursuing his studies in a little country schoolhouse, eighteen by twenty-four feet in dimensions. Its furniture consisted of ordinary wooden benches and a desk built against the wall. Our subject remained at home assisting his father in the operation of the farm until twenty-four years of age, when he took a trip across the water on account of his health. On his return from Europe he spent two years with his father on the home farm, and then went to Hot Springs, Arkansas, where he remained a short time.

Returning to Canada, Mr. Lanphier was married in February. 1SS2, to Miss Catha- rine Carey, also a native of Middlesex coun- ty, and to them have been born six children, namely: Yernard, Cyril, Cecelia, Thomas, Basil and Kate. In March, following his marriage Mr. Lanphier came to Lohrville, Iowa, and in April, 1882, embarked' in gen- eral merchandising. He has been in busi- ness here almost continuously since, though he twice sold out, and in November, 1899, he opened his present store. He carries a well selected stock of everything found in a first-class general store, and bv fair and

honorable dealing has built up an excellent trade, which is constantly increasing. He is to-day one of the oldest business men of the place, and besides his village property owns seven hundred and twenty acres of good farm land which he rents. His pos- sessions have all been acquired through his own well directed and energetic efforts, for he is a man of good business and executive ability and is able to carry forward to suc- cessful completion whatever he undertakes. In politics Mr. Lanphier is a Democrat, and in religious faith is a Catholic.

ALAXSOX G. OVERACKER.

Prominent among the citizens of Cal- houn county who have witnessed the mar- velous developmnt of this section of the state in the past quarter of a century, and wdio have by honest toil and industry suc- ceeded in acquiring a competence and are now able to spend the sunset of life in quiet and retirement, is the gentleman whose name introduces this sketch, his home heing on section n, Jackson township.

Mr. Overacker was born in Herkimer county, Xew York, on ithe nth of May. 1823, a son of Daniel Overacker, Jr.. who was a native of the same county. His grand- father, Daniel Overacker, Sr., was of Ger- man descent. The family was founded in this country by three brothers who came from the fatherland and settled in Xew YorS at an early day, two of the number becom- ing residents of Herkimer county, while the other made his home on the Hudson river. The father of our subject grew to manhood in his native county and there married Miss Margaret Brown, also a native of the Em-

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243

[lire state and a daughter of Squire Brown, win 1 was another of the pioneers of Herki- mer county and served as a drum major in the Revolutionary war. From Herkimer Bounty, Daniel Overacker removed to Onon- 8aga county, New York, and settled on a farm near Liverpool, where he died in 1834, at which time our suhject was only eleven years old. His mother then returned to Herkimer county, where she reared her family.

Alanson G. Overacker received a good education, attending first the common schools and later the Clear Valley Academy. He engaged in teaching school for a few terms and also learned the cooper's trade in early life, which occupation he continued to follow for some years. On coming west in 1859 he worked at his trade in Chicago and other Illinois towns until 1S61, when he purchased forty acres of wild land in De Kalli county, that state, and turned his at- tention to agricultural pursuits. lie was also a mail contractor and was in the em- ploy of the government for about six years.

While a resident of that county, Mr. Overacker was married in 1867, to Mrs. Clara Holmes, a widow, who died in 1873. She was horn in Fayette county, Iowa. Her father was a pioneer and settled in Fayette county, hut now lives at Fort Dodge. He is a brickmaker by trade. Having no children of their own. Mr. and Mrs. Overacker adopted ;i child, John F. Overacker, who became an inmate of their home at the age of two year-, and was reared and educated by them. He now has charge of the home farm and is meeting with excellent success in its operation. He married Miss Felkey and they have two children. Clara and Gertrude.

In March. 1K7S, .Mr. Overacker came to Calhoun county, Iowa, and purchased three

hundred and twenty acres of raw land, which he at once commenced to break, feme and improve. Upon his place he erected a small house which in later years was replaced by a more commodious and pretentious structure. He built a good barn and other outbuildings, set out fruit and shade trees and now has a very desirable farm under a high state of cultivation. He has sold some of the or- iginal tract but still retains one hundred and sixty acres of the old homestead. He com- menced life for himself a poor man but has ever made the most of his advantages, being industrious, energetic and thoroughly relia- ble, and deserves great credit for the success that he has achieved.

In politics Mr. Overacker is independent, voting for the man whom he believes best qualified for office regardless of party lines. He cast his first presidential ballot in 1840 for W. H. Harrison, his campaign cry being "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too." Socially he is a member of the blue lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity, at Lake. City, where he was initiated into the order. He has now been a resident of Calhoun county for twenty-seven years, and in its growth and prosperity he has been an important fac- tor, giving his support to all enterprises cal- culated to promote the moral, social or mate- rial welfare of the community in which he lives, lie is widely and favorably known and commands the respect and confidence of all with whom he is brought in contact.

ABRAHAM M. WESTVEER.

Abraham M. Westveer is the owner of the finest drug store in Calhoun a lunty. It is a credit to Lake City and the proprietor is classed among the progressive business

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men, who through the conduct of his in- dividual enterprises is also contributing to the general prosperity. Mr. Westveer is a native of Holland, Michigan, born April 4, 1870. His parents. James W. and Cather- ine (Goedgeluk) AYestveer, were both na- tives of the Netherlands and in the year 1838 the father crossed the Atlantic to America, settling first in New York, whence he re- moved to Michigan about 1858. By his marriage he became the father of five chil- dren : Frances, the wife of Rev. G. J. Hek- h'ins, of Chicago: Abraham M., of this re- view ; A. J., who is assistant postmaster in Holland, Michigan; William J., also a resi- dent of Holland; and Jeanette, who is still with her parents.

In the public schools of Holland Mr. Westveer obtained his elementary education, which was supplemented by study in Hope College, and thus by liberal mental training he was well prepared for the practical and responsible duties of business life. The year 1885 witnessed his arrival in Iowa. He took up his abode in Eagle Grove, where he engaged in the drug business and there he remained until 1887, when he went to Chi- cago, where he also conducted a drug store until 1895. He then again went to Eagle ( in »ve, where he purchased a drug store, con- tinuing the business for two years, on the expiration of which period he came to Lake City and established what is now the finest drug store in Calhoun county — a store which would do credit to a city of twice its size; It is well arranged, neat and attractive, and he carries a large line of fresh drugs and everything found in a first-class drug store. He thoroughly understands the business of propounding prescriptions, knows the use of the various remedies which he carries and has gained a large trade.

On the 12th of July, 1900, was cele- brated the marriage of Mr. Westveer and Miss Martha M. Heitz, of Oshkosh, Wis- consin, a daughter of Joseph Heitz, who was formerly engaged in the publication of a newspaper there, but is now living retired. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Westveer was born one child, but it died in infancy. He is a valued representatives of various fraternities. He belongs to the Knights of Pythias lodge, in which he has filled all the offices and is now past chancellor, while for two terms he has been a delegate to the grand lodge. He also holds membership relations with the Knights of the Maccabees and is well known to his brethren of these orders, who hold him in the highest regard. His business record is very commendable for he owes his success entirely to his own efforts, working his way upward by determined perseverance, capable management and untiring industry.

SAMUEL G. CRAWFORD.

The prosperity of any community de- pends upon its business activity, and the en- terprise manifest in commercial circles is the foundation upon which is builded the material welfare of town, state and nation. The most important factors in public life at the present day are therefore the men who are in control of successful business inter- ests and such a one is Samuel G. Crawford, of Lohrville, Iowa.

He was born in Whiteside county, Illi- nois, December 27, 1852. and comes of good old Revolutionary stock, his great-grandfa- ther, Colonel Crawford, having served with distinction in the war for independence un- der General Washington. His grandfather,

3. G. CRAWFORD.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Thomas Crawford, was born near Lancaster. Pennsylvania, and after reaching manhood conducted one of the early hotels in the Dis- trict of Columbia. There our subject's fa- ther, |i)hn B. Crawford, was born December 2^, [820, while his wife, who bore the maiden name of Nancy J. Kilgore. was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1827. In 1S44 be started west, traveling by way of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and finally located in Sterling, Illinois, where his marriage occurred, Mr. Crawford be- coming one of the first business men of that place. There he engaged in merchandising for many years, and also carried on farming and stock-raising, being a great lover of fine stock. He was one of the first to introduce Durham cattle into that locality. In 1883 he came to Calhoun county. Iowa, and em- barked in the banking business at Lohrville, where he made his home until called to his final rest on the. 26th of September. 1901. He commanded the respect and confidence of all with whom he was brought in con- tact either in business or social life, and was bighl) respected and esteemed by all who knew him. His wife still survives him and continues to make her home in Lohrville. Of their two children our subject is the older, the ..the!' being Mrs. C. II. Wise, of Lohr- ville.

Samuel G. Crawford passed the days of his boyhood and youth in Sterling, Illinois, and acquired his education in its public Schools. He began his business career as bookkeeper and cashier in a mercantile estab- lishment at Sterling belonging to bis uncle, 1). M. Crawford, and was subsequently teller in the First National Bank of that place. He held the latter position for eight years. and during that time acquired an excellent knowledge of the banking business. Mr. Crawford came to Lohrville, Iowa, in De-

cember, 1 88 1, and the following January em- barked in the general banking business un- der the firm name of S. G. Crawford & Com- pany, his father. J. B. Crawford, and his uncle, D. M. Crawford, being the company. This partnership continued until 1892. when Charles H. Wise was taken into partnership and the name was changed to Crawford. Wise & Company. Our subject has 11. .t con- fined his attention wholly to the banking business, but for the past fifteen years has been quite extensively interested in the rais- ing and breeding of short horn cattle. He owns a farm of one hundred and sixty acres within the corporate limits of Lohrville, on which he keeps about fifty head of thorough- breds. He has held several public sales, and at the last disposed of forty-three fine animals, which brought on an average of two hundred and seventy dollars per head, one bringing eight hundred dollars. As a cattle dealer he has become widely known and has made shipments to all parts of the United States — east, west, north and south. He is an excellent judge of stock and is now most efficiently serving as president of the b.wa Short Horn Breeders Association, which position he has filled for the past two years. 1 lis cattle are among the finest raised in this section of the country, and he takes a o .mmendable pride in the same.

On the 15th of October, 1878, Mr. Craw- ford was united in marriage with Miss Mary D. Wallace, who was born in Holmesville, Pike county, Mississippi, and is a daughter of Dr. Jesse and Courtney X. ( Quinn ) Wal- lace, the former a native of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, the latter of Missis- sippi. Our subject and iiis wife have three children: Jessie W., John B. and Julia.

In religious faith Mr. and Mrs. Craw- ford are Presbyterians. As a Republican he takes quite a prominent and influential

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part in local politics and is a recognized leader in public affairs. He has been a member of the county committee a number of years and was chairman. of the same in 1901. Lohrville was incorporated in 1882, and Mr. Crawford has since served as its mayor several terms with credit to himself and to the entire satisfaction of the general public.

E. B. McCLURE.

One of the most reliable and capable rep- resentatives of the active working service of the Sioux City division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company is E. B. McClure, who since the 27th of June, 1882, has been a representative of this line. He was born in Wyoming, Jones county, Iowa, November 29, 1865, and is a son of William and Maria (Wesson) McClure. The father was born in Bath, Steuben county, New York, February 3, 1819, and was a son of General George McClure. a native of Ire- land, who when nineteen years of age left the green isle of Erin and crossed the broad Atlantic to the new world. The year 1790 witnessed his arrival, and when the United States became engaged in a second war with England he espoused the cause of his adopted land. With his family he re- moved to Illinois at a very early date, settling in Elgin. He first wedded Eleanor Bole and their marriage, which occurred in 1795, was blessed with four children : Finley, who was born in 1796, died October 18, 1847, at Bath, New York. Mary, born July 18, 1798, died at the age of sixteen months. James Bole, born February 16, 1800. died May 5, 1826. Sarah, born February 16, 1803, died August 1, 1846, in Chicago. The mother

of this family passed away on the 1 6th of June, 1807, and on the 28th of January, 1808, General McClure was again married, his second union being with Sarah Eliza Wells, who was born November 17, 1793, and died in 1873. She was a daughter of Major Benjamin and Sarah Wells, the form- er a surgeon in General Washington's army during the war of the Revolution. By the second marriage of General McClure there were born the following named: George Wells, who was born April 25, 1809, was killed by the Indians, July 22, 1834, while on a trip to California. Eleanor, born Sep- tember 17, 18 10, became the wife of Stephen K. Toulellot and removed to Wyoming, Iowa, where she died in January, 190 1. Julia, born December 14, 181 2, died in Wyoming, Iowa, April 19, 1891. Mary Eliza, born May 10, 1 81 5, became Mrs. Jennison and died in Nacogdoches, Texas, July 19, 1839. Benjamin Wells, born October 11, 1816, died in Wyoming, Iowa, May 2, 1875. Will- iam, born February 3, 1819. was the father of our subect. Henry, born August 31, 1821, died June 7, 1823. Henry C, born August 26, 1823. is now residing in Read- ing, Shasta county, California. Margaret, born May 14, 1826, is living in Dundee, Illi- nois. The father of this family spent his remaining days in Elgin. Illinois, where he died August 15, 185 1. at the age of eighty years.

William McClure accompanied his par- ents on their removal westward and for sometime resided in Elgin, Illinois. At the time of the excitement attending the discov- ery of gold in California, he went to that state and was engaged in the search for the precious metal until 185 1, when he returned to the Mississippi valley, settling in Dundee, Illinois, where he remained until i8q8, when

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249

lie removed to Jones county, Iowa. There he purchased a tract of land, and in connec- tion with its cultivation engaged in the con- duct of a grocery sti >re in the town of Wyom- ing. He married Miss Maria Wesson, who bras born October 27, 1827, in Canada, and spent her last days in Wyoming, Iowa, where her death occurred April 15, 1869. Four children were born unto William Mc- Clure and his wife, two of whom are still living, the brother of our subject being W. H. McClure, who resides in Fontanelle, Adair county, where he is publishing a news- paper. He formerly served as postmaster and at the present time is representing his district in the state legislature.

E. B. McClure, whose name introduces this record, obtained his early education in the schools of Wyoming, Iowa, and in Turn- er Junction, Illinois. Subsequently, he went to Clinton, this state, where he maintained has residence until his removal to Lake City, in December, 1886. He served an appren- ticeship as a machinist in the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad shops at Clinton, completing a full term of four years. He then was made fireman on the main line of the Chicago & Eastern Iowa division, serv- ing in that capacity for three years, when on the ~th of October. 1889, he was promoted to engineer on the northern Iowa division, his run being mostly from Lake City to Tama. On the 16th of November, 1901, he de road foreman of engines and en- ginemen on the Sioux City division, and under bis supervision there are forty-six en- gines, fifty-seven engineers and fifty-five fire- men. During the entire time he was run- ning upon a locomotive he was never injured and nothing could induce him to leave his engine during his hours of duty. His ad-

vancement has come in recognition of his faithfulness and fidelity.

On the 3d of October, 1888, was cele- brated the marriage of Mr. McClure and Miss Edna Toliver, of Lake City, a daughter of J. M. Toliver, lawyer and civil engineer of that place. They have two sons: Lu Marion, born September 1, 1889, and Neal William, born May 20, 1892, both now with their grandparents. Mrs. McClure was born January 2, 1867, in Jefferson, Iowa, and with her parents came to Lake City in 1870. She died February 2, 1902. We quote the following: "A true wife and mother, she gave inspiration, energy and joy continuous- ly to the home, and as the days went by larger and purer thoughts came and life seemed sweeter, and the home and family hearth more and more attractive. She uni- ted with the Presbyterian church of this city, February 27, 1887, and lived an exemplary Christian life, always active in the church when free from the cares at home. As a daughter she was obedient, thoughtful and loving, as a wife she was devoted and true, as a mother consecrated and faithful. The highest exemplification of her character was in the role of wife and mother, where she attained the ideal. Her Christian character was reflected in the home and home life. Maintaining her interest and activity in the church and society circles she made her chief object the maintenance and beautification of the home. It was always a safe and sure refuge from the cares of his occupation for the now bereaved husband. It wa of comfort and sympathy for the husband and sons. She brought to domestic relations a large and natural talent and liberal educa- tion in music, both vocal and instrumental, as well as taste for art and literature, and

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had always in reserve her best efforts in these lines for those who were admitted to the home circle. Cheerful and companion- able, it was a privilege to know her, but only those who enjoyed an intimate ac- quaintance knew the breadth, strength and beauty of the lovely and lovable character. That she should have been called away from family and home while life was at its merid- ian is beyond the discernment of the finite mind, when human judgment is bowed in humble submission and through its tears says, 'Thy Will be Done.' " The funeral services were held in the Presbyterian church by the pastor who received her into the church and officiated at her marriage. There has never been a larger or finer floral display at any funeral in the county and this in- dicated how sincere was the regard of Mrs. McClure's many friends. The remains were interred in the cemetery at Lake City, but for years to come the influence of her beau- tiful home and Christian life will remain as a benediction to all who knew her. Mr. McClure belongs to Zerubbabel Lodge, No. 240, F. & A. M., and also to Cypress Chap- ter, No. 99, R. A. M., and to the Brother- hood of Locomotive Engineers. He has continuously remained in the railroad sen-ice since entering upon his business career and has splendidly combat ted with the work which he has chosen and in which he has won advancement.

D. E. XORRIS.

In the commercial circles of Lake City, D. E. Norris is well known. The enter- prising and progressive spirit of the west is exemplified in his life for by persistent pur-

pose and unfaltering industry he has worked his way upward to a leading position among the progressive men of Lake City where he is now conducting a bakery. He was born in Ontario, Canada, February 14, 1863. His father, John Norris. was a native of England and after arriving at years of maturity he wedded Anna Marrison, a native of Scot- land, the marriage being celebrated in Buf- falo, New York. The father was a baker by trade and is still living in Ontario. In his family were the following children: Marv, the wife of Daniel Winter, a resident of On- tario; Daniel, who is living in Lake City; Agnes, the wife of Jacob Potter, of Buffalo, New York; Emma, deceased; Rahob, the wife of William Hubbard, both now de- ceased; John, who is living in Chicago; Fred, who has passed away; William, a resi- dent of Toronto; Lucy, the wife of Abra- ham Kemp, of El Paso, Illinois; Louisa and Albert, who are residents of Ontario ; Edgar G., who makes his home in Toronto; and James G., also of Ontario.

D. E. Norris, whose name introduces this record, obtained his early education in the schools of his native county, after which he entered upon life's practical duties by learning the baker's trade in Ontario under the direction of his father, with whom he was associated in business until 1888 — the year of his removal to the west. He then took up his abode in Dubuque, Iowa, and af- terward was in Buffalo, Chicago and Sterl- ing, Illinois, for successive periods. Later he went to Canada, where he continued for a year and a half, and then returned to Carroll county, where he remained three months, and on the 7th of January, 1895, he arrived in Lake City, where he purchased a bakery which he has since conducted. He now has a well appointed establishment, characterized

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251

liv neatness, and its goods, of excellent qual- ity, find a ready sale so that Mr. Norris is Bow receiving a liberal patronage from which he derives a good income.

On the 1 ith of August, 1887, Mr. Norris was united in marriage to Miss Kate Winter, . .1" Ontario, Canada, a daughter of James and Ixatherine (Daugherty) Winter, also of Ontario. The home of our subject and his wife has been blessed with one son, Law- rence E., whi 1 was born September 17, 1891, and is with his father. The mother died December 31, 1901, and her loss was deeply mourned in the community for she had made many friends here. Socially Mr. Norris is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a worthy exemplar of the spirit of that fraternity. He owes his business success entirely to his own efforts, and his enterprise and diligence have formed the foundations of the prosperity which he is ii' m enji ying.

WILLIAM B. LONG.

Among the brave men who devoted the opening years of their manhood to the de- fence of our country from the internal foes whi sought her dismemberment was Will- iam I!. Long, now a prominent resident of Jacks, m township, Calhoun county, Iowa, his home being on section 29. He is a native Off Ohio, burn in Nobk county, February i.v [846, and is a son of David A. Long, whi, was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, in 1820. His paternal grandfather, John Long, was also a native of the Old Domin- ion, and was a soldier in the war 1 1' iXu. At an early day he removed to Ohio and became one of the first settlers of what is

now Guernsey county, where in the midsl of the virgin forest he cleared and improved a farm. It was during the boyhood of David A. Long that the family removed to Ohio, and there he was reared in much the usual manner of farmer boys in a frontier settlement. He married Miss Catherine Brill, a daughter of Michael Brill, who was also a pioneer of the Buckeye state, and they subsequently removed to Noble county. Ohio, where he acquired considerable prop- erty, but in later years gave it all to his si ms, with the exception of the old homestead ci in- sisting of one hundred and twenty-seven acres. There he still resides, being now an old man of eighty-two years, highly re- spected and esteemed by all who know him. His wife died about 1877. Unto them were born four children, three sons and one daughter, of whom William: B. is the eldest. The others were J. E., now a resident of Bondurant, Polk county, Iowa; W. A., who resides on the old home farm in Ohio; and Rheuelma Taylor, of Lake City, Iowa.

The subject of this sketch grew to man- hood on the old homestead in Ohio, early acquiring an excellent knowledge of all the duties which fall to the lot of the agricul- turist and obtaining a good common-school education. When the country became in- volved in civil war, he responded to the presi- dent's call for troops by enlisting September 1, 1862, inCompany G, Seventy-eighth ( Ihio Volunteer Infantry, which was assigned to the Second Brigade, Third Division, Seven- teenth Army Corps, under the command of General Sherman. His first engagement was the battle of Kenesaw Mountain, followed by the Atlanta campaign and the aege of Vicksburg. He was in the reserve on the march to the sea and participated in the last battle of that campaign. Later he marched

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with his command to Washington, D. C, and took part in the grand review in that city. The war having ended he returned to Columbus, Ohio, and was honorably dis- charged from the service on the i/th of June, 1865. While at the front he was ill in the hospital at Memphis, Tenneesee, for six weeks, and was confined to the hospital at Cairo, Illinois, for three months with fever.

After leaving the army Mr. Long re- turned to the old home farm in Noble coun- ty, Ohio, andwas there married on the 23d of August, 1866, to Miss Elizabeth M. Eagon, who was born, reared and edticated in that county, her father, John Eagon, be- ing one of its early settlers. After their marriage they located on a farm adjoining the old homestead, and there Mr. Long en- gaged in farming until coming to Calhoun county, Iowa, in the fall of 1884, at which time he purchased his present farm of one hundred and "seventy-eight acres on section 29, Jackson township. To the improvement and cultivation of this place he has since de- voted his energies, and now has one of the most desirable farms of its size in the county. He has built a good house, barn and out- buildings, has fenced the entire tract, and set out a fine orchard of choice fruits, cover- ing three acres. He raises a good grade of stock, making a specialty of Hereford cattle, and now has about twelve head of high grade animals upon his place. Since coming to this state he has also engaged in auctioneer- ing and has cried many sales throughout Cal- houn and adoining counties.

The Republican party has always found in Mr. Long a stanch supporter of its prin- ciples since he cast his first presidential ballot for General Grant in 1868. He was elected and served as justice of the peace for six consecutive years, and has also filled the of-

fice of supervisor of highways. A friend of education and our public school system, he served for years as a member of the school board and was president of the district a part of the time. He is a member of the Cal- houn County Mutual Insurance Company, and has been a delegate to county conven- tions.

Mr. and Mrs. Long are the parents of four sons, namely: Frank T., who is now married and engaged in farming in Sac county. Iowa : Amor A., who is also mar- ried and follows farming in Jackson town- ship, Calhoun county, where he is also serv- ing as assessor; David E., a farmer of this county: and Ernest M., who assists in carry- ing on the home farm.

Our subject and his wife are members of the Christian church of Lake City, and he is also connected with Auburn Lodge. No. 201, A. F. & A. M., having been made a Mason at Kennonsburg, Ohio, in 1867. Their home is the abode of hospitality, and they occupy an enviable position in the es- teem of their fellow citizens, having many friends throughout their adopted county.

LEVI COOK.

Levi Cook, a retired farmer of Calhoun county, now living in Lake City, was born in Preble county, Ohio, April 14, 1825, and is of English lineage, his grandfather hav- ing been born in England, whence he emi- grated to the new world and became one of the pioneer settlers of Preble county, Ohio, taking up his abode there, together with other members of the family, about 1805. His son, Eli Cook, the father of our sub-

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253

iect, was born in South Carolina ere the ^migration of the family to the Buckeye state. The grandfather bore his part in the early development and progress of Preble omntv. and there died in [828. He was of the Quaker faith. In his family were eight children, including Eli Cook. who was reared amid the wild scenes of frontier life. After arriving at years of maturity he married Miss Elizabeth Denny, a native of Virginia, and in 1839 they left their Ohio home for the west, settling in what is now Henry county, Iowa. There the father entered a tract of wild land from the government and trans- formed it into a valuable farm upon which he made his home until his death, which oc- curred in 1874, when he had attained the age of eighty years, while his wife passed away in February, 1874, at the age of seven- ty-two. In their family were twelve chil- dren : Levi ; Mrs. J. Susan Lamb, now de- ceased ; John and Joel, who have passed away: Mrs. Phoebe Stanley, also deceased; Nathan, Jesse and Jonathan, who have de- parted this life; Joseph; Delila, the wife of Nathan Bales; Martha, deceased; and Lewis, who is living in California.

Levi Cook was a youth of fourteen years when he accompaniel his parents to this State and in the common schools of Henry county he continued his education which had been begun in Ohio. He afterward engaged in farming for a few years, and then became connected with the milling business, which claimed his attention for fourteen years, or until 1865, when the mill was destroyed b) lire. He then removed with his family to Madison county. Iowa, where he engaged in farming until 1869 — the year of his arrival in Calhoun county. Here he purchased land in Jackson township, and for many years was numbered among the progressive and

enterprising agriculturists of the commun- ity, but in [889 he put aside all business cares and took up his abode in Lake City, wdiere he is now living a retired life, enjoy- ing a well earned rest. His business career was one of untiring industry and unfalter- ing honesty, and he well deserves the success which crowned his efforts.

On the 30th of March. 1848, Mr. Cook- was united in marriage to Miss Ursula Wil- son, a native of Parke count}-, Indiana, a daughter of Payton and Anna ( Holliday) Wilson, the former a native of Kentucky and the latter of North Carolina. Her par- ents removed to Iowa from Indiana in 1836 and here the father followed farming until his death, which occurred in 1868, when he was seventy-four years of age, while his wife died in 1859. ^rs- Cook had two brothers and five sisters, and of the family four are now living. By her marriage she became the mother of ten children, of whom five are living. The complete record, how- ever, is as follows : Deborah Ann. the wife of Henry Harshbarger, of Calhoun county; Emma J. and Phoebe E., both deceased; Vestal W., a druggist of Lake City; Eugene F.. an insurance agent ; Marion F., a resident of Colgate, North Dakota; Lizzie H., de- ceased: William S.. a resident of Chicago; Gulialma and Payton E., who have also passed away. The parents are members of the Christian church, in which Mr. Cook holds the office of deacon. He has always been true to his profession and his life has been upright and honorable. Few men in the state have longer resided within its borders. He has watched the greater part of its development, lived here at the time oi its admission into the Union and through- out all the years he has been loyal to its lust interest-.

254

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

L. F. DAXFORTH.

The fitting reward of a well spent and honorable business career is retirement from labor. Nature seems to have intended1 that man in his declining days shall rest after years of former toil. In youth one is am- bitious and energetic; when manhood ad- vances there comes mature decision to guide one's energies and direct his labors, and if he be wise in the conduct of his affairs, hus- bands his resources and judiciously places his investments, he will acquire, through this channel, a comfortable competence if not a fortune, and will thereby be enabled to en- joy a well earned retirement. Such has been the case with Mr. Danforth, who for a num- ber of years was classed among the enter- prising merchants of Lake City, and who is widely known in Calhoun county as a most reliable and enterprising citizen.

Mr. Danforth was born in Pomfret, Windsor county, Vermont, April 19, 1843, and is a son of Hosly and Sarah (Wood) Danforth, hoth of whom were natives of the Green Mountain state. The ancestry of the family may be traced to Nicholas Danforth, who took up his abode in New England in the middle of the seventeenth century. Our subject was one of four sons, but his broth- ers have all passed away and his parents are also deceased. He pursued his prelim- inary education in the common schools, and in 1866 he came to the west, but prior to this time he had manifested his loyalty to his ci untry by service on the battlefields of the south. It was in August, 1864. that he en- listed as a member of Company E, Fourth Vermont Infantry, serving with the Army of the Puti mac. He participated in the battle of Cedar Creek, where Sheridan made the histi ric ride 1 4 twenty miles. At length.

when hostilities had ceased and the country no longer needed his aid, he was mustered out at Burlington, Vermont, in July, 1865, and then returned to his home.

It was in the following year that Mr. Danforth came to the west. He spent one winter in St. Louis, and in 1867 he arrived in Iowa, .-.topping for a short time at Coun- cil Bluffs. He drove across the state and for a time worked in Clinton county, after which he went to Boone county, and in 1808 became a resident of Lake City, where he followed school teaching until 1873. Then in connection with J. J. Hutchinson, he pur- chased the store of Peter Smith, who is one of the honored pioneer settlers of the county. Mr. Danforth and Mr. Hutchinson con- ducted the business until 1888, when our subject purchased his partner's interest and carried on the enterprise alone until 1901. The original store was where the present bakery shop is located, just south of the post- office. He carried a large and well selected stock of merchandise, and his enterprise and industry brought to him richly merited suc- cess. He did everything in his power to please his patrons, his prices were reasonable and his business methods honorable. In 1 90 1 he sold his stock and retired from the line of business with which he was so long connected. On the organization of the First National Bank, he was elected vice-president and has since continued in that capacity, also acting as one of its directors. He has made judicious investments in real estate and is now the owner of the Danforth block, also his old store building and several residences.

In November, 1873. occurred the mar- riage of Mr. Danforth and Miss Jennie Fox. a native of Pennsylvania, but at the time of her marriage a resident of Lake City. Iowa. Her father was David Fox. For

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about twenty-one years they traveled life's |ournej together, but in January, 1894, Airs. Panforth was called to her final rest. He afterward wedded Mrs. .Minnie E. Harris, ncc Decker, of Antigo, Wisconsin, who was born at Viroqua, Wisconsin, in 1867.

In his political affiliations Mr. Danforth bas always been a Democrat and has been JBWiored with a number of public offices, in which be has discharged his duties with- marked promptness ami fidelity. He has gerved on the city council for several years, and in an early day was assessor, while for two or three terms he was township trustee. In 1881 he was' elected to "represent bis dis- trict in the state legislature and discharged the duties of the office in a manner that re- flected credit upon his party and upon the state. In 1901 he was a candidate for the legislature, and though the district gave a Strong Republican majority, electing Mc- Kinley by seventeen hundred votes, he was deteated by only three hundred and twenty- es. The fact that be thus ran far ahead of his ticket is an indication of his personal popularity and the confidence re- po-ed in him by those who knew him best. In his social relations Mr. Danforth is a prominent Mason, belonging to Zerubbabcl jLodge, No. 240. F. & A. M.; Cyprus Chap- ter. No. 99, R. A. M. ; Rose Croix Com- mandery. K. T., of Sac City: and to the Mystic Shrine. He was the first high priest ot his chapter and has held many other of- fices in the varii us departments of the craft. He has also attained to the thirty-second de- gree of the Scottish rite and is a member of the consistory. There is no resident of Cal- houn county who is held in higher esteem or to a greater degree deserves the regard of liw Fellowmen than does I.. F. Danforth, who in the various relations of life has ever

won the respect of his fellow men by his sterling worth, his unwavering pur] bis unfaltering devotion to duty.

ALOIS MEUSBURGER.

It is astonishing to witness the sn young men who have emigrated to America without capital and have worked their way upward to a position of affluence. The readi- ness w itb which they adapt themselves 1. 1 cir- cumstances and take advantage 1 f 1 >pp irtuni- ties offered brings to them success and wins them a place among the leading men of the community in which they reside. To this class belongs Alois Meusburger, a prominent farmer of Garfield township, Calhoun coun- ty, Iowa.

He was born in Austria, November 14, 1852, and is a son of Alois and Mary (Bu- chele) Meusberger, who spent their entire lives in that country. The father, wh< 1 was a farmer by occupation, died at about the age of seventy years, and the mother was some- what younger at the time of her death. They were the parents of twelve children, all of whom reached years of maturity. The father was twice married.

Mr. Meusburger of this review grew to manhood in the land of his birth and was educated in the home schools. He also learned the cheesemaker's trade, but never followed it after coming to this country. At the age of twenty be crossed the Atlantic and first located in Chicago. Illinois. He soon found work on a farm, where he re- ceived eleven and later thirty five dollars per month, and was thus employed for about one year. At the end of that time be com- menced farming for himself upon rented

256

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

land in Dallas county, Iowa, and subsequent- ly purchased eighty acres of land, making his home there for ten years. In March, 1882, he removed to Calhoun county, and bought an eighty-acre tract of wild land in Garfield township, on which he has since made his home. In his farming operations he has steadily prospered and has added to his land from time to time until he now owns four hundred acres in this county and three hundred and twenty acres in North Dakota. He now rents the most of his land, it being operated on shares, but still has charge of the cultivation of eighty acres. He has made all of the improvements upon the home place, and to-day has one of the best and most de- sirable farms in his section of the county. For many years he has been interested in the feeding of stock for market, and annually ships from two to four carloads of both cattle and hogs. He makes a specialty of Here- ford cattle, and keeps about one hundred head upon his place. He is one of the most extensive farmers and stock-raisers of Gar- field township.

In 1876 Mr. Meusburger was united in marriage to Miss Anna Kronowichter, also a native of Austria, who died in 1886, leaving two children, Joseph and Albert. He was again married in 1889, his second union be- ing with Mrs. Emma Moran DeLong. who was born in Canada and is a daughter of John and Mary ( Thompson ) Moran. the for- mer a native of New York state, the latter of England. Her father followed farming and spent most of his life in Canada, where he died at the age of sixty-five years, and his wife at the age of seventy. They were the parents of seven children, of whom six are still living. By her first marriage Mrs. Meus- burger had two sons, Edward B. and Stalhe W.

Our subject and his wife attend the Meth- odist Episcopal church and he affiliates with the Republican party. For five years he ef- ficiently served as school director, and has al- ways taken an active interest in promoting those enterprises calculated to advance the -moral, intellectual or material welfare of his adopted county. His life affords an excel- lent example to the young in that he com- menced life in the new world without money, but having a determination to succeed he in- dustriously applied himself until he has ac- quired a handsome property and comfortable competence.

WILLIAM W. BUTTOLPH.

William W. Buttolph, a successful and enterprising farmer residing on section 33. Logan township, Calhoun county, Iowa, is a native of Indiana, his birth having occurred in St. Joseph county, on the 29th of July, 1846. His parents. George and Dorothy (Clark) Buttolph, were both from Xew England, the former born near North Adams, Massachusetts, the latter near Farm- ington, Maine. On coming to Iowa in 1855, they first located near Palo, Linn county, but two years later they removed to Boone county, where they continued to make their home throughout the remainder of their lives. The father died in August, 1871, and the mother passed away March 18, 1895.

Our subject remained under the parental roof until he attained his majority, and was given the advantages of a good common school education. On starting out in life for himself he engaged in breaking prairie in Boone county, and in partnership with some of his neighbors he owned and oper- ated a threshing machine. He also engaged

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

in farming upon rented land, and as an agri- culturist met with good success, being thor- oughly familiar with that occupation.

On the 7th of February, 1S76, Mr. But- tolph was united in marriage with Miss Mary Meyers, who was born in Ogle county, Illinois. July 28, 1855, a daughter of Eli and Elizabeth (Buffington) Meyers, both natives of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. In the early '50s her parents removed to Illinois and settled in Ogle county, being among the pioneers of that section. In 1863 they re- moved to Boone county, Iowa, and subse- quently went to South Dakota, their last days being spent in Hutchinson county, where Mr. Meyers died March 25, 1899, and his wife April 17th of the year previous. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Buttolph were born three children, as follows: Alice S., born No- vember 6, 1876. died April 7, 1877. Cora A., born March 31, 1880, is now the wife of Marion Jenks and they have two children: Yelma A., born October 1, 1899; ar>d Letha A., born July 4. 1901. Since their marriage they have lived on the home farm with her parents. Wallace A., born May jo. [886, is also at home.

After his marriage Mr. Buttolph con- tinued t<> reside in Boone county for a few years, during which time he either operated a rented farm or engaged in working land on the shares. In the spring of [88] he came to Calhoun county and located on the farm in Logan township, where he now re- gies, having purchased the place in 1879, when it was all wild and unimproved, but he has since transformed the farm into one of the most highly cultivated and desirable places of the township, it being a valuable tract of one hundred and sixty acres. He also owns another tract of forty acres a half mile from his home, which he purchased in

1890. In connection with general farming he is engaged in the breeding 1 if a g< >od grade of stock, making a specialty of short horn cattle, Percheron horses and Poland (.'lima hogs, and finds this branch of his business quite profitable. He is one of the repre- sentative farmers and leading citizens of his community and has been called upon to fill various local offices, such as school director and road supervisor. His political support is always given the men and measures of the Republican party.*

TOIIX B. BLAIR.

The life of John B. Blair proves conclu- sively that success is not a matter of genius, but is the outcome of clear judgment and un- faltering diligence. Mr. Blair has acquired a comfortable competence entirely through his own efforts and is to-day the owner of a very valuable farm of one hundred and twenty acres, pleasantly and conveniently lo- cated within a mile of Yetter. Since March. [874, he has resided in Calhoun county, and is therefore numbered among its early set- tlers. Pennsylvania is the state of his na- tivity, his birth having occurred in Crawford comity, on the Nth < f October, 1S40. His father, James Blair, was a native of the Key- stone state, and Moses Blair, the grand father, was one of the pioneers there. Hav- ing arrived at years of maturity, James Blair wooed and won Miss Nancy MacElhaney and upon a farm in the Keystone state they began their domestic life. Five children were horn unto them in that locality, and in [849 James Blair, with his family, removed to Wisconsin, settling in Lafayette county. There he purchased from the govern-

2S8

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

merit two hundred and forty acres of land which was covered with timber. Clearing away the trees and preparing the land for cultivation he trans- formed it into richly cultivated fields and continued to operate that farm until his death. His first wife died in Wisconsin and he was afterward married again. In the family were four sons and three daughters who reached years of maturity.

It is of the old Wisconsin homestead that John B. Blair has a vivid recollection, for it was on that place that he was reared, u< rking in the fields and enjoying the pleas- ures in which boys of that period usually in- dulged. The district schools furnished him his educational privileges, and when the Civil war was inaugurated he responded to His country's call, enlisting on the 30th of May. 1 86 1. He had watched with interest the progress of events and resolved that if the south attempted to overthrow the Union he would strike a blow in its behalf. Ac- cordingly when a military organization was formed im his neighborhood, he joined it, and as a member of Company H, Third Wiscon- sin Infantry, went to the front, his regiment being attached to the army of the Potomac. In many important battles he faced the. en- emy's fire, taking part in the engagements at Harpers Ferry, Winchester, the second battle of Bull Run, and the battle of Cedar Mountain. At the last named place his brother, Robert Blair, was wounded, part of his right hand being torn away, thus perma- nently disabling him. He was also in the bat- tles of Beverly Ford, Anltietam and Gettys- burg, and after the last named he went to Xew York and aided in enforcing the draft. When the disturbance was quelled in the metropolis, Mr. Blair returned to Rappahan-

nock and thence was sent to Chattanooga under General Hooker, taking part in the Tennessee campaign. He was in the battles of Lookout Mountain, Resaca, Dallas and Pumpkin Vine Creek. He was also in the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Snake Creek Gap, and aided in the capture of the city of Atlanta, after which he went with Sherman on the memorable march to the sea, taking part in numerous skirmishes on the way. He was also at Raleigh when Johnston surrenderedw, and later marched through Richmond and on to Washington, participating in the grand review- which ter- minated the war, the victorious army march- ing by the reviewing stand on which stood the president. It was the most celebrated' military pageant ever seen on the western hemisphere. Mr. Blair was then sent to Louisville, Kentucky, where he was honor- ably discharged June 18, 1865. He was never ill or wounded and always escaped capture. He remained faithfully at his post of duty and received but one furlough, being- at home for thirty days in the winter of 1863. He was at home on the 1st of Jan- uary, 1864, a day which was so bitterly cold that it is memorable in the history of the state.

After receiving an honorable discharge Mr. Blair returned to his home in Wiscon- sin and resumed work on the farm where he was reared. He was married in Green county, Wisconsin, on the 18th of April. 1867, to Miss Sylvia A. Allen, a native of Ohio, born in Sandusky county. — a daugh- ter of J. B. A lien, who was likewise bom in the Buckeye state. He was graduated in Zauesville, Ohio, and was a successful and popular teacher for many years. In 1857 he removed to Green county, Wisconsin,

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259

and there again engaged in teaching. He spent his remaining days in that count}', passing away in 1874.

Mr. and Mrs. Blair began their domestic life in Wisconsin and became the parents of nine sons and two daughters. William, who is married and follows carpentering in Woonsocket, South Dakota; Louis J., a clerk in the store of H. C. Reman, of Yetter, Iowa: Frank C. who is engaged in the res- taurant business in Yetter; Fred L, who is a student in the medical college at Iowa City; Edwin J., at home; Ralph and Harry, whi 1 are in school; Minnie J., the wife of George Yepson, a farmer near Yetter : and Lizzie, the wife of Jasper Yepson, a mer- chant of Yetter. Mr. and Mrs. Blair also lost two children in infancy, Thomas B. and Lawrence G.

After residing for some time in Wiscon- sin Mr. Blair came with his family to Iowa in [874, purchasing land .upon which he built a little house. 'He at once began to break his farm, and in the course of years tnade it a very valuable tract. His first home has long since been replaced by a more mod- ern and commodious residence. He has also built a barn, put up a windmill, planted fruit and shade trees, and added all the accessories and conveniences of a model farm of the twentieth century. He is raising a high grade of stock and from this branch of his business derives a good income. On ques- tions of national importance he votes with the Republican party, but at local elections, where no issue is involved, he considers only the capability of the candidate and votes in- dependently. His first presidential ballot supported Abraham Lincoln and was cast while he was a member of the army in [864. He has never been an office-seeker, but has served as road supervisor for seventeen years

in the township and five years in his district. He is now township trustee, and he has been a delegate to various county conventions. Socially he is connected with the Odd Fel- lows Lodge of Yetter, having been made a member of the organization in Auburn. He likewise belongs to the Grand Army 1 '< >st at Lake City and finds pleasure in recalling the incidents that occurred when he was upon the tented field or in the midst of battle. He is to-day as true to his duties of citizenship as when the country needed his aid and he followed the stars and stripes through the south. He gives his support to all measures that tend to advance the material, intellec- tual and moral welfare of the community, and as a representative of the farming inter- ests of the county is very widely and favor- ably known.

LEVI D. ATOX.

Levi D. Aton, a well-known contractor and builder of Lake City, Iowa, and an hon- ored veteran of the Civil war, has here made his home since July. 1870. He was bom in Pennsylvania on the 4th of March, 1844, ami is a son of Rufus Aton and Eucebia 1 Mead) Aton, who were born, reared and married in Pennsylvania. The father was a brick-maker by trade, and foil,, wed that oc- cupation throughout his active business life. At an early day he removed to Erie county, Ohio, and worked at his trade in Venice some vears, but his last days were spent in De- troit. Michigan, where his death occurred. ll,s widow still survives him and now re- sides in Ohio. Our subject has three broth- ers, L G., D. M. and C. M.. residing in Ful- ton county. Ohio, and also a half sister, Eliz- abeth, the wife of John Spade

26o

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Mr. Aton, of this review, passed his boy- hood and youth in Ohio, and received his education in the common' schools of that state. On the 15th of May. 1861, he en- listed, together with his brothers, L. G. and D. M:, in Company I, Thirty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which was assigned to the Army of the Cumberland. He partici- pated in the battles of Mill Springs and Cor- inth, besides numerous skirmishes, and also took part in the raid against Bragg. Later he was in the battles of Stone River and Jonesboro. Georgia ; the engagements around Atlanta, and the march to the sea. On his way to Raleigh lie received the news of Lee*s surrender. Mr. Aton was detailed and served six months in the United States Ar- tillery, and later re-enlisted, remaining at the front until hostilities ceased, and serv- ing in all four years and two months. Dur- ing this time he was given a twenty-eight day furlough, and then rejoined his regi- ment at Chattanooga, Tennessee. When the war was over he was honorably dis- charged at Cleveland. Ohio, in July, 1865, and returned to his home in that state.

Mr. Aton found employment at repairing vehicles, being thus engaged for two years. In 1868 he wait to DeKalb county, Illinois, where he first worked as a harvest hand, and remained at that place for eighteen months. At the end of that time he came to Lake City, Iowa, arriving here in July, 1870, and on the 2d of the following August was united in marriage with Mrs. Caroline C. Hogle, widow of John Franklin Hogle, who was an old schoolmate and army comrade of our subject. Mr. and Mrs. Aton have two daughters living, namely: Frances, wife of Ed Leatherbury, a lumberman of Sherwood, Iowa ; and Ida E., wife of Jack Cockran, of Lake City. The four sons born to- them died in infancy and earlv childhood.

During the first few years of his resi- dence here Mr. Aton worked at anything which he could find to do, and then took up carpentering, which he has since followed with marked success. As a contractor and builder he has erected many of the residences of Lake City, and is to-day one of the car- penters of the place. Since casting his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln in 1864, Mr. Aton has affiliated with the Re- publican party, but has never cared for the honors or emoluments of public office, pre- ferring to give his entire time and atten- tion to his business interests. He is an ac- tive member of Lake City Post, No. 156, G. A. R., and his wife holds membership in the Presbyterian church. They are widely and favorably known, and are held in the high- est esteem by their many friends.

GEORGE COATES.

George Coates is acceptably filling the position of postmaster at Farnhamville and has been honored with other local offices in which his fidelity to duty and faithful serv- ice have won him high commendation. He was born in Rutland county, Vermont, Au- gust 21, 1843. and is the son of Charles \Y. and Lucinda ( Haradon) Coates. The father was born in Connecticut and the mother in the Green Mountain state. Charles W. Coates- devoted his time and attention to farming and spent the greater part of his business career in Vermont, but in 1847 de- cided to seek a home in the broad west with its many opportunities. He therefore made his way to Wisconsin and in 1848 went to Kane county, Illinois, where he remained until about 1867. In that year he arrived in Iowa, where he spent his remain-

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ing days, passing away at the advanced age of eighty-one years. His wife still survives him and is residing in Farhamville. hav- ing traveled for more than eighty years upon the journey of life. The father of our sub- ject was a very industrious and hard work- ing man and his life was ever honorable and upright, so that he left to his family an un- tarnished name and an example which is in many respects well worthy of emulation.

George Coates is one of a family of rive children, all of whom are living. He was but a boy when his parents located in Illi- nois and there he pursued his education in the district schools, acquiring a good knowl- edge of the elementary branches of the Eng- lish language. In his youth he followed gen- eral farming and when_a boy also worked at the mason's trade. He was but eighteen years of age when in 1861 he responded to his country's call for aid, enlisting in Com- pany A, Fifty-second Illinois Infantry. With his regiment he went to the front and participated in all the engagements in which he took part. He entered the service as a private but was promoted to the rank of ser- geant and when hostilities had ceased lie was honorably discharged in 18(15. Brave and loyal he was ever found at his post of duty, defending the starry banner and the cause it represented.

Mr. Coates came to Iowa in 1866 and for five years he resided in Benton county, after which he removed to Marshall county, which was his home for ten years. On the Expiration of that period he located in Jas- per county, and afterward removed tO' Web- Bier county, where lie purchased a farm of two hundred and forty acres and lived there for nine years, until age and overwork in- duced him to rent the farm and move to town. For the past six years he has made his home in Fanihamville. For a number of

years he filled the position of justice • 1 the peace and was also town assessor. In the former position his "even handed justice" won him high commendation, for he ever discharged his duties without fear or favor. He has also been school director and the cause of education has profited by his actions and able service. He is the present postmas- ter of Farnhamville. having been appointed by President Roosevelt, and entered upon his term of office on the 1st of January, 1902. In 1868 Mr. Coates was united in mar- riage to Miss Matilda Rogers, a native of Chauauqua count}-, Xew York, and they now have four children: Fred, Georgia, Helen and Addie. Socially Mr. Coates is con- nected with the Masonic fraternity, having been made a Mason in Belle Plains Lodge, Xo. 175, F. & A. M.. in Benton county, thir- ty-four years ago. Me is known as an ex- emplar}- member of the craft and in his life shows forth its beneficent spirit. He also has pleasant relationships with his old army comrades through his membership in the Grand Army Post at Gowrie. To his duties 1 «f citizenship he has ever been loyal, whether in civic office or upon the battlefields of the south, and the qualities of an upright man- hood have won him high esteem in the com- munity in which lie makes his home.

HEXRY C. HUTZELL.

Sixteen years have passed since Henry C. Hutzell came to Calhoun count}-, and during this period he has been well known by reason of his enterprise ami progressive ness in his farm work, lie was horn in Washington. Maryland, on the 17th of Jan- uary. [869, and is a SOU of Samuel and Eli a (Middlecough) Hutzell. who were

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

tives of Maryland. Throughout his entire business career, the father followed farm- ing, but died at the early age of thirty-eight years. His wife still survives him and is yet living in Maryland. In their family were seven children, namely: Henry C. Alice, Jacob, John, Samuel, Lilly and William.

Henry C. Hutzell remained in his native state until eighteen years of age and during that time mastered the English branches of learning taught in the common schools. De- ciding to seek a home in the west he made his way to Illinois, settling in Ogle county, where he remained for four years, and on the expiration of that period removed to Dallas county, Iowa, in about 1.87 1. Thirteen years passed and in 1886 he came to Calhoun coun- ty, where he had previously purchased a farm, upon which he now lives. He has one hundred and sixty acres of rich and arable land in Twin Lakes township and he also leases land, having operated more than four hundred acres for several years. He plants annually from one hundred to one hundred and thirty acres to corn and from ninety to one hundred and twenty-five acres to small grain while the remainder is divided to hay and pasture land. He is likewise success- fully engaged in stock raising, keeping on hand from forty to ninety head of short horn cattle and from eight to twelve head of horses. Everything about his place is neat and thrifty in appearance and indicates his careful supervision.

When 1 mly twenty-one years of age, an important event in the life of Mr. Hutzell occurred, for at that time he was united in marriage to Miss Susan Middlecauff. who was born in Maryland. Their union has been blessed with eleven children, namely: Edward, Grace, Harvey, Earl, Florence, Louis, Benton, Etta, Cecil, Delia and Nellie. In his political views Mr. Hutzell is a Dem-

ocrat, having supported this party since at- taining his majority. In religious views he is liberal but at all times he has followed the golden rule and his reputation in busi- ness-circles for honesty and fair dealing is above question. All that he has had has been made through his own labors and his efforts have brought to him a very desirable com- petence. His worth as a man and citizen is widely acknowledged and Calhoun county numbers him among its leading agricultur- ists.

ROBERT L. iMcCORD.

Robert L. McCord for many years de- voted his life to the ministry, but is now giving his energy to agricultural pursuits in Calhoun county, making his home in Lake City. He was born in Bond county, Illi- nois, in what was then the town of Bethel, but is now Reno, his birth occurring August 7, 1830. His father, James B. McCord, was born in Franklin county, Georgia, August 15, 1806, and the ancestry of the family can be traced to the north of Ireland, whence the great-grandfather of our subject came to the new world. Robert McCord. the grandfa- ther, was probably a native of Pennsylvania, where different members of the family fol- lowed the hatting trade in the city of Pitts- burg. In early life, however, he went south passing through Virginia into Georgia. About 1820 he removed to Illinois, taking up his abode in Bond county, when his son James was a youth of fourteen years. For his first wife the grandfather, Robert Mc- Cord, married Hannah Black, and after her death he wedded Rebecca Johnston. The following children were of the first union: Matilda, who became Mrs. Dixon : Mrs. Fidelis Leeper; Mrs. Ellen Short: Mrs.

;

Aife

R. L. Mrt'DKD.

MRS. R. L. MfCORD.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

267

Nancy White; William and John, who re- mained in Columbia, Tennessee, where the family resided for about eleven years before Coming to Illinois: Sarah, who became Mrs. Mears; Robert, who resided in Hillsboro, Illinois; Mrs. Fanny Blizzard; and Mrs. Mary Mears. Of the second marriage nine children were born, as follows: James B. ; Luanda; Mrs. Elizabeth Douglas; Ann- demy, who married Rev. Robert Stewart, a prominent minister of southern Illinois; Gideon Blackburn; Mrs. Jane Douglas; David T. ; one who died in" infancy : and Louisa, who died aged twenty — making nineteen children in. the family altogether. The father was a soldier in the Black Hawk war and was actively identified with the early associations which shaped the pioneer history of Illinois. Throughout his entire life he followed farming, and was also a local minister of the Presbyterian church. Me died in 1841 in Bond county, Illinois, when eighty-one years of age. His second wife passed away while in that locality about

1835-

James P. McCord, the father of our sub- ject, accompanied his parents to Tennessee and thence to Illinois. He married Miss Margaret C. Robinson, who was born in Lincoln county. North Carolina, August 22, 1805. In 1845 he removed with bis family from Bond county to Platteville. Wisconsin, Where he resided until 18G6, when he went t<> Granville, where he was a cabinetmaker and turner, and manufactured grain cradles. At the time of his removal to Wisconsin he found there a wild pioneer region, and took an active part in its development and prog- ress, The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. James P. McCord, which wa^ celebrated in Ed- wardsville, Ellinois, March 2, 1820. was blessed with nine children, namely: William

R., who was born March 5. [827, ami re- sides in Chicago; Joseph B., who was bom September 26. 1828. and died May 5. 1 S73 ; Robert L., of this review: Theron Baldwin, who was born August 18. 1832, and is now deceased; John D., who was born October 4, 1834, and is pastor of a Congregational church in Chicago ; Edwin K.. who was born January 19, 1837. and is li\ ing in San Fran- cisco; Morris F., who was born June 29, 1 84 1, and resides in La Prairie, Illinois; Eliza Jane, wdio was born September 7, .1843. an'l is the wife of Warren C. Smith, of Colusa. California; and Mary Olive, wdio was born in Wisconsin, January 14. 1849. and is principal of one of the Austin schools of Chicago. The father of this family died in Granville, Illinois, August 2^, 1874, while the mother passed away in Wisconsin, April 27, 1865. Mr. James B. McCord married for his second wife Miss Martha Mopkins, the marriage being celebrated October 15, 1867.

Robert L. McCord spent the first four- teen years of his fife in Illinois, where he attended the common schools and through the summer months followed farming. After the removal of the family to Wiscon- sin he became a student in the academy at Platteville, where he spent t\\. years. He was also a student in Beloit College for a year and for three years in the Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville. Illinois, where he was graduated in 1S56, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. On the expiration of thai period he matriculated in the Union Theo- logical Seminary in Xew York City, and for two years was a student in Lane Sem- inary at Walnut Hills, now Cincinnati, Ohio, where he won the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1859, when he was licensed to preach the gospel,

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Mr. McCord first located at Lincoln, Illi- nois, where he was pastor of a Congrega- tional church for five years. After that he was pastor of the Congregational church at Toulon, Illinois, until 1878, after which he spent four years in Xew Windsor, Illinois, and a similar period in Lyonsville, Illinois. His next pastorate was in Sheffield, Illi- nois, where he remained for six years. In 1890 he came to Iowa and labored with the churches at Lake View and at Silver Creek for two or three -years, as supply, but since that time he has retired from the min- istry, although his interest in the church and its progress and upbuilding has never abated. On March 1, 1892, he took up his abode at Lake City, and since that time he has given his attention to the improvement of his farm lands. He has an entire section divided into two farm lots, near Lake City.

Mr. McCord was married Septemuer 3, 1867, at Granville, Illinois, the lady of his choice being Helen De Armond Hopkins, a native of that town, where her parents, Joel and Eleanor (Harrison) Hopkins, were early settlers. The former was a native of Red Oak, Ohio, and his wife was born in Harrisburg, Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. When sixteen years of age he accompanied his parents on their removal to Granville, where his family located in 1834. He is still living on the old homestead, but his wife died in 1849. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Mc- Cord have been born five children: Joel Hopkins, who is cashier of the bank at Early, Sac county, Iowa; James B.. who is a medical missionary to the Zulu mission ; Mary Eleanor, who became the wife of Rev. R. B. Larkin, and went with him as mis- sionary to Turkey for two years, and died in Colorado, in February, 1900; Robert Leigh, who is an attorney in Sac City ; and

Archibald Wison, who is assistant cashier of the Salem Bank of South Dakota.

Mr. McCord has voted with the Repub- lican party, but he is a stanch Prohibitionist in principle. His life has been earnest and the greater part of his time and attention have been devoted to the holy calling which he made his life work. His influence has ever been on the side of all movements cal- culated to promote the welfare of his fellow men and to cultivate their moral develop- ment.

JOHX H. REXCH.

Well known in connection with agricul- tural pursuits in Calhoun county, John Hen- ry Rench has throughout his business career carried on general farming, and his life illus- trates what it is posible to accomplish through earnest, persistent effort. He was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, October 14, 1823, a son of Thomas and Jane ( Hamil- ton ) Rench, both of whom were natives of the Keystone state. The paternal grand- father, Thomas Rench, was also born in Pennsylvania and was united in marriage to Miss Mary Jane Harshman, a native of Vir- ginia. He was a miller and farmer following the dual occupation in order to provide far his family. The greater part of his life was passed in Maryland but long since he has passed away. Thomas Rench, the father of our subject, was born on the 7th of March, 1790, and for many years followed farming in the Keystone state, but spent his last davs in Indiana. He served his country as a soldier in the war of 181 2 and died Oc- tober 31, 1849, in Indiana, while his wife, whose birth occurred June 26, 1799, passed away in Indiana on the nth of December, 1865, at the age of sixty-six years.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

269

During his early boyhood John II. Rench became a resident of Indiana and there he ac- quired his education. The occupation to

which he was reared he has made his life bark, having always followed farming and the lessons of industry which he learned in his youth have since proved an important element in his ca- reer. It was in the year 1857 that he arrived in [owa, first settling in Dubuque county, where he rented a farm upon which he re- sided for twenty years. With each season he began the work of plowing and planting and when autumn came he reaped the har- irests that crowned his labors. Little by lit- tle he gained a competence, showing that his work was not without result. Removing from Dubuque to Sac county, Iowa, he re- mained in the latter place until iSo-' when lie came to Calhoun county and purchased bis present farm in Garfield township. Here he has eighty acres of land and his two sons each have one hundred and twenty acres, 50 that their aggregate possessions cover a half section. The father and sons are asso- ciated in their farming operations and are Successfully engaged in stock raising, mak- ing a specialty of Hereford cattle, of which they have a herd of from twenty-five to thirty head. They are all men of good busi- ness ability in the line of their chosen work and their labors are crowned with prosperity. Their corn fields cover about one hundred acres, while from seventy-five to eighty acres are planted to smaSl grain. The brothers now carry on stock feeding and general threshing. They have conducted a threshing Outfit ever since they were boys.

In Fayette county, Indiana, on the ist of

December, I S 5 3 . Mr. Rench was united in marriage to Miss Martha J. Campbell, a daughter of John and Mahala (Wiley) Campbell, who were natives of Virginia and

both were born in 1796. Her father was a well-to-do farmer and for many years re- sided in the Hoosier state. He reached the very advanced age of ninety-three years and his wife departed this life at the age of sev- enty-nine years. They were the parents of seven children, including Mrs. Rench, who was born in Union county, Indiana, June 22, 1832. By her marriage she became the mother of seven children: Adella M., who was born September 17, 1854, and is the wife of George Hooper, a resident of Cher- okee county, Iowa ; Charles D., who was born June 15, 1856, and resides on the home farm ; Albert D., a farmer of this county, who was born March 31, 1858, and married Cora Churchill, by whom he has five chil- dren: Howard, Winnefred, Florence, Laney and Vivian; Florence A., wdio was burn April 15, i860, became the wife of Wilbur Kidder, of Dubuque county, by whom she had one daughter, Fanny S., and died Sep- tember 10, 1882; Henry T., who was born December 11, 1863, and farms on the old home place, where he lives with his wife. Mrs. Augusta (Strain) Rench, and their three children: Hazel, Methia and Harry; Wilber H.. who was born December 31, 1865, and lives on a farm in Warren county, Iowa, with his wife, Mrs. Addie (Bodkins) Rench, and their four children, Berdie, Vera, Ulah and Viltie; Mahala J., who was born December 24, 1868, and is the wife of Will- iam B. Batie, a farmer of Sac county, Iowa, by whom she has six children — Lewis, Thomas. Mattie, Eliza, Johnnie and Helen; Fannie S., who was born August 11. 1871, and is the wife of Frank Smith, of Musca- tine. Iowa, by whom she has two children. Hazel and Katie; Daniel W., who was born December 22, 1874, and died in infancy. Of the family Charles IX has served For four years as township trustee and is the present

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

incumbent in the cffice. while Henry T. has been road overseer for three years.

John Henry Rench has almost reached the eightieth milestone on life's journey. His is an honored old age for his life has been passed in such a manner as to bring him the unqualified esteem and respect of all with whom he has associated. His life is well worthy of emulation for it shows forth the power of industry and integrity. He has been straightforward in all his dealings, reliable, resolute and eniterprising and to- day he has a very comfortable income which is the reward of his former toil. The family is one of prominence, meriting the warm re- gard in which they are uniformly held.

WILLIAM H. PHIFER.

The subject of this sketch has spent al- most his entire life in Iowa and has wit- nessed the greater part of its development and progress. Since 1892 he has made his home in Calhoun county, and is now success- fully engaged in the operation of his fine farm of one hundred and sixty acre? on sec- tion 3d, Jackson township. He was born in Sangamon county. Illinois, on the 13th of January. 1850. and comes of a good old Vir- ginian family, his paternal grandfather, William Phifer, having been a native of the Old Dominion. The latter spent a number of years in Kentucky, and from there re- moved to Illinois, becoming one of the first settlers of Sangamon county, where he opened up a farm and reared his family. Subsequently he removed to Iowa, and his last days were spent in Marion county, this state.

James Phifer, the father of our subject. was born in Kentuckv, but was reared in

Illinois, and there married Miss Sophia Ann Mickey, a native of Ohio, and a daughter of Robert Mickey, who had removed from that state of Illinois at an early day and settled in Sangamon county. There Mr. and Mrs. Phifer made their home until after the birth of three of their children, and in 1852 came to Iowa, becoming pioneers of Jasper county, where he developed a farm. On locating there he had to go forty or fifty miles to mill, and was forced to endure many of the hardships and privations of frontier life. In later years he sold his farm in that county and located on another five miles south of Mt. Pleasant, where his last days were spent. There he died in 1892, at the age of sixty-five years. His wife still sur- vives him and continues to reside on the old home farm.

In the family of this worthy couple were nine children, three sons and six daughters, namely : Sarah, now the wife of L. Gundy, of Rush county, Missouri; William H., of this review ; Martha, wife of William Bales, of Kansas; John H., a farmer of Calhoun county, who married a daughter of Xathan Bales; Mary, wife of Al Frame, of Ne- braska; Alice, wife of Julius Hunting, of Henry county, Iowa; Ida, who is married and resides in the same county; Phebe. wife of Alfred Bales, of Kansas; and James P., of Henry county, Iowa.

William H. Phifer grew to manhood in Jasper county, Iowa, attending the district schools of his neighborhood and aiding in the work of the farm. Once during his boy- hood he had the pleasure of accompanying his father on one of those long trips to mill and it was a great experience for the lad. He remained under the parental roof until he attained his majority, giving his father the benefit of his labors upon the farm, and

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

271

then rented land in Jasper county and en- raged in farming on his own account. Sub- sequently he owned two different farms in Marian county, Iowa, and on disposing of Us property there he came to Calhoun coun- ty, in 1892, and bought one hundred and sixty acres of land where he now lives. It was a partially improved place, and to its. further development and cultivation he has devoted his energies with marked success. l!e has remodeled the house, so that he now bis a very pleasant residence, has built a large barn and has made many ether useful and substantial improvements. He raises a 31 ■ d grade of stock and has prospered in all hi- undertakings since coming 10 this a unity.

In Marion county, December 20, 1871, Mr. Phifer was united in marriage to Miss Louisa Gossett. a native of Highland a ■unty, Ohio, and a daughter of Joseph and Louisa Eossett. After the death of her father her mother married again and removed to Mar- ion county, Iowa, where Mrs. Phifer was reared. Our subject and his wife have two daughters. Addie, the older, is now the wife "f J. W. Truex. a farmer of Calhoun coun- ty, and they have four children, William LeRi y, Myrtle Ethel and Hand,!. Myrtle, the younger daughter, -is the wife of John J. Lasher, a carpenter of Glidden, Iowa, and the) have one sun, William Lawrence.

Mr. Phifer has always affiliated with the Republican party since casting his first presi- dential vote for General U. S. Grant in [872. H hile a resident of Marion county he was and served seven years as school er of Red Rock township, but has ted for political honors. Both he and his wife are members of the Christian church of Lake City, and he also belongs to the( u\,\ Fellows Lodge at that place.

ANDREW WOOD.

Among those who have come from for- eign lands to become prominent in business circles is the gentleman whose name intro- duces this review, the president of the An- drew Wood Company, controlling what is probably the most important enterprise in Calhoun county. His success in all his un- dertakings has been so marked that his meth- ods are of interest to the commercial world. He has based his business principles and ac- tions upon strict adherence to the rules which govern industry, economy and strict, un- swerving integrity. His enterprise and pro- gressive spirit have made his a typical Amer- ican in every sense of the word. What he is to-day he has made himself, for he began in the world with nothing but his-Own ener- gy and willing hands t<> aid him. By con- stant exertion, associated with good judg- ment, he has raised himself to the prominent position which he now holds, having the friendship of many and the respect of all who know him.

Mr. Wood is a native of X. rway, 1" rn May 12, 1S63, and the years of his boyho d and youth were passed in that country, his education being obtained in its schools. Nor- way has furnished to the L'nited States many bright, enterprising young men who have- left their native land to enter the business cir- cles of this country with its more progressive methods, livelier competition and advance- ment more quickly secured. Mr. Wood was twenty-two years of age when he en issed the Atlantic and became a resident of Wis- consin, where he secured employment in a creamery, in which line of business he has since continued. He first began operation on his own account in Guthrie Center, low a. In 1894 he organized the Andrew Wood Com-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

pany and extended the field of his operations until he had six creameries in Guthrie coun- ty, which have become a part of the Iowa & Nebraska Creamery Company, which has its headcpiarters at Omaha. In the fall of 1899 Mr- Wood removed to Rockwell City and built up a large business, but suffered considerable loss by fire, which destroyed his plant. He then erected his present plant, in 1900-1901. He has all of the most improved apparatus for the renovating of butter and the manufacture of creamery butter. He handles thirty-five thousand pounds of butter per week, includ- ing both the renovalted and the creamery butter. He is also extensively engaged in handling eggs and poultry and ships about one hundred car loads of eggs per year. The poultry which he handles is all dressed here and shipped to the east, to the amount of twenty car loads annually. Another branch of industry of which Mr. Wood stands at the head is the manufacture of ice cream. The sales of this delicacy amounted to four thousand gallons in 1901 and will be double that for the season of 1902. Fruit and veg- etables are also handled by the Andrew Wood Company in large quantities, and em- ployment is furnished throughout the year to thirty-five men, the business having in- creased in volume and importance until it ranks first among the leading enterprises of this section of the state. His successful out- come is attributable to the keen foresight, capable management and honorable busi- ness methods of Mr. Wood, a gentleman of splendid business and executive ability.

In 1899 Andrew Wood was united in marriage to Miss Myrtle Johnson, of Guth- rie Center, and unto* )them have been born one child, Millie Myra. Mr. and Mrs. Wood are well known in this city and the esteem in which thev are uniformlv held is an indi-

cation of their sterling worth. In religious faith Mr. Wood is a Methodist. Starting out in life for himself with but limited edu- cational privileges, working in a humble ca- pacity, he became imbued with a laudable desire to attain something better and he has steadily advanced in those walks of life de- manding business ability, enterprise and foresight, and to-day commands the respect and esteem not only of the community, but also in every section of the state in which he is known. His business record has ever been honorable. He is most loyal to the ties of friendship and of citizenship and his history well deserves a place in the annals of his adopted state.

L. D. HAWKINS.

There is no art in which more marked advance has been made in the past half cen- tury than in photography, such decided prog- ress seems to carry it forward almost to per- fection. Thoroughly conversant with the mi 'St improved methods, using the latest ac- cessories and thus producing work of su- perior order, Mr. Hawkins, of Lake City, has gained a reputation in the line of his chosen profession which is not limited by the confines of this place or even of the county, and his pleasant gallery is well pat- ronized.

Mr. Hawkins is a native of Polk county, Iowa, born on the 27th of June, 1868. His father, Abraham Hackleman Hawkins, was born in Indiana and when he attained to adult age he began farming. In his native state he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah R. Dicken. who was also born in In- diana, and about 1865, they left their old home to become residents of Iowa, settling in

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

273

P. >lk county, where they are still living. For jpore than half a century they have traveled life's journey together, sharing with each ether its joys and sorrows, its adversity and prosperity, their mutual love and con- fidence increasing as the years have passed. On the 2d of November, 1901, they cele- brated their golden wedding, many friends joining in the wish that they may continue on life's journey for many years. They be- came the parents of fourteen children : Em- ily, at home; Marshall, who is a carpenter of Eoon Rapids. Iowa; Florence, the wife of Lou Ellis, of Altoona, Iowa ;Virgil, a farmer of Polk county; Homer and Roily, who have passed away; Payton and James, who died in infancy; Barton, a photography of Alden; twins, who died in infancy; L. D., of this review ; and Charley and Estee, who are still under the parental roof.

At the usual age L. D. Hawkins began Ins education in the public schools of Polk county and continued his studies through the winter season for a number of years. In the summer months he worked on the home farm and assisted in the labors of fields and meadows until 18S8. when, believing thai he would find another pursuit more con- genial than farming he learned photography and afterward spent two years upon the In the spring of 1890 he located in Lake City, opened his gallery and has since ponducted a successful business here. His

well fitted up and he is thoroughly

nit with the best methods used by

(photographers, is informed concerning the

feltest processes and is quick to adopt any

which be believes will improve the

Work. The results which he attains are very

Sal sfactory and a liberal patronage is ac-

I him.

On 'he 1 6th of October. 1890. Mr.

Hawkins was united in marriage to Miss

Myra O. Stevens, of Early, [owa, and their union lias been blessed with twochildi they lost their daughter, Ruth I., who was boni August 19, 1895. and died March [3, 1901. The son, Albert Merle, was born December 16, 1899. Socially Mr. Hawkins is connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and with the Highland Nobles. In manner he is pleasant and genial, always courteous and considerate and bis pleasing qualities have gained him the warm regard of a large circle of friends.

SAXFORD H. TOWXSEXD.

It does not fall to the lot of many men to attain eminence in political or military life, but before the majority of mankind there lies the vast opportunities of the business world, in which success may be won through persistent purpose, honorable methods and capable management, and worthy of emula- tion is the history of the man who in the surroundings where fate has placed him makes the best of his opportunities, winning a comfortable living by honorable means that not only gain him a competence but also win for him the respect n\ bis fellow men. Such is the life record of Mr. Townsend, who is engaged in the painting business in Lake City.

He was born in DeKalb county. Illinois, September 4. 1847, bis parents being Henry and Emily (Harrison) Townsend. both of whom were natives of England, their mar- riage being celebrated in Lincolnshire, in

1826. The following year they crossed the Atlantic to the United States, taking up their abode in Black Hawk county, New York. where the father followed the occupation ■ E

farming. They had ten children, nameh

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

John, deceased: Harriet M., the wife of George J.FKnn, a resident of DeKalb county, Illinois; William A., of Lake City; George

F., win) is living in Chicago; Sabina, the wife of John V. Rowe, of Early, Iowa; Ellen, the wife of William Allen, also of

Early; Sanford H.. of this review; Emily and Emma, who have passed away; and Susan, the wife of Lester Holdredge, of Early, Iowa. In the year 1837 the parents removed with their family to DeKalb coun- ty. Illinois, where the father purchased land from the government and there engaged in agricultural pursuits until his death, which occurred August 11, 1882; his wife surviv- ing until June, 1900. when she. too, passed away.

To the schools of his native county our subject is indebted for the educational priv- ileges which he enjoyed and through his youth he worked upon his father's farm, be- ing thus engaged until 1862, when he went to DeKalb and learned the painter's trade. He had worked at it for about a year and a half when he could no longer resist his de- sire to enter the army and on the 14th of May. 1864, he enlisted. Mr. Townsend and Emery Mathewson were working at the painter's trade in Kane county. Walter Kendall, an enlisted man. was home from the army and the tales which he told of his soldier life caused the boys to enlist. Mr. Mathewson wished to enlist and made the proposition to Mr. Townsend that they sin mid join the army if a paint brush which he held in his hand slipped through and fell to the floor. The brush was held aloft and as Mr. Mathewson was very anxious to go the brush naturally dropped and the boys immediately left their work and went to Eligin, fourteen miles distant, where on the 14th of May, 1864, they were enrolled with the boys in blue of Company G, One Hun-

dred and forty-first Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, under command of Captain Charles Harrington and Colonel Bronson. They were sent to Columbus, Kentucky, to do gar- rison duty and with the exception of the time spent in foraging they were continu- ously on duty in Columbus Barracks. Mr. Townsend was mustered out in October, 1864, and at once returned to DeKalb coun- ty, where he engaged in painting until 1887, when he came to Lake City, where he has since worked at his trade. He possesses su- perior skill in his line and his services are always in demand.

Air. Townsend is also well known in musical circles and his love of music and his ability in that direction have contributed much to. musical entertainments not only in this place but also in Illinois. In 1882 he organized the Townsend orchestra, at Syc- amore, consisting of twelve pieces, and for a number of years he furnished music of all kinds for theaters, parties and other enter- tainments, the orchestra continuing its ex- istence until he removed to Iowa. Soon af- ter arriving in Lake City he organized an 1 ■rchestra here and he now has charge of the music in the Methodist church of Lake City.

On the 6th of June, 1869. Mr. Townsend was united in marriage to Miss Josephine Havens, who was born October 21, 1852, in Yates county, Xew York, the wedding being celebrated in Sycamore, Illinois. Her father was Albert Havens, of Cortland, Illi- nois. Four children have been bcrn unto Mr. and Mrs. Townsend, of whom three are living: Cortland, who was born February 7, 1871, is now. assistant cashier in the Citi- zens Bank, of Lake City; Ida E., born Oc- tober 25, 1873, and now the wife of M. E. Hutchison, a lawyer of Lake City ; and Ray- mond F., who was born November 5, 1876,

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

275

and is now a clerk in the Citizens Bank. Mr. Townsend holds membership relations with the Modern Woodmen of America and is a member of the Methodist church. As a cit- is public-spirited and progressive, interested in all that pertains to the public welfare, and no resident of Lake City has more friends than Sanford H. Townsend.

BEAUM* INT E. STONEBRAKER.

Beaumont E. Stonebraker is actively connected with the commercial interests of Rockwell City and is an enterprising and ive man. who in his life exemplifies die on-going spirit of the west, — the spirit that has led to the wonderful development and upbuilding of this section of the country, lie is numbered among Iowa's native sons, his birth having occurred in Scott county, on the 1 ith of January, 1869. His ancestry, both lineal and collateral, is distinctively American. His parents were Austin F. and Maggie E. (Jack) Stonebraker, both of whom were natives of Pennsylvania. They were married, however, in Scott county in •he year [868 and took up their abode upon a farm. After the beginning oi the war the father entered the detective service and was thus engaged from [863 until 1867. He had enlisted in [861 and was discharged for dis- ability after one and one-half years' service. In the spring of 1883 he came to Calhoun county, Iowa, where he established a furni- ture store, which he successfully carried 011 until his death, which occurred October 9, [901. I lis wife still survives him and is liv- ing in Rockwell City.

Beaumont P. Stonebraker obtained his education in the common schools until six- teen years of age, when he entered the la

Northern Indiana Normal School, at Val- paraiso, Indiana, there pursuing the scientific course. lie spent about eighteen months in that institution and by his broader knowledge was well equipped for the duties of life. On his return home he entered a printing office, where he was employed as a compositor for a year and a half on the Rockwell City Leader. In 1887 he was appointed to the position of deputy county auditor and served in that capacity for three years. After that he became collector of delinquent taxes for the county, and when a year and a half had passed he purchased a half interest in his father's furniture store, of which he has been sole proprietor since the death of the senior partner. To his father's mature judgment and understanding was added the enterprise, resolution and ambition of the younger man and the firm thus became a very strong one. Mr. Stonebraker is now successfully con- ducting the enterprise, carrying a large and well selected stock of furniture, which he sells at reasonable rates, and his business methods are so honorable and commendable that he enjoys in a high degree the a 'lirideuce of his fellow men. In the year 1S97 his brother-in-law, Edward Gregg, was elected to the office of county auditor, and the board appointed Mr. Stonebraker as his deputy and when, on account of ill health, Mr. Gregg resigned in January, 1898. our sub- ject was appointed by the county board to till out the unfinished term. He later became a candidate for the office, at which time there were two other candidates m the fi< Id His two opponents made an arra whereby one man was to withdraw in favor of the other, who was then to make the other one his deputy in case of election. In this in. nner Mr. Stonebraker was def< though he polled a very large vote. In the discharge of his official duties he has ever

276

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

been prompt and faithful, his public career winning him high commendation.

On the 1st of June. 1892, Mr. Stone- braker was united in marriage to Elma Gregg, the wedding being celebrated at her home in Rockwell City. She was born in Brownsville, Michigan, January 30, 1868, and when her parents came to Iowa in 1881, the family settled in this county. Here her mother died in 1889 but her father is still living in Rockwell City. He was one of the leading merchants here, entering upon his collection with commercial interests in 1882 and continuing thereon until his retirement. One child has been born to our subject and his wife. Mary M.. who was born August 7, 1893. In his fraternal relations Mr. Stone- braker is an Odd Fellow and is also identified with the Modern Woodmen of America and the Ancient Order of United Workmen, while his wife belongs to the Baptist cuhrch. From his boyhood days he has resided in this county and has a wide acquaintance. His life has been marked by a strong deter- mination and a true character, and to these qualities may be attributed his success.

OLIVER MICHAEL.

Oliver Michael is among the more recent arrivals in Calhoun county, but already he has become well known in connection with farming interests and is a progressive, wide- awake and energetic agriculturist. Mr. Michael was born in Kankakee county, Illi- nois, September 7, 1853, his parents being John and Elizabeth ( Tatre) Michael. The father, a native .of Ohio, became one of the early settlers of Kankakee county, where he followed general fanning and spent the remainder of his days, passing away in 1S80

at the age of fifty-nine years. His wife died at the age of sixty-seven. She was twice married and by her first union had one son, John Fundy. The children of the second marriage are Sarah. Adelia, Oliver. Albert, Mary and Julia. In his political views the father of our subject was a stanch Republi- can, endorsing the principles of his party and in religious belief was a Protestant.

On the homestead farm in Illinois, Oli- ver Michael spent the days of his boyhood and youth and in the schools of Kankakee obtained a good knowledge of those branches of English learning which fit one for the practical duties of life. After he had at- tained to man's estate, he became the owner of a tract of land in Kankakee county and for some time engaged in general farming there. Later he left the plow to carry on the grain business and for twelve years was well known as a grain merchant at Irwin. In Oet< her. 1899, he arrived in Calhoun county, Iowa, and purchased his present farm, upon which he has made excellent improvements, remodelling the house and adding other ac- cessories which have increased the value and attractive appearance of the place. Within the boundaries of his farm are comprised one hundred and sixty acres of land and each year his cornfields cover from eighty to one one hundred acres. The remainder of his farm is devoted to the raising of small grain and hay. He also has verdant pastures in which he keeps a high grade of short horn cattle, horses and hogs.

On the 22d of November, 1876, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Michael and Miss Ella Bigelow, who was born in Joliet, Illinois. Ten children have come to their home, namely: Edith and Iva, twins, both of whom are married: Arthur; Nora; Julia; Charles ; Alice ; Bell ; Josie ; and Frank. The mother died at Irwin. Illinois, December 27,

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*77

iSw''. at the age of thirty-nine years. Mr. Michael supports the Republican party and attends the Methodist Episcopal church, while socially he is connected with the High- land Nobles of Rockwell City. The enter- prise s<> characteristic of the west is manifest in his career, for when he started out in life for himself he had no capital, but possessed a strong heart and willing hands, and in the field i'f business he found the opportunity he -' ught for steady advancement to a credita- ble position among the men of affluence in his adopted Country.

JESSE J. TOOP.

Among the agriculturists of Calhoun County who are devoting special attention to the raising of stock and are meeting with excellent success in that business is the gen- tleman whose name introduces this sketch, his home being on section 33, Jackson town- ship, lie was born on the 27th of April, [871, near the city of De Kalb, in De Kalb comity, Illinois, and is a son of William Poop, a native of England, born in Win- frith, in 1836. When a young man of twenty years the father emigrated to the United States and settled in De Kail) county. Illinois, where he commenced life without a dollar and in debt. After working for some time as a farm hand by the month, be rented land and engaged in farming- on his own account. Prospering in business af- fairs, he was at length able to purchase a farm of one hundred and twenty acres ad- joining the present city of De Kalb, and ai once began the improvement of that place. As time passed he added to his farm .until he had one hundred and eighty acres

of very valuable land under a high cultivation, and was accounted one of the most thrifty and successful farmers of his community. Selling his place in 1881, he came to Calhoun county, Iowa, anil pur- chased a half section of land, upon which equently located, and to the improve- ment and cultivation of which he his energies as long as he was able. In the development of his farm he was ably assisted by his sons. As be was an in- valid for several years prior to his death, hi> sons, William I. and J. J., took charge of the place and carried it on until the father's death, which occurred De- cember 3, 1893. William 1. now owns ami operates the old homestead, consisting of three hundred ami twenty acres, and is one of the well-to-do citizens of Jackson town- ship. While residing in De Kalb county. Illinois, the father married Miss Sarah A. Whiteman, a native of that state and a daughter of John Whiteman, who was one of the earlv settlers of De Kalb county. She still survives her husband ami now makes her home with a daughter. Mrs. Florence Behrend in Auburn. Iowa.

The subject of this sketch was a lad of ten years when he accompanied his parents on their removal to this county and here he grew to, manhood, acquiring his elementary education in its public schools. Later be at- tended the Western Normal School at Shen- aml< iah, [owa, where he was graduated. \f- ter completing bis education he returned home and remained with bis father until his marriage, which was celebrated in Car- roll county, Iowa, February 25, [892, Miss Sophia Koppelman becoming his wife. She was born in Lockport, Will county. Illinois, and is a daughter of Frederick Koppelman. a native of (iermanv and an earlv settler of

278

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Will county. Illinois, whence he removed to Carroll county, Iowa, in 1890. Our subject and his wife have two children, Elmer and Myrtle.

After his marriage Mr. Toop remained on the home farm one year and during the following two years operated a rented farm. On the expiration of that period he bought the farm where he now resides and has since made many improvements upon the place. Here he has one hundred and sixty acres under a high state of cultivation and sup- plied with all the conveniences and accessor- ies found upon a model farm of the present dav. lie is a breeder of a good grade of cattle, pure-blooded Poland China hogs and Shropshire sheep, and fattens about two car- loads of stock for market annually. In this he has pri ispered and is t< >-day quite well-to-do.

Mr. Toop cast his first presidential vote for William J. Bryan in. 1896, and always supports the Democratic party and its prin- ciples. Although still a young man he has already met with excellent success in life, and his career has been such as to win f< r him the confidence and high regard of all with whom he has been brought in contact. His wife was reared in the Lutheran faith and is a member of that church.

JOHN W. CRAIG, M. D.

Dr. John W. Craig is a skilled physician and surgeon of Lobrville, Iowa, whose knowledge pi the science of medicine is broad and comprehensive, and whose ability in applying its principles to the needs of suf- fering humanity has gained him an enviable prestige in professional circles. He was born in Canton, Fulton county, Illinois, January

24, 1857, and is a sou of Sinnett R. and Harriet (Cochran) Craig, natives of In- diana and Pennsylvania, respectively. At a verv early day the Doctor's paternal grand- father, accompanied by his family, removed to Fulton county, Illinois, becoming one of the pioneers of that region. At that time the Indians had not all left and the land was still in its primitive condition. Amid scenes common in frontier settlements, Sinnett R. Craig grew to manhood, and later engaged in farming in Fulton county, Illinois, for a number of years. He subsequently spent several vears in Polk county, Iowa, where he owned land, but his last years were passed in Greene county, this state, wdiere he died at about the age of fifty-five. His widow still resides in that county. In the family of this worthy couple were five children, three sons and two daughter, namely : Franklin, John W., Alexander, Mrs. Anna Raaz and Mrs. Josephine Miller.

The first ten years of his life our sub- ject passed in his native county and then accompanied his parents on, their removal to L iwa. 1 le acquired his literary education in the public schools of Illinois and Iowa, and at the age of twenty years commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Seems, of Mitch- ellville, this state. Later he entered the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons, at Keokuk, and was graduated from that institution in

1 88 1. Later in the same year he opened an office in Lohrville, where he has since en- gaged in practice with marked success. He came to this place with seven other gentle- men, to whose energy and progressive spirit the place owes much of its advancement.

Dr. Craig was married, November 28,

1882, to Miss Maria Powers, a native of Al- lamakee county, Iowa, and a daughter of Michael and Margaret (Shuell) Powers, who were earlv settlers of Calhoun county.

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279

their home being in Logan township. The doctor and his wife have three children, nanielv: Anna M., John W. and Lottie I. In politics he is independent. He was a Member of the city council one term, and is nuw a member of the board of health, but has never taken a very active part in public affairs, preferring to devote his entire time and attention to his professional duties. He is a member of the Mystic Workers of the World. Xo. 122, of Lohrville, and is con- nected with the Northwestern and the Iowa State .Medical Societies. He is a close and thorough student, a man of deep research, and his investigations into the science of medicine and his skillful application of the knowledge he has thereby obtained, have won him a place in the foremost ranks of the medical fraternitv.

RICHARD A. SMITH.

The -toi-y of the sufferings and bravery of those who wore the blue and fought nobly tor the preservation of the Union, now so id prosperous as a direct result of their heroism and devotion to principle and country, cannot be told too often. It is especially well that those of the younger gen- erations should have impressed upon their minds that the liberty and happiness which they enjoy freely was purchased for them at an awful price, and though naughit but actual civil war in which they were participants could give the picture in its entirety, a faint idea may he gained in the perusal of the his- tory of those who, as in the case ol Richard A. Smith, experienced the horrors of war in many of its worst phases. Captain Smith was bom in Chenango county, New York, in the town nf German, May to, iSjS. ami rep-

resents old Xew England families. His father, John Smith, was a native of Ver- mont, born November 14, 1782, while his nT ither, who bore the maiden name of Lydia Sawtell, was born in Massachusetts. June 19, 1792. They were married in the old Bay state, October 10, 1819, and at an early day removed to Chenango county. New York. The ancestry of the family, however, can be traced further back, for history says that John Smith, a soldier of the Revolu- tionary war, was the grandfather of our sub- ject. It is certain that there is no taint of cowardice in the family for John Smith. Jr., the father of our subject, fought for the cause of his country in the war of 1812. Captain Smith was one of a family of seven children, namely: Albert V. L., and Charles O., both of whom are deceased : Su- san B., who is the widow of Isaac Gaudy, of Wheeling, Missouri; Philander, who has also passed away; Richard A., of this re- view; Aleman J., deceased; and Mary L., the willow of Luther Wood, of Franklin Grove. Illinois. The father of these children was called to his final rest December 15,

1843-

In the schools of his native town Captain Smith obtained his early education and when a youth of fourteen he was bound out until he should have attained his majority. Twice he ran away and enlisted for service in the Mexican war, but on account of his youth his mother succeeded in obtaining his release — much to his displeasure. In [848 lie began learning the stone-cutting and mason's trade. following that pursuit for three years. Be- lieving that farming would be more con- genial, in 1S52 he turned his attention agricultural pursuits, which he followed un- til [856, in which year he removed land, Illinois, where he engaged in buying grain until after the inauguration of the

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Civil war. The smoke from Fort Sumter's guns had hardly cleared away, however, when he offered his services to the govern- ment, enlisting on the iSth of April, 1861. He was mustered into the United States service May 24, 1861, for a term of three months, becoming a member of Company F, Thirteenth Illinois Infantry. When it was found that the war was to be no mere holi- day affair, but would be a long and serious struggle, the entire regiment offered its serv- ices for three years and was 'accepted for that period. It left Dixon, Illinois, in June, and our subject was under command of Captain Mayo and Colonel J. B. Wyman. With his regiment he was sent to Missouri and joined the command of General Fre- mont. He participated in the battles of West Glaze, Pea Ridge and Salem, and made a march of eighteen miles from Raleigh, Mis- souri, to Helena, Arkansas. In December, 1862, he participated in the battle of Vicks- burg, under General Sherman, until his right arm was shot off by a musket ball. He also sustained other serious wounds which oc- casioned his discharge in August, 1863. On the 1st of June, 1861, he had been commis- sioned second lieutenant of Company F, Thirteenth Illinois Infantry, and on the 8th of August of the same year he was commis- sioned first lieutenant. On the 20th of Oc- tober, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of captain in recognition of meritorious serv- ice at Pea Ridge. He was also offered a po- sition as major in a Missouri regiment but declined to accept. Twice was he detailed to act as judge advocate of court martials in Helena. Arkansas, and Raleigh, Missouri. His promotion was well merited and his bravery and devotion inspired his men to deeds of valor. He remained at the front until his injuries made field service impossi- ble and then returned to the north.

In the fall of 1863 Captain Smith was elected county treasurer of DeKalb county and three times was he re-elected to that po- sition, serving in all for eight consecutive years. In 1872 he embarked in the furniture business in Sycamore, Illinois, where he re- mained for three years and during his resi- dence in that place he served as mayor of the .town for two years, leaving the office as he had entered it — with the confidence and good will of the entire public. Upon aban- doning his store he took up farming, which he followed successfully until 1884, and then came to Calhoun county, Iowa. Here he purchased a farm but, renting his land, es- tablished his own home in Lake City. Here he acted as an insurance agent, writing con- siderable business in that line. He was also justice of the peace from 1887 until February 15, 1890, when he was appointed postmaster by President Harrison and continued in that office for four years. He has since served as county supervisor for six years, and the fact that he has been so long contin- ued in a position of public trust in the vari- ous communities in which he has resided is an indication of his sterlng worth and his absolute fidelity to duty.

On the 1st of May, 1851, Captain Smith was united in marriage to Roxanna A. Gault, who was born June (i, 1830, a daughter of Thomas and Maria (Andrews) Gault, the former a native of Vermont and the latter of Massachusetts. They became early settlers of Chenango county, New York, and two sons of the family are still living: Edward A., who resides in Chenango county; and John Nelson, who makes his home in Chica- go, Illinois. Another brother, Carlton Gault, died in the service of his country while defending the Union, at Baton Rouge. L >u- isiana. The marriage of Captain and Mrs. Smith has been blessed with three children :

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Charles P., who was born in Chenango coun- ■ tv. New York, on February 27, [852, is now

in Chicago, where for twenty years he has been employed in the auditor's office of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company. Richard S., burn in Cortland, DeKalb canity, Illinois. June 3, 1856, died September u. 1881 ; and Carl ('... born in Sycamore, Illinois, February 10, 1872, is now living in Homer, Cortland county, New York, where he is engaged in the jew- elry business, The parents hi >1< 1 membership in the Methodist Episcopal church and the Captain is a leading representative of the Grand Army of the Republic. In 1867 this organization was formed through the agency r Stevenson, of Decatur, who spoke in many places in favor of the movement and called a meeting which convened in Spring- field, Illinois, resulting in the organization i,f the society of old soldiers which has grown so strong in numbers and influence. The Captain has served as representative to the national meetings and has held all the offices of Potter Post, No. n, at Sycamore. Twice he has been commander of Lander Post. Xo. 156, G. A. R., of Lake City, and at present is serving his third term, the honor coming to him in recognition of his ability and worth. In politics he has been a stalwart Republican since the war days. His wife is a member of the Woman's Relief Corps, in which she has filled all of the offices and for two years has been its president. She has also been department president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The life record of Captain Smith is in many re- spects well worthy of emulation, [n business lie ha- been trustworthy and reliable, and in citizenship loyal and faithful. His name is synonymous with all that is honorable in his relations between his fellow men and him-

self and in an unusual degree he enj esteem and respect of all with whom he has been associated.

JAMES W. WILSON.

James W. Wilson has since [890 been a representative of the business interests of Lake City, where he is engaged in dealing in grain, live stock and coal. He is prosper- ing in his work, for a liberal patronage has been accorded him, and in the conduct of his affairs he displays the enterprising -pint so characteristic of the west. He was born December 31, 1851, in Milwaukee, Wiscon- sin, a son of John' and Elizabeth (McPher- son) Wilson, both of whom were natives of Scotland, in which country they were reared, educated and married, crossing the Atlantic to the new world in 1848. They lo- cated in Canada and the father became quar- termaster in the Seventh Highlanders, being stationed at Quebec, Canada, where his death occurred in September, 1831, a few- weeks before the birth of our subject. The mother then removed to Milwaukee. Wis- consin. She died in 1898, and one of her two children, the brother of our subject, passed away in 1886.

Mr. Wilson, of this review, spent the days of his early boyhood and youth in his native city, and in Portage City, Wiscon- sin, and there entered the public schools and continued his education until he had ac- quired a good knowledge of the English language to serve as a foundation for his business career. At the age of eighteen he removed to Webster City. Iowa, where he was engaged in general merchandising, and in 1879 he accompanied his brother to I.e-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

high, Iowa, where they engaged in the mill- ing business and also dealt in grain and live stock. After five years, however, they sold out* in 1884. going to Dayton, where our subject continued in the same line of busi- ness. In 1887 he became a resident of Vail, this state, and in 1890 arrived in Lake City, still continuing in the live stock and grain business. He is also dealing in coal here and in each department he is meeting with suc- cess. He also buys grain at Sherwood and his business furnishes an excellent market for the farmers of this locality. He an- nually buys and ships large quantities of grain and many head of stock and is also doing a large business in the distribution of coal.

On the nth of December, 1881, Mr. Wilson was .united in marriage to Miss Viola A. Scott, a daughter of E. A. Scott. of Dayton, Iowa. The}- have a pleasant home here and their circle of friends is al- most coextensive with the circle of their ac- quaintances, while their own hospitality ren- ders the Wilson household a favorite resort with all who know them.

SAMUEL T. HUTCHISON.

As long as memory lasts the people of this country will hold in grateful remem- brance the soldiers of the Civil war who, at the sacrifice of personal interests and even of life, fought for the defense of the Union, thus maintaining the existence of the repub- lic which has taken its place among the great powers of the world. Among the boys in blue was Samuel T. Hutchison, of Lake City, an honored and esteemed resident of that place. He was born September 16,

1840, in Barnesville, Ohio. His father, Ebenezer E. Hutchison, was a native of Chester county, Pennsylvania, born in March, 1813, and about 1834 he removed to Ohio, settling in Belmont county. He mar- ried Rhoda Campbell, a native of the Buck- eye state, and devoted his energies to work- ing as a mechanic and farmer. Mr. Hutchi- son maintained his residence in Ohio, pass- ing away there a number of years ago.

Samuel T. Hutchison, of this review, obtained his early education in Fairview, that state, and was living with his father when the south attempted to overthrow the .Union by secession. Among the first to en- list, he responded to his country's call on the 29th of April, 1861, becoming a member of Company C, Twenty-fifth Ohio Infantry, under command of Captain Jerry Williams and Colonel J. A. Jones. The regiment was sent to Virginia and attached to General Rosecrans command. At the battle of Cheat Mountain Mr. Hutchison was wounded in the leg. He took part in the engagements at Green Brier. Camp Allegheny and at Mc- Dowell, Virginia, on the 8th of May, 1862, and at the last named place was again wounded. His injuries forced him to re- frain from further fighting until the follow- ing August, when he returned to the Old . Dominion. He was there attached to the Eleventh Corps of Seigel's command and took part in the second battle of Bull Run, in August, 1862, after which he was sent back- to Washington on account of wounds which he sustained in that engagement. Later he took part in the memorable battle of Gettys- burg, in the siege of Fort Wagner, in the battles of Honey Hill and Devereaux Neck, wdiere he was shot through the breast, the bullet fracturing his ribs and breastbone Thus he was disabled from further service,

S. T. HIITt'HINSON.

iBRARY

ENOX AND 'D*TI0Na_

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285

niul alter being in the hospital for a time wa- granted a leave of absence until March 30, 1865. He was in Annapolis, Maryland, at the close of the war, and after receiving an honorable discharge he returned to his feome. He had enlisted as a private, was promoted to corporal, then to sergeant, then to acting sergeant major, orderly sergeant, and when discharged held a commission as first lieutenant of Company G. Twenty-fifth Ohio Infantry.

Returning to Masterton, Ohio. Mr. Hutchison engaged in teaching school for six months, but believing that he might bet- ter his financial condition in the west he came to Calhoun county, Iowa, in May, [866, ami for sixteen months was connected with educational work here. His fellow fownsmen, recognizing his worth and abil- ity, called him to public office in the fall of 1867 by electing him county treasurer, and in that capacity he served for four years, from 1868 until 1871. In 1873 he became Bounty recorder and also filled that position for four years, while for one year he was county supervisor. In 1879 he was elected to represent his district, comprising Calhoun, Carroll and Greene counties, in the state legislature, and proved an able member of iiiai body. To each question which came up for consideration he gave careful and earnest thought, and supported with zeal and actiy- - movement which he believed would contribute to the general good. Since his retirement from the office he has given his attention to abstracting and real estate busi- ness, anil later to banking.

On the 23d of November, 1869, Mr. Hutchison was united in marriage to Eliz- abeth S. Hold, a daughter of Lorenzo Dow ami Susana ( Houston) Hold, the former a native of Virginia, born near Lynchburg,

while the latter was a native of Ohio. Mr-. Hutchison was also born in the Buckeye state, and by her marriage -he has become the mother of ten children, seven living : Marion E. was born January 31, 1871, and is now county attorney; Viola A. was born August 14, 1872, and is the wife of R. G. Pinney, of Hallsville, Missouri ; J. Fred was born October 1, 1874, and is assistant cashier of the First National Bank at Rockwell City : Jessie B. was born December 30, 1875, and is a graduate of Cornell University, while in Chicago University she has taken a post-graduate course, ami is now the wife of \Y. C. Beer, of Ann Arbor, Michigan; Walter E. was born May 17, 1S77, and was a student in the Iowa State University, when he enlisted in Company A, Fifty-first Iowa Regiment, and was sent to the Philippines, where he died August 8, [899, 1 icing buried in Lake City, September 15, following. He was with General Lawton on two of his raids, sailing from San Francisco on the 5th of December, 1898, and arriving at Manila bay on the Pennsylvania in January. George G., born May 28, 1881, is a student in the Inwa State University. Lucy May and Lucia n Edgar were twins, born December 12, 1879, and the former died at the age of ten years, while the latter died in infancy. Raymond, born August 10. [884, ami ( or- rine R., born May 29. [890, are students in Lake City.

Mr. Hutchison is a prominent member 1 >f Lander Post, No. 157. G. A. R., and his wife has mure than a state reputation in connec- tion with the work of the Woman's Relief Corps. She'belongs to the local organiza- tion in Lake City, which she joined on July 15. 1893. I'1 December, [893, she was elected president and held tli years, while again in 1S07 she was chosen

286

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to that position. In 1895 she was made department aide, and in 1896 national aide and chairman of the committee on patriotic instruction. In 1897 she was department in- spector, and in June, 1891, she was elected department president for one year at the convention held in Waterloo. Iowa. .Mrs. Hutchison is a member of the Baptist church and takes a very active interest in its work. Mr. Hutchison is a man of wide experience and In-Mad mind, who has many friends all over the state, being one who is clearly en- titled to be classed as one of nature*s noble- men— a man whose strong individuality is the strength of integrity, virtue and deep human sympathy.

CHARLES T. DOWLING.

One of tin- most popular and influential citizens of Calhoun township is Charles T. Dowling, who came to this county in the spring of 1894. He was born near Mendi >ta. LaSalle county. Illinois. August 5, 1859, and is a son of Asa Dowling, who was born in 1818 in Niagara county. New York, of which locality the grandfather, John Dowl- ing. was an early settler. The father was reared and educated in the county of his na- tivity, and in 1844 was united in marriage with Miss Sarah Wisner, also a native of Niagara county, New York. There they continued to make their home until after the birth <>f two of their children, and in 1847 went to LaSalle county, Illinois, where our subject's maternal grandfather, General James Wisner, bad previously taken up a large amount of land — several hundred acres. Mr. Dowling purchased eighty acres, which he broke, fenced and improved, and later added to it until he owned over two

hundred acres, which he converted into a well improved and valuable farm. His wife died in November, 1897, and he now makes his home with a daughter in Troy Grove, Illinois.

Charles T. Dowling passed his boyhood and youth upon the home farm in LaSalle county, early acquiring an excellent knowl- edge of agricultural pursuits. Being ,the youngest sen, he remained on the old home- stead after his marriage and finally suc- ceeded to the place, having purchased the in- terests of the other heirs in that property. Selling the farm in 1894 he came to Iowa, and purchased three hundred and twenty acres of land in Calhoun county, where he now resides, but has since disposed of one hundred and twenty acres of this, retaining two hundred acres on section 36, Calhoun township, which is his home place. He also owns another farm of one hundred and twenty acres in Jackson township, this coun- ty, and is one of the well-to-do and prosper- ous citizens of his community.

In LaSalle county, Illinois, June 2~, 1882, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Dowling and Miss Nellie C. Otto, who was born, reared and educated in that county. Her father, Charles Otto, was an early set- tler of Mendota, where he followed the jew- eler's trade for some years, but later en- gaged in farming near that city. Mr. and Mrs. Dowling have five sons living, namely : Otto, James Wisner, Frank G., Mark A. and Percy L. They also lost one son, Newton L., who died in Illinois, at the age of three years.

Mr. Dowling was reared a Democrat and cast his first presidential vote for General Hanci ck. hut now affiliates with the Re- publican party. In bis younger years he to. k quite an active and prominent part in local politics and was a delegate to numer-

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287

bus conventions of his party. During his residence in Ilinois he was elected and served nine years as township clerk and three years as county supervisor. He also filled the pffice of township trustee. Since coming to Iowa he has given little time to public af- fairs, preferring to (lev tte his entire time and attention to his business interests. He is, however, one of the popular and representa- tive citizens of his community, and is held in the highest esteem by all who know him.

ROLLIX BURCH.

In the pioneer epoch in the history of this section of Iowa, Rollin Burch came to Calhoun county, and has been an important factor in its substantial development and permanent improvement. He has seen its wild lands transformed into fine farms, while industrial and commercial interests have heen introduced and thus towns have become thriving cities. In the work of progress he has ever borne his part and has been par- ticularly active as a representative of the ag- ricultural interests of Logan township, his home being on section 6.

Mr. Burch was born in Chautauqua coun- ty. Xew York, April 10, 1836, a son of Oli- ver W. and 'Mary S. (Tower) Burch, who were both born in New York state and are BOW deceased. By occupation the father was a farmer. Our subject remained with his parents until grown and received his edu- cation in the common schools near his boy- hood home. On leaving home he went to St. Clair county. Michigan, where he spent two years, being engaged in teaching schi ol during the winter months, while through the summer season he worked on a farm. In

1859 he went to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and during the two years passed at that place he taught two terms of school.

When the country became involved in Civil war Mr. Burch offered his service- to the government, enlisting in Company D, Eighth Iowa Volunteer Infantry, under Cap- tain James L. Geddes, who afterward be- came a colonel. Subsequently his company was commanded by Captain Andrew Geddes and still later by Captain Alexander Harper. Mr. Burch was sworn into the United States service at Davenport, Iowa, September 16,

1 86 1. He participated in the sieges of Vicksburg, Shiloh and Spanish Fort, besides numerous battles and skirmishes. At Shiloh he was captured with some of General Pren- tice's men and taken to Mobile, Alabama, and later to Tuscaloosa, where he was corn- fined one month under charge of William Wurtz, who was afterward in charge of Andersonville prison. Mr. Burch was later taken to Mobile and from there to Montgom- ery, where he was finally paroled May 30,

1862. He was sent to Huntsville, Alabama, by way of Chattanooga, and on to Nashville, Tennessee, and then to Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri, where he was ex- changed in November, 1862. The regiment to w hch he belonged was reorganized at St. Louis, January 1, 1863, and then went to Rolla, Missouri, and later took a number of prisoners of war from St. Louis to Wash- ington, D. C. Returning from Washing- ton, D. C, to St. Louis, the regiment soon afterwards went down the river and partici- pated in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. In January. 1864, Mr. Burch re-enlisted, at Pocahontas, Tennessee, in 1864, and was granted a veteran furlough. At the expira- tion of the furlough the regiment -

to Memphis, Tennessee, where they later did

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

provost guard duty. He was subsequently sent with his command to New Orleans, and after a short time spent in that city went to Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. taking- part in the seiges there. Companies D and C, Eighth Iowa Infantry, were then detailed as a guard for General Canby. serving as such until the last of June, 1865, when they were ordered to report to their regiment then at Montgomery, Alabama, where they re- mained until the last of August. The regi- ment was then broken up and scattered over that state, our subject's company being quartered at Tuskegee, Alabama, where they remained until January 20, 1866, and were then taken to Selma, Alabama, where they were mustered out, being honorably dis- charged on the 20th of April, 1866.

After visiting relatives in Xew York, Mr. Burch returned to Iowa in September, 1866, and settled in Calhoun 0 unty, pur- chasing one hundred acres of wild land in Jackson township, on which he built a house and made other useful improvements. The fallowing year he returned to New York, where lie was married May 1. 1867, to Miss Esther C. Hulbert. who was born in West- field, that state, October 20. 1842, and re- mained with her parents until her marriage. The bridal trip of the young couple was their journey to b v. a. and they took up their residence on the farm which Mr. Burch had previously bought, making it their home for eight years. On the expiration of that period he traded the farm for one hundred and sixty acres of land in Logan township, which be at once began to improve and culti- vate. He planted thereon both fruit and for- est trees, and for eight years successfully engaged in its operation.

Mr. Burch then removed to Rockwell City, having been elected county treasurer in the fall of 1881, and there made his home

during the four years he filled that office. He owned property in that city. On his re- tirement from office he resumed agricultural pursuits, having purchased forty acres of land in Logan township where he now lives and which he has greatly improved. He has bought and sold other property, owning at one time one hundred and eight acres of land, and still retains ninety-four acres, which is under a high state of cultivation and improved with good buildings.

Mr. and Mrs. Burch have three children : Guy \Y.. born May 30, 1868; Edwin W., born November 5, 1869; and Denton L.. born September 2j. 1871. Guy W. is a far- mer by occupation and living near Rockwell City. Although only fifteen years of age, Edwin W. served as his father's assistant in the county treasurer's office for two years, and later was engaged in office work with G. L. Brower in the land, loan and abstract business. He subsequently entered the bank of that gentleman, and is now filling the re- sponsible position of cashier. Denton L. is now engaged in a general store at Port Ar- thur, Texas.

In his political affiliations Mr. Burch is a stalwart Republican and his fellow citizens recognizing his worth and ability have hon- ored him with a number of local offices. After serving as supervisor for two years he was re-elected in the fall of 1877 but re- signed before the expiration of his second term that he might accept the office of coun- ty treasurer, previously referred ;to. He was assessor of what is now Jackson, Elm Grove, Garfield and Williams townships when they were included in Jackson town- ship. He also served as the first clerk of Logan township and taught the first winter school within its borders. He built the sec- ond house in the township, and is to-day its oldest permanent resident. As a citizen he

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s89

has always been true and faithful to every Irust reposed in him, so that his loyalty is above question, being manifest in days of peace as well as when he followed the old gag to victory on southern battle-fields. As an honored pioneer and representative man of the community he is worthy of the high .regard in which he is uniformly held.

W. T. SMITH.

Almost every state in the Union and nearly every country upon the face of the globe has sent its representatives to Iowa. Its citizenship is of a cosmopolitan character, but while varied were the natures of the pioneers, and differing in marked degree their educational advancement as well as financial conditions, the recognition of their common perils, the sense of their compara- tive isolation and loneliness and the yearn- : nire for companionship, drew them together and fostered feelings of fraternity and -o,,d fellowship. They soon learned to see and appreciate the good traits of their neighi rs and the remembrance of pioneer pleasures and privations has made the term "old settler" a hallowed one. Warm friend- ships were formed which only death sev- ered. But thirty years or more form a ma- terial factor in the lives of men and the upbuilding of a county and within that time great changes occur. Perhaps compara- tively few of the men who came to Iowa with the hope of winning fortune here have fully realized their ambition and compara- tively few have become known to fame, but Calhoun county became, nevertheless, set- tled by a law-abiding, honorable class of citizens who haw acted well their part, and

have contributed their full share to the ad- vancement of this great state.

Honored and respected as one of the earliest settlers, winning success by energy in business and straightforward dealing and gaining political prominence as the result of his loyalty in citizenship, and his fitness for leadership, \Y. T. Smith has left the impress of his individuality upon the rec- ords of Calhoun county and upon the an- nals of Iowa, and the history of this portion of the state would be incomplete without his life record. Although he now makes his home in Texas he yet retains a deep and abid- ing interest in the county which was so long his place of abode and in which he yet has many friends. Mr. Smith is a native of Pennsylvania, his birth having occurred near the town of Saltsburg, Indiana county, April 15, 1845. When about twelve years of age he became a resident of Port Byron, Illinois. His educational privileges were somewhat limited, he attending the district school for about three or four months each winter. Through the remainder of the year the duties of the farm claimed his attention, and thus his life was quietly passed until the nth of February. 1864, when at the age of eighteen years he enlisted for service in the Union army, at Rock Island, Illinois, becoming a member of Company G, One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Illinois Infan- try, with which he served until mustered out at Springfield, Illinois, about the 1 st of August, 1865. Loyalty and valor marked his army experience and he returned to his home with a most creditable militar) record.

On the 22(1 of March. 1866, Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Amelia Jack, a sister of A. X. Jack. Mrs. A. F. Stonebraker, Mr-. \\ . T. I ondron and Mrs. James Van Home, all of whom are men-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

tioned in the biographical record of the county. In October following their mar- riage Mr. and Mrs. Smith came to Calhoun county, but spent the succeeding fall and winter in Fort Dodge, Iowa, returning to this county in the spring of 1867. Mr. Smith rented and occupied the frame house of James Van Home on section 22, Lin- coln township, and Mrs. Smith, who had been a successful school teacher "prior to their marriage, taught the first school, a pri- vate one, in Mr. Van Home's home during the summer of 1867. Many of the young men now prominent in the affairs of the county to-day received their first instruction from her.

In 1868 Mr. Smith and his family re- moved to their homestead on section 20, Lincoln township, and there he spent the summers in farming and the winters in teaching school until the fall of 1870, when he was elected to the office of county treasur- er of Calhoun county. His fellow townsmen, recognizing his capability and realizing him to be a man of unimpeachable honor, con- ferred upon him this public trust, and he re- moved to Lake City, then the county seat, where he filled the position' for four years, having been almost unanimously elected for a second term, and having the unique dis- tinction of having no competitor for the of- fice. Elected county recorder, he entered upon the duties of that position January 1, 1877, and was re-elected and served for four years in that capacity, retiring from the office as he had entered it — with the unqualified confidence and good will of the public. In 1877 he removed to Rockwell City, the new county seat, and erected the first residence there. In his political views he is a stal- wart Republican, his support of the party arising from a firm belief in its principles.

He has not only served in the county offices, but was also elected by the state legislature to the position of a trustee of the Iowa State Normal, at Cedar Falls, for a term of six years, and his deep interest in the cause of education and his just realization of its value in the practical affairs of life, led him to give effective service to the institution.

Mr. Smith was associated with the Hon. S. T. Hutchinson, of Lake City, in the real- estate and abstract business for many years, and later with A. X. Jack and J. H. Bradt in the same line. In partnership with Mr. Jack he also conducted a hardware store for a number of years and enjoyed a liberal pat- ronage in that line, but at length he dis- posed of his interest and removed to Texas, on account of ill health. He is now the owner and proprietor of the Blanket town site and his real-estate operations there are contributing in large measure to the sub- stantial improvement and upbuilding of his locality, as well as proving of financial bene- fit to himself.

By his first marriage Mr. Smith had six children who are .still living: Eugene H., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, residing in Colorado: Merle X., a professor in the Drew Theological Semin- ary, in Madison, Xew Jersey; Wilmot T., a merchant in Blanket, Brown county, Tex- as; Roy L. and Clarence J., who are attend- ing school in Forth Worth, Texas ; and Aleck A., who is a student in the home school. The mother, Airs. Amelia Smith, died in Rockwell City, August 25, 1890. and Mr. Smith was again married September 30, 1891, his second union being with Miss Eliza J. Garnett, of Port Byron, Illinois, their home being now in Blanket, Brown county. Texas. Air. Smith has also lost two children: Thomas C, aged ten years; ami

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Lillie B., about five years of age, her death occurring in December, 1879. They were laid to rest in Rose Hill cemetery, in Rock- well City, where sleeps their mother.

In his religious faith Air. Smith is a Methodist and has long been a devoted member of the church. He was honored by the northwest Iowa c< inference by being sent as a lay delegate to the general conference of the .Methodist Episcopal church held in Philadelphia, in 1884. His devotion to his church is quiet and unostentatious but un- faltering, and his influence is ever on the side of the right, the true and beautiful. In business he has ever been found reliable, en- ergetic and trustworthy; in office loyal and progressive; and in every relation of life his actions have been guided by manly prin- ciples and devotion to the general good. Cal- houn county still feels that she has a claim upon him and his friends here are legion. His work in her behalf has certainly been of great benefit and high on the roll of her hon- ored pioneers is his name inscribed.

JAMES GRIFFITH.

The year 1887 witnessed the arrival of James Griffith in Calhoun county and since that time he has been identified with agricul- tural interests, to-day owning and operating two hundred and forty acres of land. He is a native of Wales, his birth having oc- curred on the 5th of May, 1844. His grand- father had a brother who served witli Well- ington'- army in the battle of Waterloo. The parents of our subject were Morgan and Nellie (Evans) Griffith, both of whom spent their entire lives in Wales. The father was a farm laborer. His wife died in 1853, and

he died about eighteen months later, leaving our subject, who was then only ten years of age, and two other sons and a daughter. All are still living with the exception of one of the sons. John is a resident of Nebraska and Catherine is the widow of Edward Mur- phy and makes her home in Liverpool, Eng- land.

James Griffith spent the first thirteen years of his life in the little rock-ribbed country of Wales and then began following the life of the sea, as a sailor on small coast- ing vessels engaged in trade in the British Isles. He was thus engaged for about eighteen months, when he shipped on an ocean vessel and visited many ports in North America, South America, the East Indies, along the Mediterranean and Genoa, Italy, but mostly sailed between Liverpool and New York. He also sailed for two years between New York and Cuba, and for six- teen years followed the life of a sailor. spending the last five years on the Great Lakes. He gained much knowledge of for- eign lands, their people, customs and man- ners, but of all the lands he visited he was most favorably impressed with "the land of the free and the home of the brave." and therefore when he resolved to abandon the water he became a permanent resident of America.

In the fall of 1874 Mr. Griffith took up his abode in Kane county. Illinois, where he engaged in farming until the spring of 1887, finding that a profitable source of in- come. While there Mr. Griffith was united in marriage to Miss Maggie James, the wed- ding being celebrated in Aurora. Illinois, on the 1 2th of December, 1S78. The lady was born in New York, in 1859, a daughter of Thomas and Margaret (Evans) James, who were born in Wales, but were married in the

292

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Empire state, whence they removed to Kane county, Illinois, in 1863. The father was a farmer by occupation, following that pur- suit in support of his family. He had two children, Mrs. Griffith and Lizzie, who is living in South Dakota. The mother died in 1872 and the father afterward wedded Mary Ann Eynon, who is now living in Kane county, Illinois, and by whom he had six children. The marriage of our subject and his wife has been blessed with six children and the family circle yet remains unbroken by the band of death. In order of birth they are as follows : Frank M., who was born September 15, 1879; George G., born February 1, 1882; Thomas J., born May 5, 1884, in Kane county, as were the older ones ; Roscoe C, born in this county, June 3, 1888; William P., born December 25, 1893; and Nellie C, born August 18, 1895.

It was in the year 1887 that, accom- panied by his wife and their three oldest children, Mr. Griffith left Illinois and came to Calhoun county, where he purchased a farm of eighty acres, upon which he has since resided, although he has extended its boundaries by additional purchases until it now comprises two hundred and forty acres, all in one body. Xeat and thrifty in appear- ance, the farm indicates the careful super- vision of the owner and in return for his care and cultivation the fields yield him good harvests. He also engages in stock-raising to some extent. He has held some town- ship offices, but is independent in politics. Socially he is connected with the Masonic fraternity, and both he and his wife are ac- tive members of the Order of the Eastern Star. They are people of the highest re- spectability and the warm friendship of many acquaintances is extended to them. In the life record of such a man as Mr. Grif- fith there is much worthy of commendation

and emulation. Starting out for himself at the early age of thirteen, he developed self- reliance and force of character which have figured in his life history as important ele- ments in winning him the success which he to-day enjoys.

ALVA CARSKADDON.

Aha Carskaddon, who is connected with agricultural interests in Calhoun coun- ty, but makes his home in Lake City, is de- scended from good old Revolutionary stock, his grandfather, John Carskaddon, having been one of the heroes who fought for the independence of the nation and thus suc- ceeded in founding the republic. He became a resident of Ohio, and in that state David Carskaddon, the father of our subject, was born on the 8th of July, 1825. He was but ten years of age when the family removed to Indiana, casting in their lot with the early settlers of St. Joseph county, their home be- ing near South Bend. There amid the wild scenes of frontier life David Carskaddon was reared, making his home in that state until 1S54, when he came to Iowa, settling in Marion county. There he engaged in farming until September, 1861, when put- ting aside all business and personal consid- erations, he offered his aid to his country, enlisting as a private of Company K, Ninth Iowa Volunteer Infantry. In a short time he was elected captain and on the 3d of December, 1862, he was commissioned col- onel. He participated in twenty-eight im- portant engagements and that they were among the most disastrous of the war is shown by the fact that the regiment lost ' thirty-seven officers, and the killed among the private soldiers was equally great in pro-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

293

portion. Colonel Carskaddon was a brave and loyal soldier and his own courage and fidelity inspired his men to deeds of valor. He was wounded at Atlanta. Georgia, July 28, 1 Si .4. and was mustered out on the 14th of January, 1865. After his return from the war he engaged in the furniture and Rock business. He was a prominent and intluential man and was eleeted sheriff of Linn county'. In [882 lie removed to Lake City, where he spent his remaining days. On the 16th of May. [852, Colonel Cars- kaddon was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Bate-, a native of Clark county, jpfaio, born December .23. 1830. Two chil- dren were born of this union: Alva and Harmony. The latter was hern January 11. [855, and is the deceased wife of W. S. Twogood, so that our subject is now the only surviving member of the family, for his father died August 14. 1S94. and the mother passed away on the 15th of August, [899. AKa Carskaddon was born near South Bend, in St. Joseph county, Indiana. April 11. [853, and when but a year old was brought to Iowa, where he has spent his entire life. He attended the public schools Of Marion, this state, and after his grad- uation he worked in a chemical laboratory and in a tin simp, being thus employed for four years. In [877 his father was elected sheriff and Mr. Carskaddon became his deputy, serving in that capacity for four year-. In [880 lie came to Calhoun coun- ty, where he carried on farming in con- nection with his father for live years. On the expiration of that period he purchased a farm of his own and has since devoted hi- energies to its cultivation, placing it un- der a high state of cultivation, the fields Men tribute in return for the care and labor he bestow - upon them.

lie has added all modern accessories and conveniences and now has a well improved place. In 1899 he removed to Lake City, where he now resides, but he still gives his personal supervision to the operation of his land. He is also a stockholder in the Lake City Electric Light & Power Company.

On the 7th of July, 1881, Mr. Carskad- don was united in marriage to Miss Eliza- beth Bilber, of Marion, Iowa, a daughter of B. D. Bilber. who was born in Pennsyl- vania and there married Lavina Wydell, also a native of the Key-tone state. In 1856 the) emigrated westward, taking up their abode in Marion. Iowa, where they are still living. Unto Mr. ami Mrs. Carskaddon have been born two children, but they lost their younger daughter. Marvel Lucile, who was born November 7, 1890, and died the following day. Sarah Maria, born May _]o, 1882, is still with her parents. In his po- litical views Mr. Carskaddon has always been a Republican, unwavering in his al- legiance to the principles of that party, and he is equally loyal and consistent as a mem- ber of the Presbyterian church. His life has been a busy, useful and upright one, marked by integrity and honor.

JOHN PITSTICK.

\ farm of one hundred and sixty acres pleasantly located on section 8, El township, is the property of J. Tit-tick. and has been gained through honorable business efforts. lie owe- hi- success en tirely to his enterprise, industry and careful management, and for twenty years he has been numbered among the representative ag- riculturists of this portion of the state, lie

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

came from a foreign land, his birth having occurred in Kuelin, on the Rhine, in Prus- sia, January 18, 1836. His father, William Pitstick, was a native of the same locality, and when he had arrived at mature years he wedded Margaret Wallersheidt, also a native of Prussia. By trade the father was a miller and followed that pursuit for many years. Hoping to better his financial condi- tion in the new world, he crossed the At- lantic to America in 1843, and on landing on the New York coast proceeded at once across the country to Illinois. He took up his abode near Mendota, in LaSalle county, where he purchased land and developed a farm. The work of cultivating and improv- ing that place occupied his attention through- out his remaining days, and most of his sons have also followed farming,

John Pitstick spent the first seven years of his life in his native country, and then accompanied his parents to America. He pursued his education in La Salle county, and was there married on the 5th of March, 1858, to Miss Frances Billingsfelt, also a na- tive of Prussia, but reared in La Salle coun- ty. Mr. Pitstick purchased land near Men- dota, acquiring eighty acres upon which he made his home for seven years, when, in 1863, he came to Iowa. His first home was in Polk county, ten miles east of Des Moines, and his farm comprised one hundred and sixty acres, on which as the years passed he placed excellent buildings and made many substantial improvements. There he suc- cessfully carried on agricultural pursuits for seventeen years and then purchased the farm in Calhoun county upon which he now re- sides. Not a furrow had been turned or an improvement made upon the place when he took up his abode there, but the years have witnessed a great change and the property is now a very valuable farm. He has erect-

ed a large and comfortable residence, built substantial barns and outbuildings and has now a model home. His lawn is adorned with shade and ornamental trees and he has likewise planted an orchard. Since coming to the county he has traded his farm in Polk county for one hundred and sixty acres of land in Twin Lake township, Calhoun coun- ty, which is likewise well improved, and in addition to this he owns eighty acres in Gar- field township, on which is a new dwelling and many modern accessories. He has to- day three valuable and well improved farms, comprising four hundred acres, and his property has been acquired entirely through his own labor and capable management.

Mr. and Mrs. Pitstick are the parents of ten children, of whom seven are living: Charles, who is married and follows farming in this county; William, a resident farmer of Scott county. Iowa; John L., who assists in the operation of the home farm; Ed- ward, who is married and follows farming in Garfield township; Frances; Ella; and Josephine. One daughter, Louisa, was mar- ried and at her death in April, 1901, left ten children. Lizzie and Emma both passed away in early womanhood.

A devoted adherent of the Republican party, Mr. Pitstick has supported each of its presidential candidates since i860, but in 1856 he cast his first presidential ballot for James Buchanan. He has been quite active in local political circles, doing all in his power to advance the interest of his party, yet never becoming a politician in the sense of office seeking. He has, however, served as commissioner of highways and is a mem- ber of the school board. Mr. and Mrs. Pit- stick were reared in the Catholic faith and attend services at the Auburn church. He may truly be called a self-made man, i>>r when he entered upon his business career he

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295

had no capital and all that he now possesses he has earned through diligence and gar- nered by capable management and economy. His life record should serve as a source of encouragement and inspiration to others who have to begin business as he did. Stead- ilv has he worked his way upward, and the county now numbers him among its pros- peri >us representatives.

L. PETER JORGEXSEN.

Among the representative farmers and highly respected citizens of Calhoun town- ship is numbered Mr. Jorgensen, who is familiarly called Peter by his numerous friend- throughout the county. Here he has made his home since the 1st of January, t88l. He was born in Denmark, on the S6th of April, [850, and was reared upon a farm. His school privileges being of a superior order, he received a good education in his native tongue, but his knowledge of the English language has been self-acquired since coming to the new world.

It was in 1872 that Air. Jorgensen crossed the Atlantic and took up his resi- dence in Chicago, where he spent two years, Working as a mason'/, assistant during the building season. Subsequently he spent sev- eral years in Lee ami Ogle counties, Illinois, a- a farm hand, and in 1 88 1 came to Cal- 1)' 'im county, [owa, as previously stated. After one year in the employ of others, he ; ighty acres of his present farm on Section 27, Calhoun township, which was then but slightly improved, with a small house upon it. To its further development and cultivation Mr. Jorgensen at once turned his attention, and later added to it another tract of eight) acres, so that he now ha- a

g 1 farm of one hundred and sixty acres.

He has built a more commodious and mod- ern residence and good outbuildings; has set 1 ut fruit and shade trees, and made many other improvements which add greatly to the value and attractive appearance of the place.

.Mr. Jorgensen was married in this coun- ty, April 5. 1SS4. the lady of his choice being Miss Marie Rasnrussen, also a native of Denmark, who was reared in that coun- try and was a young lady on coming to America. Prior to her marriage she made her home in Lake City. Roth Mr. and Mrs. Jorgensen are members of the Baptist church of that place and are among the most highly esteemed citizens of their community. Po- litically he is a stanch supporter of the Re- publican party and its principles. As a young man of twenty-two years he came to America, and with no capital started out in a strange land to overcome the difficulties and obstacles in the path to prosperity. Suc- cess attended his well directed efforts and he is now one of the well-to-do citizens of his locality.

ERICK G. HOLM.

It requires no little courage to sever all the connections which bind one to home and native land and go to a far distant country in search of fortune, depending there entirel\ upon one's own efforts for a livelihood and for all that one acquires. Strong hearts are needed for such an undertaking and willing hands must fight the battles of life. Mr. Holm is among the sons of Sweden, who. leaving the old world, have taken advantage of the opportunities of the new. 1 le was born May 21, 1853, in Sweden, and spent part of his youth in that country and part in

296

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Norway. His education was obtained in the Norwegian tongue and he had to learn the English language after he arrived in Amer- ica. He also learned the blacksmith's trade in Norway but there was little opportunity for business advancement and he resolved to test the truth of the favorable reports con- cerning possibilities in the United States. Accordingly, in 1880, he completed the long journey across the Atlantic and at once made his way across the country to Calhoun county, settling in Lake City, where he worked at his trade of blacksmithing for three years. At the end of that time Mr. Holm removed to Badger, Webster county, where he followed the same pursuit in the employ of others for six years and then purchased a black- smith and repair shop which he conducted until 1889. when he returned to Calhoun county. Here he turned his attention to agricultural pursuits, purchasing one hun- dred and sixty acres of land in Elm Grove township, upon which he still resides. Here he erected a good home, broke and fenced his land and has carried forward the work of improvement and development until he now has a very valuable farm property. Fruit trees yield their products in season and shade trees add to the attractive appearance of the place. He raises good grades of stock and has a farm supplied with good barns and with all modern accessories and conveniences.

In Fort Dodge. Webster county, Iowa. Mr. Holm was united in marriage to Miss .Mary Debourgh. a native of Rockford, Illi- nois, and a daughter of Daniel Debourgh. a native of Sweden and one of the early set- tlers of Illinois. About 1874 he came to Calhoun county, bringing with him his fam- ily. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Holm have been

born four children: Ida. Josie, Wilmer G. and Arthur.

In his political affiliations Mr. Holm is a Republican, giving an unfaltering support to the principles of the party since casting his first presidential vote for Benjamin Harri- son and doing all in his power to promote the growth and insure the success of his party. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and has served as lodge treasurer. For twenty-one years he has been a resident of Iowa and has wit- nessed much of the progress of Calhoun county as it has emerged from pioneer con- ditions and taken its place among the lead- ing counties of this great commonwealth. He has seen the prairies broken and towns and villages built and has shared in the work of promoting public progress and im- provement. He came to this country empty- handed but with a stout heart, and since he located in Calhoun county he has labored so. energetically and with such determination that he has overcome all the difficulties and obstacles in his path and advanced steadily to the goal of prosperity.

JOHN W. JACOBS.

The subject of this review is actively connected with a profession which has im- pi irtant bearing upon the progress and stable prosperity of any section or community, and one which has long been considered as con- serving the public welfare by furthering the ends of justice and maintaining individual right. He is a member of the well-known law firm of Hutchison & Jacobs, his partner being Marion E. Hutchison.

Mr. Jacobs was born near Lake City.

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297

Iowa, August 7. 1872, and after attending

the public schools of Lake City he entered Drake University, where he graduated, re- ceiving the degree of Bachelor of Science. While a student in that institution he won the first hi nors in an oratorical contest, and afterward third honors in the state contest. While in Drake he pursued a course in civil engineering and was extremely proficient in mathematics, having strong natural ability in that direction. Becoming imbued, however, with a desire to enter the legal profession, he took up the study of law in the State University at Iowa City, and in 1896 was admitted to the bar. He then returned to Calhoun county and locating at Lake City, opened his office as a member of the firm of Hutchison & Jacobs. His oratory, cloth- ing the sound logic of truth, carries convic- tion to the minds of judge and jury, and his merit is widely recognized. His prep- aration of cases is most thorough and ex- haustive; he grasps the strong points of law and fact, while in his briefs and arguments the authorities are cited extensively and the facts and reasoning theron are presented co- gently and unanswerably and leave no doubt as to the correctness of his views or of his conclusions. Every point is given its true prominence and the case is argued with skill, ability and power, so that he rarely fails to gain the verdict desired.

Mr. Jacobs has also been prominent in public affairs here. In December, 1897, he was elected to fill a vacancy in the office of mayor and discharged his duties so accepta- bly that he was re-elected, at the follow- ing election, for a full term and contin- ued in thai position until 1900. He favored reform and progress and his administration practical benefit to the city. He is Bow serving as city solicitor, having been the incumbent in thai position for the past

two years. He endorses Republican princi- ples and is well known as a leader in his party.

On the 17th of November, 1898, Mr. Jacob.-, was united in marriage to Miss Ber- tha E. Coe, a native of Woodbine, [owa. Mrs. Jacobs is a graduate of Drake Univer- sity and before her marriage was professor

of languages and literature in the \\ I-

bine Normal College.

They have become well known in Lake City and the hospitality of the best It imes is extended to them. Fraternally Mr. Jacobs is connected with the Knights of Pythias lodge and with the Benevolent and Protec- tive Order of Elks. In early life he engaged in school teaching in order to continue his professional career, thus giving evidence of the elemental strength of his character. He is yet a young man but has already attained success which many an older practitioner might well envy.

FRANK S. PUFFER.

Frank S. Puffer, who is engaged in gen- eral fanning on section 9, Elm Grove town- ship, there owns and operates three hundred and twenty acres of rich land and has a splendidly improved farm. He dates his residence in Calhoun county from June, 1885, and has since been one of its represen tative agriculturists. A native of Illinois, his birth occurred in Du Page county on the 1st of February. 1856. His father. Reuben Puffer, was born and reared .in W county, Massachusetts, and on emigrating westward, took up his abode in Du Page county, Illinois, where his father. Henry Puffer, had entered a half section of land and opened up the place, which is located about seven miles from Wheaton. The fa-

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

ther of our subject succeeded to the owner- ship of the claim, which is still in possession of the Puffer family. Reuben Puffer was united in marriage to Rosella Kenyon. who was born in Broome county, New York, and is a daughter of Esquire Kenyon. Her pa- rents both died in the Empire state during her girlhood. Reuben Puffer was a promi- nent farmer of Du Page county and after coming to the west spent his remaining years there, his death occurring in 1896. In his family were seven sons and two daughters who reached mature years.

Frank S. Puffer was reared upon the old homestead farm in Illinois and there ob- tained his preliminary education while later he pursued a collegiate course in Naperville, Illinois. Subsequently he engaged in teach- ing for several years in his home district and in other schools of Du Page county and for four years he followed that profes- sion in Calhoun county. He made his home with his parents until after he had attained adult age. Coming to Iowa he was married in Hardin enmity, this state, in 1882, to Miss Cora Wood, a native of Illinois, born in Henry county but reared and educated in Du Page county. She, too, became a suc- cessful teacher and was connected with edu- cational work in Hardin county, Iowa. Her father. W. X. Wood, is now a resident of Lake City, Calhoun county. A native of the Empire state he was born and reared near Saratoga and on removing to Illinois took up his abode in Henry county where he re- sided for a number of years. He afterward removed to Du Page county and at the pres- ent time is living in honorable retirement from labor in Lake City at the advanced age of seventy-seven years.

Mr. and Mrs. Puffer began their domes- tic life on the farm where they still reside. He erected a good residence and began to

break the land, placing the fields under a high state of cultivation. He planted both fruit and forest trees, built a good barn and all necessary buildings for the shelter of grain and stock and now has a splendidly improved and valuable country home. He is one of the most successful and enterprising farmers and stock-raisers of the community ai;d his worth is widely acknowledged. Mr. and Mrs. Puffer are the parents of six chil- dren : Florence S., Henry, Grace, John, Margery and Harold. All are still on the farm with their parents and the members of the household have many friends in the community. In his political views Mr. Puffer has been a life long Republican, sup- porting the party since he cast his first pres- idential vote for James G. Blaine in 1884. He has never sought or desired office yet has served as township trustee. The cause of education finds him a warm friend. He be- lieves in securing good teachers, in introduc- ing advanced methods and while serving as a member of the school board and as presi- dent of his district, he has done effective work in behalf of education. Both he and his u ife are consistent members of the Pres- byterian church and he is one of its elders. For seventeen years he has resided in Cal- houn county and has witnessed many changes as the work of progress and im- provement has been carried on. He is well known in Lake City and the western pari of the county and is a man of integrity and honor who enjoys in high degree the esteem of his fellow citizens.

J. B. SMITH.

No matter how much we may indulge in theorizing concerning success, we must ac- knowledge that in the majority of cases it is

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299

due to diligence, enterprise and keen fore- sight, and it is these qualities which have made Air. Smith a leading business man of Lake City. He is there engaged in dealing in real estate and also is a well known insurance agent, and in both departments he has a large clientage. He is numbered among Iowa's native sons, for his birth occurred in Clermont, Fayette county, on the 18th of September, 1864. His parents were R. John and .Maria J. (Brugger) Smith, both of whom were natives of Germany. Crossing the Atlantic to America the father settled in the early '50s in Wisconsin, where he mar- ried. In the year 1859 he took up his abode in Fayette county, Iowa, where he secured a tract of new prairie land, upon which no fur- row had been turned or an improvement made, but with characteristic energy he be- gan its development and in course of time transformed that place into a valuable farm, Upon which he spent his remaining days. The family were, however, making prepara- tions to remove to Calhoun county, when he was taken ill and died on the 1st of May, 1869. A few weeks later his wife and chil- dren came to Lake City, the father having previously purchased section 16, Elm Grove township. This farm became the home of the family. There was not at that time a house in Elm Grove township, but Mrs. Smith had one erected and with the aid of her children began to improve her property. Her nearest neighbor was .-1110111 three and one-half miles distant. She had eight children and when she arrived in Calhoun county, the eldest was only fourteen years of age. With --el 1" sac- rificing spirit she devoted her time ami en- ergy to the care of her little ones and to the establishment tit' a good home for them, She is now living in Lake City and she has the loving gratitude of her sons and daughters. who recognize how much they owe to her

for what she did for them in their early childhood. In order of birth her children are as follows : Fred W., a farmer of Elm Grove township ; John, who is living in Deadwood, South Dakota; Joseph, whose home is in Calhoun county; Mary, the wife of James W. Keary, of Elm Grove township; J. B., of this review ; Richard, who is living in Lake City; Edward, a resident of Rockwell City; and Jerry, of Jackson township, who completes the family.

J. B. Smith was only five years old when the mother brought her family to Calhoun county, locating in Elm Grove township. He was reared here, early becoming familiar with the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. He pursued his ed- ucation in the common schools of the neigh- borhood, enjoying such privileges as the times afforded. During the summer months he was employed at herding cattle, but in the winter he pursued his studies, until he had acquired a fair knowledge of the branches of learning taught in the district schools. After he had attained to man's estate he pur- chased a farm in Elm Grove township and successfully continued its cultivation and improvement until 1892, when he came to Lake City, where he soon formed a partner- ship with Mr. Tolliver. This was main- tained, however, but a short period and he began business on his own account as a real estate and insurance agent. He handles land in Minnesota and South Dakota and makes regular trips to the latter state. He also handles farm and city property in Calhoun county and has negotiated a number of real estate transaction-.

On the 28th of February, 1892, Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Alice Gelnett, of Sac City. Iowa, and their home has been blessed with two children. Earl and Ralph. It is also noted for its gracious

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

hospitality, which is freely extended to their large circle of friends. Mr. Smith has been honored with local township offices and fra- ternally he is connected with the Masonic Lodge and with the Odd Fellows of Lake City, being a faithful follower of the teach- ings of these organizations, which are based upon mutual helpfulness and brotherly kind- ness. He started out in his business career with no capital and all thatf he possesses is the outcome of his own industry and inde- fatigable labor.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM H. FITCH.

An enumeration of those men of the present generation who have won honor and public recognition for themselves and at the same time have honored the state to which they belong would be incomplete were there failure to make prominent reference to the one whose name initiates this paragraph. He has been prominently connected with ed- ucational, commercial and political interests in Calhoun county and holds distinctive pre- cedence as a valiant and patriotic soldier who has ever borne himself with such signal dig- nity and honor as to gain him the respect of all. He has been and is distinctively a man of affairs and one who has wielded a wide influence. A strong mentality, an invincible courage, a most determined individuality have so entered into his make-up as to render him a natural leader of men and a director of opinion.

Captain Fitch is a native of Vermont, his birth having occurred in Swanton, Franklin county, on the 25th of March, 1840, a son of Mason and Sally (Aseltine) Fitch, the former a native of New York

and the latter of the Green Mountain state, while both were representatives of old New York families. When the Captain was about ten years of age the family removed to Canton, St. Lawrence county, New York, where the parents remained until the close of the Civil war. when they removed to Woodstock. McHenry county, Illinois, where the father died in 1880, at the age of fifty-six years. He followed the occupation of farming throughout his entire business career. After his death the mother took up her abode in Lake City, where her last days were passed. In their family were five chil- dren: William H. is the eldest. James C. was killed at the battle of Ringgold, Georgia, November 27, 1S63, immediately following the engagement at Missionary Ridge. He was a member of Company A, Sixtieth New York Volunteer Infantry, of which our sub- ject was captain, while he was orderly ser- geant. After being shot he survived for only a few hours. George, who was a mem- ber of the Ninth New York Heavy Artillery, and also served under General Sheridan in the war of the Rebellion, died in California. Alice is the wife of James Hartman, who is living a retired life in Lake City. Sarah J. is the wife of Norman Mead, of New York city.

In the public schools of New York Cap- tain Fitch obtained his education and in St. Lawrence Academy and St. Lawrence Uni- versity. He was pursuing a course of civil engineering when the war broke out, and in July, 1861, at Canton, New York, he offered his services to the government. On the or- ganization of Company A, Sixtieth New York Infantry, he was appointed corporal, soon afterward was made orderly sergeant and for meritorious and gallant service was commissioned first lieutenant at Chancellors-

WILLIAM H. FITCH.

MRS. W. H. FITCH.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

305

ville, while a short time afterward he was made captain. He participated in the many battles of the Shenandoah valley, including Harpers Ferry. Port Royal, Winchester and pthers of lesser importance. He then joined the Army of the Potomac and participated in the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettys- burg. Later his regiment was transferred to the Army of the West, commencing op- erations at Wauhatchie, which was followed bv the battles of Lookout Mountain. Mis- sionary Ridge, Ringgold, Resaca, Kenesaw Mi untain. Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, being continuously under fire until he reached the last named place. For a time the command was stationed at Stevenson, Alabama, guarding railroads, and was with Sherman from Atlanta to Savannah, thus participating in the celebrated march to the sea. Captain Fitch's regiment was the first to enter Atlanta and their colors were the first t< 1 float over any of the public buildings. The army with which he was connected had captured Savannah and had taken part in the battle of Goldsboro when Lee surren- dered. The command then proceeded to Washington, where the Captain participated in the grand review. — the most celebrated military pageant ever seen on the continent, lie had re-enlisted as a veteran soon after the battle of Lookout Mountain and was honorably discharged at Alexandria, Vir- ginia, in July. 1865. He saw much hard service. Three times the colors of his regi- ment were shot down at Lookout Mountain. General Waithall's sword was there captured by bis regiment, which also captured a Con- federate flag. Captain Fitch was wounded at Chancellorsville in the right leg by a minie ball and several times had his hat and clothing perforated by Rebel bullets. He Was also ill with typhoid fever for a time.

but during the greater part of his military service he was in active duty, and his 1 w n gallantry and bravery inspired his men to deeds of valor. He served as inspector on the staffs of General Greene. Garey. Mendall and Bartlett for six months, and at the close of the war he held a commission as lieu- tenant colonel. He was in every engagement 'from Lookout Mountain until Sherman's army reached the sea, including forty battles and skirmishes.

At the close of the war Captain Fitch returned to his old home in Xew York, but after a short time came to the west in the fall of 1865, making his way to Chicago, thence to Omaha by way of the Missouri river and on to Fremont, Nebraska, where the Union Pacific Railroad was being con- structed, expecting to enter the civil en- gineering department. He next proceeded to Fort Dodge by way of Lake City by stage, and that winter was employed to teach the school at Lake City. He taught through the winter and is now one of the oldest school teachers still living in this part of the state. Subsequently he purchased a farm southwest of the town and carried on agri- cultural pursuits there until 1887, when he removed to Lake City, where he was en- gaged in merchandising as proprietor of a store, in partnership with J. J. Hutchinson for four years.

Mr. Fitch has been honored with a num- ber of public offices. In 1866 he was elected clerk of the district court and filled that po- sition until 1873. when he was elected to represent his district in the state senate, in which he served for Ifour years or until 1876, leaving the impress of bis individuality upon the legislation enacted during- that pe- riod. He was a member at the time the capitbl was built and served as a member of

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

the building committee. For six years he also held the office of supervisor, and in his political views he has always been a Repub- lican, strongly endorsing the principles of the party and doing all in his power to pro- mote its growth and insure its success.

The Captain was married, in 1866, to Miss Sarah E. Lindsey, of Lake City, and a native of Michigan. They have two chil- dren : Lora A., the wife of E. A. Losey, of Lake City, and John, who lives on the farm in Jackson township. The Captain is a member of the Grand Army Post, while his wife is a member of the Relief Corps, and both take an active part in the work of the organization. They have a large circle of friends throughout Calhoun county, and the Captain is as true to his duties of citi- zenship to-day as when he followed the starry banner of the nation upon southern battle-fields. His public and private record is above reproach, and whether in business or in official circles he has ever been found worthy the trust reposed in him.

JOHN F. WAREHIME.

Calhoun township probably has no more enterprising citizen than the gentleman whose name introduces this sketch, his home being on section 23, where he owns and op- erates a good farm of one hundred and sixty acres. He has been a resident of this coun- ty since February, 1888, and during thajt time has been prominently identified with her agricultural interests.

Mr. Warehime is a native of Illinois, born in Whiteside county, north of Sterling, April 7, 1856. and is a son of Daniel and Lydia A. ( Loats ) Warehime, both of whom were natives of Maryland. The father was

an early settler of Whiteside county, Illinois, and there opened up the farm on which he died in 1863, at a comparatively early age. Our subject was given the advantages of a good common school education and re- mained with his brother until grown, as- sisting in the operation of the home farm. After reaching manhood he engaged in farming and to some extent worked at the mason's trade with his stepfather.

On Thanksgiving day of 1882 Mr. Warehime was married in his native county to Miss Mary Ella Yeakel, who was born in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania, of German an- cestry, her great-grandfather, Christopher Yeakel, having been a native of Germany. On his emigration to the new world he lo- cated in Pennsylvania and established a set- tlement at Germantown. His family crossed the Atlantic on the St. Andrews and landed in Philadelphia, on the 22d of September, 1734. The)- were of the Mennonite faith. Samuel K. Yeakel. Airs. Warehime's father, was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and from there removed to Whiteside coun- ty, Illinois. He served three years as a sol- dier in the war of the Rebellion and is now an inmate of the Soldiers' Home at Mar- shalltown, Iowa. He also' receives a pen- sion from the government in recognition of his services. Mrs. Warehime was reared and educated in Philadelphia and in early life 'earned tailoring and dressmaking, which she followed quite successfully pries' to her marrige. She has become the mother of two children, George and Maggie. Both are at home and the son now assists his fath- er in carrying on the farm.

I'm]- about seven years after his marriage Air. Warehime continued to engage in farm- ing in Illinois, and then came west, his des- tination being Calhoun county, Iowa. He purchased the farm on which he now resides

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307

and tn its further improvement and devel- opment he has since devoted his time and attention with most gratifying results. The buildings upon the place are of a neat and substantial character, the fields are well tilled and everything about the farm testifies to the thrift and industry of the owner, who is regarded as one of the best farmers of his locality. In connection with general farm- ing he carries on stock raising, making a specialty of Poland China hogs. His suc- eess in life is due entirely to his own well directed efforts and the assistance of his es- timable wife, who has, indeed, proved a true helpmate to him. They are among the most highly respected and honored citizens of their community and wherever known are held in high regard. In his political affiliations Mr. Warehime has been a life- long Republican, and cast his first presiden- tial vote for James A. Garfield.

THOMAS C. MAULSBY.

Among the most successful farmers and highly respected citizens of Garfield town- ship is numbered Thomas C. Maulsby, who for the past twelve years has been actively identified with the agricultural interests of tin's county. A native of Indiana, he was born in Porter county, on the nth of March, 1854. and is a son of Benjamin and Rhoda (Williams) Maulsby, who were pi- oneers- of that county. The father was a native of Ohio, while the mother was born in Wayne county. Indiana. Going to Por- ter county, Indiana, at an early day Benja- min Maulsby cleared and improved a farm in the midst of the forest and there made In- home for a quarter of a century. At the end of that time lie removed to Marshal! county, Iowa, where be bought land and con-

tinued to reside throughout the remainder of his life, dying there at about the age of sixty-five years. By birthright he was a Quaker and always adhered to that faith. In politics he was an ardent Republican, and his life was ever such as to commend him to the confidence and high regard of all who knew him. His estimable wife was nearly seventy years of age at the time of her death. Unto them were born twelve children, but Edwin and Irwin died in infancy. Erastus, Melvina and Luna are now deceased, the last named having died in the Andersonville prison during the Civil war. The others are Lewis, Thomas C, Wendell, Elizabeth, Ma- rissa, Viola and one that died unnamed.

The subject of this sketch was but eleven years of age on the removal of the family to Iowa. He received a good district school education and early acquired an excellent knowledge of every department of farm work. The first land which he owned was a tract of eighty acres in Marshall county, Iowa, which he successfully operated for four years, and then rented it for six years. At the end of that period he sold the place, and in 1889 bought one hundred and sixty acres of his present farm in Garfield town- ship, Calhoun county, on which he located the following year. He has since added to this a tract of forty acres, and has made many useful and valuable improvements upon the place, so that he now has a very valuable farm of two hundred acres under a high state of cultivation and supplied with all the conveniences and accessories found upon a model farm of the present day. He raises about seventy acres of corn and a like amount of small grain, the remainder of bis farm being meadow and pasture land, lie keeps from ten to fifteen head of cattle and a number of hogs, but gives bis atten- tion principally to the raising of cereals.

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Mr. Maulsby was married March 16, 1875. to Miss Christie Ann Beeson, who was born in Marshall county. Iowa, September 27. 1858, and -is a daughter of Joseph and Nancy E. (Ferguson) Beeson. both natives of Ohio. The latter died April 24, 1902.. aged sixty-eight years. On coming to Iowa in 1853 they located in Marshall county, where the father followed farming for many years and later engaged in mercantile busi- ness, but is now living a retired life in Al- bion, that county. He is a Quaker in re- ligious faith and is a supporter of the Re- publican party. In his family were seven children who reached man and womanhood, namely : Warren A. ; Franklin ; Elmer, de- ceased; Christie Ann; Isaphine ; Ida, de- ceased; and Blanch. Mr. and Mrs. Mauls- by als., have a family of eight children: Jennie M.. Clara M., Cora B., Maud E., Hazel F., Elma E., T. Irvin and Evelyn L.

Mr. Maulsby is treasurer and trustee of the Methodist Episcopal church at La- vinia. and is a member of the Legion of Honor. His political support is always given the Republican party and its princi- ples and he is now most efficiently serving as president of the school board, which office he has held for two years. Through the combined efforts of himself and wife he has steadily prospered since coming to this coun- ty, and is to-day the owner of a nice home and good farm, which stand as monuments to his thrift and industrv.

JOHN J. HOULIHAX.

Since the spring of 1881 this gentleman has been a resident of Calhoun county, Iowa, and now makes his home on section 33, Cal-

houn township, where he is successfullv en- gaged in general farming and the breeding of pure-blooded short horn cattle. He was born in LaSalle county. Illinois, on the 16th of June, 1850. a son of John and Margaret (Ferreter) Houlihan. He is the second in order of birth in a family of five children, the others being Michael, now a farmer of Boone county, Iowa; Patrick, who is en- gaged in farming near Lohrville, Calhoun county; Timothy, a resident of Denison, Texas; and Mary, wife of Michael Begley, of LaSalle county, Illinois.

The subject of this sketch lost his father when a lad of thirteen years, and since then has been dependent upon his own resources for a livelihood. He was reared upon a farm and given good common school advan- tages, which were supplemented by a few terms' attendance at the LaSalle high school. For several years he and his three brothers rented a farm in his native county and op- erated it together. With a kind and loving mother who was always happy with her chil- dren around her and a good sister they spent some happy days, still seeking a livelihood. The mother died at the home of Mrs. Beg- ley, her daughter, March 30. 1896, at the age of eighty years.

As previously stated Mr. Houlihan came to Calhoun county. Iowa, in the spring of 1 88 1, and bought a partially improved farm of eighty acres near Lake City, and at once turned his attention to its further devel- opment and cultivation, making his home thereon for seventeen years. In the mean- time he bought more land adjoining until he owned two hundred and eighty acres, but in 1888 sold that place and bought land in Car- roll county. Iowa. He then rented a stock farm in Calhoun township, this county, where he resided for three vears. Selling

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

309

'his Carroll county property in 1890, he pur- chased his present farm of two hundred acres in Calhoun township, this county, on which he located in the spring of 1901. His place is conveniently located within four miles of Lake City, and is one of the most de- sirable farms of its size in Calhoun county. In connection with the operation of his land Mr. Houlihan is extensively engaged in breeding and dealing in short horn cat- tle. He began the business about 1SS7 with one pure-blooded cow, increasing his stock from year to year. He has raised and sold several valuable animals, and now has a tine herd of about fifty head of pure blooded registered stock with Bonnie Lancaster at the head. He is a fine animal, three years old and weighing about twenty hundred p.. iiinls. Mr. Houlihan also has two younger animals old enough for breeding purposes, and about twenty-five breeding cows, as well as some fine heifers. As a breeder and dealer in pure blooded stuck he has become widely known throughout Iowa and sur- rounding states. He has held sales, holding the third in April, 1902.

Both Mr. and Mrs. Houlihan were reared in the Catholic faith and now hold member- ship in the church at Lake City. Politically he was formerly a Democrat, but supported William McKinley for the presidency in [896. He is now efficiently serving as town- ship trustee, but has never sought political preferment, his time and attention being giv- en wholly to his business interests. Begin- ning life as he did without capital Mr. Houl- ihan deserves urreat credit for the success that he has achieved. lie has made the mosl of his opportunities, and by straight- forward, honorable dealing, he has not only gained the confidence of all with whom he has been brought in contact, but has secured a handsome competence. His career illus-

trates what can be accomplished through industry, perseverance, good management and a determination to succeed.

WILLIAM WEBB.

William Webb, of Garfield township, is one of the most substantial and prosperous farmers of Calhoun county and his life is an exemplification of the term "dignity of labor." The possibilities that America of- fers to her citizens he has utilized, and though he came to this country in limited circumstances he has steadily and persever- ingly worked his way upward, leaving the ranks of the man}' to stand among the suc- cessful few.

Mr. Webb was born on the 19th of July, 1844, in Haddenham, Buckinghamshire. England, of which country his parents. Rich- ard and Sarah (Hawkins) Webb, were life- long residents. The father, who was an en- gineer by trade, died at the age of seventy- five years, and the mother passed away at the age of fifty-three. They had a family of five children : Thomas and Jane E., both now deceased; William; James and Sophia.

In the land of his birth Mr. Webb grew to manhood, and acquired his education in its public schools. At the age of sixteen years he commenced learning the engineer's trade, which he followed during his residence in England and for two years after coming to America. It was in 1871 that he crossed the broad Atlantic and took up his residence in Monroe, Jasper county. Iowa, living in that locality for about ten war-. He bought forty acres of land in Marion county, this state, which was the first property he ever owned, but was unsuccessful there, ii be ing his home during the panic of [873-4.

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

On leaving there he returned to Jasper county and from there came to Calhoun county and bought a farm of three hundred and ninety-six acres in Garfield township, which is now his home place. It was all wild land when it came into his possession but as the years have passed he has placed it under cultivation and to-day has one of the best improved farms in the county, it be- ing supplied with all the conveniences and accessories found upon a model farm of the present century. The original house was one mile north of where he now lives. In 1896 he erected a fine residence and a new set of farm buildings, which are a credit to the locality as well as to the owner. Mr. Webb is now the largest land owner and was one of the most extensive farmers of Gar- field township, having five hundred and sev- enty acres under cultivation. He raised over two hundred acres of corn and the same amount of small grain annually, and fed from two to three carloads of cattle for market each year. He also bought and sold cattle and usually kept about one hundred and fifty head upon his place, his specialty being full blooded Galloways.

Before leaving England, Mr. Webb was married November 14, 1863, to Miss Sophia Rose, who was born in Haddenham, Buck- inghamshire, and is a daughter of William and Rebecca Rose. Sixteen children blessed this union, namely: Thomas W. ; George; Jane E., deceased; James; Jane E., Fannie A. and Lillie, all three deceased; Clayton C. ; Elgy H. ; Sadie and Ernest, both deceased ; Frank E. ; Dora E. ; Clara M. ; Clarence O. ; and Fred.

Mr. Webb is an active and consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal church and has held various offices in the same. Bv his ballot he supports the men and measures of the Republican party and he was called

upon to serve his fellow citizens as one of the first trustees of Garfield township and its second assessor, and also as a member of the school board at various times. He assisted in organizing the township, being one of the first five settlers to locate there. The others were Peter Wingerson, L. Marsh- burger, W. B. Harris and John McGuire. Mr. Webb has been prominently identified with the entire growth and development of his township and is recognized as one of its most valued and useful citizens. By untir- ing industry and sound business judgment he has won a merited success in all of his undertakings and has now laid aside active labor and removed to Sac City, where he can live a retired life in the enjoyment of the fruits of former toil.

G. L. PRAY, M. D.

Successfully engaged in the practice of medicine in Lake City, Dr. Pray has gained a leading position among the members of the medical fraternity, although he is one of the younger representatives of the calling in Calhoun county. He was born in Web- ster City, Hamilton county, Iowa, Decem- ber 8, 1870, and is the son of Gilbert and Alary ( Beauchaine) Pray, the former a na- tive of New York, and the latter of Canada, while both were of French extraction. In the year 1859 the father came to Iowa and the mothers people arrived two years later. The former accompanied William Pray, the doctor's grandfather, who came with his family and for many years remained an hon- ored resident of the state, spending the latter part of his life in Hamilton county, passing away, however, about fifteen years ago. When the family went to Webster City, the

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3ii

country round about was wild and unbroken, and the I >octor's grandfather killed a buffalo Upon his present farm there. In January, iooi, Gilbert Pray removed to DesMoines, where he is now treasurer of the Royal Union Insurance Company. For many years he was a successful lawyer of Webster City and is a gentleman of splendid business abil- ity and strong character. In his family were four children : Carl B., a resident of Des- M< lines: Harry, who is living in Arkansas; Caro, of DesMoines ; and G. L.

In the common schools Doctor Prav pur- sued his preliminary education and entered the Iowa State College, at Ames, where he was graduated with the class of 1893* De- termining to make the practice of medicine his life work he maitriculated in the State Medical College at Iowa City, where he was graduated in 1897. He then established an office in Webster City, where he remained until April 23, 1898, when he became as- sistant surgeon of the Fiftieth Iowa In- fantry, and at the time the Spanish-Ameri- can war was inaugurated he went with his regiment to one of the camps of the country, holding the rank of first lieutenant. The reg- iment was stationed at Jacksonville. Florida, and on the 30th of November, 1898, was mustered out. In December of the same year the Doctor was appointed surgeon of the United States regular army and was de- tailed for service in the Twelfth United States Infantry in the general hospital at San Francisco. California, where he con- tinued until February, 1899. On the expi- ration of that period he was sent to the Phil- ippine Islands with bis regiment and was there engaged in field service, being on the firing line at Culunipit, San Fernando, An- geles, Barnabas, Dagalpa Bridge and Tar- lac also in numerous skirmishes and bush- whacking warfare. Doctor Pray remained

in the Philippines until November 28, 1S99. He was the surgeon in charge of the army hospital cm the ship Rio Janeiro. Proceeding to San Francisco he arrived there on the 226. of December, and on the following day re- signed his commission.

Dr. Pray then came to Lake City and en- tered upon the general practice of medicine. He has won success here and has gained an enviable reputation which places him in the ranks of the leading physicians of the com- munity. He keeps in touch with the most advanced thought in his profession and is a member of the Central District, the North- western Medical and the Iowa State Medi- cal societies. Socially he is connected with Acacia Lodge, No. 176, F. & A. M.. of Webster City, and in his political affilia- tions is a Republican. His experience in the Philippines has added to his interesting fund of information concerning the various countries in which he has traveled. Doctor Pray is a young man of strong character, of laudable ambition and of earnest purpose, and has attained a position as representative of the medical profession that has insured to him a very liberal patronage and gained for him the respect of his fellow practitioners.

T. A. KELLY.

With the farming interests of Jackson township T. A. Kelly has been actively iden- tified since the spring of 1884. and to-day owns and operates a fine farm on sections 25 ami 36, consisting of two hundred and forty acres of valuable bottom land on the south bank of Coon river. He is a progres- sive agriculturist and has met with marked success in his chosen vocation.

Mr. Kelly is a native of the Empire state,

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

having been born in Westchester county, New York, March i, 1S49. His parents. William C. and Hannah J. (Parker) Kelly. were also natives of New York and the father was a contractor in Westchester coun- ty at the time of his death, which occurred in 1 85 1. Eight years later the mother mar- ried a Mr. Elliott and removed to DeKalb county, Illinois, where our subject grew to manhood upon his stepfather's farm, his ed- ucation being acquired in the common schools of the neighborhood. After reach- ing man's estate he bought a farm of eighty acres, which he greatly improved and sub- sequently sold. His next farm also con- sisted nt eighty acres in DeKalb county. Illi- nois, and upon that place he made his home for twelve years. Selling his property he came to Iowa in 1884 and purchased his present farm in Calhoun county, which at that time was partially improved. The fol- lowing spring he took up his residence there- on, and to its further improvement and cul- tivation he has since devoted his energies. He has put up over four miles of fence and has a good well and erected a windmill, which not only pumps the water but is used in operating a feed-grinder. The place is now supplied with most of the conveniences and accessories found upon a model farm of the present century.

In June, 1874, Mr. Kelly was married in DeKalb county, Illinois, to Miss Emma Wilson, a daughter of Leonard Wilson. She was also born in Westchester county. New York, and was reared there and in New York city. Mr. and Mrs. Kelly have three children, namely: Hattie J., who attended first the common schools and later the Lake City high school and one term at Cornell University at Mourrt Vernon, Iowa, and has since successfully engaged in teaching schi m .1 >in this county for ten terms; Edward, who

assists his father in operating the home farm; and Allie, who is now a student in the Lake City schools.

Mr. Kelly has been a life-long Republi- can, having supported every presidential candidate of that party since casting his first vote for General U. S. Grant in 1872. Fra- ternally he is a member of the Odd Fellows Lodge, ol Lake City, and his wife and daughters are members of the Methodist Episcopal church of that place. They family isoniei 'f prominence in the community where they reside and their circle of friends and acquaintances is extensive.

S. C. GRAHAM.

S. C. Graham is master mechanic for the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company at Lake City. He has advanced steadily in railroad circles and his superior mechanical ability and knowledge of the great princi- ples which underlie mechanical construction have won for him a creditable position in the service of the great corporation which he represents. He was born at Crestline. Ohio, December 19, 18G2, and is a son of Samuel and Isabella (Morrison) Graham, the former a native of Scotland and the lat- ter of Pennsylvania. Both parents are now deceased. The mother passed away when our subject was only seven weeks old, being burned to death, together with two of her children, by the explosion of a lamp. The husband and father survived until 1888, when he passed away at the age of -i\ty- seven.

S. C. Graham is now the only living member of the family. He was reared and educated in Ohio, attending the schools of Crestline in which he was graduated on the

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

313

completion of the regular course. For a time he was also a student in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, and on putting aside his text- h >i iks ti ■ take up the practical duties of busi- ness life, he learned the machinists's trade, securing a position in the Pennsylvania Rail- road shops in Crestline under George \V. L we. I te spent three years there and then entered the employ of the Toledo & Ohio Central Railroad, at Bucyrus, Ohio. He was next connected with the Dayton & Michigan kailw iv at Lima, Ohio, and on the 6th of June. 1882, he entered the employ of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company in their shops at Clinton, Iowa, in the ca- pacity of a machinist and gang foreman. He was thus employed until 1887 when he wa^ transferred to Eagle Grove as foreman of the night roundhouse. On the 10th of July. r888, he was made general foreman of the shops at that place and on the 1st of May, [898, he was promoted to the position of division foreman of the Western Iowa pvision at Lake City, thus serving until July 1, 1900, when promotion again came to him and he was made master mechanic at Mason City. Subsequently he was trans- ferred to Lake City as master mechanic of the Sioux City division, and since November 15. [901, has been stationed there. Thus it will be seen his advancement has been con- tiiun us, and it is a well known fact that rporations like railroad companies ■0 not bestow promotions except in recog- nition of ability, faithfulness and worth.

Mr. Graham has been twice married. In September. 1888, he wedded Helen Baldwin, K Clinton, Iowa, and to them were horn four children: Donald, born July 6, [899; Helen, born October 26, [891 ; Robert, born June io. [895; and Russell, horn April 17. [897, all being natives of Eagle Grove. The mother died at Chicago, March 6, [898, and

on the 28th of November, 1901, Mr. Graham was again married, the second union being with Lulu Godden, of Mason City. He is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, at that place, and also of the Masonic fraternity. In his political senti- ments he is a stanch Republican and for two terms he served as alderman of the fourth ward in Eagle Grove. He was also a member of the county central committee during his residence there, and has never faltered in his allegiance to the principles of the great po- litical organization which has ever stood as the defender of American institutions. He enjoys in a high degree the confidence of those whom he represents in business and of those who serve under him, and in all life's relations, he has been true to every manly principle.

IRA R. ARNEY.

Classed among the leading business men of Lake City, Ira R. Arney is there engaged in dealing in real estate as a member of the firm of Arney. Easlton & Arney. They also represent a number of important insurance companies and in both lines are meeting with creditable and well merited success. Mr. Arney was born in Owen county, Indiana, on [the 24th of May. 1839, and is a son of 1 Eenry and Mary ( Brush ) Arney, the Ei >rmer a native of North Carolina and the latter of Kentucky. The Arney family came from the & uili and settled in Owen county, In- diana. They were of German lineage orig- inally, but at a very early date the family was established in the southern portion of this country. In the war 1857 Henry Ar- ney, with his wife and son, Era, Iowa, taking up his abode in Marshall conn-

3M

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

ty, where he spent the remainder of his days, passing way in Albion' in 1862, at the age of eighty-two years. During the greater part of his life he had followed farming and was at all times an honorable, trustworthy man. His wife survived him a number of years, passing away in 1870, at the age of seventy-eight. They were the parents of three children. One son, J. H. Arney, served as a member of Company B, Second Iowa Cavalry, during the Civil war and his health became so impaired that he died about eight- een months after leaving -the army. Another brother, A. W. Arney, was a member of the .•same company, valiantly defending the Union throughout the struggle, and after- ward made his home in Marshalltown, Iowa, until 1872.

In a select school of Albion, Iowa, Ira R. Arney began his education, which was continued ini Albion Seminary. Subsequent- ly he followed farming in Marshall county, where he remained for twenty-eight years, when ini 1885 he came to Calhoun county and was connected with agricultural pursuits in the vicinity of Sherwood, in Lake Creek township, for four years. In 1889 he re- moved to Lake City, where he has since been ■engaged in the real estate and insurance business. The policies which they write an- nually represent many thousand dollars and they also conduct important real estate trans- fers.

On the 15th of April, i860, Mr. Arney was united in marriage to Miss Sarah A. Beeson, of Marshall county, a daughter of Samuel and Martha (Smith) Beeson, who -came to Iowa from Columbiana county, Ohio, taking up their abode in Marshall county in the year 1854 among its early set- tlers. Mr. and Mrs. Arney have three living children : W. H., who resides on a farm in

Marshall county; C. E., who is warden of the state penitentiary at Boise, Idaho; and H. L., who resides near Boise, Idaho, following agricultural pursuits. He served in Company A of the Fifty-first Regiment of Iowa Volunteers, being in the Philippines for more than a year.

Mr. Arney has served as city assessor and as a member of the school board. He belongs, \to the Christian church, serving as a member of its building committee when the house of worship was being erected, and is now one of its elders. Coming to the west as he did, a young man without capital, Mr. Arney deserves great credit for his success in life. He has made the most of his op- portunities, by carefully watching the mark- ets and by straightforward, honorable deal- ing has secured the public confidence and the public patronage. He has accumulated a handsome property and his life illustrates what can be accomplished through industry, perseverance, good management and a de- termination to succeed.

JEREMIAH M. CAMPBELL.

Jeremiah M. Campbell, residing on sec- tion 24, Jackson township, owns and oper- ates a valuable and well improved farm of one hundred acres, pleasantly located within two miles of Lake City. He is a native of Iowa, his birth having occurred near Ber- tram, in Linn county, June 9, i860. His father, A. C. Campbell, was born in Knox county, Indiana, in 1825, and was only twelve years old when he came to this state in 1837 with his father, Thomas W. Camp- bell, one of the pioneer settlers of Linn coun- ty and its first treasurer. There A. C.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

315

Campbell grew to manhood and married Rachel Daniels, who was born in Ohio, and during childhood removed to Linn county, Iowa, her father, Jeremiah Daniels, being another of its pioneers. After his marriage Mr. Campbell followed farming in that county for several years, and there all of his nine children were born. In 1877, however, he removed to Greene county, Iowa, and pur- chased one hundred and sixty acres of land in Cedar township, which he converted into a good farm, making his home thereon until his death, March 15, 1899. His wife still survives him and now makes her home with her youngest daughter in Lake City.

Jeremiah M. Campbell is the fifth child in order of birth in a family of nine children, four sons and five daughteres, all of whom1 are still living. During his boyhood and youth he received a good practical educa- tion in the common schools of Linn coun- ty, and also acquired an excellent knowl- edge of every department of farm work. At the age of seventeen years he accom- panied his parents on their removal to Greene county, and on arriving at mature years began farming on his own account.. He became the owner of a farm of one hun- dred and sixty acres adjoining that of his father, and broke, fenced and improved the place. After operating the farm for two years he rented it and removed to Churdan, Iowa, where he bought a hardwore store and devoted the following year to that business. On disposing of his store he engaged in clerking one year, and at the end of that time returned to the farm, which he cul- tivated two years. In the spring of 1893 he came to Calhoun county and purchased the farm of one hundred acres on section 24, Jacks..n township, where he now resides. He has repaired the buildings upon the place

and has erected a good modern residence, heated by a furnace and supplied with all conveniences. In fact it is one of the best homes in the township. Mr. Campbell gives considerable attention to the raising and feeding of stock, and in all his undertakings is meeting with well deserved success, as he is energetic, enterprising and industrious.

At Blairstown, Iowa, he was married, .March 25, 1886, to Miss Elizabeth Shell- myer, who was torn in Johnson county, this state, but was principally reared and educated in Benton county. Her father, Ellis Shell- myer, served through the war of the Re- bellion and is now deceased. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Campbell were born three children, namely: Charlie, who died in infancy; Ernest and Laura.

Politically Mr. Campbell has been a stanch supporter of the Republican party since attaining his majority, advocating ex- pansion, sound money and a protective tariff. He is now serving his third year as township school treasurer, but has never sought official honors, preferring to give his entire time and attention to his business in- terests. Both he and his wife are members of the Christian church at Lake City, and lie is also connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having been initiated into that society at Churdan, in 1890.

ROBERT A. STEWART.

In taking up the personal history of Rob- ert A. Stewart we present to our readers the life record of one who is and has for a number of years been a prominent factor in business circles in this state as a representa- tive of industrial and manufacturing inter-

3i6

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

ests. He is to-day connected with the lum- ber trade in Pomeroy and his keen sagacity and unfaltering diligence have won for him a place among the substantial citizens of Calhoun county.

Mr. Stewart is a native of Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, his birth having there occurred on the 27th of December, 1857. His father, McDonald Stewart, was also^ a native of the Keystone state, born on the 26th of May, 1833, and after arriving at years of maturity he married Amelia Cath- erine Anspach, who was born in 1830. Her parents were natives of Pennsylvania and her grandfather was one of the valiant sol- diers of the Revolutionary war who . es- poused the cause of the colonists and fought for American liberty. He was scalped in the Wyoming valley in the massacre which oc- curred in that district when men. women and children were ruthlessly slaughtered by the red men. At the time of the Civil war Dr. David Stewart, an uncle of our subject, be- came the captain of a company belonging to the Twenty-eighth Iowa Infantry, and was pri moted to the position of regimental sur- geon with the rank of major. His son, Jonathan, also entered the army and the mother of our subject had several brothers who served in the Union Army throughout the struggle between the north and the south. The parents of our subject were mar- ried in Pennsylvania and unto them were born four children: Howard J., of Cof- feyville, Kansas; Robert A., of this review; Katie, who died at the age of four vears ; and A. M., a resident of Waterloo, Iowa. The father was a contractor and builder, and for seven years after his marriage re- mained in the Keystone state, removing thence to Johnson county, Iowa, on the 4th of October, 1864. There he took up his

abode upon a farm and engaged in the till- ing of the soil until the spring of 1883, when he removed to Coffeyville, Kansas. He also bought a tract of land in that locality and continued to engage in agricultural pursuits. His wife died December 19, 1898, in Solon, Iowa, while on the way to visit her youngest son, in Waterloo, Iowa. The father still re- sides in Coffeyville.

Robert A. Stewart was a lad of only seven years when he accompanied his par- ents to Johnson county, Iowa, and in the public schools there he obtained his element- ary education, which was supplemented by a course in the McLain Academy. Thus well qualified to perform the requirements of a business career, he started out for himself and learned the paper-making trade in Iowa City, following that pursuit for six years, although not all of the time in this state. He was employed in that way in Blooming- ton and in Quincy, Illinois, and became an expert workman in that line. In 188 1 he became identified with the first glucose sugar manufactory of the state, the enterprise be- ing located in Iowa City. In the fall of that year he went to Aurelia, Cherokee county, Iowa, where he entered the employ of the Wisconsin Lumber Company, but after a short period he began dealing in lumber for that firm by opening a lumber yard at Pat- terson, Clay county, Iowa, having the man- agement of the enterprise until the spring of 1887. He then removed his family to Osborne City. Kansas, and made that point his headquarters while he traveled for a year for a lumber company doing business at Atchison, Kansas. In 1888 he took charge of the yards of the Chicago Lumber Company, at Burroak, Kansas, where he remained for three years. Again he became connected with the Wisconsin Lumber Company on

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

3i7

the 1st of April, 1891, when he assumed the management of its lumber yards in Pom- en. v. He thoroughly understands the busi- ness, is an excellent judge of lumber, is con- versant with its values and is well known in lumber circles throughout this and the Sunflower state. That he resumed his con- nection with the Wisconsin Company is an unmistakable proof of the confidence reposed in him and of his ability in the line of his chosen vocation.

On the 12th of March, 1S84, Mr. Stew- art was united in marriage in Patterson, Iowa, to Miss Minnie Wells, a daughter of L. F. Wells, who is in the employ of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company. Her parents were natives of Xew York, but she was born in Minnesota. Two children grace the marriage of our subject and his wife: Cecil McDonald and William Carl. The parents are members of the Methodist church, and are deeply interested in all that pertains to the upbuilding of the cause. They were residing in Pomeroy at the time of the great storm whose cyclonic force de- stroyed so much of this city. The house in which they were then living was partially destroyed. The wife and children took refuge in the cellar of Dr. Wright's house, but the Doctor and our subject were up stairs.

Mr. Stewart is an exemplarv member of Solar Lodge. No. 475, F. & A. M.. and also has membership relations with the Modern Woodmen of America. In politics he has been a stalwart Republican since attaining his right of franchise. He served as a mem- ber of the board of county supervisors in Clay county, Iowa, and for five years he has been a member of the city council of Pom- eroy, while for two years he has been hon- ored with the office of mayor, filling the lat-

ter position at the present time. His official career is above the shadow ,,f reproach. He fully understands the obligations devolving upon him and falters not in the performance of duty, and as the chief executive of Pom- eroy his labors have been both practical and progressive, resulting to the direct benefit of the city. Since starting out in life for himself at the age of seventeen years he de- termined to place his faith in the substantial qualities of industry and perseverance, and when one examines his life record to find the secret of his success they will find that those have been the salient features in his career.

ASA C. DOUGLASS.

There is much in the history of Asa C. Douglass that is worthy of emulation, for his has been an active and useful life and honorable principles have characterized his relations with his fellow men. He is num- bered among the early settlers of Reading township and has been an active factor in promoting the best interests of his section of the county.

Mr. Douglass is a native of Wisconsin, his birth having occurred in Baraboo, Octo- ber 18, 1847, his parents being Elisha D. and Mary J. (Kerr) Douglass. Both were natives of the Empire state and in 1847 they removed to Wisconsin and became early settlers of that locality. He purchased land from the government and at once began the development of the farm upon which he re- sided until about 1887, when he removed to Florida. At the time of the Civil war his brave and loyal spirit was manifested by active service, for during two years he was a member of Company I. of the Sixteenth

3"

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Wisconsin Infantry. Throughout his busi- ness career he carried on agricultural pur- suits and was a most industrious and ener- getic man. In politics he was a Republican and held a number of township offices. He died at the age of seventy-six years, and his wife passed away when but forty-five years of age. They were the parents of five sons and five daughters, and of this number seven are yet living: Philena L., Malvina, Char- lotte. Emma. Alice, Asa C. and Frank D. Those who have passed away are George W., Elisha D. and John D„ the first named having been killed in the battle of Antietam in the Civil war.

Asa C. Douglass spent the days of his boyhood and youth in the usual manner of farmer lads of that period. He enjoyed the pleasures of the play-grounds, pursued his education in the district schools and worked in the fields through the summer months. Remaining at home until twenty-one years of age. he then started out in life on his own account and began learning the carpenter's trade, while subsequently he engaged in farming. The first money he ever earned, however, was by working in the hop yards of Wisconsin. The first land which he ever owned was a tract of forty acres in Vernon county, Wisconsin, upon which he remained for seven years.

In October, 1872, Mr. Douglass was united in marriage to Miss Myrtie Hall, who was born in Fort Atkinson. Wisconsin, Au- gust 26, 1850, and is the daughter of John M. and Susanna ( Purdy) Hall, the former a native of Vermont and the latter of Penn- sylvania. Her father was a farmer by oc- cupation and spent his days in Wisconsin, passing away in Vernon county at the age of seventy-three years, while his wife died

at the age of sixty-nine. In his family were five children: Silas, Lucius, Eliza, Mrs. Douglass and Emma.

It was in 1880 that Asa C. Douglass came to Calhoun county, Iowa. He pur- chased a tract of raw land of eighty acres in Reading township, and as his financial re- sources increased he added to this until he owned four hundred acres, which he has now sold. For many years, however, he made his home upon that farm and success- fully carried on stock-raising. He kept as high as one hundred head of stock and fed as high as four carloads each year. Mr. Douglass resided upon his farm until March, 1 90 1, when he took up his abode in Farn- hamville, where he is now living retired, en- joying the fruits of his former toil. He has, however, purchased land in Canyon county, in Payette valley, Idaho, and also prop- erty in the village of Payette and expects soon to remove to that state, which may well be called the Gem of the Mountains.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Douglass have been born six children : Clara, Bertha, George, Howard, Florence and Leon. In his polit- ical views Mr. Douglass has always been a Republican, and although he has never sought office he has always been active in promoting every movement that he believed would result to the benefit of his party. His has been an active life, in which untiring diligence has enabled him to conquer all difficulties and obstacles in his path, and work his way to success. He had no special advantage along educational lines or in busi- ness, but with determined purpose he has made the most of his opportunities, and to- day stands among those whose enterprise and consecutive labor have brought to them prosperity.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

3i9

CLARK RICHARDSON.

Clark Richardson, who is now doing a successful business as a dealer in coal, feed and tile at Knierim, Iowa, and is also en- gaged in farming in Greenfield township, was bom on the 12th of February, 1858, in Hamilton. Ontario, Canada, and is a son of J. W. and Isabel (Ackerly) Richardson, both natives of England, the former born on Good Friday, in April, 1830, the latter November 10, 1831. Their home was in the northern part of that country and there they were married. About 1853 tne father emigrated to America and first settled in Michigan, being in the employ of the Mich- igan Central Railroad for a few years. He then returned to England for his wife and two children, who had remained in that country, and in March. 1857, brought them to the new world. The family spent a few months in Hamilton, Ontario, though Air. Richardson made his headcpiarters at De- troit, Michigan, being still in the employ of the Michigan Central Railroad. They next made their home at Torch La'ke in northern Michigan, where he bought a tract of timber land, residing there one year. In 1859 they tero n ed to Chicago, and left that city on the 6th of November, i860, the day Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States for the first time. Since then the fa- ther has made his home in Aurora, Illinois, where for several years he was in the em- ploy of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and has since engaged in contract- ing and building. In his family were seven children, namely : John \Y., now a farmer of Ottertail county, Minnesota; Thomas \\\, who was killed on the railroad in 1877 when twenty-five years of age; Clark, of this review; Jeremiah, who died in 1863 2t the

age of eleven months and twenty-three days ; Frank, who died at the age of thirty-six years; Beeby E., a resident of Geneva, Illi- nois, and the present deputy sheriff of Kane county; and Henry E., who died in 1869, aged two years, four months and twenty- seven days.

The subject of this sketch was principally reared and educated in Aurora. Illinois, pur- suing his studies in the public schools of that city. He also attended school in Wright county. Iowa, for one winter. At the age of fourteen years he began earning his own livelihood and worked at various occupations in Iowa and Illinois. For a time he was employed on a farm, and later worked at the carpenter's trade in the coach department of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad for five years, previous to which time he was employed in wood ma- chine works. In 188 r Mr. Richardson bought the west half of the northeast quar- ter of section 9, Greenfield township, Cal- houn county. Iowa, now within the corporate limits of Knierim, and on leaving the rail- road company commenced farming upon this tract. It was a wild and barren piece of land when it came into his possession, but he has since broken it and placed it under a high state of cultivation. He has erected a good set of farm buildings thereon, planted a large grove, and made many other im- provements, so that he now has one of the most desirable farms of its size in his sec- tion of the county. In connection with the operation of his land Mr. Richardson is now engaged in the coal, feed and tile business in Knierim, being the first to handle coal in that town, and he now enjoys a good trade, which is constantly increasing.

At the home of the bride in DeKalb county, Illinois, Mr. Richardson was mar-

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

ried, December 29, 1880, to Miss Mary Jane Wright, who was born December II, 1859, and is the second in order of birth in a family of seven children, her parents be- ing George and Elizabeth (Scott) Wright. By this union have been born three children, namely : Cora E., the oldest, was born No- vember 23, 1882, and was married at the home of her parents April 16, 1902, to Clyde C. Cooper, the son of Walter J. and Maria E. Cooper, of Greenfield township. Elmer L., born July 21, 1884, now assists his father in the operation of the home farm during the summer and attends school through the winter months. Henry R., the youngest, was born on the 1st of May, 1893, at the hour when President Cleveland touched the button at the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Mr. Richardson and his family are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is now a trustee, and he also be- longs to the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows and the Modern Woodmen of America, being secretary and clerk of his camp in the latter fraternity. Politically he is identified with the Republican party, and as a public- spirited and progressive citizen he takes a deep interest in those enterprises calculated to advance the moral, social and material welfare of his town and countv.

FREDERICK B. RAMIGE.

The subject of this personal narative is one of the most enterprising and prosperous farmers within the borders of Lake Creek township. He has made his special field of industry an eminent success, and is high- ly esteemed and respected by all with whom

he is brought in contact either in business or social life.

Mr. Ramige was born in Tazewell coun- ty, Illinois, December 29, 1848, and is a son of George and Barbara (Eyer) Ramige, both of whom were natives of Germany, the former born October 26, 1810, the latter February 24, 1813. The father was eight- een years of age when he came to this coun- try, and for about twenty years he made his home in New York state, removing thence to Tazewell county, Illinois, in 1849. His last years, however, were spent in Calhoun county, Iowa, where he died in 1892. at the age of eighty-two years. His early life was devoted to the ministry, in connection with the Evangelical Association, but later he fol- lowed farming in connection with local preaching. His wife also passed away in this county in 1891, at the age of seventy- eight years. They were the parents of ten children, seven of whom reached man and womanhood, namely : Christina, who mar- ried Solomon La Rosh and is now deceased; Mrs. Mary Iwig, a resident of Minnesota; George, of Woodford county, Illinois; Henry, of Lake Creek township, Calhoun county. Iowa; William, of Ontario, Cali- fornia; Fred B., of this review; and Emma, of Minnesota.

Frederick B. Ramige spent his boyhood and youth in Illinois, and acquired his early education in the public schools of his native county. He also attended college at Naper- ville, Illinois, and took a course at a business college in Peoria. He taught school for sev- eral years during the winter months, while the summer season was devoted to agricult- ural pursuits. In the spring of 1875 he and his brother William came to Calhoun coun- ty, Iowa, from Illinois, where their father had purchased six hundred acres of land.

F. B. RAMKtE.

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MRS. F. B. RAMIGE.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

325

They settled in Lake Creek township, and together they engaged in farming for five years, at the end of which time they were joined by their brother Henry. The three now own over nine hundred acres of land in Lake Creek township. Our subject has two hundred acres where he now resides and one hundred and forty acres in another farm, and has made many useful and valuable im- provements upon these places. Each year he plants from fifty to sixty acres in corn and about the same amount in small grain, leav- ing the remainder for pasture and meadow land. He keeps from forty to sixty head of cattle, his specialty being short-horns.

On the 30th of March. 1876, Mr. Ramige led to the marriage altar Miss Elizabeth Fischer, also a native of Illinois, born on the nth of October, 1S56, and a daughter of John and .Margaret Fischer. Her father, who was a fanner 1>\ occupation, died in that state, and her mother spent her last days at the home of our subject. Mr. and Mrs. Ramige have three children, namely: William F., Bertha R. and Laura I.

Politically Mr. Ramige is a stanch sup- porter of the Republican party and its prin- ciples, and as one of the representative and prominent men of his community he has been called upon to fill various official posi- tions of honor and trust. He has served as' trustee and secretary of the school board and township clerk, and was also county su- pervisor for two terms, from 1893 until I899. In all the relations of life he has been found true to every trust reposed in him, and well merits the confidence and re- spect so freely accorded him. He is an active member of the United Evangelical church in his township, and is a trustee of the same. He belongs to an old and hon- ored family of this community that has long

been identified with the growth and devel- opment of the county, and is deserving of prominent mention in its history.

H. A. LOVE.

H. A. Love is now living a retired life in Manson. He was formerly connected with agricultural interests in Calhoun coun- ty, ami the years brought to him success as the reward of his earnest labor and inde- fatigable effort. He claims Wisconsin as the state of his nativity, his birth having there occurred on the 10th of November, 1849. His parents, Horace and Gracia (Ashton) Love, were natives of Xew York, but were married in Wisconsin and there the father engaged in conducting- a hotel. In the year 1866 he brought his family to Iowa, locating in Marshall county, where he pur- chased land on what is called Green Moun- tain. In 1872, however, he sold that prop- erty and removed to Center township, Cal- houn county, where he purchased a quarter- section of raw prairie on which not a furrow had been turned or an improvement made. He built upon his farm good fences and with oxen and horse teams broke his land, prepar- ing it for cultivation. From that time on- ward until his death, his attention and en- ergies were given to agricultural pursuits. He passed away in October, 1880, but his widow is still living, making her home with Mrs. Churchill in Mills county. Iowa. In 1875 the father served as supervisor for his township and held other local offices, dis- charging his duties with promptness and fidelity. In his political views he was a Re- publican, and for many years he was a worthy and exemplary member of the Odd

326

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Fellows society. In the family were six children, namely : Adelaide, the wife of James Churchill, of Malvern, Mills coun- ty, Iowa; H. A., of this review; James, who married Emma Strobby and resides in Woodbine, Iowa ; Charles, who married Carrie Hamblin. and is engaged in the prac- tice of medicine in Beatrice, Nebraska ; Jen- nie, the wife of Robert Fowler, of Sioux City, Iowa; and Donald J., who married Julia Larrabee, a daughter of ex-Governor Larrabee, who now resides in Lincoln asd is one of the most prominent jurists of that locality, serving at the present time as judge of his district.

In the public schools of Janesville, Wis- consin. H. A. Love pursued his education, but at the age of fourteen he put aside his text-books in order to give his entire atten- tion to the work of the home farm, with which he was actively connected until twenty years of age, having in the meantime accom- panied his parents to Iowa. He then re- turned to Wisconsin, working with his uncle in the manufacture of corn planters, but in 1872 he once more returned to this state, taking up his abode in Calhoun county, where he purchased a quarter-section of wild land, for it was in its primitive condi- tion. This he fenced and cultivated and in the course of time his determined efforts had transformed the place into a valuable property.

On the 1 6th of August, 1876, in Fort Dodge, Iowa. Air. Love was united in mar- riage to Miss Anna Sullivan, who was horn in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 15, 11854, her parents being Eugene and Marie (Alworth) Sullivan, both of whom were natives of county Kerry, Ireland. Their marriage was celebrated on the Emerald Isle, and there the father engaged in farm-

ing until about 1850, when with his family he crossed the broad Atlantic to the new- world. He died and was buried in Phila- delphia in 1859. In 1 86 1 his widow became the wife of Daniel McCarthy, who was a native of the Green Isle of Erin and died in. 1895. Mrs. McCarthy is now living in Washington, D. C. By her first marriage she had three children: Anna, the wife of our subject ; Timothy, who died at the age of forty-three years; and Eugene, who died in infancy, By the second marriage the mother of Mrs. Love had one child, Jerald,. who died in infancy. Six children have been born unto our subject and his wife- Charles was born May 27, 1877, and died on the 26th of January, 1879. Francis L.,. who was born January 1, 1879, is a grad- uate of Chicago University. At the out- break of the Spanish-American war he en- listed on the 3d of July, 1898, becoming a member of Company C, Fifty-second Iowa Infantry, and later he was transferred to the Fifty-second Iowa Band. With his command he went to Chickamauga, where,. after serving for about two months, he was taken ill with typhoid fever, and then sent to his home. For some time he suffered from the fever, but ultimately recovered his health. Prior to his enlistment he engaged in teaching school, and now he is studying, medicine, expecting to make its practice his life work. Dorance T.. the third member of the family, was born April 21, 1882, and' is now a student of the dental department of the State University in Iowa City. Evan- geline, born June 27. 1884, is a graduate of the class of 1902 in the Manson high school. The next member of the family died in in- fancy. Horace, who is the youngest, was born October 18, 1889, and is now a student in the Manson schools.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

327

After his marriage Mr. Love became a resident of Mills county. Iowa, where he re- mained until November following, when he returned to Calhoun county. Here be pur- chased eighty acres of land in Center town- ship and afterward added to it until he now owns a quarter-section. In 1887. however, he retired from active farming life and re- moved to Manson, wbere be purchased good city property and built a modern residence. There be engaged in general merchandising as a member of the firm of Sullivan & Love, but in 1897 he sold his interest in the busi- ness and is now living retired. His polit- ical support is given the Republican party, and socially he is connected with Morning Light Lodge, F. & A. M. Drawing the lessons which we do from the life of Mr. Love, we learn that the qualifications neces- sary for success are a high ambition and a resolute, honorable purpose to reach the ex- alted standard which has been set up. From an early date he has been dependent upon his own resources and has won the proud American title of a self-made man.

ABRAHAM L. RISELY.

Abraham L. Risely is capably filling the position of county sheriff of Calhoun coun- ty. He is a courteous gentleman, of ster- ling worth and well does be merit the official honor that has been conferred upon him. He is a representative of an old New Eng- land family. His ancestry can be traced back to Connecticut, where at an early epoch in American history lived members of the Risely family. Andrew Risely, born in 1732, died in 1813, while his wife. Alary, who was born in 1 73 1 , passed away in

181 1. They made their home in Woodstock, Ulster county, New York, and when called to the home beyond their remains were in- terred in the cemetery there. They had three children : Wilhelmus, Christopher and Christian. The first named was the progenitor of the family now- residing in eastern New York and also of the repre- sentatives of the name who emigrated to the west. His birth occurred in 1764 and his death in 181 1, while his wife, who 'was born in 1770, died in 1820. Their five children were : William, Cornelius, Andrew, Jere- miah and Polly, all of whom reached mature years and reared families of their own. William married Abigail Markle, of Wood- stock, Ulster county, New York, and after- ward removed to Shandaken, in the same county. His children were also five in num- ber— J. Markle. William Edmund, Albert W., Jeremiah and Joseph. Of this num- ber the first named married Helen Grinard, of Woodstock, and removed to Independ- ence. Buchanan county. Iowa, where he is now living. His children are Annie, of Cedar Falls, Black Hawk county, Iowa; Nellie and Sarah, who are living in Inde- pendence, this state; Frank, of Grand Rap- ids. Michigan; and Zette, of Independence, Iowa. William Edmund, the second child of William Risely and Abigail Markle, re- moved to Iowa anil was married to Mary Begunn, at Independence, Iowa, by whom he had two children, William and Ellen. Albert W., the third child of William and Abigail Risely, was married to Margaret Bradstreet, of Shandaken, Ulster county, and in 1854 came to Iowa. In their family were six children : Abigail and Joseph, who are residents of Independence, Iowa ; Polly, Fremont, Abraham Lincoln and Albert Ed- mund, all of whom reside in Rockwell City.

328

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Calhoun county. Jeremiah, the fourth child of William Risely. married Susan Hayes, of Fleischmans, Delaware county, New York, and their home is now in Shandaken, Ulster county. Joseph, the fifth child of William Risely. married Hannah Bradstreet, of Shandaken, Xew York, and their home is now in Allaben, New York. Their seven children are: William, Edmund, Arthur, George B. McClelland, Margaret. Jennie M. and Joseph H.

Cornelius Risely. who was the second child of Wilhelmus Risley, resided at Wood- stock. New York, and married Jane Eltinge, of that place. They had nine children! Washington, Egbert, Aaron, Maria, Rebec- ca, James. Andrew. William and Levi ; the last four deceased. The first named, Wash- ington, married Kate Nash and resides at Woodstock, New York. Egbert, the second child of Cornelius, married Kate Xehr, and they have two children— Wilson, who is liv- ing in Mount Pleasant, New York, and Herbert, in Woodstock, of that state. Aaron, the third child of Cornelius Risely, married Annie Xehr. and is living in Woodstock. They had four children : Cornelius, Lizzie, Harry and Frank, and the last named is de- ceased. Maria, the fourth child of Cor- nelius Risley. became the wife of the Rev. Cornelius I. Blauvelt, of Newark, New York. He is now deceased and his widow is residing in Kingston, Ulster county. They had four children : Jennie, who has passed away; Arthur Cornelius; Lizzie Ann; and Irving Garrett. The living children are resi- dents of Kingston. Rebecca, the fifth child of Cornelius Risely, married Abram Van Etten, and with their two children, Wvcoff and Addie, they are living in Woodstock, New York. James, who was the sixth child of Cornelius Risely, married Christina

Lasher, and is now deceased, but his widow is living in Woodstock, Xew York. They had six children : Charles ; Josephine, de- ceased ; Mary; Ophelia; Libby and George. Andrew, now deceased, the seventh child of Cornelius Risely, married Margaret Britt, who is living in Woodstock with their one child. Gulick. William, also deceased, the eighth child of Cornelius Riselv, married Elizabeth Bostick, who resides in Kingston. Levi, the ninth member of this family, died in infancy.

Andrew Risely, the third child of Wil- helmus Risely, married L. Benscoter, of Woodstock, New York, and their children were Peter and Maria. The former married a Miss Longyear. and they had two children, John and Ferris, but both are deceased.

Jeremiah Risely, the fourth child of Wil- helmus Risely. married Ellen Sims, and both have passed away. They had five chil- dren: Cornelius; Levi, of Pennsylvania;

Mark C, of W Istock; fames and Henry,

both deceased. Of these. Cornelius married Lydia Houston and they had two children, Charles and Fred S.. who are living with them in Kingston. Mark C, the third mem- ber of this family, resides at Woodstock, Xew York, and has one child, Irving! Henry, who was the fifth of the family, had two children. Walter and Minnie, who are residing in Kingston, Xew York.

Polly, who was the fifth child of Wil- helmus Risely. married Levi Xewkirk, of Woodstock, and they had a daughter, Kath- enne Ann, who became the wife of Peter Lewis Herder, of Woodstock, and their chil- dren were Levi and Elliot. The former has three children. Edward, Hattie and Lerov, while Elliot has one child, Louis.

The members of the Risely family have usually followed agricultural pursuits. They

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

329

have been sober, industrious people, who have lived upright) moral lives in accord with the teachings of Christianity, and of recent years reunions of the members of the Risely family have been held and are very pleasant gatherings, calling together a large concourse of people.

Abraham L. Risely, whose name intro- duces this record, was born and reared in the Empire State and in the spring" of 1882 came to Calhoun county. In the previous year he had purchased one hundred and twe.ity acres of land in Twin Lakes town- ship and this he began to improve, making it a valuable tract of land by reason of the care and cultivation which he bestowed upon it.

In [881 Mr. Risely was united in mar- riage to Miss Emma B. Hurt, and their union has been blessed with five children, but Daisy O., the fourth in the order of birth, is now deceased. The others are: Maude B., Xettie G., Bessie L. and Mar- garet B. The family now reside in Rock- well City. In 1900 Mr. Risely sold his land and removed to the county seat, having been elected to the position of county sheriff for a term of two years. He filled that office so capably that he was then re-elected and is now serving his second term.

LEWIS D. WILSON.

Lewis D. Wilson is one of the worthy citizen^ that Sweden has furnished to Iowa. He was born February in. [836, and his parents are Daniel and Melina (Pearson) Wilson, who were also natives of Sweden, in which land they spent their entire lives. The father was a farmer by occupation and followed that pursuit in providing for his family. Lewis ] ). Wilson was reared and

educated in his native country. He there entered upon his business career as a farmer,, but believing that he might have better op- portunities in the new world, he resolved to seek a home in America, and in 1868. crossed the Atlantic. Making his way west- ward, he took up his abode in Knox coun- ty, Illinois, and subsequently resided in Whiteside county. As he had no capital to aid him or give him a start, he worked out by the day or month as a farm hand and was thus employed for two years. On the expiration of that period he began farming on his own account upon a tract of rented laud, and when, through his industry and economy, he had acquired some capital he purchased a farm of eighty acres in White- side county, continuing its cultivation and improvement until 1881, when he sought a home in Iowa. It was in that year that he located upon the farm where he now lives. Here he has made an excellent home and has built upon his land substantial buildings and all modern improvements. His first pur- chase comprised one hundred and sixty acres, to which he has added until his pos- sessions now aggregate four hundred and feirty acres. With the aid of his sons he cultivates his farm, and has one hundred and twenty-five acres planted with com, one hundred and forty acres with small grain and fifty acres in pasture and meadow land, reaping from the latter good hay harvests. He keeps on hand from sixty to seventy head of short-horn cattle and at the head of his herd he has a full-blooded short-horn bull. He also raises horses, having from ten to twelve head. He is now feeding cattle quite extensively and is also engaged in rais- in-- hogs. As a dealer in stock he is meet- ing with good success and his general farm- ing is also profitable.

330

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Mr. Wilson was married, in i860, to Pamelia Pearson, who was born in Sweden in 1840. To him she was a faithful com- panion and helpmate on life's journey for almost forty-one years, and her death, which occurred February 16, 1901, was deeply mourned not only by her husband and fam- ily, but also by many friends. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Wilson were born eight children, namely: Mary, Nels, Swan, Emma, Ed- ward, Frederick, Lydia and Frank.

The Republican party receives tbe po- litical support of Mr. Wilson, and he has ■served as township trustee, a position which he filled for six years and then resigned. He was also township assessor for four years and is now road supervisor. His of- ficial duties have ever been discharged with marked promptness and fidelity. He be- longs to the Lutheran church and co-operates in all movements for the general good along intellectual and moral as well as material lines. He is distinctively a self-made man, and the success which has crowned his ef- forts is the merited reward of earnest and honest labor.

WILLIAM H. DAVIDSON.

Thirty-five years have passed since Will- iam H. Davidson came to Calhoun county to cast in his lot with its pioneers. People of the present period can scarcely realize the struggles and dangers which attended the ■early settlers, the heroism and self-sacrifice of lives passed upon the borders of civiliza- tion, the hardships endured, the difficulties overcome. These tales of the early days read almost like a romance to those who have known only the modern prosperity and

conveniences. To the pioneer of the early days, far removed from the privileges and conveniences of city or town, the struggle for existence was a stern and hard one, and these men and women must have possessed indomitable energies and sterling worth of character, as well as marked- physical cour- age, when they thus voluntarily selected such a life and successfully fought its bat- tles under such circumstances as prevailed in the northwest. William H. Davidson is a retired farmer residing in Manson, Cal- houn county. He was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, July 16, 1833, and is a son of David M. and Elizabeth (Wetzell) Davidson. His father was a native of Vir- ginia and his mother of Cumberland coun- ty, Pennsylvania, and in the latter state they were married. In 1847 they emigrated westward, settling in West Jersey, Illinois. The father was a tanner by trade and he served his country in the Mexican war, par- ticipating in all the famous battles under Generals Scott and Cameron. He died in Missouri, February 3, 1866, and his wife passed away January 27, 1863. I'1 their family were three sons, the eldest being William H., of this review. Alexander married Hadessa Shannon, but both are now deceased. Milliner P. married Miss Laura Lyons and after her death wedded Carrie Turner, with whom he is now living in Ex- celsior, Minnesota.

William H. Davidson pursued his early education in a private school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and later attended the Pres- byterian Seminary. At the age of fourteen he put aside his text-books and accompanied his parents on their removal to Illinois, after which he spent three years upon a farm. He then went to Peoria, where he learned the cabinetmaker's trade, which he followed for

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

33'

five years and then returned to the farm. In the meantime he had purchased a tract of land, and this he operated until January 31, 1856.

Mr. Davidson was married in West Jer- sev, Stark county, Illinois, to Miss Rachel Jane Hazen, a relative of Judge Hazen and a native of Hackettstown, Warren county, New Jersey. She was torn January 31, 1838, her parents being Jacob and Jane (Mitchell) Hazen, who were also natives of Warren county, where they were reared and married. In 1839 they sought a home in the Mississippi valley, locating in Fulton county, but afterward Mr. Hazen invested in land in Stark county and made his home thereon until his life's labors were ended in death. He exercised his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Democratic party, and was a loyal member of the Methodist Episcopal church. He passed away in 1847 ancl ^'1S w'Ie cne<^ m 1868. This worthy couple were the par- ents of six children: George married Mar- guerita Pratt, now deceased, and resides in Stark county, Illinois. John B. married Eliza Anthony and is a resident of Toulon, Illinois. Sedgwick married Isabelle Barr and resides in Galesburg, Illinois. Sarah, the wife of Samuel Shannon, is living in McLean, Nebraska. Rachel is the wife of orr subject. Jacob married Ada Hunt, but both have passed away.

After the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Davidson they resided upon his farm in Stark county, Illinois, until the Civil war was inaugurated, when, on the 6th of June. 1862, he enlisted in Chicago as a member of Company H, Sixty-ninth Illinois Infantry. There he was mustered in and acted on guard duty for three months, being dis- charged on the 6th of December of the

same year. Xot content, however, to render such a short service to his country, he re- enlisted at Chicago on the 23d of August, 1863, as a member of Company H, Fifty- seventh Illinois Infantry, and went to Springfield, where he was assigned to de- tached service. In December following he was ordered back to his regiment and sent to Nashville, where he received an order from Secretary Stanton to report at New York. There he met General John A. Lo- gan, "the black eagle," and went with him to Port Royal island, proceeding thence to Savannah, while later he accompanied Gen- eral Slocum to Sister's Ferry, Georgia, con- tinuing with this command until they reached Branchville, South Carolina. W'hile engaged in building breastworks at Whipple Swamp in front of the place where the en- emy was stationed he was wounded and taken to the field hosptital, where he re- mained for some time. The surgeon in charge did not want him to return to the service until his wound had healed, but he stole away and after walking for a mile he rode from Fayetteville, North Carolina, to Manchester, Virginia, a distance of one hun- dred miles. There he joined his command and then went to Alexander and later to Washington, where he took part in the grand review under General Sherman, the most celebrated military pageant ever seen on the western continent. Later he pro- ceeded to Parkersburg and on to Louisville, Kentucky, where he was honorably dis- charged, June 27, 1865. Returning to Chi- cago, he was there mustered out, but for some time was under treatment in the hos- pital on account of the wounds he had sus- tained.

Returning home, Air. Davidson resumed the work of the farm and devoted his atten-

332

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

tion to agricultural pursuits in Stark coun- ty. Illinois, until 1867, when he came with his family to Iowa, securing a homestead claim on section 34, Lincoln township, Cal- houn county. This was his place of resi- dence until February, 190 1, when he re- moved to Manson, where he has since lived retired. His first purchase consisted of one hundred and sixty acres of raw prairie land, but with characteristic energy he developed this, transforming it into a richly cultivated tract, and as his financial resources increased he added to it until he now owns four hun- dred and forty-six acres of valuable land, on which his sons reside. Pioneer conditions existed during the early years of his resi- dence here. The Indians would come every year and camp in this locality, but they were quite friendly. Wild game was to be had in abundance, especially elk, and the hunter had amply opportunity to indulge his love of the chase. Fort Dodge was then but a trading post, and Boone was the nearest railroad center. Mr. Davidson aided in re- claiming the wild land for purposes of civ- ilization, and his work in other directions proved of great value in advancing civiliza- tion and in promi ting public progress and improvement. He was the contractor and builder of the first county courthouse in Rockwell City in 1X77. He has erected a great many public buildings and residences throughout the county, including at least two-thirds of the schoolhouses. He built the first schoolhouse in the northern part of the county, and has ever been active and earnest in support of all movements, not only for the material development of this portion of the state, but for its advancement along all lines that have contributed to the general good. He has devoted considerable attention to the nursery business, and has

two very fine orchards upon his farm. Both he and his brother, who lives in this lo- cality, were cabinetmakers and manufactured many of the coffins that were used in am early day in this county. He is a director of the Calhoun County Fire, Lightning & Tornado Insurance Company, but is prac- tically living retired in the enjoyment of a well earned rest.

The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Davidson has been blessed with six children : Eliza- beth, the wife of William Spitzer, of Lamar county, Colorado, who owns a large cattle and horse ranch there, and by whom she has four children, Ray C, George, Keith D. and Albert D. ; Emma, who became the wife of Edward J. Stephenson, a resident of Lin- coln township, and by whom she has one daughter, Sara; U. Grant, who married Louie Bliss, by whom he has two children, Reed and Rachel, and who resides in Sher- man township ; J. Verner, who resides on the old homestead farm in Lincoln township, and married Jennie Kinghorn. of Shakopee, Minnesota; Harry, who resides on section 36, Lincoln township, and who married Elizabeth Carrington, by whom he has one child, Thorold; and Roy A., residing in Cas'tle Rock, Douglass county, Colorado, who married Ida B. Snell, of Missouri. He and his wife are both engaged in teaching school, he being principal of the public school, and was defeated by only twenty- seven votes in the election for county super- intendent of schools on the Republican ticket in a Democratic county.

In his political views William H. David- son is a stanch Democrat, believing firmly in the party, yet always refusing to accept office, for he does not seek political prefer- ment as a reward for party fealty. He be- longs to Morning Light Lodge, No. 313,

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD."

333

F. & A. M.. is also a Royal Arch Mason and a member of the order of the Eastern Star, his identification with the craft cover- ing a quarter of a century. For many years he served as tylef of his lodge and at all times he has been true to the teachings of the fraternity which is based upon brotherly kindness and mutual helpfulness. He is also a member of Manson Lodge, No. 113, G. A. R. His wife belongs to the Women's Relief Corps and is likewise a member of the order of the Eastern Star, serving as chap~ lain of the chapter here. Mr. Davidson has attended many of the national encampments of the Grand Army of the Republic and also the grand lodge of Masons. His wife is a member of the Congregational church and to its support he has contributed liberally. He has written a complete history of Lincoln township, covering a period from 1867 to the present time, and expects to publish this in January, 1903. His own life record forms an integral part of the history of Cal- houn county, for in many lines of progress his labors have been of great benefit and his worth is widely acknowledged. He is an honored citizen, and his upright career has Commended him to the good will and con- fidence of all, and no record of Calhoun county would be complete without mention of William H. Davidson.

FAY S PERRY,

It is with pleasure that the historian pre- sents to the readers of this volume the life record of Fay Sper-ry, for few young men of his years have attained to a more creditable position in financial circles. He is certainly one of the youngest bank owners in the state, but his ability does not seem to be limited by his years. ■ Throughout his business experi-

ence he has .been identified with banking; and his knowledge thereof is comprehensive and accurate. The institution which he has established and is now conducting has al- ready won a creditable place, enjoying is marked degree the confidence and support of the public.

Fay Sperry was born in Bryan, Ohio, April 8, 1879, arid is a son of Charles T.and Emma (Garver) Sperry. The father was a native of Connecticut, while the mother of our subject was born in the Buckeye state. Charles Sperry ■ is now located in Des Moines; Iowa, where he is engaged in the wholesale grocery business and is accounted one- of the leading men of this city, actively- associated with its commercial interests. He- has, there resided for a number of years and is among the successful and well known mer- chants of that place.

Mr. Sperry of this review was reared in Des Moines, obtaining his elementary ed- ucation in the public schools. He also com- pleted the high school course in Des Moines and then entered Drake University of that state. His excellent educational privileges well fitted him for assuming responsible duties in business life, and on putting aside his text-books he entered upon his business career in the position of remittance clerk in the Des Moines National Bank in 1898. He remained in that institution for two years, being from time to time promoted as he mas- tered the duties assigned to him and gave evidence of his excellent business ability. On leaving Des Moines he came to Somers,. Calhoun county"," where, Tri connection with A. R. Daughenbaugh, he established the Somers Security Bank in 1901." They carry on a general banking business, also deal in real estate, making loans on farm, property and represent a number of reliable insur-

334

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

ance companies. In 1901 they erected the present hank building, which is well fitted up with fine equipments and furnishings and has one of the latest improved time safes. In fact everything about the bank is such as is found in a first-class institution and from the establishment of the enterprise the busi- ness has continuously increased, owing to the conservative methods and well known reliability of the gentlemen who are at its liead.

On the 5th of June, 1900, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Sperry and Miss Nellie Daughenbaugh, and unto them has been born one son, Donald D. They have a very pleasant home which their hospitality ren- ders a favorite resort with their many •friends. Mr. Sperry is now serving as jus- tice of the peace and notary public and in -his political views is a stalwart Republican, •doing all in his power to promote the growth and insure success to his party. In his re- ligious faith he is a Congregationalism Pleasant and genial in manner and social in /disposition, he has become very popular and has won a host of warm friends in and around Somers. A young man — he has but slightly passed maturity, but has given evi- dence of the possession of marked business ability in executive affairs. He is possessed ■of a laudable ambition and the enterprising spirit which is so typical of the west. With these qualities to serve as a foundation of success there is no doubt but that he will gain a very prominent position in financial •circles.

J. E. WILLIAMS.

J. E. Williams was born in Wales, July 27, 1850, and is a son of Evan and Ann {Rich) Williams, both of whom were na-

tives of Wales. The father died in 1865, and with her son Robert the mother came to America in the spring o.f 1880, settling at Big Rock, Illinois, where she remained until called to her final rest in the year 1892. Four of her sons are yet living, namely : J. E., of this review; William, a resident of Wales; Robert, who is living in Manson; and Thomas, of Big Rock, Illinois.

J. E. Williams of this review was a young man of nineteen years when he deter- mined to make his home in the "land of the free." Crossing the Atlantic, the vessel in which he sailed dropped anchor in the har- bor of New York, and without pausing long in the eastern metropolis, Mr. Williams con- tinued his journey across, the country to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, but failing to find employment there he proceeded to Wau- kesha, where he arrived with only thirty- seven cents in his pocket. In that locality he was more fortunate in his search for work and became employed as a farm hand, fol- lowing that pursuit for eight years.

It was about this time that he sought a companion and helpmate for the journey of life and was married on the 4th of January, 1877, t0 Miss Janette Morris, who was born near Waukesha, March 18, 1857. Her par- ents, Hugh and Janette (Williams) Morris, were natives of Wales and were farming people, who located in Wisconsin in pioneer days. The father died upon his farm there in June, 1872, and the following year his widow became the wife of David Evans, of Oshkosh, Wisconsin. They remained in the Badger state until 1883, when they removed to Kane county, Illinois, settling at Big Rock, which was their place of abode until called to the home beyond, Mr. Evans pass- ing away in 1897 and his wife in 1898. Mrs. Williams has one brother and four sisters

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33S

still living, namely: David, who resides at Big Rock, Illinois; Mrs. Katherine Davis, of Bangor, Wisconsin; Mrs. Ellen Hughes, of Marshalltown, Iowa; Mrs. Sarah Ingram, of Big Rock, Illinois; and Mrs. Mary Harris, of Chicago.

After his marriage Mr. Williams took up his abode in Big Rock, Illinois, where he rented land and engaged in fanning for twelve years. In 1889 he removed to Cal- houn1 county, Iowa, and leased a section of land one mile north of Manson on which he lived for six years and then purchased the place. He made many excellent improve- ments and continued its operation until 1895, when he sold ahalf section to John Harper, retaining possession of the remainder until 1900, when he disposed of it. In 1901, he removed1 to Manson and purchased the hotel of H. H. Marsh, but after conducting it for one season he sold it to Mr. Brace. He is now living retired from active business cares but he owns one hundred acres of land near Waverly, Iowa, and a half section in Min- nesota.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Williams have been born three children: Chauncey W., who was born at Big Rock, Illinois, in 1878; Sarah Ellen, born July 15, 1883; and Mary Janette, born April 22, 1887. All are yet in school and still reside under the parental roof. Mr. Williams is an advocate of Re- publican principles, warmly espousing the cause of the party. He belongs to the Knights of Pythias fraternity and is also a member of the Congregational church. When we examine a life history to find the secret of success, we usually learn that pros- perity has been gained through persistent effort, close application and fitness for the work underftaken. It is so in the case of Mr. Williams, who without any especial pe- cuniary advantages in his youth has attained

to a creditable position among the substan- tial men of his adopted county. Honesty and integrity have ever characterized his business transactions; fidelity to duty has marked his citizenship and a conscientious understanding of all obligations has been manifested in his private life and in his re- lations with family and friends.

JOHN McCONEKY.

John McConeky is well known as a far- mer and stock-raiser of Lincoln township, his thorough understanding of his business, his laudable ambition and his industry en- abling him to carry forward his work in a manner resulting in the acquirement of a comfortable competence. He was born in De Kalb county, Illinois, May 15. 1855, and is a son of Aleck and Kate (McDonald) McConeky, both of whom were natives of Ireland. Emigrating to the new world the father became identified with agricultural pursuits: in Illinois but died in middle life, being killed in a tornado when the subject of this review was only about five years of age. The widow afterward became the wife of John Gibbons, also a native of Ireland, ami her death occurred March 16, 1890. Mr. McConeky of this review has one sister, Mrs. Mary Briggs, of Manson, Iowa, and has two half-sisters and three half-brothers, born of his mother's second marriage. These are Frank, Phillip and Willis Gib- bons, Mrs. Frank Harrington, and Mrs. James H. Polan.

The common schools of De Kalb county afforded to John McConeky his educational privileges, his attention being given to the duties of the schoolroom through the winter seasons when his aid was not needed in the

336

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

fields upon the home farm. He put aside his text-books at the age of seventeen and after thajt gave his entire attention to the work of plowing, planting and harvesting, Subsequently he rented land and began farming on his own account. Like most young men who start out in life for them- selves, he sought a companion and helpmate, and in Illinois was married, on the 31st of January, 1889, t©-Miss JVLary Marrin, who was born in De Kalb county, on the 17th of December, 1867, her parents being Domi- nick and Bridget ( Keleher) Marrin, both of whom were natives of Ireland, but their marriage was celebrated in Clinton, Iowa. Subsequently they became residents of Illi- nois and are still residing upon a farm in that state. Their children were Mrs. Mc- Coneky; Ellen, the wife of Mike O'Donald, of Illinois ; Mrs. Dan McCormick, of De Kalb county; Mrs. Will McCormick, of the same county; Alice, Catherine and Eliza, all at home. Unto Mr. and Mrs. McConeky have been born three children; Ellen, born December 8, 1891 ; Florence, born May 2, 1896; and Evelyn M., bom September 17, 1897.

Soon after his marriage Mr. McConeky came to Calhoun county, having previously purchased three hundred and twenty acres of land in Lincoln township. Upon this farm he has since made his home. Most of the land had been broken when he took up his abode there; but poor improvements had been made and with determined purpose and resolute will he set to work to transform his farm into a desirable property. He erected a commodious residence in 1900, it being one of the tasteful and attractive homes of the township. In July, 1901, he built a large barn and^ias other necessary outbuild- ings for the shelter of grain and stock.' He raises 'graded stock, having some fine

animals upon his place. In this branch of business he is very successful for he thor- oughly understands the best methods of car- ing for the cattle, hogs and sheep. He gives the closest attention to his business and his unfaltering determination has formed the foundation of his now desirable prosperity. In politics hie is a Democrat and in religious faith is a Catholic. His worth in all life's relations is widely recog- nized and his business career is one well worthy of emulation, for it proves what can be accomplished by energy and unflagging persevenance.

THOMAS P. GRIFFIN.

There is much in the history of Mr. Griffin to form an interesting life record. Upon the battlefields of the south he under- went all the experiences of war, marching to the drum beat, obeying the call of the com- mander and charging upon the enemy in defense of the Union cause. He has been a most active factor in the upbuild- ing of Somers, and the village in large meas- ure is indebted to him for his efforts in its behalf. He has recently completed the fin- est business block in the city and therein is conducting the Arlington Hotel, the public knowing him as a popular host, giving every attention possible to the comfort of his guests.

Mr. Griffin was born in New Comers- town, Ohio,, October 2, 1845, and is a son of Thomas Wesley and Mary (Wilson) Griffin, the former a native of Baltimore, Maryland,, and the latter of Washington county, Pennsylvania. The paternal grandfather, William Griffin, was a resident of Baltimore and became one of the successful business;'

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD

men of that city, where he spent many years, passing away at the very advanced age of ninety. The maternal grandfather of our subject was David Wilson, one of the heroes of the Revolution, who, with brave heart, responded to the call for colonial troops and fought for American liberty. He was long a resident of Pennsylvania, but his dealth occurred near Washington. Iowa, when he had attained an advanced age.

Thomas W. Griffin, the father of our subject, spent the greater part of his life in Ohio. He served a regular apprenticeship to the painter's trade, becoming an expert workman in that line and followed his chosen vocation for many years. He was very in- dustrious and his capability and enterprise won for him a very comfortable living. He died in Washington county, Ohio, at the age of eighty-three, having long survived his wife, who died at the age of forty-five years. They were the parents of five children, of whom four are yet living. ' Wilson, who re- sides in Washington county, Ohio; Charles A., a resident of the same locality; Mrs. El- vira Barnhart, who is living near Marietta, Ohio; and Thomas P. Mrs. Elizabeth Scott is the one who has passed away.

Thomas P. Griffin is a well-known resi- dent of Calhoun county and his business af- fairs have been of such a character that they have contributed not alone to his individual success, but have also promoted the general prosperity. He was reared to manhood in Monroe county, Ohio, and in the district schools obtained his education. When the spirit of war was abroad in the land and men from every avenue of life flocked to the standard of the Union, he, too, offered his services to the government, although only sixteen years of age, and became a member of the Fourth West Virginia Cavalry, which was assigned to duty in the army of the

Potomac under Generals Avernell, Mulligan and Kelly. It was on the 226. of July, 1862, that Mr. Griffin joined the army and while at the front he saw some very hard service, participating in the battles of Winchester, Spottsylvaniia, Morfield and Harper's Ferry. He was under fire almost every day for six months, fighting bushwhackers and gueril- las, and had some narrow escapes. He was also in the hospital for some time, and on the 14th of February. 1S64, received an hon- orable discharge, for his health was so great- ly impaired that he was no longer fit for duty.

Returning to Ohio Mr. Griffin followed various pursuits after regaining his health, and then learned the carpenter's trade to which he served a regular apprenticeship. He has since followed contracting and build- ing and has also engaged in agricultural pur- suits. His residence in Iowa dates from 1880. For a time he made his home in Han- cock county, this state, dealing in real estate, and while there was largely instrumental in the upbuilding of the village of Corinth. On leaving that locality he went to Des Moines, where for four years he was en- gaged in contracting and building. Subse- quently he became the owner of a farm in Guthrie county, Iowa, where he remained for three years, and on the expiration of that period removed to Boone, Iowa. Near the city he purchased a farm of one hundred and sixty acres and continued its cultivation until 1898. Removing to Calhoun county he took up his abode in Somers and his labors have since been of material benefit to the village along lines of substantial progress and im- provement. He has here erected a large three-story brick building, at a cost of fif- teen thousand dollars, it being one of the best business blocks in this section of the county. The first floor is divided into two

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

good storerooms each twenty-two by sixty feet. The hotel rooms are largely situated on the second floor and the third floor is a hall twenty-four by sixty feet. To his hos- telry Mr. Griffin has given the name of the Arlington Hotel, and he conducts a most ex- cellent house which deserves commendation in every department. It is tastefully fur- nished and the owner puts forth every effort to advance the comfort of his guests, being a most popular and highly esteemed host. He built a livery barn in Somers but has since sold it. He has also erected two dwell- ings here and his business affairs have ever been of marked benefit to the town.

Mr. Griffin has been twice married. In 1866 he was joined in wedlock to Miss Ma- tilda Cline. who died in 1867 and in 1868 he was again married, his second union be- ing with Louisa John, who was born in Mon- roe county, Ohio, and by whom he has eight children : George W., Ed. H., Lawrence R., Thomas R., Adda J., Ella, Laura and Grace. Mr. Griffin exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and meas- ures of the Republican party and is well in- formed on all the issues of the day. He has served as justice of the peace and in other local offices and while residing in Hancock county, filled the position of postmaster. He holds membership in J. G. Miller Post, No. 67, G. A. R., at Boonesboro, and is con- nected with the Modern Woodmen of Amer- ica and the Woodmen of the World. It is not difficult to determine what manner of man is Mr. Griffin for this has been shadow- ed forth between the lines of his life his- tory. It is certain that courage is one ele- ment of his nature, for when his country was in peril he bravely met all the hardships and rigors of war in order to protect the Union. He is enterprising and energetic, for without capital he entered upon his busi-

ness career depending entirely upon his own resources for what he has accomplished. He is also reliable and trustworthy, for he com- mands uniform respect. All these qualities combine to make him a citizen of value and worth and Somers has reason to be glad that he has identified his interests with hers.

E. F. RICHEY.

The prosperity of any community, town of city depends upon its commercial activity, its industrial interests and its trade relations and therefore the real upbuilders of a town are those who stand at the head of the lead- ing enterprises. Mr. Richey is engaged in general merchandising in Somers and is also postmaster of that place. He was born in Webster county, Iowa. August 28, 1856, and is the son of Jasper T. and Hattie (Lyons) Richey, the former a native of Ohio and the latter of Sweden. The father was a far- mer by occupation and emigrating westward, took up his abode in Webster county, Iowa, in 1849. He died at the early age of thirty- three years.

In the schools of Webster county Mr. Richey of this review acquired his education and at the age of sixteen he came to Cal- houn county. Entering upon his business career he was employed as a clerk and his first independent venture was in the line of a restaurant at Lohrville. Subsequently he became a traveling salesman and was upon the road for about five years. In 1899 he came to Somers. where he again embarked in business in his own account, opening a general ^tore which he has since conducted. He carries the largest stock in this place and has a nice line of goods from which to se- lect. His business methods are honorable and straightforward, and his earnest desire

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339

to please, coupled with thrift and energy, lu- secured to him a very liberal and grati- fying patronage. He is to-day the oldest business man in Somers, having established the first store here on the organization of the town.

In 1887 occurred the marriage of Mr. Richey to Miss Anna McClure, a daughter iif James McClure, of Lohrville, and they have two children : Floyd J. and Edwin F. Mr. Richey holds membership with the In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows and with the Modern Woodman Camp at Lohrville. In his political affiliations he is a stanch Republican and is serving as the present postmaster at Somers. having been appointed to the position in 1899. In his religious faith he is a Methodist and his life has ever been in consistent harmony with his profes- sions. In the field 0/ political life and com- mercial activity, he lias won distinction, and to-clav is numbered among the leading, in- fluential and honored citizens of Somers. A young man, he possesses the enterprising spirit of the west which has been the domi- nent factor in producing the wonderful de- velopment of this section of the country. Brooking no obstacles that honest effort can overcome, he has steadily worked his way upward until, having long since left the ranks -if the many, he to-day stands among the successful few.

JOHN F. D ALTON.

The value of the local newspapers in the upbuilding of the best interests of any com- munity is universally conceded. The rule is that good papers are found in good towns. inferior journals in towns of stunted growth and uncertain future. It is not so much a

matter of size as of excellence and of adapt- ability to the needs of the locality. These conditions given, in any appreciative and progressive community, the size of the paper will itake care of itself in a way naturally satisfactory to publishers and patrons. Mr. Dalton is a prominent factor in the journal- istic interests of western Iowa and the fact that the Manson Democrat, a Democratic paper, has the largest circulation of any ji >ur- nal in the Republican county of Calhoun is an indication of the superiority of the sheet and the ability of the editor as a representa- tive of the "art preservative of arts."

John Franklin Dalton is widely known as a most progressive and enterprising citi- zen and successful business man. He was born in Randall township. Kenosha county,. Wisconsin, October 22, 1870, and is the only living son of John Loftus and MargarertJ (Boyle) Dalton. who in childhood became residents of Kenosha county and there re- mained until May. 1875, when they removed to Calhoun county, Iowa, settling on a farm near Pomeroy. where they still reside. The father was born near Ballyhaunus. in Coun- ty Mayo, Ireland. May 10, 1841, and when twelve years of age came with his parents tii America, the family settling in Kenosha county, Wisconsin, on a farm on the south shore of Silver Lake, where his mother is now living, at the age of eighty-two years. At the time of the Civil war John Loftus Dalton joined the Union forces and served on the gunlx>at Ouichita in the river service. He married Margaret Boyle, who was born in Racine, Wisconsin, April 19, 1847. Her parents were natives of County Roscommon, Ireland, and were married soon after their, arrival in this country, Mrs. Dalton being their eldest child. Unto the parents of our subject were born four children : Joseph, who died in infancy; Alice Winnifred, the

34©

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD."

wife- of Thomas O'Boyle, of Clare, Iowa ; and Florence Teresa, the wife of Edward J. Masterson, of Manson, Iowa.

John F. Dalton, the youngest of the fam- ily, remained upon the home farm with his father until nearly twenty-two years of age. For four years he engaged in teaching school through the winter months' before leaving the farm to enter the newspaper business at Manson, where he became a half owner in the Democrat, in July, 1892. He was editor and manager of the paper until December 1, 1892, when he purchased the interest of his partner, T. B. Lemoin, and assumed •entire control of the business. . Since that time Mr. Dalton has conducted his paper and printing establishment alone and that it has been a success is evidenced by the fact that the paper has made money and friends in the face of all obstacles. It has the largest circulation of any journal published in Cal- houn county. The office is one of the best equipped country offices in Iowa and the fame of the excellent work here done has spread throughout the northwestern part of the state and even into Minnesota and the Dakotas. In addition to his publishing and printing business Mr. Dalton makes a specialty of art calendars and other printed advertising novelties and his business in this direction has become quite extensive. His newspaper is patronized by all classes and creeds on account of its fairness and fearless- ness. It is one of the solid business insti- tutions of Manson and one in which the cit- izens of Manson take considerable pride.

Mr. Dalton was married October 12, 1892, to Miss Lillian Ellen Ford, a daughter of \\ alter and Mary Ford, of Lizard town- ship, Pocahontas county, Iowa. Her par- ents were natives of County Galway, Ire- land, and her father was one of the first set- tlers of Lizard township. Air. and Mrs.

Dalton now have three daughters and a son: John Ford, Mary Florence, Lillian Margaret and Alice Rosalia,, aged respectively nine, seven, five and three years. Mrs. Dalton is a charming woman, accomplished and well educated and has a large circle of friends in the best society of the community. The family are all members of the Roman Catho- lic church. Although Mr. Dalton has been prominent in the Democratic politics of the county ever since his entry into the news-, paper field, he has no political aspirations, his ambition being to publish a good news- paper, make money and friends and provide a good home and thorough education for his family.

CARL CARLSON.

The prosperity and advancement of Iowa is based upon its great agricultural interests. It is one of the leading farming states of the Union and its products are sent into all parts of the United States. A worthy rep- resentative of the agricultural interests of Calhoun county is Carl Carlson, who resides on section 23, Elm Grove township, where he is successfully engaged in general farm- ing and stock raising, owning over two hun- dred and forty acres of land.

As his name indicates, Mr. Carlson is of Swedish birth and-first opened his eyes to the light of day in 1853. He acquired a good education in his native tongue', but is self-educated in the English language. He was married in Sweden in the fall of 1880 to Miss Kate Olson, also a native of that land, and together they started for the new world, the voyage across the Atlantic being their wedding journey. They landed safely at Castle Garden and afterward spent two

CARL CARLSON.

MRS. CARL CARLSON.

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343

years in the Empire state, but believing- that still better business opportunities might be gained in the west, where competition was not so great, they arrived in Iowa in 1882. Here Mr. Carlson purchased eighty acres of raw prairie land and in a little cabin home resided for three years. Later he purchased another tract of eighty acres, and has added to his farm until within its boundaries two hundred and forty acres are found, a greater part being under a high state of cultivation and yielding to the owner a rich tribute for his care and attention. He has long since re- placed his primitive home by a good sub- stantial residence, has also built large barns and granaries and put up cribs and a wind- mill. He has bought a corn-sheller and feed- grinder, and the latest improved machinery is found upon his place, thereby facilitating the work of the farm. He has planted fruit and shade trees and is engaged in the rais- ing of a high grade of stock, making a spe- cialty of Poland China hogs. Mr. and Mrs. Carlson had very little capital when they arrived in the new world, but their united efforts have led to the accumulation of a comfortable competence.

Unto this worthy couple have been born five children : Oscar, who assists in carry- ing on the home farm ; Mary, Julia, Arthur and Samuel, all of whom are yet under the parental roof. In his political views Mr. Carlson is a Republican, giving firm support to that party, from the principles of which he believes good government results. Both he and his wife were reared in the Lutheran faith, and are consistent members of that church. His residence in the county covers a period of twenty years, in which he has seen many changes. Towns and villages have sprung up and all of the business indus- tries and commercial pursuits known to the

oldr est have been introduced. The wild land has been made to bloom and blossom as a rose, and progress has been carried on at a rapid rate until Calhoun county now takes its place with the leading counties of this great commonwealth. Mr. and Mrs. Carlson are well known in their part Of the county, and he is held in high regard as a man of integrity and sterling" worth, while his estimable wife also shares in the high esteem accorded him.

JAMES VAX HORXE.

James Van Home was born in Monroe county, Xew York, in the town of Mendon-; October 6, 1837. and is descended from an- cestry long connected with the American colonies. The first authentic record which we have of the family is found in the his- tory of Xew York, stating that Jaques Van Home and Albert K. Burg formed the com- mittee of the board of trade on resolutions to colonize the Xetherlands and sent a re- port to the West India Company of Amster- dam, Holland. This document was dated June 26, 1634. The branch of the family to which our subject belongs can trace the line back to Cornelius Van Home, who was known by the title of Captain. He settled in Monmouth county, Xew Jersey, and mar- ried an English lady, Catherine Cox, who died after one year, leaving a son Thomas. He next married Elizal>eth Lawrence and they had three children, namely: Mathias, Catherine and Elizabeth. He afterward married Anna Seabrook and they had six children. At a later date he re- moved with his family to Hunterdon coun- ty, Xew Jersey, where he died February 12,

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

1744, at the age of forty-nine years. The first son of Captain Cornelius Van Home was Thomas, who was born in 1742, who became the father of eight children, his eld- est son being instrumental in organizing a company for service in the Revolutionary war, in which he became lieutenant. The representatives of the family were at all times prominent in the work of improvement and development in their respective local- ities.

The parents of our subject were Mathias and Abigail (Wattles) Van Home, both of whom were natives of New York. The father was a farmer by occupation and after residing for many years in the Empire state he removed to Oakland county, Michigan, where he resided for about five years. Dur- ing that time the mother died in 1846, after which the father with his children returned to the Empire state, settling in Otsego coun- ty, where he remained until his death, which occurred in 1863. He had five children, of whom three are still living, the sisters of our subject being Mrs. Sarah Stevenson, a resi- dent of Lincoln township, Calhoun county, and Mrs. Anna Maria Hopkins, a widow who is living in Michigan. One son of the family was killed in the Civil war.

During his early childhood James Van Home accompanied his parents to Michi- gan and then returned with his father to New York. He pursued his education in the district schools but his opportunities in that direction were somewhat limited. He worked on the farm through the summer months and early became familiar with all the labors that fall to the lot of the agricul- turists. At the age of twenty-one he left the Empire state for Illinois, locating in Knox county. There he was connected with farming for eight years and on the expira-

tion of that period came to Calhoun county, Iowa, in the year 1866. In the party with which he made the trip were Messrs. Starr, Brooks and Hakes. Mr. Van Home settled on the prairie, on the place where he now lives, securing a homestead claim of eighty acres. He assisted in the organization of Lincoln township and has ever been prom- inent in the work of upbuilding and devel- opment in this portion of the county. In order to build a home he hauled lumber from Boone and paid for it the high price of fifty dollars per thousand feet.

Several years after arriving in Calhoun county, Mr. Van Home was united in mar- riage, in November, 1870. to Miss Mary Jack, who was born in Pennsylvania, April 17, 1853, the daughter of Leslie and Barbara (Negley) Jack, both of whom were natives of Pennsylvania. Her father was a black- smith and farmer, and in 1853 came to Iowa settling in Scott county, but after a year he retraced his steps as far as Illinois and in that state purchased land and made his home there until the death of his wife in i860. In that year he again took up his abode in Scott county, Iowa, and in 1866 he came to Calhoun county, securing a homestead claim in Lincoln township. Mrs. Van Home's father taught singing school in this locality. He was a charter member of the first Meth- odist church in the north part of Calhoun county. He died in 188 1, at the residence of Mrs. W. S. Smith, of Rockwell City. Mrs. Van' Home was one of a family of seven children, only four of whom are living, namely : Alexander, who married Margaret Long and is living in Fort Worth, Texas.; Mrs. William Condran, of Rockwell City; Mrs. Margaret Stonebroker, also a resident of Rockwell City; and Mrs. Van Home. The marriage of our subject and his wife

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34S

has been blessed with six children. Clar- ence, the eldest, married Florence Seaver. by whom he has three children, D'eWitt, Pearl and Mary. He is a minister of the Meth- odist Episcopal church, now preaching for a congregation of his denomination in San- born, Iowa. Ada is the wife of Jesse Smith, of Parker, Pennsylvania, and they have three children, Yerna, Weldon and Jewell. Robert occupies the chair of math- ematics at Morning Side College, in Sioux City. Iowa. Sadie is a student of that insti- tution. Don is at home with his parents. Zelleh died in infancy.

Since coming to< Calhoun county Mr. Van Home has remained upon the farm which is now his home, on section 22, Lin- coln township. He has placed it under a high state of cultivation and the well tilled fields yield to him a golden harvest in return for his labor. In his farming methods he is practical and progressive, ami the neat and thrifty appearance of his place indicates his careful supervision. In his political views he is a stalwart Republican and he holds membership in the Congregational church of Manson. His life has ever been honorable and upright, for he has lived in consistent harmony with Christian principles. Great changes have occurred in Calhoun county since his arrival, for he located here when this district was upon the wild frontier of the west. Miles away stretched the un- broken prairie covered with its native grasses. Few were the settlements that had been made and the work of progress and improvement seemed scarcely begun where now stand- flourishing towns and villages. There were perhaps few, if any, houses but with the advent of the railroad has come all of the indications of an advanced civiliza- tion and Calhoun takes rank with the leading counties of this great state. Mr. Van Home

has ever borne his part in the work of im- provement and well does he deserve men- tion among the honored pioneers.

F. P. HUFF.

F. P. Huff is well known in financial cir- cles in Calhoun county and is the cashier of the First National Bank at Rockwell City. The success of this institution is due in no small degree to his efforts, for he is a man of keen discernment and of strong purpose, and has ever followed conservative meth- ods. His work therefore has commended him to the confidence of his fellow men and his labors have brought to the bank an un- assailable reputation and liberal patronage which has contributed largely to its prosper- ity.

Mr. Huff was born in Buchanan county, Iowa. June 21. 1867, his parents being E. C. and Luanda (Pierce) Huff. His father was a native of Bedford county. Pennsyl- vania, while the mother was born in Dela- ware county, Ohio. Leaving the Keystone state E. C. Huff took up his abode in Ohio, where he wedded Miss Pierce and subse- quently he removed with his family .to Iowa, settling in Buchanan county, where he followed his trade of wagon-making un- til' his business career was crowned with a well merited rest. In March, 1883, the fam- ily arrived in Rockwell City, where the fath- er died January 4, 1902, at the age of seven- ty years, his wife having died here in 1890 at the age of fifty-three. This worthy couple became the parents of eight children, of whom two died in early childhood. The family record is as follows: Esther mar- ried 11. C. Unbehaun. of W'inthrop, Iowa; Jennie became the wife of J. C. Kershner, of

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THE -BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD./

Independence, Iowa; Emma B. is the wife •of, A- L. Riseley, sheriff of Calhoun county and a resident of Rockwell City ; John died at the age of twenty-eight years ; F. P. is the next younger; arrd-Charles-A-.-is a merchant of Rockwell City.

In his native county F. P. Huff was reared until sixteen years of age, when he accompanied his parents, on their removal to Rockwell City and in the common schools he pursued his education, attending both before and after the removal. However, he did not continue his studies in this place ex- cept for about three months, for during the first year of his residence in Calhoun county he worked upon a farm. In February,

1884, he secured a clerical position in the office of the county treasurer, and county auditor, where he was employed until July,

1885. He afterward entered the employ of the Farmers Bank in the capacity of cash- ier, and during the last few years of his con- nection with this institution he had entire charge of the business for his employer, Mr. Lewis, was in failing health and left the du- ties of the bank entirely to Mr. Huff. The Farmers Bank was in operation for only one year before Mr. Huff became associated with it. In May. 1899, Mr. Lewis sold his in- terest in the First National Bank of Rock- well City, which was incorporated in March previous with E. A. Richards, of Manson, Iowa, as president ; J. C. Kerr, as vice-presi- dent; and Charles D. Case, as assistant cashier. At a meeting of the board of di- rectors of the First National Bank on May i, 1899, the following officers were elected: E. A. Richards, president ; J-. C. Kerr, vice- president ; F. P. Huff, second vice-president ; and Charles D. Case, cashier. Mr. Huff closed up the business of the old bank and en- tered upon his duties in relation to the new. On the 1st of November, 1899, 'ie became

its cashier, and the present officers were then elected: E. A. Richards, president; J. C. Kerr, vice-president; F. P. Huff, cashier;- J. F. Hutchinson, assistant cashier. Our subject is a man of resourceful business abil- ity, whose efforts have not been confined alone to one line. He is treasurer of the Rockwell City Electric Light & Power Com- pany, and is a gentleman of keen discrimina- tion and sound business judgment, who forms his plans readily and is determined in their execution.

In 1888 Mr. Huff was united in marriage to Miss Clara E. Gregg, of Rockwell City, and unto them have been born five children, namely: Grace, Harry, Irene, Clara and Frank. Mr. Huff belongs to the Masonic fraternity, his membership being in Twin Lakes Lodge, No. 478, F. & A. M., in which he is junior warden. For the past ten years he has been school treasurer of Rockwell City and for about five years was city treas- urer. He is also treasurer of the Business Men's Association, and, as many interests are thus inltrusted to him, it is a mark of the confidence reposed in him by the public. He exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, in which he is serving on the board of stewards. Viewed in a personal light, he is a strong man. His actions have been honorable, his purpose sincere, his con- duct manly and in the county of his adoption he occupies a high position in public esteem.

JOHN CAVANAUGH.

With the history of Calhoun county, John Cavanaugh is familiar. He came to this locality when it was a frontier region, when much of the land was still in possession of

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

the government ami the track of the shin- ing plow was not seen on many sections. Deer and lesser wild game was to be had in abundance. The homes of the settlers were widely scattered and one could drive for miles over the country with no fence to bar the progress. Mr. Cavanaugh, in the work which has wrought such a great change over the county, has borne an active and impor- tant part and well does he deserve honor- able mention in its annals. He was born in Ireland, in 1847, and is a son of Thomas and Mary (Waiugh) Cavanaugh. The fa- ther was a farmer by occupation, and in early manhood came to America, locating first in Canada, whence he afterward re- moved to McHenry county, Illinois. The journey was made by team and he became an early settler of that locality. Not long was he permitted to enjoy his new home, for death came to him soon. His widow, how- ever, survives and is now living with our subject.

In Illinois John Cavanaugh was reared to manhood and in the year of 1866 he came to Iowa, locating first in Jefferson, Greene county. In 1874 he took up his abode on a farm, where he now resides and which he had purchased in 1866. The country was wild and the nearest market was Jefferson, twenty miles distant. No roads had been laid and it was only at rare intervals that the home of the pioneer was seen. Wild geese, ducks, cranes, deer and an occasional elk were seen, and venison and wild 'fowls fur- nished many a meal for the early settlers. Mr. Cavanaugh at once set to work to im- prove the primitive condition of the land and transform his farm into productive fields, which would yield him good harvests. He first purchased one hundred and twenty acres and as his financial resources have increased

he extended the borders of his farm until it now comprises five hundred and fort}- acres. In addition to this he owns other lands. AIL of the improvements have been made by him and the substantial buildings there seen stand as monuments of his enterprise and industry. He. carries on general farming, also keeps one hundred head of cattle. He prefers the short-horns. In recent years he has sold some of his land, but still oper- ates a portion of it.

On the 20th of April, 1884, occurred- the marriage of Mr. Cavanaugh and Mary (Gaffney) McGowan, who was born in Jack- son county, Iowa, October 11, 1856, the daughter of Patrick and Maria (Hatton) Gaffney. Her parents were born in Ire- land, and the father was a farmer by oc- cupation. After emigrating to America he became identified with the agricultural in- terests in Jackson county, Iowa. Subse- quently he removed to Greene county and in Lohrville spent his remaining days, his. death occurring when he was about eighty- four years of age. His wife passed away in Jackson county in 1869, at the age of forty-two years. Mrs. Cavanaugh was first married to James McGowan, and by that marriage had two children, Roger and Anna. Bv her present marriage she has ten chil- dren, namely: Thomas and John, twins \ Mary, Elizabeth, Aggie, William, Harry, Helen, Mark and Mildred.

Mr. Cavanaugh has been an industrious, and energetic man, and, realizing that suc- cess cannot be won easily, has labored in- defatigably to win the handsome competence which now crowns his efforts. He has an excellent farm and the fertile fields annually return to him rich harvests. In his polit- ical views he is a Democrat, and in religious faith is a Catholic. Has life has at all times

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

been worthy of commendation, for lie has true manly principles, has been straightfor- ward in all his dealings and reliable in the discharge of his duties of citizenship.

HENRY J. BOLANDER.

One of the most highly respected and en- ergetic farmers of Calhoun county is Henry J. Bolander, who resides in Union township. The qualities of an upright manhood as man- ifest in his career have gained for him the confidence and regard of all with whom he has been brought in contact, and he well de- serves mention in this volume. A native of Ohio, he was born December 31, 1840, his parents being Henry and Susanna (Betzer) Bolander. The father was born in Berks county, Pennsylvania, in 1803, while the mother's birth occurred in Ross county, Ohio, in 1801. He was a wheelwright by trade and followed that pursuit for many years. In 1830 he left Ross county and removed to Marion county, Ohio, where he resumed work at his trade. He also owned land in that county and carried on general farming, making his home in Marion county until his death, which occurred in March, 1867, while his wife passed away in 1870. He was a hard-working man and his diligence and en- terprise enabled him to acquire a comfort- able property. He served as township clerk and trustee and in other minor offices, and in the discharge of his duties was ever prompt and faithful. In his political affilia- tions he was a Democrat, and in his re- ligious faith was a Lutheran. In his fam- ily were four sons and one daughter who reached vears of maturitv, and the sons are

yet living, namely: John, a resident of Huntington. Indiana ; Samuel, who is living in Marion county ; William, also a resident of that county ; and Henry J., of this review. The daughter, Mary Ann, died at the age of twenty-six years.

Henry J. Bolander spent his boyhood days in Marion county, Ohio, and at the usual age entered the puhjlic schools, ac- quiring a good knowledge of the branches of English learning usually taught in such institutions. He worked in the fields or amid verdant meadows through the summer months, but when the country became in- volved in civil war he responded to the presi- dent's call for aid. enlisting on the 30th of November, 1861, as a member of Company D, Eighty-second Ohio Infantry. He was in the engagement at Bull Pasture Mountain, at McDowell and at Petersburg, and con- tinued at the front until honorably dis- charged for disability in 1863.

After the close of the war Mr. Bolander made a trip to the west, but did not pur- chase land at that time and returned to his home in Ohio. After his parents died, how- ever, he once more crossed the Mississippi and this time settled in Calhoun county, Iowa, having some time before purchased his present farm in Union township, just east of the village of Lohrville, — a tract of wild land on which no improvements had been made, but soon his labors wrought a great change in the appearance of the place, and well tilled fields began to yield to him abund- ant harvests. The place comprises three hundred and twenty acres, upon which he has placed splendid improvements, including substantial buildings. Gowrie was then the nearest railroad market, with Manson on the north and Jefferson and Lake City on the west. Calhoun county was yet a frontier

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349

district at the time of his arrival and on one occasion he saw eleven deer. Steadily the star of empire was moving- westward, how- ever, and in its path came all the accessories of the older civilization of the east. Mr. Bolander has kept in touch with the progress made along the lines of farming and to-day has a very valuable farm property. He has seventy acres planted to corn and an equal amount to small grain, while his meadows yield a large amount of hay, and green pas- tures make excellent feeding grounds for his stock through the summer months. He has about forty head of cattle, preferring the short-horns, and those which he keeps are of a high grade. He also raises hogs and his stock as well as his fields shows the care and attention bestowed by the enterprising owner.

On the 8th of May, 1872, occurred an important event in the life of Mr. Bolander 1 — his marriage to Miss Lydia A. Hulett, -who was born in Morrison, Illinois, July 23, 1850, a daughter of William L. and Laura E. (Farrington) Hulett. Mrs. Bolander is numliered among the pioneer school teachers of Calhoun county and dur- ing her last term in the schoolroom she took her little eight-months-old daughter with her, the scholars caring for the baby while the mother gave instruction in the branches of learning taught in those schools. Unto our subject and his wife have been born five children: Bessie B., born January 18, 1874; Ernest B., born March 27, 1879; Will- iam H, born April 28, 1881 ; Albert A., born October 23, 1882; and Ralph S., born November 23, 1884. The children have all received good educations and have been in every way fitted for the battle of life. Mr. and Mrs. Bolander have a very pleasant home in Union township and are numbered

among the early pioneer settlers of the coun- ty. His has l>een a busy and useful career, and his labors, supplemented by the assist- ance of his estimable wife, have brought to him gratifying success. He has served as roadmaster, assessor and in other offices in this township, and in his political views is a Republican with firm faith m the principles of the party. In religious faith he is a Baptist, and is well known in the county for his sterling worth.

DAVID FLUHARTY.

David Fluharty was born in Hardin county, Ohio, May 15, 1838, his parents be- ing Noah and Christina (Eddy) Fluharty, both of whom were natives of Virginia, in which state they were reared and married. The father devoted his energies to agricult- ural pursuits, and on leaving the Old Do- minion took up his abode in Hardin, coun- ty, Ohio, where his wife died when their son David was but four years of age. The fa- ther then returned with his family to Marion county, Virginia, where he lived until called to his final rest. His political support was given the Democracy, and he was a man of strong purpose, possessing many sterling characteristics. In the family were four sons and a daughter: Melissa resides in West Virginia. Amaria, a resident of Pike county, Missouri, married Miss Toothman, and after her death was married a second time. Alexander, who married Rosa Tabb, is now residing in Bedford, Taylor county, Iowa. David is the subject of this review. The fourth child died in infancy.

In the public schools of his native state David Fluharty began his education. It was a typical schoolhouse, built of logs with

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL: RECORD;

slab seats, and in one end was an immense fireplace. At the age of seventeen he put aside his text-books in order to give more of his time and attention to farm work. He was also employed on the construction of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, At the age of nineteen he left home, going to Berwick, Warren county, Illinois, where he was em- ployed as a farm hand, feeding cattle for four years. He afterward became a fireman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, serving in that capacity for a year.

On the 22d of December, 1865, in Knox- ville, Knox county, Illinois, Mr. Fluharty was united in marriage to Agnes Conner, who was born in Ayershire, Scotland, De- cember 3, 1843, her parents being John and Mary (Brown) Conner, who were likewise natives of the land of hills and heather. The father was an expert engineer, and in 1858 he brought his family to the new world, crossing the Atlantic in a sailing vessel, the Coraline. which encountered two very severe storms, but at length, after a voyage of seven weeks and three days, reached the harbor of Baltimore, Maryland. Mr. Conner secured a position as fireman with the George Creek Coal & Iron Company, and served in that capacity most acceptably for fourteen years. In 1866 he went to Minnesota, where he secured a claim of one hundred and sixty acres of raw land, transforming it into rich- ly cultivated fields. He als.o built houses there and engaged to some extent in real- festate dealing. His political faith was that of the Republican party, and in religious be- lief he was a Presbyterian. His death oc- curred-in Minnesota, in 1872, and his wife passed away in 1867, . They were t'ie Par~ ents- of seven' children; ' Mary, the wife of Robert Mackey, who resides at Blackfoot, Idaho-j, AgneS, now Mrs\ Fmharty; Isabelle,

who married Freman Eppert and resided- in Boone county, Iowa, now deceased; Rob- ert, deceased; James B., who died at the age of two years ; James B., who is married and resides in Centerville, Iowa; and Catherine, who died at the age of one ■ year. The marriage of our subject and his wife has been blessed with six children, namely: James K., born October 6, 1866, married Emma Brandt, and resides in Manson, Iowa. They had three children, one of whom is now living. Lloyd. Mary Christina Louise, born December 22, 1868, is living with her par- ents. Robert R., born November 13, 1871, is an expert engineer, also a railroad con- tractor of concrete work, and lives in Boonesboro. Alice May was born March 4, 1874, and passed away at the age of three years, in November, 1876, Albert Melvin, born December 11, 1878, is living at home with his parents and is engaged in teaching school. He graduated from the Manson high school. Jennie Edith Maude, born December 10, 1883, is a graduate of the high school, completing the course in May, 1902, and resides with her parents.

In March. 1866, Mr. Fluharty became a resident of Iowa, settling at Fort Dodge, Webster county, but on April 14th of the same year he came to Calhoun county and secured a homestead claim of eighty acres. It was raw prairie land, which he trans- formed into a valuable farm. He erected good buildings upon it and added all mod- ern improvements and accessories, while the well tilled fields return to him a golden tritu ute for his care and labor. All this, however, was the work of years and represented much industry and perseverance. In the early days, the family had to do their trading at Fort Dodge and Lake City and there were only

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35'

three houses between the farm place and the present city of Fort Dodge. Mr. Fluharty has witnessed the introduction of railroads into this county, saw the estab- lishment of Manson, and has a compre- hensive knowledge of the early pioneer his- tory. James Glover opened the first store in the town and Seth Thomas conducted the first hotel. The first church — of the Congregational denomination — was built and dedicated in 1874, and the first sermon was preached by Rev. King, at the home of Mr. Yates. The first school erected was the Yatesville school, for which the lumber was hauled from Boone, Iowa. After the town was incorporated Henry Willey be- came the first mayor. The first election of Lincoln township was held in 1866, and at that time six congressional townships were comprised within Lincoln and only eighteen voters resided within the entire district. There was, however, a unanimity of senti- ment, for all were Republicans. The con- gressional district convention was held in Manson in 1870. at which time many of the delegates slept in tents, and families had to put their chairs and tables out of doors in order to make beds for the delegates upon the floors. The county first became con- nected with the outside world by railroad in 1869, when work was begun on the construc- tion of the Illinois Central, which was com- pleted in 1870. The first station agent was B. F. Freeburger. In 1867 there occurred a grasshopper scourge and other trials and hardships were borne by the pioneers. Mr. Fluharty broke his land with ox-teams and lived in frontier style until the comforts of the older east were introduced. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias frater- nity and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and his sons are identified with the

same organization. His wife has been of great assistance to him in his work and no less credit is due the pioneer women than to the pioneer men who sought homes in the wild western districts. A busy, useful and honorable career has been that of David Fluharty, and through all the years he has commanded the respect and confidence of his fellow men.

WILLIAM ELLIS.

William Ellis, who is engaged in general' farming on section 8, Sherman township, was born in Upper Canada, October 2ir 1840, and is of Irish lineage, exemplifying in his life many of the sterling characteristics of the sons of Erin. His father, John Ellis, was a native of Ireland, born in 1809. After arriving at years of maturity he was mar- ried, about 1832, to Ann Morrison, whose birth occurred in Ireland in 1809. Crossing the Atlantic to America in the year of their marriage, they settled upon a farm in Up- per Canada, and there the father made his home until his death, whicli occurred in 1877, while his wife survived him two years. In their family were seven children: Thorn-- as, who is yet living in Canada; Ann Jane;, the wife of Samuel Curry, of that country; William, of this review; John, Thompson,. Arthur and Henry, all of whom are farm- ers of Canada. On the old farm homestead! William Ellis, of this review, was born and reared. lie remained with his parents until 1865, and then abandoned the plow, secur- ing work in a sawmill, where he remained for a year. On the expiration of that period he returned to farm work, which he fol- lowed for three years in Canada, and in

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

1870 he arrived in Calhoun county, where for three years he devoted his energies to agricultural pursuits. He then sold his property and went to Grand Haven, Mich- . igan, working in a warehouse for two- years, after which he returned to Canada, continu- ing in the Dominion until 1880, when once more he took up his abode in Michigan, set- tling this time in Bay City. For a year he was employed on the dock there, and in 1881 he again came to Calhoun county, and, with the capital he had acquired through his own labors, purchased the farm upon which he now resides. He owns eighty acres and in addition he rents- three hundred and twenty acres. He is exten- sively engaged in the raising of cattle and Poland China hogs and is gradually improv- ing his herd of cattle by the introduction of ihe Hereford strain.

On the 27th of August, 1866, Mr. Ellis was united in marriage to Elizabeth Smith, a daughter of John and Elizabeth (Arm- strong) Smith. Her father was born in Ireland, in 1817, and died in North Da- kota, January 21, 1894, while his wife, who was born on the Emerald Isle in 1816, passed away in Calhoun county, Iowa, on the 28th of January, 1896. They were the parents of five children, of whom Mrs. Ellis is the eldest. She had two brothers, who were named John and Jay, but both are de- •ceased. Thomas W. Smith is a resident of Joliet, Montana, where he is engaged in gen- eral merchandising. George F., the young- est, was killed while at work in the Klondike by a snow-slide. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Ellis has been blessed with twelve chil- dren: Thompson, who was born October 27, 1867, and died on the 17th of November, 1880: Annie, who was born December 1, 1870; John H., who was born January 8, 1872, and is now a resident of Sherman

township; Arthur V., who was born in 1874 and is in this county; Georg'e F., who was born February 15, 1876, and died Novem- ber 21, 1880; Jane, who was born July 6, 1878, and died November 13, [880; Thomas W., who was born April 30, 1881, and is living in this county; Emma M., who was born August 31, 1884, and is the wife of Francis Clipperton, of this county; Edith, wdio was born January 23, 1887; Morrison S., born January 13, 1889; Mary Agnes, born August 23, 1891 ; and Margaret L., born May 16, 1893.

Mr. Ellis is a large-hearted, broad-mind- ed man, devoted to the interests of his family:. To his children he has given a good education and such aid as would enable them to start out in life for themselves in a comfortable manner. In politics he is a Republican, and in religious faith is a consistent Methodist, his life be- ing in harmony with his professions. A successful farmer, he owes his prosperity not to influential friends, but to his own en- ergy and determination, and his life shows conclusively that success may be won through honorable efforts.

GEORGE G. BROWN.

George G. Brown was born in Burling- ton, New York, December 29, 1870, his par- ents, J. M. and Sarah M. (Brown) Brown, being also natives of the Empire state. They were farming people of the highest respect- ability and remained in the east until 1876, when they made a home in Iowa, settling on a farm in Pocahontas county. Their mar- riage has been blessed with four sons and two daughters, of whom five are yet living, namely : Orville, who married Elizabeth

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353

Dawson, and resides near Manson; C. A., who married Mary Smith, and lives in Po- cahontas county; George G., our subject; Lillie May. the wife of Edward Trenary, a resident of Pocahontas county; Rosa, who became the wife of Ernest Barger, of Cedar Falls, I' wa.

In the common schools George G. Brown acquired his early education and his train- ing at farm labor was not meagre, for he early began working in the fields and soon became familiar with all the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist. He continued with his father on the home farm until sixteen years of age, when he came to Manson and for thirteen years has been connected with real-estate dealing in this place. He has kept thoroughly informed concerning land values and has secured a good clientage in the line of his chosen voca- tion, for his business methods are honor- able and all know him to be reliable and trustworthy. He not only handles property for others, but he owns a good home and business property in Manson-, including the building occupied by the firm of Holbrook & O unpany, druggists, and by the Reynolds & Company hardware store. He is also senior partner in the cigar factory at No. 345 Third street, and owner of the Shonenut bakery on the west side of Main street.

On the 1st of December, 1892, Mr. Brown was united in marriage in Sioux City, to Emma L. Anderson, who was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa, in April. 1S71. Her mother is now deceased and her father makes his home with Mrs. Brown. She has two brothers and one sister, namely: Edwin, residing at Ruthven, Iowa; John, also at the same place; and Christina, the wife of E. Johnson, of Kalo, Iowa. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are well known in Man- son and their pleasant home is celebrated

for its gracious and generous hospitality. Mr. Brown is yet a young man, possessed of the enterprising spirit of the west, is en- ergetic and ambitious, and in his business career has already met with gratifying pros- perity, which will no doubt be increased in the future.

JOHN KENNING.

John Kenning has recently been con- nected with mercantile interests in Manson and was counted as one of the leading repre- sentatives of business affairs in this town. He was born in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, June 25, 1861, and is the son of Charles Kenning. At the usual age he began his ed- ucation, attending the district schools until eighteen years of age, when he began work- ing as a farm hand by the month. In the fall of 1883, however, when twenty-two years of age. he came to Manson and here learned the tinner's trade. After he had mastered the business he entered into part- nership, in 1888, with J. T. Kelley, as a dealer in hardware and farm implements. This relation was maintained until 1897, when Mr. Kelley died. Mr. Kenning then assumed the management of the store and the implement department was sold to the firm of Jones Brothers and the hardware business was owned by our subject and Mrs. Kelley, the widow of his former partner, un- til 1900, when A. J. Hix purchased Mrs. Kelley's interest. The firm then became Kenning & Hix and was thus continued un- til 1901, when Mr. Kenning sold his interest to Mr. Reynolds, and the business is now carried on under the linn style of Revnolds & Hix.

On the 9th of April, 1890, in Manson. Mr. Kenning was united in marriage 10

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Miss Lizzie Herbert, who was born in Wayne county, New York, July 10, 1865. Her father, John Herbert, was born in Coun- ty Clare, Ireland, and was united in mar- riage to Marguerite Dunn, a native of Coun- ty Limerick, Ireland. They were married in the latter county and the same year — i860 — came to America in a sailing vessel, which ended a voyage of six weeks by drop- ping anchor in the harbor of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Herbert then went to Roches- ter, New York, where they remained for five years, and on the expiration of that peri- od removed to Muscatine, Iowa, where they spent a year. Their next home was in Mor- ris, La Salle county. Illinois, where Mr. Her- bert managed a wholesale and retail coal business. After ten years he returned to Iowa, settling in Lincoln township, Calhoun county, where the year previous he had pur- chased two hundred and forty acres of valu- able land, on which he is still living. In his political views he is a Democrat, and in re- ligious faith is a Catholic. Mrs. Kenning is one of a family of five children: Mary, who is with her parents; Lizzie, the wife of our subject; Margaret, the wife of Mathew Rodney, who is engaged in the hardware business in Iowa Falls; John, who wedded Mary Healey and is living in Lin- coln township near Manson; and Edward, who is at home. The marriage of our sub- ject and his wife has been blessed with eight children, all of whom were born in Calhoun county : Charles J., born January 16, 1891 ; Mary, born February 23, 1892; Ellen M., born April 21, 1893 ; John H., born June 27, 1895; Edward, born July 8, 1896; Frank, born August 4, 1898; Ralph, born February 25, 1900; and John, born May 31, 1901.

As the years have passed John Kenning has not only been identified with mercantile interests, but has also been engaged in real-

estate dealing and has met with a high de- gree of success through the purchase and sale of lands. He to-day owns two hundred and forty acres in Calhoun county and a section of land in Sac county, and a num- ber of lots in Manson, together with an elegant modern residence, which is his home. He is a man of keen discernment and good business and executive ability, forms his plans readily and is determined in their ex- ecution. Through his well directed affairs he has become one of the wealthy young men of Calhoun county. Both he and his wife attend the Catholic church. He is in- dependent in politics and has refused public office, yet he is a public-spirited citizen and does all in his power to advance the welfare and progress of the community in which he lives. Few men of his years have acquired as great success, yet his prosperity has all come through legitimate lines of business. Energy, frugality and good management have formed the rounds of the ladder on which he has climbed to prosperity, and his life record is a credit to his family and to his city.

THOMAS R. HACKETT.

Thomas R. Hackett is one of the most painstaking, careful and reliable engineers in the service of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company in Iowa. He makes his home in Lake City, where he is both widely and favorably known, while in his chosen vocation his efficiency and fidelity have gained for him the respect and confidence of those whom he serves.

Mr. Hackett is a native of Jefferson county, Ohio, his birth having occurred near Steubenville, December 25, 1852, his parents- being William and Clara (Marker) Hackett-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

355

His father was born in Leicestershire, Eng- land, June 16, 1815, the day on which the battle of Waterloo was fought. His wife was a native of Somerset county, Pennsyl- vaia. It was about 1845 tnat William Hackett crossed the Atlantic from England, taking up his abode in Ohio, where he re- mained for ten years, when he removed to Illinois, taking up his abode near Forreston, Ogle county, where he followed fanning. He was not long permitted to enjoy his new borne, however, for his death occurred March 17. 1864. His wife, long surviving him. passed away on the 7th of February, 1808. at the age of seventy-two years. In their family were six children: Thomas R., an engineer residing in Lake City; Mary, of < >nawa, Iowa; George, deceased; Lemuel, of St. Paul, Minnesota ; and Ralph and Ad- die, who are residents of Onawa.

Thomas Hackett acquired his early ed- ucation in Richmond, Ohio, and after the re- moval of the family to Illinois he contin- ued his studies in Ogle county. Pie spent his early life on the farm, assisting in the work of field and meadow, and later he went to Savannah, where he secured a po- sition as engine wiper in 1869, being in the employ of the Western Union Railroad Com- pany. In 1870 he went to Newton, Kansas, and until 1873 was a cowboy on the plains of Kansas, Texas, Xew Mexico and Colorado. While thus engaged he went through many exciting experiences. Pie was in several skirmishes with the Indians and was five times shot by them. He was also engaged in skirmishes with white men disguised as Indians for the purpose of stealing cattle from the ranchmen, avoiding capture on ac- count of their masquerading as red men. Mr. Hackett was in Xew tun, Kansas, at the time of the great riot when seven people

were killed in a fight between gamblers and cowboys, in which the latter were victori- ous. He visited Pueblo, Colorado, when it contained but one building, and went to Wichita when there were only five dwellings in that now populous city. He has killed a number of buffaloes on the plains, killing four on one river with an old Colt's re- volver, which he still has in his possession. In the fall of 1873 Mr. Hackett returned to Illinois and engaged in farming in Ogle county for two years. Later he turned his attention to the real estate business, which he carried on until 1878 — the year of his arrival in Iowa. Taking up his abode in Wesk-v, this state, he began dealing in lum- ber, but in 18S0 entered the employ of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company as an engine wiper at Algona. In March, 1882, he began firing on the northern di- vision and on the 8th of February. 1883, he was promoted to the position of engineer on what was known as the Toledo & North- western division of the Chicago & North- western Road. In 1897 he was assigned to a passenger run and now makes regular trips between Lake City and Sioux City. He has never lost a pilot in all his service. On one occasion he was derailed at Whittier, Iowa, the engine leaving the track and go- ing into a corn field, falling four or five feet. It required three hundred feet of rail to get it back to the track. The fireman was in- jured, but the engineer escaped unhurt. In the summer of 1901 he had another accident, which might have been very serious but for his presence of mind, which certainly averted injuries. When the train was coining down the hill at Coon river at the rate of forty miles per hour the engine struck two cows. The front trucks and back drivers left the track, but Mr. Hackett stopped the engine

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

before it left the track. The following ac- count of this was given in the local paper of August 2, 1901 : "The Chicago & North- western Railway Company employs a class of locomotive engineers distinctively noted for their expert efficiency, presence of mind and well rounded manhood. When last Fri- day night the eastbound express was running on time at from forty to forty-five miles an hour, coming down Coon river hill, it struck two cows about a quarter of a mile west of Coon river bridge. Rounding a curve En- gineer Hackett saw the obstruction, adopted emergency tactics on the instant and came to a stop after running nearly a quarter of a mile with a pair of front truck wheels and a pair of his drivers running on the ties. The passengers as they left the cars to learn what was the matter were pleased beyond bounds when they saw the condition of the engine to know that they had escaped being piled up in a narrow cut, and perhaps killed outright, by the proficiency and presence of mind of Engineer Thomas Hackett." He is one of the most reliable, painstaking and trustworthy men on the road, and his twen- ty-two years' service with the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company is unmis- takable evidence of the trust and regard re- posed in him by the road.

On the 4th of February, 1874, Air. Hackett was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Speenberg, a native of Carroll county, Illinois, and a daughter of Peter Speenberg, who is now living in Kansas. Seven children have been born unto them : Clara, who was born June 20, 1876. and died on the 20th of August. 1896; William, who was born November 28, 1878, and now fol- lows farming near Onawa. Iowa; Blanche, wlio was born January 7. 1881 ; Ethel, born December 23, 1884; Sibyl, born December

26, 1886; Clarence, born July 5, 1888; and Marguerite, born August 1, 1893.

Mr. Hackett is a member of Zerubbabel Lodge, No. 240, F. & A. M. ; Cypress Chap- ter, No. 99, R. A. M.; and his wife be- longs to Lake Queen Chapter, No. 119, O. E. S. In politics he has always been a stanch Republican since casting his first presidential vote for General Grant, and though he has never sought or desired office he has always kept well informed on the political issues of the day and is therefore able to maintain his position by intelligent argument. Faithfulness to duty has always been regarded as one of the most commend- able traits in the character of man and is well exemplified in the career of Mr. Hackett, who in every relation of life has been found loyal and true to the trust reposed in him and to the obligations devolving upon him.

J. J. SEBERN.

J. J. Sebern resides in Manson, but is well known throughout the county and en- joys the high regard of a large circle of friends. He is engaged in the grain and coal business and is an enterprising mer- chant, carefully conducting trade transac- tions which are bringing to him well merited prosperity. His birth occurred in Marion county, Indiana, near Indianapolis, on the 1st of March. 1844. His father, Harvey Sebern, was a native of Kentucky, as was the mother of our subject, who bore the maiden name of Susan O'Neal. Their mar- riage occurred in Indiana, where they re- sided until 1865, the father following the occupation of farming. In that year he brought his family to Iowa, settling in Ben-

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357

tun comity, where lie leased land, remaining there until 1875, when he came to Calhoun county. His wife died in Benton county in September, 1866. After his. arrival in this portion of the state, the father of our stib- jed toi >k up his abode near Lake City, where he purchased raw prairie land and improved a farm, erecting good buildings thereon. He diil his trading at Lake City and Glidden, but eventually sold his farm property , and lived retired in the home of his daughter, Mrs. .Mary Smock, where he died in 1892. He voted for the Republican party, but re- fused to hold office. His religious faith was that of the Baptist church, in which he long held membership. In his family were seven children, as follows: William L., who passed away in Indiana, at the age of eight- een years; J. J., of this review; Mary, the wife of Thomas Smock, a retired farmer of Des Moines, Iowa ; Alice, who became the wife of James Hinkley, a resident of Carroll county, Iowa; Sarah, the deceased wife of William Noble, of Whittier, Cali- fornia, she having passed away in 1894; Thomas, who married Mattie McNish, of Carroll county, Iowa, and now resides in Lake City, Iowa; and Libby, the wife of Frank Sinclair, of Carroll City, Iowa, who occupies the position of deputy clerk of the court.

In the district and subscription schools of Marion county J. J. Sebern pursued his education through the winter months. In early spring he assisted in the plowing and planting and later in the harvesting of the crops. The year [865 witnessed the arrival ot the family in Iowa, and he then contin- ued his education in a high school in Benton county. When he had attained his majority he entered upon his business career as a salesman in the erocerv store of Louis

Quinn, with whom he remained for one year, after which, in connection with his father, he leased six hundred acres of land and ex- tensively engaged in farming and stock-rais- ing on his own account.

On the 10th of October, 1807. in Thorn- town, Boone county, Indiana, Mr. Sebern wedded Miss Mary C. Hinckley, who was born in Franklin county, Indiana. August 2, 1844, a daughter of Rufus and Janette (Cunningham) Hinckley, the former a na- tive of Massachusetts and the latter of Ohio. They were married, however, in Indiana, and became residents of that state, the father carrying on farming there for a number of years. In the spring of 1869 he came with his family to Iowa, settling in Benton coun- ty, where he purchased land, upon which he resided for about five years. He next re- moved to Carroll county, Iowa, where he purchased a farm that continued to be his home until his death, which occurred in 1877. Flis political support was given the Republican party. His wife has also passed away. In the family of this worthy coupfle were seven children, namely: Mary C, the wife of Mr. Sebern ; James, who married Alice Sebern and resides in Carroll county, Iowa ; Sarah Jane, who died in childhood ; Anna, who became the wife of Arthur Noble, a resident farmer of Jackson township. Cal- houn county; Libby, who first married Ran- som Satterly, and upon his death married R. B. Hawn and resides in Boone, Iowa; John, who married Hattie Stoolman and re- sides in Carroll county, Iowa; and Arthur, who married Julia Chambers, and resides in Chicago, where he is engaged in carpenter- ing and contracting. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Sebern have been born three children: Bert E., who was bom December 9, 1868, and married Tilly Wise, by whom he has one

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daughter, Marie, resides in Rockwell City and is acceptably filling the position of coun- ty treasurer. Frank J., born May i, 1871, died April 23, 1894, and was laid to rest in the cemetery at Manson. Florence A., born October 28, 1880, is still with her parents. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Se- bern began their domestic life upon the farm which he had leased, and there remained un- til 1 87 1, when they came to Calhoun coun- ty. Here he purchased one hundred and twenty acres of land in Lake Creek town- ship, making his home thereon for eight years. When that period had elapsed he be- came a resident of Manson, and after one year spent in the butchering business he be- gan clerking for M. B. Kelly and purchased stock for two years. On the expiration of that period he begun dealing in grain and coal, an enterprise which has since claimed his time and attenion, and in which he is meeting with gratifying success, handling large quantities of both commodities annu- ally. He exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party, but has never been an as- pirant for office. Fraternally he is connected with the Knights of Pythias, and his re- ligious faith is indicated by his membership in the Methodist Episcopal church.

BEXJAMIX BROCK.

Benjamin Brock is a retired farmer liv- ing in Manson, and through many years he has not only witnessed the upbuilding and develi ipment of Calhoun county, but has been associated with its progress through his con- nection with agricultural and commercial in- terests. He was born in Xewberry, Orange

county, Vermont, March 4, 1827. His fa- ther, William Brock, was also a native of the Green Mountain state, and when he had arrived at years of maturity wedded Ann Wallace, whose birth occurred in Orange county and who was a daughter of William Wallace, a native of Scotland, a descendant of the old Wallace family. The father of our subject turned his attention to farming, clearing a tract of timber land, built a home and remained in Vermont until his removal to Lowell, Massachusetts, where he became connected with the hotel business. Subse- quently he resided in Manchester, Xew Hampshire, and then returned to the old home farm in his native state, spending his remaining days thereon. After the father's death the mother of our subject removed to Freeport, Illinois, and made her home with her daughter, Mrs. Alvira Emmett. In the family were the following: Wallace, who married Sophia Taplin, now deceased, and resides at Xewberry, Orange county, Ver- mont; Flora Ann, deceased wife of Kins- man Robins, of Xew York, who has also passed away; Benjamin, of this review; Robert, who died in infancy; R. G, who married Franke Doe, and resides in Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; Alvira, who died in infancy ; Alvira, the wife of Martin Emmett, a resi- dent of Beloit, Kansas; and Henry, who was married and resided in Xora Springs, Iowa, but who was killed in a railroad ac- cident at McAlister, in Indian Territory.

The subscription schools of his native town afforded to Benjamin Brock his educa- tional privileges. When a youth of nineteen he put aside his text-books and entered upon an active business career. For a short time he followed farming and then removed to Manchester, Xew Hampshire, where he be- gan work as an apprentice in a machine

MR. AND MRS. BENJAMIN BROCK.

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shop, serving a term of three years. He afterward was employed as a journeyman machinist at three dollars per day. He and his brother, R. G., assisted in constructing the first engine made in the works at Mart- Chester. Subsequently he secured a situa- tion in a cotton factory, where he remained for two years, after which time he spent a similar period in a cotton print manufac- tory, lie next worked on the railroad for a time, but his health failed him and his physician advised him to return to the old farm in Vermont. Two years were then spent on the old homestead, during which time his health was completely restored.

It was on the 13th of January, 1852, — a most bitterly cold day, — in Manchester, New Hampshire, that Mr. Brock led to the marriage altar Miss Alma Bliss, a distant relative of Senator Bliss. She was born on the bank of the Connecticut river in Fairly, Vermont, April 18, 1828, a daughter of Phelps Bliss, whose birth occurred on the same farm where his daughter was born. Her mother bore the maiden name of Lucy Putnam and was also a native of Vermont. Mr. and Mrs. Bliss, were married in that .state, and the father carried on agricultural pursuits on the beautiful farm bordering the Connecticut river. Subsequently he re- moved to Wolcott, Lemoille county, where he engaged in farming until his emigration to the west. He took up his abode in Cresco, Iowa, in 1S70, having purchased land there in 1866. 1 [e f( >11< >wed fanning until his death, and both he and his wife passed away in that locality. Mr. Bliss was a most prominent, in- fluential and distinguished citizen. He held all of the township and o unity offices and for many years represented his district in the state legislature. Mrs. Brock is a relative of Senator J. P. Dolliver, who married

the daughter of George Pearsons, of Fort 1 )i nl-e, a cousin of Mrs. Brock. Her grand- father was General Putnam, one of the dis- tinguished officers of the Revolutionary war, and her mother's brother blew the bugle which announced the capture of Black Hawk in the war of 1832. That Indian chieftain was then taken to Washington and through the country that he might gain a knowdedge of the strength of the "pale faces" and their modes of living. Both of the brothers of Mrs. Brock, Samuel P. and Carlos Bliss, took part in the Civil war. The latter was wounded in the right leg in the battle of the Wilderness and died from his injury. In the Bliss family were nine children, namely: Alma, the wife of our subject; Martha, the wife of M. M. Smith, a prominent farmer of Center township; Mary, deceased wife of Otis ( iriswold, who, after her death, married again and resided in Hardwick, Vermont, but is also now deceased; Samuel P., who married Thankful Griswold, and after her death wedded Melissa Titus, who died in Manson, Iowa, where he is new living; 'Charlotte, who married Orlando Herbert and resides in Nebraska; Lucy, the wife of Nathaniel Durgin, of Cresco, Iowa; Etta, the wife of H. B. Stafford, who is engaged in the insurance and real estate business in Lovina, Iowa; Carlos, who gave his life in defense of his country in the Civil war; and Francis, who died at the age of six months. After his marriage Benjamin Brock re- moved to Wolcott, Vermont, and there en- gaged in farming, later following the same pursuit at Newberry, Vermont. In the year 1856 he became a resident of Wiscon- sin, where he remained for ten years and then removed to the vicinity of Marshall- town, Iowa. For a time he followed farming and then established a restaurant in Mar-

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shalltown, where he remained for about three years. On coming to Calhoun county, in 1870, he purchased a quarter section of land in Lincoln township. It was a tract of barren prairie on which no vegetation was found save the native prairie grass, the plow had not yet made its way across the tract and the entire work of development and improvement devolved upon Mr. Brock. He erected a frame house, sixteen by twenty feet, and a story and a half in height, and placed a picket fence in front of it, this be- ing the first fence of the kind in the coun- try, so that his place became known as "the picket fence farm." Thereon he remained for three years, at the end of which time he traded his farm for the restaurant in Marshalltown, Iowa. There he conducted a very extensive business, and one Fourth of July he sold one hundred and ninety gallons of ice cream and everything else in propor- tion. After two years, however, he returned to Calhoun county, where he purchased one hundred and sixty acres of raw prairie land in Lincoln township, for which he paid six dollars and a quarter per acre. His nearest neighbor was three miles away. Soon he enclosed his farm within a fence, built a good house, a barn and stock sheds, making his home upon the place for about five years, but his health failing he sold his farm and removed to Pomeroy, where he engaged in carpentering and contracting for a year. Re- turning then to Manson, he conducted the Seth Thomas Hotel, which stood on the site of Coon's dry goods store. Subsequently he removed to the hotel owned by William Clark, which stood where the D. C. Wilson grocery house is now located, and for two years conducted that hostelry. He was afterward proprietor of the old Occidental hotel of Fort Dodge for a year and was

very successful in his work there, clearing twelve hundred dollars the first year, which was considered very good profit owing to the size of the town and the amount o<f travel. Returning to Calhoun county, he was for two and one-half years associated with his son-in-law in the hardware business. He afterward purchased a piece of land in the town of Manson, which he sold at a large profit. He is now living retired at the home of his daughter, Mrs. John H. Harrison. In politics he is a stanch Republican, and has been a supporter of the party since its or- ganization. Previous to that time he was a Whig and voted for William Henry Har- rison.

The home of Mr. and Mrs. Brock was blessed with three children. Eva J., the eld- est, was born in Vermont and is the wife of Dr. J. M. Carroll, a resident of Laurens, Pocahontas county, by whom she has two daughters. The elder, Alma, is the wife of Edward Plumb, of Colorado, and they have two children, Carroll and Caroline. The younger daughter of Mrs. Carroll is Flora, the wife of Floyd Tool, of Laurens, Iowa, by whom she has one daughter, Helen. Lucy Ann, the second daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Brock, was born in Rock county, Wisconsin,, and is the wife of C E. Cohoon, an attorney at Emmettsburg, Iowa, by whom she has one son, Brock. Hattie I., the youngest daughter of the family, was born on the edge of Rock prairie in Rock county, Wis- consin, and became the wife of J. T. Kelly. After his death she married J. H. Harrison and resides at Manson, Iowa. Her husband is engaged in merchandising at Rock Rapids.. By her first marriage she had two children, Loie A. and D. J.

Mr. Brock has led a very useful, honor- able and active life. Starting out upon an

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363.

independent business career, he had no cap- ital and all that he possesses has been ac- quired through his own efforts. While he has gained success, it has been won through persistent and honorable purpose and over the record of his career there falls no shadow of wn >ng or suspicion of evil. He has passed the seventy-fifth milestone on life's journey and receives the veneration and respect which should ever be accorded to those who have reached an honorable old age.

CHARLES BALLSTADT.

The world owes much of its modern civ- ilization to the Teutonic race whose repre- sentatives through many generations steadily drifted westward, carrying with them the older progress and improvement of their for- mer homes. Many leading citizens of Cal- houn county are of German birth or Ger- man lineage, and the sterling characteristics of these people have been manifest in every walk of life leading to improvement and upbuilding. Mr. Ballstadt is among the number who have come from the fatherland to America. He was born in the province of Pommern, Germany, December 20, 1833. His parents died when he was only abont six years of age, and he was reared and educated In a guardian, with whom he re- mained until twenty-four years of age. In the meantime he served for three years in the German army, in accordance with the laws of bis native land. At the age of twen- ty-six our subject crossed the Atlantic, land- ing in New York in the spring of [859. lie then made bis way to Milwaukee, Wis- consin, where be worked for six dollars per month, being glad to receive any wage that would yield him an honest living.

When the Civil war was inaugurated, in April, 1 86 1, he responded to the call for seventy-five thousand volunteers issued by President Lincoln. He became a member of the First Wisconsin Infantry under Col- onel Starkweather, being a private of Com- pany H, which was commanded by Captain William George. He served for three months as a private and in 1804 he again joined the army, this time as a member of Company K, First United States Veteran Volunteer Engineers, under Captain William O. Saar and Colonel Merrill. Chattanooga was their destination. The troops were sent with one hundred pontoon boats down the Tennessee river to Decatur, Alabama, to lay a pontoon bridge across the river at the time of Hood's invasion into Nashville, Tennes- see. Subsequently they were sent to build blockhouses to protect the railroad between Nashville and Columbia, Tennessee, and there the regiment was cut off from its base of supplies. For a time they lived on only quarter rations and had a hard time to get anything at all to eat. There Mr. Ballstadt was taken il! and sent to Chattanooga to the hospital, where he remained until the war ended, receiving an honorable discharge in October, 1865. He was mustered out at Nashville, Tennessee, and for a week or two lav ill in Chicago before he could pro- ceed to his destination — Milwaukee. Wis- consin. A year passed before he had fully- recovered his health.

After the war Mr. Ballstadt was em- ployed in a machine shop in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, and not long after this was mar- ried .Hi the 23d of March. 1869, to Miss Caroline Wentlandt, who was bom in the province of Posen, Germany, February 15, 1843. a daughter of Ludwig and Johanna ( Karnms) Wentlandt. After their marriage

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Mr. and Mrs. Ballstadt started for Nebraska, but while en route decided to change their course and made their way by team to Fort Dodge, Iowa, where they arrived in the spring of 1869. In July of the same year our subject purchased the homestead of Jimmy Connor, on section 4. Greenfield township, Calhoun county. This country was then new and wild and the prairie was unbroken. In the spring of 1870 there was a memorable storm, the blizzard lasting for three days and the snow was so blinding that many lost their way. It was an experience which will never be forgotten by the early settlers. Mr. Ballstadt engaged in breaking the prairie with ox-teams, planted trees and made other improvements upon his farm. There was no coal bank nearer than the Des Moines river and it took two days to make a trip there and return with a load of fuel. He built his home with lumber, which he hauled from Fort Dodge, first living in a little shanty, fourteen by fourteen feet, and eight feet in height. It was made of hard lumber and the hand-made shingles were of red oak. Nails were probably very scarce at that time, for only one nail was used to a shingle. Some settlers of the neighborhood became dissatisfied with conditions of Cal- houn county at that period and left for other portions of the country. There were many sloughs and ponds and it recpiired much draining to make the land cultivable. The settlers had to go twenty-five miles to pay taxes and many hardships and trials were to be borne, but gradually pioneer conditions gave way before the advance of civilization. In the year 1869 Mr. Ballstadt began grad- ing on the Illinois Central Railroad from Fort Dodge. Manson was the nearest trad- ing point after the completion of the road to that city, but previous to that time Fort

Dodge was he market in which the settlers sold their products and purchased needed supplies. Mr. Ballstadt paid three dollars and seventy-five cents per acre for forty acres of his homestead. It was swamp land, but his efforts resulted in making it a pro- ductive tract and as the years have passed he has added to his property until he now has four hundred and fifty acres, all of which is under cultivation. To-day he is one of the well-to-do farmers of this portion of the state and deserves great credit for what he has accomplished, as his property has been acquired entirely through his own ef- forts.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Ballstadt have been born six children, of whom one died in in- fancy. The others are: Albert II.. born June 2, 1871, and is a resident of Lincoln township, Calhoun county; Rudolph C, who was born August 19, 1873, and is employed in a bank at Manson; Theodore L., who is at home and whose birth occurred on the 31st of January, 1876; Helena A., who was born April 19, 1878, and is a resident of Fort Dodge; and Carl G., who was born August 25, 1884, and is living at home. After residing for thirty-three years in Iowa, during which time she never knew that any of her relatives had emigrated to America, Mrs. Ballstadt learned through correspond- ence with her eldest brother, now in Ger- many, that her brother Edward had crossed the Atlantic and was carrying on a pros- perous business as owner of paper mills in Outagamie county, Wisconsin, and that her brother August, now deceased, with whom she had been corresponding, had married twice and by the first marriage had five chil- dren, all of whom were living in Wisconsin. This was joyful news to Mrs. Ballstadt, and in company with her husband she made a

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36s

trip to Wisconsin recently, enjoying a two weeks' visit with her relatives there. They had written many letters, bnt all had been returned, none reaching Mrs. Ballstadt. She also had a brother William, who is now deceased, and her brother Samuel is yet liv- ing in Posen, Germany. Her parents died at a very advanced age, her father in 1879, when about eighty years of age, her mother in 1883, when about eighty-one years of age. Mr. Ballstadt has served as school di- rector and as township trustee, and was also constable for several years. In his po- litical affiliations he is a Republican and has always supported that party. In the work of public progress and improvement our sub- ject has ever taken an active and helpful part, his labors being effective in promoting the progress of the county. He has helped lay out roads and build bridges, to improve the prairie and to advance civilization along all lines of material progress. Great changes have been wrought by time and man since his arrival here. He first used a double shovel and one horse to plow his land, and planted his corn by hand. The blackbirds were very plentiful and would often steal the corn. The country was full of ducks, cranes and geese, and thus the hunter had ample opportunity to indulge his love of Sport. During the cyclone which occurred on the 17th of June, 1898, Mr. Ballstadt barely escaped with his life. He and his family, with the exception of his eldest son, made their way to the cellar. Mr. Ballstadt had just returned from Manson when the cloud came and descended upon this region. His barn was moved two inches from the foundation and wrecked to some extent. The chimney was blown from the house, the grass was damaged, fruit trees were de- stroyed and three large trees which stood

two rods from the house were uprooted. The smoke house was torn to pieces from the force of the wind and the picket fence was- thrown over and many of the posts were pulled from the ground and broken off. His a m Albert, living in Lincoln township, suf- fered even more severely from the storm. His horse barn was damaged and one horse was thrown over a wire fence and injured. Although discouragements and obstacles, have barred his path to success, Mr. Ballstadt has nevertheless advanced toward prosperity with a resolute spirit and strong determina- tion, brooking no obstacles that he could overcome by honorable effort, making the most of his opportunities, and at all times following the belief that honesty is the best policy he has now become one of the sub- stantial and prosperous agriculturists of this portion of Iowa. Both he and his wife are charter members of the Evangelical Lu- theran church. The first meetings here were- held in the schoolhouse and later in a small church, but to-day the congregation owns a modern church which was erected at a cost of four thousand dollars. For a year he has. been one of the trustees of the church, and takes a very active interest in its work.

CYRUS FULKERSON.

The name of Cyrus Fulkerson is insep- arably interwoven with the history of the pioneer development in Calhoun county. He has for many years maintained his resi- dence here. At the time of his arrival the land was still in possession of the govern- ment, the prairies were wild and unim- proved, pioneer conditions existed and many hardships and difficulties had to be borne by

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the early settlers, but they laid the founda- tion of the present development and progress of this portion of the state, and to them is due a debt of gratitude for what they accom- plished on behalf of Calhoun county.

Mr. Fulkerson was born in Montour county, Pennsylvania, August 30, 1833, and is the son of Robert and Leah (Bauchert) Fulkerson, both of whom were natives of Pennsylvania and were of Holland descent. John Fulkerson, the grandfather of our sub- ject, settled in the Keystone state at a very early date. In 1840 the family removed to Elkhart, Indiana. The father was a farmer and carpenter and in the later years of his life gave his attention exclusively to the lat- ter pursuit. The mother died in Pennsyl- vania, when the son Cyrus was only two or three days old, also leaving a daughter, Lucy A., who became the wife of D. L. Huffman, but both of them are now deceased. The fa- ther 'married the second time and died in 1882, at the age of seventy-eight years.

Cyrus Fulkerson, the subject of this re- view, accompanied his parents on their vari- ous removals, and in the common schools he pursued his education, and came to Indiana in 1850. He came west, driving across the prairies from Elkhart with two yoke of cat- tle, camping by the wayside at night. He had purchased some land in Jackson town- ship, Calhoun county, before coming, and in the fall of i860 he reached his destination, spending the winter on the Coon river. While in Indiana he had engaged in the manufacture of shingles for about twelve years, and when he reached Calhoun county he believed that he might follow the same pursuit profitably, so he ordered a shingle machine and became identified with the in- dustrial interests of the community. On the 15th of September, 1861, he wedded Sarah

E. Stephenson, the daughter of James and Mary (Groves) Stephenson. Mrs. Fulker- son is a native of Kosciusko county, Indi- ana, and with her mother came to the west in 1856, settling in Greene county, Iowa. The winter following was the coldest one known in the history of the state. The prairie fire burned all of their hay and in consequence most of their cattle perished. The family endured many hardships and trials during that winter, experiencing all the difficulties that fall to the lot of the pioneer. Mrs. Fulkerson was the youngest of a family of six children, of whom four are still living. Her eldest sister, Elizabeth, became the wife • if William Moore, and both are now de- ceased. Margaret married Isaac Ritchie, of Cedar Creek, Greene county. Eliza is the wife of Henry Kelley, of Warsaw, Indiana, who served in the Mexican war ; and Will- iam G. is a resident of Churdan, Greene county. The mother of this family was again married, and her death occurred Sep- tember 10, 1875, on the old homestead in Greene county. She was a native of Hamil- ton county, Ohio, and was most faithfully devoted to her family, accomplishing much for their welfare.

In the fall of 1861 Mr. and Mrs. Fulker- son took up their abode on the site of their present home. He purchased his farm, which is now a part of Lake City, for six dollars per acre, and upon the place was a log cabin. He also bought fifty acres east of his present residence, and on it stands a large cottonwood tree which he planted about the time of his arrival. Mr. Fulker- son had been educated in select schools oi Pennsylvania, where he studied higher math- ematics and surveying, and here he followed surveying for a time. Near the cottonwood tree he also built a shingle mill, which he

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operated by hand, Mrs. Fulkerson sometimes tiding him in cutting shingles, also in car- rying on the work of the farm and harvest fields. She has indeed been to him a faith- ful companion and helpmate on the journey of life. As the years passed Mr. Fulkerson added to his original purchases until he bas owned one hundred and seventy acres of valuable land. Of this he has sold forty acres, which was divided into city lots, laying out the divide in 1882, since which time he has sold all but two of the lots. The place is known as the Fulkerson addition, and is one of the desirable residence portions of the town. In addition to his land that is now included within the corporation limits of Lake City, Mr. Fulkerson has a fine tract of land of one hundred and sixty acres else- where. He has bought and sold considerable real estate here and has owned some valuable city property here and in Des Moines.

The home of Mr. and Mrs. Fulkerson has been blessed with ten children : George H. and William, both of whom are residents of Lake City; Elmer, who died at the age of fourteen months ; C. Perry, also of Lake City; Walter Scott, of Lytton; Cyrus B., who is living near Lake City; Vinnie Bell, who married M. L. Keever, of Des Moines; Emma L., the wife of A. V. Kettells; Frank, who died at the age of eighteen months; and Mary Edna, who is at home with her par- ents.

Mr. Fulkerson served as township clerk at an early date, before the counties were divided, and was also school director for a number of years. His wife is a member of the Christian church. They are indeed honored pioneers of the county, having wit- nessed almost its entire development. At the time of their arrival there was a residence in Lake City occupied by Charles Amy and

his two sons. That building and the old wooden courthouse were the only structures in the town. Elk and deer were very plenti- ful, and when Mrs. Fulkerson was a girl in Greene county she saw herds of as many as one hundred elk. Wheat brought only twenty-five cents per bushel and flour cost ten dollars for one hundred pounds in those times, and Des Moines was the nearest mar- ket, Mr. Fulkerson hauling his grain to that place, a distance of eighty miles. He would drive ox-teams to the city and would there obtain his mail, until a postoffice was estab- lished nearer his home. The old log cabin in which his family lived for ten years has been moved out on the prairie and is now used as a part of a residence. Indians sometimes visited the neighborhood and everything bespoke of the wild and unim- proved condition of the country. Mr. Ful- kerson cast his first presidential vote for Lincoln in 1864, and has since been a stanch Republican, but has never sought or desired office, other than those mentioned, preferring to give his time and attention to his business affairs, in which he has met with excellent results, so that now he is enabled to live a retired life. No men in the count}' were more widely known and none deserve higher esteem than this honored pioneer settler.

H. J. RICHMOND.

Among the pioneer residents of Calhoun county is numbered H. J. Richmond, who is now serving as city marshal of Manson, and as a representative of the law and order de- partment he is well known by reason of his efficiency and faithfulness in the discharge of his duties. During the long residence in

368

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Calhoun county he has gained a wide ac- quaintance and enjoys the high esteem of all with whom he is associated.

H. J. Richmond was born in Schuyler county, New York, November 29, 1843, an^ is the son of John and Lucretia (Vaughan) Richmond, the former a native of New York and the latter of Pennsylvania. The father was of English and Scotch descent, while the mother was of Welsh lineage, and they were farming people who in 1852 left their home in the Empire state and moved west- ward to Illinois, settling in Kane county. The year 1865 witnessed their arrival in Cal- houn county, Iowa, where they took up their abode upon a farm near Manson. There for many years the father carried on agricultural pursuits, but at length put aside such duties and labors and in 1892 removed to Manson, where he lived in honorable retirement until his death, which occurred November 29, 1892. His wife has also passed away. Three sons and two daughters of the family are still living. Charles H. married Carrie Van Cleve and makes his home in Manson. A. A. wedded Miss Clements, and they re- side at Rolf, Iowa. The sisters are Mrs. E. R. Moore, now a widow residing in Manson. and Mrs. C. C. Kibler, who is also living in this place.

To the common-school system of Illinois and Iowa H. J. Richmond is indebted for the educational privileges which he enjoyed and which fitted him for life's practical duties. He remained upon the home farm until twenty-one years of age, but previous to this he responded to his country's call for aid, enlisting on the 12th of August, 1862, as a member of the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Infantry, serving under General Sherman for three years. He par- ticipated in the battles of Somerset, Knox-

ville and Chattanooga, and was through all the Atlanta campaign and the Georgia cam- paign. He was in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, Fort Fisher, Raleigh and Greensboro and was always found at his post of duty, whether on the picket line of in the thickest of the fight. He was slightly wounded, receiving two bullet wounds, one at Dandridge and the other at Big Shanty. He served throughout his term as a private, and received an honorable discharge at Greensboro, on the 20th of June, 1865. The regiment then came to Chicago and he was mustered out.

At the close of the war Mr. Richmond joined his parents and with them came direct to Iowa. He was married, in December, 1874, to Mary E. McCulloch, who was a native of Philadelphia, born in 1851. She was left an orphan in early girlhood. She has three sisters and one brother, all of whom are residing in Pennsylvania, namely : Mrs. Jane Park, Lucy, Anna and Hugh. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Richmond was celebrated in Illinois and he there re- mained for two years, devoting his attention to farming, after which he returned to Iowa and purchased a farm of eighty acres, on which he made his home until his removal to Manson in 1892. He has since disposed of his farm property and is now enjoying a well earned rest. In public office he has been quite prominent and at the present time is filling the office of township constable for the fifth term of two years each. He is also serving his third year as city marshal. He built and owned the first house in Manson, it being erected in December, 1869. At all times he has been closely connected with public progress and is one of the representa- tive residents of his city.

In 1878 Mr. Richmond was called upon

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

369

to mourn the loss of his wife, who died on the 27th of November of that year. His daughter has since discharged the duties of the household and keeps everything about the place attractive and pleasant. Mr. Rich- pjond attends the Methodist Episcopal church, although he is not connected with anv religious denomination by membership relations. In politics he is a Republican and firmlv endorses the principles of the party. All who know him esteem him for his gen- uine worth, and he is as true to-day to his duties of citizenship as when he followed the starry banner of the nation upon south- ern battle-fields.

JOHN T. MILBURN.

John T. Milburn is now living a retired life in Manson. Through many years he was an active factor in industrial circles, and his earnest labor and capable management have brought to him the success which now enables him to put aside business cares. He is a Manxman, his birth having occurred in Douglass, on the beautiful Isle of Man, on the 2d of January, 1858, his parents being Philip and Margaret (Hudghen) Milburn, both of whom were .Manx people, born on the [sle of Man. The father was a ship- carpenter and was also proprietor of the hotels. Black Lion and Carpenters Arms. Both parents remained on their native isle until called to their final rest. The mother died in 1860, when our subject was only two years old, but the father survived until 1897. Mr. Milburn, of this review, has one brother, James Brighton, who is married and resides in St. Louis, Missouri.

In the common schools of his native isle

John T. Milburn pursued his education un- til twelve years of age, when he came to America with his cousin and a party of friends, a location being made in Dodgeville, Wisconsin. Air. Milburn worked upon a farm belonging to his uncle for five years and then learned the blacksmith's trade, which he followed continuously until his retirement from business life in the summer of 1901. He became an expert workman, thoroughly mastering the business in every department,, and secured a liberal patronage which con- tinually increased, bringing to him gratify- ing success. He was married in Wisconsin and after residing there for a number of years removed to Illinois, conducting a blacksmith shop at different times in Peli- can, Terrible, Coray City Mines, and Lyn- wood Springs, Colorado. He was thus en- gaged for about three years and then re- turned to Dodge City, Wisconsin, where he remained for about the same length of time, after which he came to Manson, where be purchased a smithy. Soon afterward he re- turned to the Badger state for a short visit and then again came to Manson, conduct- ing his shop at this place until with a com- fortable competence gained from his labors he retired to private life.

On the 13th of May. 1891, Mr. Milburn was united in marriage to Mrs. Margaret Hudghen, a widow, the wedding being cele- brated at Freeport, Illinois, forty miles from Dodgeville, Wisconsin. The lady was born at Laxey, on the Isle of Man, August 14, 1827. Her parents were also Manx people and followed farming. After her first mar- riage Mrs. Milburn came with her husband to America and they took up their abode in Wisconsin in 1853, living in a log cabin in the usual manner of frontier settlers. Mr. Hudghen died in that state April 23. 1882,.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

The only child of this marriage, a son, died in early youth. Mrs. Milburn has one broth- er living, John Cowley, who is a retired farmer of Wisconsin. Our subject and his wife have a pleasant home in Manson, and in addition to this property he owns two farms in Wilkins county, Minnesota, com- prising three hundred and twenty acres of rich land. He also has served as city coun- cilman for six years. He is a Mason, be- longing to Morning Light Lodge, No. 384, F. & A. M., while his wife belongs to the order of the Eastern Star. While in Silver Plume, Colorado, in 1882, he became con- nected with the Knights of Pythias frater- nity, of which he has been a prominent mem- ber, and is now a member of Manson Lodge, -No. 95. K. P., in which he has twice served as representative to the grand lodge. His wife belongs to the Congregational church, and both are highly esteemed people well known in Manson, where the hospitality of the best families is freelv extended to them.

EDGAR S. JACKSON.

Prominent among the business men of Calhoun county is numbered Edgar S. Jack- son, the junior member of the firm of Jack- son & Son, well known dealers in full-blood- ed Galloway cattle. For twenty years he has now been a resident of Garfield town- ship, and all of his interests from boyhood have been closely associated with this lo- cality. In his special line of business he has met with great success, and by the energy and zeal which he has manifested he has won the confidence and esteem of the public.

Mr. Jackson was born in Syracuse, New York, October 18, 1865, a"d is a son of

James J. and Sarah (Seaman) Jackson, also natives of the Empire state, the former born near Syracuse, New York, the latter in the same state. Throughout his active business life the father followed agricultural pursuits, being engaged in farming in New York and Illinois prior to coming to Iowa in 1882. Believing Calhoun county to be a desirable location, he purchased land in Garfield town- ship and was there successfully engaged in general farming and the breeding of fine cattle for several years, but now makes his home in Sac City, Iowa. Upright and hon- orable in all his dealings, he commands the respect and confidence of all with whom he is brought in contact, and has a host of warm friends in this county. In his family are three children: Carrie, Edgar S. and Winifred.

The subject of this sketch was principally reared in La Salle county, Illinois, being sev- enteen years of age when he came to Iowa. He attended the public schools of both states and under the able guidance of his father soon gained an excellent knowledge of agri- cultural pursuits. He owns one hundred and sixty acres of land in Garfield town- ship, and in connection with its cultivation lie also operates his father's farm of one hundred and sixty acres. Soon after locat- ing here the father became interested in the breeding of Galloway cattle, starting with only one male and one female, but at the present time he and his son are among the best known men in northwestern Iowa en- gaged in that business. They have given to it their special attention and have met with marked success. Their herd to-day consists of about one hundred and twenty-five head, one hundred of these being full-blooded an- imals. They have made shipments to many points throughout the northwest and their

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

trade is constantly increasing as the firm of Jackson & Son becomes more widely known. They have some fine animals upon the farm and our subject takes a just pride in his stock. In connection with cattle breeding- he carries on general farming and raises about seventy-five acres of corn and forty acre- of small grain, the remainder of the farm being pasture and meadow land.

On the 19th of September, 1894, Mr. Jackson was united in marriage with Miss Bessie Mosier, who was born in Polk coun- ty, towa, March 4, 1876, a daughter of Ely and Clarkie (Crum) Mosier. One child has come to bless this union. Forest Lynn, who \\;u born September 24, 1899. In his po- litical views Mr. Jackson is a stanch Repub- lican. He is a wide-awake, energetic busi- ness man of known reliability, and stands high in the esteem of his fellow citizens.

J. FRANK CASS.

I fisti iry is not the outcome of the actions of one man or of a few men but of the ag- gregate endeavor of many. Each citizen bears a part in producing results that mold public affairs and bring about conditions that affect either the weal or woe of the general public. Mr. Cass, a well known resident of Elm Grove township, has ever been found on the side of progress, improvement and the right. He resides on section 4, Elm Grove township, where he owns and operates a good farm. His landed possessions com- prise about two hundred acres.

Mr. Cass is one of Iowa's native sons, his birth having occurred in Jackson county, this state, on the 15th of November. 1853. His father. John Cass, was born in New

York in 1828, and at an early date came to Iowa with his parents. He was reared in Clinton county and after he had arrived at years of maturity he was married in Jack- son county to Orpha Louisa Hill, who was a native of New York. Mr. Cass entered land from the government in Jackson town- ship, and there opened up a farm, upon which he reared his family and carried on business interests for many years, but now he is living retired, making his home in Monmouth, Iowa.

Mr. Cass, of this review, was reared in Jackson county and pursued his education in Mount Vernon, Iowa, and in Valparaiso, Indiana. When his student days were over lie began teaching, following the profession in Jackson and Calhoun counties. He came to the latter county in 1880 and here pur- chased one hundred and twenty acres of raw prairie land, on which no improvement had been made. He soon fenced his farm, built a home and beg-an the development and im- provement of his land. From the seed he has raised maple, ash and box elder trees. He has also planted an orchard, which is now in excellent bearing condition. He built good barns, purchased the latest im- proved machinery and has added all the modern accessories and equipments until his place is one of the desirable farm properties of the county. For a number of years he has also successfully engaged in raising a high grade of stock and now has a herd of about fifty head of Galloway cattle.

Returning to Jackson county, Mr. Cass was there united in marriage, on Christmas day of 1880, to Miss Pearl Adelaide Bill, a native of Jones county, Iowa, and a daughter of Oliver J. Bill, who was born and reared in New York. When a young man, how- ever, he left that state and went to Ohio,

372

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

where he was twice married, the mother of Mrs. Cass being the second wife. Her maiden name was Mary Faucett. A native of England, she went with her parents to Ohio when a child of three years. Mrs. Bill is living in Wyoming, Jones county, Iowa. She was the mother of seven children, four of whom are yet living. Oliver J. Bill re- moved to Iowa, where he became one of the early settlers of Jones county. There he pur- chased land and developed a farm, upon which he reared his family and spent his re- maining days. Mrs. Cass passed her girl- hood days in Jones county and pursued her education in the schools of Mount Vernon. She engaged in teaching in Jones, Sac and Jackson counties previous to her marriage, and the readiness and clearness with which she imparted to others the knowledge that she had acquired made her a capable edu- cator. Five children have been torn unto our subject and his wife: Uretta May, Iva Orpha, Charles Henry, Erne Ellen and Glenn Robert.

Mr. Cass first voted for Rutherford B. Hayes, casting his ballot for that nominee of the Republican party in 1876. Since that time he has never failed to support the con- ditions of that organization and he strongly endorses Republican principles. He keeps well informed on the issues of the day and is therefore able to uphold his political opinion by intelligent argument. At local elections, where no issues are involved, he regards only the capability of the candidate and pays no attention to party affiliation. Po- litical office and emulations have never had attraction for him to any extent, although he is now serving as assessor of Elm Grove township, his term covering two years. His wife is a member of the Elm Grove Pres- byterian church. Mr. Cass has always been a resident of Iowa and has made his home

in Calhoun county for twenty-two years. During this time he has witnessed the in- troduction of the railroad and the telegraph, while towns and villages have sprung up and schools and churches have indicated the in- tellectual and moral progress of the people. He has always supported movements for the general good and though his life has been quietly passed he has that true worth of char- acter which in every land and every clime commands respect and confidence.

DAVID BLEAM.

David Bleam is a retired farmer resid- ing in Manson. America is rich in oppor- tunity,and here the individual may by strong purpose and unflagging diligence win suc- cess unhampered by the caste and class which impedes his progress in foreign lands. Mr. Bleam owes his prosperity entirely to his own efforts and deserves great credit for what he has achieved. He is now living in the enjoyment of the fruits of his former toil and well does he merit the rest which crowns his labors. He was born in Bucks- county, Pennsylvania, December 17, 1837. His father, Samuel Bleam, was also a na- tive of the Keystone state and there wedded Mary Hottel, likewise a native of Pennsvl- vania. The father engaged in carpentering and contracting and died when our subject was only six months old. He was a Whig in his political belief and he held membership in the Mennonite church. His wife still sur- vives him and now makes her home in Phil- adelphia. David Bleam was their only son and the youngest of their three children, the others being Lydia, the widow of A. Ben- ner, who died in 1899, her home being in Philadelphia, and Betsey, who died in in- fancv.

TflS BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

$73

In the common schools of his native state David Bleam began his educatifeffl which he continued until sixteen years of age, when he started out in life on his own account, learn- ing the miller's trade, which he followed fur ten consecutive years. Like most y"Otlng men, in early manhood he sought companionship for the journey of life, and on the 4th of July, 1858, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, was united in marriage to Katherine P. Bickert. She was horn in Northampton county in the town of Bethlehem. Pennsylvania, December )o. 1839. Her father. Joseph Bickert, was a native of Lehigh county and a son of Nich- olas Bickert. The latter served in the Rev- olutionary war, valiantly espousing the cause of the colonies, and died in 1842 when about ninety years of age. His son, Joseph Bick- ert, was a faithful defender of the American cause in the war of 1S12. He was united in marriage to Esther Young, wdio was born hi Hanover township. Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Her father, John M. Young, was likewise a native of Pennsylvania, and was a son of George Young, who served his country in the Revolutionary war. The form- er engaged in farming and also owned and operated several distilleries. He became quite wealthy and died at the age of sixty- three years, giving his property to his eleven children. After the marriage of Mr. and Mr-. Bickert they located in that neighbor- hood, where Mr. Bickert engaged in car- pentering and contracting, being actively identified with the building interests of that locality for a number of years. He was also the owner of land and in later years engaged in the manufacture of lime, owning and op- erating three kilns. He was a Democrat in politics, although he supported Abraham Lincoln and was a strong advocate of the Union cause. He held membership in the German Reformed church and his life was

in consistent harmony with its teachings. On the 20th of December, 1X77. his life's labors were ended in death and many friends mourned his loss. In the family of Joseph Bickert were ten children. Tillman, de- ceased, married Sarah Arndt, who now re- sides in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Eliza Ann is the wife of Tillman Kitt and resides at Emuse, Lehigh county. Pennsylvania. Mathe'W married Hannah Klator. He passed away in 1899 anfd his widow now resides in Huddlesville, near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Katherine P. is the wife of our subject. Hen- ry married Mrs. Sarah rbilson, who now re- sides in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He died De- cember 20, 1893. Samuel married Emma Neckline and resides in Bethlehem. Pennsyl- vania. Sarah became the wife of John Shively, a resident of Goldsboro, Maryland. The three youngest children, Marie, John and a babe, died in infancy.

Mr. and Mrs. Bleam began their domes- tic life in Pennsylvania, where they remained for six years and oni the expiration of that period they emigrated to the west settling in Keokuk county, Iowa, where he remained about three months and then went to Ben- ton county, where our subject rented a tract of land, thereon engaging in farming for four years. He next came to Calhoun coun- ty, in the fall of 1868, ami secured a home- stead claim, but later the swamp land com- pany claimed to own a part of it and he had to purchase it over again. With characteris- tic energy he began the development of his farm, on which he erected a good residence and substantial buildings. He also added to the place until he now owns a quarter sec- tion of rich land. At the time he took pos- session thereof, however, it was a tract of raw prairie upon which not a furrow had been turned or an improvement made, but he at once began to develop it and in the

374

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

course of time the well tilled fields were re- turning to him golden harvests in reward for his labors. In his fanning methods he was practical and progressive and success- fully carried on the operations of his land until 1898 when he came to Manson, where he has since lived retired. He was formerly extensively engaged in dealing in stock, making a specialty of dairy cattle, including shorthorns. His business interests were so capably managed that as the years passed he added continually to his income and at length with a handsome competence, he was enabled to put aside the more arduous duties of the farm.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Bleam have been born eight children. Oliver, the eldest, was born December 26, 1858. He married Em- ma C. Caldwell, by whom he has one child, Beulah. He is living retired in Pocahontas count}-, having been extensively engaged in farming. Charles Henry is the second mem- ber of the family, his birth occurring March 13, 1861. He was married February 14, 1890, to Miss Alma A. Johnson, and resided on a farm in Sherman township. He died October 20, 1897, leaving a wife and three children, Mamie, Floyd and Emery. Allen David was the third son bom unto Mr. and Mrs. Bleam. his birth having occurred July 23. [863. Laura Celestia, born August 29, 1866, became the wife of Marion I. Randall on the 10th of October, 1893, by whom she had two children, Myrtle E. and Ruby R. The family resides in Woodenville, Wash- ingtoni. Amanda Eliza was born March 14, 1871, and on the 23d of March. 1892, was united in marriage to Charles E. Parish. They have three children. Grant L., Lee and Mabel, and reside in YYair, Pocahontas coun- ty, Iowa. George Franklin, the sixth in order of birth was born May 14. 1874. and died on the 3d of September, 1874. Emma

{Catherine, born August 2, 1876, married Messer Leith, June 29, 1898, and is the mother of two children, Flora C. and Lovd M. They reside near Fonda, Pocahontas county, Iowa. Minnie L. is the youngest of the children, born March 7, 1880. She mar- ried William Leith and lives on a farm in Center township, Calhoun county. They have one child, Dorothy Ethel. David Bleami and his wife are consistent and ac- tive members of the Methodist Episcopal church, doing all in their power to promote the cause of Christianity. He is a Repub- lican in his political affiliations and his fel- low townsmen, recognizing his worth and ability, have frequently called upon him to fill positions of public trust. He has been especially active in behalf of educational in- terests, the schools finding in him a warm friend. While there have been no exciting chapters in the life history of David Bleam, it yet contains lessons which may be profita- bly followed, for his course has been such as to commend him to public confidence and regard and to win for him substantial evi- dence that his business methods are such as secure prosperity. In all the years of his resilience in the west, he has become widely known and the qualities of an upright man- hood have made him a valued and repre- sentative citizen of the community.

TOHN RASMESS.

This well known successful farmer and stock-raiser, residing on section 8, Calhoun township, came to this country in 187A, and has since been prominently identified with its agricultural interests. His early home was on the other side of the Atlantic, for he was born near Stavanger, Norway, November

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

375'

8. 1857. and spent the first sixteen years of his life in his native land. He then emi- grated to the United States and took up his residence in Lee county, Illinois, where he worked on a farm for a time. He subse- quently spent a few years in DeKalb county, that state, where he was similarly employed.

In 1881 Mr. Rasmess came to Calhoun county, Iowa, and purchased the farm where he now resides, but soon returned to De- Kalb county, Illinois, where he was married, March 9, 1882, to Miss Mattie M. Knudson, a native of Denmark, who came to the new world with her mother during childhood and was reared in DeKalb county. Four children bless this union, namely: Minnie A., Edith R., Mabel J. and John Logan, born March 3, 1902.

Soon after their marriage Mr. Rasmess and his bride started for their new home in Iowa, and to the cultivation and improve- ment of his farm he has since devoted his energies. He has since built a good sub- stantial residence, one of the best in Cal- houn township, has erected convenient out- buildings, has set out fruit and shade trees and has made many other use/ul and valua- ble improvements upon the place. Some . he became interested in shorthorn cattle, commencing in a small way with some pure blooded stock, and to-day has a fine herd of seventy, mostly of the Cruik- shank strain. This herd includes several head of registered cattle and is one of the finest in this section of the country. Mr. Rasmess, on the 27th of March. 1902. pur- fi >r the sum of fourteen hundred dol- lars. Dalmeny Princess, 9th, a red heifer that took the second prize as a yearling at Edin- burgh, Scotland, and is beyond question one of the finest bred cattle in the state. Mr. Rasmess has a wide reputation as a breeder of pure M'- did cattle and is well known

throughout Iowa and adjoining states as a successful and reliable dealer. To his farm he has added an additional tract of one hun- dred ami sixty acres.

.Politically he is a stanch Republican, hav- ing supported every presidential candidate of that party since casting his first vote for James G. Blaine, but he has never cared f< n- the In iin irs 1 ir emoluments of public office,, though be did serve a couple of terms as commissioner of highways. Both he and his wife were reared in the Lutheran faith, but now attend the various churches. They are people of the highest respectability and have a host of warm friends.

GEORGE B. STARR.

When the tocsin of war sounded men from all parts of the country flocked to the standard of the nation. From the work- shops, from the fields and the offices came those who gave a loyal support to the Union. Donning the blue uniform they bravely met the hardships of war, risking life in order to defend the land which they loved. Among the number found upon southern battle- fields in the defense of what they believed to be right was George B. Starr, who is classed among the honored pioneer settlers of Cal- houn county and is one wdio through hon- esty and indefatigable efforts has gained a handsome competence. Mr. Starr was born in Tazewell county, Illinois, April jt,. 1837, his parents being Henry and Catherine (Slygh) Starr, the former a native of Mas- sachusetts and the latter of Albany, New York. They were married in Illinois, Sep- tember 3, 1836, and located in Tremont. There the father of our subject, who was a physician, died in 1838. and the mother long

376

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

survived him, passing away on the 25th of November, 1891.

George B. Starr attended school in Rochester, Illinois, and after he had become ■old enough to earn his own living he worked through the summer months, pursuing his education only in the winter season. When he was twenty-one years of age he began working on a farm and later renting land, continued its cultivation until the 9th of August, 1862, when he placed his name on "the enlistment roll of soldiers, joining Com- pany G. Eighty-ninth Illinois Infantry un- der Captain Whiting and Colonel Hotchkiss. With his regiment he then went to Louisville under General Buell and on to Nashville, Tennessee, when he joined the forces of Gen- eral Rosecrans. Later Mr. Starr took part in the battles of Murfreesboro, Chickamauga and in all of the engagements which oc- curred as the army proceeded to that point. From Chickamauga the Union troops fell back to Chattanooga. He was also in the battles _ of Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Knoxville, and under the com- mand of General Grant assisted in the At- lanta campaign. He was wounded in a skirmish at Burnt Hickory. Georgia, in the left leg. being shot by a minie ball. On ac- count nf the injury he was sent to the field hospital and was afterward removed to the hospitals at Chattanooga, Nashville, Tennes- see, Louisville, Kentucky, and Jefferson Bar- racks, Missouri, remaining at the last place until honorably discharged on the 16th of May. 1865, when he returned to Illinois. His military record is one worthy of high praise. He was always found at his post of duty, whether on the picket line or the firing line, and was in many of the most important struggles.

Soon after his return to the north Mr. Starr made his way to Calhoun county,

Iowa, where he located on eighty acres of land and in 1867 he took up his abode upon his claim, to which he brought his bride. That year, in Kewanee, Illinois, he was united in marriage to Miss Lamira Sharp, who was born in Lewiston, Illinois, October 10, 1847, an'd was the daughter of Robert M. and Amanda M. (Umstead) Sharp, the former a native of Ohio and the latter of Illinois. They were married and located in the Prairie state but subsequently removed to Michigan. Later, however, they returned to Illinois, locating in Lafayette, Stark coun- ty. The mother died October 26, 1858, and the father went west, since which time no news has been received from him. Mrs. Starr was one of a family of six children and by her marriage she has become the mother of three children : Charles F., the eldest, was born December 4, 1867, and married Naioma Lesher, by whom he has two chil- dren. Vern and Mabel, and with his fam- ily resides in Slayton, Minnesota. Stella, born October 6, 1870, is now engaged in teaching school in New Castle, Wyoming. George B., born October 14, 1883, is attend- ing school in Manson, Iowa.

When Mr. Starr took up his abode upon his farm in Iowa it was prairie land, with no improvements, but with characteristic energy he began its development and for one-third of a century made his home there- on. As his financial resources increased he added to his possessions until he has a quar- ter section of fine land, upon which he placed a good residence and substantial barns and outbuildings. His labors have been crowned with success. He worked earnestly and in- defatigable in order to make his farm a pay- ing property and now, with a comfortable competence acquired through his earnest ef- forts, he is living a retired life in the enjoy- ment of a well earned rest. His political

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

377

support is given to the Republican party, to which he has long been a faithful adherent and he has held several of the township offi- ce-, being reliable, faithful and active in the discharge of his duties. He belongs to the Allie Post, Grand Army of the Republic, and attends the Methodist Episcopal church. He is to-day as true to his duties of citizenship as when the Union cause elicited his support ami he -lided in the defense of the stars and

stripes.

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ROBERT H. HEWS, M. D.

The world instinctively pays deference to the man whose success is worthily achieved and who has acquired high reputa- tion in his chosen calling by merit. We pay the highest tributes toi the heroes who, on bloody battlefields win victories and dis- play a valor that is the admiration of the world. Why should the tribute he withheld from those who wage the bloodless battles of civil life, who are conquerors in the world of business? Greater than in almost any line of work is the responsibility that rests upon the physician. The issues of life and ■death are in his hands. A false prescription, an unskilled operation may take from man that which he prizes above all else — life. The physician's power must be his own; not by purchase, by gift or by influence can he gain it. He must commence at the very be- ginning, learn the rudiments of medicine and surgery, and continually add to his knowl- edge by close study and earnest application and gain reputation by merit. If he would gain prominence it must come as a result of superior skill, knowledge and ability, and these qualifications are possessed in an emi- nent degree by Dr. Hews, who for thirteen years has been a well-known practitioner of Rockwell City.

The Doctor was born in Trenton. New York, July 7, 1845, a son OI Hugh and Eliz- abeth (Jones) Hews. His paternal grand- father, John Hews, was born in Wales and became a contractor and builder. He made a specialty of staite buildings and in that department of his work gained a reputation for superior skill that made him very widely known. In 1818 he crossed the briny deep to the new world, locating in Trenton, New York, where he spent his remaining days, his death occurring when he had reached the age of forty-live, while his wife. Mrs. Elizabeth Hews, long surviving him. reached the age of sixty-five years. Their son, Hugh I lew-, the father of the Doctor, was born in Carnavanshire, Wales, in 1803, and when fifteen years of age accompanied his parents 011 their emigration to the United States. He also became a contractor and builder and was a good, thorough workman, who for a number of years was actively and promi- nently associated with the building inter- ests of Trenton, New York. In his later years he followed general farming in that locality, but at length retired from active business cares and spent his declining days in the enjoyment of a well earned rest. He married Elizabeth Jones, who was born in Trenton, New York, in 1806, and for many years they were numbered among the most respected citizens of that place. Mr. Hews capably filled a number of public offices and was a worker in the ranks of the Whig party until its dissolution, when he joined the new Republican party, continuing one. of its stanch advocates until his death. He was also a consistent member and active worker in the Methodist Episcopal church and served as one of its deacons for many years. His death occurred when he had reached the advanced age of eighty-seven years and his wife at the age of sixty-one years. They

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

were the parents of four sons and three daughters, namely: John, Cornelius, Lewis, Robert, Jane, Lydia and Ellen.

On the maternal side the ancestry can be traced back to one of the early families of New York. The great-grandfather was a highly educated man and a minister of the Baptist church, who was widely known as "Preacher Jones." He devoted his entire life to the holy calling and his influence was of no restricted order. His son, Robert M. Junes, the grandfather of the Doctor, was born in Wales. His wife's name was Jane. He was extensively engaged in farming, owned large tracts of land and was the pro- prietor of a mill. Coming to America he made his home in the town of Remson, Oneida county, New York, where he died in 1873. at the age of ninety-three years, while his wife passed away at the age of sixty-five.

In the town of his nativity Dr. Hews was1 reared to manhood and in the district schools obtained his early education, which was suplemented by an academic course. At the age of eighteen he began the study of medicine, reading under the direction of Dr. Gitteau, while later his preceptor was Dr. Price. Subsequently he matriculated in the University of Pennsylvania, in which he was graduated in the class of 1869, while in 1874 he was graduated in the Lhiiversity of Buf- falo. Dr. Hews then began the practice of medicine in Western, Oneida county. New York, where he remained in practice for twenty years. He gained a liberal patron- age, his practice gradually growing until it had assumed extensive proportions. He was a leading and influential citizen of the com- munity and was called upon to fill a number of local offices, serving as town clerk for ten years, as supervisor for two terms and in minor positions. In 1889 he came to Rock- well City, where he has since made his home.

and he had not long been established here before he had gained a good business in the line of his profession. He was appointed pension examiner under President Cleveland and for the past ten years he has held the office of insane commissioner. He is the sur- geon for the Illinois Central Railroad and also the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company and is also medical ex- aminer for several old line insurance com- panies.

Dr. Hews has been twice married. In 1872 he wedded Mary H. Stone, who was born in Western, Oneida county, New York, and died in 1873. I" September, 1875, the Doctor was again married, his second union being with Martha Lewis, who was bora in Steuben county, New York, February 15, 1850, a daughter of William and Janette Lewis. Her father was a native of Utica, New York, and was accounted one of the prominent and leading men of his commun- ity. He was a progressive farmer and dairy- man and kept on his place as many as sev- enty-five head of milch cows. He owned a cheese factory and manufactured cheese in connection with the operation of his farm. F( >r many years he served as justice of the peace. In 1861 he was also a member of the New York assembly and was closely asso- ciated politically with Conkling and other distinguished statesmen of that period. He spent a very- useful and active life in the town of Steuben, Oneida county, and left the impress of his individuality for good upon its agricultural interests and public affairs. I le was a stanch Republican, never swerving in his allegiance-to the party, and was equal- ly loyal in his religious connection as a val- ued and consistent member of the Methodist church. He reached the advanced age of eighty-five years, but his wife passed away at the age of sixty-one.

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379'

Unto Dr. Hews and his wife have been born a son and daughter. The former, Dr. Lewis D. Hews, was torn in Western, New York, October 14, 1876, and was a student in Epworth Seminary, of Iowa, in which he was graduated with the class of 1896. He was student in Cornell College, in the Year 1896-7 and afterward took up the study of medicine in the University of Iowa, with the class of 1897-8. In 1901 he was gradu- ated in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, of Chicago, and is now engaged in practice with his father in Rockwell City. He is a member of Twin Lakes Lodge, F. & A. M. and belongs to the Fort Dodge Dis- trict Medical Society. In his political affil- iations he is a Republican. The daughter, Janette E., was born in Western, New York, January 26, 1880, and is with her parents.

Dr. Hews, whose name inltroduces this record, is an independent Democrat in poli- tics, but public office and public honors have had little attraction for him. He holds mem- bership in Twin Lakes Lodge, F. & A. M., at Rockwell City, and is a member of the Methodist church. His time has been large- ly given to his professional duties and he has, through study and research, kept in touch with the advanced thought of the day, trying earnestly to solve the problems con- nected with the restoration of health and the prolongation of life, and that he has the qublic confidence in an unusual degree is indicated by the liberal patronage accorded

WILLIAM CLARK.

In an analyzation of the character and life work 1 if William Clark we note many of the characteristics which have marked the Scotch nation fm" mam- centuries — the

perseverance, reliability, energy and uncon- querable determination to pursue a course that has been marked out. It is these sterl- ing qualities which have gained to Mr. Clark- success in life and made him one of the sub- stantial and valued citizens of Iowa. He now resides 011 section 1 1 , Lincoln township, where he is carrying on general fanning.

Mr. Clark was born in Roxburyshire, Scotland, on the 16th of February, 1833, and is a son of John and Janette (Lockie) Clark, both of whom were natives of Scot- land. The mother died in that country and soon afterward the father, with our subject,. then a little lad of six years, crossed the At- lantic to Canada, settling about twenty-five miles west of Hamilton, where Mr. Clark purchased two hundred and thirty-one acres of land. To the development and cultivation of his farm he devoted his energies until his death, which occurred about 1S74. While in that country he was again married, his second union being with Miss Janette Hope, who was born in Scotland and died in Can- ada in 1900. leaving four children.

In the Dominion our subject acquired a limited education, and at the age of seven- teen he began learning the blacksmith's trade, working in Stratford. He afterward conducted a smithy in the county of Huron for about ten years and then with the capital he had acquired, purchased a farm in the midst of the forest, cleared it of timber and transformed it into rich fields. Ere he left Canada he was married in Stratford, Huron county, on his twenty-third birthday, to1 Miss Jane .Angus, who was born in Canada in 1834, a daughter of John and Ann ( Dalgle- ish) Angus, both of whom were natives o£ Scotland, there remaining until after their marriage. Mrs. Clark has two brothers, one residing in Aurora, Illinois, and the other in British Columbia.

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

On leaving Canada Mr. Clark came at once to Calhoun county, making the journey by train to Boone, and thence by stage route to Lake City, which was then a town of seven houses. Leaving the hamlet he came to what is now Sherman township and se- cured a homestead upon which he lived for a number of years. Subsequently, however, be traded that property for a hotel in Man- son, conducting it for a year. He then rented the property for two or three years and when that period had elapsed traded his hotel for one hundred and sixty acres of land on sec- tion 2, Lincoln township, just across the road from where he is now living. After leaving the hotel he purchased residence property in Manson and conducted a black- smith shop, carrying on business along that line until about seventeen years ago. when he to ik up his abode upon his farm. In 1899 he purchased the quarter-section upon which he now resides and is successfully operating his land, the well tilled fields returning to him golden harvests, while the neat and thrift) appearance of the place indicates to the passerby that the owner is a progressive and practical fanner. He owns altogether four hundred acres of land and is assisted in its cultivation by his sons.

In i<;oo Mr. Clark was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died in Ma\ of that year, leaving six children: John, who is living at home; William, who married Lu Smith and resides in Calhoun county; Jerome, also at home; Ann, the wife of Lance Moore, of Hanson ; Belle and Euthenia. In his social relations Mr. Clark is a Mason, belonging to Morning Light Lodge, F. & A. M.. of Manson. in which he is junior warden. He is also a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and in his political affiliations he is a stanch Dem- ocrat, believing firmly in the principles of the

party. On that ticket he was elected town- ship trustee and was one of the first coun- cilmen in Manson. When that town was in- corporated he served two terms in that office and was also a school director, road super- visor for two terms; and street commissioner of Manson. When he arrived in Calhoun county there had been no township surveys, and the work of progress and improvement was yet in the future. Since then he has watched with interest the establishment of townships and school organizations, know- ing that it indicates progress and settle- ment. As a citizen he is o mcerned in every- thing calculated to benefit his country and his own labors have been of material value in advancing the general good.

EDMUND A. BRIGGS.

Edmund A. Briggs has been so closely identified" with agricultural interests in Cal- houn county and has been so active in other lines of industry that his history forms an important chapter in this volume. He re- sides on section 18, Sherman township, where he owns and operates a valuable farm. He was born in Nottinghamshire, England, February 6, 1859, and is a son of Edmund and Keziah E. Briggs, both of win m were natives of the same country, the former born August 11, 1827, and the latter on the 4th of March, 1829. They were mar- ried in Nottinghamshire and the father de- voted his energies to agricultural pursuits. In 1869 he sailed for America with his fam- ily, arriving on the 4th of July and making his way across the country to Tama City, where he remained for a year and a half. In 1 87 1 he came to Calhoun county and for a few years he conducted a lumber yard here.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

The greater part of the time, however, was devoted to fanning and he became a well- known agriculturist of the community, re- spected by all for his sterling worth. He remained a resident of the county until 1890 when, with his wife, he returned to England, where they are now living, the father at the age of seventy-five years, the mother at the age of seventy-three. He was actively asso- ciated with public improvement in the Coun- ty. He built the first house on the present site of Pomeroy and also built the first school house there. During his residence here he took a deep interest in everything pertain- ing to the general good. He was quite a wealthy man and withheld his support from no movement which he believed would aid in the upbuilding of the county. In their family were thirteen children, eight of whom are yet living, namely : Samuel, a car in- spector, of Mitchell, South Dakota; Eliza, the wife of Fred Smith, of Pomeroy, Iowa; Arthur, who resides in Aurora, Illinois; Ed- mund A., the subject of this review; Al- bert, a resident of Fort Dodge, Iowa ; Will- iam, who makes his home in Alpena, Michi- gan ; Cyrus B. and Thomas P., both of whom are now living in England.

Edmund A. Briggs spent the first ten years of his life in his native land and then accompanied his parents on their emigration to America. With them' he came to Iowa and remained upon his father's farm in Cal- houn county until 1880. During the suc- ceeding seven years he conducted an eleva- tor during the winter months and in the summer seasons engaged in farming on his own account. He then rented land for a year and in 1888 removed to his present home. Nearly all of his land was under cultivation and is well improved. Many rods of tiling have enhanced its arable condi- tion and his labors have been rewarded with

abundant harvests. He keeps in touch with the m< ^t improved methods of fanning and his work is bringing to him a good annual income.

On Chrismas day of 1879, in Calhoun, county, Mr. Briggs was united in marriage to Miss Stena Larson, daughter of John and Carrie Larson, who were farming people of Pocahontas county. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Briggs have been born nine children: Ed- mund A., born June 26, 1881 ; William A., whose birth occurred on the 1 5th of March, 1883; John, who was born March 20, 1886; Grover C, born August 29, 1888; Carrie E., born May 4, 1891 ; Ethel E., whose birth occurred on the 10th of March, 1894; Lewis C, who was born August 1, 1896; Emma A., who was born November 20, 1898; and H. Ellen M., born January 5, 1902.

In his political affiliations Mr. Briggs is a Democrat and has served as road supervis- or, as school director and as constable, dis- charging his duties in a very commendable manner. He belongs to the Woodmen of the World and 'to the Presbyterian church, and is a public-spirited and progressive citizen who gives a loyal support to every move- ment and measure calculated to prove of general good.

SWAN NELSON.

The citizenship of America is of a com- plex character, but no element has been of more value than that which has been furn- ished by Sweden. The sons of that king- dom, characterized by thrift, enterprise and the qualities which make up noble manhood, have come to this country determined to make the most of their opportunities, and with unfaltering purpose they have over-. come all difficulties and obstacles and ad-

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

vanced steadily to success by perseverance, capable management and honorable meth- ods. Such has been the history of Swan Nelson. As the architect of his own for- tunes, he has budded carefully and his ex- ample may well serve as a source of inspira- tion and encouragement to others.

His parents were Xelse and Magnell (Nelson) Swanson. They, too, were born in Sweden and there their marriage was cele- brated. The father was a farmer by occupa- tion, following that pursuit throughout his entire life. He died in 1870 and the fol- lowing year his widow came to America, spending her last days in Calhoun county, where she died in 1891. They were the par- ents of ten children, of whom two sons and a daughter died in infancy, while Nelse died in Sweden at the age of twenty-eight years. Nellie, who died in April, 1883, was the wife of Peter Peterson, who is now living in Manson. Betsey became the second wife of Peter Peterson and they have a pleasant home in Manson. Cecelia is the widow of Elias Swanson, who died in 1902, at then- home in Manson. Swan is the next in the family. John Olean was married in Moline, Illinois, and after the death of his first wife he married again, and is now living in Mo- line. Peter, a twin brother of John, married Augusta Nelson, and they also reside in Moline, Illinois.

To a limited extent Swan Nelson at- tended school in Sweden but acquired the greater part of his education as he stood by the side of his mother's spinning wheel. She taught him as best she could, and in the school of experience he has also learned val- uable lessons. He worked as a farm hand in Sweden and there learned and followed the wagon-maker's trade. In the year of 1869 he came to America, settling in Po- cahontas county, Iowa. Having but ten

cents remaining when he reached Fort Dodge, he purchased a loaf of bread and then walked to Bellville township, settling on section 34. He secured a homestead claim of eighty acres of raw prairie land and with determined purpose undertook the task of converting it into a productive farm, fencing and improving it. He broke the land with a yoke of oxen, and a brother who worked in Moline. Illinois, sent him a plow, while an- other brother sent him the money with which to purchase a stove. With such slight as- sistance he made his start in his new home, living in a sod house. As a companion and helpmate for the journey of life he chose Miss Cecelia Nelson, their marriage being celebrated in Fort Dodge, Iowa, September 13, 1869. The lady was born in Sweden, September 6, 1835. They were betrothed in their native land and came on the same ship to America. Her parents were Xelse and Lucy (Anderson) Moan- son, both natives of Sweden, in which they spent their entire days, the father devoting his energies to agricultural pur- suits. He died in 1848 but his wife survived him many years, passing away in 1881. In their family were the following children : Malinda. who died at the age of twenty-three years ; Anna, the deceased wife of John < Hsnii. who has since married again and resides in Sweden ; John, who died at the age of five years; Andrew, who married Betsey Olson and is living in Manson; In- gred, who came to America in 1868, but no news has since been heard of her; Carrie, who is the widow of Nelse Berg, and re- sides in Sweden; Cecelia, the wife of our subject; Peter, who was killed in Hawaii about 1890; and Nellie, who died at the age of twenty-six years.

Mr. and Mrs. Nelson took up their abode on the homestead farm, living in a

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383

sod house in the true manner of the pio- neers. He tilled the land with the aid of hi*, ox-team and they did their trading in Fort Dodg'e. Mr. Nelson added to his landed possessions until he now owns one hundred and sixty acres in Pocahontas county, one hundred and twenty acres in Calhoun county and a quarter section in McCook county. South Dakota. He labored honestly and energetically and annually added to his income. In August, 1899, he put aside business cares and with the capi- tal he had acquired retired to private life. He is now living' in Manson in the enjoy- ment of the fruit of his former toil. Eigh- teen years previous to this time he had pur- chased three lots in Manson and on this he built a handsome modern residence with excellent improvements. It is equipped with the latest facilities and accessories, includ- ing electric lights and telephone and the house is heated with hot air. His new home is one of the mos(t comfortable, de- sirable and attractive modern residences in Calhoun county. Mr. Nelson is a man of excellent business ability and executive power. He is resourceful and enterpris- ing and his wise counsel has proved an important factor in the successful con- duct of a number of enterprises. He was formerly a stockholder in the State Bank of Pocahontas county and is now a stockholder in the Central Telqjhone Com- pany. On the 10th of May, 1899, he or- ganized the Mutual Fire & Tornado Assot- ciation, of which he is the vice-president and he has contributed in a large measure to it> successful conduct. The business is now in a most flourishing- condition, a large Dumber of policies being- written each year. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Nelson has been blessed with four children, all of whom are yet living: Neleus Monnott, born in

Pocahontas county, May 4, 1870, is en- gaged in real estate, loan and insurance business in Salem, South Dakota. He is also a justice of the peace and notary public and fraternally he is connected with the Odd Fellows' society, in which he has taken the Rebekah degree. In his political af- filiation he is a Democrat. August Leon- ard, the second son, was born October 8, 1871, and is now engaged in the practive of law in Fort Scott, Kansas. Mollie, born July 7, 1873. is with her parents. Axel Amiel, horn October 2, 1875, was married January 4, 1S99, to Selma Petrie and they reside on his father's farm in Pocahontas county. They have two children : Sebert Leroy, born December 28, 1900, and Man- gell Ruth, born August 24, 1901.

Mr. Nelson is a member of the Knights of Pythias fraternity and past chancellor of his lodge, while in religious faith he is connected with the Swedish Lutheran church, of which he is one of the trustees. In politics he is a stanch Republican and in [884 was elected supervisor of Pocahontas county in which office he served for two terms. For eighteen years he also was jus- tice of the peace and has filled all the town- ship offices. He has been notary public and for sixteen years was school treasurer. No higher testimonial of his faithful and capa- ble sendee can be given 'than the fact that he has been so long in office. He is wddely recognized as one of the leading members of the Republican party in Calhoun county and his opinions carry weight and influence. He is a patriotic citizen placing the coun- try's good before partisan feeling and the general wellfare before self-aggrandizement. He is very popular in political circles and enjoys the regard of those who differ from him politically. Mr. Nelson is also num- bered among the honored pioneers of the

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

county. When he came to this portion of Iowa, it was indeed wild and unimproved. Deer were still hunted in the locality. Prai- rie chicken, duck, turkey and every wild game were found plentiful, in fact were so numerous that it was a difficult matter to raise grain. The courthouse of Pocahontas county was then at Rolf and was built by John F. Duncombe and John Stockdale, who received twenty thousand acres of swamp land for building the bridge across the Des Moines river and building the courthouse. No native born citizen is more loyal to her institutions than is this adopted son, whom Sweden sent to the new world, Improving his opportunities here and making the most of his advantages, he has steadily advanced and to-day he stands among the men of af- fluence who owe their success to honorable business methods.

OLE ARENSON.

From the "land of the midnight sun" Ole Arenson came to America and has found in the business advantages of the new world the broader and better opportunities which he sought. Beneath the stars and stripes he has labored energetically, and his efforts have been rewarded by a handsome competence. He is a devoted citizen of his adopted land and Calhoun county numbers him among her progressive farmers.

Born in Norway, August 28, 1846, he is a son of Andrew and Isabel (Olsen) Aren- son, the latter a daughter of Peter Olsen. The father was a farmer and fisherman and died in Norway about 1876, while his wife passed away when our subject was only about four years old. In their family were the following named : Mrs. Oldina Jacob-

son, a widow living in Norway; Erik, who resides upon the old home farm in that coun- try; Sophia, who became Mrs. Olson and died in Norway; Lottie, the wife of William Fragan, a farmer of Winnebago county, Iowa ; Ole, of this review ; Christiana, the wife of E. Ericson, a farmer Of Worth county, Iowa.

In the schools of his native land the sub- ject of this review pursued his education, and at the age of fifteen began following the life of a fisherman and sailor, being thus employed until twenty-three years of age. In 1869 he made his way alone to America, for he had heard favorable reports of the advan- tages which this country offers to young men of ambition and determination. Mak- ing the long voyage across the Atlantic he took up his abode in Iroquois county, Illi- nois, where he began working as a farm hand for thirteen dollars per month. He received that wage for four months and later was paid twenty dollars per month, being employed at farm labor for two years. In 1 87 1 he rented a farm in the same county, continuing its cultivation for five years. In 1876 he visited his native land, making the trip to recuperate. He remained about two months and in the autumn returned to Iro- quois county, Illinois.

The following year Mr. Arenson kept bachelor's hall, but on the 18th of October, 1878, he was married to Mrs. Annie Larson, who was then a widow. By her first hus- band she had one child, Charles Larson, who was born August 28, 1877. Mrs. Arenson is a native of Sweden and her maiden name was Annie Peterson. She is the eldest in a family of six children, whose parents were Ulrik and Ulrika Peterson, also natives of Sweden. The other children of the family were : John, a farmer residing in Martin county, Minnesota; August and Charley >

OLE ARENSON.

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387

who are living in Michigan; Hulda; and Edward, who resides in Martin county, Min- nesota. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Arenson were born nine children as follows : Albert, who wa> born October 5, [879; Amanda, who was born February 7, 1881. and was married February 6, 1901, to H. V. Julius; Victor, w\v< was born March 31, 1883; Henry, born March 24, 1886; Lawrence, born November 30, 1888; Warner, born August 17, 1890; Ruth, born August 28, 1891 ; Agnes, born January 20. 1895: and Roy, born March 23. 1901. All were born in Iroquois county, Hlinois, with the exception of Roy, who was born in this o unity.

Upon the farm which he rented Mr. Arenson remained from 1877 until 1895, a period of seventeen years, and on the 28th of February of the latter year he removed to Calhoun count}", Iowa, taking up his abode upon the farm which he had purchased the previous fall. It is a tract of two hun- dred and forty acres on sections 2 and 11, Greenfield township. Much of the land had been placed under cultivation at the time he made the purchase, but he had to break- sixty acres. The place is pleasantly situated and upon it are good substantial farm build- ings. The fields return to him a good in- come and his well directed labors have made his farm a productive and valuable one. From a humble financial position he has ariseii to one of affluence. He has encount- ered obstacles and discouragements, but with resolute spirit he has labored to overcome these and the result has been the acquirement of gratifying success.

In his political adherence Mr. Arenson lias always been a Republican, and while living in [llinois he served as school trustee and road supervisor. He takes quite an in- terest in church and he and all of his family

are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. For about five years he has been a class leader and recently he was elected su- perintendent of the Sunday-school. To the support of the church he contributes liber- all}', and his influence has ever been on the. side of right. The hope that led him to leave his native land and seek a home in America has been more than realized. He found the opportunities he sought and making the most of these he steadily worked his way upward. He possesses the resolution, perse- verance and reliability so characteristic of the people of his native land, and his name' is now enrolled among the best citizens of Calhoun county.

W. H. WEIKERT.

\Y. H. Weikert is a prominent practi- tioner of dentistry in Calhoun county, his office being located in Pomeroy. Dentistry may be said to be almost unique among other occupations, as it is at once a profession, a trade and a business. Such being the case, it follows that in order to attain the highest success in it one must be thoroughly con- versant with the theory of the art, must be an expert with the many instruments and appli- ances incidental to the practice of modern dentistry, and must possess business qualifi- cations adequate to dealing with the financial side of the profession. In all of these partic- ulars Dr. Weikert is well qualified, and there- fore has attained prestige among the able representatives of dentistry in Pomeroy^ Iowa.

He was born September 28, 1875, in Meigs county, Ohio, his parents being H. W; and Laura A. (Owens) Weikert. His father

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

was a grocer in Marshalltown, Iowa, the year [882 witnessing his arrival from Ohio in this state. He settled first in Fairfield, where he engaged in the grocery business and there remained for fifteen years, enjoy- ing excellent success as a result of his enter- prise, honorable dealings and reasonable prices. On the expiration of that period he' removed to Marshalltown, where he still makes his home. In his political affiliations he is a Democrat, and as all true American citizens should do, keeps well informed on the issues of the day. He was one of a fam- ily of two children. The younger, Mary, is now deceased. Our subject is also the older of two children, his sister. Dorothy J., being at home. She was born November 28, 1877.

In the schools of Fairfield W. 11. Weik- ert acquired his primary education and later he attended the business college. Determin- ing to engage in the practice of dentistry as his life work, he entered the dental depart- ment of the State University of Iowa, in which he was graduated on the 29th of March, 1898. On the 15th of April, follow- ing, he opened an office in Pomeroy, and is now the only representative of the profession here. He has marked skill and ability in the line of his chosen calling and keeps in touch wth the progress that is being made in the profession, which has been so great that dental work of to-day little resembles that of a quarter of a century ago. He uses the most modern approved methods and makes a spe- cialty of crown and bridge work. His abil- ity, carefulness and earnest desire to please have secured to him a very liberal patronage, which is constantly increasing. He ranks among the leading professional men of this part of the state and his patrons came from a wide territory.

The Doctor is a member of the Fort

Dodge Lodge, No, 306, B. P. O. E. He also belongs to the Zi-Zi-Fi, a dental fraternity,

and in his political affiliations is a Republic- an. He is a young man of laudable ambi- tion and sterling worth and his genial na- ture and his many social qualities have made him popular.

HENRY JUDGE.

The subject of this review is a self-made man, who, without any extraordinary family or pecuniar}- advantages at the commence- ment of life, has battled earnestly and en- ergetically and by indomitable courage and integrity has achieved both character and fortune. By sheer force of will and untir- ing effort he has worked his way upward and is numbered among the leading business men of Calhoun county. He has for a num- ber of years successfully conducted a pho- tographic gallery here, and his proficiency in the line of his chosen vocation has secured to him a liberal patronage.

Mr. Judge is numbered among the native sons of Calhoun county, his birth having occurred in Center township on the nth of September. 1870, his parents being William and Olive (Davis) Judge, both of whom were natives of England in which country thev were married. The father was a baker in Hastings. England, but believing that bet- ter opportunities were afforded in America, be came to the new world in 1852 settling first in Lockport, New York. He afterward removed to Michigan and was employed in a tannery ait Ann Arbor. Subsequently he followed the same pursuit in Galesburg, Illinois, and thence came to Iowa in 1866, settling in Lake City where he remained for

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a short time. He next secured a homestead claim in Center township and was engaged in farming until his death, which occurred 111 [889. About two or three years later his wid< w -"lil the home farm and has since resided with her sou Henry. In the fam- ily were four daughters and two sons : Anna, the wife of Thomas Leith, who is living four miles south of Manson; Ella, the wife 1 if Frank Hulctt', of Pipestone, Minnesota; 1 m rge, who married Ella Farrington and is living in Adell, Iowa; Henry, of this review; Charlotte, the wife of Alike Camp- hell, nf Greenfield township, Calhoun coun- ty; and Lizzie, the wife of Ben Campbell. wh. 1 is living near Somers, Calhoun county.

In the district schools Henry Judge be- gan his education, later studied in the graded schools of Manson and also spent one year in the Davenport Business College. Eight years ago he became connected with the protographic work in Manson, purchasing an interest in a gallery, his partner being G. A. Douglass. After six months he pur- chased his partner's interest and has since •operated the gallery in his own name. He has an elegantly ecpiipped studio in Manson and also one in Pomeroy, where he spends two days each week. He thoroughly under- stands the photographic art, keeps in touch with the latest improvements and processes and his work is so satisfactory that it brings him an excellent income.

On the 1st of Sq>tember, 1897, Mt. Judge was united in marriage in Manson, to Miss Mattie Renken, who was born in Po- cahontas county, Iowa, July 6, 1873. Her parents were natives of Germany, and on coming to the United States established their home upon a farm in Pocahontas coun- ty where they spenit their remaining days. Mrs, Judge has two brothers and two sis- ters living.

Mr. 'and Mrs. Judge have one son. Ly- man, horn December 24, 1898. They have a plea-ant home in Manson and many friends there entertain for them high regard. Mr. Judge is a member of both the Masonic and Woodmen fraternities and he advocates Republican principles but has never sought or desired office, preferring to devote his attention to his business affairs which are bringing to him well deserved success. He is a gentleman whose courtesy is unfailing, whose integrity is above question, and thus he has gained high regard.

JOSEPH HUDSON.

For twenty years Joseph Hudson has been a resident of Iowa, and since 1885 has made his home in Pomeroy where he is now engaged in the livery business. He was horn in Winnebago county, Illinois, March 19, i860, — a son of Thomas and Honora (Quinlan) Hudson, who were of English and Irish descent. The father was a farmer by occupation, and on taking up his abode in Winnebago county he purchased a farm which he improved, making it a valuable tract. He was married in Cherry Valley, Illinois, and resided upon his farm until his death which occurred on the 4th of Oc- tober, 1879. His widow still survives him and yet resides in Winnebago county, mak- ing her home with a daughter. They were the parents of eleven children, namely : Martha, the wife of George Hooker, of Ogle county, Illinois; Joseph, the subject of this review ; Mary, the wife of Thomas McDon- ald, of Winnebago county, Illinois : George, a resident of Janesville, Wisconsin, where he is engaged in the insurance business : Nora, who married Henry Wallick. of * lhar-

390.

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ter Grove, Illinois; Ellen, the wife of Will- iam Ryan, of Winnebago county, Illinois; Hattie, a resident of Seward, Seward town- ship, Winnebago county, Illinois; Agnes, who married John Murphy, of Ogle county, [llinois, and three children who died in in- fancy.

Joseph Hudson is indebted to the public- school system of Ogle county, Illinois, for the educational privileges he" enjoyed and which fitted him for the practical duties of life. He followed farming until 1882 and then left the state of his nativity in order to make his home in Iowa, taking up his abode in Pocahontas county, where for a year he resided with an aunt. He then rented a farm in Pocahontas county and was a represen- tative of the agricultural interests of this portion of the state until 1885 when he pur- chased a livery barn in Pomeroy and has since carried on business along that line. Success has usually attended his efforts, al- though he has met with some discourage- ments and difficulties. On the 6th of July, 1893. one of his barns was destroyed in the cyclone which swept over the city and both chimneys of his house were carried away. He also lost a good team of horses which was killed in the storm. One of the men in Mr. Hudson's employ had started on a drive of seven miles and was three miles away from the town when the storm broke upon this district. In 1899 all his barns were destroyed by fire and he losit practical- ly everything he owned, but with character- istic energy he set to work to retrieve his possessions and in the ensuing years he has prospered so that he is now the owner of a first class livery stable and receives an excellent patronage as the result of his hon- orable dealings and his earnest desire to please his customers.

On the 28th of February, 1885, Mr.

Hudson was united in marriage to Miss Emima E. Jentz, who was born in Plattville, Wisconsin, and is a daughter of Fred Jentz. In his family were five children: Louisa, Fred, John, Frank and Emma. Mr. and Mrs. Hudson were married in Pomeroy and their union has been blessed with five chil- dren, but three of the number died in in- fancy. Those still living are Charles E., who was born April 15, 1895, and Mary, born May 28, 1892. The parents and chil- dren are communicants of St. Mary's Catho- lic church, and socially Mr. Hudson is con- nected with the Modern Woodmen of Amer- ica. He is a man of strong purpose and unfaltering determination, and though he has met obstacles in his path to success. he has presevered and has at length reached the goal of prosperity. His labors have been well directed and he has earned the proud American title of a self-made man.

PETER PETERS' >X.

Nature seems to have intended that man in his later years should enjoy a rest from labor. In early manhood he is vigorous, strong, ambitious and helpful ; in the prime of life his actions are guided by sound judg- ment and matured wisdom that arises from experience ; but when the evening of life comes on, one's powers are not so strong and one is not so well fitted to perform the ardu- ous labors so necessary to success in any calling. It is therefore evident that nature intended man to rest, in some degree, from his labors, and this Mr. Peterson is doing. So energetically did he conduct his business affairs in former years that he acquired a handsome competence and is now enjoying the fruits of his former toil, occupying a pleasant home in Manson.

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As his name indicates Mr. Peterson is a native of Sweden and is one of the worthy representatives of that land in Calhoun coun- ty. He was born September 28, 1828, and is the son of Peter Mobeck, who was also a native of Sweden. The father was twice married, his first union being with Mar- guerite Oberg, by whom he had two daugh- ters and a son, all of whom lived and died in S\\ eden. After the death of his first wife, Mr. Mobeck wedded Mrs. Parrtella (Mul- son) Jones, also a native of Sweden, in which land they were married. The father there occupied a position similar to that of sheriff in this country, acting in that capacity for forty consecutive years. He died in 1840. and the mother of our subject passed away in 1858. A half-sister of Mr. Peter- son. Mrs. Ellen Lindquist, now resides in Galesburg, Illinois, but none of the other members of the family are in America.

Mr. Peterson had no school privileges. He has had experience, observation and con- tact with his fellow men and they have made him well informed. When only twelve years of age he began to earn his own living artd since that time has been dependent entirely upon his own efforts. He first worked as a farm hand, and, realizing that there was little opportunity for advancement in Sweden for a poor young man, he resolved to try his fortune in the new world. Accordingly, in 1854, he sailed for America, crossing the Atlantic in the sailing vessel. Great Britain, which reached the harbor of Boston after a pleasant voyage of seven weeks and four days. I'] i. m landing. Mr. Peterson resumed his journey and crossed the country to Henry county, Illinois, where he remained for two months, working on the Rock Island railroad. He then went to Moline, Illinois, where lie was employed in a sawmill. In

his native land he had a sweetheart, and when he came to America it was with the in- tentii hi of earning money to make a horns for her. She bore the maiden name of Xellie Nelson and was born in Sweden. August 2. 1827, her parents being Xelse Swanson and Magnell Nelson, both of whom were natives of Sweden, in which country they were mar- ried. Her father was a carpenter and mason and erected a uumber of large and important structures. He also owned extensive farms. His death occurred in 1870, and in 1871 his wife came to America with Mrs. Peterson. The former died in Calhoun county in 1891. She was the mother- of ten children, of whom two sons and a daughter died in infancy. The others are Nellie, who became the wife of Mr. Peterson; Betsey, wdio became the second wife of Mr. Peterson: Cecelia, the wife of Elias Swanson, now deceased : Xelse. who died at the age of twenty-eight years; Swan, who married Cecelia Nelson; John X. Olean, who was twice married, his first wife dying in 1883, after which he married again, his home being now in Moline, Illinois; and Peter, the twin brother of John, wh 1 mar- ried Augusta Nelson and also resides in Mo- line.

It was in September, 1S56. when Mr. Peterson of this review brought his bride to America, their marriage being celebrated in Moline, Illinois. They remained there for eight years, living on the island, where Mr. Peterson owned a house and lot, which he afterward sold to the government. He then purchased three-quarters of an acre of land in the city of Moline, there making his home for two years, during which time he worked in a sawmill. On the expiration of that period be came to Calhoun county and se- cured a government claim of eighty-eight acres in Sherman township. It was a tract

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of raw prairie land, with no improvements, but he broke the land with four yoke of oxen and a twenty-four-inch breaking plow. He also built a sod house with an old-fashioned fireplace, and in true pioneer style lived for several years, but annually was able to add more of the comforts and conveniences of civilization to his home.

In 1883 Mr. Peterson was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died on the 20th of April of that year. Her sister Betsey took care of her during her illness and on the 3d of November, 1883, she gave her hand in marriage to Mr. Peterson. She was born in Sweden, June 16, 1835. By the first marriage there were seven children, but all died in childhood.

For many years Mr. Peterson carried on agricultural pursuits, and his well tilled fields brought to him a good income. He was careful, economical and enterprising and year by year he added to his capital until he had acquired a very comfortable compe- tence. In 1892 he retired from active life and removed to Manson to enjoy the fruits of his early labors. In the town he pur- chased some land and built a modern resi- dence, which he now occupies. He at one time owned two hundred acres of land, but this he has sold. In his political affiliations Mr. Peterson is a stalwart Republican and has been an active factor in local politics. He served as town treasurer and for four- teen years was school director. He cast his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln and has never yet wavered in his allegiance to the principles of the party which so firmly upholds the American institutions. He has served as secretary, deacon and trustee in the Swedish Lutheran church, of which both he and his wife are members, but now leaves the official duties to younger men. Mr. Peterson is to-day loyal to his adopted land

and considers that no country on the face of the globe is equal to it. He found here the business possibilities which he sought, and making the most of his opportunities he has speedily worked his way upward. Here labor is not hampered by caste or class and the poor man can improve his conditions if he has but determination, energy and com- mon sense. These essential qualities were all possessed by Mr. Peterson, and with steadfast purpose he has worked his way upward until he occupies an enviable posi- tion among the men of affluence in the com- munity and likewise enjoys the highest re- gard of all with whom he has been associ- ated.

RICHARD B. LUCAS.

Richard B. Lucas, a practical and suc- cessful farmer of Lake Creek township, was born in what is now Logan county, Illinois, on the 5th of December, 1830, his parents being Jesse K. and Jane (Bowman) Lucas, pioneers of that locality and natives of Ohio. His paternal grandfather, Abram Lucas, re- moved from Ohio to Illinois about 1827, and was one of the first settlers of that part of Sangamon county which is now Logan county. There he followed farming through- out the remainder of his life. Both he and his wife, Marcy, lived to quite an advanced age. The father of our subject also fol- lowed agricultural pursuits and became the owner of a good farm of two hundred acres in Logan county, Illinois, where the greater part of his life was spent. He was a very industrious, energetic and reliable man, was a "hardshelled" Baptist in religious belief, and a Democrat in politics. He was born November 8, 1807, and died in Logan coun- ty, Illinois, in March, 1874, while his wife

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393

was born January 6, 1808, and died about [852. This worthy couple were the parents of eight children, two sons and six daugh- ters, namely: Sarah, deceased, Richard B., Abraham H., Mary Jane, Arrninda R., Mar- tha K., Phoebe K., and Hannah E.

In the county of his nativity Richard B. Lucas was reared to agricultural pursuits and assisted his father in the labors of the home farm until he attained his majority. He received his education in the district schools of the neighborhood, learning his A B Cs in a little log schoolhouse, where the seats were made of slabs. There was a long desk on one side of the room, and the build- ing was heated by a fireplace. In this rude structure he obtained the rudiments of a good English education. At that time there was plenty of wild game in the locality where he lived and he often saw large droves of deer.

When twenty-one years of age Mr. Lu- cas started out to make his own way in the world, his cash capital consisting of but four dollars. At first he worked as a farm hand for fifteen dollars per month, and at the end of the season had all his wages and the four dollars besides. Later he engaged in farm- ing for himself upon rented land and was finally able to purchase forty acres in Logan county, Illinois, to which he subsequently added until he had one hundred and sixty acres on selling out there, preparatory to coming to Calhoun county, Iowa. Here he purchased a farm in 1894, and the follow- ing year took up his residence thereon. He now has one hundred and sixty acres in Lake Creek township, on which he has made most of the improvements. He rents a part of this ami operates the remainder himself.

( )n the 29th of October, 1N57. Mr. Lucas led to the marriage altar Miss Martha Nich-

olson, who was born on the 7th of March, 1834, in Michigan, where her parents, David T. and Ruth (Brown) Nicholson, spent the greater part of their lives. Their last years, however, were passed in Illinois, where they died within twenty-four hours of each other, the father at the age of fifty-four years, the mother at the age of fifty-three, and both were laid to rest in the same grave. Mr. Nicholson made farming his life work. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Lucas were born five children, as follows: Lydia Jane, John R., Cora A., Mary Etta and Jesse T.

Since casting his first vote Mr. Lucas has always affiliated with the Democratic party, and takes a deep interest in political affairs, as every true American citizen should. He is liberal in his religious views, and is highly respected and esteemed by all who know him.

MARSHALL S. BOYCE.

Marshall S. Boyce, a well known and highly esteemed resident of Manson, was born in Kane county, Illinois, in 1848, his father, Elias S. Boyce, being one of the early settlers of that locality. He was born in Springfield, New Hampshire, November 26, 1818, and his parents were Adam and Mary ( Loverin) Boyce, of Wendlall, New Hamp- shire. The great grandfather of our subject was a farmer by occupation and served his country in the war of 1812. His wife was a native of Corydon, New Hampshire, where her birth occurred February 1. 170-'. In the old Granite state Elias S. Boyce was reared and educated and then thinking to bettor his financial conditions in the west, he made his wav to Illinois, locating in Kane 0 units in

394

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1855. He was three times married, his first union being with Chloe Bacon, who died November 1, 1876. They became the par- ents of five children, namely : Ellen, now de- ceased; Marshall S. ; Sylvanus E. ; Milo G., who died March 19, 1887, and Willis L. Aiter the death of his first wife Mr. Boyce was married, in 1876, to Janette Dodge, and in 1887 Harriett Westover became his wife. For many years Elias S. Boyce resided in .Kane county and was a well-known and hon- ored pioneer settler of that locality. He passed away in Kaneville, in December, 1899, and many friends mourned his loss.

In the common schools of his native county Marshall S. Boyce acquired his edu- cation and through the summer months he worked upon his father's farm. At the age of eighteen he put aside his text books and through five succeeding years devoted his energies entirely to the farm work on the old homestead. He was then married on the 27th of February, 1872, to Miss Ellen Chap- man, who was born in Big Rock township, Kane county, Illinois, March 3, 1855. Her father, James Chapman, was a native of Ohio and her mother, who bore the maiden name of Lucinda Seavey, was a native of New York. They were married in Illinois and there the father followed the stone- mason's trade. He also became the owner of some land, making judicious investments of the money he acquired. Both he and his wife and their daughter Helen are now de- ceased. They came to Iowa in 1884, making their home with Mr. Boyce until the death of Mr. Chapman (in the 18th of January, 1887. His widow then returned to Kane county, Illinois, and died at the home of her daughter in Big Rock, on the nth of De- cember, 1899. One sister of Mrs. Boyce is

still living, Rettie, the wife of Sylvanus Boyce of Big Rock.

Our subject and his wife began their do- mestic life in Kane county, Illinois, upon a farm which he owned and which remained their place of residence for seven years. At the end of that time, in 1879, they removed to southwestern Kansas, and Mr. Boyce there purchased a farm upon which he lived for three years, returning thence to Illinois, where he remained through the summer. He then located in Webster county, Iowa, where he purchased ninety-seven acres of rich land, continuing its cultivation until 1895, wnen he removed to Manson, after spending the summer in Texas and Arkansas. Here he - purchased a comfortable residence, on which he is now living retired, enjoying a well earned rest. He owns two hundred and twenty-eight acres of land in Webster coun- ty, Iowa, which is rented and the income therefrom supplies him with all of the com- forts and many of the luxuries of life. Two children were born unto Mr. and Mrs. Boyce but they lost both. Helen Una died June 7, 1874, at the age of two and one-half years, and Rettie Ella died June 18, 1877, at the age of fifteen months.

In his political views Mr. Boyce is a Democrat, and while he manifests his prefer- ence for the party by his ballot and keeps well informed on the issues of the day, he has never sought or desired an office. In his home he has a number of interesting heir- looms and valuable old books, including a Bible, which was printed in 1836, a Book of Sermons, printed in 1778, and a book about Queen Elizabeth, which was printed in 1794 and is now yellow with age. Through his close application to busi- ness and his unremitting diligence, Mr.

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395

Boyce has gained a comfortable competence and is now resting after years of active and honorable toil. He has a pleasant home in Manson, where he and his wife now reside, surrounded by many friends who esteem them highly for their genuine worth.

CHARLES WICKMANN.

For thirty-six years Charles Wickmann has been a resident of Calhoun county and has therefore witnessed almost its entire de- velopment. He has seen its wild lands transformed into beautiful homes and farms, its hamlets grow into thriving villages and towns, and all of the interests and evidences of an advanced civilization introduced. He has always borne his part in the work of progress and advancement, and is justly en- titled to a prominent place on the roll of the county's honored pioneers and .representa- tive citizens.

Mr. Wickmann was born in Furstentum, Helsen Waldeck, Germany. April 14, 1841), and was left fatherless at the age of nine months, but his mother, Mrs. Christiana (Neumann) Wickmann, who was also born in Waldeck, August 16, 18 19, is still living in her native land. He attended the public schools of Germany, where he spent the first thirteen years of his life, and then emigrated to America, landing in Baltimore, Maryland, October 11, 1862. He located in Geneseo, Henry county, Illinois, where at first he worked on a farm at twenty dollars per year, and during the summer of the following year was paid at the rate of sixty dollars per year, while during the summer of [865 he received fifteen dollars per month.

On the 2d .if May, [866, Mr. Wickmann

came to Calhoun county, Iowa, and found employment on the farm of Joel Olmstead at fourteen dollars per month, remaining with him one summer. He then went to Boonesboro, Iowa, where he hauled coal two months, and next accepted a position as "mule whacker" at the coal bank at Coal Valley, six miles west of Boonesboro on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Mr. Wickmann drove a gin horse, hoisting coal from the shaft for one year, and the follow- ing year engaged in teaming fur Hon. John F. Duncombe, of Fort Dodge, who owned a coal shaft. For five years he followed team- ing in the employ of that gentleman, at Holi- day Creek, six miles southeast of Fort Dodge.

Mr. Wickmann returned to Calhoun county in 1871, and for one summer lived all alone in a little shanty eight feet square on section 10, township 88, range 31, the nearest house being then twenty miles south- west of his place, but in the fall of that year he returned to Holiday Creek, Webster county. In 1872 he again came to Calhoun county, and while his own house was in course of construction he lived with his in- tended father-in-law. F. C. Loeber, whose first home in this county was a sod house on section 12, Greenfield township.

On the 7th of March, 1872, Mr. Wick- mann was united in marriage with Miss Mary Elizabeth Loeber, the ceremony being performed by a justice of the peace in the courthouse at Fort Dodge. She was born May 10, 1856, a daughter of F. C. and Min- nie (Weistmann) Loeber, pioneers of this county. For five years her father served as a soldier of the Civil war. In his family were five children, namely: Rachel, wife of Philip Dermer, of Fort Dodge; William, who lives near Vincent, Iowa; Mary E., de-

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ceased wife of our subject; Lydia, wife of Joseph Cappett, of Fort Dodge; and F. C, Jr., who married Katie Comburger and re- sides in Albert Lea, Minnesota.

In 1870 Mr. .Wickmann had homestead- ed the east half of the northwest quarter of section 10, Greenfield township, and upon that tract he and his wife began their do- mestic life. At that time they had but two neighbors, one living in a dugout about forty rods away and the other in a shanty three- quarters of a mile from their home. They were forced to endure all the hardships and privations of frontier life and met with many discouragements, but during those trying days Mr. Wickmann was ably assisted and encouraged by his noble wife, who indeed proved a true helpmeet to him. With ox- teams he broke the wild prairie land and placed it under cultivation, planted trees and made many other improvements upon the place, but after a hard day's work was al- ways sure of a pleasant evening at home with his wife, who did all in her power to make things bright and cheerful. Their nearest trading point was Fort Dodge, about twenty-two miles distant. The lumber for his shanty Mr. Wickmann hauled from a place fifteen miles south of Fort Dodge, mak- ing in all a distance of thirty-seven miles. There were many sloughs to cross and he often got stuck in the mud, and would then have to unload his wagon and carry the lum- ber on his shoulders to dry ground. The lumber for his present house was bought in Fort Dodge. The grass was so high that a man on horseback could not be seen, and the only way oxen could be found after being unyoked was to follow up their trails, as the animals could not be seen on account of the tall grass. Prairie wolves were very numer- ous, and hunting was then a common and

favorite sport, as all kinds of wild game abounded, such as cranes, snipes, ducks and prairie chickens, which could often be shot within sight of the settlers' cabins. The only guide from Mr. Wickmann' s house was what was known as the lone tree, which was about sixteen miles northeast of his place, between Rockwell City and Lake City. He has driven to the latter city, a distance of twenty-five miles, to pay his taxes, and has been out in some of the worst blizzards ever seen in Iowa, in which many people were frozen to death upon the road. In the spring of 1867 he walked to Yatesville, a distance of eight miles, when there was four feet of snow upon the ground, to settle a lawsuit. In those early days farm products were very low. and after hauling grain to Fort Dodge in 1873, Mr. Wickmann received only eight cents per bushel for his oats, although he had paid three cents per bushel for threshing it, and his corn brought only eleven cents. In the same city, in 1879, he was given only seven cents a bushel for his oats and eleven and a half cents for corn, while butter brought but two cents per pound and eggs two cents per dozen.. The grasshoppers de- stroyed much of his crop in 1876, but with the excqjtion of the early days when his crops were often damaged by those insects and by drought, he has steadily prospered in his Iowa home, and has had no occasion to complain. For several years he has devoted considerable attention to the raising of fine Poland China hogs and a high grade O'f cat- tle, feeding from six to seven carloads every winter for the past twenty years. He has taken as high as sixty-one wagon loads of hogs to Manson in a day, and he still deals extensively in stock, principally hogs. In 1890 he raised three thousand one hundred and eighty bushels of flax from one hundred

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397

and ninety-seven acres, for which he re- ceived from one dollar and eleven cents to one dollar and forty cents per bushel. He is now the owner of a beautiful farm of three hundred and twenty acres of well improved land, pleasantly located one-half mile south- east of Knierim.

By his first marriage Mr. Wickmann had nine children, namely: Fred C, who was born February 22, 1873, and is now living in Knierim; Edwin A., born October 22, 1874; Charles R., who was born August 15, 1876. and now has charge of his father*s farm; Lydia M., born February 28, 1879; Wilhelmina C. born September 14, 1880; Elizabeth M., torn December 3, 1883; Ida K.. b .rn January 1 1 , 1886 : Edna Ruth, born Mav K), 1888; and one who died in infancy. The mother of these children departed this life Februarv 25, 1894, at the age of thirty- seven years, nine months and fifteen days. She was a consistent and faithful member of the Methodist church, was an affectionate wife and loving mother, and, besides her im- mediate family, she left many friends to mourn her loss.

Mr. Wickmann was again married in Calhoun county, November 26, 1896, his second union being with Mrs. Katie M. Kid- der, nee Mulhall, who died January 22, 1898, at the age of thirty-seven years, nine months and seven days. On the 31st of December, 1900, he was united in marriage with Miss Katie Beckrath, the ceremony be- ing performed at Fort Dodge, by a German Methodist minister. She was born in Ger- many, September 10. 1878, and is a daugh- ter of Henry and Christina (Justus) Beck- rath, who belong tn a very prominent family of that country. She has two sisters still living there, Hattie and Isabel, who are very popular young ladies. In July, 181)7. Mr. Wickmann was taken sick with an abscess

and for some time was confined tn his bed, being tenderly cared for by his second wife until she, too, was stricken with typhoid pneumonia and died. He was unable to leave his bed for five months after her death. She was a native of Queens county, Ireland, and a Catholic in religious belief.

Mr. Wickmann has given his children liberal educations and every advantage with- in his power. He and his family attend the Methodist Episcopal church of Knierim and are people of prominence in their commun- ity. In September, 1884, accompanied by his oldest son, he returned to Germany to visit his aged mother, but remained only seven days, being homesick for his American home. He again crossed the Atlantic in September. 1900, and this time spent four weeks, visiting his mother and the scenes of his boyhood. On the second trip he took with him his daughters, Ida and Edna. He is entirely devoted to his family, and takes great enjoyment in his home.

Since casting his first presidential vote for Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, Mr. Wick- mann has been a stanch supporter o>f the Democratic party and its principles, and from 1879 until 1882 rendered his fellow citizens effective service as road supervisor. He assisted in organizing the district school of his neighborhood, and was also instru- mental in organizing the Methodist Episco- pal church of Knierim. of which he has been a trustee for four years, and to which he has contributed liberally of his means. He takes an active interest in everything tending to promote the moral, intellectual or material welfare of the town or county, and is recog- nized as one of the most valued and useful citizens of his community. He has never had occasion to regret his emigration tn the new World, for here he has prospered, and is to-day one of the most substantial as well as

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one of the most highly respected citizens of his township, owning property in Knierim besides his fine farm.

WILLIAM R. SAXDY.

Professor William Ross Sandy is well known in educational circles in Calhoun County and in this section of the state and his influence and efforts have been a potent factor in intellectual development here. He is now serving as county superintendent, filling the office for the second term. Un- der his able administration marked advance- ment has been made and the school system of the county is one that the citizens regard with just pride.

Professor Sandy is a native of Marion county, Iowa, his birth having there occurred on the 28th of April, 1868, his parents being Joseph and Atria L. (Goss) Sandy. Both were natives of the state of Indiana. The grandfather, Henry G. Sandy, was one of the early settlers of Iowa and aided in lay- ing broad and deep the foundation for its present development and progress. The year of his arrival was 1856 and he settled in Warren a >unty, where he secured a tract of rich land and engaged in general farming and stock-raising. There he spent his re- maining days and when he had reached an advanced age he, while visiting a son who was sick with smallpox, at St. Louis during the Civil war, was stricken with the disease and died, leaving behind him the record of an untarnished name. Joseph Sandy, the father of our subject, also came to Iowa about 1855 a"d for some years made his home in Warren county. In 1876. however, he came to Calhoun county and now resides near Lake City, where he is engaged in

agricultural pursuits, being one of the well known and progressive farmers of the com- munity. Unto him and his wife were born ten children: John N., H. Frank, Ira G., M. Kate, William R., Benjamin B., James H., Anna M., Doc L. and Addie G.

Professor Sandy was reared to manhood in the vicinity of Lake City and in the public schools of the neighborhood pursued his early education, manifesting special aptitude in his studies and early showing forth the elemental strength of his mind. At the age of nineteen he began teaching. Later he became a student in the State Normal School, in which he pursued a four-years course and was then graduated. After completing his course, he became principal of the schools of Farnhanville, where he re- mained in 1895 and 1896 and in 1898 he was principal of the ward school of Lake City. The following year he was principal of die Bagley school and the same year was elected county superintendent of the school of Calhoun county and filled the office so acceptably during his two years' term that he was re-elected in 1901 and in the present incumbent. Professor Sandy was widely recognized as one of the leading educators in this part of the country and the various schools with which he was con- nected made rapid progress under his di- rection. He seems to have a full realization of the words of Sydney Smith, who said: "The real object of education is to give children resources that will endure as long as life endures ; habits that time will amelior- ate, not destroy: occupation that will render sickness tolerable, solitude pleasant, age ven- erable, life more dignified and useful and death less terrible." Since entering upon his official duties Professor Sandy has made himself acquainted with the educational work in all parts of the county, has intro-

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duced improvements, brought about reforms and has placed the schools in excellent work- ing condition.

On the 25th of July, 1900, was celebrated the marriage of Professor Sandy and Miss Maud F. Anderson, a native of Henry coun- ty. Iowa, and a daughter of Samuel and Rebecca Anderson. Socially he is con- nected with the Odd Fellows' Lodge of Lake Citv and in his political affiliations he is a Republican, but outside the strict path of his profession he has never sought office. In religious faith he is a Methodist and is now serving as steward in the church of that denomination in Rockwell City. A gentleman of scholarly tastes and attain- ment^, of strong mind and broad humani- tarian views he is deeply and actively inter- ested in all movements and measures which he believes will contribute to the general good along social, intellectual and and moral lines.

ANDREW CLARK.

The Clark family of which our subject is a representative has been connected with Iowa through about two-thirds of a century and has contributed its full share to the great work of agriculture which has made this state prosperous and gained for it leadership as a producer of various farm products. Andrew Clark is now an enter- prising and progressive agriculturist of Elm Grove township, Calhoun county, his home being on section 32, where he has two hun- dred and eighty acres of rich land. He was born in Delaware county, this state, November 27, 1842, and is a brother of Jas- per Clark, whose sketch is given on another page 1 if this work. In connection therewith

appears a short account of the family his- tory. In the county of his nativity Andrew. Clark was reared and in the common schools obtained his primary education, which was supplemented by study in more advanced schools. In 1864 he went to Idaho, where he was engaged in mining for about a year and then returned to Delaware count}-. low a.

On the 28th of December, 1865, Mr. Clark was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Trubey, a native of Pennsylvania, born in Center county. Our subject and his wife began their domestic life on the old home place and he also operated other land in Delaware county until five years had passed, when he removed to Calhoun county, arriv- ing in June, 1871. He purchased forty acres of farm land, built a little home and at once began the development of his farm. When good crops had enabled him to acquire more capital he added to' his place by addi- tional purchase from time to> time until he now owns two hundred and eighty acres, constituting one of the valuable farms in this portion of the county. The little home has long since been replaced by a more com- modious and substantial residence, and fruit and shade trees have been planted. In fact he has made his farm a very valuable prop- erty and in addition to the cultivation of his fields he engages in the raising of stock, both branches of his business returning to him a good income.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Clark have been born four sons and two daughters : Mrs. Clark and five of her children are members of the United Brethren church, of Yetter. In his political affiliations Mr. Clark has been a life long Democrat, supporting each presi- dential candidate of the party since he cast his first vote for Hon. George B. McClel- lan. in 1864. He has never sought or de-

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sired office, though in response to the so- licitation of his fellow townsmen he has served as township 'trustee and justice of the peace. He has been a delegate to the county and state conventions of his party and delights in its success because he be- lieves so firmly in its principles. His resi- dence in Calhoun county covers a period of thirty-one years, during which time he has co-operated in many movements for the gen- eral good. His worth is widely acknowl- edged and everyone who knows him enter- tains for him high regard because his life has been honorable, industrious and useful.

WINFIELD S. FLECK.

Winfield S. Fleck, who is engaged in general farming on section 24, Elm Grove township, is one of the worthy citizens that Pennsylvania has furnished to the Hawkeye state. His birth occurred in Blair county, Pennsylvania, November 22, 1848, and he represents one of the pioneer families of that state and of Maryland. The grandfather was Abraham Fleck and his father William Fleck. The latter was born in Pennsylvania and there carried on farming for many years. As a companion and helpmate for the jour- ney of life he chose Maria Smith, who was born in the Keystone state, where her father, Abraham Smith, located at an early date. He served as a soldier of the war of 1812, while the father of our subject was one of the brave heroes of the Rebellion and died dur- ing the progress of hostilities.' passing away at San Antonio, Texas, in 1865. His wife survived him for many years, carefully reared her family and passed away on the 1st of December, 1901.

Winfield S. Fleck spent the first seven- teen years of his life in Pennsylvania and in the common schools acquired his education. At the time of the Civil war he strongly' en- dorsed the attitude of the Union and in July, 1864, he enlisted for one year's service as a member of the first Battalion of the Penn- sylvania Infantry. He was only about sev- enteen years of age when with his regiment he was sent into Virginia and did guard and picket duty, remaining in the Old Do- minion until the expiration of his term of service, when he was honorably discharged in July, 1865, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The same year Mr. Fleck came to the Mississippi where he located first in Lee county, Illinois, where he was employed as a farm hand for about five years. In 1870 he moved to Iowa, taking up his abode in Cedar county, where he also engaged in farm work for a few years. He was married in Scott county, Iowa, September 20, 1874, to Rachel A. Andre, a native of Ohio, born in Colum- biana county, and the daughter of John L. Andre, who was likewise born in the Buck- eye state. Mrs. Fleck spent the first twelve years of her girlhood in Ohio and in 1865 accompanied her parents on their removal to Scott county. After the marriage of our subject and his wife, they resided with Airs. Andre for five years on account of her health, she being an invalid for many years, and then removed to Cedar county, Iowa, where they spent two years. In 1882 they arrived in Calhoun county and Mr. Fleck located on one hundred and sixty acres of raw land. When he had erected a residence for his family he at once began the task of breaking his land and placing it under cul- tivation. He also had other improvements, including a good barn, cribs and granaries. Fruit trees yield their products in season and

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401

the fields now annually return to him rich harvests. Modern improvements make this one of the leading- farm properties in Elm Grove township and the owner is ace united one of the most progressive agriculturists. Mr. and Mrs. Fleck have one son, Charles \\\, who is married and resides in Lake City. He is now in the railroad service of the Northwestern Company. In politics Mr. Fleck is a stalwart Republican and cast his first vote for General Grant, since which time he has supported each presidential nom- inee of the party. He takes quite an active part in local politics and also attends the elections and conventions. For five years he has served as township trustee, was town- ship clerk for six years and for some time has been a member of the school board. He has been president, clerk and treasurer of his school district and has done everything in his power to promote the cause of educa- tion. He is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity, belonging to the blue lodge in Lake City and also holds membership relations with the Grand Army Post there. His life is as an open book which all may read, for there has been nothing in his career that he wishes to cancel. In business he is honor- able, in citizenship is loyal and in private life is true to all relations and duties de- volving upon him.

CHARLES ROSE.

Sweden has furnished to Calhoun county many citizens of worth who have contrib- uted to its progress and improvement and taking advantage of the opportunities af- forded in the new world they have worked their way upward to positions of promi-

nence. Such is the history of Charles Rose, who was born in Sund Oster Gotland, Swe- den, September 11, 1851, his parents being Peter and Maggie (Olson | Rose, who were also natives of the same locality. The father was a farmer and mechanic and after carry- ing on business for a number of years in his native land he resolved to seek a home and fortune in the new world. It was in 1868 that with his family he took passage on a westward bound vessel and crossed the At- lantic to the United States. His destination was Jefferson county, Iowa, and there he resided for a short time, his death occurring in Wapello county in 1869. His wife, long surviving him, passed away in 1900, at the home of our subject. They were the par- ents of four children, all of whom are liv- ing : Charles, the subject of this review ; Charlotte, the wife of S. A. Johnson, of Brooklyn, Iowa; Clara, wife of Nels Peter- son, a resident of Marshalltown. Iowa; and Oscar, who married Xettie Peterson, and re- sides in Ottumwa, Iowa.

Charles Rose has a vivid recollection of his native district, for he spent seventeen years of his life there, and then with his parents came to America. Upon the death cf his father the burden of the family sup- port largely devolved upon him. He first rented land in 'Wapello county, the owner of the farm furnishing all necessary supplies and in return received two-thirds of the profit. It was in this way that Mr. Rose ob- tained a start in his business life. He re- mained in Wapello county for seven years and afterward spent eleven years in Powe- shiek county, where he rented land of the same man who had owned the Calhoun coun- ty property, which is now owned by Mr. Rose. At length his labors brought to him capital sufficient to enable him to purchase

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property, and lie became the owner of the farm upon which lie now resides, in 1883. In 1887 he took up his abode thereon. It is situated in Reading township, not far from the village of Farnhamville. When he took possession it was raw prairie land, entirely destitute of improvements, and everything upon the place is an indication and proof of his enterprise and progressive spirit. He has purchased an additional tract of one hundred and sixty acres and now owns a half-section. He has a pleasant residence, good barns and outbuildings and all modern accessories for carrying on farm work. About forty-five acres of his land are planted to corn, and his grain fields cover one hun- dred acres, while in addition he has rich meadows and pasture lands. He keeps from fifty to sixty head of cattle, mostly short- horns of the Durham breed, and in his farm- ing operations he is meeting with creditable and well merited prosperity.

On the 9th of March, 1880. Mr. Rose was united in marriage to Miss Emma Johnson, who was born in Sweden, in 1862, and is a daughter of Jonas Johnson. They now have seven children, as follows: Frank; David: Effie; Nellie: Helena; Oliver: and Sadie. Mr. Rose votes for the Republican party, having always endorsed its principles since he became a naturalized citizen of the new world. He belongs to the Methodist church, which finds in him a consistent and active member. The thrift, perseverance and adaptability so characteristic of his race are manifest in his career and there is no more loyal citizen of Calhoun county than this adopted son that Sweden has sent to the new world. His life records prove con- clusively that prosperity will follow earnest effort if it is guided by good business judg- ment, for when he came to the United States

he was without capital and all that he has acquired has come to him in return for his energetic labor.

HENRY PARSONS.

Center township probably has no more influential or popular citizen than the gentle- man whose name introduces this sketch. He makes his home on section 20, and has been prominently identified with the agricultural interests of the county for several years. A native of England, he was born in Surrey county, February 12, 1857, an(l was e'even years of age when he left that country and- came to the new world in the summer of 1868, in company with his parents, Henry and Hannah (New) Parsons. After spend- ing five weeks in Chicago the family located, in Sterling, Illinois, where. they made their home for one winter. In the meantime the father purchased one hundred and sixty acres of wild land in Lee county, Illinois, near Dixon, the county seat, and when the Illinois Central Railroad was built through that section of the state the town of Har- mon was established within a quarter of a mile from his residence. There he contin- ued to live until 1895, when he removed to Wheaton, Illinois, where he now resides.

Mr. Parsons, of this 'review, remained under the parental roof until he attained his majority, and then came to Calhoun county, Iowa, which has since been his home. He removed to Cedar township In March, 1893. His first purchase of land consisted of a wild tract of eighty acres in Cedar township, this county, but as the years have passed and he has prospered in his farming operations he has added to his property from time to time

HKNRY PAKSIINS

MRS. HENRY PARSONS.

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as his financial resources have permitted, and to-day owns three hundred and twenty acres of well improved land under a high state of cultivation. He feeds considerable stock for market, and is a breeder of Poland China hogs, Shropshire sheep, and Hereford and short-horn cattle. Success has crowned his well directed efforts, and he is to-day one of the most prosperous and substantial citizens of his community.

On the 22d of January. 1880, was cele- brated the marriage of Mr. Parsons and Miss Armeda P. Clutter, who was born in Athens county. Ohio, July 20, i860, and was five years old when she came to Iowa with her parents. After residing in Marion coun- ty for a time the family came to Calhoun county in 1875, and here the parents both died. Eight children bless the union of Mr. and Airs. Parsons, namely: Sarah B., born January 5, 1881 ; Hannah M.. May 6, 1883; Nellie M. June 25, 1885; Mary J., June 11, 1887; William H, December 26, 1889; Olive L., October 5, 1892; Mabel A., May 28, 1895; and Edna A.. April 6, 1898. The three oldest daughters attended the graded schools of Rockwell City and became well qualified to teach. Sarah B.. now the wife of Le Roy Barr, a farmer of this county, taught in the district schools for two years prior to her marriage, and Hannah M. is now teaching her second term. Both are members of the Presbyterian church, to which their mother also belongs.

Mr. Parsons takes an active interest in educational affairs, and has been an efficient member of the school board of Cedar town- ship, this county, for eight years. He has also filled the office of township trustee, serv- ing in that capacity at the present time. Since its organization he has been a promi- nent member of the Farmers Mutual Insur- ance Association of Webster and adjoining

counties, and is now one of the directors. He was president of the Farmers Alliance of Cedar township for four years, was also secretary of the Farmers Institute held at Rockwell City, February 1 1 and I2r 1902, and is one of the leading and representative citizens of his community.

MRS. LOUISA H. YATES.

While history usually deals with the labors of men because they are more actix'e in business and political life, the part which women play is no less important, though of a more quiet and retired nature. Great credit is certainly due to the pioneer women who accompanied fathers and husbands to the wild west and made for the men of the household comfortable hemes upon the fron- tier, meeting with unflinching courage and uncomplainingly the hardships and trials which fell to the lot of all who advanced be- yond the older districts and went to the wild west to reclaim it for purposes of civiliza- tion. Mrs. Louisa H. Yates is one of the honored pioneer women of Calhoun county, and the widow of the first settler in Lincoln township. She still resides on section 16, in this township, respected by all who know her and beloved by many friends. She was born in Pickaway county, Ohio, June 20, 1830, a daughter of Philip and Sarah (Rose) Wiggins, the former a native of Pennsylvania, and the latter of New York. Her parents remained in Pickaway county until called to the home beyond, the father devoting his energies to agricultural pur- suits. In his political affiliations he was a Democrat, and both he and his wife were members of the Methodist Episcopal church. The father had thrice married, but had no

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children by his first union. Unto the mother of .Mrs. Yates were born six children, of whom five are yet fixing : James, a resi- dent of Kansas; .Mrs. Martha Poe, of Ala- bama; Mrs. John Jackson, of Missouri; .Mary, and Mrs. Yates. After the death of the mother of this family, Mr. Wiggins was again married, his third union being with Mary L'lni, by whom he had one child. As- bury, who is now in Ohio.

Louisa H. Wiggins spent her girlhood days upon the home farm in the Buckeye state. She assisted in the duties of the household and her training in farm work well fitted her to take charge of her own home at the time of her marriage. On the 23d of July. 1852, in Pickaway county, she gave her hand and heart at the marriage altar to Joseph Yates, who was born in that county in 1825, a son of David and Chris- tina Yates, who spent their entire lives in Ohio. Joseph Yates had limited educational privileges, yet he possessed common sense, good business ability and determination, and with these qualities he won success in busi- ness. For two years after his marriage he remained in Ohio and then accompanied by his wife removed to Illinois, settling near Galesburg, where he secured a homestead claim, residing thereon for eighteen years, during which time he transformed the prop- erty into a valuable farm. On the expira- tion of that period he sold his property in Illinois and came to Calhoun county, arriv- ing in the fall of 1865. The winter, how- ever, was passed at Nevada, Story county, where Mr. Yates had a sister living. For one winter they also resided in Fort Dodge, but in the meantime Mr. Yates entered a claim and erected thereon a story and a half house, twenty by twenty-four feet. This was the first frame house built in Lincoln

township and stood on the old Fort Dodge and Sioux City stage line. At the request of people who came later Mr. Yates estab- lished a relay station in the stage route and also a postofhce in his home, the latter be- ing maintained until the building of the Illi- nois Central Railroad. His home farm at first comprised eighty acres, after which he afterward added by purchase another tract of eighty acres. Energetic and determined, he began the development of his land and acre after acre was placed under the plow, making it a valuable farm which returned to the owner a golden tribute for the care and labor he bestowed upon it.

Mr. Yates was quite prominent in politi- cal affairs in pioneer days and all the county meetings were held in his home. At one of these meetings over one hundred people were entertained in his home on one night. All the meetings of a religious character also convened in the Yates household and the neighborhood was known as Yatesville for about three years. Gradually the country became settled, Mr. Yates taking an import- ant part in the development of the prairie land and doing all in his power to promote public progress and improvement. The home of our subject and his wife was blessed with five children, all of whom yet survive and are still living in the neighborhood. These are : Philip Cass, who resides on the old home farm; Benjamin F., who married Rosa Robinson and is living in Lincoln township; Thomas O., who assists his eldest brother in the operation of the home farm; Emma, who married O. O. Brown and is now the wife of George Ebersole, of Man- son; and Press, who married Rosa Gill and is living in Lincoln township.

At an early date Joseph Yates was a member of the Grange and took an active

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409

interest in every movement that tended to promote the welfare of his community and aided in its substantial unbuilding. Both he and his wife held membership in the Methodist Episcopal church and his life was ever upright and honorable, commending him to the confidence and respect of all with ■,\ h' ini he was associated. He died after a long illness, passing away on the 12th of July, 1886, and the community mourns the loss of an honored pioneer and valued citi- zen, and his family a loving husband and father. After the death of her husband Mrs. Yates sold the old home place and purchased eighty acres of land on section 16, Lincoln township, where she is now living with her tw< sons, Philip and Thomas. The history of pioneer life in this county is familiar to her and she has a wide acquaintance, espe- cially among those who have long been resi- dents of this portion of the state.

JAMES BRAGINTON.

More than a century ago George Wash- ington said "agriculture is the most useful as well as the most honorable pursuit of man." and the truth of this statement is as evident to-day as when it was uttered. There is less competition and therefore less opportunity for the jealousies, the over- reaching and the dishonorable methods which so often appear in other lines of busi- ness. Mr. Braginton was long a repre- sentative of farming interests in Calhoun county. He worked in the fields and in the meadows, and with unremitting industry he pursued his labors until success crowned his efforts and he was enabled to put aside busi- ness care.

Mr. Braginton is a native of Connecti- cut, his birth having there occurred Jan- uary 7. 1849. His parents. William and Mary ( Goodyear) Braginton. were both na- tives of England and when they had reached adult age were there married. The father engaged in the weaving of brussels carpet. thus providing for the comforts of his fam- ily. About D835 Mr. and Mrs. Braginton sailed for America and after a voyage of about seven weeks reached the harbor of New York, the sailing vessel on which they had taken passage weighing anchor at Liver- pool. They did not remain in the metrop- olis, however, but made their way to Tb unp- sonville, Connecticut, and the father still continued to follow his trade of carpet-mak- ing; About 1847 he removed to Portage county, ( )hio, and there he engaged in farm- ing. The year [865 witnessed his arrival in Cass county, Michigan, where he purchased land and engaged in the tilling of the soil until his life's labors were ended in death in the year 1875. His widow survived him, passing away January 16, 1897. His earl\- political support was given the Demo- cracy, but when Abraham Lincoln be- came the standard bearer of the new Re- publican party he joined its ranks and con- tinued ever afterward one of its stanch sup- porters. Both he and his wife held member- ship in the Episcopalian church. This worthy couple were the parents of twelve children, ten of whom reached mature years, namely: Mary A., the wife of Albert Comey, a resident of Akron, Ohio; Edwin, who is married and resides in Crown Point, Indiana: Rosa, who married Chester A. Field and lives in Detroit, Michigan : Martha A., who became the wife of George E. Brown and lives in Red Oak. Iowa: Eliza- beth, the wife of Emery Field, deceased, and

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makes her home in Council Bluffs, Iowa; William, who married Emma Truax, and re- sides in Bremen, Indiana, where he is en- gaged in contracting and building; John \\\, who married Frances Knorr, and passed away in Grand Rapids, Michigan, having been engaged in the mercantile business ; Stephen H., now deceased, who married Sarah Leland and resided in Grand Rapids, Michigan; George F., who served his coun- try in the Civil war and when twenty-one years of age was shot by a guerrilla sharp- shooter, and upon being brought to Nash- ville passed away there ; and James, the sub- ject of this review.

James Braginton pursued his elementary education in the district schools of Ohio and later continued his studies in Cass county, Michigan, but his advantages in that direc- tion were meager, for his services were needed on the farm and the schools of that day had not attained the proficiency of the present. At the age of eighteen he put aside his text-books and began farming, following the pursuit to which he had been reared and which he has made his life work. After his marriage he remained in Michigan for seven years and then came to Iowa in 1879, settling in Lincoln township, Calhoun coun- ty, where he had previously purchased one hundred and sixty acres of raw prairie land. This he fenced and improved and part of his land was broken with ox-teams. He erected a residence, built barns and outbuildings and transformed into a valuable place the wild tract of land of which he has become owner when he came to the county. After seven years' residence thereon, he purchased an- other farm on what is now Main street in Manson. and there he lived for seven years. In his agricultural pursuits he has been very successful and annually has added to his in- come until he is now the possessor of a most

handsome competence. For the past twelve years he has been quite extensively engaged in buying, feeding and shipping cattle. As his financial resources have increased he has added to his landed possessions from time to time, until he now has twelve hundred acres in Calhoun county, all improved. His history shows what may be accomplished when one has the will to dare and to do. On the 14th of January, 1872, in White Pigeon, Michigan, Mr. Braginton was mar- ried to Miss Lotta Buffington, who was born in New York October 15, 1853, and is a daughter of P. and Charlotte (Moore) Buffington, the former a native of Penn- sylvania, and the latter of Massachusetts. Four children have been born unto our sub- ject and his wife. George Frederick, born December 28, 1873, now resides on a farm in Lincoln township, Calhoun county. He married Anna Greenside and they have two children, Lotta and Mary. Charles, the sec- ond son, died at the age of eight weeks. Arthur James, was born November 30, 1875, and after his graduation in the high school at Manson he entered Cornell Col- lege, in which he was also graduated. Sub- sequently he studied in Berlin and became a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church. While traveling in Europe he vis- ited the old village where his grandparents were born, it being located a few miles west of Banbury, in Northamptonshire, England. At a place called Throxton he learned that the Braginton family once lived in Middle- ton, Cheney, whither he went and found some relatives of the family. The old stone house occupied by the Bragintons is still standing there, and the lane leading to it is yet called Braginton road. Arthur J. Brag- inton was a young nian of scholarly attain- ments, broad learning and deep piety. De- termining to devote his life to work of the

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ministry, he prepared for this holy calling and became pastor of the church at Kamrar, Iowa. He was married on Christmas day of 1900 to Miss Julia E. Hobbs, and on the _>oth of April. 1901, he was called to the home prepared for the righteous. Few men of his years have attained such prominence in the ministry or exercised greater influ- ence for good. His life was noble, his ac- tions manly and sincere, and all that he did was permeated with a desire to aid his fel- low men and advance the cause of morality. Since his death his young wife has taken up religious work and is a deaconess in the Ladies Seminary at Aurora, Illinois. His loss was a heavy one to the church, for he gave promise of great usefulness as a min- ister of the gospel, being zealous, earnest and faithful. But to his young wife and his parents came the greatest affliction ; the one mowing the loss of a loving husband, the parents a tender son, who was ever regard- ful of their welfare and happiness. His death was the greatest cloud that has ever fallen over the home of Mr. and Mrs. Brag- inton, but comfort comes to them in the thought of his noble life, while his memory is enshrined in the hearts of all who knew him. Charles W., the youngest son of the family, was born April 10, 1878, and is now a student in Cornell, his home being with his parents.

Mr. Braginton gives his political support to the Republican party, but the honors and emoluments of office have had no attraction for him, as he has ever preferred to give his attention to his business interests. His wife is a member of the Methodist Epis- copal church, and in Calhoun county no one enjoys to a higher degree the respect and esteem of their friends than dn. Mr. and Mrs. Braginton. He is not only prosperous

in business, but is influential, and as a citi- zen has supported all measures and move- ments for the general good.

C. C. HOLTORF.

C. C. Holtorf is one of the extensive land owners and most progressive farmers of Calhoun county, and his life record is creditable alike to the land of his birth and to the land of his adoption. He was born in Holstein, Germany, March 25, 1838, his parents being Henry and Antje ( Clausen ) Holtorf, who* were also natives of Holstein. The father died in that country at the age of fifty-eight years, his wife passing away long previous, her death occurring when she was only thirty-two years of age. They were the parents of five children, of whom the subject of this review is the eldest. Jer- gen, the second, is now deceased ; Claus is living upon a farm near Hubbard, Minne- sota ; Henry is living in Holstein, Germany ; and Margaret is the wife of John Rossman, of Fort Dodge, Iowa.

In the schools of his native province C. C. Holtorf acquired a good education and then started out to make his own way in the world, working as a farm hand for H. H. Aggers for forty-two dollars per year. He was employed in that capacity for eight years and then rented the land, which he op- erated for three years on his own account, but the reports he had heard concerning America and the opportunities here afforded for business advancement led him to desire to seek a home in "the land of the free," and accordingly he sailed for the new world in 1869.

In the meantime — on the 22<l of 'August.

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1865, — Mr. Holtorf was married in Hol- stein to Miss Margaret Spies, and with his wife and three children he started for Amer- ica, first locating at Belle Plaine, in Benton county, Iowa. There he remained for a short time and afterward came to Calhoun county, arriving in May, 1869. Here he se- cured a homestead claim of eighty acres on section 10, it being the north half of the west quarter. They were the first German family to settle in Butler township, Calhoun coun- ty. The country was wild and unimproved. The land was in its primitive condition, just as it came from the hand of nature and was broken with sloughs. With characteristic energy, however, Mr. Holtorf began the de- velopment of a farm and as his financial re- sources increased he added to his property Until he now has seven hundred and twenty acres of valuable land, the greater part of which is under a high state of cultivation. It is on sections 4, 5, 8 and 9. Much of it has been tiled and all modern improvements have been added. Most of his children live near him and his own home was on the southeast quarter of section 4, Butler town- ship, but in the spring of 1902 he removed to Pomeroy. where he had built a handsome modern residence. In the "spring of 1900 Mr. Holtorf and wife took a pleasure trip to the old country, visiting the old home: They remained four months, having a most enjoyable trip. He saw the first house put up in Pomeroy. In the early days of his residence here he had to get all his supplies from Fort Dodge, and for the first lumber which he bought he had to pay forty-four dollars per thousand feet. In pioneer times before a preacher had located here he would take his Bible to the homes of the different German families of the neighborhood and would read the scriptures and hold services,

thus contributing to the moral development of the community. His home was and al- ways has been noted for its generous hos- pitality and in the early days he entertained many of the German people seeking homes in this locality, giving to them such aid as he could in their selection of land. He aided in organizing the German Lutheran church, was one of its trustees for many years and assisted in every way possible the work of the church and the upbuilding of the cause.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Holtorf were bom ten children: Beartholt H.. who left home for Chicago with a train load1 of cattle, was suffocated by gas, his death occurring when he was only twenty-five years of age and coming as a great blow to his parents; Henry, the second child, died in infancy: D. Amanda is the wife of Otto Beeker, of Butler township, Calhoun county : John Henry is a farmer of the same township; Willie died in infancy ; Fred is living in But- ler township, engaged in farming; Anna M. is the wife of J. H. Wilts, a druggist of Pomeroy ; Alma E. is the wife of Charles Moore, of Butler township; August W. was married February 10. 1902, to Tilda Schultz, a daughter of William Schultz, of Poca- hontas county ; and Carson is with his brother, engaged in farming. All the chil- dren have received' good educational priv- ileges, fitting them for life's responsible and practical duties.

Mr. Holtorf was. the organizer of the German Mutual Insurance Company, was its president for a number of years and is now its treasurer. - He has served in all the town- ship offices and has been school director for twenty years. Formerly he was identified with the Republican party, but in 1882 he severed his allegiance to that organization and now endorses the Democracy. He has

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always been faithful to every duty of public ami private life, his course has ever been honorable and straightforward and he com- mands the respect of all.

FREMONT R. SHRADER.

Fremont R. Shrader is well known in business circles in Manson. Fur many years he represented agricultural interests in Cal- houn county and is now engaged in dealing in real estate as a representative of the Hor- ton & Whittlesey Land Agency. He was born August n, 1858, in Whiteside county, Illini >is. His father, Henry C. Shrader, who was horn in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, is now living in his seventy-eighth year. In the Buckeye state he married Emeline Stought, who was born in Ohio and there the father engaged in farming for some years, but later turned his attention to shoe- making and also conducted a shoe store. Subsequently, however, he disposed of that business and returned to his farm. He was most energetic and industrious, and his was a successful business career. In 1856 he re- moved with his family to Whiteside coun- ty, Illinois, where he purchased a quarter- section of land, but in 1X57 he became im- bued with the desire to search for gold in the mountains of the west and in a prairie schooner made an overland trip to Pike"s Peak, spending one year in that locality. He then returned to Lanark, Carroll county, Illi- nois, At that time the town was in its in- fancy and Mr. Shrader established a shoe store there, conducting that enterprise for six years, on the expiration of which period he removed to Shannon, where he was ex- tensively engaged in the manufacture of

boots and shoes. At that time all such goods were made by local shoe dealers. He em- ployed fourteen men in his establishment, and in addition to the manufactory conduct- ed a shoe store. When six years had passed he removed to the farm, which he had pur- chased in Stephenson county, Illinois, mak- ing it his place of residence until 1871, when he arrived in Calhoun county, Iowa. Here he purchased a half-section of land for his sons, who came to this locality, and Fre- mont K. Shrader and his brother-in-law. L. I". Myers, placed this land under cultiva- tion. The parents of our subject, however, remained in Illinois on the old homestead farm until 1889, when they also came to Iowa, locating in Greenfield township, Cal- houn county. In January, 1900, they re- moved to Hale, Missouri, where they have a son and daughter living and where they now reside in well earned retirement from labor, enjoying the fruits of their former toil. Mr. Shrader has been quite actively identified with the development of the west, especially in Illinois and Iowa. His polit- ical support has been given the Republican party since its organization, but he has al- ways refused office, preferring to devote his energies to his business affairs, in which he has met with creditable success. He has long been a member of the Masonic fra- ternity, has been prominent in its ranks and served as grand master mason in Illinois. He was at the Masonic headquarters in Chi- cago at the time the great fire occurred in that city in 1871.

Unto Henry and Emeline Shrader have been born six children : Cordelia is the wife of L. E. Myers and resides in New Cambria, Missouri, where he conducts a hotel. Mar- guerite became the wife of F. C. .McLean, a resident of Pennsylvania. She passed

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away here in October, 1895, and is interred in the cemetery of Manson, Iowa. Lizzie, who became the wife of Easton Stnnkard, is residing at New Granada, Fnlton county, Pennsylvania. John is married and former- ly resided in Manson, Iowa. George mar- ried Josie Garrison and operates a farm near Hale, Missouri. Our subject, Fremont R., completes the family.

The early education of Fremont R. Shrader was obtained in Shannon, Illinois. He pursued the high schooj coifrse until twenty-one years of age, when he came to Iowa in company with his father and brother-in-law and here began farming, de- veloping a tract of wild land, which he trans- formed into a rich and attractive farm. About six years ago, however, he left his farm, which he has since sold, and estab- lished a coal yard and implement business in Manson, which he conducted for five years. He then sold this to Edgar Hobbs and entered into business relations with the firm of Horton & Whittlesey, representing their land agency and also connected with their livery business. He is well posted on fine horses and stock, being an excellent judge of the same, and his opinion in these matters is often sought by the firm which he represents.

On the 10th of November, 1881, in Man- son, Mr. Shrader was united in marriage to Miss Clara Roske, who was born in Den- mark, September 15, 1861, and is a daugh- ter of John U. and Mary (Ludwig) Roske, both of whom were also natives of Denmark. After their marriage they crossed the At- lantic to America in 1861 and settled in Fort Dodge, Iowa, where the father engaged in the manufacture of brick for a few years. He then came to Calhoun county and pur- chased a quarter-section of land in Green-

field township, where he and his wife are still living. He exercises his right of fran- chise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party, but has never sought office as a reward for his allegiance thereto. Both he and his wife hold mem- bership with the Lutheran church and are people of the highest respectability. Their one daughter is Mrs. Shrader and their only son is John A., who married Frankie Cond- ron, of Rockwell City, and resides upon a farm in Greenfield township. Mr. and Mrs. Shrader have two children, Charles, born October 30, 1887, and Harry, born Octo- ber 5, 1890. Both are now students in the public school. Fraternally Mr. Shrader is connected with the Modern Woodmen of America, and with Temple Lodge, No. 95, K. P. In his political views he is a Repub- lican, and has been honored with all the local offices in Greenfield township. Since coming to the county he has been deeply interested in its welfare and progress, and his labors have been a potent element in its improvement and upbuilding. As a citizen he is public-spirited and has co-operated in many movements for the general good.

BERT E. SEBERN.

On the roster of county officials in Cal- houn county, Iowa, appears the name of Bert E. Sebern, who since January 1, 1898, has occupied the position of county treas- urer, discharging his duties in such a prompt and capable manner that he has won uniform commendation, enjoying in large measure the respect and confidence of his fellow men. He well deserves the honor that has been conferred upon him bv his election, for he

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is a loyal and progressive citizen who has ever exerted his influence and directed his labors in support of those measures which contribute to the public good along lines of general progress and improvement.

Mr. Sebern is one of Iowa's native sons, his birth having occurred in Benton coun- ty, December 9, 186S, his parents being James J. and Mary Sebern, both of whom were natives of the state of Indiana. They are now residents of Manson, Iowa. The father followed general farming for a num- ber of years and afterward turned his at- tention to the lumber, coal and grain busi- ness, which he still follows. He is an enter- prising business man and his worth is wide- ly acknowledged. Unto him and his wife were born three children: Bert E., Flor- ence A. and Frank J.

During his early boyhood our subject was brought by his parents to Calhoun coun- ty, where he was reared to manhood, pur- suing his education in the public schools of Manson and thereby attaining a good knowl- edge of the branches of English learning Which form the foundation of business suc- cess. At the age of eighteen years he be- gan dealing in real estate and enjoyed a constantly increasing clientage, whereby he conducted many important real-estate trans- fers. He had a comprehensive knowledge of property and its values in this section of the state and gained a fair competence in that way. In 1897, however, his fellow townsmen, recognizing his worth and abil- ity, called him to public office, electing him to take charge of the county finances, which he has managed in a most careful way, so that he has gained the highest commenda- tion in it only of the men of his own party, hut of the leaders of the opposition as well.

Mr. Sebern was united in marriage to

Miss Tillie Wise, who was born in Iowa, a daughter of John Wise, who is a pioneer of this state, coming here when the work of progress and improvement had scarcely been begun and taking an active part in the pioneer development of the state. They have one daughter, F. Marie. Socially Mr. Sebern is connected with the Knights of Pythias Lodge, at Manson, and with the Masonic Lodge at Rockwell City. He en- joys the high regard of his brethren of those fraternities and in his life he exempli- fies the beneficent spirit upon which they are based. He has never faltered in his allegi- ance to the Republican party since attaining his majority and does all in his power to promote its growth and insure its success. Whether in business life, in public office or fraternal circles he commands the esteem of his fellow men bv his fidelitv to duty.

GEORGE OLCOTT.

Few men can attain high positions in military or political life, but the electrical world of business offers unlimited oppor- tunity, and advancement therein is a result of capability, enterprise and resolute pur- pose. Mr. Olcott has been actively con- nected with business interests in this section of Iowa for a number of years, and is now successfully conducting a restaurant in 1 N >m- eroy. He is wide-awake, alert, and progres- sive, and typifies the western spirit of en- ergy.

A native of Vermont, George Olcott was born in Windom county February 27, [838. His father. L. M. Olcott, was united in mar- riage in Vermont, his native state, to Miss Jane F. Chamberlin. They became the par-

416

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ents of five children, of whom our subject is the eldest. The others are: Mollie, who is the wife of C. B. Richards and lives in Colorado; Airs. Xellie Archibald, of Min- neapolis, Minnesota ; Mrs. Hattie Prince, of Chicago; and John, who is connected with the Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine Company, of Chicago. In the year 1845 tne parents left Vermont and removed west- ward, taking up their abode near Princeton, Bureau county, Illinois, where the father purchased a farm, upon which he remained for a few years. Subsequently he engaged in the lumber business in Princeton and in 1856 he came to Iowa, settling in Fort Dodge, Webster county, where he bought and sulci land, making his home there until his death, which occurred in 1879. His widow is still living at the age of eighty- three years and is a resident of Chicago.

In private schools of Princeton, Illinois, George Olcott pursued his education and after the removal of the family to Fort Dodge he engaged in teaming for two years. Susequently he established a meat market and was conducting that enterprise at the time the Civil war was inaugurated. Sev- eral months passed and then feeling that his duty to his country came before all other interests he donned the blue uniform and on the 30th of September. 1861, became a member of Company A, Eleventh Pennsyl- vania Cavalry. He was mustered in at Dubuque and served under Colonel Harlan and Captain Stratchan. The regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac and was first sent to Fortress Monroe. With his command Mr. Olcott participated in the bat- tles of Reams Station and Weldon Railroad, and was also in several skirmishes. He was captured at Black Water, in Virginia, in 1863, and held as prisoner there three weeks,

after which he was exchanged. He was never wounded, and on the 17th of Septem- ber, 1864, he was honorably discharged and mustered out at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

When the war was over Mr. Olcott re- turned to Fort Dodge, where he engaged in driving a stage in 1865 and 1866. The fol- lowing year he was employed in a sawmill for a short time, and subsequently he spent two years in teaming between Fort Dodge and Boone. On abandoning that pursuit he turned his attention to farming, which he followed until 1877, most ot* tne tulie m P°" cahontas county- In 1880 he came to Cal- houn county, where he also carried on agri- cultural pursuits until 1888, at which time he took up his abode in Pomeroy, where he conducted a butcher simp for six years. In 1894 he opened a restaurant on Ontario street and is there receiving a liberal and a well merited patronage. He does everything he can to meet the requirements of his patrons, and his obliging manner, unfailing courtesy and fair dealings have secured to him gratifying success. He owns his place of residence and two good dwellings in Pomeroy.

Mr. Olcott celebrated Christmas day of 1876 by his marriage to Matilda Munch, the daughter of Edward Munch. Like her fa- ther, she was born in Germany, her natal day being April 18, 1852. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Olcott has been blessed with one child, John E., who was born July 22, 1879, and who was accidentally smothered in a flax-bin in an elevator on the 19th of August. 1889. The loss of their only child was a great blow to Mr. and Mrs. Olcott, leaving a vacant place in the heme and hearts that can never be filled. During the terrible cyclone of 1893 the building in which Mr. Olcott was carrving on business

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'7

was partially destroyed and he lost his barns and his icehouse, which was filled with ice. With resolute purpose he started to work to retrieve his loss and is now numbered among the prosperous and enterprising- business men of Pomeroy. whose well directed affairs bave not only gained him a comfortable com- petence, but have also contributed to the commercial activity and upbuilding of the town. Socially he is connected with the Grand Army of the Republic at Pomeroy, in which he is now serving as sergeant and lie has also been quartermaster. In politics he is a Democrat and while residing in Bell- ville township, Pocahontas county, was county school director and road supervisor. He regards a public office as a public trust aftd in the discharge of his duties was sd reliable and faithful that he won the high commendation of all concerned.

MICHAEL O'CONNOR.

Michael O'Connor is one of the thrifty and progressive agriculturists of this county and now owns and operates a good farm of one hundred and sixty acres on section 3, Calhoun township. He also owns another farm, west of Lake City, comprising one hundred and fifty-seven and a half -acres. His early home was on the other side of the Atlantic, for he was born in 1855 in the city of London, England, his parents being John and Ellen O'Connor, who brought their family to the United States in 1865. His father is now living a retired life in Lake City, Iowa. Michael is the oldest of the father's family of children, the others being as. follows : ' Thomas, a farmer of Calhoun county: John, a retired resident of

Lake City: Morris, who died in Kankakee county. Illinois, in 1897, leaving a wife and two children; Mary, wife of Thomas De- vine, of Kankakee county, Illinois; Ellen, wife of Morris Sheehan, of Calhoun coun- ty, Iowa: and Mrs. Nora Ward, a widow- now living in Lake City.

The subject of this sketch spent the first ten years of his life in London, and then ac- companied his parents on their emigration to America. He grew to manhood in the town of Utica, La Salle county, Illinois, and was given good school privileges. About 1 87 1 he removed to Kankakee county, that state, where his father owned a valuable farm, and he assisted in its operation for several years. He also owned property in that county and continued his residence there until the beginning of the present century. In 1900 he sold out and after traveling quite extensively over northwestern Iowa looking for a suitable location he desided to settle in Calhoun county and bought the farm where he now- resides, taking up his abode here on the 28th of February, that year. He has since enlarged and remodeled the house and made many other improvements which add greatly to the value and attractive appear- ance of the place. A skillful farmer and a man of good business and executive ability, he has met with excellent success in his un- dertakings and is to-day one of the sub- stantial men of his community.

At Kankakee. Illinois, Decembers, 1878, Mr. O'Connor led to the marriage altar Miss Maggie Durkin, who was reared in Will county, that state, and they have beci >me the parents of seven children, namely: John. James, Martin, Walter. Cecilia, Helen and Pearl. The oldest sons now assist their fa- ther in the operation of the farm. The fam- ilv are communicants of the Catholic church

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of Lake City. Although their residence in this county is of short duration they have made many warm friends here and stand high in public esteem.

In his political views Mr. O'Connor is a stanch Republican, and while a resident of Kankakee, Illinois, served as township com- mitteeman for the appointment of employes of the insane asylum at that place for sev- eral years. He was also a member of the school board for twenty years, and was dis- trict clerk all of the time. Public-spirited and progressive, he does all in his power to advance the interests of the community with which he is connected.

JOHN F. FOUTS.

The subject of this sketch is one of the best known and most enterprising farmers of Calhoun county, and is now successfully engaged in agricultural pursuits on section- 19, Center township. He was born in Stark county, Illinois, on the 19th of July, 1856, his parents being Louis and Sarah A. (Cul- ton) Fouts, the former a native of Indiana and the latter of Illinois. The father was only two years old when he came to Illi- nois. He is now living a retired life in Rockwell City, Iowa.

John F. Fouts, of this review, remained under the parental roof long after he had attained man's estate and had the advantages of a good common-school education, attend- ing the graded schools of Bradford, Wyom- ing and Bryant, Illinois, and Lamar, Mis- souri. In the fall of 1882, when his father retired from active labor and removed to Bradford, Illinois, our subject took charge of the old home farm, which he successfully carried on for one vear.

Mr. Fouts lived alone until the nth of March, 1883, when he was united in mar- riage with Miss Maria J. Owens, who was born in Marshall county, Illinois, September 13, 1856. Her parents were natives of Eng- land, and on their emigration to America in 1842 settled in Fulton county, Illinois. The father is now deceased, but the mother is ■ still living and now makes her home with her children. Mr. and Mrs, Fouts have three children, namely: Harlan J., bom August 21, 1884; Vernon R., born Decem- ber 30, 1890; and Sarah E., born July 13, 1893. F°r the past two seasons Harlan J. has attended the graded schools of Rockwell City.

In the fall of 1883 Mr. Fouts and his brother-in-law purchased a meat market in Bradford, Illinois, which they conducted un- til the fall of 1886, and in the meantime bought a house and five lots at that place. Selling all his town property, he then came west in search of a suitable location, and decided to settle in Carroll county, Iowa, where he purchased eighty acres of land. The same fall he also bought one hundred and sixty acres in Pawnee county, Kansas. In the spring of 1887 he and his family moved to Carroll county, Iowa, and in con- nection with the operation of his farm he also run a threshing machine for three years. It was in the fall of 1889 that he first came to Rockwell City and purchased a half in- terest in a meat market, of which he took possession in January, 1890. That spring his family took up their abode here, and on the 1st of April he purchased a restaurant, of which his wife took charge, but the fol- lowing fall he disposed of all his city prop- erty and once more resumed farming, hav- ing bought one hundred and sixty acres of partially improved land on section 2, Lake

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419

Creek township, Calhoun county, where he located in the spring of 1891, and where he continued to reside for four years. Dur- ing the summer of 1891 he traded his Kan- sas land for horses and cattle, and a year later traded some of the horses for seven and a half acres of land within the corporate limits of the town of Carroll, Iowa. In the fall of 1893 Mr. Fonts traded his Carro! county property for a farm of one hundred and thirty acres in Jackson township, this county, and on selling his farm in Lake Creek township in the summer of 1894 he bought one hundred and sixty acres of land on section 19, Center township, which he still owns. On the latter farm the family located in the spring of 1895 and there they have since made their home. In the fall of [898 Mr. Fonts traded for a house and one acre of land in the southern part of Rock- well City and rented the place until the fall of 1901, when he sold it. He embarked in the agricultural implement business in that city in the spring of 1898, and in the sum- mer of 1899 added a stock of hardware. He conducted the store in a most successful manner until the winter of 1901, when he sold out. In the meantime he had made his home upon the farm and is now devoting his time and energies to its operation. He gives considerable attention to the raising and feeding of stock, and has shipped several carloads of his own feeding. Upon his farm he has built a good two-story house and a good barn, and made many other improve- ments which add to the value and attractive appearance of the place. He raises only the best grades of stock, making a specialty of Poland China hogs and Hereford cattle. In his herd of hogs are two registered animals, Black Bess, No. 159232, and Belle, No. 159230.

For the last few years Air. Fouts has taken quite an active and prominent part in local politics and has been called upon to til] a number of offices, serving as road super- visor, school director, president of the school board two years and township clerk two years. In the fall of 1901 he was elected a member of the board of county supervisors from the fifth district for a term of three years, and is now filling that office with credit to himself and to the entire satisfac- tion of his constituents. Politically he is identified with the Republican party, and so- cially he is a member of the Odd Fellows Lodge, No. 279, of Carroll. Iowa.

MALCOLM PETERSON.

Though no land is richer in opportunities or offers greater advantages to its citizens than America, success is not to be obtained through desire, but must be persistently sought. In America "labor is king," and the man who resolutely sets to work to ac- complish a purpose is certain of success if he has but the qualities of perseverance, un- tiring energy and practical common sense. Malcolm Peterson is one whose career ex- cites the admiration and gains the respect of all. for through his diligence and persistent purpose he has won a leading place in the business circles of Pomeroy, where he is now proprietor of an elevator and is en- gaged not only in dealing in grain and feed. but also in coal.

Mr. Peterson was born in Sweden, De- cember 27, 1867. His parents, John A. and Anna Peterson, were also natives of that country, the former born January r, 1833. the latter May 15. 1829. In 1868 the father.

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with two of his daughters and one son older than our subject, crossed the Atlantic to the new world and made preparation for a home for the other members of the family. In 1869 the mother came, bringing with her two sons, one of whom was Malcolm, of this review. The family home was first in Henderson county, Illinois, where the father secured a farm and carried on agricultural pursuits for four years. When that period had elapsed he removed to Webster county, Iowa, settling in Pleasant Valley township, where for a time he conducted a boarding house at Coalville, and later engaged in farming near there for about fifteen years. In the year 1892 he became a resident of Pomeroy. where his wife died in 1900, but he is still living and is sixty-seven years of age.

This worthy couple were the parents of five children, as follows: Josephine, the wife of J. M. Johnson, of Fort Dodge, now deceased; Ida, who married J. M. Mericle, of Fort Dodge; G. B., who is engaged in general merchandising in Pomeroy: A. J., a traveling man, who makes his home in Wehster City; and our subject.

Malcolm Peterson acquired his early ed- ucation in Coalville and later continued his studies in the Fort Dodge Collegiate Insti- tute, where he pursued a business course. On putting aside his text-books he returned to the home farm and assisted in the culti- vation and improvement of the fields until the 15th of October, 1891, when he was married, the lady of his choice being Miss Helma Ericcson, a daughter of John Ericc- son. She was born in Sweden July 8, 1873, and by her marriage has become the mother of three interesting children : Jessie, born December 13, 1892; Marie, born March 21, 1894; and John, born September 8, 1896.

Mr. Peterson and his wife began their domestic life upon a farm which continued to be their residence until 1894, when they came to Calhoun county. Here he worked in a genera] mercantile store until 1895, when he purchased an elevator and has since been engaged in buying and selling grain and in dealing in coal and feed. In June, 1897, his elevator was destroyed by fire, but before September he had erected a new one. His business is steadily increasing, owing to his honorable methods, his straightforward dealing and his enterprise, and now he de- rives from his sales a good annual income. In connection w ith his brother he owns two hundred and forty acres of valuable land in Pocahontas county, and he also has his own home in Pomeroy. Mr. Peterson exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party, but has never sought or desired office. He be- longs to the Presbyterian church and to Solar Lodge, No. 475. F. & A. M. He like- wise holds membership in the Modern Woodmen camp and served as venerable consul for one term. He has the thrift and perseverance so characteristic of people of his native land, and he possesses the enter- prising spirit of the west. He is very true to his adopted country, and does everything in his nower to promote the growth, up- building and substantial improvement of Pomeroy and Calhoun county.

H. H. MARSH.

During the greater part of his life H. H. Marsh has been connected with theatrical work and with a mind richly stored with reminiscences he is a most entertaining and

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companionable gentleman. He was born in Lake county. Ohio, March 17, 1840, a son of Ephraim and Catherine (Shorts) Marsh, both of whom were natives of New York. The father was a fanner by occupation and after residing in Illinois for some years he removed to Wisconsin in 1850. spending his remaining days in the Badger state. His death occurred in 1868 and his wife, surviv- ing him twenty years, passed away in 1888. In their family were three sons and a daugh- ter, of whom H. H. Marsh is the eldest. Elijah is now a resident of Pueblo, Colo- rado. X. B. is living in Barron county. Wisconsin, while Mrs. Angeline Ailing is a resident of Belle\ille, Wisconsin.

At the age of sixteen years H. H. Marsh left home. He traveled with different circus companies for about fifteen years and has been connected with almost all lines of circus and theatrical work. For two years he was also employed on the Erie canal and when the country's call for aid aroused the nation ami men in every walk of life flocked to the standard of the Union he joined Company D, of the Seventh Wisconsin Infantry, on the 17th of August, 1861. This regiment formed a part of the old "Iron Brigade,*' under General George B. McClellan. Mr. Marsh served for three years as a private with the Army of the Potomac and then re- enlisted for one year in the Forty-sixth Wis- consin Infantry. He participated in the en- gagements at Fredericksburg, Antietam and South Mountain, and was then commis- sioned as sergeant, serving in that capacity until the close of the war. He was mustered out October 3, 1865. and honorably dis- charged at Nashville, Tennessee. He had two brother's who were in the service, Elijah, who was wounded in the second battle of Bull Run in August, [862, and Alfred, who

was a member of the One Hundred and Thirty-second Xew York Infantry and laid down his life on the altar of his country. Mr. Marsh, of this review, participateu in many important engagements and was al- ways ti mud at his post of duty, whether on the battle-field or on the picket line.

On the 4th of March, 1865. was cele- brated the marriage of Mr. Marsh and Mary L. Sholts, who was born in Crawford coun- ty, Pennsylvania. September 2, 1845, a daughter of Henry W. and Lovica (Han- nan ) Sholts. The father was bom in New- York and was of German descent, while her mother, who was also a native of the Empire state, was of Irish lineage. In 1848 they re- moved to Wisconsin and were farming peo- ple of that locality. Mr. Sholts engaged in merchandising for five years. He was like- wise a pioneer school teacher and success- fully engaged in educational work for twen- ty-one years. As his financial resources in- creased he made investments in real estate and Inecame the owner of large landed inter- ests, for thirteen years he served as jus- tice of the peace, discharging his duties with marked impartiality and promptness. Mi- wife died about 1868 and he afterward mar- ried Mrs. Wheeler, a widow. His death occurred in 1872. Mrs. Marsh had five brothers and cute cousin who were Union soldiers in the Civil war. Her brother Henry died in the service at Brownsville. Texas, and was buried on the banks of the Rio Grande. Another brother, Calvin, was killed at the battle of Cold Harbor, filling an unknown grave. Another brother. Mar- tin Van Buren, who was a member of the Forty-second Wisconsin Infantry, died in the Badger state in 1900, while John A., who was a member of the Thirty-third Wis- consin Infantry, now resides at Sparta, Wis-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

consin, where he is serving as police judge. The youngest brother, L. K. Sholts, is em- ployed in the office of John A. Sholts. Or- son and Ozro, twin brothers, are farming people residing near Rutland, Wisconsin. One sister of the family, Alice E., died in infancy.

For several years after his marriage Mr. Marsh resided in Rutland, Wisconsin, and later made his home in other places in that state, spending a number of years in Sparta. He was also for two years in Kansas, and during much of the time was upon the road as a traveling salesman. He came from N Kansas to Man son December 9, 1878. The town was then in its infancy and Mr. Marsh established a hotel, with which line of busi- ness he has since been connected. In 1898 he built the Marsh Hotel, a most modern house, heated throughout with hot air, sup- plied with electric lights and superior venti- lating facilities and equipped with the most modern improvements. It was built upon plans made by Mr. and Mrs. Marsh. He does not now conduct the hotel, but has a comfortable residence in the southern part of the town, in which he is living in honor- able retirement from business.

Two children 'have been born unto our subject and his wife: Clifford C, horn De- cember 25, 1866, is now in the medical dis- pensary of the war department of Dakota, located at St. Paul, Minnesota, having been connected with this department for eight years. For four years previous he had been employed in the pension department in Washington, D. C. He was an occupant of the old Ford theatre at the time of its col- lapse and sustained an injury from its fall- ing walls. At the time of the Spanish- American war he was transferred to his present position, which he is filling with

credit. He married Miss Hattie Wood, of Fort Dodge, Iowa, the wedding taking place in Manson, in 1893, and they have now three children, Tina P., Fern and Clifford C. John V*. Marsh, the younger son, was born November 5, 1869, and was married in Manson to Julia Boardman, and is now a tonsorial artist. He has two interesting little daughters, Joy Alberta and Elma. The family attend the Methodist Episcopal church and Mr. Marsh is a member of Allee Post, G. A. R., while his wife belongs to the Women's Relief Corps. In politics he is an active Republican, strongly endorsing the principles of his party.

O. L. HEDLUXD.

No foreign element has become a more important part in our American citizenship than that furnished by Sweden. The emi- grants from that land have brought with them to the new world the stability, enter- prise and perseverance characteristic of their people, and have fused these qualities with the progressiveness and indomitable spirit of the west. Mr. Hedlund is a worthy repre- sentative of this class. He came to America a poor boy, hoping to benefit his financial condition here, and his dreams of the future have been more than realized. He now occu- pies a very prominent place in the business circles of Knierim as a dealer in lumber.

Mr. Hedlund was born on the 5th of July, 1875, m Sweden, of which country his parents, Edward and Elizabeth Hedlund, are still residents. He has two brothers, Hugh and Benjamin, who also make their home in Sweden, our subject being the only one of the family to come to the United States. He was onlv twelve years old when he crossed

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

425

Ike-broad Atlantic, and on landing in this country came at once* to Iowa, arriving in Hare urt, Webster county, on the 9th of September, [887. His education, which was begun in the schools of his native land, was supplemented by a course in the public self '. Is "i Webster county. He began his business career as assistant postmaster at Harcourt under President Cleveland's first administration, and served in that capacity about two years.

At the age of sixteen years Mr. Hedlund went to Greene county, Iowa, where he spent two years, working on a farm during' the summer season and attending school through tin winter months, and at the end of that time removed to Callender, Webster coun- ty. In the spring of [892 he came to Cal- houn count}-, where he worked one summer for a farmer living one mile from Farnham- ville, and then engaged in clerking in a gen- eral -tore of that town for one year. The f. Ilowing year was spent as a farm hand in r county, and in the fall of 1894 he returned to Farnhamville, where he engaged in the poultry business that winter. The next sununer he resumed clerking and con- tinued to follow that pursuit for one year. In the spring of 1896, on account of fail- ing health, he sought employment on a farm south of Farnhamville, but in the fall re- turned to town and accepted a position with a physician.

Mr. Hedlund went to Lyon county, Min- nesota, m the spring of [897, and entered the service of the Winona Lumber Company as second man in their lumber yard at that place, where he worked one year. He then took charge of the clothing department of a department store in Minneota, .Minnesota. but on the 1st of January, [899, returned to Webster county. Iowa, and accepted the

position of extra man in the lumber yard of J. e\: W. C. Shull, of Gowrie, where he worked about a year. On the idth of No- vember, 1899, he came to Knierim in the employ of that firm and opened the first lum- ber yard at this place, establishing business here before there was a house in sight. He furnished the lumber for the first building- erected in the town, owned by J. H. Kelly, of Barnum, who opened the first store here. His next sale was to J. B. Wartchow, on the 10th of January, 1900, followed by his sale to D. F. Reents, who built a blacksmith shop and dwelling, the latter being the first house erected in Knierim. Later our subject sold; the lumber to ]'). H. French for the erection. of his hotel, then for Dr. Flinn's residence and for Frank To!an*s furniture store. On the 15th of October, 1900, he furnished the lumber for the residence of William Knierim, and the following March the lum- ber for the residences of B. F. Owens and Louis Shellard, and the restaurant now occu- pied b) Miss Julius. When Mr. Hedlund arrived in what is now Knierim there was nothing here but an oat stubblefield, and he has watched with interest the entire de- velopment of the town, at the same time doing all in his power to aid in its advance- ment. He is a wide-awake, energetic busi ness man. thoroughly reliable in all things, and it is to such men that the west owe- its prosperity and rapid advancement. He has- won the proud American title of a self made man, having through his own well directed efforts acquired a competency. Politically he has always affiliated with the Republican party since attaining his majority, and so- cially is a member of the Masonic Lodge at Manson, and the Knights of Pythias and In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows at Farn- hamville.

426

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

WILLIAM L. HULETT.

William L. Hulett has almost reached the eighty- fourth milestone on the journey of life. His path has been the straight and narrow one, with no deviations from the right, and an honorable career has made him respected and venerated by all who know him. Almost half the width of the continent separates him from his birthplace — Chester, Vermont, in which city he first opened his eyes to the light of day on the 1 2th of October, 1818. His parents, Gor- don and Lydia (Pollard) Hulett, were also natives of the Green Mountain state, while Joseph Hulett, the paternal grandfather, and John Pollard, the maternal grandfather, were both natives of Massachusetts and were soldiers of the Revolutionary war. The par- ents of William L. Hulett resided in Ver- mont for many years, and his father de- voted his energies to agricultural pursuits there until 1870, when he removed to Illi- nois, where he remained until called to his final rest at the advanced age of ninety years. He made his home with a son in Whiteside county, Illinois, living in honorable retire- ment from labor. His wife also died in Whiteside county at the home of their son, passing away at the age of eighty-two. In their family were five sons and two daugh- ters, and four of the number are yet living. Those who have passed away are: Louisa, who died at the age of seventeen years; Sarah Jane, who passed away at the age of fifty; and Amos A., whose death occurred when he had reached the age of eightv- seven. Those who still survive are : Lucius, who resides in Whiteside county, Illinois, at the age of eighty-six years; William L., eighty-three years of age; Elias, who is liv- ing in Lohrville, at the age of eighty-one;

and John, who makes his home in Whiteside county, Illinois, and is now more than sev- enty-five years of age.

On the old family homestead in the Green Mountain state William L. Hulett was reared and educated, and at the age of twenty-six years he was married to Laura Farrington, whose birth occurred in Ches- ter, Vermont, February 13, 1825, a daugh- ter of Abram and Sophia Blanchard. The young couple began their domestic life in the stale of their nativity, but in 1849 wein to Morrison. Illinois, where Mr. Hulett pur- chased land from the government at a dollar and a quarter per acre. He and his broth- ers also bought other lands and the family then owned two hundred and forty acres. Mr. Hulett, of this review, controlled the farm and resided thereon for seven vears. He then sold his interest and removed to Clayton county, Iowa, where he purchased three hundred acres, which he continued to cultivate for seven years. On the expira- tion of that period he returned to Illinois and purchased forty acres of the old home- stead in Whiteside county, but wishing to give his children better educational advan- tages he once more sold out after seven years, and in 1870 came to Calhoun coun- ty, Iowa, making the journey with teams. Here he purchased one hundred acres two miles south of Lohrville. It was in its primitive condition, but nature needed only the aid of man to make this an arable tract. Wild game of all kinds was plentiful, in- cluding deer and various kinds of wild fowls. His nearest neighbor on the north was twenty miles away, and the nearest vil- lage was Gowrie. The trading was done at Jefferson and owing to the unsettled con- dition of the region many hardships and trials had to be borne.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

427

With characteristic energy, however, Mr. Hulett began to break his land and develop his farm, upon which he resided until 1890, when he removed to Lohrville, where he is now living' retired. He Still owns the old homestead, however, and is to-day the oldest settler in Union township. He can recall manv interesting incidents of life on the frontier, when Calhoun county was just emerging from pioneer environments, and he has always borne his part in the work of public progress and improvement.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Hulett were born five children, four daughters and a son: Mrs. . \liliie McDonald, of Lohrville; Mrs. I.vdia B. Colander, of Union township; Mrs. Eva Robeson, of Lohrville; Mrs. Gertie Middleton, who is also living in that place; and Ernest J., who was born in Whiteside county, Illinois, and is now jus- tice of the peace in Lohrville. The wife and mother died June 12, 1890, and her loss was deeply regretted throughout the com- munity where she was much beloved for her manv excellencies of character. In his po- litical views Mr. Hulett has been a Repub- lican from the organization of the party, and ln\ religious faith is that of the Chris- tian church. So long has he been a resident of the county, so upright has been his life and so loyal his citizenship that no history of this community would lie complete with- out his life record.

TOHX 1!k< )\\ X.

Every land on the face of the globe has added to the American citizenship, but no country has sent a more loyal and valuable- class to the United States than has Scotland,

whose sturdy, determined, courageous and upright sons have contributed to improve- ment and progress in every section of the country in which they have located. Mr. Brown, who is now living in Lake City, came from the land of hills and heather, his birth having occurred in Glasgow, April 11, [836. His parents were John and Cather- ine (Williams) Brown, in whose family were four sons; Alexander, now deceased; John; Benjamin W. ; and George, who has also passed away. The mother died about 1846, and in 1850 the father came with his children to the new world. For ten years he had been an officer in the English navy and resigning his position he crossed the Atlantic. The vessel in which he sailed was shipwrecked oft" the coast of the Bahama Islands, and there, after three days, a good many passengers and sailors were rescued. The following day the vessel was swept out to sea and lost. John Brown, the father, went to Nassau. New- Providence, and after three weeks proceeded by schooner to New Orleans, where he remained for a short time, going thence to Peoria, Illinois. On the expiration of a year he removed to Mc- Lean county, Illinois, settling near Bloom- ington, where he purchased a farm. Three years later, however, the old home was broken up, the father going to La Salle. Illi- nois, where he died about 1858. The brother of our subject was a soldier of the Civil war, joining Company E, Eighth Illinois Infantry, and was wounded in the battle of Fort Donelson. He built the first business block in Sabine, Texas, and is now serving as postmaster in that place.

Our subject was a youth of fourteen

when, with his father, he said g l-hy to his

native land and sailed for the new world. lie well remembers the incidents of that per-

428

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

ilous voyage. He accompanied his father on his various removals until 1857 when he went to La Salle. Illinois, but remained there only a short time, returning' to McLean county, where he worked on a farm until after the inauguration of the Civil war. Aroused bj a spirit of patriotism lie enlisted in defense of his adopted land, on the 1st of August, 1862, becoming a member of Com- pany H, Ninety-fourth Illinois Infantry, under the command of Captain Orme, join- ing the regiment at Bloomington, in Mc- Lean county, where it was organized, under Colonel Orme, and in ten days was sent to the front. At this time John McNulta was lieutenant-colonel. At the promotion of Colonel Orme to brigadier-general. Mr. Mc- Nulta was promoted to colonel, having charge of the regiment throughout the re- mainder of the war. The command was sent to Benton Barracks, St. Louis, and then attached to the Army of the Frontier, par- ticipating in the engagements at Prairie Grove, the Van Buren campaign and the siege of Vicksburg. After the fall of Vicks- burg the division ascended the Yaz< 0 river and captured Yazoo city. On their return to Vicksburg they were transferred to the Department of the Gulf, under General Banks, and went down the river to Port Hudson, hut took no active part in the en- gagement, the surrender there having oc- curred shortly before the arrival of this divi- sion. Nexc the troops proceeded to New Orleans and participated in the battle of Morganza Bend. At that time General Banks was organizing an expedition to in- vade Texas, and the Ninety-fourth Illinois was called to take part, sailing from New Orleans across the gulf of Mexico, to Bra- zos, Santiago, landing near where the Rio Grande empties into the gulf. They marched

to Brownsville and the city surrendered to the regiment, which then raised the stars and stripes. It might be said that this regi- ment helped to establish two republics, that of the United States and of Mexico, for Maximillian was then trying to establish an empire in Mexico. Afterward our subject recrossed the gulf of Mexico and took part in the Mobile campaign, going with General Farragut to reduce the forts at the entrance of Mobile bay. Thus it was that Mr. Brown took part in the battle of Mobile bay and the siege of Spanish Fort. His regiment was there stationed when the war practically came to an end, but it was sent to Galveston,! Texas, where it remained for some time, the troops being mustered out there July 19, 1865. In August, following, Mr. Brown re- ceived an honorable discharge, at Spring* field, Illinois, and returned thence to Bloom- ington.

In the fall of 1865 he crossed the Atlan- tic once more and for a short time visited in his native land, viewing the scenes <d childhood and renewing the friendships of his youth. When he again cair.e t<> the Uni- ted States, he engaged in farming near Bloomington, Illinois, for a year and in the spring of 1868 he went to Washington county, Iowa, where he purchased a tract of land, continuing its cultivation until 1875, w hen he came to Calhoun county. Here for 'twenty-seven years he had made his home and [or twenty-three years he resided upon his farm in Lake Creek township. He still owns this property but in 1898 he removed to Lake City, where he has since resided, but he still owns his farm and derives therefrom a gi k id income.

Mr. Brown was married in New Lanark, near the falls of Clyde, in Scotland, on the 16th of January, 1866, the lady of his choice

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

429

(being Elizabeth Dickson, a daughter of George Dickson, also of New Lanark. Unto Mr. ami Mrs. Brown have been born the following named : Ella May. deceased ; Douglas, a moulder of Xew Bedford, Mas- sachusetts; Ada. the wife of Henry Knisely, af Sac City, I<>wa; Arthur, a resident farm- er of Calhoun county ; Catherine, now mar- ried and living in Sioux Falls, South Da- kota : Walter, who is engaged in the laun- dry business in Ida Grove, Iowa; George, who is with his parents; Donald, who died in infancy: and Jeanie Belle, who resides with her parents. In bis political affiliations Mr. Brown has been a stanch Republican since casting his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln and has never wavered in his advocacy to the principles of the party, which preserved the Union in the dark days of the Civil war and which has ever stood lor advancement, progress and the protection of all American institutions. He belongs to Landar Post. No. 156. G. A. R., and thus maintains pleasant relationship with his old army comrades. In the years of his active business career he made the most of his op- portunities, and his thrift, enterprise and dil- igence enabled him to overcome all obstacles in his path and advance steadily -to the plane of success, so that be is now enabled to live retired in the enjoyment of a well earned rest and the fruits of his former toil.

ROBERT GLOVER.

Robert Glover is an octogenarian, and in the eighty-two years of bis life he has so

lived as to command uniform respect and confidence. For thirty-six years he has been a resident of Calhoun county, coming to this

portion of the state when pioneer conditions existed and when till the hardships and trials incident to the frontier were met by the set- tlers here. The courage and resolutions de- manded of those who carry civilization into a new region are equal to that displayed by the veteran on the field of battle. There is a struggle with primitive conditions that demands personal valor and unfaltering pur- pose, and great honor is due to the men and women who leave behind them the comforts of the older east to establish homes in the western wilderness and reclaim the lands for the uses of man. Their work is not for themselves alone, for later generations reap the benefit of their labors, and to the pioneers we owe a debt of gratitude which can never be repaid.

Mr. Glover has contributed his full share to the development, upbuilding and progress of Calhoun county, and with pleasure we present his life history to our readers as that of one of the representative citizens of this portion of the state.

A native of Scotland he was bom in Dumfriesshire, on the 22d of August. [820, his parents being James and Jeanhette ( Ken- nedy) Glover, who were also natives of Scotland, the former born in Dumfriesshire, the latter in Greenhill. The father was a stocking-weaver by trade and followed that pursuit in his native land until 1821, when he sailed to Prince Edward's Island with his family, on the ship Diana, which con- sumed five weeks in making that voyage. For twenty years James Glover remained on that island and then again sailed across the water, this time establishing his home on the other side of the Atlantic. For nine years he engaged in farming in Nova Sco- tia, and then removed to Xew York, in 1851, establishing his home in Oneida county,

43°

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

where both he and his wife spent their re- maining days. In his political views the father was a Republican and in his religious faith was a Presbyterian, holding the office of deacon in the church for thirty years. In the family were two children who died in Scotland and two on Prince Edward's Island. John wedded Mary Bell and lived on Prince Edward's island, but both are now deceased. Elizabeth became the wife of Thomas Harris and both died in Utica, New York. Isabella was the wife of David Mickle and they resided in Nova Scotia for a time. The wife died in Waterville, New York, and he died in Wisconsin.

Robert Glover, the fourth of the family, received but limited school privileges but his training at farm labor was not meager. He assisted his father in the cultivation of the home farm and afterward worked by the month as a farm hand in New York, having accompanied his parents on their voyage acri iss the Atlantic and their removal to the United States from Nova Scotia. He also engaged in the manufacture of brooms in the Empire state. A short time after his marriage he removed to Illinois, taking up his abode in that state in 1865, and the fol- lowing year he came to Calhoun county, where he secured a homestead claim in con- nection with his brother-in-law, Mr. Som- erville. in Lincoln township. Subsequently he added eighty acres to their first tract, but afterward they sold much of their landed possessions, owning at the present time a quarter section of farm land and residence property in Manson.

On the nth of March. 1856, near Utica, New York. Mr. Glover was united in mar- riage to Miss Mary Somerville, a native of Glasgow, Scotland, horn in 1832. She was the daughter of William and Agnes (Lee)

Somerville, both of whom were natives of Ayershire, Scotland. They were married in Glasgow and in that city the father con- ducted a hotel while the mother carried on a general store. There Mr. Somerville died in 1847, an(l m J849 his widow came to America with her family on the sailing ves- sel Hyperion, which reached the harbor of New York after a voyage of thirty days. They settled in Oneida county, New Y> >rk, and the children and mother worked in a cotton factory — the York mills — near Utica, making their home in that locality until after the marriage of Mr. Glover when the Somerville family came to the west, in 1857. Mrs.. Somerville took up her abode in Illinois and the same year was married in the state of New York to Elias Turner, a native of New York. In 1890 they removed to Calhoun county, Iowa, where Mr. Turner died in 1892, his widow surviving him until [893, when she, too, passed away. Mr. Somerville, the father of Mrs. Glover, was a Presbyterian in his religious belief. Mr. Turner was an advocate of Republican prin- ciples, but in religious opinions was a Meth- odist, holding membership with a church of that denomination. Mrs. Glover was the eldest of her father's family of three chil- dren, the others being John, who resides with our subject, and Susan, the wife of Calvin Griffith, their home being on a farm four miles south of Manson. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Glover has been blessed with two children: Luella. the wife of M. J. Huggoboom, who resides on her father's farm and by whom she has four living chil- dren : and James William, who died at the age of sixteen years.

Mr. Glover votes with the Republican party and since attaining the right of fran- chise through naturalization he has strongly

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

43*

endorsed the principles of that party. He aided in organizing the Congregational church in Manson in 1868, has since served as one of its deacons and is a most faithful, helpful and loyal member. He was also one of the first trustees of the town of Manson and tilled that position for several years, dis- charging his duties with marked promptness and ability. Since coming to this county he lias been regarded as a most valuable citizen. Withoul ostentation >>r display he has faith- fully performed his duties of citizenship, and his labors have resulted to the substantial benefit and improvement of the county. His name is synonymous with all that is straight- forward and honorable in relations between man and man. and at all times his private life has been guided by principles which everywhere command respect.

MIKE D. CAMPBELL.

Mike D. Campbell is one of the enter- prising young farmers of Calhoun county, his home being on section i_\ Greenfield township. He was born in Jo Daviess coun- ty, Illinois, September 4, 1871. His father, Peter Campbell, was a native of Obi", born July 30, 1842, and was a son of A. B. Campbell. In early youth he accompanied his parents on their removal to Illinois and worked upon his father's farm in that state until after the Civil war was begun, when he joined Company A. First Regiment of the United States Volunteer Engineers, be- ing enrolled mi the 226 of August. 1862, to serve three years. He received an honorable discharge June 30. 1865, at Nashville. Un- der the command of Captain William Loughlin, he rendered valuable service and

won distinction at Chattanooga. He was at the head of the Pontoon expedition and his ability in the line of the duties entrusted to him made his services most valued. Dur- ing the war he was united in marriage to Rosetta Stormer, a native of Tennessee, in which state they were married. After the cessation of hostilities he returned to Illinois and worked upon the home farm until the spring of 1873, when with his family he came to Iowa, settling only two miles from Twin Lakes 011 a homestead of forty acres. He afterward rented land for a few years and then purchased a tract in Center town- ship, upon which he made bis home for about six years. On the expiration of that period he removed to another farm of one hundred and sixty acres in the same town- ship, making it the place of his abode until his death, which occurred September [4. 1892, when he was about fifty years of age. In politics he was a Republican, having firm faith in the principles of the party. II is wife, who was born April 4. 1847, survived him until the 6th of August. 1899. passing away at the age of fifty-two years. In their family were nine children : Mary, the wife of L. Soper, of Emmitsburg, L iwa ; William. who is living in Mineral Springs, Wiscon- sin; Mike D. ; A. B., a resident of Calhoun county; llattie, the wife of Xed Sandquist, of Crystal Lake; Lee and Arthur, who are also living in Calhoun count) ; Mortie and Millie M., twins, born in this county, April 23. 1885.

In the district schools Mike I). Camp- bell pursued his education. He was only about two years old when his parents came to Calhoun count}' and here lie was reared and educated, remaining under the parental roof until nineteen years of age. Me then began earning Ins own living by working

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

as a farm hand by the month, a pursuit which he followed for six years, after which he began farming on his own account. Throughout his entire life he has carried on agricultural pursuits. After his marriage he rented a farm in Center township for three years, and when his labors had brought to him sufficient capital he purchased eighty acres of land in Greenfield township, com- prising the west half of the southwest quar- ter of section 12. Since then he has bought an adjoining eighty acres so that he now owns an entire quarter section, a greater part of which he has under a high state of cultivation. He has tilled the place, made excellent improvements upon it and is now extensively and successfully engaged in buy- ing and selling stock. When he first came to Calhoun o unity with his parents the coun- try was full of sloughs, and there were thousands of muskrat houses. He tracked muskrats, making considerable money by selling their skins. The land was a tract of unbroken prairie and blackbirds were nu- merous and occasioned considerable detri- ment to the crops. There were also wild cranes and ducks and the latter furnished many a meal for the pioneer settlers. Severe storms made travel almost impossible at times in the winter, and Mr. Campbell re- members to have seen blizzards continue for three days when the snow was so blind- ing that it was almost impossible to see more than a few feet ahead of one.

On the J.l of December, 1896, in Rock- Avell City, Mr. Campbell was united in mar- riage to Miss Charlotte Judge, who was born in Calhoun county, May 30, 1874, and is a .laughter of W. H. and Olive A. (Da- vis) Judge, who were natives of Hastings, Sussex county, England. In their family were nine children: Annie, the wife of

Thomas Leith ; John and Thomas, who died in infancy; Eliza, who died at the age of three years; Ellen, the wife of Frank Hulett; George, of Dallas county, Iowa ; Henry, who is living in Manson ; Mrs. Campbell of this review; and Elizabeth, the wife of Ben Campbell. The father died in July, 1889, but Mrs. Judge is still living, her home be- ing now in Manson. The marriage of our subject and his wife has been blessed with three children : Guy F.. born November 29, 1897; Delila E., born September 4, 1899; and Christmas Fern, born December 29, 1961. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell are widely known in Calhoun county where they have so long resided and their circle of friends is almost coextensive with their circle of ac- quaintances. Mr. Campbell belongs to the B. A. Y., and in his political views he is a Republican, but has never sought or desired office, preferring to give his entire attention to his business in which he is now meeting with good success, being accounted one of the prosperous and progressive young stock raisers of Calhoun county.

JOHX SOMERYILLE.

The pioneer history of Calhoun county would not be complete without mention of John Somerville, who in connection with his brother-in-law and partner, Robert Glover, has been closely associated with agricultural interests in this county for many years, cov- ering the period of pioneer development as well as of later-day progress. Scotland has furnished many worthy sons to America, and the Scotch-American citizenship has ever been held in highest honor and counted of value, because thrift, industry and loyalty are

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

433

numbered among the sterling characteristics ■of the sons of the land of hills and heather.

Mr. Somerville was born in Glasgow, Scotland, December 31, 1840, and is a son of William Somerville, whose history is given in connection with the sketch of Robert Glover. In the year 1849 ^r- Somerville accompanied his parents on their emigration to America, and for a few months he at- tended schi 10I in Xew York, but his educa- tional privileges in this country were very meager. He early began working at the ma- chinist's trade, which he followed continu- ously until after the Civil war had been in- augurated, when he responded to the coun- try'^ call fur aid, enlisting on the 21st of December, 1861, as a member of Company K. Ninety-fourth Xew York Volunteer In- fantry, under the command of Captain Littlefield and Colonel Yielie. The com- mand was sent to Virginia and was after- ward assgned t< 1 the First Corps of the Army of the Potomac. He served with the Army of the Potomac for four years in the First and Fifth Corps and was in many of the most important engagements of the war, proving his valor and loyalty on many a southern battle-field. In November, 1865, he received an honorable discharge, and the war having closed he was mustered 1 >u1 at Washington.

In December of the same year Mr. Som- erville came to the Mississippi valley, locat- ing first in Illinois, and in the spring of 1866 he came to Iowa with Charles Jones, Sam- uel Radley, Calvin Griffith and Robert Glover, with their respective families. In connection with Mr. Glover he purchased land ami began farming, and at different times they bought other lands, but have now disposed of much of their property. They have always continued their partnership, the

business relations between them being mutu- ally pleasant and profitable. Their affairs have been so well managed, their business interests so carefully conducted that they have met with very gratifying success.

Mr. Somerville has also been bom, red with public office, in which his duties have been discharged with the utmost fidelity and faithfulness. He has been county super- visor for two terms, also township trustee, and for a number of terms was assessor. He gives his political allegiance to the Repub- lican party, for his study of the platforms of the different parties has led him to the belief that its principles are best conducive to good government. He belongs to the Grand Army of the Republic, and thus main- tains pleasant relations with his old army comrades with whom he marched o*er south- ern battle-fields in defense of the Union.

G. I. and T. D. LONG.

In the promotion and conservation of ad- vancement in all the normal lines of human progress and civilization there is no factor which has exercised a more potent influence than the press, which is both the director and the mirror of public opinion. Iowa has been signally favored in the character of its news- papers, which have been vital, enthusiastic .mil progressive, ever aiming to advance the interests of this favored section of the Union, to aid in laying fast and sure the foundations of an enlightened commonwealth, to further the ends of justice and to uphold the ban- ner of the Hawkeye state. In a compilation of this nature then, it is clearly incumbent that due recognition be accorded the news- paper press of the state. The Long Broth-

434

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

ers are well known in connection with jour- nalistic interests in Calhoun county, being the proprietors and publishers of The Jour- nal, of Manscm, and also commercial, poster and blank book manufacturers. Through- out their business careers they have been con- nected with the "art preservative of arts," and are meeting with creditable success in their undertakings.

The Long Brothers are sons of Alonzo and Mary ( Dean) Long, the former a native of Massachusetts, while the latter was born near Henly, England. The father was a farmer by occupation and became one of the earlv settlers of Wisconsin, taking up his abode near Madison, that state, in 1850. His death occurred in 1862 and his widow after- ward became the wife of Nelson Bacon, the wedding taking place in Wisconsin in 1866. Two years later with their family they came to Calhoun county, settling near Rockwell City, where Mr. Macon owned land, thereon remaining until 1882, when they took up their abode in Manson. The mother of out subject died in this city in 1900, and Mr. Bacon departed this life in February, 1892.

George I. Long was born in Wisconsin March 14, 1859. and was a youth of nine years when he came with his mother and step- father to this county. In the common schools he acquired his early education, and after putting aside his text-books entered the printing office in Manson in order to learn the trade. Since that time he has given his entire attention to journalistic and publish- ing interests and has for some years been associated with his brother in the owner- ship of the Journal.

On the 4th of January, 1884, Mr. Long was united in marriage to Miss Hannah Brown, a daughter of J. L. Brown, and they have two children, Irving and Illiah. So-

cially George I. Long is connected with the Masonic fraternity, with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, and in politics is. a stalwart Republican, doing everything in his power to promote the success of the party. From 1889 until 1893 he filled the position of postmaster, and is the present mayor of Manson, exercising his official prerogatives in support of every reform movement and progressive measure which tends to promote the general good. For fi >ur years he has served as a member of the Re- publican county central committee and is now its secretary. His foresight and his ability to harmonize the working forces of the party are marked, and have made his labors of much benefit in political circles.

Thomas D. Long, the junior partner of the firm of Long Brothers, was bum in Wis- consin December 4, 1861, and since 1868 has been a resident of Calhoun county. He worked on the home farm through the sum- mer months and in the winter seasons at- tended the common schools, no event of spe- cial importance occurring to vary the routine of his life in his early years. At the age of nineteen he left home and went into the printing office in Manson which his brother had entered three years previously and in which he had become the owner of a half interest. After working almost two years Tom Long purchased the other half interest in the business, which has since been con- ducted under the firm style of Long Brothers.

In June. 1883, was celebrated the mar- riage of Tom Long and Miss Maggie Crilly, of Webster county. Iowa, who was one of a family of nine children. All are yet living and the mother likewise survives, but the father has passed away. Since their mar-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

43S

riage Mr. and Mrs. T. D. Long have re- sided in Manson and their home is blessed with two children : Benlah and Marion, both with their parents. The father is the postmaster of Manson, having filled the po- sition since October, 1,897, a"d like his brother he is very earnest and zealous as an* advocate of the Republican party. He also served for one term as mayor and two terms as councilman, and his labors were of much benefit in upholding the general welfare. Of the Masonic fraternity Mr. Long is also a representative, belonging to both the blue lodge and chapter.

The brothers are associated in most of their business affairs. As representatives of the printing business they are meeting with good success. Their paper is published in the interest of the Republican party and is also devoted to the dissemination of local and general news and to the advocacy and suppi rt 1 if all measures affecting the. welfare and promotion of the city. It has a sworn circulation of eighteen hundred copies and is an excellent advertising medium. The brothers are also proprietors of the Long Hotel, and a corner brick block occupied by a general store, together with eight hundred acres of land in Iowa and Minnesota. Their business affairs have been capably managed and have resulted successfully. Without ostentation or any desire for praise they have labored most earnestly for the welfare of Manson, and their efforts have redounded to the credit and benefit of the city.

GORDON W. RANDLETT.

In no country on the face of the globe is there a school system which equals that of America. Learning is more universal and

know ledge is not confined to the class 1 if citi- zens who possess wealth. To each child liv- ing in America educational privileges are offered which fit him for the practical and responsible duties of life, and no state in the Union can boast better school work than Iowa. To this result Professor Randlett, as principal of the schools of Pomeroy, has contributed his share, and his reputation as an instructor is by no means local. He is well fitted for the life work he has chosen, having the ability to impart clearly and read- ily to others the knowledge he has acquired. His efforts have been effective in pn imoting the standard of the schools in this place, and both as teacher and as a citizen he commands the good will and confidence of all with whom he has been associated.

Mr. Randlett was born in the province of Quebec, on a farm seventy- four miles east of Montreal, his natal day being Ni vember 7, 1868. His father. J. H. Randlett, was also a native of Canada, but the mother of our subject, who bore the maiden name of Hannah Jackman. was a native of New York. While residing in Canada J. H. Randlett devoted his attention to agricult- ural pursuits, and in the fall of 1878 he brought his family to Iowa, settling in Mitchell county, where he purchased a farm, carrying on the place until 189-', when he retired from business life and took up his abode in Orchard, Iowa. He is now about seventy-six years of age and his wife has reached the age of seventy-two. They are people of the highest respectability and hold membership in the Congregational church. They became the parents of four children, namely: G. J., who is a fanner and brick and stone mason and resides in Floyd coun- ty. Iowa: Mary, who married I*'. II. Craw- ford, of Mitchell county, Iowa: Alice, tin-

436

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Avife of A. H. Sargent, who passed away February 22, 1900; and Gordon \\'.. our subject.

Gordon W. Randlett obtained his early education in Canada and continued his studies in Mitchell county, Iowa, whither he came with his parents when a lad of ten summers. When nineteen years of age he entered the Cedar Valley Seminary at Osage, Iowa, where he spent one year and then matriculated in the State Agricultural Col- lege at Ames, Iowa, completing the work of the sophomore year. In 1881 he accepted a position as principal of the schools at Roland, Story county, Iowa, where he re- mained for two years and then entered the normal school at Cedar Falls, in which he was graduated with the class of 1895 with the degree of M. D. In the fall of 1895 he accepted the position of principal of the schools of Nora Springs and continued in charge at that place for two years, when in the fall of 1897 he came to Pomeroy as su- perintendent. Here he has since remained, and now has seven teachers under his direc- tion. His own zeal and enthusiasm for his work inspires both teachers and pupils, and under his direction the school is making sat- isfactory progress.

On the 22d of June, 1898, was celebrated the marriage of Professor Randlett and Miss Emma Pitts, who was born in Nora Springs, June 17, 1873, and is a daughter of H. E. and Etta Pitts, residents of Nora Springs, where the father is proprietor of a planing mill. Mrs. Randlett has two sisters living. She was one of a family of five children, the other two havirtg died in infancy. The home of our subject and his wife has been blessed with a little daughter, Mary, born December 1, 1899. Professor Randlett holds membership in the Knights of Pythias

lodge at Nora Springs. In his political views he has always been a Republican. He belongs to the Baptist church, in which he is serving as trustee and deacon and is also superintendent of the Sunday-school. He ami his wife occupy a very prominent posi- tion in social circles where true worth and intelligence are received as the passports into good society. He has done much to promote the intellectual culture of the community and through his unassuming manner, genial disposition and unfailing courtesy he has be- come very popular and made many warm friends.

A. A. \AILLIAMS.

A. A. Williams, who carries on general farming on section 2, Lincoln township, is a native of the Keystone state, his birth hav- ing occurred in Center county, Pennsyl- vania, on the 19th of April, 1842, his par- ents being George and Mary (Adams) Will- iams. The Williams family is of Welsh origin, although the strain became mixed with German blood in colonial times. It is said that the paternal ancestors of our sub- ject were connected with the Pilgrim fa- thers, who made an early settlement upon the Atlantic coast, and that they w ere sword- makers who engaged in the manufacture of swords for the colonial army during the Revolutionary war. The grandfather of our subject was a cousin of Abraham Lin- coln. The parents of our subject were born in Center county, where the father carried on agricultural pursuits. In the year 1854 they emigrated westward, settling in Lee county, Illinois, where Mr. Williams pur- chased land and carried on farming for many years. He died at the advanced age of

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

437

ninety, m the year 1S91. and his wife passed away in 1893. at the age of- eighty-four years. In their family were six children: Ellis I., who for several years was a Pull- man conductor, but at present is employed as a bookkeeper in a wholesale house in Chi- cago; J. P., who served as an army surgeon in the Civil war and since 1868 has been en- gaged in the practice of medicine and sur- gery ; Nancy, the wife of Hollis Prescott, of Dixon, Illinois: Clara, the widow of J. P. Goodrich, a resident of Dixon; and Julius C. who owns and operates a farm near Dixon.

In the public schools of Pennsylvania A. A. Williams acquired his elementary edu- cation, which was supplemented by study in the schools of Lee county. Illinois. Through- out his entire life he has followed farming. At one time he began the study of medicine, but did not find it congenial and abandoned it, returning to the farm. He was married in Dixon. Illinois. March 24, 1862, to Hettie E. Rosebrook, who was born at the foot of the White mountains in Xew Hampshire, her birthplace being Manchester. Her par- ents were also natives of the old Granite state and in 1854 they became residents of Illinois, where they spent their remaining days. The members of their family are : Mrs. Mary Ackert, of Manson; F. D., wdio is living in Chicago: Mrs. Anda Ackert, of Dixon: Lucius, of Oskaloosa, Iowa; and Emma, the wife of James Haw ley, of Lori- mer, Iowa. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Williams have been born five children : Airs. Xellie Hyde, who resides on a farm near Manson and has three children, Evelyn, Wayne and an infant: George M.. horn November 15, 1875; Lottie, the wife of Albert Calmer, of Lincoln township; Evelyn, who was born

September 20. 1884; and Ellis R., born No- vember 3, 1880.

Mr. and Mrs. Williams began their do- mestic life in Lee county, Illinois, where they remained for four 'years and then came to Calhoun county, settling in Lincoln town- ship, which has since been their home. The year of their arrival was 1876. Mr. Will- iams purchased two hundred acres of land, all of which he has placed under cultivation and with characteristic energy began the further development of his farm. For six- teen years he has been engaged in the breed- ing of high grade short-horn cattle and does hi-- own shipping. He also raises Poland China hogs and makes a shipment once a year. His business interests are carefully conducted, for he is a man of sound judg- ment and keen foresight. He forms his plans readily and is determined in their ex- ecution, and through honorable and persist- ent effort he has gained a place among the representative men of his adopted county. Both Mr. and Airs. Williams attend the Methodist Episcopal church, of Manson, of which the lady is a member. He is an ad- vocate of Republican principles and never fails to support the party by his ballot. Ik- has served as constable and as schi >< <\ di- rector, and socially he is connected with Morning Light Lodge, F. & A. M., of Manson.

W. C. McCULLOCH.

W. C. McCulloch was born in Canada,

in county Duiulas, May 25, [862, his par- ent- being William and Prudence (Johnson) McCulloch, who were of Scotch and Irish

438

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

lineag-e. The father was a farmer by occu- pation and in r864 removed with his family to Rock county, Wisconsin. There he re- sided for about six years, and in October, 1870, came to Calhoun county, Iowa, set- tling at Twin Lakes, where the father pur- chased a homestead claim. In 1896 he took up his abode in the town of Pomeroy, where he is still living- in his seventy-seventh year. His wife, however, passed away in 1899. Throughout His business career he carried on agricultural pursuits and his well di- rected efforts brought to him a comfortable competence. In his family were six children, of whom three reside in thisjocalitv : W. C. of this review; Annie, now Mrs. Blake; and Johnson, who is a clerk in a hardware store in Pomeroy.

The educational advantages which our subject received were very limited, for at an early age he began to work on the farm and since that time has depended entirely upon his own resources for a living. In 1881 he began farming on his own account at Twin Lakes and also dealt in stock, meet- ing with a gratifying degree of success in both branches of his business. In 1888 he left the farm and entered the employ of the firm of Moody & Davy, taking charge of their large ranch in Pocahontas county. In the spring of 1893 he removed to Pomeroy and continued in the service of Moody & Davy, supervising their ranch in connection with his duties in this place. On the 1st of January, 1894, however, he embarked in business on his own account as a dealer in hardware and machinery, in connection with Oliver Tall, but in the fall of 1899 he sold his interest to O. A. Merrill. In 1900 he purchased one-half of Mr. Tail's interest, and the firm is now Tall, Merrill & Com- pany. In April of the same year Mr. Mc-

Culloch purchased the business of Drommer & Myers, dealers in farm implements and machinery, but in October of the same year he sold that stock to the firm of Drommer & Dodge, and on the 1st of January, 1902, he disposed of his interest in the hardware store to Mr. Tall. He is now engaged in buying and selling stock and is an excellent judge of stock, so that his investments are carefully made and bring to him a good re- turn. While connected with the firm of Moody & Davy he became interested in buy- ing and selling land and has since dealt in real esate to some extent. In connection with his other interests he is now the vice- president and one of the directors of the First National Bank.

On the nth of July, 1884, Mr. McCul- loch was united in marriage to Miss Lura E. Freeman, who was born March 27, 1865, and is a daughter of Marcus Freeman, a farmer of Calhoun county. Mr. and Mrs. McCulloch now have one son, Roy, who was born September 26, 1885, and is a student in the Pomeroy schools. In his political views Mr. McCulloch is a stalwart Repub- lican and has served for six years as a mem- ber of the city council, while for three years he was a member of the school board of Pomeroy. Fraternally he is connected with Solar Lodge, No. 475, A. F. & A. M., and he and his family are Methodists in religious faith. He had erected a new residence and had his household goods stored in his barn reafly to move into the new home when the memorable cyclone of July 6, 1893, swept over the town and carried away with it his barn, his home and all his possessions. He had three cousins who were killed in the storm. Mr. McCulloch was the second per- son to build after the cyclone had swept over, his characteristic energy in this regard be-

J. W. SEAY.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

439

ing an index to his entire life. In his busi- ness affairs he has been determined, purpose- ful and energetic, brooking no obstacle that could be overcome by honorable effort and resolution. Thus he has advanced steadily from an humble financial position to one of affluence. He owes his success entirely to his own efforts and from early boyhood he had been dependent Upon his own resources for all that he has acquired and enjoyed. His example in this regard is certainly worthy of emulation and should serve as a source of encouragement to others who. at the outset of their careers, are forced to face the world without the aid of wealth or influential friends.

CAPTAIN JAMES W. SEAY.

This well known farmer residing on sec- tion 35, Jackson township, dates his resi- dence in Iowa from April, 1846, and since 1882 he has made his home in Calhoun coun- ty. He was born in Washington county, Virginia, on the 3d of March. 1822, and is a son of Captain Warren M. Seay, who was also a native of the Old Dominion, his birth having occurred on the James river in Powhattan county in 1781. The family is of French origin and was founded in Vir- ginia in old colonial days. Our subject's paternal grandfather, Michael Seay, was born in that state and was one of the valiant men who fought so bravely for American in- dependence during the Revolutionary war. His son, Warren M., held a captain's com- mission in the war of 1812 and served with distinction in that struggle. The latter was married in his native state to Mrs. Mary fackson, whose first husband was also a sol-

dier of the war of 1812 and died at Nor- folk, Virginia. Her maiden name was Mary Holsapple, and she was born in Pennsyl- vania, but reared in the Old Dominion. In 1X4(1 Captain Warren M. Seay, accom- panied by his wife and children, came to Iowa and settled in Jefferson county, where be spent three years. He then started for Jasper county, but on the removal to that place was accidentally killed. His wife sur- vived him a number of years. They were the parents of six children, three sons and three daughters, all of whom reached mature years and became residents of Jasper coun- ty, Iowa, but only our subject and his brother John M. are now living. The latter still makes his home in Jasper county.

In bis native state James W. Seay grew to manhood upon a farm and in early life joined the Virginia State Militia, in which he rose to the rank of captain. On the 1st of March, 1846, he was united in marriage with Miss Mary Owens, who was also born in Washington county, and the day follow- ing their marriage they started west with his father's family, arriving in Burlington, Iowa, on the 15th of April. Our subject first located in Jefferson count}', seven miles west of Fairfield, where he engaged in farm- ing on rented land for three years, and in the spring of 1849 removed to Jasper coun- ty. Entering one hundred and sixty acres of land near the present town of Monroe, he broke, fenced and improved that place. and engaged in its operation for almost a third of a century. On selling that place in 1882 he came to Calhoun county and pur- chased his present farm, which at that time was fairly improved, and to its further de- velopment and cultivation he has since de- voted his energies. Tie has remodeled the residence and outbuildings, and has made

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

many other useful and valuable improve- ments. There is a good bearing orchard of two hundred trees of a nice variety, besides a large maple grove, which adds greatly to the beauty of the place.

Captain Seay and wife have six children, namely : Elizabeth, now the wife of Mr. Clice, of Nebraska ; Jesse, a farmer of Car- roll county, Iowa; James W., who assists in farming the home place; Mary E., wife of Edward Miles, of Lake City; John T. C, also a resident of Lake City; -and Beverly J. C, who is married and lives on the home farm with his parents.

Since casting his first presidential vote for General Lewis Cass, Captain Seay has never wavered in his allegiance to the Dem- ocratic party, and while a resident of Jasper county, Iowa, served as constable, super- visor, road commissioner and a member of the school board. His official duties were most creditably and satisfactorily performed, and as a public-spirited and progressive citi- zen he has done all in his power to ad- vance the interests of the communities with which he has been connected. During the long years of his residence in this state he has watched with interest its growth and ad- vancement, and has materially aided in the development of the localities where his lot has been cast.

F. L. CAMPBELL.

F. L. Campbell is one of the most promi- nent young men of Knierim, Iowa, where he is now successfully engaged in the harness business. A native of Illinois, his birth oc- curred in Champaign county, that state, on the 22d of March, 1878. His father, James

M. Campbell, was born near Ripley, Brown county, Ohio, November 11, 1834, and in 1856 removed to Illinois, where he was mar- ried in 1863 to Miss Sarah O. Cook. His parents were Washington and Elnora (Lilly) Campbell, both natives of Virginia. Throughout his active business life Jam'es M. Campbell followed farming in Hensley township, Champaign county, Illinois, where he owned and operated a valuable farm of two hundred acres, but in 1S98 he laid aside all labor and removed to the city of Cham- paign, where he spent the remainder of his life in ease and quiet, enjoying the fruits of former toil. He died November 27, 1901, honored and respected by all who knew him, having survived his wife several years, her death having occurred in 18S4. They were the parents of five children, namely : Jen- nette L., now the wife of John Kenworthy, of Ogden, Illinois; William M., who lives on the old homestead in Champaign county ; Minnie M., wife of D. Crouch, of Ogden, Iowa; Frank L., our subject; and Sarah O., a resident of Ogden, Illinois.

The early education of our subject was acquired in his native count}7 in the district schools, which he attended during the win- ter months, while throughout the summer s season he aided in the work of field and meadow on the home farm. Desiring to see more of the world, he left home at the age of sixteen years, and in March, 1894, arrived in Davenport, Scott county, Iowa, where he was in the employ of the general mercantile firm of Peterson & Company for a short time. He next worked on a farm near Ben- nett, Iowa, for eighteen dollars per month. His father having sent for him, he returned to the parental roof on the 10th of December, 1894, having been gone about seven months, and in that time having acquired some les-

G. C. WRIGHT

J. B. WARTCHOW.

F. L. CAMPBELL

D. H. FRENCH.

O. L. HEDLUND.

H. C. MOOK1-:

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

443

sons in self-reliance and industry, which have been of benefit to him in his subse- quent business career. On his return home he took charge of the farm, which he and Jus brother operated in partnership during the years 1898 and 1899, having rented it fri m his father.

On the 14th of February. 1900. Mr. Campbell came to Lake City. Calhoun coun- ty, [owa, where he worked at his trade of harness-making for J. B. Jones until the fol- lowing December, when he removed to Knierim. Iowa, and opened the first exclu- sive harness -tore in the town. He already has a well established trade, being a very

ake, energetic and progressive citi- zen, and the success that has crowned his ef- forts is certainly well deserved. Fraternally Mr. Campbell is a member of the Modem Woodmen of America, the Brotherhood of American Yeoman, and the Independent ( >r- d.er of Odd Fellows; and politically is a stanch supporter of the Republican party. Public-spirited and progressive, he never

Is his aid from any enterprise which

es will prove of public benefit or

will in any way advance the general welfare.

OBED E. BASSETT.

< Ibed E. Bassett, who is engaged in gen- eral farming in Reading township, was born in Defiance county-, Ohio, on the 4th of No- vember, [853, and is the son of Klin- and Jane Bassett, the former a native of Eng- land, while the latter was born on the Em- erald Isle. The father was a fanner by oc- cupation, and when a young man crossed the Atlantic to the new world. After residing in Ohio for some years be decided to cast

in his lot with the residents of Iowa, and in 1853 arrived in Winneshiek county. He also- lived in Decatur county, this state, and in [873 was called to his final rest. In his family were eight children, of whom six sons and a daughter are yet living.

Obed E. Bassett grew to manhood in Iowa and in the district schools he pursued his education, enjoying the pleasures of the playgrounds with all the zest of his youth. The first land which he ever owned was a tract of eighty acres on section 15, Read- ing township. This formed the nucleus of his present valuable possessions. As oppor- tunity has afforded he has added to his farm until, he now owns three hundred and eight- een acres of land in Reading township. He has from sixty-five to one hundred acres planted to corn and sixty-live acres to small grain and the rich soil of Iowa yield- to him a splendid return for the care and cultiva- tion he bestows upon it. He has also quite extensively engaged in stock-raising, having a large drove of hogs, while from fifty to one hundred head of cattle are found upon his place each year. All that he possesses has been acquired through his own efforts and well has he gained the title of a self- made man.

It was on the 26th of February, [880,. that Obed E. Bassett was united in mar- riage to Miss Lovina ('.amnion, of Decatur county, Iowa, and unto them have been born two children, Horace W. and Laura F. Mr. Bassett usually gives his political support to the Republican party, but is not bitterly ag- gressive. He has never been an aspirant for office, preferring to devote his energies to his business interests. His life has been characterized by unflagging industry. Re- alizing that there is no easy road to wealth, he -et to work to accomplish through bis

444

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

own efforts the advancement which he de- sired and gradually he has worked his way upward. As the architect of his own for- tunes he has huilded wisely and well.

H. MULLARKY, M. D.

One of the most popular, capable and well known physicians of Calhoun county is Dr. H. Mullarky, who was born in But- ler county, Iowa, January 16, 1865. He is yet a young man, but has attained a reputa- tion which many an older practitioner might •well envy. His parents were H. and Mar- garet (Giblin) Mullarky, the former born in Galway, Ireland, in 1825, the later in Burlington, Vermont. On becoming a resi- dent of the Prairie state the father took up his abode upon a farm in Stephenson coun- ty, [llinois, becoming one of its honored pio- neer settlers. His nearest market at that time was Chicago and the region in which he made his home was largely wild and un- improved. At the time of the gold excite- ment in California he crossed the plains to the Pacific coast, and in 1855 he became a resident of Butler county, Iowa, where he secured land from the government, making his home thereon until his death. In her widowhood Mrs. Mullarky moved to Oma- ha, Nebraska, where she is still living with her daughter, Mrs. John H. Storey. The Doctor's parents had a family of eight chil- dren : John, who is engaged in the oil busi- ness in California; Frank, who is living on the old homestead in Butler county, Iowa; Dr. W. G.. who married Lena De Wolf and resides in Grundy county. Iowa; Ella, the wife of John A. Storey, of Omaha, Ne- braska; Margaret, the deceased wife of

Henry Meyers, of Butler county; the Doc- tor; E. E., who is proprietor of the citv pharmacy in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and A. A., who is a bookkeeper in Chicago.

Doctor Mullarky began his education in the public schools of Butler county and afterward became a student in the Iowa State University, at Iowa City, in which he was graduated with the class of 1889. He first began practice in Laurel, Marshall county, Iowa, where he remained a short time, and later he was located in Minnesota and after- ward in Nebraska. Subsequently he re- moved to Oklahoma, but in the fall of 1892 returned to his native state and established an office in Manson, where he has practiced continuously since, enjoying a constantly in- creasing patronage. In 1896 he opened a pharmacy and that branch of business is also proving a profitable source of income to him. At present he is serving as physician for the Rock Island Railroad Company at this place, has been pension examiner and is now city health officer of Manson.

On the 23d of May, 1894, was cele- brated the marriage of Doctor Mullarky and Dorothy O. Le Moine, a native of Ohio, ami a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Louis Le Moine, who are residents of this city. Our subject and his wife now have two children, Margaret and Joseph. In his political affil- iations the Doctor is a Democrat, but is not bitterly aggressive. He owns landed pos- sessions in Minnesota, together with his pleasant home in Manson. Socially he is connected with the Knights of Pythias fra- ternity, the Modern Woodmen of America, and the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks. All that tends to bring to man the key to the mystery which we call life elicits his earnest interest, and he has carried his investigations far and wide into the realms

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

445

of medical knowledge. He keeps in touch with the advanced thought 01 the day through his connection with the Fort Dodge District Medical Society and the Iowa State Medical Society.

MARTIN YAGEX.

Although Switzerland covers but a com- paratively small area, it has always produced men of virile strength, of indomitable pur- pose, of unflagging courage and unques- tioned loyalty. Mr. Vagen is a representa- tive of the land of the. Alps, his birth hav- ing occurred in Switzerland on the 5th of May, 1838, and the characteristics of the people of that mountainous country are man- ifested in his career. His father, Chris- topher Vagen, mariecl Lizzie Raber and both spent their entire lives in Switzerland, the father following agricultural pursuits as a means of support for his family. Unto the parents of our subject were born five children. John married Margaret Yost and resides in Switzerland. Anna is the de- ceased wife of John Hitz, who came to America in 1859. She had pledged her hand to him in marriage before he sailed for the new world, and in i860 she joined him in this land, their wedding taking place in Wis- consin. Martin is the third of the family. Mary is the wife of Nicholas Yost and re- sides in Switzerland.' Jake married Kath- erine Leate and is also living in Switzerland.

The public schools of his native country furnished Martin Vagen the educational privileges which he enjoyed. He attended school until seventeen years of age. and then engaged in farming. Later he came to America, establishing his home in Chicago,

where he was engaged in the lumber busi- ness on the canal for three months. He next removed to Des Moines. Iowa, where be was engaged in railroad work, in mining coal and in the slaughtering business. He was willing to accept any honorable employ- ment that would give him a living. There was only one railroad in Des Moines at the time of his arrival there. He remained in Polk county for about five years, and then removed to Fort Dodge, Webster county, where he secured work in the John Cole Brewer) . For two years after his marriage he continued to reside in Webster county upon a farm near Fort Dodge, and then came to Calhoun county, locating in Green- field township, where he rented land, con- tinuing its cultivation for five years. He then removed to Cedar township, where he purchased one hundred and seventy-seven and 'a half acres of raw prairie land, for which he paid six dollars per acre. Upon the farm he built a small house, sixteen by eighteen feet, also a barn, and with char- acteristic energy began the cultivation of his land, which year after year returned to hint good crops as a result of careful plowing, planting and harvesting. For eighteen years he resided upon that farm and many changes occurred in its appearance, owing to the ex- cellent buildings which he erected and the improvements which he introduced. He built a handsome home and large commodi- ous barns, cattle sheds and other outbuild- ings. V lien eighteen years had passed, how- ever, he sold this farm and in [898 moved to Manson, where he purchased two and a half acres, upon which he erected a good modern residence. Here he is now living retired and his rest is well earned and richly merited.

While in Fort Dodge Mr. Vagen was

446

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

married on the nth of October, 1873, to Miss Fredericka Brand, who was born in Germany December 15, 1853, and is the daughter of August Brand. They have no children of their own, but have one adopted son, William, who was horn in Greene coun- ty, Iowa, September 18, 1876, and is now living on Mr. Yagen's farm in Cedar town- ship. Mr. Yagen has been elected to office, but absolutely refused to qualify, never de- siring or seeking political preferment. As a private citizen, however, he faithfully per- forms all public duties conserving the gen- eral good, and when he votes he supports men and measures rather than party. He attends the Methodist Episcopal church, and is known as one whose influence is only on the side of right and progress.

J. BROWN McCRARY.

There is no calling which has more im- portant bearing upon the condition of man in his social and business relations than the law which is the conservator of the rights and liberties, the life and property of the individual. It is therefore to be classed among the most important of the professions and the lawyer who exemplifies the true spirit of the calling cannot but be a man of high character, worthy the regard of his fel- low men. Occupying an enviable position at the Calhoun county bar, Mr. McCrary has a distinctively representative clientage and has been connected with the trial of many important causes in the courts of his district.

A native of Illinois, he was born in War- ren county. November 9, i860. His father, Andrew McCrary, was born in South Caro- lina, and after arriving at years of maturity

he married Elizabeth Cunningham, whose birth occurred near Salem, Illinois. He came to this state about 1832, settling on a farm in Marion, and in 1852 he removed to Warren county, Illinois, going to Keo- kuk count}-, Iowa, in 1867, where he spent five years, and arriving in Cal- houn county in 1873. His children were Sarah J., the deceased wife of Will- iam Moore; Matthew, who is living in Lake City ; Thomas, a resident farmer of Calhoun county; Joseph, who is engaged in mining in New Mexico; Margaret, who re- sides in Calhoun county ; Ella, who died in 1876; and J. Brown. James and Sidney both died in 1877 of diphtheria; and the father passed away in February, 1884.

Coming to this county in early life the subject of this review pursued his early ed- ucation in the public schools and later be- came a student in the academy of Iowa City. In 1886 he was admitted to the bar and the same year went to Kansas, where he re- mained for a year. He also spent one year in the state of Washington, in partnership with Judge Long, and in 1888 he returned to Lake City, where he entered into part- nership with M. R. McCrary. Our subject lias since practiced in this place and his de- votion to his clients' interests is proverbial. He prepares his cases with painstaking care and thoroughness and is thus well qualified to meet every possible point of attack. He is logical and has a keen analytical mind, so that his mastery of the principles of juris- prudence has insured him success.

In 1892 Mr. McCrary was elected a dele- gate to the state convention of the Repub- lican party, but a change in his political views caused him to make campaign ad- dresses in support of Bryan throughout Min- nesota in 1896. In 1899 he was elected

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447

mayor of Lake City and His administration proved practical, progressive and satisfac- tory to his fellow townsmen. He exercised his official prerogatives in support of every measure which he believed would promote the general good and whether in office or ont of it he is known as a loyal citizen who has the welfare of his community at heart. His circle of friendis in Lake City and Cal- houn county is very extensive, and all who know him esteem him for his professional ability, his sterling worth and his many ex- cellencies of character.

DR. L. E. ESLICK.

Dr. L. E. Eslick. who is occupying a position of distinction among the successful physicians and surgeons of Rockwell City, is a western man who in his life typifies the spirit of progress and enterprise that, com- ing as the combined efforts of many men, has led to the substantial improvement and upbuilding of this great section of the coun- try. He was burn thirty-four years ago, at Elk Point, South Dakota, and his early ed- ucation was acquired in the schools of that state and in Iowa. He spent eighteen months in preparing for the ministry of the United Brethren church at Otterbein Sem- inary, Dayton, Ohio, continuing his studies at Indianapolis, in the years 1887, 1888 and 1889. For five years he filled pulpits at Day- ton, Carlisle. Iowa, and Lacona, Iowa. In 1890 he was ordained to the ministry and completed his ministerial course on the 28th of September, 1893, after which he was or- dained as an elder in the United Brethren church. He was elected conference mission- ary and scretary in 1891, and acted in that

capacity continuously until 1894, when he resigned to take up the practice of medicine in Rockwell City, for he believed that the work of alleviating human suffering and re- storing health would be more congenial than the work of the ministry. While serving as pastor at Carlisle he took up the study of medicine in King's Eclectic Medical Col- lege at Des Moines, in 1889, and was grad- uated in 1891. That school was then at- tached to Drake University. He afterward practiced for brief periods in Iowa and in Lucas counties of this state and in 1893 and 1894 he pursued a post-graduate course in the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati. He also was attending physician for a period of time on diseases of women and children in the Cincinnati City Hospital. It was upon the 19th of July, 1894, that he opened an office in Rockwell City, where he is now engaged in the practice of medicine, meet- ing with excellent success in his under- takings

On the 5th of June, 1896, the Doctor wedded Miss Ella Bass, of Dayton, Ohio. He is a close, earnest, discriminating student of the science of medicine and his know ledge is broad and comprehensive. By reading he keeps in touch wth the advanced thought of the profession and his skill and ability is manifest in the liberal patronage which is accorded him.

JOHN W. GREGG.

John W. Gregg, whose home is in Lake Creek township, was born on the 8th of No- vember, 1850, in Red Rock, Marion county, Iowa, and is a worthy representative of an old and honored family of Calhoun county.

443

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

his parents being Tillman P. and Melissa (Grubb) Gregg, both natives of Ohio. His paternal grandfather was Dr. Finley Gregg, a physician who died in Michigan. As a life work the father of our subject chose fanning. He served for four years as a loyal soldier in the Union army in the Civil war. From Michigan he removed to Marion county, Iowa, at an early day, and in 1869 came to Calhoun county, which at that time was almost an unbroken wilderness, and he was the first to locate between Rockwell City and Twin Lakes. Here he spent the re- mainder of his life, and was actively identi- fied with the country's development and prosperity. He first purchased two hun- dred acres of land and later bought and sold several farms. In his political views he was a strong Republican, and he took a very prominent and influential part in public af- fairs, being a member of the board of su- pervisors six years and county treasurer four years. It was while he was filling the lat- ter office that the county seat was removed from Lake City to Rockwell City. He was a recognized leader in political affairs, and did all in his power to advance the interests of his adopted county and promote the gen- eral prosperity. Religiously he was a mem- ber of the Christian church. He died on the 3d of March. 1901. and in his death the community realized that it had lost a valued and useful citizen. His wife survives him and is now living with a daughter in this county. Of the children born to them Martha is now deceased. Those living are Emaline, John W., James A., Samuel K., Kate, Walter S., Lydia, Sarah Jane and Stephen.

During his boyhood John W. Gregg ac- companied his parents on their removal to Calhoun county and received his education

in the schools of this county. Throughout his active business life he has followed gen- eral farming, and in connection with the op- eration of his own farm, consisting of eighty acres, he also cultivates another tract of the same size which he rents. He raises from fifty to sixty acres of corn, and from forty to fifty acres of small grain, and leaves the remainder for pasture and meadow. He keeps from twenty-five to forty head of cat- tle and owns a fine full-blooded Hereford bull, preferring that breed of stock.

In March, 1886. Mr. Gregg was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Simpson, a native of Jasper county, Iowa, and a daughter of William and Hannah Simpson, and by this union have been born five chil- dren, as follows: Eva L., Ethel, Paul T., Lola and Robert C. In politics Mr. Gregg is a Republican, and in religious faith is identified with the Holiness people, being non-sectarian in belief.

JOHX A. C. TAYLOR.

Prominent among the representative farmers and highly esteemed citizens of Jack- son township is numbered John A. C. Tay- lor, who now owns and operates a valuable farm of two hundred and seventy-four acres on sections 19 and 20. Pie came to Iowa in 1859 and has made his home in Calhoun county since 1885. A native of Indiana, he was born in Grant county, that state, on the 22d of November, 185 1, and belongs to a good old North Carolina family of English origin. His great-grandfather, William Taylor, was a native of the latter state, as was also his grandfather, James B. Taylor, while his father, William T- Taylor, was

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD

born in Guilford county. North Carolina, September 23, 1828. In 1835 the grandfa- ther removed with his family to Indiana and located in Grant county, being one of the first settlers of that locality. He was a me- chanic and engaged in the manufacture and repair of wagons and furniture.

In the Hoosier state William J. Taylor crew to manhood, and there married Miss Rebecca J.Hindman, a native of < irant coun- ty. During early life he followed the mil- ler's trade for a number of years, and after coming to [owa in 1859 operated a flouring mill in Montgomery county for seventeen years. He also engaged in farming- to some extent, and continued his residence there un- til 1890, since which time be lias made bis home with our subject in Calhoun county.

Mr. Taylor of this review came with iii- parent- to Iowa when eight years of age, and remained with bis father until bis mar- riage, bis education being acquired in the common schools of Montgomery county. Before he attained his majority he was mar- ried. September II, 1872, to Miss Effie S. Wilkins, who was born at Naperville, Du Page county, Illinois, but was reared and educated in Iowa, being a teacher prior to her marriage. Her father, Rev. Anson T. Wilkins. was a native of Xew York and an early settler of Illinois, whence be came to Iowa in 1854. taking up bis residence in Benton count)-. For years be served as a minister of the Evangelical church, but is now living a retired life, enjoying a well- earned rest.

For two years after bis marriage Mr. Taylor engaged in farming on rented land in Montgomery comity. Iowa, and then pur- chased a place, which he operated until 1885, when he sold out and came to Calhoun coun- ty, buying at that time one hundred and

sixty acres of his present farm in Jackson township. To the further improvement and cultivation of this place he has since devoted his energies and has extended its boundaries until they now contain two hundred and seventy-four acres. His residence was pur- chased by him and removed to bis farm. There is a good set of farm buildings upon the place, as well as two windpumps and a feed mill; the land is divided into fields of convenient size by well-kept fence--: and everything about the farm testifies to the in- dustry and progressive spirit of the owner, who 1- accounted one of the most skillful. and thorough farmers of his community, lie raises and fattens stock for market, ship- ping annually about one carload of cattle. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Taylor were born two children: Bertha, the older daughter, is now the wife of Oscar Ripley, of Jackson township, and they have two children, El- bert and Lila. Prior to her marriage she successfully engaged in teaching school in this county for three or four years. Adella, the younger daughter, was educated at Lake City and Drake University, Des .Moines, and has now taught school in Calhoun county for several years, having met with excellent success in that undertaking. Besides their own daughters. Mr. and Mrs. Taylor have reared two other children as if they were their own, these being John W. and Mary L. Taylor, who were his brother's children and were left orphans when the former was only five years old and the latter an infant. Like his father Mr. Taylor was a stanch supporter of the Republican party, having affiliated with it since casting his firsl presi- dential ballot for Rutherford B. I laves in 187(1. lie served one term as township trustee; has been a member of the school board seven or eight \ear- since coming to

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THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

this county, and was school director in Montgomery county for a time. He takes a deep and commendable interest in public affairs, but has never cared for political pre- ferment. His success in life is due entirely to his own well-directed labors and good management, and he is now one of the well- to-do men of his community, as well as one of its honored and highly respected citizens.

WASHINGTON LEWIS.

Fur twenty-six years Washington Lewis was an honored resident of Calhoun county and <>ne of its most representative business men. He came here in an early day and cast his lot with the pioneer settlers of the community. People of the present twen- tieth century period can scarcely realize the Struggles and dangers which attended the early settlers, the heroism and self-sacrifice of lives passed upon the borders of civiliza- tion, the hardships endured, the difficulties overci mie. These tales of the early days read almost like a romance to those who have known only the modern prosperity and conveniences. The pioneer of the early days was far removed from the privileges and convenience- of city or town. Mr. Lewis was born August 3, 1S41, in Steuben, Oneida county. Xew York. He early be- came familiar with all the duties and labors that fall to the lot of the agriculturist, and after obtaining his preliminary education he was a student in Whitestown Seminary in Utica. For twelve years he followed the profession of teaching and was a successful educator, imparting clearly and concisely to others the knowledge he had acquired.

In the vear 1869 Mr. Lewis was united

in marriage to Miss Lois Meade of North Norwdch, Chenango county, New York, a daughter of Morris and Charlotte (Cole) Meade, both of whom were natives of the Empire state and spent their lives in Che- nango county. In 1870 Mr. Lewis and his wife came to Iowa, locating in Tipton, where he was principal of the public schools for one year and where he engaged in merchan- dising for a year. In 1872 he came with his family to Lake City, then the county seat of Calhoun county, where he remained in busi- ness for five years. When Rockwell City was made the county seat he removed to this place, establishing a general store which he conducted alone for some time and then en- tered into partnership with J. H. Gregg and H. H. Hutchinson. On the 1st of August,

1884, he sold his interest to his partners and joined W. T. Smith and J. C. R. Layton in the organization of the Farmers Bank. At the end of eleven months he purchased his partners' interests and on the 1st of July,

1885, became sole proprietor of the bank, which he conducted with marked ability and success until May 1, 1899. when he sold to the First National Bank of Rockwell City, becoming a director of the latter institution, but taking no active part in its management. In 1897 ms health began to fail and from that time his business affairs were practically conducted by F. P. Huff, cashier of the bank. Previous to 1897 ^ir- Lewis confined himself very closely to business. His father's extensive real-estate investments in this county were under his inclusive care and the steady growth of the banking business laid upon him burdens of responsibility that would have taxed the endurance of any one who interested himself so closely in the de- tails of business as he did. His ability as a financier was marked and in the years dur-

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451

ing which this county was developing lie ac- ■cumulated a large fortune and died one of the wealthiest men in the country. He at one time was the owner of thirty-six hun- dred acres of land. Of this he disposed of a part, but at the time of his death was still the owner of extensive realty holdings. He devoted his energies with untiring persist- ence to his business affairs and thus impaired his robust constitution. Although the best medical skill was summoned to his aid it was all of ii" avail and death came to him on the 5th of June, 1900.

Mr. Lewis exercised his right of fran- chise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party. Although he never sought office for himself, he labored earnest- ly to secure the election of his friends and for the adoption of party principles. In an earlv day he was postmaster of Rockwell City and at different times was a member of tlic h <w 11 council and the board of educatii m. His tastes were strictly domestic and he con- sidered mi personal sacrifice too great that would enhance the happiness or promote the welfare of his family. He was always thoughtful of his wife and children and re- joiced to see them happy and contented in their beautiful home. One son and five ■daughters came to grace the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Lewis, but two of the number died in early childhood. Four daughters survive, namely : Janette ; Grace ; Lois ; and Jennie. The two eldest are very successful school teachers and the family is one of the highest respectability, its members occupy- ing a leading posit inn in social circles. Mr. Lewis was socially connected with the Ma- sonic fraternity. Perhaps no better sum- mary (if his life and characteristics can be given than that which appeared in the Cal-

houn County Advocate at the time of his death, which reads as follows:

"Mr. Lewis was a man of strong indi- viduality, intense in his likes and dislikes and outspoken in his opinions. Occasion- ally he would become acquainted with a man with whom he could not affiliate in any way, but as a rule he took an active and friendly interest in every acquaintance. When he liked a man he could never do too much for him. and few are the business men of Rock- well City who have not at some time or other been benefited by his friendly interest. Though a shrewd and careful man where business dealings were concerned, he did many quiet acts of kindness that were never known to the world at large. He was no boaster of his benevolences, but it is the unanimous testimony of those that knew him well, that few men ever lived who would do more for the sick and suffering or who would go farther to oblige and help a friend than Wash Lewis. Faults? Yes, who does not have them? And in the hardness and competition of business lite he was some- times credited with faults he did not possess. But under the external demeanor of the suc- cessful man of business there beat the great, warm heart of a man who loved his neigh- bors and friends, his town, his family and home, his church and his God. The testi- mony of his confidential men of business is that in all the multitudinous transactions of all these years of business he never desired to wrong any man of a penny.

"He was especially desirous of the good of the community and every movement for the advancement of the moral or material interests of the town had behind it the un- qualified support of Wash Lewis, lie was the first to welcome strangers to the town

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

and was especially friendly to young men starting out in life, often going out of his way to counsel and encourage them. Among those who have been cheered by his friendly words in time of discouragement the writer wishes to pay a tribute to his memory to- day. It is no empty platitude to say that he willingly took upon himself the mental bur- dens of others, and by his hopeful wisdom pointed out the path to success. He did this because he wished to see others succeed. He had great faith in the people of Rockwell City. He loved to talk of the moral char- acter of our people and the hopeful future that awaited this community. Nothing pleased him better than the incoming of any one whi >m he thought would help to keep up the moral standard of the town : and no one regretted more than he any lack < if success among our citizens."

WEXDEL BAKER.

The name of WendeJ Baker is closely associated with agricultural interests in Cal- houn county, where until a very recent date he has owned and operated a line farm. He is numbered among the native sons of the golden west, his birth having occurred in Keokuk county, this state, July 2, 1874. The family is of German lineage and Peter Baker, the father of our subject, was born in the German empire, October 7, 1839. There he spent the first fifteen years of his life and then emigrated to America, becom- ing a resident of Keokuk county, Iowa, where his identification with agricultural in- terests made him a progressive farmer. He wedded Mary Peiffer, who was also born in the fatherland, her natal day being Octo-

ber 24, 1840. She was only six years of" age when brought by her parents to the new world, her people also settling in Keokuk,. Iowa, where she still resides. Her husband,, however, has passed away, having been. called to his final rest on the 1st of August,. 1897, when he was fifty-seven years of age. In their family were ten children, who in- order of birth are as follows: Lena, the- wife of Antoine Eller, a resident of Waste ington county, Iowa; John, who is living in. Calhoun county; Mary and Mike, both de- ceased; Joseph H.. also living in Calhoun count}-; Elizabeth, the wife of Stephen Yeager, of this county; Wendel, of this re- view ; Teressa, the wife of Charles Biewen, of Calhoun county : Emma, the wife of John. Olinger, of Keokuk county.

No event of special importance occurred to vary the routine of farm life for Wendel Baker in his youth. He pursued his educa- tion in the public schools near his home and during the summer months assisted in the cultivation of the home farm, continuing to aid in the labors of the field there until the spring of 1896. when he came to Calhoun count}-, taking up his abode on section 20,. Butler township. Here he carried on agri- cultural pursuits with excellent success un- til 1 901. when he sold his farm and returned to Keokuk county, where he purchased a good tract of land. He is, however, widely and favorably known in Calhoun county, and well deserves mention in its histi tv.

On the nth of February, 1896. in Keo- kuk county, Mr. Baker was united in mar- riage to Miss Mary Biewen, a daughter of Mathias and Lucy (Kleet) Biewen, the for- mer a native of Germany and the latter of Keokuk, Iowa. The home of our subject and his wife has been blessed with three- children : Elsie, who was born March 28,.

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453

1897; Viola, who was born October 2, 1899, and died on the 23d of November following; and Sadie, born April 12, 1900. Mr. Baker and his family hold membership in St. Mary's Catholic church of Pomeroy. He exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the Democratic party and keeps well informed on the issues of the day. but has never sought public of- fice, preferring to give his undivided atten- tion to his farming pursuits, in which he has met with good success.

J. L. BROWN.

While "the race is not always it) the Swift nor the battle to the strong." the in- variable law of destiny accords to tireless energy, industry and ability, a successful career. The truth of this assertion is abund- antly verified in the life of J. L. Brown, who, though he has met with many difficulties and obstacles, has overcome these by determined purpose and laudable endeavor, working his way steadily upward to success. He was born in Delaware count}-, Xew York, Janu- ary 7. 1828, and has therefore passed the psalmist span of three score years and ten. Hi- is an honorable old age in which he is enjoying, not only the fruits of former toil, but also the respect ami good will of his fel- low men. His father, Stephen Brown, was a native of the Empire state, and there mar- ried Hannah Walker, who was also born in Xew York. About 1829 they removed to Pennsylvania, and the mother died six months later in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania. The father took a contract for construction work on the North I'. ranch canal of the Sus- quehanna river and was for some time ac-

tively associated with that work. After the death of his first wife, the father married Lydia Decker, a native of Pennsylvania, and removed to Wyoming county, that state, where he engaged in the lumber business until his death, which occurred in 1857. By the first marriage there were two children, but the sister of our subject is now deceased. Ten children were born of the second mar- riage.

I. L. Brown, of this review, was only about a year old when his parents went to Pennsylvania and in a subscription school of Wilkesbarre he began his education. He also attended the district schools of Wyom- ing county and later became a student in the Wyoming Seminary, completing his educa- tion when twenty-two years of age. His more advanced course was secured entirely through his own efforts, for his labors en- abled him to pay his board, tuition and other expenses connected with seminary work. Entering upon his business career, he be- came connected with the manufacture of lumber and followed that pursuit in Penn- sylvania for several years. After his mar- riage, which occurred at Windham. Penn- sylvania, August 25, [852, he continued in the lumber business until 1855. and in that year he sought a home in the Mississippi valley, settling in Grand Detour, Ogle coun- ty, Illinois. There he established a lumber yard and in connection with the sale of building materials he als<, engaged in con- tracting, remaining in Ogle county for ten years. In 1865 he arrived in Iowa, settling in Johnson township, Webster county, where he engaged in farming, securing a home- stead claim. He also bought land, becoming the owner of a half section of raw prairie and marsh land. Digging ditches, he partly drained this, and with mule teams and oxen.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

broke the ground and planted his crops. He also erected a little frame house twelve by fourteen feet. During- the second year he purchased a house and as the years passed he added one by one to his farm the improve- ments which enabled him to facilitate his work and secure therefrom a good income. "When a decade had passed he came to> Man- son in 1875, and. owing to ill health, retired from active business life. The needed rest and recreation, however, soon benefited him, and after about two years he began mer- chandising as a member of the firm of J. L. Brown & Son. a partnership which was maintained until 1882. when our subject sold his interest and has since lived retired in the enjoyment of a well earned rest.

On the 25th of August, 1852, Mr. Brown was united in marriage in Windom town- ship, Wyoming county, Pennsylvania, to Miss Jannett S. Stevens, who was born in Pennsylvania, July 2j, 1828, and was a daughter of Stephen Stevens, a native of Glasgow, Scotland. On coming to this coun- try, her father married Ann Marie De La Plain, a native of Philadelphia, in which city the wedding was celebrated. The father was a wholesale merchant in Glasgow, but after coming to America engaged in the lum- ber trade. He erected a number of sawmills and near them lie built houses for the men whom he employed. He also endeavored to make Bowman's creek navigable, and in that enterprise lost much of his money, for at one time he was quite wealthy. Subsequently he became proprietor of a hotel in Tunkhan- nock, Pennsylvania, where he remained until his death. In his family were thirteen chil- dren. Mrs. Brown's deatli occurred June 8, 1898. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Brown was blessed with five children : Orrin O. married Emily Yates and was killed in a

railroad accident at Waseca, Minnesota. His widow has since married George Ebersole and lives in Manson. By her first marriage she had four children, of whom two are yet living — Frank O., and Merrill J. George B. Brown, the second member of the family, married a Miss Messenger and after her death wedded Miss Lent. By both mar- riages he had two children. Orrin and Guy being of the first union, while Byron and Elsie are children by his present wife. He is now engaged in the life insurance busi- ness in Rockwell City. Hannah M. is the wife of G. I. Long, one of the editors and proprietors of the Manson Journal. Ada died at the age of three years. William S. married Viola Cheshire and after her death wedded Stella Fonts. Their home is in Man- son and he is engaged in the coal business. By his first marriage he had twin daughters, Edna and Erma.

Mr. Bmwn has a good modern residence in Mans, m and is a well known and highly esteemed person of the community. While residing in Webster county he was elected supervisor of Webster county, and held the office for three years. He also filled other township offices there and a number of town- ship positions in Lincoln township. Calhoun county. Since coming to Manson he has served as a member of the city council and at all times he has given an unfaltering sup- port to the Republican party since casting his first presidential vote for John C. Fre- mont. Socially he is a member of Morning Light Lodge, A. F. & A. M., and has been identified with the craft since 1859, having been initiated into the order in Ogle county, Illinois. In all his life he has been true to its principles of brotherly kindness and mu- tual helpfulness. His entire freedom from ostentation or self-laudation, together with

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4SS

his honesty in all business affairs, have made him one of the must popular citizens of Man- son, with whose history he has now been identified for many vears.

COMBS BROTHERS.

Ami ng the must progressive and suc- cessful agriculturists of Calhoun county are numbered the Combs brothers, who in part- nership carry on general farming and stock- raising in Twin Lakes township. The)- are sons of William and Sarah A. Combs, the former a native of West Virginia, the latter of Ohio. For several years they made their home in Champaign county, Illinois, where the lather died at the age of forty-two years, but the mother is still living and now re- side- with her sons in this county. William Combs was a farmer by occupation, and was a hard-working man who commanded the respect and confidence of all with whom he was brought in contact.

John Combs, the eldest brother, was born November I, i860, while Charles \\'., the . was born on the 7th of May, 1869, in Champaign county, Illinois. Prior to coming to Iowa they carried on general farming together in Illinois, and their busi- ness relation^ have been mutually profitable as well as pleasant. It was in 1899 that they removed to this state and took up their residence in Twin Lakes township, Calhoun county, where they now own four hundred aire- of rich and arable land under a high ultivation and supplied with all the conveniences and accessories found upon a .nil of the present century. They lease land, which they operate in connection with their own farm, ami raise annually aboul six thousand bushels of corn, besides

three thousand bushels of small grain. They feed from one to two carloads of cattle per year and about one carload of hogs, usually keeping from twenty-live to thirty head of cattle upon their place, a good drove of hoys and a flock of Shropshire sheep. They are now making somewhat of a specialty ofblack Angus cattle. They are among the most enterprising', energetic and reliable farmers of their locality and well deserve the suc- cess that has attended their efforts. Thir farm is one of the best improved and most desirable places of its size in the county, and its well tilled fields plainly indicate the care- ful supervision of the owners. In connec- tion with his farming operations the younger brother owns and runs a threshing machine. In [886 John Combs was united in mar- riage with Miss Mary Wright, a native of Champaign count}'. Illinois, and to them have been born six children, but James died at the age of four years. Those living are Harry, Sadie. Maggie, Adda and John. Charles W. Combs was married March 12, 190J. to Miss Gertrude Snow, a native of Illinois. Idle brothers are both stanch sup- porters of the Republican party and its prin- cipl and John is now filling the office of road supervisor in a most satisfactory man- ner. They are widely known and highly respected, and have made a host of warm friends since locating here.

JAMES H. PELL.

Although comparatively a young man. Mr. Pell is one of the pioneers of Calhoun county, and has been actively identified with its development and progress. 1 1 is home is in Twin Lakes township, where he owns and

456

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

operates a good farm of one hundred and twenty acres. He was born on the 17th of July, 1859, in Clay county, Indiana, a son of Washington C. and Mary (Stalcomp) Pell. The father was a native of Kentucky, as were also his parents, John and Eleanore (Smith) Pell. The Smith family were among the very earliest settlers of that state, and there Mrs. Pell was born May 24, 1798. Our subject's grandfather was a farmer and land speculator, and during his residence in Kentucky was also a slave holder. At an -early day he removed to Indiana and bought a large tract of land, for which he paid one dollar per acre, but afterward sold some of it as high as one hundred and seventy-five dollars per acre, it being valuable mineral and coal land. He continued to make his home in the Hoosier state throughout the remainder of his life, and died there at the age of eighty-five years. His wife lived to the advanced age of ninety-four years. They were the parents of twelve children who reached years of maturity.

Washington C. Pell, the father of our subject, accompanied his parents on their removal to Clay county, Indiana, and there spent the remainder of his life. He was a farmer and stock-raiser by occupation, and was highly respected and esteemed by all who knew him. He died at the compara- tively early age of thirty-five years. His widow subsequently married a Mr. Gross, and they now reside in Jasper county, Iowa. She was born in Johnson county, Ohio, April 14, 1830, and by her first marriage had four children. Pleasant, Richard S., Robert W. and James H. There were also four chil- dren born of the second union, but Emma is now deceased. Those living are William, Prank and Thompson.

The subject of this sketch spent the first

twelve years of his life in Clay county, Indi- ana, and is indebted to its public schools for his early school privileges. He then re- moved with the family to Jasper county, Iowa, in 1871, and since then his life has been devoted to farming. The first land which he owned was in Butler county, Ne- braska, where he resided for two years, and on his return to Iowa located in Calhoun county, purchasing his present farm in Twin Lakes township in 1882. At that time it was wild and unimproved, and the country round about was still in its primitive condition, there being no roads and but few settle- ments. There was plenty of wild game, such as ducks, geese, prairie chickens, etc.. and Mr. Pell made the trapping of muskrats his main source of income. There was no mar- ket for what little the early settlers could raise, but the skins of wild animate com- manded good cash prices. At first our sub- ject bought only eighty acres, to which he has since added, and now has a good farm of one hundred and twenty acres, which he has placed under excellent cultivation. He has made all of the improvements upon the place, including a nice comfortable residence, good barns and outbuildings, and is to-day successfully engaged in general farming. In addition to his own land he also operates another tract which he rents, and usually raises fifty acres of corn and forty acres of small grain, while the remainder of his place is pasture and meadow land. He has from twenty-five to thirty head of Durham cattle, from fifty to seventy Shropshire sheep, and a number of horses and hogs, devoting con- siderable time to stock-raising.

Mr. Pell was married, August 14, 1881, to Miss Hannah M. Rhodes, who was born in Marion1 county. Iowa, April 14, i860, and is a daughter of Joseph and Anna

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

457

(Creshaw ) Rhodes, both natives of Eng- land. Her father, who was a farmer and miner by occupation, died at the age of lifty- six years, hut her mother is still living, and now makes her home with her children. Mr. and Mrs. fell have three sons : H. Carson, born February 16, [883^ Ernest R., Sep- temher -'7. 1886; and James H., Jr.. August 11, 1889.

Mr. Pell attends the Methodist Episco- pal church and affiliates with the Republican party. For about nine years he has held the office of school director, and has ever taken a commendable interest in all enterprises cal- culated to prove of public benefit. As a pio- neer of this region he endured many of the hardships and privations which fall to the lot of the frontiersman, and has materially aided in the development and upbuilding of this section of the state.

JOHN A. LAND.

John A. Land, a well-known grain and sti tck dealer of Rands, Iowa, is a man whose sound common sense and vigorous able man- agement have been important factors in his success, and with his undoubted integrity of character have given him an honorable po- sition among his fellow men. A native of this state, he was born in Washington coun- ty, "ii the 22(\ of September, 1851. and is a son of Mathew and Tabitha (Leeper) Land, the f rmer of whom was a native of Jack- son county. Ohio, the latter of Pennsyl- vania. Mathew Land was left fatherless during infancy. In 1840 he came to [owa ami firsl settled in Henry county, hut later made his home in Washington county. Throughout life he followed the occupation

of farming. He died in 1885 at the age of fifty-six year-, and his wife passed away shortly afterward.

This worthy couple were the parents of nine children, of whom eight are still liv- ing, namely: John A., of this review ; Sarah, wife of Oliver Hayes, of Rinehart, Missouri; Martha, wife of Solomon David- son, of Roseland, Nebraska; Caleb, a resi- dent of Bloomheld. Iowa; George. ><i ( >kla- homa; Mary A., wife of William Reed, of Frontier county, Nebraska; Frank, of Okla- homa; and Amanda, wife of Allet Van Pelt, of Beatrice. Nebraska.

Mr. Land, of this review, was reared and educated in Washington and Henry counties, Iowa, and commenced life for him- self as a farmer. In 1881 he removed to Humboldt county, this state, where lie fol- lowed that occupation for twelve years, and on the expiration of that period came to Rands, Calhoun county, and embarked in general merchandising, the grain and stock business. He had the second store opened at that place, having purchased a stock of goods invoiced at one hundred and twenty- five dollars, to which he added until he had a large and complete assortment of every- thing found in a first-class establishment of the kind. On the 1st of May, J901, he sold his store, but is still engaged in the grain and stock business. On locating in Rands there was not an elevator in the place, but he has been instrumental in securing l"i- the town a large grain trade and for the past two years has had charge of the north elevator. He is a wide-awake, energetic ;:nd reliable business man, and the success that has come to him is certainl) well de- served, from [899 to oioi .Mr. Land served as postmaster, and as a public spir- ited and progressive citizen he has done

458

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

much to advance the interests of his town and county.

On the 8th of March, 1874. Mr. Land was united in marriage with Miss Martha Alice Sheppard, a daughter of William and Sarah (Montgomery) Sheppard, of Washington county, Iowa, who are both now deceased. Of the four children born to them. Zettie, the second in order of birth, is now deceased. Those living are Clayton, who married Minnie Criddle, of Center township, this county, and resides in Rands; Ralph, in school; and Ira B., at home. Be- sides their. own children Mr. and Mrs. Rand are rearing a little girl named Edith.

DAVID H. FRENCH.

David H. French, the well known and popular station agent at Knierim, Iowa, and an honored veteran of the Civil war, was born on the 2d of August, 1841, in Andover, Windsor county, Vermont, his parents be- ing Jehu and Matilda R. (Pearsall) French, the former of whom was also a native of the Green Mountain state, the latter of New Yi irk. The father was a brickmaker and fol- lowed that occupation for thirty-two years. In 1842 he removed to New York, where he made his home until 1849, and passed the following ten years in Jefferson, Wisconsin. He next resided with his daughter at Solon Mills, McHenry county, Illinois, but spent his last days with our subject in Hudson, Illinois, where he died in his seventy-third year. In politics he was a Republican. His wife had passed away in 1863. Tbey were married in Andover, Vermont, and became the parents of six children, of whom two died in infancy. The others were Mary A.,

now the wife of Peter Overson, of Antioch, Lake county, Illinois; David H., our sub- ject ; Truman A., a very extensive contractor of Phoenix, Arizona; and Edward P., who was thrown from a horse and killed at Hud- son, Illinois, in September, 1874.

Much of the boyhood of our subject was spent in Jefferson county, Wisconsin, and he attended a frontier school at Poynette, that state, for three years. Leaving home at the age of fifteen years, he began work- ing by the month on a farm, and was thus employed until the Civil war broke out. Hardly had the echoes of Fort Sumter's guns died away when he enlisted, April 15, 1861, but the company was soon afterward disbanded. On the 14th of July, of the same year, he joined Company A. Eleventh Illi- nois Volunteer Infantry, under Captain S. D. Atkins and Colonel W. H. Wallace, and was mustered into the United States service on the 30th of that month, at Birdpoint, Mis- souri, opposite Cairo, Illinois, where they re- mained some months as a rendezvous, pre- paring fiir the spring campaign. On leaving that place they proceeded to Fort Henry, February 3. in a cold rainstorm, and landed six miles below the fort, where they re- mained until the nth of that month, and then marched to Fort Donelson, Company A being detailed as one of the advance guard. They camped that night in range of the guns from the fort. With his company Mr. French did picket duty most of the day, and suffered many hardships, being under fire from both artillery and sharpshooters. Just before the battle of Pittsburg Landing he was taken ill and confined in the hospital at Savannah for two months. He was then dis- charged from the service May 17, 1862, but again enlisted for three months in Company A, Seventy-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry,

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

461

under Captain George Black and Colonel P.uniside. with the express understanding that the company was to go to Annapolis, Maryland, but instead it was sent into camp at Columbus, Kentucky, and was engaged in guarding bridges at Little Obion, that state. On the expiration of his term of enlistment Mr. French returned to Freeport, Illinois. and from there went to his old home in Jef- ferson county, Wisconsin, where he was ill all winter.

( >n die 14th of October, 1863, he was united in marriage with Miss Kezia A. Roach, of Freeport. Illinois, who was born in Shefford, Canada, June 1. 1844, and is a daughter of James and Mary C. (Savage) Roach, also natives of Canada. Leaving his young bride, Mr. French re-entered the army, enlisting January 28, 1864, in Com- pany A, l"< rty-sixth Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, under Captain Joseph Clingman and Colonel 1'.. F. Dornblazer. His command first went to Black River Station, Missis- sippi, and from there t< • Vicksburg, where they did garrison duty. They took part in several expeditions while stationed there, the most important of which was to Benton, Mississippi, in June. 1864, at which time they made a forced march of thirty miles in one day. They returned to Vicksburg in the latter part of the month, and on the i-t oi Jul\- started for Jackson. Mississippi. On the 71I1 of July Mr. French was wounded at what was known as the second battle of Jacks. in, in which engagement his company lost heavily, one being killed and forty-one wounded. ( )n their return to Vicksburg the regiment was ordered to Morganza I '.end. and took part in some heavy skirmishing. In October thej went to White river and from there to I >uvalls Bluff, and 1 >n l< - .Mem- phis, Tennessee, where they remained until

December 24, 1864, and then proceeded to Moscow, Tennessee. They intercepted the retreat of General Hood during the battles of Franklin and Nashville, after which they returned to Memphis. On the 1-: nary. I S 1 . 5 . they were ordered to Kenncr- ville, Louisiana, where they remained about a month and while there was paid off. They were next ordered to Dauphine island, where the following- month was passed in reor- ganizing for further campaigns. They crossed Mobile bay, March 17, to Spanish Fort, and were about a week investigating the fortifications there. They next pro- ceeded to Fort Blakely, and were constantly engaged in battle for ah. ut ten days. They charged on the works April 9, at five o'cl< ck in the afternoon, which was probably the last charge of the war. Later they were sent to Natchitoches, Louisiana, and went into camp on the old camp grounds of ( len- eral Jackson at Salubertz Spring-., where Mr. French was detailed as an agent of the freedman's bureau, in which capacity he served through the summer. Going to 1 '.at. in Rouge he was mustered out of service January 20, [866, and returned north, reach- ing home on the 22c! of February.

On the 1st of April, 1866, Mr. French began working for the Illinois Central Rail- road as a section hand, and the following year was given a position as ticket agenl and telegraph operator, lie was placed in charge of the station at Hudson, Illinois, June 1. 1869, and was later transferred to Bailev- ville. that state, and from there to Cherokee. Iowa. He then worked as extra for the company until his present position was ready and on the 1st of November, 1899, came to Kuierim. Calhoun county, as agent and op- erator, in which capacity he is still serving the company, but lacks only a few months

462

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

of the time when he will be able to retire on a pension from the railroad. He is one of the most trusted and faithful employes of the company, and was presented with a souvenir medal for his thirty-two years' service with the Illinois Central Railroad, and also holds a certificate from the general superintendent for good conduct and sat- isfactory service from 1868 to 1899.

Mr. French assisted in organizing the town of Knierim, and has taken an active part in its improvement and development. He owns Hotel Leota, which he conducted from April 9, 1900. to July, 1901. but is now making his home with his son-in-law. On the 5th of January, 1900, he was ap- pointed postmaster and has since acceptably filled that office.

Mr. and Mrs. French have become the parents of ten children, namely : Albert A., born July -'3. 1864, is now with the Colum- bus, Ohio, 'fraction Company; Nellie M., born November 6, 1866, is the wife of Lewis Shellard, of Knierim, Iowa ; Truman H., born June 21, 1871, is in the employ of the Illinois Central Railroad Company; Gertie E., born December 8, 1873, is the wife of J. \Y. Kamper, of Knierim: Charles R., born December 6, 1876, is also a railroad man: John J., born July 4, 1879, >s assistant post- master at Knierim; Alida L.. born July 31. t88i, Levi C, born July 26, 1883, Mary A., born April 25, 1885, and Myron L., born March 29, 1S90, are all at home. The fam- ii\ now attend the Methodist Episcopal church, although Mr. French is a Baptist in religious belief. Politically be is a stanch Republican, and socially is an honored mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity and the Grand Army of the Republic, in which orders he has held office. Among his most cherished possessions is a violin, now one hundred and

eighty years old. Mr. French is one of the representative and prominent men of his community, and wherever known he is held in high regard.

GEORGF \Y. DELLINGER.

Among the pleasant rural homes of Cal- houn county, Iowa, is that of George W. Dellinger. a resident of Garfield township. He is a veteran of the Civil war and bears an honorable record for brave service in the cau>e of freedom and union, and in the paths of peace he has also won an enviable reputa- tion through the sterling qualities that go to the making of a good citizen.

Mr. Dellinger was born in Adams coun- ty, Ohio, April 10, 1840, a son of Jonathan and Margaret (Campbell) Dellinger, the former also a native of the Buckeve state, and the latter of Scotland. The father spent his life in Adams county as an industrious and energetic farmer, and his course in life was ever such as to gain for him the confi- dence and high regard of all with whom he came in contact. He died there at the ripe old age of eighty-four years, having long survived the mother of our subject, who was only twenty-eight years old at the time of her death. They had two children who reached years of maturity: Mrs. Elizabeth Hamilton, a resident of Carroll county, Iowa : and George Y\\, of this review. The Dellinger family came originally from Penn- sylvania, and was of German lineage. They were among the early settlers of Adams county. ( >hio.

George \Y. Dellinger was reared and educated in his native county and spent his early life upon a farm, aiding his father in

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

463

it- operation when not in school. When the Civil war broke out, he joined the hoys in blue, enlisting on the [8th of October, 1861, in Company A, Seventieth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, under Captain W. B. Brown. He muled in the battle of Shiloh, and was honorably discharged August 22, [862, in enlisted in 1864 in the one hun- dred da) service, this time becoming a mem- ompany K, One Hundred and Sixty- I >hio Volunteer Infantry. He re- mained at the front until the close of the war. taking part in a number of important ments. ( hi leaving the service Mr. Dellinger re- turned home, and later spent six years in La Salle county, Illinois, where he was engaged in farming on rented land, lie also made his home in Grundy county, Iowa, for the same length of time, his time being similarly employed, and from there came to Calhoun :i [882. His first purchase of land .Jity acres which he still owns. inning operations he has steadily :cl during hi- residence here, and is to-day the owner ,,f four hundred and twen- ty-six acres of valuable land in Elm Grove. Garfield and Twin Lakes townships. He farms all 1 f this with exception of a quarter and raises from eighty to ninety corn and the same amount of small eaving the remainder for hay and I Ee keeps considerable stock, in- about fifty head of cattle, mostly of 1 ford breed. I [is home farm is a proved place in I Garfield township, and its neat and thrift}- appearance plainly the supen isii n of a careful and king owner. Mr. Dellinger was married on the 6th of February, [878, to Miss Ruth Anna I rrif- fith. who was horn in Wisconsin, February

6, [861, a daughter of James and Antoinette

Griffith, now resident.- of Iowa. The father, who is a farmer by occupation, was born in England, in 1836, and the mother's birth occurred in Xew York in [839. Their fam- ily consists of seven children, five daughters and two sons, namely: Ruth A., Archie, Lydia, James, Tressie, Lena and Jennie. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Dellinger have b< six children, as follows: Lucinda. Jona- than, George W., Gladys. Tressie and Arthur.

Politically Air. Dellinger is an ardent Republican, but has never been an aspirant for office. He is what the world term- a self-made man, his success in life being due entirely to his own industry, perseverance and good management, and he well deserves the prosperity that has come to him. He is a man of good business and executive ability, i- upright and honorable in all his dealings, and is widely and favorably known through- out this section of the state.

CHARLES J. COLE.

The history of Charles J. Cole forms a connecting link between the pioneer past and the progressive present in Calhoun county. He came to this state at an early period in the development of this region and has witnessed almost its entire transforma- C n from a wild and unsettled district to its present condition when fine farms surround enterprising towns, in which are thriving in- dustries while all the conveniences and ac- cessories of the ohler east are also here en- joyed. Mr. Cole has home his part in the work- of development and as one 1 f the hon- ored pioneer settlers he well deserves rep- resentation in this volume.

464

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Mr. Cole was bom in Cass county, Mich- igan, February 15. 1843. a son ot~ J'ml ''• and Sophia (Bates) Cole, who were natives of Vermont, in which state they were reared and married. Subsequently they left Xew England, taking up their residence in Buf- falo, Xew York, and later they continued their westward journey to Michigan, where the father secured a tract of land and en- gaged in farming. In their family were three children, two daughters and a son: Marietta J., now deceased; Sarah L., the wife of Muses L. Sherman, of Lake City. Iowa : and Charles J. The father died in Michigan in 1854 and the mother afterward became the wife of Charles Amy, who was a native of Ohio. He had been very liber- ally educated and was a graduate of three colleges. He successfully engaged in teach- ing and for a number of years he also fol- lowed farming in Cass county, Michigan. In the spring of 1856 he came to Calhoun county, Iowa, and in September of that year he was joined by his wife and her children, the family becoming identified with pioneer life in this section of the state. They located on the site of Lake City and Mr. Amy erec- ted the second building here — the court- house, while his own residence was the third structure in the town. It was built of na- tive lumber and continued the home of the family for a number of years. Mr. Amy became a leader in public affairs and was called upon to fill many offices. In the year 1857 he was elected county treasurer and filled that position continuously for thirteen years — a most capable and faithful officer. In 1858 he was elected county surveyor and served for six years, while from 1858 until [863 he was county superintendent -of schools. In 1857 he was appointed post- master of Lake Citv and continued the cus-

todian of the mails until 1872, retiring from office as he had entered it with the confidence and good will of all concerned. In that year he removed to his farm, where he spent his remaining days. He aided in laying broad and deep the foundatii m fi >r the present pros- perity and progress of the county, his labors being of great value in the early development of this portion of the state. In the winter of J856 David Reed taught the first school in tin- o unty, but the following summer Sa- rah L. Sherman, a sister of our subject, be- came the school teacher.

Charles J. Cole, whose name introduces this record, obtained his early education in the country schools of Cass county, Mich- igan, and in the years 1853 anc' ^54 was a student in the Northern Indiana Normal School at Valparaiso, Indiana. He lived with his mother and stepfather until they removed to Iowa. The journey was made by rail to Iowa City and overland two hun- dred miles to Calhoun county. The winter of [N50 was the hardest ever experienced in the history of the state. Mr. Cole from prac- tical knowledge knows of the hardships and trials incident to pioneer life as well as of its pleasures and opportunities. During the winter of 1856 five elks were captured, two of which are still living in Bonina Park, Michigan. Mr. Cole has hunted and trapped in the early days of Iowa's develi ipment and has killed many elks, deer and also two buf- faloes, together with smaller animals, includ- ing wolves, wild cats and lynx. Many In- dians were still in this portion of the state, but they occasioned the settlers no trouble. Mr. Cole made a business of trapping until 1870, when the approaching civilization ren- dered that occupation unremunerative.

At the time of the Civil war he enlisted as a member of the Second Iowa Cavalry.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

465

This was in direct opposition to the wishes of his mother for he was then but a boy. However, he went to Camp Burnside, Des Moines, where he was drilled for four months and was transferred to the Thirty- ninth [owa infantry, but his father and mother forbade his enlistment in the regular army, for he was a minor, and in conse- quence he did not get to go south. In 1858 he was one of a party to start for Spirit lake to help put down the Indian outbreak which resulted in the Spirit lake massacre and thus made one of the dark pages of pioneer history. In 1S70 Mr. Cole went onto a farm where he remained for about fourteen years and in 1884 he again took up his abode in Lake City, where he now resides. Between 1S87 and 1896 he conducted an elevator for J. W. Wilson and since that time he represents nursery com- panies and also superintends the working of men engaged in house moving. He has also [tract iced law for several years.

Mr. Cole was united in marriage to Miss Rebecca J. Parker, a daughter of David Parker, of Cass comity. Michigan, hut her parents were natives of Ohio. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Cole have been horn eleven chil- i' 'Ik >ws : James L, a conduct r 1 >n tgo & North western Railroad: Em- ory D., of Lake City; Carrie, the wife of John Higgins, city engineer in Ida Grove; Lulu, deceased; Margaret J., the wife of Charles Owen, a railroad conductor on the 1 hicagi & Northwestern line, living at Car- roll, Iowa; Otis [[.. of Ida Grove. Iowa: ' rg< B., a brakeman on the Chicago & Northwestern road living at Onawa, Iowa; John P., Mary C. and Frank S., all of Lake City; and Hazel S.. who has passed away. The family is well known in the county and their friends are many. Mr. Cole has taken

quite an active part in pi ilitical affair-, sen ed as constable for about thirteen year- and has been a delegate to many conventions of the party. The greater part of his life ha- been passed in this locality and his friends know him as a man of sterling \\

E. B. SHERMAN.

As a representative of the da-- of sub- stantial builders of a great commonwealth who served faithfully and long in the en- terprising west, we present the subject of this sketch, who was a pioneer of the Prairie state ami nobly did his duty in establishing and maintaining the material interests, legal status and moral welfare of his community, and exerted a great influence throughout ins adopted state. He was born in W'ill- iamstown, Massachusetts, February 5, 1837, his parents being Eher and Abbie (Hall) Sherman, the former a native of Williams- town, and the latter of Vermont. The an- cestry of the Sherman family can he traced back to England, whence representatives of the name emigrated to the new world, set- tling in Rhode Island. The paternal grand- father of our subject removed from Rhi de Island to Williamstown. Massachusetts, when he was seventeen years of age. He witnessed with interest the events which led to the inauguration of the Revolutionary war. and resolved that if a blow was -truck for liberty he would aid in winning the free- dom of the colonists. Accordingly he en- listed and for seven years he served under General Washington. He was with the di- vision of the army which spent the memor- able winter at Valley Forge, and with others marched through the cold, the snow and,

466

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

sleet with his feet tied in rags. No greater hardships have ever been borne by soldiers in defense i f country and principle than were there endured by the patriots who fought for American liberty. In the Civil war the Sherman family was also repre- sented, and cur subject likewise had rela- tives in the Spanish-American war, while his cousin. Thomas H. Hall, served with distinctii n in the Mexican war. Thus the family history is noted for the patriotism and valor of its representatives.

The parents of our subject were mar- ried in Williamstown, Massachusetts, and the father became a very extensive realty holder, his landed possessions returning to him a splendid income, which enabled him to live a retired life save for the supervision which he gave to his investments. In his political views he was a stanch Republican, and socially he was identified with the Ma- sonic fraternity. His religious faith was that of the Methodist Episcopal church, and his life was in consistent harmony with its principles. He died in October, 1881, at the age of seventy-eight years, and the mother of our subject passed away in Jan- uary, 1852. After the death of his first wife the father was again married, in 1854, his second union being with Angeline ( Brimer 1 Whipple. E. B. Sherman, of this review, is the eldest of six children. The others are: Samuel J., who died when nine years of age; Jennie, the wife of Franklin Mather, a resident of Albany. Xew York; Mary, deceased, who married Henry Bur- hank, a resident of Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, who, upon her death, eight years after, married her sister Sarah ; Sarah, now Mrs. Burbank; and B.'H., who first mar- ried Maggie Walrath, whose death occurred

in August. 1893, ancl e'g'ht years later he married Mrs. Minnie Bailey, and reside^ in Williamstown. Massachusetts, where he is engaged in the hardware and house Fur-; nishings goods business.

At the usual age E. B. Sherman en- tered the public schools of Williamstown. Massachusetts, where he continued his studies until ten years of age, after which he was a student in several boarding schools. In Pownal, Vermont, he was lot one year a student in a school conducted by Chester A. Arthur, afterward president of the United States, under whom he studied Greek, Latin and English. He now has :i number of hooks which formerly belonged to President Arthur. At a later date Mr. Sherman went to Port Chester, Xew York, and spent two years in Thompson Semi- nary. While in Vermont he was a class- mate of Judge Meachum, of the Green Mountain state, of Brigadier General Eld- ridge, of Chicago, of Rev. Harry Hopkins, of Kansas City, and a son of President Hopkins, now president of Williams Col- lege, of Williamstown, Massachusetts, to- gether with a number of very prominent business men of Chicago. After com* pleting his education Mr. Sherman worked with his father for a year and then em- barked in business on his own account as a dealer in general merchandise in Will- iamstown, Massachusetts, where he success fully conducted his store for twenty years.

While residing in that place Mr. Sher- man was married to Miss Sarah Brown. who was born in Rowe. Massachusetts, Au- gust 18, 1839. Her father, Joseph Brown, was also a native of Rowe, and his father was a mountaineer. Joseph Brown his attention to farming, following that pur-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

467

Suit throughout his entire business life. He ssedded Sarah McCloud, who died when

her daughter, Mrs. Sherman, was only ten jays old, after which Mr. Brown was again poarried. His death occurred in 1866. By the first marriage there were five children. Delia became the wife of Lorenzo Stock- well and they resided in Rowe, Massachu- setts, but both are now deceased, Mrs. Stockwell passing away in 1863. They left one child. Elwin. but he, too, has passed away. Franklin Joseph, the second of the family, married Mary Stockwell and is a former residing in Ruwe, Massachusetts. They have six children, Frank. Emery, Newton, Herbert, Gertrude and Elwin. Maria., the third of the family, became the wife of Jonathan Higgins, who died in Rowe, Massachusetts. They had four chil- dren : Clarence, deceased ; Clifford, n< <w a doctor; Walter- and Earnest. Newton, the next member of the Brown family, married Sarah Stockwell, and after her death he wedded Rose King, who has also passed away. By the first union there were three children, of whom two are living — Mrs. Stella Brown and Lottie. By his second marriage he has one daughter, Maude, who now resides in Greenfield, Massachusetts. The other member of Josqjh Brown's first marriage was Sarah, the honored wife of our subject. By his second marriage her father had two children, the elder being Ester !'... who became the wife of Anasa White, and after his death married Chester Fairbanks, who died in [898. The widow- now resides in Charlamount, Massachu- setts. By her first marriage she had two children. Her brother, Lewis Brown, is married and has five children and make- his home in Deerfiald, Massachusetts.

At the death of Mrs. Sherman's mother

she went to live with her adopted parents, Mr. and Mrs. Ruben Flood, the former a native of Rhode Lland and the latter of King. Xew Hampshire. Mr. Flood was of Irish lineage, his father having come from Ireland after the insurrection in that coun- try, in which he had taken part. He made his way to the new .world as a stowaway. He hail taken an active part in political affairs in his native land and had attained to a position of prominence. Ruben Flood was the oldest of a family of nine children, the others being: Mary Ann, who became the wife of A. Atwood; Michael, a merchant of North Adams, Massachusetts ; Rodger A., who resides in Troy, Xew York; Betsey G., wdio died at the age of forty-four years ; Fanny, who is the widow of Samuel Ami- don and resides in Troy, Xew York, with her daughter at the age of seventy-nine years; and three who died in childhood. Mr. Flood, the foster father of Mrs. Sher- man, was a mechanic, being identified with a cotton factory in North Adams, Massa- chusetts. He afterward removed to Will- iamstown, Berskshire county. Massachu- setts, where Mrs. Sherman received her ed- ucational advantages in the public schools and in the Ladies' Seminary. It was in the year 1876 that Mr. Flood came to Illinois, settling in Rock Island. He died in March, 1891, at the age of eighty years and was laid to rest in the cemetery in Aurora, Illi- nois. His wife died in December, 1873, at the age of fifty-eight years, and was buried at North Adams, Massachusetts. Both were Methodists in religious faith and took more than ordinary interest in the work and upbuilding of the church. In their family were three children, one of whom died in infancy, while Mrs. T. M. Lane, the eldest, resides in Aurora, which is also

458

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

the place of residence of Maria M. Flood.

The home of Mr. and Mrs. Sherman has been Messed with five children. Emma !>., born January 18, 1858, is the wife of E. S. Thayer, proprietor of the Long Hotel, which lie has conducted for eleven years. He has also been extensively engaged in buying and shipping fine horses. His wife was a successful teacher prior to her mar- riage, following that profession in the schools of Vermont and also in this county. Abbey Hall, born February 19, 1864, en- gaged in teaching for a number of years in Massachusetts and in Calhoun county, Iowa, and died on the 5th of January, 1891. Aletha D., born June 15, 1868, became the wife of Lisle B. Cleaver, and died at their home in Reinbeck, Iowa, June 12, 1898. Eber F., born February 20, 1877, married Miss Florence Warren, by whom he has two children, 'Willie Marion and Marie. The home of this family is on a farm in Lincoln township. George Mi, born Au- gust 20. 1881, is a graduate of the high school of Manson. also attended Highland Park College, of Des Moines, and is now employed in the office of the Democrat.

After his marriage Mr. Sherman re- sided for eighteen years in Williamstown and continued a representative of its mer- cantile interests. In 1875 he came to Cal- houn county, Iowa, arriving in Center township. His father had about three thou- sand acres of land here, of which fifteen hundred acres have now been sold, but Mr. Sherman, of this review, is agent for the remaining fifteen hundred acres. Pur- chasing four hundred and eighty acres, he began farming. His land was a tract of wild prairie, cm which not a furrow had

been turned or an improvement made, and the unsettled condition of the country may be imagined from the fact that his nearest neighbor was ten miles away. He fenced his farm and broke his land with oxen and horse teams. JHe also set out an extensive grove and built what was for main yeBif the largest residence in Calhoun county. They also possessed the only piano in the county for many years. His labors were devoted untiringly to the development and improvement of his land ami the manage- ment of his father's real estate interests, and as the years passed his financial re- sources continually increased until he had gained a place among the wealthy residents of the county. In February, 1894, he put aside agricultural pursuits and located in Manson in order to enjoy the fruits of his former toil. Here he purchased some land, erected an attractive modern residence and is now enjoying all the comforts and con- veniences of life. He has been very success- ful and he still has the management of the Eber Sherman estate, comprising- about fourteen hundred and twenty acres. This land was purchased direct from the govern- ment, and as it was secured on soldier's war- rants from the war of 1812, it was bought for sixty-five cents per acre. Aside from the real estate interests of which he has charge, he also has extensive land holdings of his own, and his property is the vis- ible evidence of his life of industry.

In his political views Mr. Sherman is independent, hut has been honored with many of the township offices. His wife be- longs to the Congregational church, and al- though he does not have membership rela- tions with any denomination he attends church services twice each Sunday. His

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

469

|i!t,i-jiit, genial manner has made him popu- lar in social circles, and his sterling worth commends him to the confidence and good will of all with whom he has been brought in contact.

G. K. LESTER.

One of the most progressive and enter- prising young business men of Knierim is the gentleman whose name introduces this .-ketch — the junior member of the firm of W'clclen & Lester, well known general mer- chant- of that place. He was born in Huron county, Ohio, September 23, 1872, and is a - n 1 1" Gurdon P. Lester, who was born in New York state, April 27. 1837, and was the third in order of birth in a family of four children, all now deceased. At the age of eleven years the father removed' from New Ohio and settled in Huron county. In 1S55 he came to Iowa, and after spending five wars in Clayton county crossed the plains to the gold fields of California, being one of a large company. The journey was made with oxen and proved a ver\ interest- ing "lie to Mr. Lester. There was a preach- er in the company who held services every' Sunday during the six months it required to make the trip. Mr. Lester located at what what known as Gold Run, Placer county, California, where he remained until [866, and then returned home by way of the Isthmus of Panama. After spending a sin it time in Xew York he made a trip to Mon- tana, where he spent about a year, and then traveled extensively over the west for some time.

In Huron county, Ohio, Mr. Lester was married. January 12, 1869, to Miss Minerva

F. I oote, who was there born, January 27. 1845. Her parents, Henry J. and Maria (Wilkinson) Foote, were natives of Massa- chusetts and Xew York, respectively. In their family were seven children. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Lester were born two children, of whom our subject is the younger. His sis- ter, Edna I., is an accomplished musician and a vocalist of marked ability, having studied under such eminent professors as Senor Carpi while in Chicago, and under the great 0 nip' »ser Niedlinger of Xew York. Coming west in 1869 the family first located near Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where they spent about a year, and then removed to Cherokee county. There the father bought a tract of wild, unbroken land, which he at once com- menced to improve and cultivate, and to the operation of that farm he continued to de- vote his time and attention until 1879, when he moved to Cherokee, the county seat, re- siding there until called to his final rest Oc- tober 22, 1898, leaving a widow and two children to mourn his loss. His life was exemplary in all respects, and he was a lov- ing husband and father, entirely devoted to his family. He was well informed on gen- eral topics, and being very progressive and enterprising always kept abreast with the times.

G. E. Lester received his early educa- tion in the public schools of Cherokee, Iowa, which he attended until thirteen years of age. and then ci mmenced clerking in a mer- cantile establishment of that place. In the spring of 1892 he went to Chicago and en- tered the employ of Marshall Field & Com- I>any, with whom he remained five years. At the end of that time he returned t'> Iowa, and took charge of a dry goods store at Humboldt, with which he was connected

4JO

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

during the years 1896 and 1897. He then went to Iowa Falls with William Welden, remaining until March, 1S98, and from March, 1898, until 1899 was in the employ of L. O. Bliss of that place. The follow- ing year was spent at Fort Dodge with the Larson Dry Goods Company, and in June, 1900, he removed to< Knierim, where he opened a general store under the firm name of Welden & Lester. He now has a well established trade, and is regarded as one of the most progressive as welll as one of the most reliable business men of the place. His political support is given the Republican party and its principles. He served as a member of the city council in a most credit- able and acceptable manner, and was elected, April 10, 1902, to the office of city clerk.

He is a member of the Elks Lodge, at Fort Dodge: Masonic order, of Manson, Iowa ; the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows, and the Yeomen, of Knierim, Iowa.

J. B. WARTCHOW.

J. B. Wartchow is a leading representa- tive of the business interests of Knierim, having built up a good trade as a dealer in hardware and agricultural implements. Of excellent business ability and broad re- sources, he has attained a prominent place among the substantial citizens of his part of the county, and is a recognized leader in public affairs. He has won success by his well directed, energetic efforts, and the pros- perity that has come to him is certainly well deserved.

Mr. Wartchow was born on the 15th of January, 1857, in Prussia, Germany, of which country his parents, Charles and Mary

(Foltmann) Wartchow, were also natives. In early life the father followed the brick- maker's trade and also engaged in farming in his native land. In 1862 he emigrated to America in company with his wife and three children, and settled in Jefferson county, Wisconsin, where he was in the employ of. others for about two years. He then pur- chased a tract of land in that county, which he successfully operated until 1876, and next came to Iowa. After making his home in Lake City, Calhoun county, for one year, he purchased a farm near Fort Dodge, Webs- ter county, and devoted his energies to its cultivation and improvement until 1899, since which time he has lived a retired life in the city of Fort Dodge. He is a stanch supporter of the Republican party, and both he and his wife are members of the German Lutheran church.

In the family of this worthy couple are twelve children, of whom our subject is the eldest, the others being as follows : Minnie, wife of Paul Miller, of Delville Lake. Wis- consin ; Augusta, wife of Henry Reinhart, a car decorator in the employ of the North- ern Pacific Railroad at St. Paul, Minnesota; William, who is interested in gold mining in Washington Republic Reservation; Emma, wife of Chris Horn, of Fort Dodge; Tillie, wife of George Stroueble, who is en- gaged in the harness business in Fort Dodge ; Alary, wife of Herman Miller, a tailor of Mingo, Illinois; Clara, who lives with her parents in Fort Dudge; Anna, wife of Fred Creptner, a farmer of Lincoln county, Min- nesota ; and Charlie, George and Frank, all farmers of Webster county, Iowa.

The subject of this sketch was only five years old at the time of the emigration of the family to the new world, and his early education was acquired in the district schools

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD

473

of Jefferson county, Wisconsin. During the winter of 1870-71 he also attended a graded School at Milton Junction, Rock county, that state. During his youth he worked by the month as a farm hand in Jefferson county until sixteen years of age, when he entered the service of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company and was in their employ three years. At the end of that time he commenced learning the blacksmith's trade, at which he worked about eight months, but as it did not agree with his health he re- turned to farming for a year. Mr. Wart- chow was next employed in an implement Btore at Milton Junction, Wisconsin. Eor a year, and then resumed fanning, at which he worked both in Wisconsin and Min- nesota.

In 1879 he came to Iowa and for a num- ber of vears was identified with the dairy business at Fort Dodge. In the meantime he was married, June 21, 1882, to Miss Anna Habenicht, who was born December 6, 1858, and is one of a family of nine children, her parents being August and Lena (Kizer) Habenicht. Seven children bless this union, whose names and dates of birth are as fol- lows: Albert, August 25, 1884; Lena, Oc- tober 5, 1885; Lulu. December 3, 1887; Robert, June 9, 1890; Anna. February 16, [892; Babta, October 10, 1894; and John, August 20, 1900. The oldest son is now at- tending Tobin College, Fort Dodge.

During his residence in Fort Dodge Air. Wartchow was engaged in quarrying for a time, and while thus employed fell a distance of forty-five feet, striking cm solid rock and breaking both arms and fracturing three ribs ami his hi]), besides receiving a scalp wound. This accident occurred mi the 17th of De- cember, 1881, and he was unable to do an) work until the following April, when he

was given the position of weigh boss, which he filled for about a year.

On leaving Fort Dodge Mr. Wartchow came to Calhoun county and b »ught a farm of one hundred and sixty acres on section 12, Lincoln township, which he placed under a high state of cultivation, and which he still owns. He operated that farm until 1899, when he removed to what is now known as Knierim and opened the second store in the place, putting in a stock of hard- ware and agricultural implements. Fie is now doing a good business along that line and is also interested in real estate. A pub- lic-spirited and progressive citizen, he has done much toward the upbuilding and growth of the town, and is now efficiently serving as mayor, to which responsible po- sition he was elected in June, 1901. His po- litical support is always given the men and measures of the Republican party, and he has become an important factor in public affairs. While in the employ of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Mr. Wartchow was the means of saving a train from being wrecked, and in recognition of this valuable service the company presented him with a life pass and a silver lantern. The con- ductor was intoxicated at the time, and by- presence of mind our subject, who was then acting as brakeman, prevented what might have been a terrible wreck, thus saving the company thousands of dollars.

CHARLES C. CARMICHAEL.

Charles C Carmichael is one of the most progressive business men of the thriv- ing little city of Lohrville, and his ability, enterprise and upright methods have estab-

474

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

lished for him an enviable reputation. Al- though he is still a young man comparative- ly, his popularity is established on a firm basis — that of his own well tested merit.

A native of Iowa, Mr. Carmichael was born in Poweshiek county,, June i, 1870, his parents being William and Mary M. (Zig- ler) Carmichael. His father, who was a carpenter by trade, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and remained a resident of that city until his removal to Poweshiek county, Iowa, in 1861. There he followed farming in connection with carpentering until 1876, when he came to Calhoun county and pur- chased land in Logan township, where he resided until his death June 28, 1892. He was a most exemplary man, and was highly respected and esteemed by all who knew him. His widow now makes her home in Ashton, Iowa. Unto them were born elev- en children, ten of whom are still living, and of these our subject is next to the youngest. Mr. Carmichael was a mere boy when he accompanied his parents on their remov- al to Calhoun county, and his education was acquired in the public schools of Rockwell City. He was reared to agricultural pur- suits upon the home farm, but on reaching manhood chose a mercantile career. He was first employed as clerk in his brother's store at Ashton for two years, and then went to Everly, Iowa, where in partnership with his brother. J. H. Carmichael. he em- barked in business on his own account. This connection lasted about three years, at the end of which time our subject purchased his brother's interest and was alone in busi- ness until coming to Lohrville in February, 1899. Here he carries a complete line of drugs and also handles school books. He has a well regulated store and enjoys an

excellent trade, which is constantly increas- ing.

In 1894 Mr. Carmichael married Miss Lizzie Roberts, a native of Dallas Center. Iowa, and to them has been born one son, Paul Elmer. Religiously he is a member of the Catholic church, and politically he is identified with the Democratic party. Dur- ing his residence in Lohrville he has made many warm friends, and is held in high re- gard by all who know him.

CHARLES W. TITUS.

One of the most practical and enterpris- ing farmers of Garfield township is Charles W . Titus, who has long been actively iden- tified with the agricultural interests of this county. He is a native of the Prairie state, his birth having occurred in Adams county, Illinois, on the 2d of September, 1845. A<t an early day his father, Malichia W. Titus. born April 15, 1819, had removed from New York to Illinois, and i.i Adams cotinty took up a tract of wild land, which he broke with oxen and later converted it into a good farm. He was subsequently a resident of Henderson county. Illinois, for a time, and spent his last years in Wisconsin, where he died on August 18, 1866. He was a soldier of the Civil war and a farmer by occupa- tion. He was twice married, the mother ot oin- subject being in her maidenhood Miss Sarah Utter, born April 22, 1823, and died on the 1 2th of October, 1854. By that union there were four children: Charles W., of this review: and David, who is now living in Colorado: also Levonia and Luke K.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

47 5

Our subject grew to manhood in Illinois, bis early life being mainly passed in Hender- son county. He received a good district education, and early acquired an ex- cellent knowledge of every department of farm work. At the age of eighteen years be started out in life for himself by working a- a farm hand at fourteen dollars per in was thus employed for about three years. In 1868 he came to towa and 1. >r three years operated rented land in Polk county.

As a companion and helpmeet on life's journey Mr. Titus chose Miss Alice Payne, and they were united in marriage in 1871. born in Polk county, Iowa, July 1, 1854, a daughter of Jesse and Clarky t Cruni ) Payne, both of whom were natives bf Indiana. Unto Air. and Mrs. Titus the following children were born : (1) Francis .M.. born November 14, 1872, married Inez Garten, and they have two children, Bessie and Howard. 1 2 ) Samuel T., born Decem- ber 28, 1874. married Edith Garten. (3) Ernest A, hum February 28, 1S76. is still at home. (4) Irene E.. born October 21, 1878, is now the wife of Clifford Garten, and they have one daughter, Alice, and an infant son. (5) Robert J., born March 10, at In mie. (6) Isaac D., born June 10. [884, died November 27, 1901. (7) John \\\. born July 10. 1890. (8) Charles C, born May 22, 1893, and (9) Eva Z.. born January g, [896, are all at home.

The first land which Mr. Titus owned was a tract in Nebraska, which he disposed of after it had been in his possession for a short time. Coming to Calhoun county. I' wa. he purchased his present farm in Gar- field township about [884, it consisting at thai time of two hundred and forty acre-, t"

which he has since added until he now has a valuable tract of land of three hundred and sixty acres. At one time he also 1 -w hed one hundred and sixty acres of land in Elm Grove township, but has since sold that, and now has three hundred and twenty acres in South Dakota besides his property in this state. He has made all of the improvements upon his home farm, including the erection of a nice residence, and he and his sons are successfully engaged in the operation of all his land in Garfield township. Energetic, enterprising and industrious he has met with marked success in his undertakings. His possessions have been acquired through his own unaided efforts, and as the result of his consecutive endeavor he has won a place among the substantial citizens of his com- munity. Mr. Titus attends the Methodist EpiscopaJ church and affiliates with the Re- publican party, and he has most efficiently served as school director and trustee.

CHRIS HOCHSCHWENDER.

This well known resident of Williams township is one of the leading German-born citizens of Calhoun county, and in his suc- cessful business career he has shown the characteristic thrift and enterprise of his race. Beginning with no capital save that acquired by his own industry, he has become one of the well-to-do and pr< ispen ms farm- ers of his community.

Mr. Hochschwender was born in Ger- many nil the 15th of October, 1840, and was reared and educated in his native land. There his parents spent their entire lives. \t the age of twenty-six years he resolved to

476

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

try his fortune in America, where he be- lieved better opportunities were afforded ambitious and industrious young men than in the older countries of the east, and ac- cordingly he crossed the broad Atlantic. He first located in Sac county, Iowa, where he w i rked on a farm one year, and then went to Des Moines. Iowa, where he engaged in railroad word for a time. He was also em- ployed in a brickyard and followed various occupations during his three years sojourn at that place. He next went to Sheboygan, W isconsin, but after spending two months in that city, proceeded to the copper mines m the Lake Superior region, where he work- ed one summer, and then returned to She- boygan. The following spring he went to J 'uluth, Minnesota, where he worked on public and government works until fall, when he went back to Wisconsin. In the spring of 1872 we again find him in Sac county, Iowa, where he worked on the first court house and at farming upon rented land for about twelve years. In 1882 he pur- chased one hundred and sixty acres of land near Sac City, to which he afterward added a tract of fifty-six acres, and which he im- proved by the erection of good buildings. Selling his property there in the summer of 1888, he moved to Calhoun county the fol- lowing spring, and bought three hundred and twenty acres of land in Williams town- ship, where he now resides. He built a good modern dwelling upon the place, sub- stantial barns and outbuildings, and now has a well improved and valuable farm, to the cultivation and development of which he de- votes his entire time and attention.

On the 24th of January, 1870, Mr. Hochschwender was united in marriage with Miss Mary Rommalfeuger, who was

also born in Germany, .May 24, 1844. and came to the United States when ten years of age with her mother, her father having died in his native land. The mother nrs~t made her home with a son who -came to America at the same time, but was living with our subject in Sac county, Iowa, at the time of her death. Of the eight children born to Mr. and Mrs. Hochschwender one died in infancy, and Lawrence died at the age of thirteen years and three months from the effects of a kick of a. horse. Those liv- ing are as follows : Rose, born September 7, 1871. is now the wife of Frank Vancleve, of Buena Vista county, Iowa; Anna, borj October 5, 1*872, is the wife of Mertcj Campbell of Sac county, Iowa; .Man. borfl November 8. i,x74, js the wife of' James Lewin, who lives near Newell, Iowa; George, born March 21, 1877, married Nanq Riley and resides in Fonda, [owaj Frederick, born August 21, 1878, and Ef- fie, born March 29. 1887, are both at home. The parents held membership in St. Mary's Roman Catholic church of Fonda, and are highly respected and esteemed by all who know them.

M. M. SMITH.

In the fnmt ranks of the columns that have advanced the civilization of Iowa Mr, Smith stands, being numbered among those who have led the way to the substantial de- velopment, progress and upbuilding of west- ern hnva, being particularly active in the growth of Calhoun county, where lie Mil! makes his home. He is numbered anion- the pioneers here, his memory going back to the time when this entire region was but sparse-

:he biographical record.

lv settled, when the Indians were still seen in the locality and the land had not been re- claimed for the uses of the white man, but remained in the primitive condition in which it came from the hand of nature. Because he is an hen. red pioneer and because he has labored so indefatigably for the substantial development of the county. Air. Smith well deserves mention in its history.

A native of Lamoille county, Vermont, he was burn August 23, 1823, a son of Al- fred and Sarah ( Hatch) Smith, the former a native of Connecticut and the latter of the Green Mountain state, where their marriage occurred. Air. Smith engaged in farming. but died when our subject was only five years of age. He was a Whig in his po- litical affiliations and was a Universalist in his religious faith. His widow became the wife of Edward B. Walsh, a native of •ho was also a farmer by occupa- tion and followed that pursuit in Vermont. By her first marriage the mother of our sub- jfid had rive children, while seven were born of the second marriage, three of the num- ber still In ing.

In the district schools of Williamstown, Vermont, M. M. Smith acquired his educa- tion, putting aside his text books at the age of twenty, in order to become an active fac- tor in business life. He first engaged in farming, and in March, 1852, started for California, attracted by the discovery of gold in that state. There he engaged in mining. enduring all the hardships incident to that period when -o many men flocked to the Pa- tst, which was almost entirely desti- tute 1 f the ci mforts of the east. In his work there, however, Mr. Smith was quite :. and in March. 1S55, he returned to Vermont.

On the 6th of December, of the same year, at Wolcott, Vermont, Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Martha J. Bliss, a native of Fairly, Vermont. Tin their domestic life upon a farm in the Green Mountain state, but eventually Mr. Smith sold his farm there, and in the spring of 1864 made his way westward to Wisconsin, settling in Rock county, where he rented a farm and remained for six years. In 1870 he brought his family to Calhoun county, and purchased one hundred and sixty acres of wild prairie land in Center township. He immediately fenced it, broke a part of it with ox teams and built a frame house, six- teen by twenty feet, which is still standing on the old farm. Manson at that time con- tained two stores, which were then con- ducted by James Glover and B. F. Freeburg. Fort Dodge was the market where Air. Smith purchased his supplies, which was distant from his home about twenty miles by wagon road, while Lake City, then the county seat, was twenty-four miles away. There was not a single settlement between his hi me and Lake City, which then con- tained three business houses. Wolves were frequently seen and ofttimes made depreda- tions upon the farm yards. Deer were so numerous that venison was by no means an uncommon dish upon the pioneer's table and all kinds of wild fowls were to be had in abundance. The greatest danger came from the prairie fires, which were a menace to civilization. When a lire started it was al- most impossible to stop it and the flames would often leap fifty feet high. In early morning Mr. Smith would take his place 111 the field and until nightfall Would continue the task of improving his land. Through frugality, industry and diligence he added

478

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

to his property until he now owns three hun- dred acres, constituting one of the finest farms in the county. It is splendily equipped with an excellent set of buildings, including a comfortable residence, large barns and cattle sheds. His residence is located on section i, Calhoun township. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Smith was born but one child, George C, who married Lorana Churchill, by whom he has a son, Roy. He is now engaged in the creamery business in Somers. In his political belief Mr. Smith is a Republican and has held all the township of- fices. For twenty-four years he was school treasurer — a fact which indicates that he was most faithful to his duty. He beli ngs to both the Masonic and Odd Fellows fra- ternities, and attends the Congregational church. He is thoroughly familiar with pioneer history and with the beginning of many things which have contributed to the upbuilding of the county. Center township was a part of Lincoln township when he first located within its borders. He organ- ized a committee that petitioned to have the township set off, which vftas done, and he was one of the committee that located the county seat. He circulated the petition for the removal of the county seat from Lake City to Rockwell City, working hard and spending much time in the accomplishment of that work. He was also instrumental in organizing school districts and having schcolhouses built, and has been an active factor in promoting educational interests. He also labored to secure good roads, in fact there is no movement of importance to the county of a public nature which he has ni t endorsed and to many has given his active aid and influence. His life has there- fore been of benefit to the community and

when the full history of Calhoun county is written, his name will figure conspicuously on many of its pages.

GEORGE C. WRIGHT.

George C. Wright, of Knierim, Iowa, is now doing a good business as a dealer in real estate, and is also successfully managing the lumber business of F. R. Anderson § Company. A young man of superior execu- tive ability and sound judgment, he already occupies a good position in the commercial world and has attained a fair degree of prosperity.

A native of Illinois. Mr. Wright was born in Shabbona, Dekalb county, May '14, 1869, and is a representative of an old and honored family of that county. In the tan of 185 1 his grandfather, Thomas Wright, in company with S. Story, William Cutts and Joseph Billam, emigrated from Eng- land to this country and founded what be- came known as the English settlement in the western part of Shabbona township, Dekalb county, Illinois. He was born in Woodhull, Yorkshire, England, December 21, 1802, a son of William and Fannie Wright, and on reaching manhood was married in his na- tive parish. April 3. 1831, to Mis> .Mary Mulli'ns, who was born in the same county. February 6, 1S09, her parents being George and Julianna Mullins. By this union were born five children, of whom George Wright, our subject's father, was the eldest. Ann, born July 13. 1835. is now the wife of Will- iam Cutts. of Lee county, Illinois; William, born May 9, 1840, entered the Union army during the Civil war as a member of Com- pany E, One Hundred and Fifth Infantry,

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481

and being wounded in the battle of Resaca, May 15. [864, died in a hospital on the 25th of the same month; Robert M., burn No- vember 1. 1844, is now an attorney of Fort Dodge, Iowa, and was once the owner of what is now the town site of Knierim, hav- ing sold to William Knierim, St., eighty acres of land for four hundred and eighty dollars; julianna, born January 31, 1847, is the wife of James Spaulding, of Palo Alto county, Iowa. The father of these children continued to engage in farming in Dekalb county, Illinois, until about eight rears prior to his death, when he removed to Lee county, that state, where he passed awa_\ September 7. [882. He was a Repub- lican in politics and an earnest member of the Methodist Episcopal church.

George Wright, the father of our sub- ject, was born near Sheffield, England, Oc- tober in, 1832, and was reared in Darnell, three miles from that city. He came to this country with his parents at the age of eight- een years, and in November, 1851. became a resident of Shabbona, Dekalb county, Illi- nois. There he was married. February 26, [857, to Miss Elizabeth Scott, who was born in Brooklyn, New York, September 3, 1835, a daughter of William and Jane Scott, who were of English descent. Seven children blessed this union: Thomas W., born De- cember 29, 1857. married Jane Parris, and 1- now engaged in farming south of Knie- rim, fowa; Mary J., born December 11, iNy,, is the wife of Clark Richardson, a coal dealer of Knierim ; John E.. born March 25, [861, married Sadie Willrett and lives in Dekalb county, Illinois; Cora E., born December 4. [862, is the wife of William W. Hallett, principal of the schools of Ro- selle, Illinois; Stephen A., born December 8, [865, is a real estate dealer of Pawpaw,

Illinois; George C, our subject, is the next in order of birth; Robert S., born Februar) 8, 1877, died of scarlet fever May 8, 1881. The mother of these children died in Illi- nois March 11, 1877, and on the 25th of February, 1879, the father was again mar- ried, his second union being with Miss Emily Johnson, who was born in Sweden, Novem- ber 1, 1840, a daughter of John and Chris- tina E. Johnson, also natives of that coun- try. The father of our subject also died in the Prairie state, December 12, 1889. Both parents were faithful and consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and the father was a Republican in politics, always supporting that party from the time he cast his first presidential vote for John C. Fremont.

Mr. Wright, of this review , was educated in the public schools of Lee, Illinois, and on starting out in life for himself worked on a farm in his native county for about two years. He then came to Calhoun county, Iowa, February 8, 1889, and here he was similarly employed one year. In the fall of 1889 he purchased a quarter-section of land on section 8, Greenfield township, which he greatly improved, building a house in the fall of the second year. Prior to his mar- riage he made his home with his brother while operating his land.

On the 16th of September, 1891, Mr. Wright was united in marriage with Miss Julia R. Mace, of Malta, Illinois, who is the second in order of birth and onl) daughter in a family of five children. Her parents. Henry and Mary ( Werden) Mace, were na- tives of England and Michigan, respective- ly. Mr. and Mrs. Wright have three chil- dren: Robert 11.. born February 17. [893; Merle E., July 21, [899; and Stephen !■'... December 23, 1901.

482

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

After his marriage Mr. Wright contin- ued to reside upon his farm until March, 1901, when he removed to Knierim, where he owns a comfortable modern residence in the west part of the town. He has since en- gaged in the real estate business at this place, and on the 1st of November. 1901. took charge of the lumber yard of F. R. Ander- son & Company, carrying it on quite success- fully ever since. Mr. Wright takes quite an active and influential part in Leal politics, and is now creditably serving as a member of the town council. He filled the office of assessor of Greenfield township for four years, and in January, 1900, was elected jus- tice of the peace, being the present incum- bent in that office. Fraternally he is a mem- ber of the Brotherhood of American Yeo- man and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; and politically is identified with the Republican party. He is one of the leading and popular citizens of Knierim. and is highly respected by all who know him.

FRAXKLIX B. SPAWX.

Not only has Iowa become known as a grain growing state but its shipments of fruit have become so extensive that its repu- tation in this direction has placed it among the leading fruit raising states of the Union. The leading representative of this industry in Calhoun county is Franklin B. Spawn, a well known horticulturist, whose success- ful efforts have made his opinion an author- ity in connection with everything in his line, especially in the production of apples. He is an enterprising, energetic man. and his labors have brought to him well de- served prosperity.

Mr. Spawn was born in Albany county, New York, March 28, 1852. His father ] William Spawn,' was born in Greene coun- ty, that state, on the 1st of May. 1814. ami was descended from German lineage. Re- moving to the west in 1S65, he died in Pomeroy, Iowa. February 26, 1888. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Tem- perance Benjamin, was born in Greene county. New York, March 28, 1814, ami represents an old English family that was early established in Connecticut. Her death occurred at Brant Lake. South Dakota. Mav 15. 1894, and she was laid to rest in the Pomeroy cemetery. Calhoun county. The parents of our subject were married in [832; and unto them were born eight children: Henry, a resident of Dell Rapids, South Da- kota; Isaac, whose home is in Roscoe, Illi- nois ; Zina, who died in Schoharie countv, Xew York; Lewis and William J., who art residents of Brant Lake, South Dakota; Mary, who died in infancy: Franklin B. : and Elida. who died in Pomeroy. Henrv, Lewis and William J. were all soldiers of the Civil war, Lewis being the first man to enlist in Schoharie county, Xew York, becoming a member of the Eighteenth Xew York In- fantry. Henry was quartermaster sergeant in the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry and William J. was a member of the One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Xew York Infantry. Lewis Spawn had one son. Lute, who served his country in the Spanish-American war, and another brother of our subject, Zina Spawn. also had a son. who went forward to pro- tect American rights in the latest military struggle in which our country has been en- gaged. Henry had two sons in said war. one. of whom spent one year in Manila. Philippine Islands. In the year 1865 the

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4? 3

family removed to Winnebago county. Illi- i: is, locating upon a farm, which was their In me until 1870, when they took up their ii Calhoun county. Franklin B. Spawn, whose name intro- duces this review, remained with his father upon the home farm until 1873. after which he was employed as a farm hand for two vears in Calhoun and Grundy enmities, Iowa. In 1875 'ie purchased the farm upon which he now lives, and his father removed to Pomeroy at that time. For twenty-nine vears Mr. Spawn has resided upon the farm which is now his home, and while his life has been marked by no exciting events, it has been characterized by the faithful per- formance of duty and fidelity to every ob- ligation. He owns sixty-five acres on the n. rtheast quarter of the southeast quarter of section thirty-two on the shore of Twin Lakes, and in connection with general farm- ing he raises some stock, but is perhaps best known as a representative of the horticul- tural interests of the county. He is ex- tensively engaged in raising apples, and the shipments from his farm find a ready sale upon the market owing to their large size and excellent quality.

On the 24th of December. 1879, Mr. Spawn was united in marriage to Miss Louisa Marple, the daughter of Elwood and \m\ Marple. The father was b rn in

ania, March jj, 1820, and 1 n the 24th of November, 1841. the parents 1 1" our subject were married. The lady was born

31, 1X17. and this worthy couple became the parents of eight children : Anna !•'. , who was born December 5. 1842, and died March [2, 1900; Harriett, who wa bom March 22, 1844, and is the widow of John June-, of Newton, [owa; Adelaid,

who was born December 29, 1845, and died on the 1st of March, 1898; Abram, who was born July 25, 1847. and is living in Pome- roy; Louisa, who was born May 25, [850, and is the honored wife of Mr. Spawn; Amy A., who was born June 5, 1853, ani^ 's the widow of Newton Scott, of Marathon; Frank, who was born May 1 1, 1856, and died in 1880; and Clara E., who was born December 23, 1857, and is the wife of Henry Wheeler, of Colorado. The father of this family departed this life on the 25th of November, 1889, and his wife passed away on the 20th of May, 1880.

The home of Franklin B. and Louisa Spawn has been blessed with six children : Harry L., who was born May 22. 1881 ; Ernest, who was born May 30, 1882, and died on the 15th of September of that year; Hazel J., who was burn November 311, [884, and died August 13, 1890; Fannie May. who was born February 4. 1888; Nellie M., who was born April 17, 1891, and died on the 17th of September following; and Amy M.. whose birth occurred Oct [892. Mr. Spawn and his family hold mem- bership in the Methodist church in Pome- roy. He gives his political support to the Republican party, and his fellow townsmen, recognizing his worth and ability, have fre- quently called him to office. He has served as road supervisor, constable, justice of tin. peace and township trustee, and in all of these positions has discharged his duties with signal fidelity and promptness. Mr. Spawn is what the world calls a self-made man. owing his prosperity entirely to his enterprising efforts. The first land which iie ever owned was purchased with the pi'" 1 ceeds of the sale of muskrat hides, having trapped these little animals in 1 rder to sell

4§4

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

their fur. Always his industry and energy have been salient characteristics in his career and have enabled him to overcome many difficulties and obstacles in his path. He lived in the county when deer were fre- quently seen, when wolves made the night hideous with their howling and when many kinds i if wild fowl were found upon the lake. He has endured all the hardships and pri- \;iu. ns i f pioneer life, but with resolute purpose he has met such difficulties and to- da\ l- enjoying all the comforts of an ad- vanced civilization.

CHARLES W. ALEXANDER.

If tho_se who claim that fortune has fa- vored certain individuals above others will but investigate the cause of success and fail- ure, it will be found that the former is large- ly due to the improvement of opportunity, the latter to the neglect of it. Fortunate en- vironments encompass nearly every man at some stage in his career, but the strong man and the successful man is he wdio realizes the proper moment has come, that the pres- ent and not the future holds his opportunity. The man who makes use of the Xow and not the To Be is the one who passes on the highway of life others who started out ahead of him, and reaches the goal of prosperity far in advance of them. It is this quality in Charles W. Alexander that has made him a leader in the business world and won him an enviable name in connection with Cal- houn county that is widely known. He was born in Watertown, Wisconsin, August 16, 1861, his parents being Arthur and Sarah Ann (Havhurst) Alexander, both of whom

were natives of England. On crossing the Atlantic to the new world, the father took up hi- abode in Wisconsin and was married in that state. He is a mechanic and fob lowed that line of business at a time when most work was done by hand and it it b\ machinery. In the year 1865 he removed to Maquoketa, Iowa, and took charge of the barrel factory at that place, continuing there for two years. On the expiration of that period he removed to Portland. Wisconsin, where he established a wagon shop and car- riage factory, conducting the same success-* fully until the winter of 1869-70. In the fall of 1 869 he drove to Sac county, Iowa, and in the spring of 1870 he took up a home- stead claim four miles northeast of Newell, in Buena Vista county, Iowa. The family remained upon this farm until 1876, and in the meantime he had perfected his title. The father, however, did not devote his en- tire attention to agricultural pursuits, being associated with George Emory in a contract- ing business in Sac City. In the winter of i*7'>-77 he returned to Wisconsin and en- tered the employ of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company in its car shops at Watertown, serving in that capacity until the fall of 1879, when he became a resi- dent of Mason City, Iowa. There he be- came a representative of the Milwaukee car shops and also did a contracting business, making his home in Mason City until his death, which occurred in July, 1886. His widow still survives him and is now living in Dakota. In their family were eight chil- dren, of whom our subject is the eldest, the others being: T. A., an attorney of Jack- son, Minnesota ; Annie Ruth, the wife of George Kernan. who is principal of the schools in Summit, South Dakota; I. H..

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485

who 1- engaged in the real estate business in Summit, and owns the site of the new Car- gegie; Mabel Emma, the wife of Ed. Gib- son, who is editor of a paper in Welcome, Minnesota; Alice, the wife of E. Wartenbee, of Dexter, South Dakota; Laura, who is married and lives in Dexter; and Roscoe, wln> makes his home with his mother in Summit, South Dakota.

Mr. Alexander, whose name introduces this review, together with his mother and his brother, J. H. Alexander, took home- stead claims near Dexter, South Dakota, and made the necessary improvements thereon whereby to secure their titles. In his early youth our subject attended the district schools of Buena Vista county and was also a student in Sac City for several years. He spent one year in an academy at Wilson Junction, and one year continuing his edu- cation at Osage. He had worked with his lather at carpentering and in the car shops, and thus gained a good knowledge of the business, so that when he started in business on his own account at the age of twenty- three years, he was well equipped for the duties that devolved upon him. He he- came a contractor and builder of Mason City, where he remained for two years, and then entered the service of the John Paul Lumber Company, being the second man in their employ. After six months he was sent to Nora Springs, Iowa, to manage their inter- ests there and continued in charge until the spring of [891. < >n the 8th of May of that year he came to Pomeroy as their agent and later became a partner in the Woodford & Wheeler Lumber Company, acting as man- ager of the business for two years. In 1893 lie was admitted to an equal partnership in their enterprise and his labors and business

ability contributed in no small measure to its success. In 1897 he established the lum- ber business under the firm name of < . \V. Alexander & Company, which was incorpor- ated under the laws of Iowa. This firm be- gan operations at Vermillion, South Dakota, and is now conducting a successful business there. Mr. Alexander is thoroughly in- formed concerning lumber values and through his enterprise and capable manage- ment, he has succeeded in building up an extensive trade.

In March. 1885. was celebrated the mar- riage of our subject and Miss Lucy T. Bar- ton, a daughter of W. H. and Emilia (Clarke) Barton, both of whom were na- tives of Vermont. Her father is now a re- tired farmer and makes his home in Minne- sota. The marriage of our subject and bis wife has been blessed with seven children, namely: Amelia Sarah, born February, [886; Arthur B., bom January 24, 1888; Paul, born in December. 1889; Addie S., born in August. 1891 : Barton, born in June, 1893; Clarke, born in December, 1895; and Lucian H.. born in 1898.

At the time of the great cyclone which swept over Pomeroy on the 6th of July, 1893, Mr. Alexander and his wife and five children were in their home and he was slightly injured. All of the shingles, the porches, the roof and the back part of the house were carried away, but on account of the front door being left open there was a draught which swept through the house and not against it. and thus it was saved. In Feb- ruary, i')<>_\ Mr. Alexander sold his inter- ests in the lumber yard at Pomeroy to his partners there and bought a lumber yard at I.i hrville, Iowa, also a lumber yard at Rands, Iowa, and increased the capital stock

486

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

of the C. W. Alexander & Co. c

'/ico. and expects to establi of -vanl Great Western Railroad

on the new line from Fort Dodge to ( >maha, passing through Lohrville and making Lohrville headquarters. Mr. Alexander is very prominent in fraternal circles, belong- ing i' S. Iar Lodge, No. 475, F. X A. M., in which he is now serving as senior warden. Both he and his wife are connected with the order of the Eastern Star and they belong to the Royal Neighbors. He is likewise a member , f the Modern Woodmen Camp. and gives his firm allegiance to the benef- icent principles upon which these fratern- ities are founded. In musical circles Mr. Alexander is considered one of the best mu- sicians in the country. He possesses a heavy, rich, bass voice of wonderful range and power, hence his services are always in de- mand to assist in furnishing appropriate music for the special occasions during the year. In religious faith he is a Baptist and "i In- political belief is a Republican. He has served as a member of the city council for two years and for ten years has been a member of the school board, the cause of education finding in him a warm friend.

SANFORD L. KENT.

Sanford L. Kent, who is engaged in gen- eral farming and stock raising, is a well- known representative of agricultural inter- ests, and steadily has he advanced to a posi- tion among the affluent men of the commun- ity. He was born in Clinton county. New York, on the Saranac river. August 25. 1844. His father. Hehner B. Kent. 'was

horn in the same county in March, 17'gJ and is a representative of a famiK of ErJ lish origin. He married Sarah Moore, ulm was born near Lake Champlain, in New York, about 1822, the marriage being cele- brated about 1839. They became the par- ents of six children: Marietta, the wife of Alexander J. Luckless, a resident of Low J Massachusetts; Caroline, now deceased, and who was the wife of Wallace McKinny ; Sanford L, the subject of this review; Henry, who is living j„ Lowell, Massachu- setts ; Susan, who became the wife of |bha Bigelow, a resident of Ellenberg, Cent® county, Xew York; and William N., uli,, resides in Manson, Iowa. The father of this family was a blacksmith by trade, fol- lowing that pursuit for forty year-, lie spent his entire life in the county of his na- tivity, passing away in 1879, while his wife died in March, 1880.

Sanford L. Kent acquired his early edu- cation in Clinton county, and in 186] re- sponded to the call for troops to aid in the suppression of the rebellious spirit of the south. He joined the Ninth Vermi nl I; fantry, but on account of his youth was not sent out of the state. He was at that time hardly seventeen years of age. On the 28th of December, 1803, however, he once m, ire enlisted, becoming a member of Company M, Fifteenth New York Cavalry, under command of Captain Seth J. Stevens and Colonel Root. The regiment was assigned to the army of the Potomac, becoming con- nected with Sheridan's cavalry in the Fifth Army Corps. Mr. Kent was on d service most of the time, but participated in the engagements of Fishers Hill, Piedmont and Lynchburg. He acted as mail carrier between Green Spring Run and the camp

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

487

at Burlington for two months. This was a verv dangerous position and attended with many hardships. In the winter of 1804 and

acted as forage master near Win- chester, Virginia. In July, [864, he was promoted to the rank of corporal and on the 23rdof June, 1865, and was mustered oul at I oud Mills, Virginia. He was a faithful sol- dier, !' \ al tn the cause which he espoused,

fforts in behalf of his country were effective and and valuable. Returning to New York, Mr. Kent remained in the Em- pire state until April, 1869, when he re- moved to Douglas county, Kansas, to spend only a few weeks there, and in May came to Calhoun county, Iowa, securing a home- stead in Sherman township. Here he has keen continuously since and is familiar with pioneer history. In the early days he trapped muskrats for their hide and underwent all the hardships and privations "of pioneer life. August 2, 1870. the house was entirely de- stroyed by a tornado. It was night and the family were all in the rooms on the sec- ond floor. They sustained a number of bruises, but none of them were seriously in- jured. During- the cyclone of [893 many trees upon the place were blown down, but very little damage otherwise was done. Mr. Kent nwns altogether three hundred and twenty acres of valuable land, including the t quarter of section 26, Sherman township, upon which he is now living, and the northeast quarter of section 25. ■ He raises a great deal of stock, having one hun- dred and twenty-live head of cattle upon his farm at the present time. He breed- Here- ford catlte and expects in time to have a herd of full-blooded animals. He also makes a specialty of the raising of Poland China hogs, and the stock from his farm

finds a ready sale on the market owing ti its tde. His land is all fenced and tilled and many excellent improvements ha placed upon In- property, transforming it into a very desirable tract. For twenty years after he came to the count] ducted a threshing machine, ami at one time lie engaged in buying and selling cattle for shipment, but now raises all of the stock which he ships. In addition to his farm he owns city property in Manson and is today one of the most progressive and pn agriculturists of his community.

On the 27th of March. 1867, Mr. Kent was United in marriage to Frances Bishop, who was born April 4, 1848. Her father, Jefferson Bishop, who was a native of Essex county, New York, was born April 9, 1822, and his death occurred in 1879. His wife, who In .re the maiden name of Frances Tomlinson, was born in Essex county. Xew York, in [828, and departed this life on the 2nd of August, 1852. They were married in their native county and became the par- ents of three children, namely : Mrs. Kent ; Alice, the wife of Mark Creaser, of Britton. South Dakota; and. Mary, the widow of Henry Hyde, of Chicago. Eight children have blessed the marriage of our subject and his wife: Fred L., who was born June 25, [868, and i- living in Corvallis, Oregon; Will H., who was born September 20, 1872, and is principal of the schools in Millers- burg, Illinois: Chaiuncey, born January 15, 1871, -and died April 8, 1875: Ida, who was bom August 15. 1874, and passed away on the 4th of April, 1875: TTervia. born Jan- uary 31, 1877, and whose death occurred September 5, 1877: Leslie, whose birth oc- curred on the 22nd of August, 1878, and who is now residing in Calhoun county;

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Victor, born August 25, 1880, also a resi- dent of Calhoun county, and Eugene, born on July 2j. 1890, at home with his parents. The parents hold member- ship in the Methodist church at Manson, and Mr. Kent exercises his right of fran- chise in support of the men and measures of the Republican party. He has been a mem- ber of the board of county supervisors for six years and for one year served as its chairman. While serving on the board, he was instrumental in securing the erection of the new county house, the contract price being ninety-one hundred and sixty-one dol- lars, while the cost was ten thousand dollars. Mr. Kent has also been constable, trustee, road supervisor and school director, and in every position which he has been called upon to fill, he has proved his loyalty to the gen- eral good by the faithful performance of duly. He has attended many conventions of his party and is a leading and influential Republican of his community. His wife was the first woman to ride over the Illinois Central railroad from Fort Dodge to Man- son, and both Mr. and Airs. Kent are well- known pioneer people, who for many years have witnessed the growth and development of this section of the state. When our sub- ject arrived in Calhoun county his cash cap- ital consisted of only one hundred and twen- ty-nine dollars in money and in addition he had a few household effects. Today he stands among the prosperous farmers of this portion of the state and a record of the inter- vening years shows that his life has been one of marked activity, energy and perseverance. Realizing that there is no royal road to wealth, with persistent effort he undertook the task of acquiring a good home and a competence and has succeeded admirably in

the work he set himself to do. His sound business judgment, supplementing his un- faltering industry, have enabled him to ad- vance step by step until he occupies a prom- inent position among the prosperous and honored men of Calhoun county.

HUGH C. MOORE.

This well known and popular business man of Knierim, Iowa, is one of Calhoun county's native sons and a worth represen- tative of one of her most prominent and hon- ored families, whose identification with her history dates from an early period in the de- velopment of the county. His father, Thom- as Moore, was born in New York about 1845. and when three years old accompanied his parents on their removal to Wellington county. Canada. Two years later his mother died and the father only survived her three years. Thus Mr. Moore was left an orphan at the early age of eight years. In 1865 he and L. Kidder, now a resident of Cedar Rapids. Iowa, left Detroit, Michigan, and came west. For some time they were in the government service as scouts on the plains, and led the life of frontiersmen for four years. They were known on the plains as Little Buckskin and Big Buckskin. Mr. Moore being six feet nine inches in height, while Mr. Kidder was only five feet, six inches. The friendship between these two was much like that of Jonathan and David, and when they separated and settled down on homesteads in Iowa they agreed that when either should die the other would at- tend the funeral if possible to do so. This pledge was faithfully kept by Mr. Kidder, who responded in person to a telegram an-

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491

Bouncing the death of Mr. Moore, October 1 1 j. (899, and was one of the the six men to bear the body of his old comrade to the grave. On his return from the west in [868 tlie father of our subject first settled at Cedar Falls, but the following- year came to Calhoun county and secured a homestead in Center township, where he engaged in fanning throughout the remainder of his life. While on the plains he once walked from Nebraska City to Santa Fe, New Mex- ico, a distance of fourteen hundred miles, its requiring three months to make the trip. He drove an ox-team hauling supplies, and on his arrival in New Mexico worked on a gov- ernment fort. He was also employed as a woodman for a time and the hardships he was forced to endure in those early days would require, a whole chapter to relate. When he homesteaded land in this state he walked from Fort Dodge to his farm. He was one of the most prominent and influen- tial men of his community, and was fre- quently solicited to become a candidate for important official positions, but always re- fused, though he served as trustee of Center township from 1891 to 1895, and was again the nominee of his party for that office at the time of his death. He always affiliated with the Democratic party, and his friends tried in vain to persuade him to become a candidate for representative just before his death. In childhood he had but limited op- portunity for acquiring an education, only attending school for a few months, hut he always kept abreast with the times and was well-read and thoroughly informed on the qui stions and issues of the day. Hew-as also a good conversationalist and his mental qual- ities were much above the average. He was not only kind and charitable, but was the soul or honor and truth. His funeral was

one of tin- largest ever seen in Calhoun coun- ty, many coming from long distances to paj their last tribute of respect to the departed. These included his brother. William Moore, from Anselmo, Nebraska. The service was a very impressive one and was performed by Rev. Father Hehir at the Catholic church in Manson, Iowa, of which Mr. Moore was a communicant. Politically he was a stal- wart Democrat and a standard bearer of his party.

On the 22d of May, 1S71, Thomas Moore was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Clarke, a daughter of Hugh G. and Ellen Clarke. Her father died in Au- gust, 1 88 1. and her mother now makes her home with Mrs. Foley in Manson, Iowa. Mrs. Moore is now making preparations to locate on her claim in Oklahoma territory. She is the mother of seven, children, who in order of birth are as follows : Clarence J., who is now married and engaged in the drug business in Lohrville, Iowa; Hugh C, our subject; F. W.. who is engaged in clerking in Manson ; Nellie, a bookkeeper at Grinned. Iowa ; Frank, who is operating the home farm ; Frances, who is teaching school in this county; and Joseph, who is now ten years old and is with his mother. The chil- dren have all been afforded good educational advantages and the family is one of promi- nence in the community where they reside. The father had one sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Fisher, who was drowned in Lake Erie.

Reared in this county, Hugh C. Moore attended its public schools throughout his boyhood and youth, and on leaving home at the age of eighteen years went to El Reno, Oklahoma, where he served as deputy coun- ty clerk under W. J. Clarke for two years. He next went to Wichita, Kan-, s, and en- tered the business college of thai place, from

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

which he was graduated in June, 1895, hav- ing pursued a commercial course in that in- stitution. He then returned to El Reno and worked in the clerk's office until November, 1895. when he came to Manson, Iowa, and for a short time was in the employ of T. E. Maiden, a grain dealer. In the spring of 1896 he commenced working on the home farm, and the following winter taught school in Sherman township, resuming agricultural pursuits when warm weather came again. Mr. Moore next accepted a position in the drug store of his brotherClarence J., at Lohr- ville, where he remained until March, 1899, and then attended the Highland Park School of Pharmacy for three months, after which he returned to Lohrville. In February, 1900, he became a registered pharmacist, having passed the required examination before the state board, and on the 5th of the following March bought the stock of general merchan- dise and drugs of J. H. Kelly at Knierim in partnership with T. O. McDermott, and they are now doing a successful business un- der the firm name of Moore & McDermott. The carry a large and well-selected stock, and by fair and honorable dealing have built up an excellent trade. In religious belief Mr. Moore is a Catholic, and in political senti- ment is a Democrat. He is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America and the Brotherhood of American Yeoman, and so- cial!} is quite pi >pular.

W. A. TOWNSEND.

Among the earnest men whose depth of character and strict adherence to principle excite the admiration of his contemporaries Mr. Townsend was prominent. Banking

institutions are the heart of the commercial bod\ indicating the healtlrfulness of trade, and the bank that follows a safe, conservsH tive business policy does more to establish public confidence in times of widespread financial depression than anything else. Such a course has the Citizens Bank fol- lowed under the able management of the subject of this sketch, who until his death, which occurred June 3. 1902, was its presi- dent. For thirty years he was a resident of Lake City, and his efforts contributed in no small degree to its improvement and de- vel ipment.

Mr. Townsend was born in Oneida county, Xew York, January 2, 1834, and was a son of Henry and Emily (II, Townsend, both of whom were natives of England. In that country they were reared and married, and about 1824 crossed the Atlantic to the United States, locating first in Xew York, whence they afterward made their way to Illinois in 1839, settling on a farm there, near Sycamore, DeKalb county. before the land came into market. There they spent their remaining days, the father devoting his energies to agricultural pur- suits throughout his business career. Mr. Townsend was one of a family of nine chil- dren and was the third in order of birth. His educational privileges were very meager, he attending the old-time subscrip- tion schools of Illinois for about one month during each year. After he had reached the4 age of ten years his time and attention were entirely given to farm work until after his marriage, when he divided his time between farming and blacksmithing. The year 1867 witnessed his arrival in Iowa. He took up his abode in Benton county, but in 1869 sold his business interests there and

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493

removed to Carroll county. In 1872 he came to Rake City, where he established a! blacksmith shop, which he conducted for three years. On the expiration of that period he engaged in the livery and hotel business lor two years and was afterward connected with stock dealing for two years. Later Other business pursuits claimed his energies until the winter of 1885, when he embarked in the banking business as one of the or- ganizers of the Citizens Bank. He was als. 1 engaged in the loan business and to a con- ■ .tent dealt in real estate; handling both city and country property. His labors in this direction contributed to the improve- ment and upbuilding of the community. He erected the Townsend block, in which the bank is located, and also another busi- ng-- house east of the bank, together with the Columbia building. This, however, did not cover the extent of his city property, and from his real-e'state investments he derived

a g 1 income. He made of the Citizens

Bank, of which he was president, a solid financial institution worthy of the confidence and support of the public, for he ever fol- lowed safe and conservative methods and his business integrity was above question. Mr. Townsend was married in Illinois, in 1855, to Miss Sarah Foster, who was born in Maine and went to the Prairie state when six years of age. They became the parents of three sons and also had an adopted daughter, now deceased. One son, R. \\\, is cashier of the bank, but the other members of the family have passed away. Prominent in the affairs of the city, Mr. Townsend was called to public office by those who recognized his ability and worth. F< '" two terms he served as councilman, and was filling that position at the time of his death. For several terms he was constable.

and was also deputy sheriff. He exercised his right of franchise 1 I the men

and measures of the Republican party. Fraternally he was a Mason, ha\ ii

an exemplar}- member of the craft since 1869. In manner he was courti pleasant, winning friends by his genial dis- position and h laracter, which commanded the respect of all. He was pub- lic spirited in an eminent degree, and through many years gave hi- support to whatever was calculated to promote the gen eral welfare. In all the relations of life, whether as banker, real-estate man. societ} official or private citizen, he was faithful and true, and in his life work, eventful and varied as it was, no shadow of wrong or suspicion of evil-doing darkened his hon- ored pathway. Death came to him in the midst of a most useful and honorable career, and no citizen here has ever been more deeply mourned.

EDWIN W. BURCH.

Edwin W, Burch, cashier of the Secur- ity Bank of Rockwell City, was born in Jackson township, Calhoun county, Novem- ber 5. 1869. His ancestry is distinctively American, and at an early period in the his- tory of this section of Iowa the Burch fam- ily was established here. In the district schools our subject obtained his early educa- tion, moving with his parents 1,, Rockwell Cite, in December, [881. He there attended school regularly until the summer of [885, when he began to do office work, beginning with his father. Rollin Burch. who was then county treasurer. Through the next two years he did clerical work for G© rge 1\-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Allison, county treasurer, W. E. Fuller, county auditor, and C. E. Offenbach, county recorder, and it is said of him that he was never out of employment.

On the ist of July, 1887, he entered the office of George L. Brower to learn the ab- stract, farm loan and real estate business, and received instruction from L. R. Patty, a very thorough business man. After work- ing there during the months of July and August he returned September ist to the office of Mr. Allison, where he assisted in collecting the second installment of tax for that year.

On the 14th of October, 1887, Mr. Burch returned to Mr. Brewer's office, tak- ing charge of the abstract department of his business until the ist of November, 1891, when the land and abstract office became the Security Bank, and Mr. Burch aided in its organization and has since that time served as cashier.

On the 30th of June, 1897, Mr. Burch was united in marriage to Miss Lillian Loughhead, who resided in the family of her uncle, R. W. Murphey, then county su- perintendent of schools, the wedding being celebrated in the Murphey home in Rock- well City. She was born in Morris, Illinois, November 21, 1875. a daughter of Charles W. and Esther (Murphey) Loughhead. Both were born of American parentage, the mother a native of Canada. They resided for several years in Grundy county, Illinois, removing to Grundy county. Iowa, in 1879, where her father died in that same year". Her mother removed with her people to Calhoun county, Iowa, in 1882, but died the following year.

Mrs. Burch taught several terms of school in the rural districts of this county, later attending the Woodbine (Iowa") Nor-

mal School, where she graduated with the class of 1896. The following school year she taught one of the intermediate grades in the schools of Lake City, Iowa.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Burch has been born one child, Edwin W., born November 22, 1 90 1. The parents hold membership in the Baptist church and are active in church and Sunday-school work. Their home is on the southeast corner of Seventh and Court streets, in Rockwell City.

DAVID T. MARTIN.

From no professional man do we ex- pect or exact so many of the cardinal vir- tues as from the physician. If the clergy- man is austere we imagine that his mind is absorbed with the contemplation of things beyond our ken ; if our lawyer is brusque and crabbed, it is the mark of genius; but in the physician we expect not only a su- perior mentality and comprehensive knowl- edge but sympathy as wide as the universe. Dr. Martin in large measure meets all of these requirements and is regarded by many as an ideal physician. Certainly if patronage is any criterion of ability he ranks high among the leading physicians and surgeons in Pomeroy, where he is now enjoying a large and lucrative practice.

The Doctor is a native of McLeansboro, Illinois, born September 5, 1854. His fa- ther, M. M. Martin, was a Baptist minister, who was born in Virginia in 1833. He married Miss Dora Sarp, who was a native of Germany and died in 1861. For many years Rev. Martin devoted his life to the work of the ministry. He obtained his theological education in Tennessee and Vir-

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495

ginia and is a man of scholarly attainments. He is now retired from his profession and li\ed at Marshall, Texas, for a time, hav- ing charge of the Doctor's ranch at that place, but now the land is leased and Rev. Martin makes his home in the Indian Terri- tory. In his political views he is a Repub- lican. Unto him and his wife were bom four children. Dr. D. T. Martin being the eldest. Edgar S. Martin is a railroad con- ductor and is married and resides in Jones- h ro, Arkansas. Grace is the wife of Will- iam Green, of Ardmore, Indian Territory. Charles R., the youngest of the family, is a railroad conductor, living in Memphis, Ten- nessee.

Dr. Martin obtained collegiate educa- tional privileges which he improved, thus laying a broad foundation on which to build the superstructure of professional knowl- edge, lie is a graduate of the high school at Ashley, Illinois, and also pursued -a nor- mal ci urse in the Southern Illinois Uni- versity, at Carbondale, Illinois, where he remained as a student for two years. Sub- sequently he engaged in teaching and was a most capable instructor, imparting readily and clearly to others the knowledge that he had acquired. He taught school for four tcrms in Illinois before his marriage, and for two terms in Tolono, Champaign coun- ty, after his marriage. His college educa- tion was obtained entirely through his own efforts. It was his labor that enabled him to prepare for the profession, and without financial assistance he gained his knowledge of the science of medicine whereby he has1 advanced to a prominent position in the rank- of the medical fraternities. His pre- cepti rs were Dr. Pace, of Ashley, ami Dr. Darrah, of Clomington. Illinois. He also pursued post-graduate work- in Xew York

in iSSS, and has done post-graduate work in the Rush Medical College of Chicago during the past six or seven yi in IK was graduated fn m that institution in Febru- ary, [882, lutt he did not consider his stud- ies finished and throughout all the inter- vening years he has carried on his research and investigation, utilizing every means that would advance his knowledge and make his service more effective in the allevi- ation of human suffering.

The Doctor began practice in Manson, in April, 1882, following his graduation from the Rush Medical College, and there remained for nine years. On the expiration of that period he came to Pomeroy, where he opened an ofhee and also established a well-equipped drug store, known as the City Drug Store. There was only one physician here when he become identified with the medical fraternity in Pomeroy. His practice extends over a wide area and he is the family physician in man}' of the best households, not only in the town but in the surrounding country. His skill and ability are of a high order and he keeps in touch with the progress that is being made in the profession, through his membership in the Fort Dodge District Medical Society, the Sioux Valley District Society and the State Medical Society. He is medical ex- aminer for twenty-three old-line insurance companies and is also pension examiner, be- longing to the Manson board, in which he holds the office of treasurer.

The Doctor was married at Bow ling- Green, Kentucky, on the Jist of March. [878, to Miss Susie M. Larmon, the daugh- ter of Judge Isaac and Mary E. (Cros- thwait) Larmon. She was born in Russell- ville, Kentucky. August 7. [857. Her fa- ther was a native of Tennessee and her.

496

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

mother of the Blue Grass state. Mrs. Mar- tin is the eldest in their family of eight chil- dren, the others being : Vivian, who is re- siding in Texas; Margaret, the wife of Dr. Burdett. of Omaha, Nebraska; Isaac; Ed- win B.. who is the editor of the Pomeroy Herald ; Joseph, a druggist of Donnellson, Iowa; Grace, who is a popular and capable teacher in Pipestone, Minnesota ; and Orin, a merchant in Omaha. Nebraska. The Doc- tor and Mrs. Martin have but one child, Loran Marshall Martin. He was born in Tolono, Illinois, and was graduated in the high school of Pomeroy, Iowa, in the class of 1894. He is also a graduate of Cornell College, of this state, having completed the course in 1898, and at the present time he is a student in the Rush Medical College, pur- suing a scientific and medical course. He has been most successful in his educational work, never missing a grade in either the high school or in his medical studies. He was married August 29, 1901, to Miss Jes- sie Shreves, who is a native of this state and a representative of one of its most promi- nent families. He is a young man of whom his parents have every reason to be proud, and his life will undoubtedly add a lustre to the untarnished family record. In the storm which swept over Pomeroy in 1893 the Doc- tor's home was so badly damaged that he had to rebuild it. The Martin household is noted for its hospitality.

The Doctor is a very prominent Ma- son, connected with various branches of the fraternity. For several years he has been the treasurer of Solar Lodge, Xo. 475. F. & A. M., of Pomeroy; belongs to Manson Chapter, R. A. M., and the Commandery at Fort Dodge, and is identified with the Mys- tic Shrine at Cedar Rapids. He also be- longs to the Modern Woodmen Camp and

to the Elks Society of Fort Dodge. For eleven years he has served as a member of the school board, acting as president throughout that period. The cause of edu- cation found in him a warm friend and he has done everything in his power to advance the cause of the schools. He was largely in- strumental in building up the present high school, advancing to this stq> from the un- graded country schools, and now Pomeroy has one of the best high schools in the state. He presented to the school library a fine vol- ume of encyclopedias. The Doctor is pub- lic spirited and progressive, withholding his co-operation from no movement or meas- ure calculated to prove of general good. Politically he is a stanch Republican, and upholds the standard of his party without wavering. He belongs to the Methodist church and his wife is a member of the Bap- tist church but attends the services of the former denomination. In his profession he stands among the foremost in the county. He has a splendid library filled with volumes of the latest medical works, and his surgi- cal cases are filled with the best instruments calculated to promote his efficiency in that line of practice. He is deeply interested in everything that tends to give to man the key to that complex problem which we call life, and the public and the press accord to him distinction in connection with the prac- tice which he is making his life work.

CHARLES F. MORRIS.

Charles F. Morris, a blacksmith and ma- chinist residing in Pomeroy, was born in Palos, St. Lawrence county, New York, September 28, 1844. His father. James H.

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497

Mbrris, was also a native of the Empire State, but the mother, who bore the maiden name of Laura Farnsworth, was a native of Vermont. After their marriage the parents always resided in New York, and unto them Were born seven children, namely: Mary, Andrew J. and James, all deceased; Charles F., of this review; Mary, who was the sec- ond of the name and has passed away : Al- vin, deceased ; and Susan, the wife of James Thomas, of New Jersey. The parents are both deceased. At the time of the Civil war the father enlisted at Potsdam, New York, in the Ninety-second Regiment, and was sent to Fortress Monroe, Virginia. In one of the engagements near that place he was killed or wounded and no news was afterward received from him, so that if he was not killed outright, he probably died soon afterward from his injuries. The mother departed this life in New York.

In the public schools of his native state Charles F. Morris pursued his education, attending school during the winter season, while the work of the farm occupied his at- tention in the summer months. After the Civil war was inaugurated he ran away from hi. me and with his two brothers, An- drew and James, he enlisted in his country's service, joining Company D, of the First New York Light Artillery, under Captain Kieffer, on the 22d of August, 1861. The regiment was formed and organized at E1- mira. New York, and was commanded by Colonel Wainw right. It was attached to the Army of the Potomac and made a part of the Third Army Corps. Mr. Morris par- ticipated in forty-two general engagements, including the battles of Yi rktown, Fair l laks, Williamsburg, Malvern Hill, Harri- son's Landing, the second battle of Bull Run. ami the memorable engagement at

Gettysburg where he was standing by the

side of General Sickles when that com- mander was shot, lie also took part in a number of engagements when the Confed- erates were retreating to Richmond and was in the battle of Manassas, — in fact, he was in every general engagement with the Army of the Potomac and was wounded at Seven Pines. True to duty he never wavered in the performance of any task allotted to him whether it called him into the thickest of the fight or led him to lonely patrol service. On the 6th of September, 1864. he received an honorable discharge and with a creditable military record returned to his home.

Mr. Morris then resided for a time with an uncle in Herman, New York, and was employed in a creamery and cheese factory at Gouverneur, New- York, for one year. In 1867 he purchased a farm in St. Lawrence county, near Canton, in connection with his brother James, and the business association was maintained between them until the latter part of the year when our subject sold his interest to his brother. In the fall of 1868 he came west, taking up his abode in Clinton ci unity. Iowa, where he rented a farm until 1869. In that year he went to the land 1 ■rrice at Fort Dodge and entered a claim to a homestead farm on section 22, Butler t< un- ship. Calhoun county. Returning to Clin- ton county, however, he there continued ag- ricultural pursuits until the fall of 1S71 when he removed with his family to this county, settling upon the homestead which he continued t" cultivate and improve until 1890. In that year he sold his farm prop- erty and removed to Pomeroy. The follow- ing year he opened a blacksmith, machine and repair simp ami has since continued in business, gaining a liberal pair, mage because of his expert workmanship.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

On the 28th of September, 1868, Mr. Morris was united in marriage to Miss Al- vira Willard, of Herman, New York. They became the parents of two children, Charles I., who .is a telegraph operator in Straub- ville, North Dakota, and Cora E., deceased. The wife and mother died January 4, 1878, and on the 25th of March. 1882, Mr. Morris was again married, his second union being with Ellen C. Popple, a native of the Empire state, where their marriage was celebrated. The children born of this union are: Lo- renzo, who died in infancy; Hazel, who died at the age of three years; Cleason C. ; Wal- ter A.; and Frank V., who are with their parents. Mr. Morris is a member of the Grand Army Post at Pomeroy. In religious faith he is a Methodist and in politics has been a stalwart Republican since be cast his first presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln. He has served as school director and as road supervisor and at all times has been loyal to bis duties of citizenship, being as true to his country to-day as when he wore the blue uniform of the nation and followed the stars and stripe^ upon southern battlefields. Be- cause his life has been straightforward and trustworthy, he enjoys the esteem and re- gard of his fellow men and is counted one of the representative citizens of Pomeroy.

SAMUEL RADLEY. Sr.

There has always been a close connection between America and England, — our mother country. Both speaking the same tongue and having many interests in common, it is hut natural that the sons of England have sought a home in America. Among this class is Samuel Radley, now an enterprising

and progressive farmer of Lincoln township! Calhoun county. He was born in Yorkshire, England, June 2^, 1823, and is a son of John and Elizabeth (Hope) Radley, who were also natives of Yorkshire and there re- sided until after their marriage. In the year 1830 the father came to the new world, tak- ing passage on the Clarkson, a sailing vessel which after a voyage of nine weeks reached the harbor of Quebec. There he remained for a few days, after which he went to Cham- plain, Xew York, devoting his energies to agricultural pursuits in that locality for ten years. On the expiration of that period he returned to Canada, where both he and his wife remained until called to the home be- vond. They were consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal church and enjoyed the high esteem of all who knew them. In their family were rive children, of whom three are living: William, a resident of Canada; Mar-. guerite, the wife of Peter Smith, also of Canada ; and Mary, the wife of Frank Smith, who makes his home in Canada.

When Samuel Radley was twenty-four years of age his father returned to Canada, but he remained in Xew York. He was mar- ried in Perrysville. that state, to Rosanna Abbott, a native of England, born September 4, 1829. Her parents, James and Nancy (Winship) Abbott, were also natives of the "merrie isle," and in 1830 crossed the briny deep to the new world, taking up their abode in Vermont, whence they removed to Clin- ton county. New York. That remained their place of residence until they departed this life. In their family were eleven children, of whom three are living. Mary became the wife of Holland Goss, and after bis death. which occurred in New York, she married Leonard Perkins, who has also passed away, but the widow is now residing in Illinois.

SAMUEL RADLEY.

MRS. SAMUEL RADLEY.

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503

Edward, the second surviving member of the family, is a resident of Moortown, New York; and Luisina is the wife of Peter Snvder and resides in Moortown, New York. Mr. and Mrs. Radley, of this review, began their domestic life in the Empire state, where the\ remained for four years, our subject tfevoting his energies to farming. On com- ing west he first settled in DeKalb county, Illinois, and was a representative of its ag- ricultural interests for eleven years. In 1 Si .ii he arrived in Calhoun county, Iowa, and secured a homestead claim. The fact that all of the land had not been taken up by settlers but still belonged to the govern- ment is an indication of the pioneer condi- tions which then existed. Mr. Radley cast in his lot with the early settlers and at once began the development of the raw prairie which he has transformed into richly cultivated fields. He now has an arable tract of land and annually secures good harvests as a reward for his labors.

The home of Mr. and Mrs. Radley has been blessed with five children: Samuel, Jr.. a resident of North Dakota; Maggie, who became the wife of John McOuiston, of Ohio, by whom she had three children; Leonard, who married Lilly McLaughlin, by whom he had four children, and who re- sides in Garfield township; Emma, the wife of Burt McLaughlin, of Blanket, Texas, by whom she has five children; and William, a resident of Lincoln township, who married Eve Huggoboon, by whom he has one child. In his politicial affiliations Mr. Radley is in- dependent, but his fellow townsmen, recog- nizing his worth and ability, have frequently called him to public office, and he has filled all of the township positions. He holds membership in the Congregational church of Manson and is a gentleman of straight^ r-

ward purpose, - ver whose record there fall- no shadow of wrong. His life ha- been quietly passed and his energy and strong de- termination have been the salient features in his successful career, enabling him to progress steadily toward the position of afflu- ence which he now occupies.

DAVID A. MILLER.

For twenty years David A. Miller has been connected with railroad work as an employe of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company and his consecutive serv- ive with this corporation has been an unmis- takable proof of his fidelity and his ability. He is one of Iowa's native sons, for his birth occurred in Keokuk county, December 26, 1852. His father, William Miller, was a native of Union county, Kentucky, and in 1839 came with his parents to Iowa, the family settling in Jefferson county when it was a wild and unimproved region. — In- dians still living in that neighborhood for several years after their arrival. All kinds of wild game was to be had in abundance, including deer, elk and turkeys, and furn- ished many a meal for the settlers. Wolves sometimes made the night hideous with their howling and the conditions of life were such as are always found in frontier regions be- fore civilization has transformed the country from its natural state. Aaron Miller, the grandfather of our subject, thus became an honored pioneer of Iowa and always bore his part in the progress and upbuilding of the locality. He had thirteen children, among whom was William, the father of our subject. He aided in the arduous task

504

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

of developing a new farm in Jefferson coun- ty and there carried on agricultural pursuits for a number of years. He was a soldier of the Civil war, joining the boys in blue of Company F, Thirty-third Iowa Infantry, with which he served for three years, sus- taining wounds in battle, but he never fal- tered in the discharge of his military duty and was most loyal to the old flag and the cause it represented. In 1840 he was mar- ried to Miss Jane McKee, who was a native of Warren county, Pennsylvania, and with her parents removed to the west in 1839. Her father, David McKee, was likewise born in the Keystone state and by his marriage had a large family. Mr. and Mrs. Miller became the parents of fourteen children, five sons and nine daughters, and of this number nine are yet living. Louisa, who is the wife of Silas New, resides near Lake City. The parents of our subject resided in Missouri for one year, were afterward residents of Story county, Iowa, and in 1883 came from Dakota to this state, settling at Jewell Junc- tion, where the father died March 16, 1900. The mother is still living at the age of seven- ty-five years and makes her home in Lake City.

David A. Miller is indebted to the public school system of Keokuk county for the edu- cational privileges which he enjoyed, and on putting aside his text-books he began life on a farm, following agricultural pursuits until 1 88 1, when he entered the railroad service. It was in November of that year that he began work as a carpenter for the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Company, at Jew- ell Junction, and subsequently he became an engine-wiper in the spring of 1882. In May of the following year he was made a fireman, running between Jewell Junction, Haward-

en ami Lake City, and on the 2nd of Decem- ber, 1887, he was promoted to engineer. The first trip which he made in this capacity was from Eagle Grove to Jewell Junction, in charge of a light engine, after which he took a train to Mapleton. He has been on the same division continuously and now has a passenger run between Wall Lake, Denni- son and Lake City. He has been very, f( >r- tunate in his work in that he has never been in any serious wrecks or accidents and has never been laid off. The former is un- doubtedly largely due to his great care and his understanding of the responsibility which devolves upon him. He is popular in railroad circles and is well known and high- ly esteemed in the community where he re- sides.

On the 27th of December, 1874, Mr. Miller was united in marriage to Sarah A. Gallahan, of Lincoln county, South Dakota, a daughter of Andrew Gallahan. Her par- ents were members of the United Brethren church and both are now deceased. In the territorial days of Iowa her father settled in this state and in 1869 removed to Dakota. He was born and reared in Ohio, hut became an active factor in pioneer development in the west. He died in Rock Falls, Iowa, August 26, 1886, and his wife passed away in Harrisburg, South Dakota, April 18, 1882. Mrs. Miller has one brother, who is a ranchman in Idaho, and two of her sisters are also living. The marriage of our sub- ject and his wife has been blessed with three children. Alta, the wife of R. A. Fuller, of Jewell Junction ; George, who is living in Omaha and is in the employ of the Amer- ican Express Company; and Cora, at home. They have also reared an adopted daughter, Maude Gallahan. In May, 1882, our sub-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

5°5

|ect removed with his family to Lake City, yvhich at that time was the terminal of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, and here Mr. and Mrs. Miller and their children have become widely known, their circle of friends being almost co-extensive with the circle of their acquaintances. Fraternally Mr. Miller is connected with the Brotherhood of Loco- motive Engineers, and belongs to both the subordinate lodge and encampment of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Ancient Order of United Workmen, while both he and his wife hold membership with the Rebekah degree. They are also mem- hers of the Presbyterian church, and in the community where they reside their many ex- cellencies of character have gained for them warm regard.

ADOLPH G. RICHTER.

This well known citizen of Lake Creek township is a man whose successful struggle with adverse circumstances shows what can be dune by industry and economy, especially if a sensible wife second his efforts to secure a home and competence. Mr. Richter was burn in Marquette, Michigan. June 19, 1855, and is a son of Carl and Henrietta (Rohl) Richter, both natives of Germany, the form- er born in the province of Prussia, and the latter near W'urtemberg. When a young man the father emigrated to America and his life was largely spent in Michigan and Minnesota. He made farming his chief oc- cupation, but to some extent also engaged in railroad contracting and hotel keeping. He died in Minnesota on the nth of Sep- tember, 1895, at the age of seventy years.

honored and respected by all who knew him. His wife, who was bom July 4. 1830, is still living in that state. Their fami sisted of six children, four of whom are now living, namely: Adolph G., Amos C, Frank and Mrs. Minnie Hanks.

Mr. Richter of this review spent his boy- hood and youth in his native state, and is indebted to its public schools for his educa- tional privileges. At the age of eighteen years he learned the trades of painting and paper-hanging, which he follows to some ex- tent up to the present time. His first pur- chase of land was a tract of forty acres in Minnesota, which he and his brother Amos bought in partnership. He subsequently sold his interest to his brother, and coming to Calhoun county. Iowa, in March, 1882, he purchased his present farm in Lake Creek township. It consisted of one hundred and eighteen acres of raw land, for which he paid seven dollars and a half per acre. It has been cleared from indebtedness h_\ the sale of the products raised thereon. Mr. Richter carries em mixed farming, raising about fifty acres of corn and twenty acres of small grain annually, and keeping about thirty head of shorthorn cattle. Upon his place he has built a fine barn, thirty-four by fifty feet in dimensions, with twenty foot posts, and forty-three feet high, and in 190 1 he also erected a comfortable and substantial residence. He has made all of the improve- ments upon the place, and to-day has one of the best appointed farms in the township.

On the 22d of April, [880, Mr. Richter led to the marriage altar Miss Sarah I wig, who was born in Tazwell county, Illinois, October 14, [857, a daughter of Philip and Mary (Ramige) twig. Her father was born in Germany, in 1830, but her mother

506

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

was a native of New York, burn in 1833. Mr. and Mrs. Richter have four children, whose names and dates of birth are as fol- lows: Emma E., January 14, 1881 ; George Walter, June 20, 1884; Minnie M., June 30, 1888; and Annie L., June 24, 1892. The family attend the United Evangelical church, and Mr. Richter gives his political support to the men and measures of the Republican party. He is a hard-working, energetic man, and his success in life is due entirely to his own industry, good management and the assistance of his estimable wife.

ORRIX WOODEN.

For thirty-six years Orrin Wooden has been a resident of Calhoun county. Not many were the settlers who antedated his arrival, and through the long period which has elapsed he has borne an active part in the improvement and upbuilding. He was born in Delaware county, New York, March 18, 1833. His father, John Henry Wood- en, was a native of Putnam county, New York, born in 1798, and after attaining to years of maturity, he wedded Mary Hamil- ton, of Lexington, New York, the marriage ceremony being performed in Delaware county. They began their domestic life upon a farm, which they made their home throughout their remaining days. The mother of our subject died in 1847, and' the father aferward married Catherine Rooney. He was a Whig in his political views in early life and afterward became a Republican, while his religious faith was in- dicated by his membership in the Baptist church. He died December 16. 1881, and the community mourned the loss of one of

its valued citizens. His second wife, how- ever, is still living. By his first marriage he had seven children, namely : Phitena, Ed- win, Andrew, Orrin, Emily, Cyrus and Maria. The children born of the second mairiage are: Mary Jane, Susan, Fannie, Alice and Henry.

In a log schoolhouse on Bushkill Brook, near Andes, New York, Orrin Wooden pur- sued his education, acquiring a knowledge of the elementary branches of English learn- ing, but at the age of fourteen years he put aside his text-books in order to earn his own living and acquired the means of livelihood by serving as a common laborer in Delaware county. His time was thus passed until his marriage, which occurred on the 1st of Jan- uary, 1862, in Margaretsville, New York, the lady of his choice being Miss Sarah Helen Carroll, who was born in New York, October 7, 1842, a daughter of John and Maria (Akerley) Carroll, also of the Em- pire state. Her father was a farmer, and in 1863 emigrated westward, taking up his abode in Carroll county, Illinois, where he remained for three years, after which he came to Calhoun county, Iowa, with his fam- ily. His death occurred January 4, 1890, but his widow is still living in this county. Their children are Freer, Warren, Ann. Mary and Kate. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Wood- en has been born but one child, Eugene, whose birth occurred October 25, 1864, in Carroll county, Illinois, and who is new managing the home farm of his father.

Mr. and Mrs. Wooden began their do- mestic life in the Empire state, where they remained for two years, and in 1864 became residents of Illinois, while the year 1866 witnessed their arrival in Calhoun county. Iowa. In May they reached their destina-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

507

tii 'ii ami Mr. Wooden secured from the gov- ernment a homestead claim, upon which he yet resides. The journey across the coun- try was made in prairie schooners, to which were attached two y ike of oxen. The near- est trading-post was Fort Dodge, and the barren prairies stretched for miles away, covered only with the native grasses. For about four years Mr. Wooden lived in a sod house in the primitive manner of the times, but in 1870 erected a residence, which he still occupies. He experienced all the hard- ships and trials that must be experienced in the establishment of a home upon the fron- tier. He suffered discouragements and dif- ficulties in his business, but eventually over- came these by determined effort and strong purpose, and is now the owner of a valuable property, which yields to him a good in- come. In the year 1863 there were but sev- enteen voters in the county, so that it is seen that he was among the earliest settlers, for only three years had elapsed before be took up his abode in this section of Iowa. In 1890 Mr. Wooden was called upon to mourn the loss of his wife, who died on the 29th of April and was buried in Rose Hill ceme- tery in Manson. She was long a faithful companion and helpmate on life's journey to him and her loss is deeply felt. Mr. Wooden has supported the Republican party since its organisation and has served as school director, but has left office seeking to others, preferring to give his time and atten- tion to his farming pursuits. As the years have passed his capital has been gradually increased, through the sale of crops which have been the results of his own labor, and his example proves conclusively that success is not a matter of genius, but is the reward of diligence and enterprise.

(ARCS A. WHITTLESEY.

Prominent among the energetic, far-see- ing and successful business men of Calhoun county is C. A. Whittlesey, of Manson. His life most happily illustrates what may he at- tained by faithful and continued effort in carrying out an honest purpose. Integrity, activity and energy have been the crowning- points of his success, and his connection with various business enterprises have been of decided advantage to this portion of the state, promoting its material welfare in no uncertain manner.

Mr. Whittlesey is a native of Winnebago county, Illinois, born on the 18th of Sep- tember, 1850. His father, Eliphalet Whit- tlesey, who was born in Vermont in 1816, is still living at the age of eighty-six years. In the common schools of his native state our subject mastered the usual branches of learning taught in such institutions and af- terward pursued a course in a business col- lege in Rockford. He has devoted much of his life to fanning and stock-raising, al- though other business pursuits have also claimed his attention and led to his success. In 1872 he was married and came to Cal- houn county, where he has since been identi- fied with agricultural interests. His fields are well cultivated and in the purchase and sale of stock he manifests sound judgment and shows himself to be an excellent judge 1 E stock. He has also dealt quite extensively in real estate and is well informed concern- ing realty values throughout this portion of the country. He is now representing the Horton & Whittlesey Land Agency, dealing in Iowa lands and also in property in central and southern Minnesota, and with Mr. Hor- ton engaged in the livery business. What-

508

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

ever he undertakes he carries forward to successful completion, deterred by no ob- stacle or difficulty that can be overcome by determined and honorable effort.

In his political views Air. Whittlesey is a Republican and has held all the local of- fices, so capably serving that he has been called to one position after another. Xo man in the community is more widely or fa- vorably known. In his fraternal relations he is a Knight of Pythias and for many years he has been a deacon in the Congrega- tional church. He has resided in Calhoun county since 1869, and well may he be hon- ored as a worthy pioneer whose efforts have been < if material assistance in promoting pub- lic progress and improvement. He uniform- ly bears himself as a gentleman, is respected for his probity and integrity in business af- fairs, and in private life he has gained that warm regard which arises from kindliness, geniality, true nobility of character and def- erence for the opinions of others.

J. FRANK WILSON.

Among the representative citizens of Twin Lakes township none are more deserv- ing of mention in this volume than the gen- tleman whose name introduces this sketch. Since 1887 he has been connected with the agricultural interests of Calhoun county, and through his well directed efforts has gained a comfortable competence that numbers him among the substantial citizens of his community. Keen discrimination, unflag- ging industry and resolute purpose are num- bered among his salient characteristics, and thus he has won a prosperity which is the merited reward of honest effort.

A native of Iowa, Mr. Wilson was born in Story county, April 6, 1859, and is a son of William and Martha (Wharton) Wilson. The father was born in Barnesville, Ohio, in July, 1828, while the mother's birth oc- curred near Indianapolis, Indiana. Her father, George Wharton, a farmer by occu- pation, came to Iowa in 1855 and settled in Polk county, where he spent the remainder of his life. During his younger years Will- iam Wilson followed the cabinetmaker's trade, but after coming to this state, in 1854, devoted his time and attention principally to agricultural pursuits. For two years he made his home in Linn county, and then re- moved to Story county, where he continued to reside up to the time of his death. He was an earnest and consistent Christian, a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was a Democrat in politics. His wid- ow now resides in Des Moines. In their family were eleven children, namely : George J., Frank, Thomas, Sarah, Amanda, Graf- ton, Edward, Charles, Lilly M., and Osborn, who died aged twenty-one years, and Will- iam, who 'died in infancy.

In the county of his nativity Mr. Wilson of this revieAV grew to manhood upon a farm, early becoming familiar with all the duties which fall to the lot of the agricultur- ist. His primary education was received in the local schools and he was later a student at Ames College for two years. In the meantime he taught school through the win- ter months, and continued to follow that oc- cupation for some time with marked suc- cess. Coming to Calhoun county in 1887 he bought one hundred and sixty acres of land1 in Twin Lakes township, and has since added to it, so that he now has a fine farm of two hundred and thirty-two acres, which

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

509

he has placed under a high state of cultiva- tion. He has made all of the improvements Upon the place and to-day has a well ordered ami valuable farm. He raises from forty to sixty-rive acres of corn and from thirty- five to forty acres of small grain, while the remainder of his farm is meadow and pas- ture land. He keeps thirty-eight head of cattle, making a specialty of fudl-blooded Durhams, and owns a registered bull. He also raises horses and hogs.

On the 1st of September, 1887, Mr. Wil- son was united in marriage with Miss Hattie Donaker, who was born in Iowa county, this state, July 17, 1863, a daughter of J. and Margaret (Hardest)) Donaker. Three children bless this union, their names and dates of birth being as follows: Earl D., May 21. 1888; Foster W., June 17, 1890; and Helen, October 29, 1894.

In political sentiment Mr. Wilson is a Democrat, and as a public-spirited and enter- prising man he takes an active interest in public affairs, especially along the line of education. He is now serving most ef- ficiently as president of the school board, which office he has filled for the past six years. Religiously he is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and is a man highly respected and esteemed by all who known him.

HEXRY V. STEINBERG. Henry V. Steinberg was born in Hessen

Nassau, Germany, February 2-

•3, and

19 a son of Henry and Anna M. ( Stacker) Steinberg. The father's birth occurred in 1843, and for three years he served his coun- try a- a soldier in the German army. He became a railroad engineer and throughout

his business career has been thus employed. He now resides in Bebra, Hessen

Germany, but his wife passed away, her death having occurred when our subject was a little lad of five years. In the family were four children: William, who is a railway engineer, is now living in Instorburg, in the east of Russia. Previous to entering the railroad service he was in the marine corps for two years. Henry V. is the subject of this review. Martin served for two years in the German army and is now a baker of Kassel, Germany. Amelia, who was born February 28, 1884, resides at home with her father.

In the schools of Bebra, Germany, Hen- ry V. Steinberg continued his education un- til thirteen years of age. It was in the fall of 1886 that he bade adieu to friends and fatherland and sailed for America, taking up his abode in Livingston county, Illinois, where he worked on a farm belonging to his uncle, Adam Steinberg. He was there employed for seven years, and in the spring of 1894 he began farming on his own ac- count, renting a tract of land in Ford coun- ty, Illinois, which he operated for two years. In the spring of 1896 he rented a farm in Livingston county, that state, and made his home thereon for four years. In the spring of 1900 he came to Calhoun county and here purchased two hundred and forty acres of land in Sherman township. The place com- prises one hundred and sixty acres of the south half of section 3 and the west eighty acres of the southwest quarter of section 2. In addition to general fanning he is mak- ing a specialty of stock-raising, particularly Aberdeen and polled Angus cattle. He also raises and deals in Duroc Jersey hogs and in this branch of his business he is meeting

5io

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

with creditable success. He has good build- ings upon his farm and everything is neat and thrifty in appearance, indicating his careful supervision. In 1893 Mr. Steinberg had purchased a quarter section of land in Martin county, Minnesota. He spent a few- months on that farm during that year and also was a resident of Iowa for a few months at that time but did not permanently locate here until 1900.

On the 6th of March, 1894, in Living- ston county, Illinois. Mr. Steinberg was united in marriage to Nancy K. Knauer. who was born in that county March 6, 1872, and is a daughter of Frank and Annie (Schroen ) Knauer. Her father was born in Saxony, Germany, and her mother is a na- tive of the province of Hessen-Xassau. They now reside in Livingston county, Illi- nois, where they are engaged in agricultural pursuits. In their family were eight chil- dren, namely : Elizabeth, the wife of Joseph Kuntz, of Livingston, Illinois; Charles and Bruno, both deceased; Mrs. Steinberg; and Augusta, Katie, Herman audi Minnie, all living at home with their parents.

The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Stein- berg has been blessed with two children. Margaret, who was horn June 10. 1896, and Augusta Amelia, born September 25, 1898. In his political views our subject is a Repub- lican. He keeps well informed on the issues of the day but does not seek office. Socially he is connected with the Modern Woodmen of America. He has had no occasion to re- gret the fact that he left the little German home across the sea to seek his fortune in the land oi the free. Here, improving his op- portunities, he has advanced steadily and has gained a good property which is the merited reward of earnest and honest labor.

W. L. THOMPSON.

The life history of W. L. Thompson, if written in detail would form a story of more thrilling interest than any tale of fiction. His experiences have been varied, interesting and eventful. He has not only traveled widely in this country, but has visited many foreign ports, has encountered the horrors of war, and in business life has demonstrated the power of close application and unremitting diligence. Such in brief is the history of one who is now numbered among the val- ued and representative men of Calhoun coun- ty. He was associaited with legal interests in Manson for a number of years but is now living retired in this city.

Mr. Thompson is a native of Livingston county, New York, born September 25, 1834. The family name originated in England and its first representative 'in America crossed the Atlantic from Yorkshire, England, tak- ing up his abode in Salem, Massachusetts, in June, 1630. In the French and Indian war Colonel Richard Thompson manifested marked bravery and in 1757 he was killed at the battle of Fort Edward on the Hudson river by Baron Disco and his followers. Twenty years later members of the family espi msed the cause of the colonies and fought for the independence of the nation, while the Rev. Seymour Thompson, the father of our subject, was a valiant soldier of the war of 181 2, being stationed on the Niagara frontier in 1813. Three brothers of our subject served with honor in the Civil war and thus the military record of the family is one of which the}' have every reason to be proud. With no taint of cowardice but with marked valor and loyalty, the Thompsons have served their country in all the important wars in which the aid of loyal sons have been solicited.

W. L. THOMPSON.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

5i3

The Rev. Seymour Thompson was born in Oneida county, New York, September 7, [798, and devoted much of his life to the work of the Presbyterian ministry. He was a graduate of the theological seminary of Auburn. New York, and while residing in the east served as pastor of the church in Springwater Valley, Livingston county. Xeu Y irk ; in Livonia, Genesee county ; and in Utica. New York. He was married in Rochester, New York. February i_\ 183 1, to Miss Betsey McKee, a native of Jefferson county, Xew York, born November 4, 1802. He came to the west under the auspices of the Home Missionary Society, arriving in LaSalle county. Illinois, June 16, 1S37. Af- ter a year there passed he removed to Bee- bee's Grove, south of Chicago, where he remained for three years. He then entered eighty acres of land from the government, twenty-five miles south of Chicago, and in connection with its improvement he car- ried on his ministerial work, residing on his farm, however, until May, 1856. In that year he brought his family to Iowa, settling in Fayette county, near Waukoma, but on the 1 8th of October, of the same year, he was burned to death in a prairie fire, together with his youngest sun, Charles A. Thomp- son, then a lad of eight years. The family afterward returned to Ogle county, Illinois, settling on the Rock river, Mrs. Thompson having relatives in that locality. She had been a school teacher in her early days and was most successful in thai branch of work, 1" -tli she and her husband being people of su- perior intellectual attainments. Later Mrs. Thompson returned with her family to Fay- ette county. Iowa, but died at the home of her -on. J. C. Thompson, in Forreston, Illi- nois, in March. 1885. when eighty-three years of age. She was a very faithful and consistent member of the Presbyterian

church and took an active interest in its work. Rev. Thompson had been a Win- in his political views but refused to 1 General Taylor because he was opposed to an army officer occupying the executive chair. In ante helium days his homi station on the underground railroad, where- by many a slave made his way to Canada. there to enjoy libertj .

Unto Rev. Thompson and his wife were born six children: James C, who was a business man at Forreston, Illinois, died in October, 1886. He wedded Mary E. Baker, of Ogle county, Illinois, who is now living with her married daughter, Mrs. M. M. Thygesen, whose husband is a leading at- torney of St. Paul, Minnesota. W. L. is the next of the family. Francis E. married Lydia Andrews and engaged in the real es- tate business in Texas, Kansas and Nebras- ka, making his home in Kansas City. Mis- souri, where he died in November, 1892. He had been a soldier in the Civil war. His widow now resides in Independence, Iowa. Seymour D. married Lucy Ennison and they now reside at No. 66 Montague street, Brooklyn, New York. He is one of the distinguished lawyers of the country and is the author of sixteen different law books. For twelve years he was presiding judge in St. Louis courts, and is now engaged in writing his third work on contracts. Char- 1' ate Jeanette, the fifth member of the family, became the wife of George H. Richardson and died at a sanitarium at Hudson, Wis- consin, in January. 1808. her remains being interred in Belmont. Iowa. Her husband is now living in Belmont, where he is presi- dend of the Iowa Valley Bank. Charles A., the youngest of the family, was burned in the prairie fire with his father.

We now take up the personal history 1 1 W. L, Thompson, who is so widely known

5'4

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

in this section of [owa that he needs no special introduction to the readers of this volume He attended school only ten months in his life but travel, experience, observa- tion and reading have made him a well in- formed man of more than ordinary intelli- gence. In his early youth he worked at home and after his father had apprenticed him to a harness-maker, he ran away and shipped at New Bedford, Massachusetts, on the Silver Wave, a whaling vessel which was bound for Baffins bay and Davis strait, and along the northern whaling-ground. Mr. Thompson was then only fourteen years of age. He served as ship's boy for eight months on that cruise and afterward went as an ordinary sailor on the Highland Mary, of Nanitucket, the vessel being bound for the Pacific coast. It proceeded as far as Behr- ing straits and then returned, reaching Cali- fornia at the time of the great gold excite- ment there. Nearly all of the sailors de- serted in order to go to the gold fields, but Mr. Thompson remained with the ship, of which he was second mate, and with her rounded Cape Horn. On reaching Boston he was discharged and returned to his fam- ily with nine hundred dollars in his pocket as his share of the whaling voyage. He visited many foreign ports and his tales of the peo- ple, the scenery in foreign countries, and of different experiences of his travels would make a very entertaining and attractive vol- ume.

In 185 1 Mr. Thompson decided to seek his fortune on the Pacific coast and made an overland journey to California, crossing the alkali deserts in a prairie schooner and there traveled mile after mile through sage brush and at night heard the barking of thecoyotes. The Indians stampeded their horses and they were compelled to burn their wagons. They then walked four hundred miles to Placer-

ville, California, which was then in the heart of the mining region. It was a hazardous and perilous journey, but the indomitable pluck and energy of Mr. Thompson and his companions enabled them to reach their des- tination. In December, 1853, Mr. Thomp- son left California. He had been- meeting with a desirable measure of success, but at that time Walker's filibustering expedition was started and on the 8th of January, 1854, at Virgin bay, Nicaragua, he enlisted with the filabusters, remaining with them for elev- en months, or until they began interfering with the United States traffic, at which time there were only six hundred left out -of six thousand. Some had deserted, others had died of the Nicaragua fever, and some had been killed by natives. The remaining six hundred were taken by Commander Sumner on board the St. Mary sloop of war, carrying twenty guns, and were tints sent to New Orleans. In view of the fact that he had been a part of the filibustering expedition as first lieutenant, and being afraid of arrest, Mr. Thompson signed shipping papers on the vessel as a regular seaman of the sloop St. Mary and was then transferred to the Gulf squadron, being assigned to the United States frigate Savannah, which carried sev- enty-two guns and was a part of the South Atlantic squadron. Mr. Thompson was made master at arms on that vessel. Later he was transferred at Fort Fayal, Azore Isl- ands, to the United States frigate Delaware, which carried sixty-four guns and was at- tached to the Mediterranean squadron. There he remained one year and when the war ship was ordered back to Baltimore, he was dis- charged. He afterward made several cruises in the West India merchant marine vessels and went on several voyages on boats en- gaged in the coffee trade. He remained for a year and a half in the merchant marine serv-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

5i5

ice, on the expiration of which period he returned to Illinois. On the solicitation of his eldest brother, Mr. Thompson became a student in Rock River Seminary in 1S5S and devoted his time to study and to teach- ing school until i860. He afterward took care of his younger brother and sister, giv- ing them excellent educational advantages, which they improved.

On the 20th of September, i860, in By- ron. Illinois, Mr. Thompson was united in marriage to Miss Mary Xighswander, who was horn in Franklin county. Pennsylvania, April 16, 1837, and was a daughter of Abra- ham and Mary( Hufrord) Xighswander. who were also natives of the Keystone state and were married in Franklin county. There the father engaged in the milling business, own- ing three large mills. He was a member of the Dunkard church and died in 1844, his wife surviving until 1855. They were the parents of five children : Emanuel, Cassan- der, Abraham, Mary and Elizabeth.

After his marriage Mr. Thompson en- gaged in teaching, surveying and in civil en- gineering. He also learned the mason's trade and did contracting in that line until May 24, 1 861, when aroused by the at- tempt of the south to overthrow the Union, he enlisted in Forrest on, Illinois, becoming a member of Company H, Fifteenth Illinois Infantry, under command of Captain Mor- ton D. Swift of Polo, and Colonel Thomas J. Turner, of Freeport. Illinois. The regiment was assigned to the command of General Stephen A. Huriburt and did general scout- ing work and guard duty in Missouri. In February. 1862, the command was consoli- dated with other regiments and formed the Second Brigade of the Fourth Division un- der General Hurlliurt. proceeding down the ippi, ( )liio and Tennessee rivers, but arming too late to take part in the battles

of Fort Donelson and Fort Henry. How- ever, Mr. Thompson, with his regiment, took part in the battle of Shiloh, reaching Pitts- burg Landing March 26, 1862. The Sec- ond Battalion was there captured and his regiment lost over two hundred and fifty men in killed and wounded. He was then put on a hospital boat, having some knowledge in medicine and surgery, and there remained until the latter part of May. 1862, when he rejoined his command and took part in the evacuation of Corinth. Following the for- tunes of his regiment he proceeded through Kentucky and Tennessee and on to Jack- son, taking part in a number of small battles and skirmishes. At Hatches Bridge the reg- iment was badly cut up and later proceed- ed to Memphis, going into winter quarters there. The next spring the Fifteenth Illi- nois joined the operation upon Vicksburg, and on the 3d of May, 1863, was present at the opening of the engagement there and participated in the siege until the surrender of the city, July 4, 1863. The engagements were extremely sanguine between May and the date of surrender and in all Mr. Thomp- son participated. When the city had capit- ulated he took and passed an examination for promotion and was appointed captain of Company A. Seventh United States Regi- ment of colored troops. He was in the dis- astrous fight of Milliken's Bend, in Louisi- ana, entering the engagement with seventy- six men and leaving it with only sixteen be- sides himself. Thinking that the negro sol- diers were not fairly treated, he resigned his office and came home.

In the winter of 1863-4 Captain Thomp- son engaged in teaching school in Frog Hol- low, on Mud creek, in Ogle county, where his wife and child were then living, hut he could not crush -in his patriotic spirit and on the 10th of May. 1804. he again enlisted.

5i6

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

becoming a member of Company D, One Hundred and Forty-second Illinois Infan- try under Colonel R. V. Ankling. He en- listed in Forreston, Illinois, and was ordered to Memphis, Tennessee, to perform guard duty, but inactive service did not suit him and on the 19th of June, 1864, at his own re- quest, he was detached and passed an exam- ination for lieutenant of engineers, but only received a commission as first duty sergeant in the United States regular army, as only West Point graduates could hold commis- sions. He was then assigned to Company B, Third United States Engineers and joined the forces operating around Atlanta. Subsequently he marched from Memphis, Tennessee, and took part in all of the At- lanta campaign. He was in, the signal corps with the United States engineers with Lieu- tenant A. B. Allen, and at Knoxville. Ten- nessee. He was wounded in the right hip by a minie ball. July 24. 1864, in a heavy skirmish, which occurred six miles north- west of Atlanta. He dug the ball out with his knife and kept on in his position. He was mounted and rode with his command, entering the battle of Atlanta on the 28th of August, 1864, on which day he was again wounded, this time in the ankle, while wheel- ing into line preparatory to a cavalry charge. Shortly after the evacuation of Atlanta, the army was consolidated under General Sher- man for the march to the sea and .Mr. Thompson was ordered to join General Thomas, and marched back to Nashville. He was assigned to dispatch duty and was bearing a dispatch to General Wood when his horse fell and he received a bad rupture. He participated in the battle of Nashville on the 1 6th and 17th of December, 1864, and while there he received orders to report to the St. Louis arsenal to aid in balancing- a

set of ordnance books, which he had kept at the siege of Vicksburg. He reached the arsenal on the 23d of December, straight- ened out the books and remained in the ar- senal as clerk and bookkeeper until February 18, 1865, when he demanded his discharge as his time of service had expired. Thus ended his military career.

Mr. Thompson then returned to his wife and family in Forreston, Illinois, and soon afterward began farming on his land near Brookville, Ogle county, where he remained for two years, when he sold this property and removed to Lanark, Carroll county, Illi- nois, which was his place of residence until 1882. He was engaged in teaching school and also worked at the mason's trade. While residing in Lanark, his wife died on the 23d of March. 1876, and on the 31st of August, 1878, he was again married, his second union being with Frances M. Dunlap, the wedding being celebrated by the Rev. D. B. Schultz, the Lutheran minister. The lady was born in Chittenden county, Vermont, April 28, 1844, and was a daughter of Thaddeus E and Parmelia (Slater) Dunlap, the former a native of Massachusetts and the latter of Connecticut. They were married in the Char- ter Oak state and the father engaged in farming there. Subsequently they removed to Chittenden county, Vermont, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits and in handling dairy products, becoming quite wealthy as a result of his well directed ef- forts. He died in 1878 and his wife passed away in 1888. They were the parents of four children. Edgar resides on the old homestead farm in Vermont. Marcus was married at Plainfield, Bremer county, Iowa, to Mrs. Ellen (Pike) Cummings, who is now deceased. He resides at Ada, Norman county. Minnesota, and is engaged in the

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD

Ranking business. Mrs. Thompson is the next younger. Loren married Jennie Slater amd lives in Chittenden county, Vermont.

By his first marriage Mr. Thompson has jive children. Addie E. married Freder- ick Pratt, and became the mother of three children, Lenora, Olive and Mary B. Both parents are now deceased. Mrs. Pratt pass- in- away December 20, 1890, while her hus- band died at Nodaway Mission, in August, [892. Frank and Monroe, the two next v 'linger in the family, both died in child- hi I. William Sherman, the next member of the family, resides at Fort Dodge, and is an expert mining engineer with the Fort Dodge Stoneware Company, with which he has been connected for five years. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and also bd< aigs to the Knights of Pythias Lodge and to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. and also holds membership with the Sons of Veterans. Estella W. is the wife of C. VV. Bays, a resident of Persia, Harrison county, Iowa, where he is engaged in teaching school. He is also the editor of the Persia Globe. Three children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Bays, Leon, Elfie and Effle. Unto Mr. Thompson and his second wife w as b< 'I'll one son, Earl G.. who was born on the 1 8th of August, 1880, and is now en- gaged in farming.

Mr. Thompson remained a resident of Lanark, Illinois, until March 28, 1882, when he disposed of his property and business in- terests there and came to Calhoun county, locating in Manson. He was engaged in farming for one year and afterward worked at his trade for two years. He was then elected city clerk in 1885 and held the office for five years, after which he became prose- cuting pension attorney. Fie was also in the employ of the Buena Vista Creamery I ompany. In [887 he was elected surveyor

of Calhoun county and in 1888 he was chosen township clerk of Lincoln township, in which position he yet serves. In [855 he had been a United States surveyor, run- ning township lines in Clay and O'Brien counties. Iowa. Politically he is connected with the Republican party and is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. His wife belongs to the Universalist church, and though he is not a member of any denomina- tion, he contributes liberally to all and has high regard for every movement and meas- ure that tends to advance morality. Such in brief is the history of his eventful and interesting career. In the school of expe- rience he has learned many valuable lessons and gained knowledge that has made him a well informed man. He can relate many in- teresting incidents of his travels, his voyages and his military service and is an entertain- ing and companionable gentleman. All who know him delight in his friendship and he is a very popular and honored citizen of Cal- houn county.

W. H. BROWX.

Professor W. H. Brown, who is prin- cipal of the high school of Lake City, has devoted his entire time and attention to edu- cational work since attaining to man's es- tate and his ability in the line of his profes- sion is most marked, gaining him high rank among the successful educators of this part of the state. He is numbered among Iowa's native sons, his birth occurring in Flack Hawk county, March 24. 1861. His la- ther, Homer Brown, was horn in Kilkenny. county Armagh. Ireland, in 1821, and in 1834, when thirteen years I age accom-

5i8

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

panied his parents on their emigration to the new world. In 1849 the father of our sub- ject sought a home in the Mississippi valley., settling in DeKalb county, Illinois. At that time their were only thirteen houses in Chi- cago and many districts of the state were still largely unimproved. Air. Brown fol- lowed1 {arming in DeKalb county until 1852, when he removed to Black Hawk county, Iowa, casting in his lot with its early set- tlers and there living in the primitive man- ner of the frontier. He covered his first log house with sod and secured his claim through pre-empting government land, which he transformed into a very valuable tract, the rich fields yielding to him a golden tribute. For six years Mr. Brown resided in Mount Vernon, Iowa, and in La Porte City, Iowa, in order to educate his children, but spent the remainder of the time in this state until his death, which occurred April 14, 1 89 1. After coming to this country he had married Jane Gray, whose death occurred on the same date, when she was seventy years of age. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Brown were born seven sons and three daughters : Thomas, a farmer of Oklahoma; George, a grain buyer of Rudd, Iowa; Elizabeth, de- ceased wife of Henry Kellas, her death oc- curring in Kansas; Maria, now Mrs. Mc- Fadden, of LaPorte City, Iowa ; James, who died at the age of forty-eight years; John, a farmer of Primghar, Iowa; Mary A., the wife of J. M. McQuilkin, of LaPorte City; Robert, a liveryman of that place; W. H, of this review; and F. E., a practicing phy- sician of Sanborn, Iowa.

In the public schools of his native county Professor Brown acquired his early educa- tion and later matriculated in Cornell Col- lege, in which he was graduated with the

class of 1885, on the completion of a course in civil engineering. When eighteen years of age he began teaching and has since fol- lowed that profession through each winter season with the exception of the winter spent in college. He first had charge of a school in Benton county before he was eight- een years of age and he early demonstrated his ability in this line. After his graduation he was elected principal of the schools of Shell Rock, Iowa, where he remained until 1887, after which he was principal at Dy- sart, Iowa, for three years. On the expira- tion of that period he was principal of the collegiate institute in Waterloo, Iowa, un- til 1893 after which he spent one year in traveling. Subsequently he was for one year principal of the schools of Paullina, Iowa, and of the Wesley schools for two years, and in. 1897 he came to Lake City, Iowa, to accept the superintendence of the schools of this place. He is an excellent dis- ciplinarian and he has the ability of impart- ing clearly and readily to others the knowl- edge he has acquired and of inspiring teach- ers and pupils with his own zeal and interest in the work. He gives good satisfaction wherever employed and his work is of a na- ture to produce practical results and rapid advancement.

Professor Brown was married in Lis- bon, Iowa, July 25, 1885. to Miss Jeanette Kenderdine, who was born in Lisbon, and who by her marriage has become the mother of two children: Ralph W., born June 24, 1886; and Alma Lucile. born July 25, 1891. In his fraternal relation Mr. Brown is a Ma- son, belonging to the lodge at Waterloo, Iowa. He also has membership relations with Yeoman Lodge, of Lake City; the I. O. O. F., of Weslev ; the Royal Arcanum, at

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Water]

Camp.

and the Modern Woodmen Wesley, Iowa. He belongs to the Methodist Episcopal church and his l,fc is consistent with its principles. His entire time and attention are devoted to Such interests as tend to elevate human- ity and promote the welfare of his fel- low men and his life record is therefore worthy of emulati. m. His nature is one that could never content itself with mediocrity and his course has been marked by progress to a foremost place among the educators of tli is county, and at the same time under his guidance the schools with which he has been connected have been materially advanced.

AUGUST BRAND.

The pioneer experiences of Calhoun county became familiar to August Brand during the period of his early residence here. From that time to the present he has watched with interest the development and upbuild- in-- of the county and his labors have not been without effect in promoting its improve- ment. He was born in Ditmold, Prussia, on the iSth of May, 1828. His father was a stone-mason in Germany and both he and his wife died in that country, the former serving in Napoleon's army during the cam- paign of 18 1_'. During his youth August Brand worked upon bis father's farm and assisted in its cultivation until he came to America. His education was acquired in the schools of his native land and after he had put aside his text-books he operated a farm of forty acres until two years after his marriage. That important event in his life occurred in 1K5J. Miss Minnie Knierim be- coming his wife. She was born and edu-

cated in Germany and has one sister who still resides in the fatherland, while Mrs. Peter Krause, another sister, is living in Illinois, and her brother, William, is now a resident of Calhoun county.

Hearing favorable report- of the oppor Utilities to be enjoyed in the new August Brand resolved to seek his fortune beyond the Atlantic and in 1857 he the ocean, making his way across the coun- try to Missouri. He established his home 'upon a tract of rented land, ninety miles west of St. Louis, and continued to reside there until 1866 when he came to Calhoun county, where he has since remained. The homestead claim which he here secured was his place of residence until 1892 and in the meantime he had extended the boundaries of his farm by additional purchase until it comprised two hundred and forty acres. Ten years ago he sold this property and re- mpved to Manson, purchasing here three acres of land upon which he built a home in which he is now living retired, enjoying a well merited rest.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Brand have been born ten children, of whom three are now deceased. Those living are as follows: August, who married Miss Clara Julius, and resides in Greenfield township; Henry, who married Hettie Martha and lives in Greenfield township: Fred, who married Miss Fulka Rankin, and is a resident of Manson; Rachel, the wife of Martin Yager, of Manson; Minnie, who married Jonas Stacey, of Greenfield township; Anna, the wife of Walter Rankin, a farmer residing near Manson: and Emma, who married James Fluhard. of Manson. The parent- hold membership in the Lutheran church and in his political views Mr. Brand is a Re-

520

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

publican. He has held several township offices, including that of school director in which capacity he served for fifteen years, the cause of education finding in him a warm friend. On arriving in Calhoun coun- ty he found that he must meet pioneer con- ditions, for the work of civilization was still in its primitive conditon here. He took up his abode in Greenfield township and at once set to work to transform the raw prairie into richly cultivated fields. Prices- were very high ; he paid two dollars for wheat, twelve dollars per hundred for flour, one dollar per bushel for corn, and two dollars and a quarter per bushel for potatoes. In the early days he suffered from the grasshopper plague, those insects destroying everything green that was raised. Many of the pioneers had little money and in order to live after this failure of crops, they killed muskrats, selling their skins for ten cents each. Dur- ing that dark period in the history of Cal- houn count}-, Mr. Brand worked for fifty cents per day in order to provide for his wife and children, but as the years passed and the financial prospect grew brighter, his labors brought good return and ultimately he be- came the possessor of a very handsome o >ni- petence which now enables him to live re- tired. He has passed the seventy-third mile- stone on the journey of life and through all the years he has borne an untarnished name, his reputation in business circles being un- assailable.

MATURIN M. READING.

Maturin M. Reading is a representative of one of the most prominent pioneer families of Call* un o imtv. The name is

inseparably o nnected with its history and one of the townships has been called in hono* of the father of our subject. From a very early epoch in the development and improve- ment of this part of the state the Readings have been associated with the work of up- building and have been important factors in promoting public progress along many lines of general good. Maturin M. Reading is to-day a most enterprising and honored citi- zen, well deserving mention in this volume. He was born in Sycamore, DeKalb county, Illinois, December 22, 1852, his parents be- ing Charles H. and Eliza A. (Horning) Reading. The father was born in Bucks county. Pennsylvania, Februarv 20, 1823, and the mother's birth occurred in Wyoming county, New York, November 23, 1824. The family is of English lineage and was early established in Pennsylvania, while represen- tatives of die name attained positions of dis- tinction in connection with political affairs. One member was a territorial governor of New Jersey and many of the name still re- side in that state and in the Keystone state. William Henry Reading was one of the early settlers of Bucks county. Pennsylvania, and with its pioneer development was closely as- sociated.

Charles H. Reading was a young man when he left Pennsylvania, being then but twenty years of age. He worked his way to Chicago, locating in the western metrop- olis when it was but a small village. A blacksmith by trade, he followed that pursuit in various places. After resid- ing in Chicago for a short time he se- cured employment with the Lake Superior Mining Company, and was in British Amer- ica for eight months. On the expiration of that period he returned to Chicago and sul> sequently removed to Sycamore, Illinois,

M. M. READING.

[RS. M. M. READING.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

5-5

where he resided for a number of years. He jjas traveled extensively, visiting- many parts M the country, including the pine regions of New England and the vast mountain district uf the far west. Mr. Reading was married, \ ivember 15. [845, in Sycamore, Illinois, and for twelve years maintained his resi- dence in that place, coming to Iowa in [861. He located first in Jefferson, this state, hav- ing the year preious purchased the old home farm, where he remained for ten years, fol- following the blacksmith's trade and also en- gaged in merchandising. In 1870 he took up his abode upon his farm in Reading" town- ship, Calhouq county, and being the first set- tier of the district the township was named in his honor. The nearest trading place was Jeffersi m and the ti wn of Gowrie was found- ed that summer and Manson sprung up in the north. The traveler to-day seeing the thriving villages and cities and the well kepi farm.- can scarcely realize that one-third of a century ago this was almost entirely in its primitive condition. Deer were frequently killed within the borders of the county. Wolves made the nights hideous with their howling and wild fowls of all kinds were very numerous, man}- of them supplying the pioneers with meat. The crops were fre- quently destroyed by cranes, ducks and geese, so numerous were these birds. The old homestead farm comprises three hundred and sixty acres and the pioneer family resi- dence is still standing there. Charles H. Reading resided upon his claim until 1876, when he removed t" Gowrie, where he main- tained his residence for about eighteen years. He now resides in Benton county. Arkansas, and is living retired in the enjoyment of a well earned rest, His wife died while visit- ing the "Id homestead claim, in May, 1900. This ivorthy couple was widely known and honored by the pioneer settlers. They were

hildren, who are yet living — Edwin A., a resident of county, Arkansas, and Maturin M., of this review-. The father served as mayor of Gowrie for a number of years, and during his administration the city made marked ad- vancement along many, lines of in ments. 1 te was al» 1 justice 1 rl the ; 1 ever discharged his duties with promptness and fidelity, winning the high commendation of all concerned. His political supp ri given to the Republican party, of which he has been an adherent since its organization. In religion he is a Baptist, and his life has ever been in harmony with his Christian principles.

Maturin M. Reading came to Iowa when a young man and in the schools of Jeffer- son obtained his education. Throughout his life he has carried on agricultural pursuits, and he purchased the old homestead of which he has had charge since 1876. Man) of the improvements which are found thereon to- day stand as monuments of his enterprise. He owns all together three hundred and six- ty acres of rich land and about one hundred acres is planted with small grain, while an equal amount is comprised within his pas- tures and meadow. He successfully carries on farming and stock-raising, keeping about eight) head of short-horn cattle of a high grade.

On the 23rd of December. 1874. Mr. Reading was united in marriage to Mis- Sa- rah F. Smith, who was horn in Homer. Xew York. November 5, 1852, a daughter of Marvin W. and Hannah (Johnson) Smith, both of whom were natives of Xew York, the father horn September 2, 181.). and the mother March 15. [822. Mr. Smith fol- lowed farming in his later years. In 1869 he came to towa, settling near Jefferson, where he purchased ,1 tract -l' wild laud.

526

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

and upon the prairie developed a rich farm. "His death occurred on his homestead De- cember 5, 1883, but his widow still survives him. They had two children, the son be- ing George E., who resided on the old farm place. Air. Smith belonged to the Baptist church and his Christian faith was mani- fested in his honorable life. The platform and principles of the Republican part)- re- ceived his endorsement and to the party he ever gave his earnest support, although he never sought or desired office. The mar- riage of Air. and Airs. Reading has been blessed with four children: Ada AT, who was born March 12, 1876, in Greene coun- ty. Iowa, is the wife of Wilbur Ferguson; Maude I., born February 12, 1878. is the wife of L. R. Fitz and has three children. Dale, Dean and Grace; Charles. M., born November 29, 1879, is now pursuing a course in electrical engineering in the Iowa State College; Henry \Y., born March 23, [887, completes the family. With the ex- ception of the eldest child all were born on the old family homestead.

Air. Reading has held various offices to which he has been called by his fellow towns- men, who recognize his worth and ability. He has been school director, school secre- tary and treasurer, and has filled the last named position for twenty years, while for thirty years he has been the director of the schools. The cause of education found in him a warm friend, and he does all in his power to ]>r> mi te the efficiency of the in- struction received in his district, realizing how valuable is education as a preparation for life's work. He votes with the Repub- lican party and holds membership in the Odd Fellows Lodge and in the Baptist church. 1 le assisted in the organization of his town- ship and is to-day the 1 ldest citizen residing

within its borders. His life history, if given in detail, would practically be a review of the annals of the township, for he has heen most closely associated with all its progress and improvements. He is a man of stro3 character, of marked individuality, and at all tunes has been loyal to truth and justice.

JOSEPH H. BAKER.

Joseph H. Baker, a representative of the farming interests of Calhoun county, re- sides on section 4, Sherman township". He is numbered among- Iowa's native sons, hi birth having occurred in Keokuk county on the 10th of November, 1870. His father. Peter Baker, was a German farmer of that county and was born in Germany. October 7. 1839. He married Aliss Alary Piper, who also was a native of Germany, born October 24, 1840, their wedding, however, being cel- ebrated in Keokuk county, Iowa. When a youth of fifteen the father bade adieu to his native land and the home of his childhood and crossed the Atlantic to America. His wife was a little maiden of only six summers when she was brought to the new world and became a resident of the Hawkeye state. Ah. Baker has now passed away, his death having occurred on the 1st of August. [897, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. but Airs. Baker is still living, her home being in Keo- kuk county. They were the parents of the following named children: Lena, the wife of Antony Aller, a resident of Washington county, Iowa; John, who is living in this county; Alary and Alike, both deceased; Jo- seph H., of this review; Elizabeth, the wife of Stephen Yager, of Calhoun county; W'en- dall. who is living in Keokuk county: Teres-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

£27

sa. the wife of Charles Berwen, of Calhoun gounty : and Emma, the wife of John Oling- er, of Keokuk county.

In the district schools near his home Jo- seph Baker pursued his education and through the summer months he worked in the fields. He continued upon the home farm until twenty-three year- of age, when he rented land and began farming on his , wn account. In [895 he came to Calhoun county, taking up his abode upon a farm which' he had purchased the year previous, and which comprises the southeast quarter ,,f section four and forty acres of the north- easl quarter of section four. Sherman town- ship, making in all'two hundred acres of land. He has the entire place under cultiva- tion and has transformed it into a very valu- able tract. He has erected substantial build- ings and has added all modern equipments and accessories so that the place may now lie Classed among the model farms of the twen- tieth century in Calhoun county.

On the 28th of November, 1893. Mr. 1 laker was united in marriage to Miss Mary Hainmen of Keokuk county. Iowa. Her parent-, were Peter, and Margaret 1 Petgei;) Hammen. both of whom were natives of Germany, the former horn December 17. [833, and the latter January 9, 1844. They were married on the J4th of January. [865, and the same year sought a home in the new world, taking up their abode in Iowa. Unto them were horn six children, as follows: August, who is living 111 Calhoun county; Annie, deceased; Nick, also "t tin- county; Susan, wile of Joseph Stem of Calhoun c« unty; Mary, the wife of our subject ; and who 1- living in tin- locality. Mr-. Baker was born Augusl [9, 1875, in Keo- kuk, and by her marriage ha- become the mother of four children; ( Hiver, born Sep-

tember 4, [896; Ernest, born July 18, 1897; Arnold, born April 1 i . [899; and Verona,

born June 28, [901, The parent- and their children are members of St. Mary'- Catholic church of Pomero) and in his politii iations Mr. Baker is a Democrat, but has

never -ought or desired office, prefi devote hi- time and energies to his I affairs, in which he is meeting with served success, as a result of his industry and well spent life.

RICHARD BOTSFORD, M. D.

Although one of the young members of the medical profession in Calhoun county, Dr. Botsford's ability does net seem to be limited by his years and he has already at- tained a very high position in the ranks of the medical fraternities. He was born in Fort Dodge. Webster county, Iowa, June jo, [872, and is the son of A. N. and Marx 1 So itts ) Botsford. The farther was a native of Connecticut and in the year 186S came to Iowa, locating in Fort Dodge, where he is now engaged in the practice of law. He married Miss Scott, who was born on the steamer in which her parent were crossing the Atlantic from Scotland to the new world. During the Civil war the Doctor's father served as a quartermaster in the Union army. He is now a well known attorney at Fort Dodge and has a distinctively repre- sentative clientage. Geis, the only brother of our subject, is now city editor of the Dcs Moines Leader, published at Des Moines, fowa.

In the public schools of his native town the Doctor acquired his early education and at the age of seventeen he entered the State

52S

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Military Institute m Burlington, Vermont, where he was graduated with the class of June, 1894. Determining to make the prac- tice of medicine his life work, in the fall of that year he entered the State University of \ ermont and was graduated in the medical department in July, 1898, with the degree of M. D. He then returned to his native state, where he opened an office and engaged in practice until November, 1900, when de- siring to perfect himself in his chosen calling he returned to his alma mater and pursued the post-graduate course. On the 25th of April, 1901, he came to Lake City, where he opened an office. Little more than a year has passed and he has already gained a good clientage from among the best families of the city and surrounding district. From the 1st of September, 1897, until January 1, 1898, lie took clinical and ward work in the Cook County Hospital of Chicago and has broadened his knowledge of the prac- tical methods of treating diseases and of performing surgical operations. He has a wide and comprehensive knowledge of the science, which he is making his life work, ami does everything in his power to advance m his profession and render his services mure effective and valuable in the important task of restoring health.

On the 15th of September, 1898, the Doctor was married to Anna Goodsel, the daughter of E. R. Goodsell. of Burlington. Vermont. He is a well known contractor and now has charge of the breakwater on Lake Champlain. One child graced the mar- riage of the Doctor and his wife: Mary, who was born December 20, 1899, and is the life and light of the household. Our subject is identified with the K. P. fraternity and with the Knights of the Maccabees and

in the line of his profession, he belongs to the Fort Dodge Medical Society. On the first of January, 1899, lie was appointed city and county physician for the term of oj year. He is yet a young man and the future undoubtedly holds in store for him succesl for he is ambitious, determined and capable

JOHN PYM BURROUGH.

The history of John Pym Burrough, if written m detail, would read like a romanj so varied have heen his experiences and 1 widely has he traveled. He has visited mam sections of the globe and is familiar with the manners and customs of the peoples of _the islands of the seas and of certain districts of Asia and Europe. He has also touched upon the African shores and has traveled quite widely over the North American conti- nent as well as over Great Britain. He is i ml of England's native sons, his birth having occurred in Somersetshire, on the nth of May. 185S- He is a descendant of Sir Will- iam Pym, who was one of the distinguished generals of Cromwell's army. His father, John Burrough, was born in England in 181 5, was a farmer by occupation and spent his entire life in his native land. He was accidentally killed by a horse. May 15. 1N04. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Rachel Hill, was born in England about 183 1. and is n<wv living there in her eignty- first year. In their family were .en children : Jane, now deceased; William and James. who are living in England ; Jennie, who has also passed away; Hannah, the wife of Harry Meaker. of England; Ellen, the wife of Walker White, of ' the "merrie isle:" John, of this review: Emily R., the wife of John Keene, of Somersetshire. England1;

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

529

Edith Elizabeth, the wife of John Bonwell, g$ lara. Webster county, Iowa, a stock- dealer and hotel proprietor; and Mrs. Har- riet 1 Looper, of England.

John Pym Burrough pursued his early education in the public schools and after- ward attended the Western College, near lath, Somersetshire, where he pursued a scientific course and was graduated in the pass of [873. Through the summer months he worked on the home farm and after his graduation he returned to the farm, where he remained until twenty-two years of age. when feeling his life hampered by the con- fines of the farm and wishing to see more of the world he left for London. From the metropolis he sailed for South Africa and spent three months in Cape Colony. Through the succeeding nine months he was in South Australia. He visited near the battlefield of Majuba Hill, where an engagement was fought between the British troops and the Boers. From South Australia Mr. Bur- rough removed to Melbourne, in Victoria, but alter two weeks spent in that city, went to Tasmania, remaining for two weeks in Hubertown. He next went to New Zealand, spending about four months in traveling all over the southern part of the island. Pro- ceeding to the Fiji islands, he there remained for about a month, after which be returned to Melbourne and traveled throughout the Victoria colony, taking in every point of in- terest. Again going to South Australia he d for the Australian government for fourteen months and two weeks, visiting all sections from New South Wales to the coast. When that time had elapsed Mr. Bur- rough started for Egypt, but the ship on which he took passage caught tire in mid- ocean seven hundred and fifty miles from land. The captain asked for volunteers and

everybody on board aided in throwing the cargo overboard and subduing the tire. The ship was then overhauled and they set sail for Arabia, proceeding thence to the Sue/ canal and on to Squakin on the where a military engagement took place. At this point they remained for about two weeks and Mr. Burrough saw many men shot at that point. The next point to which the troops proceeded was Tilikibi, where a battle was fought under the hill, after which the journey was resumed to Port Said, where our subject remained for two days.. \i Naples. Italy, he was quarantined because of cholera and lay right under Mount Vesu- vius. Proceeding to the Rock of Gibraltar and to Plymouth, England, Mr. Burrough continued on his way to his old home, where he remained for about two months.

Again setting out upon his travels about 1S85, Mr. Burrough went to Bristol, thence to Glasgow and on to Derbyshire, Berkshire and Liverpool, where he remained for about six weeks, after which he went to a point about thirty miles north id" London, return- ing thence to Berkshire. Wiltshire and then to Somersetshire. When a month had passed he again left home and emigrated to Amer- ica about 1886, landing in New York, and after two days proceeding to Michigan. A month later he went to Ontario, Canada, where he spent four months. He was for three weeks in Detroit, Michigan, and then decided to return to Canada. Buying a ticket he proceeded half way when he sud- denly formed a resolution to abandon that plan and took a train for Chicago, where he remained for two weeks. He next went to Libertyville, Lake county. Illinois, where he spent a year and a half, after which he re- turned to Canada, and at Chatham pur- chased a team and wagon and tent, with

53Q

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

which he started on a traveling expedition, making his way through upper Canada. On again reaching Chatham he bought a livery barn, conducting it for a time. While resid- ing there he underwent three different sur- gical operations. One was performed be- cause of an abscess on the lungs, by Dr. I Uiver Wendell Holmes, and to the skill of the noted author .Mr. Burrough owes his life. A- soon as well enough, Mr. Burrough returned home to his mother, for she had never expected to see him alive again. He remained in England for about two and a half years and then again came to the United States, landing at Xew York, whence he pro- ceeded westward to Chicago and then to Libertyville, Illinois, living in that place for about six months. He attended the World's Columbian Exposition, taking in every inter- esting exhibit, and then left for Moore coun- ty. Mississippi, to visit his sister, Mrs. Bon- well. Soon afterward he took up his abode in Chickasaw county, Iowa, where he lived i' i about three years, dealing extensively in stock. On the expiration of that period he went to Murray county, Minnesota, spend- ing the summer in visiting, after which he made his way to Webster county, Iowa, and was engaged in working on the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad. Going south to Des Moines, he spent two weeks in that city and then re- moved to Colfax, Jasper county, Iowa, where.be entered into partnership with Seth Macy, in the cattle business, a business rela- tion that was maintained for three years, the firm being known as Macy & Burrough. Coming to Knierim he was among the hrst to locate at this point, erected a livery barn, and in December, 19.01, he went to Des Moines, but after a short time he re- turned to this place, where he is now located. Mr. Burrough was reared in the Episco-

pal church and still holds membership in that church. He is also a member of ihe Modern Woodmen of America. He stiij owns land in his home county in England and bis livery barn and one lot in Knierim. Broad have been his travels and varied his experiences. Possessing an observing eye and retentive memory his mind is now well stored with many interesting incidents con- cerning his joumeyings, and he is a most entertaining conversationalist, having broad knowledge gleaned as he has passed from place t<. place, from country to country and from continent to continent.

JAMES E. COREY.

Among the wide-awake and energetic cit- izens of Calhoun county who are naw devot- ing their time and attention to agricultural pursuits is numbered James E. Corey, who resides on section 9, Calhoun township. He is now successfully operating a half section of land, owning one hundred and sixty acres "ii section 4, and renting the remainder.

A native of Illinois, Mr. Corey was horn near Malta, De Kail) county, and on the pa- ternal side is of Scotch ancestry. His grand- father, Clark Corey, was a farmer of Berk- shire county, Massachusetts, and there his father, Daniel Corey, was born in 1822. The latter grew to manhood in his native state and there married Miss Mary C. Pease, who was also born and reared in Massachusetts. For a few years after his marriage Daniel Corey engaged in farming in the old Bay state, and then with his wife and two chil- dren moved to Illinois, in 1856. Locating in De Kalb county, he purchased a tract of land and at once began its improvement. In

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

due time he had developed a farm of three hundred arid twenty acres, becoming one of the Liiccessful farmers of that county. There he died in 1867, at the age of forty-five years, when just in the prime of life. James E. is the youngest of his five children, the others being George, now a farmer of Cal- houn county, Iowa; Sarah, wife of George Dehart. whose sketch appears elsewhere in this work; and Frank and Sheridan, who each own a part of the old home farm in L)e Kail) enmity. Illinois, and are engaged in its operation.

In his native county James E. Corey passed the days of his boyhood and youth, attending the home school and aiding in the lab rs of the farm. He first came to Iowa about [883 and spent some time with his brother on a farm in Calhoun county, but he engaged principally in carpenter work. He followed that occupation both in Iowa and Illinois for eight or nine years. It was in [892 that he located permanently in this county and he continued to work at his trade for some years, man)- business houses, pub- lic buildings and private residences showing his architectural skill and ability. About 1898 he purchased his present farm of one hundred and sixty acres on section 9, Cal- houn township, and has since devoted his time and attention to agricultural pursuits. He raises a good grade of stock, and in this new undertaking is met with well deserved success. He is a wide-awake, energetic and progressive business man. and generally carries forward to successful completion whatever he undertakes.

On the 8th of June, 1899, in Calhoun county, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Corey and Miss Mary McMeekin. a native of Marshall county, Iowa, and a daughter

of John McMeekm. Her father came to this state from Rock [sland county, Illinois,

one of tin p county. In 1892 he removed t- Calhoun county and purchased a farm in I township, where he made his home until called to his final rest in June, 1901. His family consisted of four children, namely: Alary, wife of our .subject ; James, a of this county; Jennie, wife of Charles Hibbs, whose farm adjoins that of our sub- ject; and Ella, wife of Rollin Hibbs, also a farmer of this county. Mrs. Corey was principally reared and educated in her native county. By her marriage to our subject she has bee line the mother of one child, Earl Francis.

Since attaining his majority Mr. Corey- has always affiliated with the Republican party, and is a stanch supporter of its prin- ciples. At local elections, however, lie often votes independent of party lines, supporting the men whom he believes best qualified for office. He is one of the representative citi- zens of his community, and is very popular with his many friends.

ELIJAH C. DEADMAN.

Elijah C. Deadman. one of Calhoun township's most thrifty and enterprising farmers, residing on section 21, within two miles of Lake City, was born on the 8th of April, 1842. on a farm in Shelby county, Kentucky, which was also the birth place of bis father, Elijah Deadman. His paternal grandfather, who also bore the name of Eli- jah, was born, reared and married in North Carolina, and at an early day removed to

532

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Shelby county, Kentucky, where in the midst of the wilderness he cleared and improved a farm, making his home there throughout the remainder of his life. On the death of the grandfather the father of our subject succeeded to the old homestead in Kentucky, and made his home there throughout the re- mainder of his life, his time and attention being devoted to agricultural pursuits. He died about 185 1 at a comparatively early age. His wife, who bore the maiden name of Catherine Gaily and who was also a na- tive of Shelby county, Kentucky, still sur- vives him, and resides with a daughter near Shelbyville.

On the old home farm in the Blue Grass state. Elijah C. Deadman of this review was reared in much the usual manner of farmer boys of his day, and remained with his mother until he attained bis majority. He then engaged in farming on his own ac- count in his native county for a few years. Going to Illinois in 18G8, he settled in Moul- trie county, where he rented a farm and en- gaged in its operation for a few years.

In the meantime Mr. Deadman was mar- ried, March 4, 1869. to Miss Alice E. O'Xeal, a native of Champaign count)-, Illi- nois, where her father, James O'Xeal. set- tled at an early day in the development of that state. By this union were born six children, namely : Bertie K., who is now the widow of Mr. Pfiester and resides with her father; Frank E., who is married and engaged in the practice of medicine in Chi- cago; Orvil P., who assists his father in carrying on the home farm; J. Homer and Roy E., both teachers of Calhoun county; and Laura Elgie, a student in the Lake City schools.

After his marriage Mr. Deadman con-

tinued to make his home in Moultrie county, Illinois, until 1877, when he removed1 to Champaign county, that state and purchased a farm near Mahomet, to the further im- provement and cultivation of which he de- voted his energies until coming to Calhoun county, Iowa, in the fall of 1892. He then bought the farm of two hundred and forty acres on section 21, Calhoun township, where he now makes his home, and took up his residence thereon in the spring of 1893. It is one of the most valuable and well im- proved places in that part of the county. Mr. Deadman commenced life for himself with- out means, but being industrious, energetic and progressive he has steadily overcome all the difficulties in the path to success, and is to-day one of the most substantial and pros- perous agriculturists of his community, as well as one of its most highly respected and honored citizens. Politically he is a Jeffer- sonian Democrat, having always affiliated with that party since casting his first presi- dential vote for General George B. McClel- lan in 1864, but he has never taken any active part in politics aside from voting, lie has now been a resident of this county fur nine years, and in that time has made many warm friend^ who have for him the highest regard.

WALTER J. COOPER.

Walter J. Cooper, now deceased, was numbered among the pioneer settlers of Cal- houn county and took an active part in the work of improvement and progress as the count\- advanced from a primitive condition to take its place among the leading counties of this great commonwealth. The qualities of an upright manhood were his and

WALTKH ('IH)PKIi

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

535

wherever he was known he commanded high regard. He was counted one of the lead- ing agriculturists of this locality. He was born near Cheshire, Berkshire county, Massachusetts, August 30, 1853. His father, Thomas Cooper, was born near Wakefield, Yorkshire, England, in 1822, and was united in marriage to Sarah Rogers, the marriage being celebrated in Wakefield, England, June 13, 1842. In 1849 they emigrated to the new world and fojT one year they resided in Albany. New York, while for five years they lived in Che- shire, Massachusetts. In 1855 they re- moved westward, taking up their abode in Clayton county, Iowa, being among the first cues to settle in eastern Iowa. A year passed before the railroad was built into the state, and the work of improvement largely lay in the future. In 1862 when the Civil war was inaugurated Mr. Cooper responded to the country's call for aid. enlisting hvCom- pany D, Twenty-first Iowa Infantry. He succumbed to the heat in the Yicksburg cam- paign and was removed to the hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, where he died on the oth of October. 1863. In 1866 his widow removed with her children to Calhoun coun- ty. 1, eating on a homestead claim. Here she was again a pioneer, being one of the first settlers of the northern portion of the coun- ty. She bravely met all the hardships and gements of pioneer life, however, in order to secure a home for her family. She was a devout member of the Methodist Epis- copal church and in that faith reared her children. She was indeed a faithful mother, doing everything in her power for the little ones left to her care. In the family were six children : Ebenezer and Alva, now de- ceased : Mary, the wife of J. M. Lowe, of Sisseton, South Dakota; Walter, of this re-

view ; Sarah, tb 1. Sherman, of

Delaware county. Iowa; and Thomas, who is living in Man- m.

Walter J. Co, , per was only t\ old when his parents left the east and be- came residents of Iowa, settling City. Clayton county. In 1866 he accom- panied his mother to Calhoun county, be- coming a resident of Greenfield township, where he spent his remaining days. Here the greater part of his education was ac- quired in the district schools and he early became familiar with the arduous task of de- veloping wild land and transforming it into richly cultivated fields. He bravely met the hardships of pioneer life, engaged in break- ing the prairie and in the improving of the home farm until his efforts were rewarded with good crops.

On the 13th of February, 1879, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Cooper and Miss Maria E. Julius, a daughter of Peter and Anna B. (Smith) Julius, both of whom were natives of Pennsylvania. Mrs. Cooper was born in Xew York state, October 1, 1858, and by her marriage became the moth- er of two children, Clyde C, b »rn X' i\ ember I, 1879, and Clara, born March 20, 1881. Mr. Cooper gave his political support to the Republican party, and was one of its stand- ard bearers in this locality. His efforts were effective in promoting its upbuilding- and for some years he served as township trustee. while for about four years he was county supervisor. Widely known and rei as one of the most progressive citizens < i the community, he always co-operated in every movement and measure for tin gem and labored not alone for the present but for the prosperity of the future I valued member of the d'\<\ I 1 and the Ancient Order of United V

536

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

and was in ever} sense of the term one of the prominent and influential citizens of Calhoun a unty. An earnest Christian gentleman, he long held membership with the Methodist Episcopal church, was super- intendent of the Sunday-school for three years, was one of the church trustees and a member of the building- committee at the time of the erection of the Methodist church in Knierim. He never faltered in his al- legiance to the cause and was most zealous and earnest in the work of Christianity.

In 1885 he removed with his family to section 2, Greenfield township — the town- ship which had been named by his mother. He located in the southwest quarter, in a beautiful In me, which is now occupied by his family and is surrounded by evergreen tree- and a well kept lot. He placed sub- stantial buildings upon his farm and made hi> property 1 me of the finest country-seats in Calhoun county. He had a good orchard and raised high grades of stock, and in fact conducted one of the finest farms of the locality, equipping" it with all modern acces- sories and improvements. He passed away at this home January 21, 1902, at the age of forty-eight years and four months. When he saw that the close of his life was near he made a will arranging everything in such a satisfactory manner that his family would be well cared for. He left his wife in splen- did circumstances for life, and also provided handsomely for his children. His estate comprises one hundred and sixty acres of richly improved land, constituting a valu- able property. The farm will be carried on by bis s, ,n Clyde, while Mrs. Cooper will make her borne in Knierim. The son has married Cora E. Richardson, a daughter of Clark Rjchardson, of Knierim. In all life's relations Mr. Cooper was esteemed for his

genuine worth. He was straightforward and honorable in all business relations, Was progressive and loyal in citizenship. He con- sidered no personal sacrifice too great that would promote the welfare and happiness of his wife and children, and at all times his career was in consistent harmony with Chris- tian principles. His example is well worthy of emulation, and his name is inscribed high on the roll of Calhoun county's representa- tive and honored men.

JOHN DOUGHERTY.

One of the leading and representative citizens of Lake Creek township is John Dougherty, who was born in Ireland on the 20th of June, 1846, and was ten years old when he came to the United States with his parents. Cornelius and Mary ( Sheahan ) Dougherty. The family first located in New York state, but afterward removed to New Jersey, where the father engaged in farming Tor some years. His last days, however. were spent in Chicago, where he died at the age 1 f sixty-five years. He was an upright, reliable and industrious man. and command- ed the respect and confidence of all with whom he came in contact. His wife departed this life in Champaign county, Illinois, at the age of sixty-four years. They have four children, of whom three are now living, Pat- rick having died at the age of fifty years. The surviving children are Mrs Ellen Craw- ford, of Peoria, Illinois: John, of this re- view ;. and Mrs. Hannah Manning, of Ur- bana, Illinois.

John Dougherty grew to manhood in New Jersey, ami obtained his education in the public schools of that state. He began

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

537

his business career as a railroad man, being in the employ of the Camden & Amboy Rail- road Company at South Amboy. New Jer- sey, for two years, and from there went to I hacago in April, 1865, making his home in that city for the same length of time. While residing there he was employed as heater's helper in the rolling mills. He next moved to Champaign county, Illinois, where he en- gaged in farming for twenty years, and while there bought forty acres of land, which was the first real estate he ever owned. In March, 1889, Mr. Dougherty came to Cal- houn county, Iowa, and purchased one hun- dred and sixty acres of wild land in Lake Creek township, where he now resides, and has since added to it a tract of forty acres, making a fine farm of two hundred acres, which he has placed under a high state of cultivation, and improved wth good and sub- stantial buildings. He also operates other land, having farmed as high as five hundred acres, and at the present time raises about one hundred acres of corn and the same amount of small grain, besides hay. He keep- about thirty head of cattle and prefers the short-horn breed.

Mr. Dougherty was married on the 10th of October. 1870, to Miss Mary A. Wright, a native of Adams county, Ohio, and a daughter of James and Rebecca Wright, the former also a native of Ohio, and the latter of Kentucky. Her father, who was a farmer by occupation, is now deaceased, but her mother 1- -till living and now makes her home in Calhoun county, Iowa. Mr. and Mrs. Dougherty have a family of nine chil- dren, namely: Charles F., John A., Nellie, James Oliver, Ira, Bert, Grace, Mamie and Clara.

By his ballot Mr. Dougherty supports the Republican party and its principles, and

he takes an active interest in publi*

as every true American citizen

enjoys the well-earned distinct

what the public terms

and an analyzation 1 f his character reveals

the Fad thai entei prise vi

and h< morable dealing lu, been tl

features in his prosperity.

JASPER CLARK.

Jasper Clark, who resides on section 33, Elm Grove township, Calhoun count)', is one of the thrifty farmers and stock-raisers who have been identified with agricultural interests in this section of the state from the period of its pioneer development. He now owns three hundred and fifty-one acres of valuable land, indicating his careful super- vision.

Mr. Clark is a native son of the Golden West, for his birth occurred in Delaware county, Iowa. September 16, 1847. His father, John Clark, was born in Virginia, in 1815, and George Clark, the grandfather of our subject, was also a native of the Old Dominion, the family having been founded in that state at an early epoch in American history. At length he determined to seek his home on the western frontier, and in 1825 emigrated to Indiana, where he resided for several years. He next removed to Illi- nois and subsequently came to Iowa, settling in Delaware county about [835. Here John Clark entered from the government a tract of several hundred acres of land and opened up a farm. In Delaware county he made preparation for a home of his own by his marriage to Miss ( Hue Rixford, a native of Erie county, New York, and a daughter of Leverett Rixford, wdio came to Iowa at an

533

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

early daw casting in his lot with the pioneer settlers of Delaware county. John Clark be- came a prominent and influential farmer of that county, met success in his undertakings and there made his home until his death, which occurred about 1892. His wife, sur- viving him a short time, passed away in 1896. In their family were three sons and three daughters who reached mature years. Andrew became a farmer of Elm Grove township, Calhoun county, Jasper is the second son; George is a resident of Greene county, Iowa ; Cornelia is the wife of Rich- ard Maxwell, of Spokane Falls, Washing- ton : Lucy resides in Delaware county, this state ; and Sarah died in early womanhood. On the home farm in Delaware county Jasper Clark spent the days of his boyhood and youth in the usual manner of boys of the period, and after obtaining his early edu- cation in the district schools he remained under the parental roof until he had attained his majority and was married in Delaware county, on the 15th of October, 1868, to Janette Annis, who was born in Erie. New York, a daughter of Herman Annis, who. on leaving the Empire state, made his way across the country to Delaware county, Iowa. Mr. and Mrs. Clark began their do- mestic life upon a rented farm which he operated for three years, and in 1872 they came to Calhoun county, where he purchased a tract of raw land of forty acres, the nu- cleus of his present fine farm. On this he took up his abode in the spring of 1873, broke and fenced the land and made many improvements upon it. In connection with its cultivation he also operated land which he rented until his financial resources en- abled him to make other purchases. He has made judicious investments in real estate as he has found opportunity until he now owns

two valuable farms, the home place compris- ing two hundred and forty acres, on which he has erected a good residence and also built substantial barns and outbuildings for the shelter of grain and stock. Fruit and shade trees add to the value and attractive appearance of the place and the richly culti- vated fields return to him good harvests, while fine grades of stock are seen in his pas- tures. He is justly regarded as one of the leading and successful farmers and stock- raisers of his locality.

The home of Mr. and Mrs. Clark has been blessed with five children: Bertha, the wife of R. E. Smith, a farmer of Lake Creek township; Leroy, who is married and with his familv resides on one of his father's farms; Maud, who pursued her education in the schools of Cedar Falls and for several terms has been successfully engaged in teaching in Calhoun county; Claud, who is a student in Western College in Toledo, Iowa ; and Ross, who is attending the home school.

Mr. Clark cast his first presidential vote for Horatio Seymour and supported the Democracy for some time, but has now for long years been a stanch Republican, believ- ing in sound money, protection to American industries, expansion and the upholding of the American flag wherever it has been planted through accession or conquest. He was elected and served as township trustee at the organization of Elm Grove township, and for years has been secretary of the school board, exercising his influence for the advancement of the standard of the schools, realizing how important a factor is educa- tion in the active affairs of life. In 1882 he was elected a member of the county board of supervisors and filled the position for nine consecutive years, proving a most capable officer and winning high encomiums by his

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

539

efficient service. During- his incumbency two large drains were erected at a cost of fifty-one thousand dollars, whereby over thirty-two thousand acres of land were re- claimed and made capable of cultivation. When the courthouse was destroyed by fire he co-operated in the movement of the board for the erection of the present line hall of justice. He served as chairman of the coun- ty board for one or two years and was a member of various important committees at other times. He has likewise been township treasurer and has been a delegate to the county, congressional and state conventions at various times. In whatever position be has been called upon to fill he has proved reliable and trustworthy, discharging- his du- ne- to the best of his ability, bis efficient service being highly commended by the best citizens of his township and county. Mr. Clark has always resided in Iowa and for thirty years has been a resident of Calhoun county. He has witnessed the building of the railroad, has seen the wild lands trans- formed into fine farms and the county gen- erally advance to a proud position among the counties of this great commonwealth and no one has been more loyal to the best interests of the community than Jasper Clark, whose well spent life is indeed worthy of emulation.

CHARLES L. DROMMER.

Charles L. Drommer is one of the pro- gressive and wide-awake farmers of Butler town-hip, residing on section 13, and thn ugi ut his life he has resided in this por- tion of the state. He was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa, July 15, [865, and is a son of John and Marietta (Collins) Drommer.

ibject was a : Saxony. Germany, bom February 22, 1831, and his father, Charles Drommer, who was also born in the same locality, -pent his en- tire life in Germany, where he died in 1863. He was a weaver by trade and followed that pursuit in support of his family. His wife survived him for ab ait nun away in [872. In their famih were eleven children, but John Drommer was the only one that ever crossed the Atlantic to the new- world. He obtained his education in the schools oCSaxony, and at the age of four- teen he began learning the weaver's trade under the direction of his father. He was twenty-one years of age when he resolved b 1 seek a home and fortune in the new world. for he had heard favorable reports of the opportunities offered to men of determina- tion, industry and ambition. Accordingly he crossed the Atlantic and on his arrival be- gan working at the harnessrnaker's trade in New York, there following that pursuit for two years. In 1854 he removed to Pennsyl- vania and took charge of a sawmill wheh he operated for about a year, when he removed westward to Illinois. In that state he worked in a sawmill, following that pursuit until 1856, when he became a resident of 1 [eai Lake, Iowa. Soon afterward, however, be- took up his abode in Fort Dodge, where he was connected with the operation of saw- mills and flouring mills until i860. In that year he turned his attention to the tanner's trade, which he followed until [870, and then came to Calhoun count}- and secured a homestead claim two and one-half miles southwest of Pomeroy in Butler township. It comprised the south half of th< east quarter of section 14. and there until 1882, when he purchased the west half 1 1' section [3 in Butler I wnship. 1 [is farm

54Q

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

was pleasantly located about a mile south of Pomeroy, and he made of it a very valuable pr< ►perty, owing to the excellent improve- ments which he placed upon the farm. It continued to be his home until his death, and he was long regarded as one of the leading and enterprising agriculturists of the com- munity.

On the 5th of December, 1861. John Drommer was united in marriage in Fort Dodge, to Marietta Collins, who was born November 15. 1842. and is a daughter of Zachariah and Ellen (Wallace) Collins, the former a native of North Carolina, and the latter of Ohio. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Drom- mer were born six children : Martha E., the wife of Henry Wells, of Butler town- ship, Calhoun county; Charles L., the sub- ject of this review; William H., who is en- gaged in the implement business at Pome- roy ; George V., a resident of Norton, Kan- sas; Louis W.. who resides on the old home- stead farm with his brother; and two who died in infancy. The family are members of the German Lutheran church and the life of John Drommer was at all times in har- mony with the highest principles of man- hood. He voted with the Republican party and held all of the township offices, being called to positions of public trust by his fel- low townsmen who recognized his worth, and ability. He was one of the honored pioneers of the county and while he never sought notoriety, and while his life was free from ostentation, he yet performed his duties with strict regard to the obligations which de- volved upon him and in all possible ways aided in the substantial upbuilding and de- velopment of his portion of the state. He was spoken of by the local papers as an honorable and exemplary citizen and was

ever known as a faithful friend, while to his family he was an indulgent and loving husband and father. By well directed in- dustry and honorable effort he gained pros- perity and was able to leave his family in very comfortable circumstances. More than that, he left to them the heritage of an untarnished name and his example is in- deed in many respects well worthy of emu lation.

In June, 1892, Mrs. Drommer removed to Pomeroy, purchased land and erected a home, but during the memorable cyclone which occured on the 6th of July, 1893, the residence and barn were completely de- stryed. Mrs. Drommer and her two sons went into a cellar and escaped with their lives, hut the mother had an arm dislocated at the elbow and broken just above tin wrist, while she also sustained a severe wound on the head. During the fall of 1893 the family again resided upon the old home- stead, after which Mrs. Drommer erected her pleasant residence which she now occu- pies in Pomeroy. She owns eighty acres at the edge of the town, together with a half- section of land in Butler township. Her farms are improved with good substantial buildings and all modern accessories. She is a most estimable lady whose many excel- lencies of character have gained her the I ve and esteem of all whom she knows.

Charles L. Drommer, whose name intro- duces this record, pursued his education in the district schools cf Calhoun county, for he was only rive years of age when his par- ents removed from Fort Dodge to this place. No events of special importance occurred to vary the routine of farm life for him in his youth. He performed the duties of the school room, enjoyed the pleasures of the

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

:;i

plaj ground, and in the summer months worked in field and meadow. On the 24th of February, [892, he was united in mar- riage t< 1 Miss Luc) Cookton, whi 1 was b rn April 5, 1871, and is a daughter of John and Helen (Holtzmyer) Cookton. Her fa- ther was a native of Germany, her mother of Pennsylvania, and in their famil) were nine children. Mrs. Drommer being the third in order of birth. The others are: Annie. the wife of Henry Kruel, of Pocahontas county; Mamie, who married John Doyle, of Pomeroy; John, a farmer of Pocahontas county; Lizzie, who became the wife of James Wood, a resident of Pocahontas coun- ty; Sylvester, who lives on the home farm; James, win. married Lizzie Burns, February 11, 1902, at Fonda; and Eddie and Helen, who are living with their parents. Since the removal of the parents to the city Syl- vester and James operate the home farm. Mr. and Mrs. Cookton now reside in Poca- hontas county. The marriage of our sub- ject and his wife has been blessed with four children: Nellie May. born November 13, [892 ; John E., born July 15, i8cjf>; Mildred, win se birth occurred on the 14th of January, 1898; and Charles Leroy, who was born on April o, 1899. Mr. and Mrs. Drommer have a very pleasant home on section 13, Butler township, where he owns and operates in connection with hi- brother Lewis a well im- proved tract of land of one hundred and seventy-three acres. Our subject i- also the owner <<f one hundred and twenty acres west of Minneapolis, Minnesota. He is quite ex- tensively engaged in stock raising and 1- con- nected with the Co-opera'tive Creamery As- sociation <>f Pomeroy. Hi- business affairs are well managed and In- keen sagacity and fing labor have been the means of winning for him creditable standing among

the leading agric iltui isl ity. He

1- now serving as a met supervisors and his r< 1 fficial is

in harmony with his :• an. All

w him have confidence in his ability and his trustwi During- his long resideno i I has made many warm friend he deserve mention among the 1 ; tive citizens of this portion of the state.

WILLIAM C. SURRELL.

William C. Surrell is a railway engineei in the service of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, with which he has been connected since March, 1882, a period ,,f twenty con- secutive years. He claims New York as the state of his nativity, his birth having oc- curred in North Norwich, Chenang coun- ty, August 17. 1859, his parents being John and Rachel (Cook) Surrell. His father was born on the ocean while his parents were crossing the Atlantic from England to the United States, while the mother of our sub- ject was a native of Pennsylvania. About 1 8' 14 John Surrell removed with his family to Wisconsin, taking up hi- abode in She- boygan county, where he remained i a year ami then went to Outagamie count), that state. After fifteen years' residence there the family went to Missouri, in Clinton count)', where the fathei the spring of 1881. when about !it't\ four years of age. Hi- wife passed away in Eagle Grove, Iowa, in [886, at tin fifty-six years. In then family are three sons and one daughter, v ; ing: George Adelbert, a residenl Grove; Mary, the wit. Ilins, '-i

Nebraska; William C, of this review; and

542

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Russell E., who is general foreman of the

water supply department for the central Iowa division of the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad Company and makes his home at Eagle Grove.

William C. Surrell pursued his early ed- ucation in Wisconsin and on leaving the parental roof he entered the service of the railroad company, with which he is still connected. This was in March, 1882. He was first employed as a section hand, work- ing in that capacity for a year and a half, after which he spent two years as engine wiper in the round house. On the expira- tion of that period he went to. Eagle Grove and became fireman on the Northern Iowa division. Three years later he was pro- moted to engineer on the same division, run- ning between Eagle Grove, Hawarden and Farmer City. During the past ten years he has been running out of Lake City in the freight service. He has been a resident of this place since 1892.

In September, 1881, occurred the mar- riage of Mr. Surrell and Miss Ellis Gard- ner, of Clinton, Missouri, and four chil- dren grace their union: Myrtle Ellen. Jen- nie. William and Nora, the last named a resident of Wisconsin. On the 2d of No- vember, 1896, Mr. Surrell was again mar- ried, his second union being with Aris An- derson, of Lake City. They have two chil- dren : Leona and Oscar. Mr. Surrell is connected with the Brotherhood of Loco- motive Engineers, and in politics is a standi Republican, but he has never sought or de- sired the honors or emoluments1 of public of- fice. During the twenty years of his rail- road service he has never been in a wreck. He is a very painstaking and careful en- gineer, discharging his duties with marked ability and his worth is widely recognized.

ROBERT A. HORTON.

Prominent in the business circles of Cal- houn county stands Robert A. Horton. His success in all his undertakings has been so marked that his methods are of interest to the commercial world. He has based his business principles and actions upon strict adherence to the rules which govern indus- try, economy and strict, unswerving integ- rity. His enterprise and progressive spirit have made him a typical Iowan in every sense of the word, and he well deserves men- tion in her history. What he is to-day he has made himself, for he began in the world with nothing but his own energy and willing bands to aid him. By constant exertion, as- sociated with good judgment, he has raised himself to the prominent position which he now holds, having the friendship of many and the respect of all who know him.

Mr. Horton was burn in Winnebago county, Illinois, November 11, 1850, and is a son of G. L. and Jane (McBride) Horton, both of whom were natives of New York, their marriage being celebrated in that state. They emigrated westward, however, before there was a railroad built beyond Chicago. In 1S37 they arrived in Illinois, making the journey overland with a team. Mr. Horton, the father, driving a yoke of oxen into Chi- cago. He was a farmer by occupation and for many years followed that pursuit ujx m the prairies of Illinois. Both he and his wife died in that state, with whose pioneer de- velopment they were actively identified. Mr. Horton was a Republican in his political views, strictly endorsing the principles of the party. In his family were six children, but two of the number, Mary and Wilbur, died in infancy. Roger Sherman enlisted in Company L, Eighth Illinois Cavalry, un-

R. A. HORTON.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

345

der Colonel John S. Farnsworth, and went into camp at St. Charles, Illinois, on the Fox river in t86i. He was killed in a skir- mish at Culpeper. on the Muddy river, when taking part in a cavalry charge, and was holding the office of quartermaster sergeant at the time of his death. A. A. Horton, the Eourth member of the family, married Jose- phine Pctter, and after her death he wedded Julie Brownlee. He is now residing in North Dakota, where he is engaged in the real estate business, hut for a number of years he made his home in Pomeroy, Cal- houn county, where he was a lumber mer- chant. Frank, the next member of the fam- ily, died at the age of twelve years.

Robert A. Horton, the youngest of the family, obtained his early education in the common schools of Illinois, pursuing his studies until eighteen years of age, when he entered the high school at Rockford. When his education was completed he turned his attention t" farming which he followed con- tinuously in Illinois until 1874 when he came

[owa, locating in Pocahontas county. where he purchased a farm, making his home thereon for four years. On the ex- piration of that period he sold his land and removed to Manson, Calhoun county, where he purchased the lumber business of Enoch Skinner, conducting the same for live years as a member of the firm of R. A. Horton & Company. He was most successful in that enterprise, his patronage steadily increasing and bringing to him a handsome financial re- turn. On selling his lumber interests he be- gan dealing in real estate and is also a repre- sentative of the loan and insurance business. In this enterprise he formed a partnership with Cyrus A. Whittlesey, under the firm name of Horton & Whittlesey. They handle land in central and southern Minnesota and

also [owa land>, and have negotiated some verj important real-estate transfers. Mr. Hon, ,n is welll versed in land values labors have been effective in | upbuilding and improvement of this state. He is a man of resourceful business ability, of keen sagacity and strong determination and whatever he undertakes he can ward to successful completion. He has also been assignee for two firms that have failed in business and closed out their affairs in a manner creditable to himself and satisfactory to all concerned. He conducts all transac- tions along the lines of the strictest commer- cial ethics and his reputation for straightfor ward dealing and integrity is unassailable.

His fellow townsmen, recognizing his worth and ability, have frequently called Mr. Horton to public offices of honor and trust. At different times he has filled all the city and township offices, discharging his duties in a most conscientious and capable manner. He is quite prominent in fraternal circles, be- longing to Morning Light Lodge, No. 384, F. & A. M.; Temple Lodge, No. 95, K. P.; and to Evening Light Lodge, of the 1 irder 1 if the Eastern Star, of which his wife is also a member. He has filled all of the offices in the Knights of Pythias organization and represents the true spirit of the craft in his exemplary life.

On the 29th of December. 1873, '" Pomeroy, Iowa. Mr. Horton was united in marriage to Miss Sarah A. Brownell, who was born in Vermont, in 1852. and is a daughter of Thomas J. and Mar) (Car- penter) Brownell. who were also natives of the Green Mountain state in which they w ere reared and married. They remained in New England until 1854, when they emigrated westward to Illinois, locating in Winnebago countv, where the father followed the mill-

546

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

wright's trade. Subsequently he came to Iowa, locating in Pocahontas county in 1873. There he devoted his attention to fanning until his life's labors were ended in death. His wife also' passed away in that locality. They were the parents of four chil- dren : Ray C. married Mrs. Ellen Black- inton and resides at Ogden, Utah. He was formerly a partner with his brother-in-law in the lumber business at Manson, Iowa, but now engages in the cattle business. Morell died when eighteen years of age. Sarah is the wife of our subject. Niles L. married May Palmer, a daughter of Dr. Palmer, of Davenport, and resides in Pomeroy, Iowa. occupying the position of postmaster of that citv. After the death of his first wife, who passed away January 19, 1895. and was laid t<> rest in Manson. Iowa, Mr. Horton was again married, his second union being celebrated in Webster City, this state, Miss Ida Wiegel becoming his wife. She was born in Stephenson county, Illinois, near Freeport, and is a daughter of David Wie- gel, a native of Pennsylvania, and a farmer by occupation, who came to Marshall county at an early date. Her mother and father are both deceased and are buried at Marshall- town. Mrs. Horton is one of eight children, four of whom are deceased. By his first marriage Mr. Horton had four children, of whom one died in infancy. Those living are Arthur T., born in Manson, Iowa, October 29, 1884, and now a student in the high school; Mary E., who was born Septem- ber 19, 1888; and Margie, born February 11, [892. Mr. Horton has had a successful career since the time, when as a young man, he started out in business on his own ac- count, and his life demonstrates what can be accomplished by industry and enterprise in a land which is unhampered by caste or

class. He is in touch with the progressive spirit which has led to the wonderful de- velopment of the west. Indolence and idle- ness are utterly foreign to his nature and with marked diligence he has persevered in the transaction of his business interests until he stands to-day among the many successful men of Calhoun county.

B. F. FREEBURGER.

Prominently associated with business in- terests in Manson, B. F. Freeburger con- ducts a real estate, insurance and loan of- fice and his business operations arc extensive and of an important character. He is, more- over, recognized as one of the influential citizens of his community, an honored pio- neer who, from the period of earlv develop* ment in Calhoun county, has co-operated in many movements for the general good'. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, March 4, 1840, and is a son of John and Elizabeth (McDonald) Freeburger, who were natives of Maryland. Their wedding was celebrated in Baltimore, where they spent their remain- ing days, the father engaging in the title ami abstract business during the greater part of his life, although at an early day he learned and followed the trade of metal roofing. He filled a number of public positions of honor find trust, serving as deputy city recorder, deputy sheriff and in other local offices un- der Mayor Hillan. He was a member of the German Lutheran church and in his polit- ical views was a Democrat. He died about 1876, and his wife passed away about iSS_>. In their family were three sons and three daughters : John, who died at the age of 1 me year: Anna, who died at the age of fifteen;

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

547

Amanda, the widow of John Eany, and a resident of Baltimore, Maryland; B. F., of this review; Mary, the deceased wife of Ed- ward Stowman, of Baltimore; and Solomon H., who wedded Mary Haggerty and is now judge of the appeal tax court of Baltimore. In the common schools of the beautiful a uthern city in which he was born and reared B. F. Freeburger obtained his educa- tion. At the age of sixteen he put aside his text-books and began learning the machin- ist's trade in the shops of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, serving for four years as an apprentice. When the Civil war broke out he went to Norwalk to work for the government in a quartermaster's depart- ment and subsequently was at Fortress Mon- roe in the ordnance department. Later he be- came marine engineer and was assigned to duty on gunboat transports, doing duty on such boats as would come to the fort with- out an engineer. In this capacity as special export engineer he served during the greater part of the war. He was also detailed and joined Featherbridge's noted scouts, who cleared the country of rebels between Balti- more and Washington. He was present at the recapture of the Union General Franklin. Subsequently he returned to Fortress Mon- roe, where he remained until 1866. During the war he was with the command that saved Baltimore from the Confederate forces and he and his companions were honored by the city council who placed their names upon the wall of the council chamber, where the inscription yet remains. In 1807 the officers under whom Mr. Freeburger served were or- dered to the .arsenal at Rock Island. Illinois, and he followed them there. He received very flattering offers to continue in the gov- ernment employ, but accepted instead a po- sition in the Deere Flow Work-. Subse-

quently he worked for the Moline i '1 .. Company as an expert rnachin eer. remaining in that service for ( months, when his health failed am! - tor advised him to go to the prairies of [owa. Accordingly Mr. Freeburger made his way to Fort Dodge and for two ye; employed as a salesman in the h; store of Bissell & d'urner. In the meantime he entered a homestead claim on the prairie in Sherman township, Calhoun county. He was made station agent at Manson on the Illinois Central Railroad, and also opened a store there, it being the second in the place, the Glover Brothers having previously be- gun business in Manson. For miles one could look abroad over the wild prairie and could frequently see a prairie schooner bring- ing with it the pioneer settlers to reclaim the wild land for the uses of the white man. Mr. Freeburger remained with the railroad company for about a year and a half and afterward devoted his attention to merchan- dising, but abandoned this and was elected to the office of county sheriff, in which he served for two years. He was also justice of the peace, a member of the city council, and mayor of Manson, and was president of the school board. In fact at different times he held many of the local and county offices and is to-day one of the most widely known men in Calhoun county. In later years he has devoted his attention to the real estate, loan and insurance business, and in these lines has secured a liberal patronage.

In July, 1868. at Davenport, Iowa, .Mr. Freeburger was united in marriage to Miss Anna Jane Gregg, who was bom in Penn- sylvania November 14. 1840. a daughter of Thomas and Margaret ( Walsh ) Gregg, both of win. m were natives of Ireland, in which land they were married \ln 111 [838 they

548

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

crossed the Atlantic to the new world, estab- lishing their home in Indiana county, Penn- sylvania, whence they afterward removed to Baltimore. In 1861 they took up their abode in Port Byron, Illinois, where they lived until 1867, and then came to Calhoun county, settling on a farm in Sherman town- ship. Later they removed to Man-on. where the father died, while the mother departed this life in Rockwell City. In their family were seven children : Thomas C, who mar- ried Elizabeth Carson, now deceased, and resides in Rockwell City, Iowa : Anna Jane, the wife of Mr. Freeburger; Daniel, who has passed away, while his widow, who bore the maiden name of Emma Blain. resides in Chi- cago; Celina, who became Mrs. Jesse Smith, and resides in Center township; James P., a resident of Fort Dodge, Iowa, who mar- ried Eugenie Stratton; John, who married Emma Hallack. and resides in Gilmore, Iowa; and Mary, who passed away when fifteen years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Free- burger have become the parents of five sons and three daughters, all of whom were born in Manson. Bertha L., the first child born 111 Man-on, opened her eyes to the light of day on the 26th of May, 1870, and is the wife of T. P. Ebersole, of Manson, who is a postal clerk on the Illinois Central Rail- road, running between Sioux City and Du- buque. They have two children, Zeda and Paul. The second of the Freeburger family is Doctor Myrtle Griffin. She was born June 3. 1872, and married Dr. F. M. Griffin, a practicing dentist of Manson, while she is a homeopathic practitioner of medicine and surgery. Walter, born August 6, 1873. died at the age of four years. Grace, born Au- gust 29, 1875, >s tne wife °f Walrode Dana, a teacher in the public schools of Manson, and they have two children, Ralph and

Harry. Benjamin, born June 11. 1N77. is now studying law in the State Universitv at Iowa City. Solomon H, born July 19, 1879, is teaching school in Pocahontas coun- ty. Joseph, born June 2, 1881, is studying veterinary surgery. George \\\, born Au- gust [8, 1883, is now a drug clerk in Man- son.

Mr. Freeburger is a valued representa- tive member of Manson Lodge, No. 642, I. O. O. I ., and of Morning Light Lodge, X", 384, F. & A. M. In politics he is a stanch supporter of the Democracy, recognized as one of the leading and influential members of his party. He has frequently been a can- didate for the state legislature and for cmi- gress, and has not only attended all the local conventions of his party, but for the past quarter of a century he has attended every state convention. He takes a deep interest in the growth of Democracy and also in measures for the general good. While he is not a church member he has a clear con- ception of man's duty to God and his fellow men. and never fails to discharge every obli- gation devolving upon him. He is very widely known and has become popular with all who have met him in business or social life.

J. F. MALDEN.

J. F. Maiden is the enterprising pro- prietor of a lumber yard in Maiden, where he is also conducting a meat market. He owes his success entirely to his own efforts, for he had no influential friends or pecuniary aid to assist him at the outset of his career. He was born near Norfolk, Virginia, De- cember 10, 1849, and is a son of Dwight and Elizabeth (Linn) Maiden. The father was

THE BIOGRAPHICAL !'

of French Huguenot lineage, while the mother was of English descent, although her people had for many generations been resi- dents of America. Both the great-grandfa- thers of our subject served in the Revolu- tionary war under General Washington. The lather. Dwight Maiden, was a planter and conducted his home place in Tennessee until the Civil war broke out, when true to ing southland he enlisted in the Gin- federate army, serving as a colonel on the staff of General John Morgan throughout the entire period of the conflict, or until he was captured near Xenia. Ohio, at the time Morgan made his raid into that state. He was wounded in an engagement, but sur- vived for a few years, and eventually died of his wounds about [868. He was buried in Winona, Minnesota, by the side of the col- onel of the First Minnesota regiment. Both weie Masons of high standing and Air. Mai- den died at the home of his friend, the n< trth- ern c< Ji mel. After the death of her first hus- band Mrs. Maiden became the wife of Henry 1 her death occurred in Quincy, Illi- nois, in 1893.

The subject of this review is the only child of Colonel and Mr-. Maiden. He pur- sued his early education in the common schools of the Old Dominion and in Shef- field Academy in Sheffield, Connecticut, where he remained for two terms. Later he continued his studio in Lee. Massachusetts, and thus gained a broad general knowledge as a preparation for the practical duties of life. He. too. joined the Confederate army, serving for two years and eight months by his father's side, being only twelve years of age when he entered the war. After its close he secured a position as brakeman on the Illinois Central Railroad, and was after- ward fireman, then conductoi

tion ageri rs he remained

in railroad service, spending abi lit five years in Iowa. While breaking train he

became caught in a switch and had his leg 1 by a train which necessitated the amputation of the meml nation

agent ai three years, and then

left the railroad o imp; lumber and grain Business. He ducts a lumber yard here, although he has retired from the grain trade. He is like- wise proprietor of a meat market and in 1" >th branches of his business is gaining gi cess.

On the 31st of August, [875, in Fort Dodge, Iowa, Mr. .Maiden was united in marriage to Miss Lena E. Thompson, who was hi irn in Wise msin in 1857. Her mother is still living at Fonda. Iowa, and since the death of her first husband she has become the wife of David Stines. Mrs. Maiden had two brothers and one sister: Thomas, vvho is a resident of Fonda: Gilbert, who makes his home in Tacoma, Washington ; and Mrs. R. Cleeberger, of Aurelia, Iowa. The mar- riage of Mr. and Mrs. Maiden has been blessed with five sons, namelj : Eugene, who is living at home and assists his father in the lumber yard and meat market : Claude, who is a grain dealer at Rock Rapids, Iowa: Earl, Lloyd and Leslie, the three last named being at hi me and attending schi 1 in Man- son.

After his marriage Mr. Maiden went to Dubuque, Iowa, where he acted as night op- erate r and ticket agent for a few months, and then came to Manson, where he has since made his home. Having prospered in his business undertakings, lie en 1 residence here, in which his famib fortably located. He attends the Methodist Episcopal church, and

5 50

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, while in his political views he is a stalwart Republican. Dependent upon his own resources at an early age. he has stead- ily advanced in the business world, winning desirable success through capable manage- ment, untiring industry and honorable deal- ing.

THOMAS W. McCRARY.

For almost thirty years this gentleman has been a resident of Calhoun count}-, and is justly numbered among her honored pio- neers and leading citizens. He has been pr< minently identified with her agricultural interests, and to-day owns and operates the old McCrary homestead in Lake Creek town- ship.

.Mr. McCrary was born in Warren coun- ty. Illinois, on the y\ of .May. [853, a son of Andrew and Elizabeth (Cunningham) McCrary. His father was born February 13, 1817. in South Carolina, of which state his father. Thomas McCrary. was also a na- tive, as was his mother, whose maiden name was Park. The grandfather, who was a civil engineer by profession, spent the great- er part of his life in the south, but finally on account of slavery he removed to Illi- nois. He was a strong abolitionist and in re- ligii us views was a strict Covenanter of the old Scotch creed. He died in Illinois at a good ' 'Id age, but his wife was much younger at the time of her death. Their family con- sisted of nine children, six sons and three daughters, who reached man and woman- hood, but only three of the number are now living.

Andrew McCrary. the eldest son and the father of our subject, learned the black-

smith's trade when a young man, but did not make that occupation his life work, his time and attention being principally devoted to farming. He was a pioneer of Warren county, Illinois, where he made his home for almost a quarter of a century, and from there removed to Keokuk county, Iowa, in 1868. Purchasing land in that county, he engaged in its operation for five years, and at the end of that period came to Calhoun county in 1873. Here he continued to reside until called to his final rest on the 1st of February. 1883. He. too. was a Covenanter in re- ligious belief, and was a stanch supporter of the Republican party and its principles. In all the relations of life he was found true- to every trust reposed in him, and well merited the high regard in which he was uni- formly held. His wife, who was born in Illinois, October 15, 1824, still survives him and now makes her home in Lake City. They were the parents of nine children. whose names and dates of birth are as fol- low-: Sarah J., March 14. 1845: Matthew R.. March 4, 1K47; Mary M., May 22, 1849; Thomas \\'., May 3, 1853; Joseph Q., Octo- ber 30. 1855: Martha H., April 10, 1858; John B., November 9, i860; James W., May 7. 1864; and Sidney V., January -'4. [868. Sarah J., Martha H., James W. and Sidney V. are all now deceased.

Thomas W. McCrary spent his boyhood and youth in Warren county. Illinois, and was reared in much the usual manner of farmer boys, early acquiring an excellent knowledge of agricultural pursuits, and pur- suing his literary studies in the district schools near home. He came with the fam- ily to Iowa and in 1873 took up his resi- dence in Calhoun count)-. The following year he and his brother. Matthew R., pur- chased one hundred and sixty acres of raw

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

SSi

land in Lake Creek township, which ni >w forms a part of the old homestead. Other tracts were later bought and sold, the boun- daries of the farm enclosing two hundred and forty acres at one time, and the family have owned as high as four hundred acres at one time. The old homestead, now owned by our subject, has been converted from a wild tract into a nice up-to-date farm. The land is fertile and well cultivated, is adorned by a beautiful grove and a good orchard, and everything about the place bespeaks the care- ful supervision of a man who thoroughly understands his chosen calling and is able to carry forward to successful completion what- ever he undertakes. Formerly Mr. McCrary gave considerable attention to the feeding of cattle and hogs for market, but at present is more interested in the dairy business, keep- ing about fifty cows for that purpose, mostly of the short-horn breed.

On the 9th of October, 1882, -Mr. Mc- Crary was united in marriage with Miss Eugenia Hutchinson. Her parents are Henry H. and Clara (Gregg) Hutchinson, now residents of Sac City, Iowa. Her fa- ther was born in Vermont, August 3, 1838, and her mother in Ohio, December 2. 1N41. In [858 Mr. Hutchinson came to Calhoun county. Iowa, being one of the pioneers of this region. He followed farming and also engaged in mercantile pursuits to some ex- tent. For many years he took a very promi- nent and influential part in public affairs, ami was called upon to fill some important official positions, including that of county clerk. In politics he is a strong Republican, and in religious belief is a Baptist. Mr. and Mrs. McCrary have three children: Earl A., burn November 9, 1885; Henry II.. bom Jul) 28, 1887; and Bess, born February 18, 1896,

In reii Mr. McCrar;

Methodist, while his wife is a member of the Baptist church. 1 te uses his

franchise in support of the men an ures of the Republican party, ami has mosl creditably and acceptably filled the offices of township clerk five _\ears; township trustee several years: and justice oi years. Fraternally he is a member of the Odd Fellows Lodge, No. 330, at Lake City, and also belongs to the Highland Nobles, No. 5. In years of continuous residence he is to-day the oldest citizen of Lake Creek township, and has been an important factor in its upbuilding and development. As one of the pioneers he helped to organize and name the township, and has always taken an active interest in its welfare. He has seen this region transformed from a vast un- broken prairie into one of the best agricult- ural counties of northwestern Iowa, and in the work of development and progress he has borne his part. His is an honorable record of a conscientious man. who by his upright life has won the confidence of all with whom he has come in contact, and on the roll of Calhoun county's honored pioneers his name should be among the foremost.

O. HARRY SNYDER.

One of the representative -citizei prominent farmers of Twin Lakes township, Calhoun county. Iowa, is the gentleman whose name introduces this sketch. He was born on the 31st of ( )ctober, [863, in Wood- stock. Ulster count\ , New York, of which place his father. Edgar Snyder, was also a native. The progenil 1 il the family in America was Martin Snyder, who came to

552

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

this country in 1726 with his family, con- sisting of thirteen sons and one daughter. One of his descendants. Colonel William Snyder, who served under General Wash- ington in the Revolutionary war, was the great-great-grandfather of our subject. The grandfather, William Snyder, was an early settler of Woodstock, Xew York, where he ci inducted a tavern for many years. Edgar Snyder, our subject's father, was a well known merchant of that place and served as postmaster for many years. He also- filled the office of notary public, and was a man of influence in his community. He died in August, 1901, at the age of sixty-three years, but his wife, who bore the maiden name of Sarah C. Croswell, is still living, and con- tinues to make her home in Woodstock, Xew York. Unto them were born five children, but one son, William, died at the age of fi r.rteen years. Those living are Mrs. Net- tie Drake, a resident of Woodstock'; Byron C, a merchant of that place; O. Harry, our subject; and Mrs. Lizzie Lake, a resident of New York city.

In the county of his nativity Mr. Snyder of" this teview grew to manhood, and began hi? education in the schi 61s of his home town, but later attended the New Paltz Academy for three years. Learning" teleg- raphy, he followed that occupation for about three years, and was also a railroad operator for a number of years. From 1885 until 1895 he made his home in Chicago, and from that city came to Calhoun county, Iowa, in the latter year. He purchased his present farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Twin Lake- township and also leases a tract, so that he now operates two hundred and sixty acres, about ninety acres of which is devoted to the raising of corn and the same amount to small grain, while the remainder

is pasture and meadow land. He gives con- siderable attention to the raising of stock, and now has a good herd of seventy-five head of cattle, including some full-blooded Durhams. He is also a breeder of horses and owns an interest in a full-blooded Nor- man stallion. He has made most of the im- provements upon his farm, and in its opera- tion he is meeting with most excellent suc- cess. In politics Mr. Snyder is a Democrat, and in his religious views is liberal. Pleas- ant and genial in manner, he makes many friends, and is quite popular with all who km i\v him.

HENRY YOUNG, M. D.

One of the most distinguished repre- sentatives of the medical fraternity in Cal- houn county is Doctor Henry Young, who is practicing in Manson. His knowledge of the science of medicine is most comprehen- sive, and not only during his student days has he been a close reader of fcext-tx m dcs 1 m the medical science, but since his gradu- ation he has kept in touch with the most advanced thought connected with the pro- fession and is quick to adopt and utilize every improvement which he believes will render his labors more efficient in the allevi- ation of human suffering.

The Doctor is a native of Ogle county, Illinois, bom June [6, 1846, and is a son of William and Nancy (Long) Young, both of whom were natives of Maryland. In that state they were reared and married and in 1S40 emigrated westward to Illinois, mak- ing the journey overland with teams. They settled in Ogle county, where Mr. Young purchased land. In those days he did his trading in Chicago and lived in true frontier

HENRY YOUNG, M. D.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

style, for Ogle county was then a far west

grn district. As the years passed he added to his possessions ami became a wealthy man. leaving a handsome competence at his death. He passed away in 1887. when ejghty-five years of age, having for - me time survived hi- wife, who died in 1871. at the age of fifty-two years. They wen Dunkards in religious belief and were con- sistent Christian people, whose lives were a potent element for good 111 the community in which they made their home. In the family were six children: Elizabeth, the widow of Samuel Price, living at Mt. Mor- tis, Illinois; George, who married Mary Wagner and resides on a farm in Ogle county, Illinois; Worthington, who mar- ried Elizabeth Wagner, and also is a farmer of Ogle county; Henry, the subject of this review: Frank, who married Nettie Glover and is imw a druggist in Manson, Iowa; and Amanda, the wife of Henry Muma, a farmer of Ogle county, Illinois.

Dr. Young, of this review, pursued his early education in the common scho Is and later attended Mt. Morris Seminary in Ogle countv. Illinois, after which he became a student in the Northwestern University, at Evanston. He completed the work of the sophomore year there and then went to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where for one year be was a -indent in the medical department of the State University. He next matricu- lated in the Chicago Medical College, in which he was graduated with the class of 1K72. He began practice at his old home in Oregon. Illinois, where he remained for six months, but believing he might have better opportunities in the west he Manson. Iowa, in October, 1872, and has since resided in this city. From the Incli- ning his practice has steadily increased,

both in volume and he is

now ranked an 5t prominent

physicians of thi

ing many years since left the ran!, many \< stand ami ng He is a member of thi Medical

Society and of the Iowa State Medical So ciety, and hi- \ along the line 1 I

him a most skilled and capable physician. In addition to his practice he has dean erably in real estate, making jtfdicious in- vesments in property as In- financial re- sources have increased, lie 1- examiner for all the important life insurance companies and for many fraternal organizations rep- resented in Mamson. Me served for a num- ber of year- as railroad physician for the Illinois Central Railroad, performing such service in addition to a large private prac- tice.

In the year 1877 Dr. Young was united in marriage to Miss Jean Glover, who was' born in Newfoundland, and is a daughter of John and Mary Glover, both of whom were natives of Scotland. On leaving the land of hills and heather they crossed tin ocean to the new world, taking up their abode in Newfoundland, whence they after- ward removed to New York .and sulbse quently to Calhoun county, fowa, hut both are now deceased. .Mr-. \ brothers ami one sister, all of whom living. She died, however, in August, [887, in southern Kai she had

gone for the benefit of her health. In Janu- ary, [894, in Montrose, i

m married, his second union being with Miss Etta M. I.e.! em born in Mi ntri se at

Leavemvi rth, a nativi 1 ut. Her

nn ither was a nam e 1 f x

556

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Young has one sister, Mary E., who became the wife of Dr. L. C. Wilson, of What Cheer, Iowa. Her father is a descendant of the renowned Leavenworth family of En- glish lineage, who trace their ancestry from 1626. One of her ancestors was a com- missioner of peace between the Indians and the white settlers, while some took part in the war of 1776. Her father was one of the pioneers of Iowa. He and his wife became residents of Lee county, Iowa, in 1856, and are now living upon a farm there. They hold membership in the Presbyterian church and are people of the highest respectability. By his first marriage Dr. Young had three children: William, born June 30, 1879, is deputy postmaster in the Manson post- office. Albert, born April 26, 1881, is a student in his sophomore year at Ames, Iowa, where he is pursuing a course in elec- trical engineering. Edna, born September 19, 1883, is attending the high school at Manson. By the second marriage of Doc- tor Young there is one son, Henry, who was born December 7, 1895. Both the Doctor and his wife enjoy in high degree the es- teem of a large circle of friends, and the hospitality of the best homes of Mans' m and the surrounding country is extended to them. They hold membership in the Con- gregational church, in which the Doctor is a trustee, and he also belongs to Manson Lodge. No. 91, K. P. In his political affili- ations he is a stanch Republican, and was honored with an election to the twenty- fourth and twenty-fifth assemblies. He left the impress of his individuality upon the legislation of these terms, supporting every movement which he believed would redound to the benefit of the commonwealth and as firmly opposed every movement which he believed would prove detrimental. He was

chairman of the most important committee, that of appropriations, and during the first year of his service he was a member of the committee for the World's Fair. It was while he occupied a seat in the house that the famous Mulct law was passed and the Australian ballot system. The Iowa sol- diers' monument was also located during that session. Prominent in political as well as professional life, Doctor Young is well fitted for leadership and has been instru- mental in shaping public thought and action in his locality. He has served as mayor of Manson and his administration was most acceptable because of its practical and pro- gressive spirit.

AMBROSE SCHMIDT.

Among the successful farmers of Cal- houn county who through their own unaided efforts have met with success and have ac- quired a fine property is numbered Ambrose Schmidt, of Garfield township. His early home was on the other side of the Atlantic, for he was born in Austria, May 24, 1843, and is a son of Joseph and Christina (Hol- ler) Schmidt, wlio were horn <n the same lo- cality and there spent their entire lives, the motherdving when about forty-six years of age, and the father when about seventy-two. He followed farming as a life work. Of their ten children seven are still living.

Ambrose Schmidt was reared and edu- cated in his native land ami remained there until thirty years of age. On coming to' this country at that time he settled in Polk coun- tv, Iowa, where he bought one hundred and sixty acres of land and engaged in its operation until his removal to Cal-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

557

houn county in 1892. Here he purchased an improved farm of two hundred and forty acres in Garfield township, and has since bought other land until he now owns five hundred and seventy acres in that township. He raises from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and eighty acres of corn and the same amount of small grain, the re- mainder of his property being meadow and pasture land. He gives considerable atten- tion to the raising of stock and keeps from one hundred and seventy-five to two hundred head of cattle, his specialty being short-

ll< 'HIS.

On the 6th of September. 1875. Mr. Schmidt was united in marriage with Miss Anna Bader, who was born in Wisconsin, January 11. 1859, and is a daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth (Berkey) Bader, both natives of Switzerland. By this union have been born nine children, namely : Thomas, John, William, Ambrose, Lewis. Edward, Minnie. Fred and Frank. The family are communicants of the German Catholic church, and the three oldest sons are connected with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Thomas and John are also members of the Modern Woodmen of Amer- ica, and the Mutual Benefit Association, and Thomas belongs to the Rebekah lodge of odd Fellows. Politically the father and sons are identified with the Democratic party.

On first coming to the new world Mr. Schmidt worked at making railroad ties at a dollar and a half per day. and being eco- nomical he managed to save considerable money during the two years he was thus employed, which enabled him to secure a Start in life. Me has always made the most of In- 1 pportnnities, and by hard work and indomitable perseverance he has steadily

prospered and is

tensive and successful farmei

munity.- With the assistance of bis sons he

operates all his land, and the well-tilled

fields are made to yield a golden tribute in

return for the care am! labor bestowed upon

them.

T. H. SEBERX.

The wide plains of Iowa afford ample opportunity for the raising of stock, and the business of dealing in horses and cattle therefore follows as a logical result. Mr. Sebern is a well known representative of this line of commercial activity, carrying on his pursuit at Lake City, Iowa. He was born near Indianapolis, Marion county, In- diana, February 14. 1855. his parents being Harry P. and Susan ( O'Xeil ) Sebern. the former a native of Kentucky and the latter of Indiana. They were married in the Hoo- sier state and emigrated westward, taking up their residence in Benton county, Iowa, near Cedar Rapids, in 1865. The father engaged in farming until 1876, when he came with his family to this section of the state, set- tling on the dividing line between Carroll and Calhoun counties. He followed farm- ing in Calhoun township until his death, which occurred April 25, 1805. at the age of seventy-three years. His wife died in [869 at the age of fifty-two years. They became the parents of seven children : William, who died in Indiana ; J. J„ a resilient of Mans.ni; Mary, the wife of S. C. Smok, 1 f Des Moines: Alice, who married James Ilinkley, of Carrollton, Iowa: Sarah, who became the wife of William Noble and 'lied in Cali- fornia; T. H., of this review; and Eliza- beth, who married Frank SeClair, who is deputy count) clerk 1 I I irroll, Iowa.

558

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

In the public schools of Vinton, Iowa, Mr. Sebern. of this review, pursued his ed- ucation, after which he engaged in farming until 1890, then turning his attention to the stock business at Lake City. He has since dealt extensively in buying and selling horses, shipping stock to the city markets. In this enterprise he is in partnership with J. W. Wilson, and his careful management and excellent judgment concerning stock, ac- companied with his enterprise, brings to him excellent success.

In 1S78 Mr. Sebern was united in mar- riage to Miss Martha McNaish, of Carroll county, and unto them have been born two children, namely : R. C, who is now a med- ical student in Iowa City; Bell M., who married Mr. Louderbaugh, who is agent for the Chicago & Northwestern Railway Com- pany at Odebolt.

Mr. Sebern is connected with the Knights 1 f Pythian fraternity. He has a wide ac- quaintance in this portion of the country and many friends esteem him highly for his genial manner and his genuine worth.

I. C. SANDY.

For almost half a century this gentle-' man has been a resident of Iowa, and has made his home in Calhoun county since May. 1876. at which time he settled on his present farm on section 35, Calhoun town- ship. Here he is successfully engaged in general farming, owning and operating- a well improved and valuable trad of one hun- dred and sixty acres.

Mr. Sandy was born in Owen county, Indiana, on the 5th of September, 1835, and i- a son of Henry G. Sandy, also a native

of the Hoosier state, his birth having oc- curred in Washington county in 18 16. Our subject's paternal grandfather, Jeremiah Sandy, was a native of North Carolina, and one of the the first settlers of Indiana. He was a soldier of the war of 1812. On reaching manhood Henry G. Sandy was united in marriage with Miss Susannah Mc- Carty, who was born in Kentucky of Scotch parentage, and they continued to make then- home in Indiana until after the birth of eight of their children, the ninth and youngest of the family being born in Iowa after the re- moval of the parents to this state in 1854. They located in Warren county. Iowa, where the father opened up and improved a farm, making it his home throughout the remain- der of his life. He died, however, in St. Louis. Missouri, while visiting a son in that city in 1863. He followed agricultural pur- suits throughout life, and meeting with ex- cellent success he became owner of about eleven hundred acres of land in this state. His wife survived him a few years, passing away in 1869.

Reared in Indiana, J. C. Sandy was prin- cipally educated in the common schools of that state, though he afterward attended the Iowa State University for one term. As a young man he came to Iowa in 1S53 and aided his father in the arduous task of trans- forming the wild land into a good farm. He assisted in splitting rails and fencing the home farm in Warren county, and broke many acres of virgin soil, remaining with his father until his marriage.

On the 21st of February, 1856, in War- ren county, Iowa, Mr. Sandy wedded Miss Atha Linda Goss, who was born in Morgan county, Indiana, and was sixteen years of age on the removal of the family from that county to Warren county, Iowa, in 1851.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL. RECORD.

Her father, John Goss, was one of the pio- neers of that locality. Mr. and Mrs. Sandy now have a family of ten children, seven sons and three daughters, namely : John X.. n. w a resident of Idaho; Henry Franklin, who is married and is engaged in farming in Nebraska : Ira *i.. a resident of Lake City, Iowa; Mary C, wife of Frank Arnold, of Nebraska; Ross, superintendent of schools of Calhoun county ami a resident of Rock- well City; Benjamin B., who is preparing himself for the medical profession at Iowa City; lames H., who is married and assists in the operation of the home farm; D. Lew- is, a teacher of Farnhamville ; Anna May, wife of Arthur Johnson, a merchant of Rockwell City; and Addie Grace, a teacher of this county.

Foi i lew years after his marriage Mr. Sandy engaged in farming on rented land and then bought a place in Marion county, which he operated until 1876, when he sold out and came to Calhoun county, purchas- ing his present farm of one hundred and sixtv acres on section 35, Calhoun town- ship, hut the land was still unbroken and 1111 fenced. He at once began its improve- ment and cultivation, and some years later built a neat and substantial residence, also a good- barn and convenient outbuildings. He raises a good grade of stock and is ac- counted one of the most thorough and skill- ful agriculturists of his community.

Mr. Sandy became identified with the Republican party on its organization, and has supported all of its presidential candi- dates, casting his first ballot for John C. Fremont in 1856. He has never sought or cared for political honors, preferring to give his undivided attention to his business in- terests. He has always been a stanch friend of education and for sixteen years m< St effi-

ciently served as school dire in his power 1 1 -< < uri thi besl chers and advance the educational welfare of h munity. As a h a he has wit-

nessed almost its entire growth and ment. During e 1 en great

herds of deer and buff; I< es, is w» kinds of feathered game, but the) since disappeared, and where once was wild unbroken prairie there are now fine farms and beautiful homes.

HENRY A. RINGGENBERG.

Henry A. Ringgenherg, one of the most enterprising and successful agriculturists of Garfield township, is the owner of a fine farm of two hundred and forty acres and his management of the place is marked by the scientific knowledge and skill which charac- terize the modern farmer.

Mr. Ringgenherg is a native of Illinois, born in Henry county, August 15, 1866, and is a son of Peter and Annia (Imboden) Ringgenherg. The mother was born in Ger- many in 1845, while the father was born in Ohio, the same year, of German descent, his parents, Peter and Eliza Ringgenherg. having come to this country from the father- land. On their emigration to America they first settled in Ohio, and from there removed to Henry county, Illinois, and later to Polk county, Iowa, where our subject's grand- father died at a good old age. He was a hard working man and a successful farmer. In his family were fourteen children, all of whom reached man and womanlr with one exception all are still living and are residents of Polk county, Iowa, where

560

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

they have made their home for many years.

Throughout his active business life Peter Ringgenberg. Jr., the father of our subject, has followed general farming. At an early day he came to Iowa and has since made his home in Polk county, being numbered among its pioneers and honored citizens. Prosperity has attended his well directed efforts, and he is to-day the owner of about eight hundred and twenty acres of valuable farm land in Polk county. In his political affiliations he is a Democrat. Both he and his wife are active members of the German Reformed church, and are highly respected and esteemed by all who know them. Of the thirteen children born to them twelve are still living, namely : Henry A., Robert A., William C, John A., Edward E., Charles, Albert, Frank O., David, Fred, Rosetta and Arthur. Henry, Robert, Edward and Will- iam are quite extensively engaged in farm- ing, and together own about seven hundred and thirty-five acres of land.

Our subject was reared and educated in Polk county, Iowa, and has made farming his life occupation. Coming to Calhoun county in 1892, he located on the farm in Garfield township where he now resides, he and his brother Robert having purchased three hundred and sixty acres of land to- gether in that locality. Of that tract he now owns two hundred and forty acres, and has added to it forty acres more. It was former- ly the old Joe Strain farm, and is one of the most desirable places in the township. Mr. Ringgenberg has made most of the improve- ment's, and the well tilled fields and neat and thrifty appearance of the place testify to his careful supervision and show conclusively that he thoroughly understands the vocation

which he now follows. He raises from seventy-five to ninety -five acres of corn, and a like amount of small grain, besides hay. He keeps about fifteen head of horses and forty head of cattle of the shorthorn and Durham breeds', and in all his undertakings is meeting with well deserved success.

On the 15th of February, 1891, Mr. Ringgenberg was united in marriage with Miss Sophia Enabinat, who was born in Polk county, Iowa. September 28, 1871. Her father, Christ Enabinat, is now engaged in the hardware and furniture business in Meserva, Cerro Gordo county, Iowa, and is also a land owner. Mr. and Mrs. Ring- genberg have six children, namely : Kdwan!, Ora Dell, Elmer E., Roy R., Dewey and Elgin F.

Mr. Ringgenberg attends the Presby- terian church and is a member of the Odd Fellows Lodge, No. 330, at Lytton. In his political affiliations he is a Democrat. He is one of the best known farmers in his township to-day. and is highly respected and esteemed wherever known.

HENRY RIX.

Among those of foreign birth who have become residents of Calhoun county and here have met with most excellent success in their business undertakings is numbered the gentleman whose name introduces this sketch. He was born in Germany on the 1 6th of July, 1849, son °f Henry and Lou- isa (Kinman) Rix, also natives of that country. When our subject was three years of age the family emigrated1 to America, and first located in that part of Cook county, Illinois, now within the citv limits of Chi-

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

561

cago. After spending ten years in that lo- cality they came to Iowa and settled in Ce- llar county, where the parents continued to make their home until called to the world beyond.

Mr. Rix. of this review, remained with his father during his minority, giving him the benefit of his labors and attending the local schools when his services were not needed at home. He was married on the 17th 1 if October, 1871, the lady of his choice being Miss Minnie Dibner, who was also horn in Germany, August 17, 185 1. They have become the parents of ten children, of whom two are now deceased. Mary died in infancy: and Alwin. born March 28, 1882. died March 3, [897. These still liv- ing are as follows: Louisa, hum January 24, 1874, is now the wife of Henry Dittman, of Garfield township, this county; Louis H.. born May 24. 1875. is at home; Amanda, born May u>, 1878. is the wife of Herman Wolf, who lives on our subject's farm in this county; Charlie, born May 28, 1880, Addie born August 12, 1884, Emil, born May 1. 1886, Liddie, born July 1. 1888. Henry, horn October 2j, 1890, and Augus- ta, born February 28. 1893, are all at home. The children have all been given good com- mon school advantages, and the family is one of which any parents might well be proud.

Two years after his marriage Mr. Rix removed to Calhoun county, and settled on a tract 1 f land in Williams county, to which he subsequently secured a clear title. As time passed he placed acre after acre un- der the plow until he had a well cultivated

farm, and he has erected thereon a g 1 set

of farm buildings, so that he now has one of the best improved and most desirable

farms of its size in the county. It a nsistj of four hundred and eighty acres of land un- der a high state of cultivation. Mr. Rix is a director of the German Farmers Mutual Insurance Company, and is quite actively interested in the raising of stock, ki good grade of Englishshire horses, Dur- ham cattle and Poland China

Both Mr. and Mrs. Rix are members of the German Lutheran church of Will- iams township and are people of the high- est respectability, having a large circle of friends and acquaintances who esteem them highly for their sterling worth. For four years Mr. Rix served as township assessor, and has also served his fellow citizens as a member of the school board and as t< >\\ nship trustee.

WILLIAM D. PITTMAN,

William D. Pittman, one of the most progressive and successful agriculturists of Calhoun township, is the owner of an ex- cellent farm of four hundred acres, con- veniently located on section 16, within a mile of Lake City. His methods of farm man agement show scientific knowledge combined with sound practical judgment and good business ability, and the results have been most satisfactory.

Mr. Pittman is a native of Illinois, bis birth having occurred in Piatt county, that state, July 29, [865. His father, John I'.. Pittman, was born in Butler c< unty, < )hio, September [9, [833, and is a sou of George Pittman. who was a name < i New Jersey and at an early day removed to Ohio with his father. John Pittman, locating in War- ren county, where the lattei 1. "■ wed farm

562

THE -BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

ing throughout the remainder of his life. He was a soldier of the war of 1812. There George Pittman grew to manhood, and in Butler county, Ohio, was united in marriage with Miss Eliza Baker, a native of that county. After farming in Butler county for some years he removed to Darke county, the same state, and opened up a farm.

In the count}' of his nativity John B. Pittman was reared and educated, and re- mained with his father until grown. He was there married on the 6th of October, [852' to Miss Loretta Bake, who was also horn in the Buckeye state, and they became the parents of three children, but their only daughter, Mary J., died at the age of three years. Their sons were William D., of this review; and J. \Y., also a farmer of Cal- houn county. The father continued his resi- dence in Ohio until the fall of 185(1, when he removed to Illinois, and located in Piatt county, where he followed farming for nine- teen years. He next made his home in Champaign county, that state, for twenty- one years, his time and attention being de- voted to agricultural pursuits. He then came to Calhoun county, Iowa, and is now living a retired life, enjoying a well earned rest, free from the cares and responsibilities of business affairs. He has become quite well known and is honored and respected by all who have the pleasure of his acquaint- ance. His estimable wife died in Illinois. October 29, 1895.

William D. Pittman passed his boyhood and youth in Piatt and Champaign counties, Illinois, and received a good practical edu- cation in the common schools. Leaving the parental roof at the age of seventeen years he began life for himself as a farmer upon rented land, and was thus employed for sev-

eral yea-rs. He was married in Champaign county, November 9, 1887, to Miss Nettie E. Warner, a native of that county, and a daughter of Jeremiah Warner, who was born 111 Ohio, and became one of the pion- eers of Champaign county, Illinois. Into our subject and his wife have been horn two sons. Pari W. and Harry C, and they also have an adopted child, Velma Hudson, the daughter of Mrs. Pittman's sister.

Mr. and Mrs. Pittman began their do- mestic life upon a farm in Champaign coun- ty, Illinois, he having purchased a tract of land near Mahomet, which he operated for six years and then sold in 1892. It was during that year that he bought one hundred and sixty acres of land in Calhoun township, Calhoun county, Iowa, hut continued his res- idence in Illinois until 1895, when he located upon his land in the Hawkeye state. He has since made many improvements upon this place and has added to it until he has a very valuable farm of four hundred acres under a high state of cultivation. In connection with general farming he has carried on stock raising quite extensively for several years. He is well known as a breeder of pure blooded shire horses, and to-day owns seven fine animals of that bred. In all, he has twenty-five head of high grade horses. He commenced life for himself at the bottom of the ladder, but has gradually worked his way upward by his own industry, persever- ance and good management, and is to-day one of the most substantial men of his com- munity and the owner of a large and valu- able farm. Mr. Pittman votes the Repub- lican ticket, believing the principles of that party best calculated to promote general prosperity, and both he and his wife are members of the Baptist church of Lake City,

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

563

while his father holds membership in the Methodist Episcopal church. The family is one of prominence in Calhoun township.

JOHN WILLIAM RIEBOCK.

John William Riebock, now deceased,

was Fi r many years an enterprising farmer of this section of Iowa, who hoping to bet- ter bis financial condition in the new world, left his home in Germany and crossed the Atlantic to America. He was born in the town of Breeze, in the kingdom of Han- over, German)-. April 6, [849, a son of John Gaoreham William and Katherine (Fean) Riebock, who were also natives of the same country. They were married in the province 1 f Hanover and the father engaged in farm- ing near the town of Breeze in which lo- cality he and his wife spent their remaining days. Both have now passed away. They were the parents of four children; August, who is living on the old homestead in Breeze. Elizabeth, the wife of John Grutzmacher ; John William, the subject of this review: and August, who resided in Sadorf, Ger- man] . and is now deceased.

John William Riebock remained at home until nineteen years of age, working in the fields through the summer months, while in the winter he pursued his education. To his father he gave the benefit of his services un- til nineteen years of age when, thinking that he might profit by better opportunities in the United States he resolved to seek a home and fortune in this land. Accordingly he made his way ah me to Chicago, Illinois, and there he worked for three years during the summer months, striving not onl) to gain

a livelihood bul ire a knowledge

of the English language, with which he was entirely unacquainted al the time of his emi- gration. He afterward year amid the Black Hills of Dakota, pn specting and mining, and about 1873 he came to Calhoun county, where with the capital he had ac- quired through hi> own labors he pi a tract of land in Sherman township. There he began farming and stock-raising and carefully conducted his labors. He placed his land under a high state of cultivation and added all modern accessories to Ins farm which comprises three hundred and twenty acres of valuable land constituting the east half of section 15. it is pi located three miles from Manson. The land has been drained by tiling, substantial and ci mmodious farm buildings have been erected and there is a splendid grove and all modern equipments upon the place. Mr. Riebock continued his active farming oper- ations until his death and was classed am- ng the practical and progressive agriculturists 1 »f the ci immunity.

On the 17th of November, [880, Mr Riebock was united in marriage to Miss March Klocke, the wedding taking place in Manson. The lady is a daughter of Ji hn T and ( '.an iline 1 Jentz ) Kli eke. b th were names of Germany, but her father followed farming in Buena Vista county. Both have now passed away and her brother resides mi the old In .me stead farm in that county. Mrs. Riebock was born Jul) 16, 1X03. in Will county, Ilbn is, and there re- sided until twelve years of age, Unto .Mr. ami Mrs. Riebock were born three children: Henry, born April [6, [886; Lizzie, burn April 26, 1890, and Anna, born October jo, 1895.

564

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

It was mi the 6th of December, 1898, that Mr. Riebock was called to his final rest, and many friends were left to mourn his loss. In his political affiliations he was a Democrat and was many times called to serve in township offices. He held member- ship in the German Lutheran church to which his family also belong. His is the record of a well spent life. Coming to this country empty handed he has steadily worked his way upward and his enterprise and persistency of purpose enabled him to achieve success and leave to his family a .comfortable competence. In addition to the farm he owned a fine residence in Pomeroy which Mrs. Riebock and her children now occupy. She is an estimable lady, possessed of good business qualifications, and well manages her property interests.

C. R. NICHOLSON.

In viewing the mass of mankind in the varied occupations of life, the conclusion is forced upon the observer that in the vast majority 1 f cases men have sought employ- ment not in the line of their peculiar fitness but in those fields where caprice or circum- stances have placed them, thus explaining the reason of the failure of ninety-five per cent. 1 if those who enter commercial and pro- fessional circles. In a few cases it seems that men with a peculiar fitness for a certain line have taken it up. and marked success has followed. Such is the fact in the case of the subject of this biography. He is actively and successfully engaged in the real estate business, handling not only property in [owa but also in Texas and his straight-

forward business methods commend him to the confidence and therefore t< 1 the patron- age of all.

Air. C. R. Nicholson was born in Cass county. Michigan, October 1 1. 1S54. and is a son of William J. Nicholson, a native of Urbana, Ohio. Leaving the Buckeye state he removed to Michigan where be was united in marriage to Elizabeth Zane, a native of that state. The father of our subject en- gaged in farming in Michigan for a number of years and in 1X1.4 came to Calhoun coun- ty, [owa, locating in Jackson tuwnship, where he engaged in farming. He made his home in that locality until 1890 when he re- moved to Sherman township, where he and his wife are still living. He gave his political support to the Democracy until Grover Cleveland was elected to the presidency, when he joined the ranks of the Republican party, which he still serves. He is a man of sterling worth, whose upright life has gained for him the warm regard of all with whom he has been associated. In his family are six children: C. R., of this review: W. E.. who is married and lives in Latcher, South Dakota: J. A., who is mar- ried and makes his home in Oskalooosaj b wa : L. II.. who is married and is residing in Clinton, Iowa; May, the wife of J. J. Brennan of Freeport, Illinois, and A. L., wh.. married Myrtle Feek, and resides in Manson.

C. I\. Nicholson was a lad of ten years when he accompanied his parents to Calhoun county and his education, which was begun in Michigan, was continued in the district schools of Jackson township. Later he be- came a student in the high school of Lake City and was graduated with the class of 1871. Ambitious to acquire still broader

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

5<55

knowledge he matriculated in the Iowa State Agricultural College at Ames, where he re- mained for a year. He then engaged 111 teaching school in Calhoun county, follow- ing that pursuit for fourteen terms, his ability being clearly shown by the readiness and facility with which he imparted toothers the knowledge which he had acquired. After his marriage which occurred in [877, he turned his attention to the furniture busi- ness, organising the Nicholson Furniture Company, and conducted the store success- fully until 1884. when he began dealing in real estate, an enterprise which still claim his attention. He is also engaged in the oil business, having an interest in the wells at Beaumont, Texas, the main office of the company, owning these wells being located in Houston, Texas. He has negotiated many important real estate transactions and his efforts have contributed in a large meas- ure to the improvement and upbuilding of tin- section of the state.

( >n the 23rd of October. 1877. in Man- son. Mr. Nicholson was united in marriage to Miss Eva V. Skinner, who was born in Summit county, Ohio, August 11. 1850, a daughter of J. D. and Malissa (Johnson) Skinner, both of whom were natives of Ohio, in which state they were married and began their domestic life. The father en- gaged in the operation of a canalboat and also devoted hi- attention to farming. In [869 he came to [owa, settling in Sherman township, Calhoun county, where he re- sumed the work 'if the farm ami he is -tili living upon the old homestead, but his wife passed away May i_». 1885. In politic- lie is a Republican and has held all of the town- ship offices. Socially he is connected with the Masonic fraternity. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Skinner were lx>rn four children, the eldest

being Eva V., the wife of our subject. The others are Addie M., the wife of I . B. La Moyne, a resident of Mans' who married Lucy Clark and resides in At- kinson, Minnesota; and Newton, who mar- ried Mattie Stafford and is living 111 Gal- veston, Texas.

Mr. Nicholson is not only prominent as a representative of the real estate inter- ests l»ut is also well known in political and social circles. He is a prominent Mason, be- longing to Morning Light Lodge, No. 334, F. & A. M., also the Manson Chapter Xo. 131, R. A. M.. and Evening Star lodge, No. 196, O. E.. S. He is likewise associated with the Odd Fellows fraternity and Temple STo. [95, K. P. His political support is given the Republican party and he has served as justice of the peace, while for two years he has been mayor of Manson and for twelve years has been secretary of the school board. His labors on behalf of the city have been discerningly directed along the lines of the greatest good to the greatest number. As a public official he has been loyal, ever true and keenly alive to the best interests of the community and to the faithful discharge of his duties.

EDWARD L. GREGORY.

Edward Gregory, who is familiarly called Ed. by his numerous friends in Cal- houn county, has hem a residenl oi this sec- tion of the State since [876 and now makes his home on section i;v Elm < Iro ship, where he is successful^ engaged in general Farming. He is 1 native 1 E the Em- pire state his birth ha\ ing 1 ccurred in America's metropolis on the 31st of Janu- ary, 1848. lie was onl) about -i\ years

566

"HE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

of age when he became a resident of Wiscon- sin, locating there in Grant county. He ob- tained his education in the common schools and in an academy and was thus well fitted for the practical and responsible duties of life. He was only sixteen years of age when, on the ii. th of August. 1864. he joined Com- pany H, of the 43rd Wisconsin Infantry. This regiment was attached to the army of the Tennessee in which he served until the close of the war. participating in the battles of Johnsonville, Xashville and a number of skirmishes. He was never ill or wounded ami was always found at his post of duty, whether on the picket line or the firing line. At length he was honorably discharged in Milwaukee in July. 1805. and with a credita- ble military record returned to his home. His valur and bravery were equal to that of many a veteran of twice his years. I [1 re- mained in Wisconsin until [873 when be- came tn Iowa, settling fii'r-t in Sac county where he remained for three years, during which time he engaged in teaching school for two terms. In [876 he came to Calhoun county where he began working by the month as a farm hand, being thus employed for several years, when with the capital he had acquired through his industry and econ- omy, he was enabled to purchase hi- first eighty acres of land in [881. With deter- mined purpose and marked energy he began the development of his farm and in the course of time richly cultivated fields were seen in the [dace of the wild prairie. Suc- cess attended his efforts and as he increased his financial resources he made additional purchases until his farm now comprises two hundred acres of valuable land, well adapted to the raising of grain. His home is a beau- tiful .and commodious residence in the rear of which stand good barns and substantial

outbuildings that in turn are surrounded by well tilled fields. Fruit trees also yield their products in season and many shade trees adorn the place, protecting the home from the hot rays of the summer sun.

After residing in Iowa for a time, .Mr, Gregory returned to Wisconsin and was there united in marriage in Grant county on the 9th of July, 1884. to Miss Maggie Lewis, a native of that state, where she was reared and educated. She is a graduate of the State Normal school and was a competent teacher in Wisconsin for a number of years, after which she taught successfully in Calhoun county for several years. They have a very pleasant home in Elm Grove township and enjoy the warm regard of many friends and neighbors. Mr. Gregory is a Republican, having supported the party since casting his first presidential vote for General U. S. Grant in 1872. He keeps well informed on the issue- of the day and does all in his pow- er to promote the growth and insure the suc- cess of the Republican party. He has been a delegate to both county and state conven- tions and aided in nominating Cummings for governor in 1901. His support is given the party because of a firm belief in its prin- ciples and not from any desire for official reward for his services, lie has served as a member of the school board of which he is now secretary, but otherwise has held no political office. For years he had been iden- tiefid with the Farmer's Mutual Insurance Company, in which he has lung served as a director. He aided in its organization and lias been an active factor in maintaining the existence of this enterprise which has been of marked benefit to the people of the com- munity. Both he and his wife are members of the Lake City Presbyterian church, and he belongs to Lake City Lodge, \'o. 320,

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

S67

I. O. O. F. Calhoun is one of the later settled counties of Iowa, but marked pro- gress has been made along all lines of ma- terial activity and of intellectual and moral development, so that the position of the county is now a permanent one in the com- monwealth. To this end Air. Gregory has contributed and as a public spirited and pro- gressive citizen he has co-operated in many measures for the public good. He and his estimable wife enjoy in high degree the re- spect and esteem of all who know them and well do thev deserve mention in this volume.

E. A. JONES, M. D.

The world instinctively pays deference to the man whose success is worthily achieved, whose efforts in the electrical world of busi- ness has enabled him to meet competition while his ability has gained for him respect, admiration and prosperity. Dr. Jones is of the skilled physicians of Calhoun county and in his chosen calling he has long since left the ranks of mediocrity to stand among the most successful and capable phy- sicians and surgeons of the locality, although he is yet a young man.

A native of Iowa, he was born in Wau- . January 18, ] 1" William J.

and Susan R. (Smith) Jones, the former a native of Wales and the latter of Indiana. He was the youngest of the family of thir- children born to fsaac I >. Jones and wife, who came to America when th< William was only four years of age, leav- ing the little rock-ribbed country which was their native land in [84] "led in

Kenosha, Wisconsin, where they spent their remaining day- and the grandfathei

Doctor followed farming, although he was also a carpenter by trade. William J. Jones was reared in Wisconsin and after arriving at years of maturity he married Susan R. Smith, who was descended from a wlic came over in the Mayflower. Her grandfather was a soldier in the Revolu- tionary warandaboul the time Daniel Boone v ing on his exploration in Kentucky he went to that state, where Reuben Smith, the father of Mrs. Jones, was born. He afterward became a resident of Indiana, and in 1S30 he came to Iowa, locating in Alla- makee ci unty before the land was developed and even placed upon the market. lie marked out and settled upon twenty-five hundred acres of land, which he subsequent- ly purchased when it was surveyed by the government and offered for sale. He was accidentally shot in 1882, when he was eighty-four years of age. Mr. and Mrs. William J. Jones became residents of Wau- kon, Iowa, and when our subject was only three years old thev removed to Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Although the Doctor was so young he has a very distinct remembrance of many events and of conditions of those time~. The father followed farming in South Dakota and later turned his attention to merchandising, while subsequently he con- ducted a grain elevator. About [894 he retired from active business, lie now owns about fifteen hundred acres of land and bis returns to him a good inc mn fn his family were five children, of whom four are still living, namely: the Doctor; E. D., a lawyer of Sioux Falls, South Dakota; who is connected with the Art In- 1 Chicago; and Frank W.. who is a graduate of the State University of South Dakota, and is now at home with his father. Dr. lones, whose name introduces this

568

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

review, having obtained his elementary edu- cation in the public schools, at the age of sixteen entered the State Normal school at Madison, South Dakota, where he remained for two years, when lie matriculated in the State Agricultural College, at Brooking, taking the scientific course through two years. Later he became a student in the Metropolitan Business College, of Sioux City. Iowa, after which he entered upon the study of medicine in the Kentucky School ft Medicine, at the same time taking the lit- erary course in the Western University of Tennessee. Tn the former institute m he won the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy and was graduated in 1897. He was also graduated in the Medical College, Univer- sity of Louisville with the degree of Medi- cal Doctor, March 27, 1898, but entered the State Hospital for the Insane at Independ- ence, b wa. between his first and second year in college, and after remaining there for fif- teen months returned and finished his ci lurse.

In 1898 the Doctor went to South Da- kota, where he was engaged in practice for nine months and then removed to Fort Dodge, where he remained for a short time, coming to Lake City in the fall of 1899. Here he has since engaged in practice and is deeply interested in everything that tends to furnish man with a key to the mystery which we call life. He is an earnest and dis- criminating student, is thoroughly informed concerning the most advanced methods of the day and has already gained a liberal and lucrative patronage.

In July, 1899, the Doctor was married to Miss Mary M. Stahl, of Pipestone, Min- nesota, who for several years was a most successful teacher in some of the highest ed- ucational institutions of Wisconsin and .Min-

nesota. But one child was born to them, Elmer Everett, who died at the age of six months and twenty-three days. Socially the Doctor is connected with the Knights of Pythias fraternity and with the Knights oi the Maccabees. His review of the political questions and issues of the day had caused him to give his support to the men and meas- ures of the Republican party, and he strongly endorses its principles, but has never sought office as a reward for party fealty. He be- longs to the Presbyterian church and is re- spected for his hearty cooperation in all measures for the general good. In the line of his profession he is connected with the" Fort Dodge District Medical Society, the Central District Medical Society, and the Western District Medical Society, and thus keeps in touch with the advanced thought of the times, his knowledge of medicine and his use of remedial agencies making him one of the most capable physicians of the town and county.

JOHN G. HARRISON.

The home of this wide-awake, intelligent and progressive farmer is on section 14. Elm (.row township. His farm of two hundred and forty acres indicates his careful super- vision, for it is neat and thrifty in appear- ance and the fields give promise of golden harvests. He has always resided in the Mis- sissippi valley and is a typical resident of this part of the county, manifesting in his business affairs, the enterprise and resolu- tion which have led to the splendid substan- tial development of the rich territory bor- dering on the father of waters.

Mr. Harrison is a native of Illinois, his

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

569

birtli having occurred near Chicago, in Cook county, on the 14th of December, [853. His father, John Harrison, was a native of Eng- land, and on coming to the new world b ok up his abode in Illinois, developing and im- proving a farm in Cook county. lie also owned and operated a stone quarry and in that locality reared his family and spent his remaining- days. In the district schools of the locality John G. Harrison obtained his education and was early taught the value of industry and honesty as a preparation for the duties of life. He remained with his fa- ther until he had attained his majority and then went to Kansas securing and improv- ing a farm in Rice county where he made his In ime for six years. Aboul 1882 he sold that property and came to Calhoun county. Af- ter renting' land for three years he purchased a farm. It was in [888 that he removed to his present farm place, purchasing eighty acre- of raw land. With characteristic en- ergy he began its development and soon the wild prairie was transformed into rich fields. A- opportunity offered he extended the bor- ders of his farm until it now emprises two hundred and forty acres. He removed his home to the southern line of the farm and lie has here a good substantial residence, commodious barns and outbuildings and all the accessories which are in keeping with the progressive spirit of the time. An orchard yields its fruits in season and shade trees add to the value and attractive appearance of the

place. In the pastures are found g 1

grades of stock and everything aboul Ins farm shows the care of a painstaking owner. In Green county. Iowa, on the 9th of December. [885, Mr. Harrison was united in marriage to Miss Isabella White, a na- tive of Scotland, and a daughter of James White, who on coming to the new world

with his family, settled in Kendall county. Illinois, in [866. Later he removed county where he remained for nine years and in 1875 he came to Iowa settling in Green county. His daughter obtained her educate m in the common schools and in Jef- [nstitute, and for four 1 r five years previous to her marriage successfully en- gaged in teaching. The marriage • £ -Mr. and Mrs. Harrison has been blessed with seven children, namely : Maggie. .( ie< rge J. : Alma ; Xellic: May: Grace: and James. The par- ents hold membership in the Elr Presbyterian church and Mr. Harrison is a stanch Republican in politics, voting a straight ticket on national issues. He has never sought or desired office in recognition of his party fealty, preferring to devot< his energies to his farm work in which he is meeting with very creditable succes. 1 le is, however, public spirited and progressive and has always done his part in improving the county and promoting its welfare a rig lines of progress. During the twenty years of his residence here he has supported ill measures for the public g 1 and has be- come widely known for his genuine worth which is in harmony with the principles of honorable manhoi A.

FRED HOLTORF.

Fred Holtorf has spent his entire life in Calhoun county and is numbered among its progressive, wide-awake young farmers. He is now living on section 4. Butler township, where he is operating a tract of arable laud, the well tilled fields bringing him good har- vests, ft was in. this township that Mr. Hol- torf first opened bis eye- to th< light of day,

57Q

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

his birth occurring on the 20th of January, 1875. He is the second eldest of the living sons of C. C. and Margaret (Spies) Hol- torf. in whose family were ten children. The family is of German lineage and the parents are well known farming people of the coun- ty, the father having acquired a very valua- ble property here as the result of his enter- prising efforts.

Fred Holtorf obtained his education in the German schools and was confirmed at the age of fourteen. Through the peril id of In- boyhood and youth he assisted in the cultivation of the home farm, giving his fa- ther the benefit of his services until twenty- six years of age. When a boy he labored in field and meadow through the summer ; md in the winter season attended school. He now resides on section 4, But- ler township, where he rents one hundred and seventy acres of land belonging to1 his father. He took up his abode on this place in the spring of 1901 and in connection with the cultivation of the cereals best adapted to this climate lie is also engaged in stock- raising. He is a young man, possessing laudable ambition, determined purpose and industry, and is already winning success.

On the ist of January, 1901. Mr. Hol- torf was united in marriage to Mis- Ber- tha Burns, in the German Lutheran church, ot I '1 imen y. She is a daughter of h hn and Helena (Onon) Burns, both of whom were natives of Prussia. Germany. In their fam- ily were eight children and in order to pro- vide for his household the father has always followed the occupation of farming, being a well known agriculturist of this community. His children are Mrs. Holtorf; Margaret, who is living in Pomeroy; Amelia, de- ceased: Fred, also a resident of Pomeroy; two who died in infancy; and Annie and

Louise, at home. In the high school of Pom- eroy Mrs. Holtorf .completed her education and is a cultured lady who has made her home a hospitable one and a favorite resort with their many friends. Both our subject and his wife hold membership in the Ger- man Lutheran church, and belong to the Pomeroy synod. In his political affiliations he is a Democrat, and as every true Amer- ican citizen should do keeps well informed on the issues of the day. but has never sought office, his energies and attention be- ing fully occupied by his farming pursuits.

E. S. BROOKS.

In the front rank of the columns which have advanced the civilization of Calhoun county Mr. Brooks has led the way to the1 substantial development, progress and up- building of the community, being particu- larly active in the growth of Lincoln town- ship, where he still makes his home. His memory goes back to the time when this en- tire region was but sparsely settled, the lands being unclaimed by the white men who have carried civilization into the re- motest corners of the country. His work mi behalf of improvement and progress has been of such a marked nature and benefit' that he well deserves most prominent men- tion in this volume.

E. S. Brooks was born at Doe's Cor- ners, Orange county, Vermont, on the 14th of May, 1832, his parents being Mnason and Rosetta (Hartwell) Brooks, both na- tives of the Green Mountain state, where they were married. The father was a wagonmaker and house carpenter, and on leaving Vermont removed to Hartford, Connecticut, where both he and his wife spent their remaining days. In their family

E. S. BROOKS.

LYDIA E. BROOKS.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

575

were eight children, but our subject is now the only survivor. He pursued his educa- tion in the schools of Newberry , Vermont, and New Hartford, Connecticut, and West. Hartford, Connecticut, and when twenty years of age pu1 aside his text-books in or- der tii learn the more important and difficult lessons in the school of experience. On at- taining his majority lie made his way to the west, locating in Illinois, where he engaged in farming. lie was also employed as -ale- man in a store for two or three years, but on the expiration of that period resumed agri- cultural pursuits.

In Victoria, [llinois, on the 29th of No- vember, [855, Mr. Brooks was united in marriage to Lydia Eaton Fiiield. who was born in Andover, New Hampshire, April 22, [838. Her lather. Dr. John L. Fifield, ery prominent physician, who prac- ticed his profession in Victoria and Ro- chester, Illinois. He was born in Salisbury. New Hampshire, and was united in mar- riage to I. aura C. Cushman, whose birth oc- curred in Hartford, Vermont, but who was taken to East Lebanon, New Hampshire, when five years of age. Several years after their marriage they emigrated westward, settling first in Rochester, Peoria county, Illinois. The father continued to ei tlu practice of medicine throughout the re- mainder of his active business life and died in Knox county at the age of eighty-five years. His wife passed awa) in Peoria county, at the age of fift) tv

, i the parents of eleven children, of whom four are yet living, as fol- lows: Mrs. I. aura A. Smith, of < horn. Iowa; Mrs. Brooks; Mrs. Maria E. Foster, of Normal, Illinois; and Mrs. Mary H. Woolsey, of Victoria, Illinois, living on the old homestead. The marriage of Mr. and

Mrs. Brooks was blessed with eight chil- dren. Five passed on before. The surviv- ing members of the familj are: Lora A. Bailey, a residenl of Twin Valley, Minne- sota; Mr-. Lydia Eaton Woods, of Peter- son, Iowa; and Mr-. Lulu A. Collson, of Fori Dodge, Iowa.

For several year- after hi- marriage Mr. Brooks remained in Victoria, Illinois, then went to Altona, that state, whence he came to Calhoun county, Iowa, in [866, making his journey in company with Messrs. Van Horn. Starr. Make- ami Riner and their respective families. Mr. Yates came to Ne- wa, with his family in the fall of 18(15. but also moved to l alb >un county in the spring of [866. The journey w; in prairie schooners, and Mr. Br « I up his abode in what 1- now Lincoln town- ship. The county was but sparcely settled, the land was barren save for the native grasses which grew upon thi \ 1 •• ii was unimpi ded save where and earth seemed to meet. L. r m ci mid look across the countrj over un- claimed prairie regions. Mr. Brooks built a shant) 1 a" raw native timber, as did the

mbers of the party, all of n email hi .mi Mead claim- of eight) ai I

a i nn settler A un coun-

t_\ and the Dakota and Minnesota boundary lines. These men from [Hire and put into effect a herd law, which is still enforced. The township was organized un- der the name of Lincoln, which e

it included the townships n^w known a- Lincoln, Sherman. I n Lakes. William-. I

I ake City was then the count) -eat and the little colony from Illi- nois sent that place in a distance of twenty-five mile- asking for

576

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

the organization of a township. Joseph Yates established a stage coach relay station at Yatesville in 1866, and it was conducted as such until the fall of 1869, when the rail- road was constructed and the stage coach then became a thing of the past, and Yates- ville was merged into Mans, in, Iowa. The first election in the township was held at Yatesville in the fall of 1866, at which time twenty-seven votes were cast. Mr. Brooks bore an active part in all of the work of pri gress, improvement and development and contributed in a large measure to the growth of the county of his adoption. His private business interests were then of the farm and he carried on agricultural pursuits on the old homestead until r88l, when he purchased his present home on section sev- enteen, Lincoln township, lie also own- one hundred and sixty acres of land in Beadle county. South Dakota, and Mrs. Brooks has residence property in Manson. He is living in practical retirement from any business interests save the management of his investments.

William H. Godiar, a voting man, ac- companied Mr. and Mrs. Brooks westward and made his home with them for some years, being actively identified with the de- velopment of the county. Eventually he went to the west and became wealthy. Eugene I. Leighton, who was born in Eden, Vermont, on November 4, 1867. came to live with our subject and his wife in February, 1873. Here he remained until nineteen years of age. He is now in the wholesale plumbing business in Fort Dodge.

Mr. Brooks has long been a stanch sup- porter of the Republican party. He has con- tributed in many ways to public improve- ment and was one of the organizers of the

Congregational church in 1S67, in a school house in Lincoln township, later meeting in a schoclhouse in South Manson. Tn 1874 the first Congregational church was built and Sunday-school and church services were conducted there until 1900, when the old first pioneer church was torn down and the present pleasant and commodious church edifice was erected in its place in Manson. Mrs. Brooks became a member of the Con- gregational church in 1853, but left it in 1898 and joined the Christian Catholic church of Zion City, Illinois. The Sunday- school was organized three weeks after the arrival of the colony in Lincoln township, and was held in the home of Mr. Yates with an attendance of twenty-eight. Mrs. Brooks rode horseback through the settle- ment giving notice of the Sunday-scb 0] or- ganization. She is known as one of the pioneer Sunday-school organizers of the county, and in less than a year the school before mentioned had an attendance of sev- enty-eight. The influence of Mr. and Mrs. Brool has ever been on the side of right, of justice and of truth, and their la- bors have been of marked benefit in promul- gating Christian principles in this section of the ci unity. Loin »red and respected in every class 1 f society, they were in early days leaders in thought and action in their com- munity and their names are inscribed high on the roll of the leading pioneers.

EMIL BIGELOW HATCH.

Emil Bigelow Hatch is one of the younger representatives of the bar in Cal- houn county, but has already attained a creditable position in the ranks of the legal'

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

fraternities, and will no doubt win gTeater success as the years pass by. lie was born in Afton, De Kalb county, Illinois, March 31, 1S77, ami is the son of Wallace W. and Betsey M. (Chaffee) Hatch, the former a native of New York and the latter of Con- necticut. In early life Mr. Hatch, Sr.. en- gaged in merchandising and later followed ihe carpenter's trade. Having- left the east he took up his abode in Illinois and was there living at the time the slavery question in the south involved the country in Civil war. He therefore with patriotic spirit responded to the call for troops, enlisting in Company I. Thirty-first Illinois Infantry, with which he served for three years, when he was hon- orably discharged. Of recent years he has resided in Colorado, where both he and his wife now make their In -me. At one time he walked the entire distance from Kansas to Arizona, seeking a home for Ins family. In the family are three children, two sons and a daughter, namely: Francelia M., aged twenty-nine years; Delzaberth, aged twenty- seven years ; and Emil B.

Accompanying his parents in their re- moval to Colorado, Emil B. was there reared. He pursued his education in the public schools and after completing the high school course, he t< ok up the study of law, which he pursued for five war- under the direction of Judge Minor and Judge \i- wood, both of Colorado. Later he was a -in- dent for two years in the University of Colo- rado and was graduated in the clas&of [898. The following year he was admitted to the bar and for a year aft< rward was in 1 1 f Judges Minor and ^twoodona salary. I le then went to Sterling. Logan county, Col- orado, where he practiced For aboul a year as partner of a learned and able judge of

Logan canity, and in 1900 came to Farn- haim ille, ( alhoun county, Iowa, where he is now located. He gives his entire atten- tion to his profession and has already gained a goi -I clientage, and has had actual practice in all the courts <>i thr state.

On the 23d of June. 1901. Mr. Hatch was united in marriage to Miss Ei Mendenhall Warner, who was horn in Ban- gor, .Marshall county, Iowa, October 30, 1878, a daughter of William and Eliza 1 Mc- Daniels) Mendenhall. Her father died in 1881, but her mother is residing near Lohr- ville, Iowa, ten miles west of Farnhamville.

olitical affiliations Mr. Hatch has al- ways been a stanch Republican, and in his religious views is a Methodist, bul d hold membership with any church. Frater- nally he 1- associated with the Modern

1 n lamp. No. 7318, of C 1I1 young man, ambitious, determined and reso- lute, he has already gained an enviable po- sition for one of his year- as a representa- tive of the legal profession, and his business 1- constantl) increasing in volume and im- portance. His genial manner and courteous disp sition have made him popular and lie

ned a large circle of friend- in the

nity.

IOHN W. ILER.

John \\ . Her has since 1887 been a rep- resentative of the tram service of the Chica- go & Northwestern Railroad Company, and is 0n< of its most efficient engineer-. lie make- hi- hi tnc at Fake ( 'ity and throughout his entire life has resided in Iowa, Ins birth having occurred in Pella, Marion county. I lis father, |ohn F. Her, was a native of

578

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

Kentucky, born near Louisville. When lie attained the adult age, he was united in mar- riage to Mary A. Harp, who was also born in Kentucky, but their marriage was cele- brated in Marion county, Iowa, in 1857. The father was a farmer by occupation and fol- lowed that pursuit in order to provide for his family of ten children. Five of the num- ber died in infancy, while five are still liv- ing, namely: Almeda E., the wife of Louis Rice, a farmer of Sac county, Iowa; John W., of this review; Zella, the wife of C. E. Brady, an agriculturist of Calhoun county; Lorenzo D., also a farmer of this county ; and Roscoe E.. a miller of Grant City, Iowa. The parents are still living, now making their home in Sac county, where they re- moved from Marion county in 1878. The father has attained the ripe old age of sev- enty-three years and both are highly respect- ed people, enjoying the confidence and good will of many friends.

John W. Her at the usual age began bis education attending the public schools of Bella, Sac county, and of Grant City, Iowa. He made his home with his parents until j!SX4. when he began traveling and spent two years in Colorado and Nebraska, but in 1886 returned to Sac county, this state, where he worked at the carpenter's trade un- til the spring of 1887, when lie entered the service of the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road Company, with which he has since been connected. He came to Lake City and for about a year was employed as carpenter in the roundhouse at this place. In 1888 he- began firing on the Northern Iowa division, running out from Lake City, and continued to serve in that capacity until 189.?. when he was promoted to the position of locomotive engineer on the same division. For about ten years he served in this way, being most

careful in the performance of his duty and thus gaining the confidence ami approval of the company. During all this time he has ever with faithful diligence cared for the in- terests of the corporation, which he repre- sents.

On the 23d of October. 1891, Mr. Her was united in marriage to .Miss Viola M. Morgan, the daughter of R. H. Morgan, who is employed as foreman at the round house of the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road Company at Elmore, Minnesota. Unto out subject and his wife have been born three children; Norma Myril, who was born 1 tetober 8. 1892; Myron Morgan, born Oc- tober 5, 1894; and Diral Dewey, who was born in May, 1897, and died November 23, 1900. Mr. Her holds membership with the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and with the Improved Order of Red Men and is well liked in these fraternities. He pos- sesses many sterling characteristics and qual- ities. which endear him to his friends and by all who know him he is held in the high- est esteem.

E. L. HOBBS.

Among the eminent men of Calhoun county who have long been closely and hon- orably associated with the history of this section of the state is E. L. Hobbs, who was born in New York, in September, 1837, his parents being Benjamin and Lucy ( Bea- man ) Hobbs. the former a native of Mas- sachusetts, and the latter of Vermont. They were married in New York and there the father engaged in farming. He was a Whig in politics and he served his country as a soldier of the war of 1812, holding the rank of captain. Both he and his wife spent their

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

S79

days in the Empire state and by their mar- riage six sons and four daughters were born. Hannah became the wife of J. F. Short, but both are now deceased. Henry married Asenath Hapgood and is deceased, but his widow resides in New York. Benjamin married Polly Cannon, and died in the Civil war, while his wife has also passed away. Mary became the wife of Era Brown and aredeceased. Josiah married Char- lotte Barker and they have been called to the home beyond. Thomas married Alvira Keith, and his widow is living in New York. Lucy is the widow of M. Taylor and resides in Lawrence, Kansas. Edward married a Baltimore lady and is living in the Empire state. E. L. is the next younger, and Julia is the widow of Richard Simmons and makes her home in Oskul sa, Iowa.

In the district schools, E. L. Hobbs ac- quired his early education which was sup- plemented by study in Potsdam Seminary. At the age of twenty-four he left school rind joined the Union army, enlisting in the fall of [86i in I 'i itsdam, as a member pany A, Ninety-second New York Infantry, with which he v

Army of the Potomac. He parti* i] all the skirmishes and battles undi i McClellan, Pope and Burnside, and for one year was in the regular service, after which he wa^ assigned to the engineer corps, thus serving for a year when he was honorablj discharged.

Returning to St. Lawrence county, New York, Mr. Hobbs first engaged in teaching scho I 1 on 51 on afterward soughl a home in the west. Before coming to Iowa, how- ever, he was married on the rsl of January, 1863, in New York, to Miss Kate Johnson, who was burn in the northern part of the Empire state and was a daughter of D. D.

and Caroline (Ingerson) Johnson. Her par- ents were married in New York where they spent their remaining days, and in their family were four daughters and Unto Mr. and Mrs. Hobbs have been torn

- and one daughter: Mary, who is teaching school in Marengo, Iowa; Clar- ence, who married Estella Handier, and is a grain buyer and dealer in stock and real estate in Plover, Iowa; Lucy, who is a grad- uate of the schools of Mt. Vernon, Iowa, and is now engaged in teaching; Julia, who was educated, in Mount Vernon and became the wife of Arthur Bragginton, who died in the spring <<i 1891, four months after their marriage and his widow is now teaching school in Aunra. Illinois; and Edna, who

is attending scl 1 in Morningside

near Sii mx City, I< wva.

After hi- marriage Mr. Hobbs came to Benton c< unty, Iowa, where he engaged in After thri ■

1 ounty in

1 not 1 mly engaged in farming and stock raising here, but was actively and prominently identified with educational in- icher. In 1S71 he was perintendenl 1 if schoi Is and filled that position most acceptably and c for four years. He has taught for a num- ber of years in Calhoun county and his in-

. ud iali. rs in behalf of intellectual development have been most effective and commendable. His own zeal and interest in the work inspired and em pils and many owe their interest in school

fforts. I hiring the greater part of his residence in Calhoun county, he has also been associated with agricultural pursuits and at one time 1 >u ned am A rate four hundred acres of land.

Mr. Hobbs is well fitted for leadership

580

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

and has taken an active part in molding public thought and opinion in this portion of the State. His fellow citizens, recogniz- ing his worth and ability horn red him with election to the state legislature on the Re- publican ticket and he served as a member of the twenty-second and twenty-third gen- eral assemblies of Iowa. While in the house he acted as chairman of the education com- mittee and was also on a number of other important committees. He gave to each question which came up for consideration his careful thought and attention, and his support of a measure indicated his firm be- lief in its efficiency for the public good. In his count)- he has served as a member of the board of supervisors and as a member of the school board, as township clerk, and in fact, in almost all local offices. He belongs to the Grand Army of the Republic and is a most earnest, faithful and consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal church in which he is serving as class leader.

CHARLES W. LEWIS.

Success is determined by one's ability to recognize opportunity, and to pursue this with a resolute and unflagging energy. It results from continued labor, and the man who thus accomplishes his purpose usually becomes an important factor in the business circles of the community with which he is connected. Mr. Lewis, through such means, has attained a leading place among the rep- resentative men of Calhoun county, and his well spent and honorable life commands the respect vi all who know him.

Mr. Lewi- was born in Boonesboro, Washington county. Maryland, November

4. [852, a son of Charles and Mary (Lynch) Lewis, the former of whom was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, August 13, 1822, the latter in Fredickstown, Maryland, November 20, 1S20. His paternal grandfa- ther, Washington Lewis, was a native of Wales and an early settler of Loudon coun- ty, Virginia, where he followed farming un- til called to his final rest in 1869. Our sub- ject's maternal grandfather, John Lynch, served for eight years in the Revolutionary war and made his home in Frederick county, Maryland, where he died in 1834. Charles Lewis, the father of our subject, made his home in his native county until 1850, but since that time has been a resident of Wash- ington county, Maryland. He is an in- dustrious and energetic man and has made farming his life occupation. His estimable wife passed1 away in 189-1, at the age of seventy-one years. Of the nine children born to them one died in infancy, and four others are also deceased. Those living are Mrs. Barbara Cooper, of Union township, Calhoun county. Iowa: John \\'.. of Texas; Mrs. Laura Early, of Washington county, Maryland ; and Charles W., of this review. In the count)- of his nativity Charles W. Leiwis grew to manhood and is indebted to its public schools for his educational privil- eges. On leaving home in 1S71 he went to Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, where he learned the shoemaker's trade, which he followed for fourteen years. In the mean- time lie removed to Will count)-, Illinois, in 1875. and the following year took up his residence in Livingston county, that state, where he spent sixteen years. Lie discon- tinued work at his trade in 1885, and on the 25th of March, of that year, he commenced farming on rented land. In 1890 he boughl a tract of one hundred and sixty acres, which

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

581

he si Id the following year, and in the spring of [892 came to Calhoun county, Iowa, where lie purchased three hundred and twenty acres near Lohrville: There he made his home until 1901, when he disposed of that place and bought the farm where he resided until his removal to Lohrville. He recently sold the latter place, together with ;i farm of two hundred and forty acres, which he owned in Logan township, this county, and has purchased a whole section in Calhoun township. Besides this property he own- three hundred and twenty acres of land in Kossuth count}'. Iowa, and a like amount in Canadian county, Oklahoma.

Mr. Lewis was married September 5. [878, the lady of his choice being Miss Anna Herbert, who was horn in Canada, July 12, 1850. and is a daughter of James II. and Esther 1 Wilson) Herbert. In early life her father followed the shoemaker's trade, but was later engaged in the bakery business f< r a number of years. He died on the 3d of August. [893, but his wife survived him un- til March 1, 1902. They were the parents of thirteen children, hut onl) two are now liv- ing: Mrs. Kate Carlton, of Livingston county, Illinois, and Anna, wife of our sub- ject. Unto .Mr. and Mrs. Lewis were bom four children, hut 1 toward 1 I. -hod at the age of fourteen months and Frank died in infancy. The others are Warren II . who was born February 23, t88i, and is now preparing for the legal profession in the Iowa University; and Clarence Earl .who was born ( Ictober jo. [884, and 1 ing farming in ( Iklahi una.

Religiously Mr. and Mrs. Lewis are members of the .\L th *al church,

and fraternally he is connected with the V© - man Lodge. By his ballol he sup] Republican party and its principles, but takes

n< 1 acti\ e part 111 p ilil 1 ;i vi -ting,

preferring ti give his undivided attention to his extensive business interests. Fi years la lias made a sp< l ialt) - i i;> - mg and dealing, and at the present time has sixty-three line Norman 1 Percheri n) horses. Hi tensively, and

now has live hundred head upon hi- different farms, mostly of Hereford, Durham and polled Angus breeds. When he commenced farming in 1SS5 he had hut five hundred dollars, hut through the combined efforts of himself and wife ha tie of the

most prosperous and substatial citizens of Ins ci mmunity. Industry, activity and en- ergy have been the crowning points of his success, and have enabled him to attain an envable position in business circles.

OLA ANDERS< 'X.

A tine farm of four hundred and sixty acres on section g, Sherman township, is the propert) 1 f ' Ha Anderson. A native' of Swe- den, he was born in Southport, February 23. [853. Lis father. Andrew Pearson, was a farmer of that country and in the family were five sons and three daughters, ail ol whom are now residents of < »maha, Nebras- ka, with the exception of our subject and one sister. The children are Swan. Ji hn, < Ha, Charles, Peter, XeK. ai d Chris-

tina, a ho are' tw ins. The parents I

v. ay. the father ha\ ing died in 1895, the mother in

In the schools of his name land Mr. ined his education and was also taught that the nn st potent 1 1

re industry, persever- ance and honest}. I le worked in ll

582

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

land until 1S82, when, believing that he might better his financial condition in the new world, he came to America. He did not tarry on the Atlantic coast but at once proceeded to Calhoun county and here he rented a farm, which he operated for seven years, when with the capital he had acquired through his capable management, he pur- chased the southeast quarter of section 9, Sherman township. This was in 1887 and in [889 he bought the north half of the northeast quarter of section 16, taking up his abode upon the latter tract. In 1899 he bought the southwest quarter of section 9 and he now owns altogether four hundred acres of rich land, all of which is highly impn ved. There are two sets of buildings upon the place and everything is neat and thrifty in appearance, indicating the careful supervision of the owner. In addition to the raising of grain best adapted to the cli- mate. Mr. Anderson pays a great deal of attentii n b 1 stock raising.

Ere leaving his native land, our subject was united in marriage in October, 1879, to Mi - Johanna Anderson, a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Nelson, who have resided for some time in Calhoun county. The father was born December 6, 1828, and the mother February 2J, 1835. They have three sons and three daughters, all of whom are living in this country, namely: Nellie, a resident 1 if < >maha ; .Mrs. Anderson, of this review; Mollie, the wife of John Planteer, of Omaha ; Nels, also of Omaha ; August, of Pocahontas county ; and Pete, who is living in Calhoun county.

The home of Air. and Mrs. Anderson has been blessed with seven children, as fol- lows: Hilda, born in Sweden, April 18, 1881 : Alma, born September 18, 1882; Vic- tor, born October 8, 1884; Fred, born Janu-

ary 14, 1886; Freda, born September 20, 1888; Olga, born October 5, 1891 ; and Ma- bel, born August 5, 1898. The parents hold membership in the Swedish Lutheran church of Manson, and in his political views Mr. Anderson is a Republican and has served as school director for one term. He has never had occasion to regret his determination to seek a home in the new world, for here he found the opportunity he sought and has not only gained success in business, but has also won many warm friends. There is no more loyal citizen of American to be found among her native sons than is Mr. Anderson, who believes most firmly in the policy of the American government and is most loyal in his support of her institutions.

MANSFIELD E. MACK.

Mansfield E. Mack, who is engaged in the practice of law in Manson, where he has gained a distinctively representative client- age, was born in New York city, May 17, [876. lli- parents, Arthur and Edith (Cal- hon ) Mack, were natives of the eastern me- tropolis and were there married. The father engaged in the real estate and brokerage business and is still living in New York, his extensive business affairs having brought to him wealth, while his qualities for leadership have made him one of the influential resi- dents of his native place. He politically sup- ports the Democracy and while he might have attained to high political honors, he has always refused office. He is. however, an exemplary member of the Masonic fra- ternity. His wife died in 1887. In the fam- ily were twelve children, but the first two died in infancy. The others are: Sevmour

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

583

S.. who is married and resides in New York, where he is engaged in business as a banker and bn her ; Pearl, the wife of < r& irge < rreer, of Brooklyn, New York; Estelle, the wife of Charles Watson, of New York city ; Min- nie I., the wife of George Brown, of Brook- lyn; Mansfield E. ; David, who is connected with railroad interests and makes his home in HobOken, New Jersey; Lester, a practic- ing dentist, of Crab Orchard, Nebraska; Mortimer J., of Brooklyn, and two others, who lied in infancy.

The public schools of New York city furnished Mansfield E. Mack his early edu- cation and was graduated in the high school in June, 1890. Me remained at home until May 12, [891, when he came to Iowa and for a time was employed on a farm near Eagle Grove. Subsequently he engaged in clerking and later entered the State Univer- sity of Iowa, where, after pursuing a three years' course in law. he was graduated with the class of 1897. In June of the same year he was admitted to the bar and opened an office in Newell, Iowa, where he entered upon his professional work remaining there for two years and seven months. On the ex- piration of that period he came to Manson, where he has since remained activel) con nected with the profession, which has im- portant bearing upon the stable prosperity ui a community by furthering the ends of justice and individual rights.

On the 23d of October, [901, in Man- son, Mr. Mack was unied in marriage to Mis. Gertrude Whittlesey, who was horn in this state, May 3, [878, and is a daughter of C A. Whittlesey. Both Mr. and Mrs. Mack are well known in the community and have a large circle of friends. He has real estate interests in Man-

sessions, hut his chief attend

his law practice which he constantly in- creases both in volume and importance. In politics he is a Republican ami for one year has served as city atti rney in Manson.

JOHN E. OWEN.

John E. Owen, deceased, was born in Rockport, New York, on the 9th of August,

1N12, his parents being Noah and El (Pixley) Owen. At the age of thirteen years he was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, with whom he remained until he attained his majority. Having completel) mastered the trade, he then worked as a journeyman cabi- net-maker in most of the principal cities 1 f the Empire state, the last place being Phil- lipsport, New York.

While there Mr. Owen was united in marriage, September (9, [839, to Diantha Parker, who was horn in Vermont, Janu- ary 13, 1816, and remained with her parents until she became the wife of our subject. In early life she engaged in school teaching in New York. For a time Mr. and Mi's. Owen made their home in Stephenson coun- ty, [Him is, and from there removed to Rock Island. Illinois. where he worked at his trade. for four wars. A year after locating there Mr.. ( ) wen's parents came west by team audi settled in Scott county. Iowa, being the pioneers of that locality. After spending four years in Rock Island our subject and his wife also located in Scott county, where he followed the carpenter's trade up to the tunc of his death, which occurred February 23, [869. His upright, honoi gained for him the o nfidence and respect of all with whom he was brought in contact.

5§4

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

either in business or social life, and he well

merited the esteem in which he was univer- sally held.

After her husband's death Mrs. Owen made her home with her children in Scott county until 1872. when the family came to Calhoun county, and she lived with her son, L. J. Owen, near Lake City, where he was engaged in farming upon land rented of Cap- tain Fitch. In 1878 he bought eighty acres of land near Rockwell City, and upon that farm his mother lived with him until her death, which occurred 111 April. 1898. In the family were five children, two sons and three daughters, namely : L. J., who is still living on the farm near Rockwell City and is successfully engaged in agricultural pur- suits; Emily A., born July 26, 1844; Fran- cis H., born July 2. 1847. married and is now engaged in carpenter work in Rockwell City; May M., horn August 9, 1850. married Reu- ben D. Smith and died, leaving four chil- dren; and Leclair J., born March 3, 1854. keeping house for her brother, L, [. The family is one of prominence in the commun- ity where thev reside.

CD. i-CLTOX.

(A D. Fulton has been numbered among the citizens of Manson, Calhoun county, since 1885. He is a self-made man who. without any extraordinary family or pecu- niary advantages at the commencement of life, has battled earnestly and energetically, and by indomitable courage and integrity has achieved both character and fortune. By sheer force of will and untiring effort he has worked his way upward and is num- bered among the leading business men of Calhoun county.

Mr. Fulton is a native of the Empire slate, his birth having occurred in St. Law- rence county on the 13th of July. 1831, his parents being A. and Irene (Robinson) Ful- ton, who were natives of New York. In that state they were married and continued to reside throughout their remaining days, the father devoting his attention to agricult- ural pursuits. He was a Republican in his political affiliations and was a member of the Wesleyan Methodist church. Unto him and his wife were born eleven children, of whom eight are yet living, namely: Dan- iel, a resident of Morley, New York; C. D., of this review ; A., who married Loretta Wal- lace, and resides in Peterson. Clay county. Iowa; Oscar, a resident of Welsh, Louisi- ana ; Rufus, who is living at Morley, New York: Renia, the wife of James A. Dav, and resides in Welsh, Louisiana ; James, who married Libbie Wallace, and makes his home in Lisbon Center, New York ; and Jennie, who became the wife of N. B. Flack, of Boone, Iowa.

The educational privileges which C. D. Fulton received were somewhat limited. For a short time he was a student in the district school near his home, hut he and his elder brother had to aid in the operation of the home farm in order to help support the family, for the father was in limited finan- cial circumstances and could not afford to employ farm hands. Therefore our subject remained under the parental roof until he had attained his majority, after which he worked as a farm hand for others and was also employed in a sawmill, remaining in New York until twenty-three years of age. Believing that he might have better business opportunities in the west where competition was not so great, he decided to remove to the Mississippi valley, and took up his abode

THE BIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.

585

in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. In that state he was employed in the lumber regions, secur- ing a position in a sawmill where he re- mained for a year ( )n the expiration of that period he obtained a responsible posi- tion, being made foreman of the lumber mills owned by B. Jones & Co. For nine years he served in that capacity, enjoying to the fullest measure the confidence, re- spect and good will of his employers, whose interests he fully served. In- the year 1863 he arrived in Iowa, locating first at Vinton, where he began business on his own account as proprietor of a hardware store in connec- tion with C. E. Porter, under the firm name of Porter & Fulton. That connection was maintained for sixteen years and a constant- ly increasing business brought to him a very desirable income. At length, however, Mr. Fulton sold out and removed to Peterson, Iowa, where, as a member of the firm of Ful- ton & Wells, he continued his connection with the hardware trade for five years. It was in 1885 that he arrived in Mansoh, hav- ing completed business arrangements where- by he took charge of the business of the Wisconsin Lumber Company, one of the most extensive enterprises of the kind in this part of the state. His previous long ex- perience with the lumber trade well fitted him for the task, and he has since capably managed its business affairs so that his work results with profit to himself and the linn which he represents. The company is di- vided into branches, known as the Wiscon- sin Lumber Company and the Green Bay Lumber Company. Most of the stock is owned by the members of the Finkbine fam- ily of Des Mi incs. [owa. They have more than seventy-five different lumber yards, in- cluding the one at Manson During the ad

ministration of the company's affairs by Mr.

Fulton at this place, the patronage of the yard has largel) increased, a fact which speaks m high terms of his business ability and executive force. lie is a man of un- questioned reliability, cordial in manner. and liberal in the conduct of his and has won a host of friends tin the northeastern part of Calhoun count}.

While residing in Wisconsin. Mr. Ful- ton was united in marriage to Miss Ellen Goodenow, who was born in Oswego, New York, and was a daughter of Washington Goodenow. She died in Vinton, Iowa, leaving two daughters. The elder. Carrie L., is now the wife of Andrew J. Allen, a hardware merchant of Independence, Iowa; and Florence is the wife of I). I. Nethrow, wdio is assistant superintendent of the asy- lum in Independence. Iowa. While in Pet- erson, this state. Mr. Fulton was again mar- ried, his second union being with Sarah I'a- vey. Both Mr. and Mrs. Fulton are con- nected with the Masonic fraternity. He he longs to Morning Light Lodge, No. 384, F. & A. M.. and they are both members 1 f Evening Light Lodge, No. 36, < ). E. S. For more than forty seven years Mr. Fulton has been identified with the craft and is 1 ne f its most exemplary members, who in his life shows forth the beneficent spirit of Masonry, which is based upon the brother- h< od of mankind. I le takes a very active in- terest in all that pertains to the advance- ment of the county in which he li cooperates heartily in every measure which he believes is for the general good. ( iapable of controlling extensive and important busi ness interests, he to-day occupies a leading position in connection with industrial and commercial affairs in this portion of [owa.

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