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3 3433 08254118 0
^^ 250 C DISTINGUISHED ^fATIONAL MEN
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/biographiesoftwoOObate
BIOGRAPHIES
OF
TWO IiraDRED AND TIFTY
DISTINGUISHED NATIONAL MEN.
BY
HORATIO BATEMAN.
FIRST EDITION VOLUME I.
NEW YORK: JOHN T. GILES & CO, PUBLISHERS, 104 BROADWAY.
1871.
p^E KiJtT YORK PUBLIC LliillAKY
49441B
B i-y
L
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by
JOHN T. GILES & CO.,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
TO THE
2
o
SOVEREIGN PEOPLE
OF THE
UNITED STATES
AMERICA,
Q^hisYolumz is respectfully dedicated.
PREFACE
Thk unprecedented rapidity of the rise and progress of the TInHed States Government has called into active service a multitude of men whose names are identified with its formation and history, and whose biographies will always excite public interest, owing to the eminent services which they have rendered to their country.
It is evident, therefore, that there exists a great demand for such biographies in a condensed form. To supply this demand, we have, in this volume, given, on a single page each, a full and correct outline of the public services and general characteristics of 250 distinguished national men ; thus compressing into a very small space a large amount of valuable information.
We have taken an unusual degree of pains to have these biographies full and correct in dates and facts, so that this book may be relied upon for biographical information and for reference.
We have submitted them to the men now living, and they have pronounced them substantially correct in dates and/ac/«.
Upon the opposite page, we have given a few of the most prominent names who have individually indorsed, by letter, their biographies.
We have in preparation a second volume of biographies of 250 other " Dis- tinguished National Men," which we shall issue as a serial volume ; and we shall continue to issue them in volumes of 250 each until we shall have put upon record the biogriiphies of all our Distinguished National Men.
In this volume, we have also given a condensed history of tlie rise and pro- gress of the United States Government, until it culminated in that matchless in- strument, the Constitution, and we became a free and independent nation with the People Sovereign I
The following are a few of the gentlemen who have pronounced their bio graphies correct in dates and in facts :
President Ulysses S. Grant, Vice-President Schuyler Colfax, Chief-Justice Salmon P. Chase, Senator Charles Scmner,
" Henry Wilson,
" Simon Cameron,
*' Lyman Trumbull,
" William G. Brownlow,
** Samuel C. Pomeroy,
" Carl Schurz,
** Oliver P. Morton,
" Hannibal Hamlin, Governor John T. Hoffman, General William T. Sherman, Major-General George G. Meade, " Joseph Hooker,
" George B. McClellan,
" John C. Fremont,
" Frank P. Blair,
" Peter G. T. Beauregard,
" S. P. Heintzelman,
" James Longstreet,
" John B. Hood,
" Oliver 0. Howard,
Nathaniel P. Banks, Fernando Wood, Benjamin F. Wade, Horace Greeley, Peverdy Johnson, Peter Cooper, George H. Pendleton, Montgomery Blair, Charles F. Adams, Gideon Welles, Horatio Seymour, Joseph Holt, Cassius M. Clay, Edwin D. Morgan, John A. Dix, Millard Fillmore, Jefferson Davis, George Wilkes, Henry A. Wise, Wendell Phillips, James Gordon Bennett, William Lloyd Garrison, Roger A. Pkyor, John Mosby, Frederick Douglas^i, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Robert Toombs, Marcus L. Ward, And others.
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HISTORY
OF THE
EiSE a:n^d peogeess
OF THE
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT,
The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, may be considered the most important event that has ever resulted from individual genius and enterprise. It was the result of a theory matured by long re- flection and experience, opposed to the learning and bigotry of the age, and brouo-ht to a successful demonstration, after years of toil against opposing difficulties. His first landing was at San Salvador, on the 12th of Oc- tober, 1492 ; and it was not until August, 1498, that he discovered the main land, near the mouth of the Oronoco, in South America. Fired with |the accounts of the discoveries made by Columbus, Americus Vespu- cius became desirous of seeing the New World for himself, and accordingly, sailed from Cadiz, May 20, 1497, as a merchant, with a squadron of four ships, which he placed in command of the valiant Ojedo.
During this voyage Americus pretends to have seen the Continent, he may have done so, but much doubt envelopes the matter. In 1507, after the death of Columbus, he published a history of all his voyages, and a chart of the American coast, in which lie claimed to be the true discoverer of the country.
This work was read all over Europe with great delight, and the New "World was named " America" in his honor as the discoverer, when, of right, it should have been " Columbia," in honor of " Columbus," whom all the world now concede to be the true discoverer.
Shortly after the return of Columbus from his first voyage, John C.ibot, a Venetian by birth, but then residing in England, sailed from the port of Bristol, with his son Sebastian, in the spring of 1497, under a commission of discovery from Henry VII, King of England. Ho discovered the coast of Labrador, July 3, 1497, sailed north and south along the coast of the main- land ; and, being the first to discover that part of the Continent now called North America, claimed for the English King the territory from the Gulf of Mexico to an iudefiuite extent north, Avithout however attempting either settlement or conquest. From this discovery by Cabot, ovh by which England claimed North America.
II
•
That title depended upon the first discovery of that portion of the Conti- nent, and was called the " Right of Discovery."
It was a principle adopted in the practice of the nations of Europe, that the first discovery of unknown countries, gave to tlie government whose sub- jects had made the discovery, a title to the possession of such new found land. Under tills title, the original inhabitants were permitted to remain in the territory, but they were restrained from selling or granting its soil, except to the sovereign by whose subjects it had been discovered, and who claimed for himself the sole riglit to dispose of it; consequently, no other person could acquire a title from the natives, either by purchase or conquest.
Although the titles derived from discovery may not originally have been just, their validity, after a lapse of centuries, cannot now be overthroAvn. By successive transfers, they have become vested in the several States, and in the UnitediStates; and they have been recognized and acceded to by the Supreme Court of the United States.
We still hold this country under the title by which it was originally ac- quired, and we claim that that title has, by treaties or by grants, decended to us.
Notwithstanding North America was inhabited at the time, it was colo- nized, the colonists disregarded the occupancy and claims of the Indian tribes, and considered themselves as settling an unoccupied country. Hence, therefore, the colonists must be regarded as bringing with them to the New World the laws of England, so far as they were applicable to their situa- tion ; and it was so declared by the Continental Congress, in the Declara- tion of Rights.
For a century or more after its discovery, nothing was done toward a permanent settlement of the country by the English. During the seven- teenth century however, the thirteen original states or colonies were settled. These thirteen colonies have, with reference to their form of government, been divided into three classes, as follows:
1. Provincial or Royal Governments.
2. Proprietary Governments.
3. Charter Governments.
Under the Provincial Governments, a Governor was appointed by the King as his deputy, to rule according to his instructions. The King also appointed a counsel to assist the Governor and aid in making the laws. The Governor established courts and raised militaiy forces. He had power to call together legislative assemblies of freeholders and others, in which the counsel formed an Upper House ; he himself exercising a negative upon their proceedings, as well as the right to adjourn them for a time, or to dissolve them. These assemblies made local laws which had to be submit- ted to the King for his approval or disapproval. New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, were Provincial Colonies.
In Proprietary Governments, the King granted his rights and privileges to certain individuals, who became proprietaries of the colony, and held it as if it were a feudal principality. These proprietaries appointed the Gov- ernor, directed the calling together of the legislative assemblies, and exer- cised all those acts of authority which, in the Provincial Governments, were exercised by the king.
At the time of the " Revolution," there were but two colonies of this des- cription— Maryland, under Lord Baltimore, Pennsylvania and Delaware, under William Pcnn.
In the Charter Governments, the j^owers and rights were vested by a charter from the King in the colonists generally, and were placed upon a
m
more free and democratic foundation. In Connecticut and Ehode Island, the Governor, Counsel, and Assembly were chosen every year by the free- men of tlie colony. But by the charter granted by William and Mary, in 1G91, to the colony of Massachusetts, the Governor was appointed by the King, the Coun>el cho^>eu annually by the General Assembly, and the Hou^e of Representatives chosen by the people ; though in other respects the charter was quite liberal in its provisions. At the commencement of the Revolution, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, were the only Charter Governments existing.
Notwithstanding these diversities in the form of their governments, the situation and c.rcumstances of the colonists were similar in several very important particulars. They were entitled to the rights and liberties ot English subjects, and to the advantages of the laws of England. They were mostly a sober, industrious, and persevering people. They established Provincial Legislatures to I'egulate their local affairs. They did not hold their lands by any burdensome feudal tenures. The Governments were administered upon popular principles, and generally marked by a liberal policy. Many of the settlers in the colonies emigrated from England, at a time of great religious and political excitement, and were filled with the " Spirit of Libert}'," of free inquiry, and of opposition to the prerogatives of the crown, and to an established church, which such excitement had produced. Schools and Colleges were founded ; religion, education, and printing encouraged. The great distance of the colonies from the mother country, so weakened the power over them, that a love of freedom gradually grew up almost imperceptibly by the English Government.
In Pennsylvania (soon after its settlement), in Maryland, and in Xew England (except Rhode Island), the English law of primogeniture (that is the right of the eldest son and his descendants to succeed to the inheritance of the ancestor) was abolished, and the estates of the decedant were divided among all his descendants ; which tended to equalize property, increase the number of land holders and encourage habits of industry. The Colonies nevertheless had no political connection with each other: they had no right to form treaties or alliances among themselves, or enter into any connection with foreign powers. The law of nations did not recognise them as sov- ereign states, but only as dependencies of the crown of England. They could not make treaties, declare war, or receive ambassadors. Each colonist, however, had the full rights of a British subject in every other colony.
Notwithstanding the absence of any recognized right on the part of the colonies to form alliances among themselves, yet, in consequence of the sim- ilarity of their laws, religion, institutions, interests, situation and wants generally, they were frequently led to unite together for the purpose of ad- vancing their common welfare, and for defence against the hostilities of the Indian tribes. The eastern colonies, so early as the year 1G43, entered into a compact under the style of the " United Colonies of New England " for the purpose of protection against the Indians and Dutch. This transaction of the colonies was an assumption of sovereignty, and doubtless contributed to the formation of that public sentiment, which prepared the way for Amer- ican Independence.
Even at this early period these Colonies assumed the character of inde- pendent states ; the attention of the mother country being drawn from them, and absorbed by the civil war with which it wus then so fearfully agitated. Their articles of confederation were marked by that jealousy for f>tnt6 eovereigiiiy which characterized alloursub^cqxu^nt Confederacies, but which, "WO h ivo no reason to regret, was not included in our present Constitution, which transferred the Sovereignty to tho " National Guvernmont ".
IV
The New Eaglaad Confederacy existed until 1686, when the charters o the colonies wji-e vac ited uy c.>iu.nis->i>ja Iroin Jaiuej II. After the dissolu- tion oftuis le igiii, ueii'iy a cenr.uiy elap-^wd beloie a ly g-iueral associaton of ihe colonies was to nied. Bathtill tUese, as we. I as ocUer colonies, con- tinued to give ucoasioii . I evideaces of ttie great necessity they felt f ir, and t;ie jigh imp irt mce w.tli which they regarded a Union. Now and tnen a Congress of Governors anl (Joinraissioners, was held to adopt more effectual measures for their nuitiial protection against their savage enemies One of this character was held at Albany, in the year 17^:2; but another, of hg jer impor- tance, Was couven d theie in 17J4, consisting of delegates from seven colonies, and called at the instance of the English Admiuistr lion to cmsalt as to the best means of defending *' America'' in the event of a war witli France.
Tais Congress published some important doctrines which, operating with a hippy effc-ct on the minds of the colonists, served to give them a JSiational direction, and guided tliera on the road to our present high station.
The Conveuiion unanimously resolved, " that a union of the colonies is necessary for their preservation, and Parliament must be applied to to establish it." The celebrated " Plan," drawn up by Dr Franklin (which is of the greatest interest to the American student) dev^eloped a National spirit throughout. Power was given to the "General Government" to raise and pay soldiers, build forts, and equip vessels of force, etc. The colonies were to be represented in proportion to population. This was the first occasion upon which this idea had been suggested, the New England colonies in their con- federacy hiving been equaily represented as colonies, not in p oportion to population. In this respect the " Albany Plan" w,ts in advance of the " Articles of Confederation" in its National spirit, and served as the proto- type of the •' Constitution" itself. The sectional jealou-y and colonial pride of the colonies continued so strong that the '' Albany Plan" was reject.-d by every one of t!ie Provincial A-serablies, and we were destined to remain sometime longerseparate, and in a considerable degree alien comm-nwealths, jealous of each other's prosperity, and divided by policy, institutions, pre- jud ce and m mners.
W len. however, England began to oppress the colonies, they were led agiin to form a union for their common protection. On the passage of the '•Stamp Act" in 1765, upon the rec >mmendation of Massachusetts, the "First Cb/o?iia/ Congress" assembled at New York, October 7, of that year, at which nine colonies were represented by twenty-eigiit delegates, and they published a bill of rights, in which they boldly declared that, "the sole power of taxation resided in the colonies " The bold stand taken by the p-^ople of Bvston against British tax ition in 1768, called forth resolutions of approval and support from almost every Colonial Legislature, and the events succeeding served to heighten the National feeling in proportion, as the hatred to the m 'ther country was increased.
A C mtinental Congress was simultaneously proposed by meetings held at New York and Philadelphii and by the Legislature of Connectieut. On the 5th of September, 1774. the colonies, sti I urged on by the monstrous claims of the British Pa-ii iment and the df^spitic usurpations of power by George III., united in sending delegates to Philadelphia, " roith anlhority and discretion, to rwet and cow^ult tnj ether for the common welfare. ^^ Eleven of the cilonies were represented in this Cmgres^, and by m?n illustrious for talent, in* eg -ity and p itriotism, and whose memories are yet, and ever will be. embalmed by tie heartfe t gratitu le of their c •untrvnien. They sty'ed themselves '' the delegates appointed by the good pe>ple of the=e colonies." and continued in session until October 26 of the same y.^ar. This Congress, among several otlier valuable State papers, published a "Declaration of
Rights," which is important, a-? fully settino: forth the natural and constitu- tional rights to which the colonists believed themselves entitled.
Events now crowded iipuu each other. Jiefore the Congress met again, hostilities had commenced in Massachusetts, and at Lexington the blood oj the first martyrs to the cause had been shed to cement the National Unity." Hencefotth the Union was continued by successive conventions of Congress. On the loth of May, 1775, a Congress was again as.-e.nbled at Philadelphi-a, and vestei with /u//j9oioer6' <o conctri, a<jree upon, direct, order and prosecrde sucti measures, as they should must approve, to obtain redress of grievances. Having published a declaration of the caust-s which impelled them to resolute resistance, gradually assuming to themselves tne poweis of tbe States ihey, on the 4;h day of July, i77(j, gave to the world that g orious instrument, which marked the dawning of a brij,hter era, and the birthday of a happy Nation which was eve^dwuiy to be truly free and independent
The National sentiment had. now reached its height. Flushed wi;«h thoughts of independence, and of boundless prosperity, no ideas of jealousy or of 'State sovereignty entered the minds of toe people, but as -'one people'^ they dissolved the political bands which connected them with the mother country; and " in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies," declared themselves •' Free and Independent," which declaration was fin illy engrossed and signed by order of Congress.
Throughout the wliole of this immoital instrument the ideas of Equality- Liberty, and Union are closely blended. It was never referred to the separate States for ratification, nor did any State declare its Independence. The Inde- pendence declared was for the "United States," not "Confederate States," and was then for the first time styled " United States of America."
On the 11th of June, 177G, the same day on which a committee was ap- pointed by Congress for preparing a Declaration of Independence, it resolved to appoint another committee, to prepare and digest the form of alliance to be entered into between the colonies. This committee, on the 12th of July following, reported a plan of a confederacy consisting of twenly artic'es, but the lofty National sentiment which prevailed in the Declara ion of Independ- ence did not exhibit itself so fully in the " Articles." So many were the rival inte -ests developed that the local jealousie- and sectional differences which had been forgotten during the fervour of the patriotic ouibutst, at the commencement, left their impre.-s on the '• Articles " and prevented their adoption by Congress until November 15, 1777. Hence we find the doctrine of " State Sovereignty" plainly set forth in that instrument, in evident conflct with the National spirit, which also makes itself apparent. ''T^ese articles of confederation" were ratified in July, 1778, by the delegates from all the States but three, and were subsequently signed on the part of New Jersey, Nov'r 25, 1778; Delaware. Feb'y 22, 1779 ; and Maryland. March L 1781.
The ratificition of the Articles was, therefore, completed March 1, 17S1, and on the 2d of March, 1781, Congress first assembled under the "Con- federation."
These Articles formed the thirteen States, by the style of " The Ignited States of America," into a firm league of friendship with each other for their defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare. Each State retained its own sov^-^irpity, and all powers not expre-sly dele- gated to the United States in Conn ess assembled. Delegatts weic to be chosen every year by each Sta e,n >t less than three, nor more than s<'ven in number, to meet in Congress. L ich State was to support the expenses ot its own delegates. In deciding questions, the votes were taken by S;ates, each >;tate having a sing'e i:o'e. A 1 liio e.xpensf^s of the war, and for the geneial welfare, were to be supplit'd ))y liio several States in proportion to the value of the settled lands and improvcmonts-iUci-oon.
VI
After the Declaration of Peace, and close of the Revolutionary War, it was soon found tti.it the phm detailed in the •' Ailicles of Conledeialion'' was impraclicable. It gave to (Jongies:^ no means of enforcing its laws upon the States, and the Siate^ disregarded the rccou.mendaiions of Congress with im- punity, Congre^b had no p<.wer to levy taxes or collect rtV(;nue lor the public service ; nor could it rt-gulate commerce either with loreign nations or among the several Slates. Forif.gn nations refused to hold iutercourte with a Government which was only such in name, ai.d possessed no real power even to carry out its m.ost oidinary decrees. The public debt incurred by tlie war was veiy gieat, and the "Ai tides of Confederation" in no way pro- vided ( ffectual means for its payment. The aciministration of governm* nt under all such confederacies has ever been marked with weaknes-s. and de- generated into anarchy, or increased to a mcst galling and unbound<d despotism. It became evident in a short time that distress and ruin would overspread the country unless some different and more vigorous form of governmt-nt were adopted.
Delegates were, therefore, appointed from the different States to meet in Philadelphia on the 14th day of iMay, 1787, for the put pose of devising some plan for a viore 'perfect Union of the States. The first practical suggestion of a met'iodof investing the Government with the requisiie power, and at the same time not destroy the State organizations, was in the winter of 1784-85, when Noah Webster struck the key-note in proposing a neio sysicrn of Govern- ment, which should act, '-^loi on the Slates, but direcMy on individuals, and vest in ' Congress'' full power to cany its laws into effect."
The Convention metl^Iay 25, 1787, andafter much discussion these views were embodied in the present "Constitution," which was finally adopted, as the result, of their labors on the 17ih of September, 1787, and, according to the recommendation of the Convention, Congress transmitted the plan of the Constitution to the several Legislatures of the States, in order to be sub- mitted to a convention of delegates cho>-en in each State by the peojyle thereof Conventions assembled in the different States, and the new syskm ^Yas di-cusi-ed with great learning and zeal, and with many conflicting opinions, but w.is at last adopted, thongh not without much opposition;.
On the 17th of September, 17b'8, Congress havirg received the ratifications ct the Constitution from all the Conventions of all the States, except North Carolina and Khode Island, resolved that the first Wednes- day of January. 1789, should be the day for appointing electors in the several States, which may have ratified the Constitution before that day. Accordingly, elections were held in the several States for electors, and the electors, thus appointed, met and voted for President and Vice- Pi esident, when Geoige Washington was unanimously elected the first President and John Adams, Vice-1'resident. The States having also elected their Senators and I^epresentatives, the first "Constitutional Congress," composed of Representatives from eleven States which had then ratified the Constitution, as-embled on Wednesday, March 4, 1789, in New York, and on that d ly the new " Constitution" went into legal operation as the supreme and funda'ponfal h wrf the land, thereby establishing a ICaiion.
The Constitution commences with the declaration that We, THE PEOPLE of the United States, in order to form a more perfect mvon, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the gen--al welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves, and our pos- terity, DO OKDAiN and establish this constitution for the United States of America.
Its first article vests all LegMathe power in a Congress of tlie United States to consist of a Sekate, as the rcpresentalive of the State ; and a House OP KipREsrcvTATiA'-LS, as the dirc<;t representatives of the P^OPLi:
The duty of this Conprress being- to enact all laics for the GENERAL TTELFAKE of the whole United tstates.
Its second article places the executive or administrative power in a "Pres- ident," whose duty it is, to '^ take care that the laics be faiiltf ally executed. ''^ The administrative business of the Government is not all managed directly by the President himself, but, has by rarious acts of Congress, been distrib- uted among several executive departments, called the Cabinet, who are the constitutiunal advisers of the President, and whose opinions he is authorised to require in w^riting upon any subject relating to the duties of their res- pective offices.
The third article vests the judicial poice?' in one " Supreme Court," and such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and es- tablish, whose province it is to tnterpiet and apply the laws.
Plaving given a condensed history of the rise and progress of the United States Government to the time of the adoption of the Constitution, I w411 endeavor to trace its history from that period to the present day.
The State Governments, under the Confederation, alone supported the United States Government, and, as has ah-eady been shown, made ii dependent upon ihem for its existence ; but, on the adoption of the Constitution, a more perfect uido7i was established, adding anothtr and more substantial support, emanating directly from the people through their " Representatives in Congress," which transferred the " Sovereignty " from the States to the United Stares, and cemented the States firmly into one nation, so as to prevent their ever effectually dissolving their re- lations with each other without the consent of a majority of iV^Q people, not only of each State, but of the ivhole United States.
Although the " Declaration of Independence " declared ALL MEN TO BE CREATED EQUAL, and endowed with certain inalienable rights, among wdiich were life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and although the Consti- tution of the United States was adopted to secure the Blessings of Liberty to all, there yet remained slavery for a portion of the PEOPLE of the country. Why was Slavery left in the Union after the declaration of independence and why was the constitution adopted with no clause expressly prohibiting it ■? At that time a large portion of the white people had property ^ in slaves, and many had a large interest in their importation. These considerations made it difficult to destroy the institution at once. It was expected, how- ever, that it would gradually diminish, and after a short time entirely cease to exist.
That such was the expectation of the men most prominent in drawing up those instruments, such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Eichard II, Lee, Patrick Henry, John Randolph, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton. Ben- jamin Franklin, James Madison and others, is evident from their speeches and writings as well as from their studied failure to expressly rccogiiizc it in either ; also by the law which was passed by the Congress of the United States in session at the time tlie Constitution was adopted by the Conven- tion, "forever prohibiting slavery in the North Western Territory" which was ceded to the United States by different States about that time. A fact to be borne in mind in this connection is, that a number of the States did
VIII
abolish Slavery -within their limits a fe^ jearB afterwards, and the intent was evident that it should be done in all u .til the Cotton Gin miide Slavery so very profitable, that the love of yain overcame the moral fueling- that had been eng-endered till then, and some of the States continued, fostered, and encouraged it.
The States that abolished slavery, admitted Justice in its stead as an as- sociate with Liberty, and Education was their legitimate offspring, therefore tlie "Free States" represented Justice, Liberty, and Education, and the " Slave States " Liberty and Slavery combined.
The incompatibility of Slavery with Liberty becoming more and more apparent, and the peojple of tlu se States that had abolished Slavery, per- ceiving that it was bringing contempt upon the Declaration of Independence and the principles of the Constitution, endeavored to persuade their brethren in the States that had not, to adhere to the original understanding, and to make some provision for its eventual abolition, if they could not be pre- vailed upon to give it up at once. They showed them its antagonism to the principles and interests of a Free and Independent Republic, that it was a foe to education and progress, that it was undermining the morals and degrading the labor of the country, that it pandered to the worst passions, and tended to reduce the country to barbarism.
These simple truths laid before them in candor, for their own good, as well as for the good of the country, did not have the desired effect of awak- ening them to a sense of Justice. But, feeling the debasing influ<;nce of sla- very, and finding it could not be sustained by free discussion, also perceiving the slender thread which held it (on sufferance) in the United States under the Constitution, raised the cry of persecution, and charged the free States with interfering with their domestic affairs. Fearing that the progress of liberal views among the people of the free States would soon have such in- fluence in the councils of the nation as to curtail the privileges of slavery, they attempted to revive the old jealousies that had formerly existed be- tween the States, and establish the doctrine of States Rights Supremacy ; contending that the Constitution did not transfer the Sovereignty from the State? to the United States ; but that they were still, as under the Confed- eracy, Sovereign and Independent States, joined together, as then, by a com- pact or league, and that the States could nullify any law passed by Congress, and had the right to withdraw from the Union at pleasure.
Not deeming it expedient to appear to sustain that doctrine in order to uphold and protect slavery, they first directed their attention to the Tariff law passed by Congress, when the State of South Carolina denied the r:ght of the United States Government to collect the Tariff Duty in that State, and threatened to resist its enforcement, and to withdraw from the Union. But this threat was promptly met by a proclamation from President " Jack- son," Avho declared that the " laws must be executed," and that any oppo- sition to their execution would be met by force, if necessary. South Caro- lina receded from her hostile position, although she still boldly advanced her favorite doctrine of the Supremacy of States Rights, and, in the person of her distinguished Senator " John C. Calhoun ", asserted it even in the halls of Congress. Calhoun became its foremost Champion, and endeavored with all the powers of his analytical mind to convince the country that the doctrine was correct. But " Daniel Webster," the Champion of National Supremacy, net h's arguments step by step, and so successfully refuted them, and so fir nly established the Sovereignty of the *' LT'nited States Government " taat few afterwards openly attempted to dispute it. Finding they could not establish States Rights Supremacy openly, and throutih that
protect the institution of slavery from tlie encroachments'of education and prog-ressivo ideas, they proceeded by intrigue and compromise to induce the National Government to acknowledg-o its obliu-ation to protect it. First by admitting- new States with slavery into the Union, thereby strengthening" the slave power in the Nation, next by the ['assige of the " Fugitive Slave Law," which they claimed was only to carry into effect a provision of the Constitution, but which was so drawn as to make every man a Fugitive Slave hunter.
Then by endeavoring to force the United States to protect slavery in the Territories under the name of " Squatter Sovereignty" and finally to protect it in the free States, when taken there by its master, thus seeking to force the Free States to become Slave States.
The freedom loving people of the Country became aroused to a sense of their danger, opposed the two last propositions at the ballot box, and sig- nally defeated them by the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. Their secret organizations ot " States Ilights " under the name of " Knights of the Golden Circle " now made their object manifest in the threatened resistance to the Avill of the people, by secession.
Most of the ofiices of the National Government were in the hands of the Conspirators, a conniving or imbecile President, (James Buchanan,) was in the Chair at "Washington, the fleet despatched to distant waters, the army scattered along the western borders, the arsenals at the North stripped, and the arms sent South, the Treasury depleted, and the National Credit pur- posely destroyed by the tre;icherous Secretary of the Treasury.
All things being thus prepared, the Conspirators appealed to what they termed the reserved rights of the States, and sought to withdraw from the Union. Before the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, seven of the States had seceded, and formed themselves into a " Southern Confederacy" the foundations of -which were Slavery alone. Four other States afterward joined the Confederacy, making eleven in all which se- ceded from the Union. These were, South-Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North-Carolina.
The position of these States after seceding has been a question of consid- erable interest to the country. Lender the Old Articles of Confederation, any State had the right to withdraw fron the Union, or League at any time, as each State was Sovereign and Independent of each other, but, on the adoption of the Constitution, that Sovereignty was transferred to the Na- tional Government, thus giving the citizens of every State a joint interest in every other State. Therefore, no State, nor the people of any State, had the right to secede or withdraw from the L'nion, without the consent of a m'ljor.li^ of the ichole peonle. of the United States.
These eleven States did, however, as States, withdraw their practical re- lations with the rest of the Union. They also attempted by force of arms t ) com- pel the National Government to allow them to take with them the people of those States, whicli Avould complete their separation, and establish their independence.
Biit the National Government, now under the administration of Abra- ham Lincoln, prevented the accomplishment of their object, by calling on the Loyal People of the Nation to aid in the restoration of the Union ; who immediately responded to the call in sufficient numbers to arrest their progress-
AH are farailliar with, the different phases of the Rebellion, of the nu- merous obstacles to the progress of Tiestoration, of the various prejudices to overcome, and the complete change in the morale of the war before it could be successful.
When thj war commenced, it was conducted on the part of the National Grovernment for the restoration of the Union onlj/.
Slavery, //(ccawsf^ of the Rebellion, and the (/real obstacle to its suppres- sion was left as before, and the slaves who fled to the Union Armies, were returned to their masters. The National Government studiously avoided all interference with the " peculiar institution " in order to convince the Southern People that they were not fighting against slavery, but to restore the Union to its former position, and, to give them the opportunity and all the inducements possible to give up the struggle, and return to their duty.
The necessity of freeing the slaves of Rebels, in order to take from them a great part of their strenglh, and thereby destroy the cause of the rebel- lion, was foreseen by Gen. Fremont, when in command of the Department of the Missouri, who issued a proclamation, liberating the slaves of Rebels within his command. Deeming it premature. President Lincoln counter- manded the proclamation, giving them more time for consideration. But all the inducements held out to them were rejected, and the rebels continued the struggle, determined to compel the National Government to recognize their independence, and relinquish its control over any property in the Se- ceding States. Atter nearly two years of bloody strife, the Administration saw that the slave was an aid to the Rebellion, (though an unwilling one,) and that the institution of slavery was the great obstacle to the success of the Union Arms. Then, and then only, and as a military necessity, did President Lincoln issue his celebrated "Emancipation Proclamation"
A large portion of the slaves finding they would be protected, fled to the Union Armies, and afterwards, being allowed to enlist as Soldiers, aided us to overcome and conquer Rebellion.
ihe rebellion, alter lastin.): four years, was suddenly brought to a close by the surrender of Lee to Grant, April 9, 18G5; the supremacy of the National Government was vindicated, and the " Constituliou" stood firm under the shock.
The collapse of the rebellion, and the radical change which it had made in the iniernal affairs of the seceding States, lelt them wiihout civil govern- ments, and made it incumbent upon the •' National Congress'' to make some rules or regulations for their " lieconstruction."
Before Congress came together, Abraham Lincoln, who, as its Chief Executive, had guided the Nation through its greatstruggle, was on the 14th day of April, IKoS, (the anniversary of the surrender of Fort Sumpter), stricken down by the hand of an assassin, inspired by that " Slave Spirit'' which had trained its votaries in the uncontrolled indulgence of Iheir pas- sion> ; and Andrew Johnson, Vice-President of the United States, by virtue of the Constitution, became President, and assumed the task of initiating measures for restoring the Rebel States to their practical relations to the Union, instead of leaving the whole matter to "Congress," in whom the Constitution vests all le(;islative powers. Besides this, Mr. Johnson's " policy" disregarded the f.ict that •• New State Constitutions" must be made before they could with safety be again restored to the Union, and tended to deliver the reins of Governmont into the h uuls of the very men by whom that Governmonthad been betrayed, and to nla.e the loyaJ. citizens beneath the feet of the rebels.
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His conduct re-aroused the slave spirit, rendering the work of reconstruc- tion more difficult than before.
Congress, when they met in December, 1S65, justly considering that the power to initiate proceedings for the restoration of civil g(jvernn!ents in the rebellious States was vested in the Legislative and not in thu Executive, Depart- ment of the Government, and that the results of the J resident's policy en- dangered the rights of the people and the authority of the Nation, entered upon a series of K'gislative me sures, intended to secure the rights and privil- ege-^ of the freedmen, protect those who hadr-^^maiM d f.uth'ul to tlie Govern- ment, preserve order, and put the late Rebel States under the control of men loyal to the country, to Liberty and Justice,
The amenduient to the Constitution, securing the emancipation of the slave thriuighout the National Jurisdiction, was < fficially announced as having been ratified by a sufficient number of States on the ISth of De- cember. 181)5.
Secession and this amendment to the Constitution rendered null and void the "Old State Constitutions" which recognized slavery.
On the 9th of April, 1666, the " Civil Rights" bill became a law by being passed over tlie President's veto, giving the colored man, through its pro- visions, the same right to acquire and hold property as the white man, and the "Freedmeu's Bureau, secured and protected him in those rights.
On the loth of June, 1866, the Fourteeuth Amendment to the Consti- tution was passed by Congress, which makes colored as well as white men " Citizens" of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside, and forbids any State to make or enforce any law wh cli shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, or deny tUera the equal protection of the law. The amendment also foibids the United States, or any State t o assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave, and declares all sucb debts, obligations and claims to be illegal and void.
The people of the Seceding States, who had engaged in insurrection or rebellion, forfeited their political rights by their treason ; and the State Constitutions having become null and void by Secession and the Amendment to the United States Constitution emancipating the shives, they were left without any lawful civil governments. Tue rebel spirit having also been revived, these States were, by the Reconstruction Acts of Congress, placed under the military authority of the United States, until they should make new Co}istUufio7is iu accoidance with the rules and regulations made by Congress. These rules and regulations gave to the freedmen the right of svfficuje, which made him a check \;pon, and insured the loyalty of the rebels, most of whom were restored to their former political privileges.
Having restored the rebels to their civil and political i^rivileges, and made citizens of the colored men, and secured to them the right of suffrage, together, they were authorized to make "New Coubtitution ," republican in form, organize State Governments, and elect their representatives to Con- gress. Havii'g done this, they are " Re -.oxsteucted," and again members of the ■*' National Union."
Tlie Fifteenth Amendment having been added to the Constitution of the United States in 1869, giving the Sulfrage to all citizens without regard to race or
XII
color. Reconstruction having taken place, and firmly established on the bfisis of the Declaration of Independeuce, and the seceding States again re- presented in the Councilsof the Nation— slavery having been abolished— the great obstacle to pi'ogress and cause of contention will have been removed, the prejudice of color and jealousy of sections will pass away, and the People of all parts of the country that have been divided on the question of Equa ity and Sovereignty will congratulate each other on the happy re- sults of Reconstruction, and become strongly United as One Countey and One People in interest and feeling. PKiEE infant as well as in ihnory, and work together mqi'e earnestly for the prosperity of the Whole Country, which will i^rogress wBth rapid strides in wealth, morals and happiness, exhibiting to the world the stability and tenacity of a Government wnose ' ' SovEEEiGNTY is in the People. "
1. GEOEGE WASHINGTON.
George Washingtox, the 1st President of the United States, was lorn in Virginia, in the year 17u8.
The common schools of that State afforded the only opportunity for his education. The study of mathematics was his principal delight. At the ago of nineteen he received an appointment in the army with the title of Major, was advanced to Colonel in 17o4, and took charge of a campaign, against the French at Fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburg, Pa. Erected Fort Necessity near that place, where he was attacked by four times his number of French and Indians, and, after ten hours severe fighting, was forced to surrender, but with the honorable terms of being allowed to return to Virginia unmolested with his command. "We next find him covering the retreat of Braddock, where, by his cool bravery, he saved the army from, destruction.
He was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, of Virginia, in 1759, and a delegate to the first Continental Congress in 1774. In that day of great peril, when Congress had done what it could to raise " That glorious old Continental Army" all eyes were turned to Washington as its leader, and ho was unanimously ax)pointed its Commander-in-Chief ; which he (with modesty and dig-nity) accepted, but declined all compensation for his services, asking only for the remuneration of his expenses.
During the seven years of the war of the Hevolution, his prudence and firmness, and his bravery and wisdom, were the admiration of all calm and wise men. He brought order out of discord, and triumph out of difficulty. In 1787, he was called to preside over the Convention which met in Phila- delphia for the purpose of forming a Constitution, the result of which was that admirable instrument which has ever since been the guide of the nation; and, after its adoption by the States in 1789, he was unanimously chosen 1st President of the United States for four years, and in 1793 was called by the same unanimous voice of his country to serve a second term; on the expiration of which he resigned, and, delivering his celebrated fare- well address, retired to the peaceful shades of Mount Vernon, to enjoy the c^uiet of domestic life. He did not, however, live long to realize his ardent desire, for, after a short illness of only a few hours, he died, December 14, 1799, at the age of sixty-eight, and was buried at Mount Vernon, amid the grateful tears of his countrymen.
AVashington was above the common size, with a robust and vigorous constitution, fine person, easy, erect, and noble deportment, exhibiting a natural dignity unmingled with haughtiness.
His manners were reserved, his temper highly sensitive, but always controlled by his judgment and prudence. His mind was strong ; and, though slow in its operation, was sure in its conclusions. His patriotism was as incorruptible as it was ardent, and a lofty recitude marked every small, as well as every great action of his life.
He devoted a long Lie to the welfare of his country, and while the love of liberty is cherished, every true American will delight to accord to him the proud title of " Tiie Father of his Country."
2. JOHN ADAMS.
JoTlS Adams, the 2d President of the United States, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, October 19, 17o5. He graduated at Harvard College in 1755, and was admitted to the bar in 175S. About this time he wrote his celebrated "Essay on the Common and Federal Law." In 1706, he removed to Boston, was chosen Councellor in 177i), and elected to the first Continen- tal Congress in 1774, of which he was one of the most efficient members, and was associated with Jefferson, Franklin, Sherman, and Livingston, as a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, and was the colossus of support to that immortal instrument in that august body. The same year, he was placed on a committee to wait on Lord Howe in reference to the condition of the country, who, receiving them with imposing military display, told them that he could not receive them as a committee of Con- gress, but only as private citizens. Adams replied : " You may view us in whatever light you please, sir, except that of British subjects."
While in Congress he served as a member of ninety-five different com- mittees, and was chairman of twenty-five.
In 1778, lie was appointed Commissioner to France, returned the next year, and was chosen member of the Convention called to frame the Consti- tution of Massachusetts, and drew up the report of the committee, which was adopted.
The same year he was appointed Minister to negotiate peace with Great Britain, and the following year to Holland, from which he was summoned to Paris to consult on the general peace with the Commissioners of Austria, Russia, and France, which, after many difficulties was affected in 1783.
In 1785, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James, where he secured to his country many important advantages.
At his own request he was permitted to resign his charge in 1788, and in the same year was elected Vice-President of the United States ; which office he held during Washington's administration, and on his retirement was chosen President, which position he held for four years. In 1820, at the great age of eighty-five, he was chosen a member of the Convention to revise the Constitution of his native State, "The instrument which was the work of his own mind and pen."
Mr. Adams was among the few of that brave band, who cast their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honors, on the die of the Revolution, who was permitted to live to witness the permanent establishment of the insti- tutions they had bequeathed to their children and posterit3^ He lived tc see his son succeed to the honors, which a grateful country had bestowed on himself, until, "as if Heaven appointed," on the 4th of July, 1820, th& fiftierh anniversary of his country's independence, with the glorious words trembling on his dying lips, "Independence forever," hand in hand with his old compatriot, Thomao Jefferson, he passed away amid the firing of guns, the ringing of bells, and the rejoicings of an emancipated people.
3. THOMAS JEFFEESON.
Thomas Jefferson, the 3d President of the United States, -was born at Shadwell, Virginia, on the 2d day of April, 1743. At the age of seven- teen he entered William and Mary College, -u-here his early education was completed, and his mind and body were equally nourished and developed
He was one of the best riders in the State, an accomplished performer on the violin, a proficient in the science of mathematics, and a diligent student of Greek, Latin, French, and Spanish. Pie is said to have been one of the best educated men in America.
Upon the completion of his college course he studied law for five years with an unusual assiduity, was admitted to practice in 17G7, and soon acquired an extensive business.
He strongly sympathized with the spirit of freedom in the Colonies, and in 1709, signed a resolution not to import any article from the mother country. After taking a leading part in organizing resistance in Virginia to British aggressions, he was elected to the Colonial Congress in 1775, and became one of the most prominent m.embers.
In the following year he was appointed Chairman of that immortal Committee, chosen to draw up the Declaration of Independence.
This instrument was the work of his pen, and was adopted on the 4th of July, 177G.
In 1779, he was elected Governor of Virginia, and in 1783, a member of Congress. While a member of this body, Washington resigned his com- mand of the army, and Jefferson was the author of the elegant address to the " Father of his Country," voted on that occasion.
In 1784, he went as Minister to France (to succeed Franklin, who had won unbounded popularity), and satisfactorily accomplished the arduous task of filling his place. In 1789, he returned to the United States, and Washington called him into his council by appointing him Secretary of State.
He immediately set himself to lay down maxims and rules of foreign intercourse, which have governed all our subsequent administrations.
In 1795, he was called to the Chair of the Philosophical Societ}^, and in March, 1801, was inaugurated President of the United States, and was re- elected in 1805.
Eetiring from the Presidency in 1809, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, Mr. Jefferson passed the rest of his days upon his plantation at Monticello, beloved and venerated by his countrymen.
His last care was to perfect the organization of the University of Vir- ginia, of which he was the founder.
At the age of eighty-three he retained his intellectual powers little diminished, and died^of old age rather than disease, on the ever-glorious anniversary of that Declaration of Independence of which he was the author, nearly at the same hour with John Adams, his associate, July 4th, 1826, just fifty years after its adoption.
4. JAMES MADISON.
James Madisox, tho 4th PrGsident of the United States, was bom in Orange County, Virginia, March IG, 1751. In his youth he was favored with the instruction of a Scotchman by the name of Robertson, under whose faithful care that taste for elegant and classical literature was developed, which marked his official career.
He graduated at Princeton College, in 1771, and remained in college a year after, that he might pursue his studies under the charge of Dr. Wither- spoon, between whom and himself a lasting friendship had sprung up. He commenced the study of law, but in the memorable year, 1776, he was elected to the General Assembly of Virginia, and for forty years, he was continually in office either for his State or the United States. In 1778, he was elected by the Legislature to the Executive Council of the State, where he rendered important aid to Henry and Jefferson, Governors of Virginia, during the time he held a seat in the Council. In the winter of 1779 and 1780, he took a seat in the Continental Congress, and became immediately an active and leading member, and continued to hold a seat in that distin- guished assembly of patriots until 1788.
In 1784, '85, and '86, Mr, Madison was a member of the Legislature of Virginia.
In 1787, he became a member of the Convention, held in Philadelphia, for the purpose of preparing a Constitution for the Government of the United States.
Perhaps no member of that body had more to do with the formation of that noble instrument, the " Constitution of the United States of America," than Mr. Midison. It was during the recess, between the proposition of the Constitution by the Convention of 1787, and its adoption by the States, that that celebrated work, " The Federalist," made its appearance. This is known to have been the joint production of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, This same year he was elected to Congress, and held his seat until the Continental Congress passed away among the things that were. He was a member of the State Convention of Virginia, which met to adopt the Constitution, and on the establishment of the new Con- gress, under the Constitution, he was chosen a member ; retaining his seat until the close of "Washington's administration in 1797.
On the accession of Jefferson to the Presidency, he immediately offered Mr. Madison a place in his cabinet, and he accordingly entered on the dis- charge of his duties as Secretary of State; which duties he continued to perform during the whole of Mr. Jefferson's administration ; and on the retirement of that great statesman, he succeeded to his seat in 1809. He held the position of President diiring the war of 1812, and brought it safely to a glorious conclusion. Mr. Madison retired, in 1817, to his peace- ful home in Virginia, where he passed the remainder of his days, loved by the many and respected by all, until, on the 28th day of June, 1836, the last survivor of the framers of the Constitution, and one of the most distin- guished champions of American freedom, he gathered his mantle about him, and laid down of pleasant dreams, in the eighty-sixth year of his age.
5. JAMES MONEOE.
James Moxroe, the 5th President of the United States, Tfas born in "Westmoreland County, Virginia, April 28, 1758.
His early education was acquired at AVilliam and Mary's College, from which institution he graduated in 17TG, when he commenced the study of the law. The sound of war and battle, however, did not allow him to proceed. Fired with a desire to do something for his country in its deep hour of need, he enlisted, and was speedily honored with a Lieutenant's commission, and marched forthwith to the headquarters of the Anierican army. He met the foe at Harlem Heights and White Plains, and shared the perils and fatigue of the distressing retreat of the American army through New Jersey in 177G. He crossed the Delaware with Washington, and with him made a successful attack on the Hessians' came, at Trenton, on the morning of the 2Gth of December, 177G.
This successful bloAV was soon followed by the victory our soldiers gained at the battle of Princeton, by which courage and hope were once more infused into the spirit of our soldiers, and all classes of society. In the battle of Trenton, young Monroe received a musket-ball in the shoulder, notwithstanding which, he fought out the fight gallantly and valiantly. At Brandywine, as aid to Lord Stirling, he took an active share, and rendered conspicuous service in the bloody battle of Germantown.
At the battle of Monmouth, he was also engaged, and displayed great gallantry and cool daring. Dissatisfied with his inferior position, he received permission to raise a regiment in his native State ; but, being dis- appointed in accomplishing it, he entered the ofhce of Mr. Jeiferson, and resumed the study of law. In 1780, Mr. Jefferson, being Governor of Virginia, sent him on a special mission to the Southern army to ascertain its condition, which he performed to the satisfaction of that eminent man.
On his return he was elected to the Legislature, and in 17S3, was elected to the Continental Congress, and in 1786, was again elected t > the State Legislature. In 1788, he was a member of the Convention called to decide on the adoption of the new Constitution, and voted against its adoption. In 1790, he was elevated to the L'nited States Senate, and in 1794, he was sent Envoy Extraordinary to to the Court of Versailles, where he arrived in the nick of time to consummate the purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon, who, being in pressing need of funds, ceded that vast tract of land, com- prising Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri, to the United States, for fifteen million dollars. After settling this purchase, he went to England to suc- ceed Mr. King as Minister to the Court of St. James; but the affair of the frigate Chesapeake placing him in an uncomfortable position, he returned to the United States. In 1810, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature, and soon after was chosen Governor, which office he held until Mr. ]VLidi- son called him to assume the duties of Secretary of State in his cabinet
In 1817, he was elected President of the United States, and re-elected in 1821, with great unanimity. His administration was a prosperous and quiet one.
Mr. Monroe retired from the office of President more than impoverished, for he was in debt ; and, in his old age being harrassed by his creditors, he removed to New York, where he found an asylum and home with his daughter, and where he died on the 4th of July, 1831, being the third President who had died on the anniversary of their country's inde- pendence.
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6. JOHN Q. ADAMS.
John Quixcy Adams, the sixth President of tlie United States, son of John Adam?, the second President, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts} July 11th, 1767.
When ten years of age he accompanied his father to France, and resided abroad mostly until after the scenes ot therevolution were brought to a close, and when fifteen was privatesecretary to the American minister to Russia. Wishing to avail himself of a classical education he returned to his native land, and in 1786 entered Harvard College as ajuniorat the age of eighteen, and on graduating entered the law office of Tiieophilus Parsons, after- wards Chief-Justice of Massachusetts for many years. Mr. Adams was more a statesman than a lawyer, and during the bitter controversy of Washington's Administration wrote several series of political articles, which won for him the esteem of the President and the applause of some of the greatest minds in both this country and England. In 1794 he was appointed minister to the Hague, and in 1797 was transferred to Berlin, whence he was recalled in 1801.
Mr. Adams now entered upon the career which terminated only with his life. HcM'as elected to the Senate of Massachusetts in 1802, and ap- pointed United States Senator in 1803, which position he held until 1808.
Was made Professor of Rhetoric aad Belles Lettres in Harvard College in 180-5 ; sent minister to Russia in 1809; assisted in negotiating the Treaty of Glient in 1815, and appointed minister to England the same year.
He was Secretary of State under President Munroe in 1817, and was chosen President of the United States by the U. S. House of Representa- tives (there being no choice by the people), which position he held for four years.
In 1831 he was elected a Representative to Congress and continued in that position until his death, which occurred in the speaker's room, Feb. 23, 1848, two days after falling from his chair in the House of Representa- tives from a stroke of paralysis. His last words were : " This is the end of earth; " " I am content."
Few men have passed so large a portion of their lives in active public employment as John Quincy Adams.
For more than sixty years he was in the service of his country, from secretary of legation at the early age of fifteen to the Chief Magistracy of the Union.
Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. He was one of the finest classical and belles lettres scholars of his time, and even in his old age ofien astonished his hearers with the elegant classical allu- sions and rhetorical tropes with which he embellished his own produc- tions ; and which earned him the title of the " Old Man Eloquent."
He was a bold champion of freedom, free speech, and the right of peti- tion, and a fearless defender of the oppressed wherever they were to be found, and in whatever clmie. He died at the advanced age of eighty-six, February 23, 1848.
1, AXDEEW JACKSON.
AtsDRp:w Jacksox, the 7th President, was born March 15, 1707, in.' Union County, North Carolina. His father was a poor emigrant from the North of Ireland, who died before Andrew saw the light of day. His early education was received at the old field-schools of that region, and from, wandering- school-teachers, during' a few weeks in winter.
He commenced his military ca:cer in 1781, at the ag'e of fourteen, in the Revolutionary Army ; but was soon taken pi'isoner. While prisoner he was ordered by a British officer to do some menial work ; he refused, saying-, " I am a prisoner of war, and claim to be treated as such," for which he received a severe wound on the head and arm by the sword of the en- raged Englishman.
At the close of the Revolution he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1786, and removed to Nashville, Tenn., and commenced practice in 1788, where he soon obtained a very successful business, and for twenty years continued to practice at the bar, except when interrupted by public employment. ^
He was elected to the United States House of Representatives, from which he was transfered to the Senate, and for six years served as Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee. When the war of 1812 commenced, President Madison gave him a commission in the Regular Army, and com- mand of the Southern troops, which he led against the Creek Indians ; and after two most vigorous and perilous campaigns, conquered and made a treaty with them on the " Hickory Ground," by which he received the familiar sobriquet of " Old Hickory." He afterward led hie victorious troops to the defense of New Orleans, where he fought, behind the cotton bags, his victorious battle with General Packenham ; for which he was hon- ored with the title of the " Hero of New Orleans." The rejoicings of that victory was soon followed by the welcome tidings of peace between the United States and Great Britain.
In 1818, he was again called upon to render his military services in the expulsion of the Seminoles, and in 1821 was made Governor of Florida. In 1828, and again in 1832, he was elected President of the United States.
During his adminstration. Nullification raised its menacing head in South Carolina, threatening resistance to the execution of the laws of the United States. But Jackson issued his celebrated proclamation, saying: *' By the Eternal the laws must and shall be executed," and South Carolina teceded from her position. His antagonism to the United States Bank caused him to order the removal of the United States deposits from that institution, and transfer them to certain State Banks. His opponents censured this measure as an unauthorized and dangerous assumption of power by the executive.
His reply was, "I take the responsibility," and defended his course, by asserting the Bank to be unsound. He retired from the Presidenc}'-, March 4, 1837, and spent the close of his life at his " Hermitage," near Nashville, Tenn., cultivating his plantation, where he died June 8, 184:5, aged seventy- eight.
General Jackson was headstrong, but always honest; rash, but ever patriotic. Fear he knew not either on the battle-iield or before that terrible T^ovrev— -public apinion. His purpose once taken, no threats of his ene- mies, no persuation of his friends, and no personal considerations could
§h^ke it.
I
8. MARTIN VAN BUEEN.
Martin Van Bueen, the 8fh President of the United States, was bom at Kinderhook, ZS'cw York, December 5, 1782. He obtained his education at the common school and academy of his native village.
In 1790, while yet in his fourteenth year, he commenced the study of law. Wliile a student, he was an active politician ; and, when only eighteen, represented the Republicans in the Congressional Convention of hisdisti'ict. In 1802-3 he studied in New York City, and, in the latter year, was ad- mitted to the bar. His business soon became lucrative, and his clients numerous-
The first official distinction he received was his appointment, by Governor Thompkins, as Surrogate of Columbia County, in 1808.
In 1812 he was elected State Senator. He at once assumed a prominent position in the Senate, and continvied a member of that body until 1820, having been, during that period, a zealous supporter of the war, and of the canal project. A portion of the time he was Attorney -General of the State.
In 1821 he was elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1827. The following year he was elected Governor of New York by the Democratic party.
His career as Governor, however, was brief. Scarcely had his adminis- tration commenced, when President Jackson offered him the office of Secre- tary of State, which he at once accepted, and resigned his Gubernatorial office.
In the Cabinet he became the real, or apparent, rival of Mr. Calhoun ; and, probably finding his position therein an unpleasant one, resigned in April, 1831. The President appointed him ambassador to England ; but the Senate, by the casting vote of Mr. Calhoun, the Vice-President, refused to confirm the nomination, which step, it was generally thought, secured him the nominal ion for Vice-President in 1832.
He received a large majority of the electoral votes for that office, which he continued to fill during President Jackson's second term, and in 1836 was elected President of the United States.
The principal measure of his administration was the establishment of the independent Treasury. In the spring of 1837 commenced the greatest commercial revulsion ever known in this country.
Extravagant speculations had for some years prevailed. Since the withdrawal of the deposits from the United States Bank, numerous State Banks had been chartered, a multitude of public works were undertaken, immense importations of foreign goods were made, and real estate rose far above its intrinsic value. At length the crisis came with tremendous effect. The banks suspended specie payment, and failures were numerous.
The National Government became involved in the general embarrass- ment, as the banks containing the public deposits f-tispended with the rest. In 1838 the banks resumed specie payment, and, after repeated trials, the Sub-Treasury Bill was passed.
Mr. Van Buren was again nominated for President in 1840, but was defeated by General Harrison, the Whig candidate. Since then he lived in retirement in Kinderhook. on the estate called Lindenwald, until his death, July 24, 1862,
9. WM. HEXP.Y HAEEISON.^
"William Henry H.AiirasoN, the 9th rresident of the United States, ■was born in Charles City County, Virginia, February 9, 1TT3. He was educated at Hampton Sidney Colleg-e, and prepared himself for the practice of medicine. At this time, the hostilities of the Indians excited his atten- tion, and, having received an Ensign's commission from "Washingti n, he joined the Northwestern Army in 1702, at the age of nineteen. He was in several actions, under General Wayne, who spoke in the highest terms of his bravery and skill. For his coolness and courage at the bloody battle of Miami Rapids, he was promoted to the rank of Captain.
In 1797 he was appointed Secretary of the Northwestern Territory, and, at the age of twenty-six, was elected Delegate to Congress from that Terri- tory. He was appointed first Territorial Governor of Indiana, and, in addition to his duties as Civil and Military Governor, he was Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and concluded eighteen treaties.
On the 7th of November, 1811, he gained over the Indians the celebrated battle of Tippecanoe. During the war of 1812, he was made commander of the Northwestern Army, and distinguished himself in the defense of Fort Meigs, and the victory of the Thames. In 181G he was elected a Member of Congress from Ohio, where he took an active part in legislation, and delivered his elociuent eulogies on the character of Thaddeus Kosciusco and General Washington.
In 1828 he was sent Minister Plenipotentiary to the Eepublic of Colum- bia, South America, and on his return, retired to his farm at North Bend, Ohio, from which retirement he was called by the people of the United States to preside over the coujitry as its Chief Magistrate, March 4, 1841. Perhaps no man since Washington has received such an enthusiastic and spontaneous welcome throughout the Union as the " Hero of Tippecanoe ;" and certainly no President has gone into the office with so little opposition.
In one short month after his inauguration, the country resounded to deep and heartfelt lamentations ; and all sections of the land bore signs of grief. He, in whom his party had trusted as the saviour of their principles, died at the city of Washington, on the 4th day of April, 1841, in the sixty- ninth year of his age.
He was an honest man, a brave general, an intelligent statesman, a shrewd and calm diplomatist, a kind neighbor and friend, and a firm and constant lover of his country. His death was calm and resigned, as his life had been patriotic, useful, and distinguished ; and the last utterance of his lips expressed a fervent desire for the perpetuity of the Constitution, and the preservation of its true principles.
In death, as in life, the happiness of his country was uppermost in his thoughts.
10. JOHN TYLER.
John Tyler, Vice-Prosident, and succes.sor to General Harrison as President of the United States, was born in Williamsburg, Virginia, March 29, 17U0. At the age of twelve he entered William and Mary's College, where he graduated, with distinguished merit, five years after. He was admitted to the bar when nineteen years of age, and elected to the Virginia Legislature when twenty-one.
In 1816 he was elected to Congress, and in 1826 was elevated to the station of Governor of his native State.
In 1827 the Legislature selected him to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. lie served in this capacity until 1830, when a diiTerence of opinion having arisen between President Jackson and himself, he resigned his seat in that body, and went into retirement.
Mr. Tyler did not again make his appearance in public life until 1840, when he was selected by the Whig party as their candidate for Vice-Presi- dent, in connection with General Harrison, as candidate for President ; and, under the rallying cry of '• Tippecanoe and TijUv, too^'' he was elected to that office by a large majority, and entered upon the discharge of its duties March 4, 1841.
The death of General Harrison, one month later, raised him to the Chief Magistracy of the Republic.
The course he pursued in vetoing two sepai'ate bills, chartering a United States Bank, besides opposing the measures of the party that elected him, in various other ways, caused him to be denounced by them in unmeasured terms, and occasioned the resignation, in 1842, of the whole of the cabinet, except Daniel Webster, who, as Secretary of State, had important negotia- tions with England ; and he continued in office until the consummation of the famous " Ashburton Treaty," when, in the spring of 1843, he also re- signed.
Mr. Tyler's term of office expired in 1845, after which he lived in retire- m^ent until the winter of 1860 and '61, when he took an active part in the calling and organization of the Peace Congress which met in Washington in February, 1861, and of which he was the presiding officer. On his return to Virginia, he became a member of the Virginia Convention which passed the ordinance of secession, April 17, 1861, and was afterward a member of the Rebel Congress. He died in Richmond, Virginia, January 17, 1862.
11. JAMES K. POLK
James K Polk, the 10th President of the United States, was born, November 2, 1795, in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, and there re- ceived his early education. In 18U(J he removed with his fatlier to Tennes- see, and lived in the valley of Duck Kiver, a branch of the Cumberland.
He graduated at the University of North Carolina, in lbl5, .'studied law with Felix Grundy, and was admitted to the bar in 1820. He commenced his political career in 1828, as Representative to the Legislature of Ten- nessee.
In 1825 he was elected to the Congress of the United States, in which position he continued until 18o9 ; and was Speaker of that body from 1835 to 18o7.
In 1839 he was elected Governor of Tennessee for two years, and was again a candidate, but was defeated.
In 1844: he was nominated by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore as a candidate for President of the United States, against Henry C ay, the Whig candidate, and was elected. The annexation of Texas being the prin- cipal question of the canvass, Congress parsed a bill for its immediate admii-siun. This act involved the United States in a war with Mexico. That country refusing to accept the proposition to fix the boundary line between it and Texas by negotiation, General Taylor was ordered to take possession of the disputed territory, and a short and decisive contest fol- lowed, wliich resulted iu the acquisition of important and valuable territory to the United States.
The discovery of gold in California (a part of the acquired territory), the June following, produced momentous changes in the condition of that coun- try, and made itself felt throughout the world. Thousands of men left their homes (forsaking farms, and closing up business) and flocked to the fortunate spot, and California soon became populated with people of all nations.
Notwithstanding the advantages derived from the war, and the vast amount and value of the territory acquired, Mr. Polk was not nominated for a second term. He retired from the Presidency in 1840, and soon after reaching his home, in Nashville, Tennessee, his health began to decline, and he died June 15, 1849.
12. ZACHARY TAYLOE.
Zacttary TatloPv, tho 13th President of the United States, Tvas bom in the County of Oranore, Virginia, in the year 1790.
Alter recoiving such an education as the times permitted, he entered the army with a commission of Lieutenant in the Seventh Infantry, at the age of eighteen, under the administration of Jefferson, in 1808.
On the 10th of June, 1812, when war was declared with England, Tay- lor— who had previously received a Captain's commission — held command of Fort Harrison ; and, with a handful of men, defended himself against the attack of a large body of Indians with such skill and bravery, that Madison bestowed upon him the brevet of Major.
From this period until 1840, Taylor passed his life in almost incessant warfare with the various savage tribes in the West, where he signalized himself by repeated acts of bravery and by the exhibition of a sagacious forecast, which won for him the approval of the nation. Meanwhile, he had passed through tho grades of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and held, at this date, a Brigadier-General's commission.
On the breaking out of the Mexican War, he had charge of the Army of the Rio Grande ; and, when hostilities commenced, he caused the erection of Fort Brown, at Point Isabel, where lie deposited his stores, and then moved with his army to Corpus Christi.
Hearing the Mexicans were about to attack Fort Brown, he determined to succor and relieve the place. But there was a Mexican army of not less than five thousand strong between him and the fort, ready to dispute every inch of the gx'ound. With only two thousand men. General Taylor cut his way through to Fort Brown, during which he fought the glorious battles of Palo Alto and Rosaca de la Palma, in which fell so many brave and gallant men.
The attack on Matamoras, the storming of Monterey, the sanguinary battle of Bueiia Vist;i, and the hundred skirmishes which took place in that year, form a jiage in history which will bear comparison with any other that has been written.
With one-third — and often less — of tho forces of tho Mexicans, General Taylor met; them on their own ground, and always conquered.
I£is perfect coolness, his majestic courage, his keen sagacity, his admira- ble generalship — true constituents of a military hero — have Avon for him undying laurels, while his kind and dignified demeanor ingratiated him with his olficers and soldiers.
When peace was conquered. General Taylor retired to his farm at Baton Rouge, La., full of honors as of years.
In 184S he w^as drawn from his retirement, elected President of the United States, and inaugurated March 4, 1849.
Ho survived his inauguration but little more than a year, when he yielded up his spirit on the 9th of July, 1850 ; and^ for a second time, a Vice-Presi- dent succeeded to the Presidency.
13. MILLARD FILLMORE.
Millard Fillmore was bom January 7, 1800, at Summer Hill, Cayuga County, New-York.
At an early age he was sent to Livingston County, at that time a wild region, to learn the clothier's trade ; and, about four months later, he was apprenticed to a wool-carder and cloth-dresser in the town in which his father lived.
During the four years that he worked at his trade, he did what he could to supply the defect of his early education.
At the age of nineteen, Mr. Fillmore bought his time, thereby ending his ap- prenticeship ; and about this time, Judge Wood, of Cayuga, discovering the latent talent of the youthful wool-carder and cloth-dresser, offered to take him into his office and defray his expenses while he went through a regular course of legal study. Mr. Fillmore accepted the proposal; but, that he might not incur too large a debt to his benefactor, he devoted a portion of his time to teaching scliool. In 1821, he removed to Erie County, and pursued his legal studies in the city of Buffalo. Two years later, he was admitted to the Common Pleas, and commenced the practice of law at Aurora, in the same county. In 1827, he v/as admitted as an attorney, and in 1829, as a counselor in the Supreme Court, and in the following year, he removed to Bufialo and entered into a much more extensive practice of his profession.
His political life commenced with his election to the State Assembly, in which he took his scat, in 1829, as a member from the county of Erie, and he was re- elected the two succeeding years. Being a member of the Anti-Masonic party, he was at that time in opposition, and had little opportunity to distinguish himself; but he took a prominent part in assisting to abolish imprisonment for debt in the State. In 1832, he was elected to Congress, and took his seat the following year. In 1835, at the close of his term of office, he resumed the practice of the law, until he once more consented to be a candidate for Congress, and took his seat again in 1837.
During this term, he took a more prominent part in the business of the House than during his former term, and was assigned a place on the Committee on Elec- tions. He was successively elected to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Con- gresses, and ill both of them distinguished himself as a man of talents and jrreat business capacity, being chairman in the Twenty-seventh of the Committee of AVa3'3 and Means. At the close of the first session of the Twenty-seventh Congress, he sig- nified to his constituents his intention not to be a candidate for reelection, returned to Buffalo, and again devoted himself to his profession, of which he had become one of the most distinguished members in the State. In 1844, he was prevailed upon to accept the nomination, by the Whig Party, for Governor of the State of New York ; but he shared in the general defeat of his party. In 1847, however, he was consoled for his defeat by his election to the office of Compttoller of the State by an exceedingly large majority. In 1848, he was nominated by the AVhig Party, as their candidate for Vice-President, on the ticket with Zachary Tavlor for Pre- sident, and was elected to that office in the fall of the same year. In March, 1849, he resigned his office of comptroller to assume the duties of his new position, and in the discharge of these high and delicate duties, he acquitted himself with courtesy, ciignity, and abilit}-, until the death of General Taylor, in July, 1850, elevated him to the pre-idential chair. He promptly selected a cabinet distin- guished for its ability, patriotism, and devotion to the Union, and possessing in an eminent degree the confidence of the country. His term of office expired March 4, 1853. Mr. Fillmore filled the distinguished station which he occupied Avith dignity and ability. He retired from office with the respect of all parties. After his retirement from office, he visited Europe, and while there, received the nomination of the American or Know-Xothing Party for the Presidency, for which he received a large minority vote, but a majority only of the State of Marvlaud.
14. FRANKLIN PIERCE.
Franklin Pierce -was born November 23, 1804, at Hillsboro, New Hamp- ehire. His father, who had experienced the disadvantages of a defective educa- tion, determined to secure the advantages of a liberal education to his son.
He was first sent to the academy at Hancock, and afterward to that of Fran- cestown, N. H. In the year 1820, being then sixteen years of age, he entered Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, Maine. His progress at school was steady; and his attention to college discipline and the routine of college regulations won for him the favorable attention of the professors of the institution. He advanced in his studies, and graduated creditably. Having chosen the law as a profession, he became a student in the office of Judge Woodbury, of Portsmouth. The last two years of Mr. Pierce's preparatory studies were Sfient at the law-school at Northamp- ton, Mass., and in the office of Judge Parker, at Amherst. In 1827, being ad- mitted to the bar, he began the practice of his prolession at Hillsboro. Success did not at first attend his efforts ; but he rose by degrees, and attained a high rank as a lawyer and an advocate. He early in life entered into politics; and in the year 1829, at the age of twenty five years, he was elected to his first political public honor, as representative from his nal-ive town to the Legislature of the State. He served in that body four years, in the two latter of which he was elected speaker by a large majority. In 1833, ho was elected to Congress, and in 1837, was chosen a member of the United States Senate, he having barely attaint d the age necessary to a seat in that bony. He served through one period of four years, and was reelected in 1841. Tlie following year he re^ign»■d his scat, and returned to the practice of his profession in Concord, N. H., where he had removed when first elected to the Senate, and soon gave evidence of the high stand he was dt stined to occupy at the bar.
In 1846, President Polk offered him the office of Attorney-General — an honor which he, however, declined.
On the breaking out of tlie Mexican war, Mr. Pierce enrolled himself a as private soldier in the New England Regiment; but President Polk sent him a colonel's commission, and subsequently raised him to the rank of a brigadier general in March, 1847. He took his departure for the seat of war on the 27th of May, 1847, where, after seeing a good deal of hard service, and making one ot a band of heroes in several hard-fought buttles where victory always rested on the Ameri- can arms, he returned home, where he was received with much distinction and many honors.
He resigned his commission and resumed the practice of his profession, and remained comparatively unobserved until the action of the Baltiinore Democratic Convention gave him a new importance throughout the Union. He was nomi- nated by that body as the Democratic candidate for the presidency, and was elected President of the United States in November. 1852 ; was inaugurated March 4, 1853, and served to the end of his term. He returned to his home in New Hampshire, and resumed the practice of his profession, and remained in pri- vate life until his death, on October 8, 1869, at Concord.
As a member of society, Franklin Pierce was a nniversal favorite ; and by his good-natured and unaffected urbanity, ingiatiated every one \vhose good fortune it was to make his acquaintance. As a publ c speaker, he was remarkably suc- cessful. He was not only remarkably fluent in his elocution, but remai kably correct. His style was not overladen with ornament, and yet he drew liberally upon the treasury of rhetoric.
15. JAMES BUCHANAN.
James Euchanan ^ras bom on the loth day of April, 1701, in the County of Franklin, Pennsylvania.
After having- passed through a regular classical and academical course of instruction, ho studied and adopted the hnv as a in'ofession.
Having inherited a predilection for politics, ho v/as elected in 1314 to the House of Representatives of his native State, and re-elected in 181G. After having served two sessions, he declined another re-election.
In 1820 he Avas elected to the United States Congress, and took his seat in that body in December, 1821. He remained a member until March 4, 1831, -when he declined further service, and retired to private life.
In May, 1831, he was offered the mission to Russia, by President Jack- son, and accepted the proffered honor.
Immediately after his return, in 1834, he was elected to the United States Senate, to fill an unexpired term, and in 183G was elected for a full term, and re-elected in 1842.
In 1845 ho was appointed Secretary of State, by President Polk, which office he held during his administration.
In 1803 he was appointed, by President Pierce, Minister to England, in which capacity he resided in London until 1850, when he was elected Presi- dent of the United States.
His administration was signalized by the great financial revulsion of 1857 ; the difficulties with the Mormons, which led to sending two thousand five hundred soldiers to bring them to subjection ; the arrival of the mag- nificent embassy from Japan, to deliver the treaty which had been negotiated between the two countries ; the struggle for freedom in Kansas ; the admis- sion of three new States into the Union, viz. : Minnesota, in 1858 ; Oregon, in 1859 ; and Kansas, in January, 18G1 ; and the inauguration of the Rebel- lion. Mr. Buchanan was surrounded, mostly, by advisers who sympathized with the South ; and he allowed events to take their course. The army of the United States was scattered along the Western borders — the navy sent to distant ports ; the arsenals at the North were stripped, and the arms sent to the South ; State after State seceded ; the Confederate Government organized at Montgomery ; Senators from the Rebel States uttered the boldest treason in the debates at the capitol ; and, during all this time, President Buchanan did nothing to counteract the efforts of the Rebels, or to avert the threatened danger, denying, in his message to Congress, any powers of *' coercion" to exist, constitutionally, in the National Government. Such Y,'a3 the melancholy state of affairs when his administration drew to a close, March 4, ISGl, and Abraham Lincoln took his place.
He then retired to his farm at Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where his remaining years were spent in quiet retirement.
In 1SG5 he published a defense of his course as President, with the title: *^Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of tho Pk^ebellion." . Ho died at Wheatland, June 1, 18G8.'
16. abiiaiia:m Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln, the IGtli Tresident of the United States, under •whose wise administration the country, in its hour of peril, was enabled to combat successfully with treason and rebellion, was born February 12, 1809, in Harden County, Kentucky.
His father removed to Indiana in 181G, where for ten years Abraham was employed upon the farm, during which time, the schooling ho re- ceived did not amount to more than one year ; but by close application he mastered the rudiments, and learned to write.
In 1830, he removed with his father to Illinois, where he was variously employed in splitting rails, as flat-boatman, and clerk, and where, by his honest and upright intercourse with his neighbors, he acquired the sobri- quet of "Honest Abe." In 1832, he served as Captain in the Black Hawk War.
He did not, however, have the opportunity to display his great military skill by a conflict with the Indians, but, as he himself averred, had many a bloody fight with the mosquitoes.
After a brief attempt to keep a store, he studied surveying, afterward the law, and commenced practice in 183G, settled in Springfield in 1837, and rose rapidly in his profession. Ho was elected to the State Legislature in 183G and 1838, and in 1846 to the Congress of the United States, being the only Whig elected from Illinois that year. On his return from Congress he devoted several years to his profession, until the repeal of the Missouri Compromise in 1854, when he again entered the field as a Republican, and battled indefatigably in that celebrated campaign which resulted in victory for the first time against the Democratic party in Illsnois, and elected a Legislature which sent Mr. Trumbull to the United States Senate. In 1858 he was the Republican candidate for United States Senator, in opposi- tion to Stephen A. Douglas, with whom he conducted an active canvass throughout the State, both candidates speaking at the same place, on the same day. Face to face they argued the important points of their political beliefs, and contended nobly for the mastery. In 18G0 he was elected President of the United States, receiving all the electoral votes of the free States, except three ; and was re-elected in 1864.
The history of his administration is a history of the rebellion. It was especially illustrious by his "Emancipation Proclamation," issued Janu- ary 1, 1863, which gave freedom to four millions of people, and imme- diately changed the character and purpose of the war, bringing it in unison with the Declaration of Independence.
The difficulties with which the war on our hands was complicated were almost interminable, but with each new-found difficulty he found new strength, hope, and energy, until all obstacles were overcome and the war end.ed. But at the very dawn of the nations' new birth, resting from his labors, and contemplating that peace that was then breaking through the dark, angry clouds of war, he fell, by the hands of an assassin, on the 14th day of April, 1865.
Mr. Lincoln was endowed with a most genial soul, powerful intellect, and sound judgment. He met the critical hour of duty to his country like a ' tatcsman and a man. He sustained loyalty, and gave all his strength in crushing treason. Ho consulted and advised with Congress for the good of his country, assisted in giving forco to the laws of tho^Iand, and dxecut^d ihcm faithfully.
17. ANDREW JOHNSON.
Andkkw Johnson, the 17th President, was born in Ealeigh, North Carolina, Decenaber 29, 1808. At the age of ten years, he was apprenticed to a tailor, in his native town, with whom he remained seven years. He never attended school ; but, by his own exertions, he learned to read while he was yet an apprentice.
A fewyeaia later, his wife instructed him in arithmetic and writing-. In 1826 he emigrated to Tennessee, and settled in Greenville, as a tailor. At twenty years of a!;-e, he was elected an Alderman of that town ; was re- elected in the two following years ; and from 18o0 to 1834, he held the office of Mayor.
In 18o5 he entered political life as a Democratic Member of the State Legislature ; was re-elected in 18;J0 ; and during the Presidential canvass of 1840, was an effective speaker in favor of the Democratic candidate. In 1841 he was elected a Member of the State Senate ; and, from 1843 to 1853, lield a seat in the Congress of the United States. In 1853 he was elected Governor of Tennessee, which office he held until 1857, when he was elected by the Legislature a United States Senator.
At the outbreak of the Kebellion, he pronounced strongly in favor of the Union, and denounced, in severe language, those who favored secession.
\V hen the conflict commenced, he was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers. In 1802 he was appointed, by President Lincoln, Military Governor of Tennessee, which position he held until his election as Vice- Presideiit of the United States, in 1S(J4.
_He was inaugurated March 4, 18G5, at which time he delivered his ever- to-be-remembered inaugural address which caused so much comment at the time, especially in England.
On the ever-memorable 14th of April, of the same 3"ear, the assassin's bullet deprived the nation of the lamented President Lincoln, and put Mi-. Johnson in his chair, which he has since occupied. Rebellion having been conquered, the work of restoration and reconstruction became the problem to be solved. Having a policy of his own, entirely different from that of a large majority of the Members of Congress, which he was determined to carry out, his administration has been an eventful one.
There having been a change in the fundamental condition of the seceding States, caused by rebellion and the emancipation of the slaves, Congress deemed it expedient to pass Keconstruction laws, which he vetoed ; but they were again passed, over his veto. His neglecting to execute those laws according to their letter and spirit, together with alleged violation of the Tenure of Office Law, S:c, caused the House of Eeprcsentatives to bi-ing articles of impeachment against him, in Februarj', 1868, which they pre- sented to the Senate. That body resolved itself into a " High Court of Impeachment ;" and, after a protracted trial, the votes of the Court were taken in May, ISGS, on three of the eleven articles, which resulted in thirty- five for conviction, and nineteen against. As two-thirds were required to convict, ho was acquitted on these, and tho vote on the remainder was iu- definitfcly pbstponerl
18. ULYSSES S. GBANT.
General Ulysses S. Grant was bom at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1823. His early opportunities for acquiring an education were limited, having the benefit only of a school during the winter months, the summer being devoted to labor on a farm or in his father's tannery.
He early evinced a particular fondness for mathematics, and, at the age of seventeen, received the appointment of cadet in the military academy at West Point, -v\-here he graduated in 1843, and entered the United States army as a Brevet Second Lieutenant of Infantry. He served in the Mexican "War as Second Lieutenant and Regimental Quartermaster of the Fourth Infantry, and, for gallant conduct at Molina del Rey and Chapulte- pec, he was breveted First Lieutenant, and, in 18o3, was promoted to full Captaincy.
On the 31st of July, 1854, he resigned his commission in the army, took up his residence near St. Louis, Mo., and engaged in farming for four years, when, finding it unprofitable, he removed to Galena, IlL,and entered into the leather business with his brother, in which he continued until the breaking out of the Rebellion, when, remembering what he owed his country, he said to a friend : " The Government has educated me for the army ; what I am, I owe to my country ; I have served her through one war, and, live or die, I will serve her through this."'
He offered his services to Governor Yates, who appointed him Asst. Adjt, General of the State ; but, desiring active service, he was appointed Colonel of the Twenty-First Illinois Volunteers, June 15, 18G1, and, August 7, was commissioned Brigadier-General, with rank from May 17, 1861, and took command of Southeast Missouri, with headquarters at Cairo. He occupied Paducah on the Cth of September, and fought the Confederates at Belmont on the 7th of November.
He commanded at the capture of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, February C, 18()2 ; then marching across the country to the Cumberland, he invested Fort Donaldson on the 12th, in conjunction with Admiral Foote, with the gunboats, commenced the attack on the l3th, and, on the l(jth, received an "unconditional surrender " from General Buckner. For this victory he was maae Majdf-General. After the capture of iNashville, and fighting the severe battle of Shiloh, April G, 1802, he was appointed to command of the Department of Tennessee, with headquarters at Jackson, Miss. Early in January, 1863, General Grant assumed the principal direc- tion of the land forces before Vicksburg, and, after gaining the victories of Grand Gulf, Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, and Big Black River Bridge, invested that city, which he captured July 4, 1863. For this victory he was made Major-General in the Regular Army. In October, 1863, he was directed to assume command of the troops at Chat- tanooga, and, on the 24th and 25th, gained an important victory over General Bragg, which secured him a permanent base of operations at that point.
In Mj,rch, 1864. he was appointed Lieutenant-General, with command of all the araiiesof the Union, and, May 4, comm meed his campaign against Richmond. Having marked out his course, he " fought it out on that line," until victory crowned his efforts, and Lee surrendered at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. He seems to have planned all his campaigns so as to insure suc- cess, and the territory he conquered ever after remained in the possession of the Federal arms.
In May, 18G8, ho received the unanimoits nomination for President of the Ujftited States by the RejniWican party, aad was ekcrte'd iNCfv. 'd, IS'O^S
19. C5EIST0PHEH COLUMBUS.
Christopher Columbus was bom at Genoa, Italy, about tbe year U35. He commenced his maritime career while yet a mere youth, his first voyage being with a naval expedition fitted out at Genoa, in 1459, by John of Anjou, Duke of Calabria, to recover the Kingdom of Naples for his father, Rene, Count de Provence.
For many years after this, the traces of his career are faint His saga- cious mind led him to believe that there were other lands afar off, toward the setting sun ; and he resolved to convince the world that his views were correct.
Poor and friendless as he was, he conceived the bold idea which led to the discovery of the "Western Continent. Pull of this purpose, he sought the aid of powerful courts, first applying to the throne of Portugal, and then to, that of Spain. But here he encountered the fiercest opposition ; and not till after many years of struggle and disappointment did he succeed in securing the patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella, who fitted him out with a squadron of three small vessels, carrying only one hundred and twenty persons.
"With this little fleet, full of hope and the solemn purpose he had so long and ardently cherished, he set sail from Huelva, on the 8d of August, 1492. After a long and perilous voyage, in which the terrors of the Atlantic were among the smallest difficulties he had to encounter, his officers, crew, and passengers being in constant fear and mutiny, his heart Avas made glad, and the fears of all dissipated, by the joyous cry of ^' Land Ho .'" on the morn- ing on the r2th of October, 1493.
Columbus speedily landed, and took possession, in the name of their Catholic Majesties, amidst a wondering crowd of naked savages, who re- ceived him with simple sincerity.
He cruised among the Islands for several months, and gave them the general name of " West Indies."
January 4, 1493, he set sail for Spain, where his return was hailed as a triumph, and he was treated with all the pomp and ceremony of a mighty conqueror.
He soon sailed with a larger and better-provisioned squadron, bearing the title of Admiral, "^"iceroy, and Governor of all the lands he had, or might discover; with unlimited powers to make laws for their government, erect cities, &c.
He reached his place of destination, and immediately commenced to can-y into execution the plans ho had so long cherished ; but intrigue and treachery at Court made his lot a continual strife, and he, at length, re- turned to Spain, rather as a prisoner than a conqueror.
He again returned to the New AVorld ; and, after a futile effort to regain his wonted sway, he again sought redress at the foot of the throne ; but Isabella being dead, Ferdinand treated him with such duplicity and base ingratitude, that the old mariner died, broken-hearted, and carried his cause to a higher Court.
The discovery of America by Columbus, may be regarded as the most important event that has ever resulted from individual genius and enter- prise Although another has received the honor of giving a name to this contiaeut, yet the world auoorda to Columbus the honor of^ its discoveiy.
20. AMEEICUS YESPUCIUS.
A^vfETlTCUS Yespucius was born at Florence, Italy, in 1451. From him this continent derives its name, as its first discoverer, although it is gener- ally conceded that Christopher Columbus first set foot upon its soil and occupied the country.
He descended from a very ancient house, and belonged to one of the proudest families of that celebrated city. His education was respectable, and he was possessed of a bold and enterprising spirit. Fired with the accounts of the discoveries of Columbus, he became desirous of seeing the New World for himself; and, accordingly, on the 20th of May, 1497, he sailed from Cadiz, as a merchant, Avith a squadron of four small ships, under command of the celebrated and valiant Ojeda.
During this voyage, Americus claims to have seen the continent. He may have done so, but much doubt envelops the matter- At all events, his success -was such as to induce Ferdinand and Isabella to place a fleet of six ships under his command, when he made his second voyage.
On his return in 1500, he received the same ungracious treatment from the contemptible Ferdinand which had been visited on Columbus, and he r(,'turned to Seville, mortified and disgusted at the ingratitude of princes.
Emanuel, King of Portugal, hearing of his humiliation, offered to fit out a fleet of three ships and give him command, which he accepted, and sailed from Lisbon in May, 1501.
Ho explored the coast of South America from Brazil to Patagonia, and returned, laden with riches and honors, in September, 1502, to Lisbon.
He again set sail, with six larger vessels, in May, 1503, for the purpose of finding a western passage to the Moluccas Islands, but, falling short of provisions, he "w as foiled in the attempt.
Loading his vessels with specimens of the valuable wood of Brazil, and other precious products, he returned to Portugal after an absence of a little over a year, and was received with every demonstration of joy and respect.
He now retired, and devoted himself to the preparation of the history of his adventures.
He drew and published the first chart of the American coast, in which he laid claim to be the discoverer of the country.
In 1507 he published a historj^ of all his voyages. It was filled with glowing accounts of the New World, mixed up with the most splendid fictions, and was read all over Europe with great delight. It was published just after the death of Columbus, and was thus placed beyond the reach of that eminent navigator, who, had he lived, would doubtless have exposed the pretensions of its author.
He died, at Terceira ,in the sixty-third year of his age, in 1514
21. HENDEICK HUDSON.
Hendrick or PIexky Hudson, an eminent discoverex- and explorer of the American coast, was born in England, and devoted his early life to the seas. Bat little is known of him prior to 1G07-8, when we find him on a voyage of discovery along the coast of Greenland, his object being to find a northwest passage to Japan or China.
On the 2oth of March, 1609, he sailed from Holland on that adventurous voyage, which, although it nearly cost him his life, resulted so conspicuously to the interests of mankind, and added much to his renown and to the com- mercial strength of his employers, "The Dutch East India Company."
After running along the coast of Lapland, he crossed the Atlantic ; and, after a voyage of immense peril, discovered and landed on Cape Cod, in Massachusetts Bay. He then pursued his course southerly, examining' all the principal rivers, to the Chesapeake, and ascended the great river which bears his name as far as where Albany now stands, expecting to find a pas- sage to the Pacific Ocean by that way ; but, being disappointed, he turned his prow towards Holland, stopped, a-nd left a few settlers at Manhattan, now iNew York, and arrived home in IGIO.
Ho started again, under a new patron, to discover " the Northwest Pas- sage," which was destined never to be found.
But, although he failed in this, he 'discovered the great northern bay, which bears his name, and where he was destined to find a violent grave. Alter exploring the inlets and promonitories of this remarkable bay, he drove his ship into a small inlet, where the ice closed around it, on the 3d of November, IGll.
The prospects of a long and dreary winter was much relieved by enor- mous flacks of wild fowl, which not only afforded abundance of food for present use and future prospect, but diverted the attention of his crew from their uncomfortable condition. Already some of the men had become troublesome, and hints of revolt and threats of vengeance occasionally reached the ears of their commander. But the mild influence of an early spring softened, at once, the stony hearts of the desperadoes and the icy fetters which held them in their prison-house for more than half a year.
As soon as he was clear of the ice, he started for home, but suddenly found that his supplies were nearly exhausted. The discovery broke his spirit, and infuriated the crew. He divided the provisions among the men equally, which was but a few pounds to each ; yet some of them became riotous, and in his despair he threatened to set them on shore : whei'eupon several of the strongest wretches entered his cabin at night, seized and bound his hands behind him, and then set him adrift, with his son and seven, of his men, who were sick, in a small shallop, and proceeded on their way home, arriving at Plymouth after a voyage of terrible suffering and the loss of seven men at tho hands of the savages.
Hudson was never heard of more. He sleeps among the sands of that ice-girfc soa and that noble bay to which he gavo his name as his perpetual monument.
22. JOSIAH WINSLOW
JosiATi "WiNSLOAV Tvas bom in wlmt is now Marshfield, Massachusetts, in \G2d, just nine years after the arrival of the Pilg-rims.
lie -was son of Edward Winslow, -wh^ came over in the May-Flower, and who was the third Governor of tl:o Colony. Josiah was horn of brave stock, of which he proved no degenerate scion.
He commenced his public life very early. No sooner had he arrived at the age eligible to office than he was chosen Deputy to the General Court, from his native town, and was constantly employed in public business, until he was elected Governor. He was a man of charming address, a well-cul- tivated mind, and an amiable disposition. The>e traits, added to his fear- less courage and military bearing, all resting on a high h^-re fined piety for their base, eminently fitted him for the then highly-important office of Gov- ernor, and gave him great popularity.
His first public act after he was chosen Governor, was the restoration to their civil rights of Isaac Robinson and Mr. Cadworth, of which they had been deprived on account of their religious opinions.
He was mild and tolerant himself, and could not endure the persecutions which Avere practiced against non-conformists of whatever name. His moral character was fully equal to his physical courage. He encountered public prejudice with the same unblenching resolution with which he exposed himself to the bullets and ambush of the Indians.
King Philip's war was coincident with his administration, and in it he did eminent service, and proved himself a sagacious leader and brave war- rior.
In 1G57, soon after the death of his father, he was elected to the office of Commander-in-Chief of the military forces of the Colonies. For many years he was one of the Commissioners of the Confederated Colonies.
Of highly-polished manners, greatly gifted in conversation, fond of society, and blessed with the means to gratify himself in all these respects, the social and festive scenes of " Careswell " were of the most delightful, refined, and instructive kind. Here, with his beautiful wife presiding, he won for himself the proud distinction of being *' the most accomplished gentleman and the most agreeable companion in New England." Governor Winslow never enjoyed very robust health, and his exposures and hardships in King Philip's war doubtless aggravated his disease, and accelerated his death, which took place on the 18th day of December. 1G80, in the fifty- second year of his age.
Josiah "Winslow was the first naiivc-born Governor of the Plymouth Colony.
23. PETEUS STUYYESANT.
Petrus Stuyvesant -was born in Holland, near the beginning of tbo sixteenth century.
In 1G02 the Dutch East India Company received its charter, under whose auspices Hendrick Hudson discovered and explored the great North Hiver, of New Netherlands, as far as Albany, in 1G09.
Colonies were soon after formed in Albany and New York, then called New Amsterdam.
In 1G21 the Dutch "West India Company was formed ; and, tinder the patronage of this mighty corporation, with its almost exhaustless resources of wealth and power, New Netherlands at once received an impetus of growth which has gone on increasing tmtil the present day. Various men had been appointed to the Director-Generalship, who had governed, or misgovernecl, its affairs, for about a quarter of a century, when Petrus Stuyvesant, who had been Director-General in the Dutch colony at Curacoa, and from which port he had returned to Holland, on account of ill health, received the appointment in lG4o.
Pour ships comprised the squadron which bore the Governor-General to the new sphere of his authority, filled Avith newly-appointed officers, farmers, tradesmen, artisans, speculators, and gentlemen of leisure, seeking a home and livelihood in the New World.
General Sttiyvesant's ''strong points of character" began at once to ap- pear in the rigid di>oip]ine of the ships, and the general good order prevalent throughout the squadron.
On his arrival at New Amsterdam, he found things in a sad condition. Misrule had complete ascendency, and riot, murder, theft, and injustice of all kinds, bore sway.
With a wise energy lie strove to correct these evils, and at length re- duced the chaos to crder. He was at once a thorough reformer of abuses, while he consolidated the Government, and became thoroughly conservative in its administration. Stern and uncompromisiug, and possessed withal of' an unsuspected character for morality and truth, the affairs of the colony prospered under his administration.
But he had to encounter the machinations of jealous, mean-minded men at home, and envious and selfish ones in the colony. After twenty years of troubled reign, he was recalled, to defend himself before his superiors, and was deprived of his commission.
He was the last of the ancient regime, for New Netherlands was shortly afterward wrested from the hands of the Dutch, by the Englisli, under whose rule it remained until 17TG, when the United States declared their Independence.
Stuyvesant returned to this country in 1GG8, and died in 1GT2. There are landmarks of his farm still in existence in the city of New York.
2i. ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
Alexaxdeh Hamilton was born on the Island of Nevis, in the British West Indies, on the 11th of January, 1757. At twelve years of age he was pkiccd in the counting-room of a mcrcliant of the Island of St. Croix, where his talents and ambition soon displayed themselves. In a letter to a fellow- clerk, before he Avas thirteen, he said : " I mean to prepare the way for futurity." In 1772 he came to New York, and in 1773 entered Columbia College, where he made "extraordinary display of richness of genius and energy of mind." It was during his college life that the country was roused to the consideration of British aggressions and American Independ- ence,
Pie took strong and decided revolutionary grounds, and wrote and spoke in so clear and forcible a manner as to attract the attention of the wisest minds engaged in that controversy.
Dr. Cooper, Principal of the College, and several others of the ablest Tory writers, were confounded by the profound principles, able reasoning, and sound policy of his essays, and would not believe they were the produc- tions of a youth of seventeen. He also joined a volunteer company of militia, while in college, and made himself familiar with all the tactics and theory of war.
In 1776 he was appointed to the command of artillery, and from that time until 1781 he was in constant and active service, mostly as aid to the Commander-in-Chief, and became Washington's principal and confidential aid.
General Washington intrusted him with the most delicate and difficult diplomatic duties, and with nearly all his important correspondence.
In 1782 he took his seat in Congress, where his genius and sound judgment was speedily felt.
He retired from Congress in 1783 to the practice of law in New York, where his clear mind and lucid eloquence won for him the admiration of all, and raised him to the head of the New York bar.
He was a delegate to the Convention which framed the United States Constitution ; and, while before the people for their ratification, he, in con- junction with Mr. Jay and Mr. Madison, wrote that series of essays com- posing the tAvo volumes of the Federalist. Of those eighty-five papers, Jay- wrote five ; Madison, twenty ; and Hamilton, sixty. On the adoption of the Constitution, he was called by AVashington to the head of the Treasury Department, v^liich, for five years, he filled with marked ability. Indeed, there was scarcely a plan adopted by Congress during Washington's admin- istration which does not bear the mark of his mighty genius. From this period until his untimely death, he divided his time between the duties of his profession and those of public life, awakening general admiration by the brilliancy of his talents, and winning the esteem of all, by his many amiable virtues. On the 12th of July, 1804, he fell in mortal combat by the hand of Aaron Burr; and "all America and Europe mourned his untimely fate."
25. BENJAMIN FBANKLIN.
Benjamin Franklin, the youngest of a family of seventeen, -was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January G, 170G. He was destined for the church by his father, and was sent to the grammar-school for two years, during which time he made rapid progi^ess. His father, being no longer able to keej) him at school, took him home to assist in his occupation of soap-boikr and tallow-chandler, where he continued for two years, when his extravagant fondness for books determined his father to make a printer of him. He was accordingly apprenticed to his brother, who published the Ntic England Coiirant, the second paper that made its appearance \\\ America. Here he had access to books, which he read without stint, and soon commenced to write anonymous pieces on the topics of the day, which were published in his brother's paper, and which attracted the attention of prominent men, who spoke very highly of them. He then made himself known to his brother as the author, who afterward treated him with more consideration. He continued to write for the paper, and sometimes criticised the acta of the Government so severely as to incur its censure of the j)aper, and, after a while, his brother was forbidddcn to publish it, when it was turned over to Benjamin, and conducted in his name ; and, in order to make it legal, his apprentice papers were canceled. Having some dispute with his brother soon after, he took advantage of his freedom thus gained, and left him. He then went to New York to find business, but, being unsuccessful, continued on to Philadelphia, where, with a loaf of bread under each arm, and one in his hand from which he ate, and a few pennies in his pocket, he traveled the streets of that city, in search of employment, which he soon found ; and, by persevering industry, he ascended the ladder of greatness, round by round, until he reached the highest pinnacle of fame in his country's his- tory.
He was prominent among those distinguished patriots who threw their whole influence and energies in favor of the great struggle for human free- dom, vras on the committee with those who drew up the Declaration of Independence, and was one of the signers of that immortal document. In 1778 he was sent as ambassador to the brilliant Court of the King of France, where, amidst the gay and richly-dressed courtiers, ministers, and ambassa- dors, the venerable Franklin, Avith unpowdered hair, a round hat, and plain brown coat, commanded the respect of all around him ; and his acquaint- ance was sought with eagerness by all, as a man whose fame as " the great philosopher and statesman of the ago," had preceded him.
His researches in philosophy were extensive, and his experiments in electricity revolutionized the world on that subject.
Ho brought from the clouds the lightning with his kite, and showed that it could be controlled by man, to his advantage.
His wise sayings and practical advice to the young, have become house- hold words, and have done much toward stimulating them to honesty, economy, and industry.
Mr. "^ Franklin was the first President of the American Philosophical Society, which he did much to build up and make memorable. He died in Philadelphia, on the 17th day of April, 1790, being eighty-four years of age.
26. ISRAEL PUTKAM.
Major-general Israel Putna^.i was born in Salem, Massachusetts, January 7, 1718.
Among the brave men, -^vho fought the early battles of our country, none were braver than Putnam.
He was of a kind and peaceful nature ; but when roused by insult, or injustice, his iron heart leaped to his hand, and his blows on tlie heads of w^rong-docrs fell fast and furious. When yet a mere boy, he was insulted by a much larger and older boy, on account of his rustic appearance, to w^honi he gave a sound thrashing, to tlie deliglit of the lookers-on. What schoolboy has not read the thrilling story of " Old Put and the Wolf?"
He served in the old French and Indian war, in which his whole ca- reer teemed with acts of romantic chivalry. All his hardships, hair- breadtli escapes, and w^ondrous feats, would require volumes to narrate. In 1757, while Putnam bore the rank of major, he was ordered, in com- pany with tlie intrepid Rogers, with a detachment of several picked men, to watch the movements of the enemy, Avho w^ere encamped near Ticonderoga. Being discovered, he was compelled to retreat on Fort Edward, w^hen he fell upon an ambush of French and Indians. Taken by surprise, he halted his men and returned the fire of the enemy ; and the battle soon became general and waxed hot. Putnam became sepa- rated from the body of his army, and was compelled to defend himself against several Indians. Three of them he slew, Avlicn the fourth rushed - on him (as his gun missed fire) with uplifted tomalla^s'k, and Putnam sur-; rendered. The Indian immediately bound him to a tree, and joined the. melee once more. While bound, he was between the fire of both par- ties, at one time ; and the bullets pierced his clothes, and the tree beside him. A young Indian also amused himself by throwing a tomahawk- into the tree beside of his head. At the close of the fight, he was un- bound, led into captivity, and treated with great cruelty.
He was tied to a sapling, and a fire kindled to roast him alive; but just as the fire began to scorch his limbs, a shov/er of rain came and put out the flames; and before they could again be kindled, the savage who captured him came and claimed him as his ; and having some spark of humanity in his savage breast, dressed his wounds and protected him from insult and cruelty during the remainder of the march. He was at length exchanged, and lived to fight other battles.
At the breaking out of the Revolutionary ^Var, he was at work upon his farm, and when a messenger arrived informing him of the contem- plated attack on Bunker Hill, he w^as in the field plowing. He immedi- ately left his plow, took his gun and jumped upon his horse, arriving in season to do eminent service in that memorable battle.
He served his country fiiithfully, and at the close of the war retired to his farm; where he enjoyed the blessings of the free institutions for which he fought, to the age of seventy-two, when he died, at Brooklyn, Connecticut, May 29, 171)6.
27. HENEY KNOX.
General Henry Knox was born in Boston, Massachusetts, July 25, 1750.
He married the daughter of a staunch loyalist, and was an officer in the Britisih army when the struggle of the Kevolution commenced. His whole Boul was fii'ed with the cause of freedom, and he contrived his escape from Boston, and, presenting himself at the camp of "Washington, offered his ser- vices to his country. His wife, who, notwithstanding her Tory origin, fully sympathized with the patriots, accompanied her husband in his flight, secreting his sword in the folds of her petticoat. The noble woman adhered to his fortune through the trials and privations of the campaign, and had the holy satisfaction of sharing her husband's joys in the established Inde- pendence of their country.
"When young Knox presented himself at "Washington's headquarters, our army was destitute of cannon, without which he felt that it was impos- sible to cope with the British forces. There was no way of obtaining the needed supply but by transporting it from the dilapidated forts of the Can- adian frontier. This dangerous and almost Herculean labor was triumph- antly performed by that gallant young officer, and an artillery department of respectable force was added to our army, the command of which was bestowed upon Knox, with a Brigadier-General's commission. These guns were planted on Dorchester Heights, and the British army speedily com- pelled to evacuate Boston. General Knox, at the head of the artillery, was in constant service during the entire contest which succeeded, and generally under the immediate eye of Washington, between whom and himself a strong attachment existed, which lasted until the death of his distinguished and beloved commander. At the battle of White Plains, Trenton, Prince- ton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, as also at the seige of Yorktown, Knox and his artillery rendered most valuable aid. He was one of the commissioners to negotiate the terms of capitulation of Cornwallis. In 1785, under the old regime. General Knox was Secretary of War, until the new organization, when Washington immediately appointed him to the same office, which he continued to hold until 1704, at which time Washington reluctantly consented to accept his resignation, and he retired to his farm, in Thomaston, Maine, where he lived in hospitable retircnient, until the 25th of October, 1806, when he died suddenly from accidental stran- gulation.
Pew men contributed more largely to the success of our Pevolutionary struggle than General Knox.
As the projector, author, and first commander of artillery, with the entire confidence of Washington, his opportunities were Cf^ual to his desires, and his success tantamount to his genius and bravery.
28. WILLIAM PENN.
"William Pexn, the founder of the State which bears his name, -was born in London, October 14, 1G44. Before he was fifteen he entered Oxford, and was converted to Quakerism by the eloquence of an itinerant preacher of that sect, and was expelled from college for non-conformity before he was sixteen.
Honest in his convictions and sturdy in adhering to them, neither the expostulation of his friends, the discipline of his father, nor the threats of the church, could shake his faith in his purpose.
He studied law in Lincoln's Inn until the year 1665, when, the plague breaking out in his native city, he went to Ireland, to manage his father's estate. Here he joined a fraternity of Quakers, in consequence of which he was recalled.
He was so persistent in his adherence to the habits and dogmas of his sect, that his father banished him from his house. He then commenced preaching, and was very successful in gaining proselytes to his sect.
He was exceedingly obnoxious to the Government, and was several times fined and imprisoned. But nothing intimidated him. Even in prison he wrote and published books, and sent them forth to the world.
On the death of his father, a large estate fell into his possession ; but he continued to write, travel, and preach, as before.
The Crown owing large debts to the estate, Penn asked and obtained, in 1681, a charter of Pennsylvania, where a colony was soon planted, and he himself arrived the next year.
Feeling that he had no moral claim on the soil, he negotiated with the Indians who occupied it, and purchased it of them at a price perfectly satis- factory to both parties.
He established the capital, and named it Philadelphia, drew up a code of laws for his growing colony, ordaining perfect toleration for religious opin- ion, and returned to England, in 1684, to exert his influence in favor of his persecuted brethren there. He was instrumental in the deliverance of more than thirteen hundred who had been cast into prison for heresy. So malig- nant were his enemies, that they effected his imprisonment on the charge of Papacy ; but he succeeded in obtaining his freedom, and returned once more to America, where he revised his code of laws, and made some altera- tions in the form of government, at the same time traveling through the country, preaching and writing on the subject nearest his heart.
In 1700 he again returned to England, where he resumed his favorite pursuit, until 1712, when paralysis put a stop to his active life, and caused his death in 1718.
The character of "William Penn, alone, sheds a never-fading lustre upon our history. He established his commonwealth on the basis of religion, morality, and universal love, and he won the confidence of the Indians by his strict justice.
Few men have lived whose efforts have been so productive of good, and 80 free from evil.
29. BENJAMIN RUSH.
BEXJA>nx Rush -was born in Byberry, Pennsylvania, on the 24th of December, 1745. His father dying when he was quite young, his mother assumed the charge of his education ; and so faithfully did she execute the important trust, that he Avas able to enter Princeton College at the age of thirteen ; and such had been his progress in his studies, that he obtained his degree before he was fifteen years old. After studying five years with a celebrated physician here, he went to Scotland, and studied two years, spending a few months in England and France.
On his return, in 1769, he was elected Professor of Chemistry in the College of Philadelphia. In 1791, the College being merged into the Uni- versity, Dr. Kush was appointed Professor of the Institute in the practice of medicine, and of clinical practice.
His lectures were popular, -and very fully attended. In his treatment of yellow-fever, which about this time desolated Philadelphia, he seems to to have been eminently successful. He remained at his post constantly during the three months of its ravages, and gave his services freely to the poor, rejecting enormous offers from the rich, that the children of poverty might not suffer from want of care. Once he came near falling a victim to the disease. He took no rest, and visited, on an average, one hundred pa- tients daily. He adopted for his motto : " The poor are my best patients, for God is their paymaster."
Dr. Push was an ardent patriot, and took a decided stand with the friends of his country.
By his counsels and his pen he did eminent service to the cause of his country, and filled several important offices. In 1776 he signed that im- mortal instrument, " The Declaration of Independence."
In 1777 he was appointed head of the medical staff of the Continental Army, and was assiduous in his duties in that department.
Dr. Rush was a great student and writer, and it is through his many printed works that his memory is kept fragrant in the hearts of his country- men. From his nineteenth to his sixty-fourth year he was a public writer. His productions exhibit extensive learning, profound medical science, deep piety, a zealous patriotism, and unboimded benevolence. His moral quali- ties were such as naturally spring from an elevated mind, and a heart that had been cultivated by an intelligent mother.
From the age of twenty-four until his death, he was in constant and ex- tensive practice. He was cut off suddenly by a prevailing typhus-fever, in the midst of his usefulness, April 19, 1813, being sixty-eight years of age. He saved others : himself he could not save.
30. PATEICK HENEY.
Patrick Henry was bom in Virginia, May 29, 1736. His boyhood was as unpromising as could well be imagined. He was a great truant, hating bis books, and delighting in nothing so much as his angle-rod and gun.
In these sports he would spend weeks at a time ; and while Avatching the cork of his fishing-rod, he would sit for hours absorbed in reflection. In the midst of his companions, he often sat silent, appearing to be occupied with his own thoughts, cr reflecting deeply on the character of his playmates. At sixteen his father set him up in trade, but he did not suc- ceed. During that time he acquired a taste for reading, but his chief em- ployment was in studying the character of his customers, as they became excited in controversy, or interested in relating anecdotes.
Not succeeding in the store, he determined to study law. After six weeks' study, he applied for a license to practice, and passed his examina- tion, astounding his examiners, not by his knowledge of law, but by the strength of his intellect, and brilliancy of his genius. For three years his success was small, when an event brought him bef to the court, and gave him a chance to display his ability as a pleader and an orator. It was a case between the people and the clergy of the English Church, in regard to the payment of their salaries in tobacco, at a price fixed by the Legislature.
Patrick Henry was employed by the people, as no one else could be found to espouse their cause.
When he rose to make his plea, he faltered, and appeared very awkward, and the people hung their heads at so unpropitious a commencement, the clergy, at the same time, exchanging sly glances with each other. In a few moments, however, as he warmed with the subject, those wonderful facul- ties which he possessed were, for the first time, developed, and now was wit- nessed that mysterious transformation of appearance which the fire of his own eloquence never failed tt) work in him. His attitude, by degrees, be- came erect and lofty ; th^ spirit of his genius awakened all his features ; his countenance shone with a grandeur which it never before exhibited ; there was a lightning in his eye that seemed to rive the spectators. His actions became graceful, bold, and commanding ; and in the tones of his voice, more especially in his emphasis, there was a peculiar charm, " a magic," of which all who ever heard him, speak, but of which no one could give any adequate description. His triumph was complete. The Jury gave him a verdict without deliberation, and the people carried him from the Court-House on their shoulders.
From this time, Patrick Henry was one of the foremost men of Virginia, and his life was brilliantly connected with the history of his country.
After a saccessful career at the bar, he was elected to the State Legisla- ture, where his well-known speeches, familiar to every school-boy, gave Vir- ginia to the Revolution. He served conspicuously in the First Congress, and was elected Governor of Virginia.
He died on the 6th day of June, 1799, in the sixty-fourth year of his age.
31. JOHN HANCOCK.
John HaxCOCK was born in Quincj', Massachusetts, in 1737. He graduated at Harvard College, in 1754, at the age of seventeen, with no par- ticular marks of distinction.
On leaving' college, he entered the counting-room of his uncle, one of the wealthiest merchants of Boston, where he remained six years.
He then went to Europe, and returned, after four years' absence, to enter upon the immense fortune of his uncle, who, dying, had made him his heir.
In 17G'5, at a political meeting to nominate a candidate to the Legisla- ture of Massachusetts, Samuel Adams, desirous of enlisting in the cause of the people, the great estate and influential name of John Hancock, nomi- nated him to represent his district, and he was elected. Ever after, he was an ardent and conspicuous friend of his country. Indeed, he made himself so prominent in the politics of the day, that he was in danger of prosecution for treason.
In 1768, one of his sloops, laden with wine, from Madeira, was seized by the Government, on a pretext of false entry. A mob collected, and pelted the officers with stones, broke the windows of their residences, and seized a boat belonging to the collector of the port, which they dragged to the Com- m,on, and burned.
This was the first serious disturbance which had occurred in America growing out of the events preceding the Kevolution.
It made a prodigious noise in the world, and gave a great prominence to the name of John Hancock.
In 1774 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and was chosen President of that body. That year he delivered an oration, on the anniversary of the Boston massacre, which established his reputation as a. true friend of the country.
In 1776, as President of Congress, he placed his name at the head of that immortal paper which declaimed to the world our Independence, where it stands in that round, striking hand, which exhibits a bold and fearless spirit, and a resolution never to subscribe to any compromise with tyranny or oppression.
Mr, Hancock was blessed with a pleasing person, winning address, and possessed great wealth. Staking everything on the die of the Revolution, he became one of the most popular leaders of that glorious struggle, and one of the most obnoxious to the Tory authorities.
In 1780 he was chosen first Governor, under the new Constitution, of his native State, which office he continued to hold (with the exception of two years) until his death, in October, 1793, at the age of fifty-five.
Possessed of ample means, Governor Hancock lived in a stylo of princely magnificence, and Ids abode was the ne plus ultra of a noble and brilliant hospitality. His door was never shut on the people, and the poor were never sent empty-handed or in sorrow from his door.
At his table might be seen all classes, from grave and dignified clergy down to the gifted in song, narrative, anecdote, and wit.
32. JOHN JAY.
John Jay was bom in New York, December 13, 1745, He graduated at Columbia College, in 1764, with the highest honors of his class ; and in 17G8 was admitted to the bar, with the most brilliant prospects, in which he would undoubtedly have risen to great eminence, had he not been called to the political arena, and joined that noble brotherhood who leagued for the overthrow of tyranny, and stood shoulder to shoulder with the Adamses, Jefferson, Henry, Hamilton, and the whole host of patriots who took their lives in their hands, and determined to sink or swim with their country. He was elected one of the delegates to the First Congress, in 1774, and when he took his seat was the youngest member on the floor of that House ; yet such was the gravity of his manner, the jprofoundness of his knowledge, and the ripeness of his judgment, that he was appointed to some of the most important committees of that august body. He wrote that address to the people of Great Britain, which the gifted Jefferson pronounced the pro- duction of the finest pen in America. He also wrote several other addi*esses adopted by Congress, all of which bear the stamp of true genius, burning patriotism, and great comprehensiveness.
In 1777 he was appointed Chief- Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York ; in 1779, Minister to Spain ; and, in 1782, Commissioner, in company with Dr. Franklin, John Adams, and Mr. Laurens, to negotiate a peace with England.
It was mainly owing to his firmness that the recognition of the Inde- pendence of the United States was extorted from Great Britain.
He wrote a number of essays in the Federalist, was chosen Secretary of Foreign Affairs, which position he held until the adoption of the Constitu- tion of the United States, when he was appointed Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, and in 1794 was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to Great Britain, to negotiate a treaty of commerce, which he effected with great skill and fidelity to his country.
On his return he was elected Governor of New York, and served in that capacity until 1801, when he retired to private life.
Like all great men of that day, like Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton, Patrick Henry, and John Randolph, and all others of like grade, John Jay was an abolitionist.
He brought home with him, from abroad, one negro slave, to whom he gave his freedom, when he had served long enough to pay the expense in- curred in bringing" him here.
Mr. Jay died in May, 1829, having lived to the great ago of eighty-four.
33. LAFAYETTE.
Marquis de Lafayette was born in France, in the year 1757. At the age of twenty, refusing preferment and distinction at home, he fitted out an armament, at his own expense, for the relief of the American colonies, when their cause seemed most gloomy and despairing, and came to assist with i.is counsel, purse, and troops. Arriving in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1777, he soon joined the arm.y, with a Major-General's commission, which he ac- cepted on the condition that he should be allowed to serve at his own ex- pense, and enter the army as a volunteer.
His judgment was so profound, and his courage so cool, that the prudent and sagacious Washington confided to him the post of difficulty and danger, and never found his confidence misplaced.
He remained in America two years, sharing freely in all the hardships of our suffering army, and returned to Paris, bearing honorable scars, and the grateful thanks of all the colonies. He remained in France two years, actively engaged in the affairs of his Government, and using all his influ- ence, in conjunction with Franklin, then American Minister to the Court of Versailles, in behalf of the American colonies. He soon returned to the field of strife in America, and, after a brilliant campaign, had the satisfac- tion of seeing the British forces compelled to surrender at Yorktown, and the boastful Cornwallis give up his sword to the hero, Washington.
Lafayette again received the thanks of Congress, and was conveyed home in triumph in an American frigate.
The following year he paid a visit to the United States, and was received amidst the grateful and expressive manifestations of the jJ^ople, his progress through the States being a continued fete. On his return to France, he entered the arena of political strife, already open in that country, in which his patriotism and love of liberty doomed him to confiscation and prison, and nearly to lose his life. Many of his family laid their necks beneath the keen edge of the guillotine ; others, his wife among them, were shut up in gloomy dungeons. At length he was set free, and as soon as it was known in America, the most urgent invitations were sent him to visit the L'nited States — " that country dear to his heart." Congress seconded the voice of the people, and placed the gunboat " North Carolina" at his disposal. De- clining the honor, he embarked, with his son, in one of the regular packets, the " Cadmus," and reached New York, August 24, 1824.
Never was a reception so imposing and spontaneous. One general shout of " Welcome I Welcome ! ! " burst from all lips, prompted by every heart. From city to city, and from town to town, through the entire borders of the land, for the space of one year, he journeyed, amidst continued enthusiasm. Valley and hill echoed his beloved name, joy and thanksgiving rang from every spire, and boomed from every piece of ordnance in the land.
On returning home, he did what lay in his power to establish liberty in the bosom of his native France, until June, 1834, when his earthly struggle closed.
84. SAMUEL ADAMS.
Samuel Adams was born in Quincy, Massacliusotts, September 27, 1723, and graduated at Harvard College at eighteen years of age.
At that early age he wrote several able articles in favor of resisting the magistrates, if the liberties of the commonwealth could not otherwise bo preserved.
He commenced life as a merchant, but the force of circumstances, to- gether with his unconquerable love of liberty, soon convinced him and the world that the arena of politics was his natural sphere.
In 1705 he was elected to the Legislature, from Boston, of which he was a member for ten years. In 1774 he was sent to the General Congress, where, by his eloquence and burning patriotism, he exerted a mighty influ- ence in behalf of Independence.
On the adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts, he was elected to the Senate, over which he was called to preside. In 1789 ho was elected Lieutenant-Governor of the State ; and on the death of John Hancock, in 1794, he succeeded him as Governor, which office he held for three years, when he retired to private life, but did not live long to enjoy it.
Among the names of the brave band of patriots who first offered resist- ance to the encroachments of British power on the liberties of the English colonies in America, none is more reverently and affectionately cherished in the American heart than that of the '* Patriarch," Samuel Adams. For stern, unbending republicanism, and unflinching devotion to the cause of freedom, none exceeded him.
No seductions or bribes could reach his integrity, as was evinced by his reply to Colonel Fenton, the emissary of General Gage, sent expressly to buy up the " obstinate rebel." After offering every tempting bribe, in the shape of gold and office, and more than intimating that his liberty, if not his life, hung on his reply : " Go," said he, raising himself to his full height, and putting himself in an attitude of proud, heroic defiance ; "go tell Governor Gage that my peace has long been made with the King of Kings, and that it is the advice of Samuel Adams to him, no lonr/er to insult the feelings of an already exasperated people.^^
Samuel Adams, more than any other man, induced the people of America to resist the Stamp Act. He was the man chiefly instrumental in destroy- ing the tea in Boston harbor. Above all, he was the originator of the Congress of the Colonies, which met at Philadelphia. It was he, also, who, more than any other in Massachusetts, created the public opinion that sus- tained these measures.
As each new measure of arbitrary power was announced from across the Atlantic, or each new menace and violence on the part of the officers of the Government or the army, occurred in Boston, its citizens rallied to the sound of his voice in Faneuil Hall, and there, in the " Cradle of Liberty," as from the gallery or from the chair, he animated, enlightened, fortified, and roused the admiring throng, he seemed to gather them together under the fegis of his indomitable spirit, as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings.
Samuel Adams died, at the great age of eighty-one, October 2, 1803.
35. riSHEE AMES.
Fisher Ames, so widciy Jmov.-n as an eloquent orator and distinguished statesman, was born in Dctlham, Massachusetts, April 9, 1758. In 1774 he graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and, having completed his studies, with great credit to himself, he opened a law office in his native village, in the autumn of 1781. Although young Ames took a deep interest in the stirring scenes of the lievolution, and sympathized, with his whole heart, with the patriots, he was too young to take any active part with them.
He published many striking articles in the journals of the day, in which the affairs of the nation Avcre so skillfully discussed as to give evidence of a very thorough knowledge of the science of government and politics ; and he was chosen a Member of the Convention for the Katification of the Federal Constitution.
The speeches he delivered in this convention took his friends and the world by surprise, and at once established his reputation as one of the ablest and most eloquent debaters of that day.
In 1789, Mr. Ames was elected a Member of Congress, retaining his seat throughout the whole of "Washington's administration, of which he was an able and efficient supporter.
With a comprehensive insight of the subject in hand, his eloquent rea- soning made the rough places smooth, and carried conviction to the hearts and judgment of those who listened to him. When, towards the close of his last term, the question relative to the appropriation necessary to carry into effect the British Treaty was the subject of debate before the Hou.se, Mr. Ames, although in feeble health, made such an overwhelming argument that the opposition begged that the vote might not then be taken, as the cfFect of his speech was siich as to unfit the Members to vote dispaesionately. Such was the tribute paid to his eloquence and reasoning powers.
This was his last and greatest effort ; and, feeling that it would be, he :nade such a touching allusion " to his own slender and almost-broken thread of life, as to visibly affect his audience. Declining to be a candidate for re-election, he retired to his paternal acres, where, with the exception of serving a few years as a Member of the Council, he remained a private citi- zen to the close of his life. The New Jersey College conferred on him the title of Doctor of Laws; and sereral years before his death he was chosen President of Harvard College, Avhich honor he declined on account of ill health, and Avhich eventually compelled him to give up his profession, and solace himself with the oversight of his farm. Here he awaited the Heavenly summons, and passed away at last, like one who " Avraps the drapery of his couch about him, and lies down to pleasant dreams."
3G. ELBEIDGE GEEEY
Elbridge Gerry was bom in Marblehead, Massachusetts.. July 17, 1744. Nothing is known of the childhood of this distinguishe-d man, until we find him a member of Harvard College, at the early age of fourteen, from which institution lie graduated in 1702.
He had chosen the medical profession, but his father was desirous that he should assist him in the mercantile business ; and so he became a partner with his father, and for many years was a successful merchant in his native town.
In 1772 he was elected to the General Court of the Province of Massa- chusetts. Already that body had taken strong grounds against the measures of the Crown, and Mr. Gerry sustained the doings of the patriots. In 1773, Samuel Adams introduced his celebrated motion for the appoint- ment of a " Standing Committee of Correspondence and Inquiry," and, although one of the youngest Members, Mr. Gerry was placed upon that committee.
The same year, Mr. Adams laid before the House the foreig-n corres- pondence of Governor Hutchinson. This was like throwing a fire-brand into a magazine, and roused the indignation of the citizens to the highest pitch. Mr. Gerry was among the foremost to denounce the treason of the Governor, and greatly distinguished himself in his efforts to forward the energetic resolutions with respect to the tea-trade, the port-bill, and non-intercourse. Mr. Gerry was elected to the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, which met at Salem, in October, 1774, and then adjourned to Concord, where he came near being arrested by the British troops sent there to break up the Congress, and arrest its Members.
They reassembled at Cambridge, and Mr. Gerry threw himself, with all the energy of his enthusiastic nature, into all their measures, and was one of the foremost of that " Rebel crew" who cast defiance into the teeth of the British Ministry.
He was elected a Member of the H'irst Continental Congress, and took his seat February 9, 177G. He took a conspicuous part in the doings of that patriotic body, of which he remained a Member until 1785.
His name makes one of that glorious band who signed the Declaration of Independence. He was also a Member of the Convention that framed the Constitution ; yet he did not like it, and voted against its acceptance ; but when it was accepted, he used his best influence in its support, conceiving that the best interests of the country depended on its being carried heartily into eifect, now that it had become a law. He was chosen a Member of the First Congress, under it, for four years.
He was sent to Paris in 1797, with Pinckney and Marshall, to adjust the difficulties with France ; was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1805, and again in 1810 ; and, in 1812, Vice-President of the United States, with Madison. While occupying that x^sition, he died suddenly, November 23, 1814, aged seventy.
37. JOSEPH WAEEEN.
G-eneral Joseph "Warrex, the brave Revolutionary patriot, whose blood stains the soil of Bunker Hill, was born in Eoxbuiy, Massachusetts, inl 741, entered college in 1755, and commenced the practice of medicine in 1702.
In 1775 he received the appointment of Major-General in the Continental Army, and in the same year, on the ever- glorious 17Th day of June, sealed with his blood the protest of freemen against the usurpations of tyranny.
Had Warren lived, it is easy to perceive that he would have been among the most conspicuous of that holy band, who pledged their lives, their for- tunes, and their sacred honor, to the cause of freedom in the Xew World.
He not only knew no fear, but seemed to court danger, for the very love of it, as the following anecdote will show :
The Boston Massacre took place on the 5th of March, 1770, and its anniver- sary had been celebrated for three years. The British residents of Boston had become incensed at the free spirit in which that bloody act was dis- cussed in these orations, and in 1775 several British officers declared that it would be at the peril of his life, should any patriot attempt to pronounce an oration on the coming anniversary.
This threat aroused the fiery spirit of Warren, and, although he had officiated only the year before, he requested permission to assume the peril and the honor. On the day appointed, the old South Church was crammed to its utmost capacity. A large number of British officers were present, some occupying the pulpit and pulpit-stairs. The doorway and aisles were so densely packed, that Warren and his friends were obliged to enter the pulpit- window by a ladder. %.
The officers were struck by his cool intrepidity, and involuntarily yielded up the pulpit, and suffered him to assume his proper place. As he came forward, with a calm brow and flashing eye, he appeared the very impersonation of moral courage and personal bravery. It was a moment of intense excitement. Stillness, that was palpable, rested on every lip ; many a heart palpitated with the wildest enthusiasm.
When he opened his lips, his voice was firm and unfaltering, while its deep and almost unearthly tones told how fully the spirit was stirred within him. Soon his voice rose, and, warming with his theme, in tones of thunder he poured out the vials of his wrath upon the actors in the bloody tragedy of March 5, 1770, and hurled defiance in the very teeth of those who, but a few hours before, had threatened his life, but who were aow awed before the majesty of his sublime courage.
He declined Prescott's proposal to command at Bunker Hill, and entered the ranks, where he fought with unflinching bravery, being among the last to quit the breast-works, and fell only a few yards from them, fighting to the last.
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38. BENJAMIN LINCOLN.
Benjamin Lincoln, an heroic officer of the Kevolution, a skillful dip- lomatist, and ready debater in the councils of the nation, was born at Hing'ham, Massachusetts, June 23, 1733. "When the Revolutionary Avar commenced, Lincoln was Lieutenant, under commission of Governor Hut- chinson.
, He unhesitatingly threw himself into the cause of the Colonists, and, in 1775, was elected a member of the Provincial Congress, and by that body appointed one of its Secretaries, and a member of the Committee of Corres- pondence.
In 177G he receiA^ed the appointment of Brigadier-General, and the fol- lowing year entered the Continental Army as Major-General; and in the autumn of the same year joined the Northern Army under Schuyler. He rendered valuble service in that trying campaign, and signalized himself in both the battles on the plains of Saratoga, which proved so disastrous to General Burgoyne.
He was so severely wounded in the fight of the 7th of October, as to be obliged to leave the army, and return home. He rejoined the army (to the great joy of "Washington, who duly appreciated his valuable services) in the following August.
He was immediately sent to the South to assume command of the army in that quarter, which he found, on his arrival at Charleston, S. C, in December, 1778, in the most destitute and disorderly condition ; but, by indefatigable industry and energy, he was enabled to take the field, and commence offensive operations in the June following, when he attacked the garrison at Stono Ferry, and, in conjunction with the impetuous De Estaing, made a chivalrous attack on Savannah, both of which were unsuccessful.
He then undertook to defend Charleston against the siege and blockade of Sir Henry Clinton's army of nine thousand men, and, after a brave resist- ance of more than two months, was obliged to surrender.
Such was his popularity with the army and the whole country, that their confidence in him was not abated by this disaster, for, on being ex- changed in 1781, he rejoined the army, and was sent once more to co-operate with the Southern forces, where he had the high satisfaction of aiding in the reduction of Yorktown, and of conducting the defeated army to the field where they were to lay down their arms at the feet of Washington.
Immediately after the close of the war, Mr. Lincoln was chosen Secretary of War. He resigned in 1783, and received the thanks of Congress for his patriotic military and civil services, Avhen he retired to his farm, and passed his time iu agricultural and literary pursuits, until 1780-7, when he took the field again to quell the famous Shay's insurrection.
Having triumphantly accomplished this, he again sought the seclusion of home ; but he could not keep entirely from public service, for the people called him to various posts of honor, such as Lieutenant-Governor, Collector of the port of Boston, member of the Constitutional Convention, and Presi- dent of the Society of Cincinnati, from its organization to the day of his death, in all of which ho Avas trusted, respected, and beloved.
He died at Hingham, Mass., May 9, l8iO»
30. CHABLES CAEBOLL,
CnAiiLES Carroll, of Carrollton, -was bora at Annapolis, Maryland, September 8, 17 o7.
At eight years of age he -vras sent to France to be educated, -v\'here he remained until 1757, when he went to London, and entered the Temple, as a student of law. To this study he brought a strong and refined intellect, cultivated by a highly-finished education; and when, in 1704, at the age of twenty-seven, he returned to Maryland, he took a high stand among his countrymen, from whom he had been separated for nearly twenty years.
In the course of the next year, after the return of Carroll, the odious Stamp Act was passed. Amongst the foremost of those who boldly pro- tested against this piece of tyranny, and pledged themselves to resist the execution of the infamous law, was " Charles Carroll, of Carrollton."
In 1774, the Delegates to the Maryland Assembly voted that no more tea should be imported into their territory. Nevertheless, the same year a brig-load of the obnoxious article arrived in port, which produced im- mense excitement; and personal violence was threatened to the owners of the vessel and consig-nees. In this state of things, Mr. Carroll's advice was sought by the owners. " If you would allay the people's rage," was his reply, " burn the vessel, together with its contents." Complying with his advice, they took the brig into the stream, set it on fire, and burned it to the water's edge, amidst the hearty acclamations of the patriotic multi- tude.
In 177G, Mr. Carroll was appointed a Commissioner, in conjunction with Franklin, Samuel Chase, and John Carroll, to induce the Canadians to join in resistance to English oppression. Unforeseen events, together with the unlimited power of the priests, prevented its success.
On his return to Philadelphia, he found the subject of the Declaration oi Independence under discussion in Congress, and learned that the Mary- land Delegates had been instructed to vote against it. Flying to Annapolis, while the°Convention, to which he had been elected a Member, Avas yet in session, such was the effect of his eloquence, and the force of his reasoning, that, on the 28th of June, a new set of instructions Avere sent to Philadel- phia, abrogating the old ones, and directing the Delegates to vote for the Declaration.
On the 4th of July, 177G, he was appointed a Delegate to Congress, and arriving too late to cast his vote in favor of the Declaration, the President asked him if he would sign it. " Most willingly !" was his hearty reply ; and his name Avas at once affixed to that record of patriotism and freedom. As there Avere other Carrolls, he wrote it, " Charles Carroll, of Carrollton;^ that the British King might know Avhere to find him, " to ansAver for his treason."
He continued in Congress until 1778, served in the State Legislature for several years after, and from 1788 to 1791 Avas a member of the United States Senate, after Avhich, for ten years, he was in the Senate of Maryland. For the remainder of his glorious life, he lived in retirement, in tiie enjoy- ment of friends, fortune, and h'^alth, in the most perfect tranquility ; and, on the 14th day of November, 1832, he gently passed aAvay, m the ninety- sixth year of his mortal life.
40. Tn.VDDEUS KOSCIUSCO.
TirADDP:us Kosciusco was bom in Lithupdiia, Poland, in 1746. He belong-cd to one of the most ancient and noble families of that ill-fated King-dom.
He commenced his studies at the military school in "Warsaw, and com- pleted his education at Paris. Here he made the acquaintance of Dr. Franklin, from whom he learned the history of our struggle for Independ- ence.
Fired with the stor}', his heart yearned to strike a blow for fx"eedom, and he proposed to Franklin to oifer his services to Washington. Fi^anklin, struck with the noble bearing of the young Pole, gave him a letter to "Washington, with which he immediately embarked for America.
Presenting himself, without ceremony, at headquarters, he handed the letter of Franklin to Washington, who, after reading it, demanded of the patriotic Pole : " What do you seek here ?'' " I came," was his brave reply, *' to fight as a volunteer for American Independence." "What can 3'ou dor" asked his Excellency. "Try me," was the laconic reply. Charmed with his frank and noble spirit, Washington immediately took him into his family, and made him his aid.
The services of Kosciusco were invaluable to the American army, on account of his great scientific attainments, and thorough knowledge of en- gineering, which were put into instant requisition, Congress appointing him engineer, with the rank of ColoneL
He superintended the erection of works of defense at West Point, where a beautiful moniiment has been erected by the students of the military academy afterward established at that place.
At the close of the war, Kosciusco returned, to fight the battles of Lib- erty in his native land, where his bravery and judgment won him much credit. In 1794, a second revolution swept over ill-fated Poland, and Kos- ciusco was called to assume the helm of State, and was appointed Dictator, with full and unrestricted powers.
He verified the confidence of his friends, although he failed to secure liberty to his country. Russian power was too great to be successfully re- sisted, and the chain was once more riveted on poor, bleeding Poland. Kosciusco himself, severely wounded, overpowered by numbers, was taken prisoner, and shut up in a Kussiau dungeon, while — "Hope, for a season, bade theTvorld farewell, And Freedom shrieked as Kosciusco fell."
After suffering long the horrors of a Russian prison, he was at length re- leased, on the accession of the Emperor Paul, loaded with honors, and offered a commission in the Russian army, which honor he gracefully, but firmly, declined, although the Emperor earnestly entreated him to accept, and offered him, his own sword. " What need have I of a sword," he bitterly and mournfully replied, " since I have no longer a country to defend r"
In 1797 he visited the United States, when high honors were conferred on liim, and a large grant of land donated to him by Congress, in considera- ation of his eminent services.
He remained in America many years ; but, toward the close of his life, he went to Switzerland, and died there, October 10, 1817, in the seventy- second year of his age.
41. ARTHUE MIDDLETON.
Arthur T.Iiddleton -^as born at Middleton Place, a delightful seat on tlic Ashley River, South Carolina, in 1748.
At the age of twelve, he "was sent to England to school, and at the age of nineteen entered the University of Cambridge, from which he graduated, in 1764, an accomplished scholar.
After traveling extensively in Europe, he returned to South Carolina, married, and settled on his own pleasant homestead, on the banks of the Ashley, in 1773.
He took a deep interest in the discussions previous to the Declaration of Independence. Careless of personal consequences, he put his name, proudly and without hesitation, to that noble Declaration, which consecrated life, honor, and fortune, to Liberty, and flung defiance into the teeth of the op- pressor.
He was elected to Congress in 1776, and remained in that body until the close of 1777, where he acquired a character for great clearness of intel- lect, pure patriotism, and unfaltering devotion to the holy cause in which he and his compeers had embarked.
When, in 1779, South Carolina became the theatre of war, Mr. Middle- ton's estate became the prey of the invaders. His buildings were spared ; but everything movable, and of any value, was carried away, or destroyed. His valuable library and elegant paintings were remorselessly appropriated by the vandals. Eortunately, he and his family escaped the ruthless hands of the marauders.
During the investment of Charleston, Mr. Middleton was there, and ren- dered very essential aid in its defense. On its surrender, he was carried to St. Augustine, a prisoner of war.
On being exchanged, in 1781, he was immediately appointed a Delegate to Congress ; and again elected to the same honorable post in 1782. He then returned to his beloved home ; and, on the establishment of peace, de- clined to be elected to Congress any more, preferring to be with his family, from whom he had been so long separated.
He consented to be elected, occasionally, to a seat in the Legislature of his State, in which he rendered good aid to the cause of education and wise legislation among his fellow-citizens.
In November, 1786, he imprudently exposed himself to the inclement weather usual at that season, when he took a severe cold, which resulted in an intermittent-fever, and terminated his valuable life on the 1st of Janu- ary, 1787, being only forty-four years of age.
42. TIMOTHY PICKEEING.
Timothy Pickering was born in Salem, Massachusetts, July 17, 1745. At the ago of sixteen he entered Harvard College, and graduated in 17Go.
While in College, and after leaving it, he entered, heart and soul, into the discussion of those great political questions which, at that time, were agitating his countrymen ; and the results of his labors are among the rarest and finest specimens of political literature which that fertile age produced.
Previous to the commencement of hostilities, he held several important civil offices ; but when the sound of war echoed from Lexington and Con- cord through the land, he gave up those duties, and entered the camp. He was elected Colonel of the Essex militia, and took much pains to instruct his officers and soldiers in the art of their calling.
To Colonel Pickering it fell to head the first armed force against English oppression.
On Sunday, February 26, 1775, while the people were at church, news came that a British regiment was landing at Marblehead, and that they intended to march through Salem, in search of military stores, said to be secreted somewhere in the vicinity.
The churches were instantly closed, and, with their ministers at their head, the congregations pi-oceeded to the draw-bridge, raised the draw, and awaited the approach of Colonel Leslie and his regiment.
Colonel Pickering, at the head of what militia he could hastily summon, appeared as their leader on the occasion. On the arrival of Leslie, he told him that the stores belonged to the people, and would not be surrendered without a struggle. Leslie then attempted to seize on a gondola, to enable him to cross the stream, when the owner of it, Joseph Sprague, Esq., jumped into the boat, knocked a hole in her bottom, and she sunk. While doing this, he received several slight bayonet-wounds, thus shedding the first blood of the Revolution.
By the interference of Rev, Mr. Barnard, Colonel Leslie was induced to abandon the project, by their allowing him to cross the draw, so that it might seem to be voluntary on his part. So the draw was let down, the valiant Colonel and his regiment crossed, between the lines of the American militia, countermarched, retreated to Marblehead, and set sail the same evening. On the lOth of April following occurred the fight at Lexington.
In 1776, Colonel Pickering was elected by Congress a member of the " Continental Board of War ;" and the same year he received the highly- important appointment of Quartermaster-General, on the resignation of that offi.ce by General Greene.
On the close of the war, he removed to Philadelphia, and was a Member of the Convention called in 1790, to revise the Constitution of Pennsylvania. From 1791 to 1794, he was Postmaster-General, under Washington ; and during the latter year was made Secretary of War. In 1795 he was ap- pointed Secretary of State, which office he held until the election of John Adams to the Presidency.
Removing to Massachusetts in 1802, he was elected to the United States Senate in 180o, and again in 1805. In 1814 he was elected to Congress, and finally retired from public life altogether in 1817. He died at Salem, on the S9th of January, 1829, in the eighty-fourth }xar of his age.
43. mCHAKD H. LEE. f
Richard Henry Lev. was born in Virginia, in 1733. Of his childhood and youth there is nothing special to record, except that he was sent to England to acquire an education.
In early manhood he took a prominent part in the x^olitical agitations of those troublous times. His strong and patriotic heart-, aided by a thorough classical education, gave him the position of a leader.
To him has been ascribed the first regular attempt at resistance to British aggression ; though that point is not clear. In 1773, as a Member of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, he proposed the formation of that famous " Committee of Correspondence," whose investigations and appeals roused, not only the hearts of Virgiuia, but of the whole country.
On the assembling of the first Congress, Richard Henry Lee was there to represent the burghers of his own Virginia, to act and to work in the glorious cause to which he and his coadjutors " pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honors."
He was among the foremost who went for an open and explicit declara- tion of independence ; and the clear, strong, and patriotic views he so vehemently urg*d before that body, did much to strengthen the timid and irresolute, and to confirm the doubtful in their patriotism. He introduced that immortal resolution, " That these L'nited Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown ; and that all political connection between them and Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
"When the committee formed to draft the Declaration of Independence was appointed, Mr. Lee was in Virginia on account of sickness in his family, and thus Mr. JeflFerson was placed at the head of that committee, which honor belonged, of right, to him, as the mover of the resolution. His name, however, stands among the signers of that immortal instrument.
Mr. Lee resumed his seat in Congrress the next month, and continued to occupy it until 1779, when ill health compelled him to decline the honor, till 1784, when he reluctantly consented to serve again.
On taking his seat, he was unanimously called upon to preside, which he did with great dignity and to the entire satisfaction of that body.
In 1792 Mr. Lee retired altogether from public life, and two j-ears after, his exhausted powers sank into the repose of death on the 19th of June, 1794.
The name of Richard Henry Lee stands among the highest on the scroll of his country's fame. As a patriot, as a man, as a friend, and as an orator, he had few equals.
His enemies were few, while his friends were many ; and he went to his rest with the blessinocs of the multitude resting on his monument.
J
44. FEANCIS HOPKINSON.
Francis Hopkinson was born in Philadelphia in 1738. Having gradu- ated with the highest honors at the College of Philadelphia, he entered at once upon the study of the law, in the office of the eminent j urist, Benjamin Cheever, then Attorney-General of the State of Pennsylvania, under whose care he went through the regular course of study for the practice of his profession.
Instead of entering at once into the practice of law, he devoted himself to the acquaintance of elegant literature, and spent two years in England, storing his mind with scientific and classical knowledge. He used his pen in verse and prose, in which he manifested wit, taste, and a pure morality. His power of satire was very great, never letting any subject escape him that afforded scope for his pungent wit, which was elegant and refined. Pie never spoke or wrote a word that would give pain to the most sensitive fastidiousness. He was a Member of the Continental Congress which passed the Declaration of Independence, and his name may be found on that immortal document.
When the Independence of the Colonies was at length achieved, it was found that the people were free, indeed, but with none of the necessary ele- ments of a nation. Without a currency or commerce, having no manufac- tures, agriculture almost wholly neglected, our desolate and deplorable condi- tion appalled even the hearts of those who had never yet quailed before the awful storm of war, which had desolated the fair face of our country. Francis Hopkinson was among those few brave spirits who saw the end from the beginning, and had never faltered, never doubted. Under their power- ful and patriotic guidance, order began to appear, and one after another of those glorious institutions, which are our boast and the admiration of the world, were founded.
He was an active Member of the Convention of 1787, which met in Philadelphia to draft the United States Constitution, and also of the Con- vention that ratified it.
He was appointed, by Washington, Judge of the District Court of Penn- Bylvania in, 1790, but did not live long to enjoy the honor or perform the duty, for he was stricken with epilepsy, and died, May 9, 1791, in the fifty- third year of his age.
During the sittings of the Continental Congress he was appointed Judge of the Admiralty of the State of Permsylvania, and his decisions, while in that office, give evidence of an acute judgment and a profound acquaintance with the law pertaining to that branch of legal jurisprudence, as well as the nicest literary acquisitions and general knowledge.
45. EOBEET FULTON.
Egbert Fulton -was born in an obscure town of Pennsylvania in tlie year 1765. His father died when he was quite young, leaving- hiia without the means of education, and scarcely those of subsistence.
The genius of Fulton first manifested itself in drawing and painting, and at seventeen we find him in Philadelphia, not only earning his own live- lihood, but supporting his wddowed mother and several sisters.
He spent ail his leisure hours in the cultivation of his intellect, and stored up, during this time, no inconsiderable amount of solid learning.
In 1786, just as he was twenty-one, he went to England, and soon found a home beneath the roof of his countr^Tuan, Benjamin "West, between whom and himself a warm friendship sprang up, which death alone interrupted.
In 1796, he went to France, where he resided seven years, studying with great success the French, German, and Italian languages, together with natural philosophy, and the higher branches of mathematics.
It was at this time that he determined to carry his long-cherished plan of applying steam for the purposes of navigation into practical and useful effect.
For many years steam had been used as a motive power ; but to Fulton belongs the credit of having made the first successful application of steam to this end.
He returned to his native country in 1806, after having invented and made many successful experiments Avith his celebrated Mautilus, or sub- marine boat.
Chancellor Livingston had made some unsuccessful experiments in steam navigation previous to Fulton's return, and had secured to himself the exclusive right, from the New York Legislature, to navigation " by steam or fire," in all the waters within the jurisdiction of the State. Having formed the acquaintance of Fulton in France, he felt certain that he could accom- plish the desired results.
Ho immediately associated him in the undertaking, and procured the renewal of the Act for himself and Fulton for twenty years.
After several unsuccessful experiments, which subjected them to the ridi- cule of the press and people, they at length succeeded in bringing their boat to such a degree of perfection as to advertise her to make an experimental trip to Albany.
At the appointed time the wharf and shipping were lined with anxious spectators. Some jeered,others laughed,while few were sanguine of success. But when at length Fulton cast "off the fasts of The Clarcmont, and she stemmed the current of the noble Hudson at the rate of five miles an hour, a sudden change took place in the anxious throng, and one universal and prolonged shout announced to the world " the triumph of Fulton:*
Fulton died February 24, 1815, after a short illness, in the fifty-first year of his age, and was buiied w-ith civic and military honors.
4G. WILLLIAM PINICNEY.
William Pinkxey was born in. Anapolis, Maryland, March 17, 1765.
AVith an extremely deficient early education, his personal application, and strong and quick natural perceptions, made up for the deficiency, and placed him among- the foremost of his acquaintances and friends. He first studied medicine ; but, feeling that it did not chime with his inclinations, he turned to the law, and having prepared himself for the bar under the instruction of Judge Chase, he was admitted to practice in 1780. He removed to Harford County, where he opened an otfice, and immediately gave promise of high distinction. He was a Member of the Convention which ratified the Federal Constitution ; and from 1789 to 1792, was a Representative in Congress. He was then elected a Member of the Execu- tive Council of the State of Maryland ; and, in 1795, was a Member of the State Legislature.
In 1796, he was appointed by President "Washington a Commissioner of the United States, under the seventh article of Jay's Treaty, in conjunction with Mr. Gore, and remained in England eight years.
During his residence abroad, questions of vital importance on interna- tional law and reciprocity, came before the Commission, on which he gave his written opinion, exhibiting a profound knowledge and clear appreliension of the subject discussed. He recovered for Maryland a claim on the Bank of England for $800,000.
In 1805 he removed to Baltimore, and was appointed Attorney-General of Maryland.
In 1806 he was Envoy Extraordinary to England ; and, in 1808, on the return of Mr. Monroe, was made Minister Plenipotentiary. He returned in 1811, and, the same year, was elected to the Senate of Maryland. In December following, he was appointed, by President Madison, Attorney- General of the United States, remaining in that position until 1814.
Mr. Pinkney entered with great spirit into the controversy that grew out of the War of 1812 : and, during the war, commanded a battalion, fight- ing with great bravery at the battle of Bladensburg, whei'e he was severely wounded.
He was a Pepresentative to Congress from 1815 to 1816, and then made Minister to Russia, and Envoy to Naples. On his return, in 1819, he was elected to the P'nited States Senate, where he exhibited his great knowledge, and political as well as legal acumen, in the discussions Avhich took place in that body on the admission of Missouri into the Union.
While in the Senate, several very important trials came before the Supreme Court of the United States, in which he was retained as counsel. These demanded of him almost superhuman exertions, under the pressure of which his health yielded, and he fell a prey to an acute disease, on the 2oth of February, 1822.
Mr. Pinkney possessed splendid talents, was one of the brightest orna- ments of the American bar, and one of the most accomplished orators and statesmen of his time.
47. BENJAMIN WEST.
Benjamin "West, the celebrated Painter, was bom in Chester County, Pennsylvania, October 10, 17o8.
His parents were Quakers. His genius in the art in which he became so distinguished, manifested itself at the early age of six, when he drew the likeness of a little niece of his, who had been left in his charge in a cradle, which was instantly recognized by his delighted mother. She eagerly and fondly kissed her little boy ; and he, encouraged by such a reward, made rapid progress. In speaking of this incident, Mr. West used to say : " That kiss made me a Painter."
Soon after, he was put to school, and furnished with pens and paper to amuse himself with drawing, none of his friends dreaming of any other ma- terial being necessary. Here he became acquainted with some Indians, who, being struck with the accuracy of his drawings of birds and animals, furnished him with the pigment with which they bedaubed their faces, and taught him how to use it. To this his mother added indigo, and his studio was finished.
Hearing of camel's-hair pencils, he substituted the hair from his favorite cat, until a fortunate circumstance put him in possession of a regular pallet, pencils, and box of colors.
At eight years of age, young West removed to Philadelphia, and in a few years attained great proficiency, under the tutelage of Provost Smith. His first historical piece, the " Death of Socrates," was produced about this time.
In 1759, Mr. West, then just twenty-one, embarked for Italy, arriving at Leghorn, and thence to Rome. The journey was enjoyed by him with the greatest zest ; and the wonderful works of art, and the rich exhibitions of nature, filled his soul with tumultuous wonder and delight.
He soon made himself respected among the best artists of Rome, and established his reputation as a Painter of great excellence. He visited Florence, Bologna, and Venice, meeting with favor everywhere.
After a brief sojourn in Rome, he went to England. He did not intend to remain there ; but circumstances induced him to change his plans, and he set up his easel in London. Here he was introduced to the j'outhful mon- arch, Avho immediately took him under his patronage.
While painting his " Departure of Regulus," the plan of the " Royal Academy of Fine Arts " was adopted. Reynolds wns its first President, and on his death, in 1791, West succeeded to the chair, and presided over the institution, with the exception of a brief interval, until his death, in 1820.
Mr. West was a man of great simplicity of manners, credulous and con- fiding, diligent and temperate in his habits, and of a decidedly religious turn of mind.
At the age of eighty-one, he closed his eyes on mortality, with his accu*;- tomed cheerfulness, and with all his mental faculties uneclipsed.
48. WILLIAM .WIET.
"William "Wirt was born at Bladensburg, Maryland^ on tlio 8th of No- vember, 1772.
He lost his parents before he -was eight years old, and his uncle, Jasper Wirt, took him under his protection, and placed him at a flourishing- school in Montgomery County. Here he continued four years ; and, being a boy of brilliant mind, he made rapid progress in the rudiments of the Latin, Greek, and his mother tongue. Here he also acquired a taste for general literature, which afterward proved of such great advantage, and gave such a charm to everything which emanated from his fertile pen.
Too poor to procure a classical course, at fifteen he became a Tutor, and afterward studied law, and commenced practice at Culpepper Court-House, Virginia, in 1792.
At this time he possessed a vigorous constitution, and was blessed with a fine person, and an address winning in the extreme. His conversational powers were of the highest order.
His first case in Court was successfully carried through, against con- siderable difficulty, and immediately established his reputation as a lawyer, which grew fairer and broader as long as he lived.
In 1795 he married the daughter of Dr. George Gilman, whose house was the resort of all the celebrated men ; and he became acquainted with Jeffer- son, Madison, Monroe, and other men of learning and eminence.
Being brought into gay society, and possessing a convivial disposition, he soon became dissipated, and Avas fast falling into the slough of infamy, when he was arrested in his downward course by the subduing eloquence of a blind preacher, whose manner and appearance he has so graphically described in his "British Spy." From this time, he devoted himself more untiringly to the duties of his profession.
In 1799 he was elected Clerk of the House of Delegates, and, in 1802, Chancellor of the Eastern District of Virginia.
In 180G he removed to Richmond, and greatly distinguished himself in the trial of Aaron Burr.
In 1812 he Avrote the greater part of a series of essays, under the title of "The Old Bachelor." The "Life of Patrick Henry," his largest literary production, was first published in 1817.
In 181(i he was appointed United States Attorney for the District of Virginia, and, in 1817, Attorney-General of the United States, which posi- tion he filled with distinguished ability and success, through the adminis- trations of Monroe and J. Q. Adams.
In 1830 he retired, to spend the remainder of his days, in the beautiful city of Baltimore. Here he lived, the object of affection, and almost venera- tion, in all the wide circle of his acquaintance, until near his death, which occurred at the capital, February 18, 1835.
As a writer, Mr. Wirt ranked among the first of his time ; and the pro- ductions of his pen sparkled with the most brilliant effusions of wit, at times melting into inexpressible pathos and tenderness.
49. JAMES KENT.
Chancellor James Kent was born on tlie 31st day of July, 1763, in Put- nam County, New York. At the age of five he was sent to an English school at Norwalk, residing" with his maternal grandfather for several years, and in 1773 attended a Latin school.
In 1777 he entered Yale College, where he had hardly become domiciled, when the troubles of that stormy period broke up the College, and dispersed the students.
During the recess he fell in with " Blackstone's Commentaries," with which he was so pleased that he determined to devote himself to the pro- fession of the law. Accordingly, on leaving college, from which he gradu- ated with a high reputation, he commenced the study of the law, under the Attorney-General of the State. His natural thirst for knowledge, his great love of the profession, and his habits of severe application, could not fail to insure success, and in April, 1785, he was admitted to the bar, as Attorney to the Supreme Court.
He married, and removed to Poughkeepsie, where he commenced prac- tice. Methodical in all his arrangements, he divided the day into six por- tions, devoting two hciurs to each of the following : Latin, Greek, Law, French, and English; and the evening to friendship and recreation.
Mr. Kent did not escape the entanglements of politics, but entered heartily into the great political discussions of the day, joining the Federal party, and acting with Hamilton and his compeers, who always entertained for him the utmost respect.
In 1790, and again in 179.2, he was elected to the State Legislature. In the following year he removed to the city of New York, and, in December, was appointed Professor of Law in Columbia College. While occupying this chair, in the discharge of the duties of which he displayed those vast stores of legal lore which he had been accumulating for years, he was hon- ored by the College with the degree of LL. D., and he afterward received the same honor, from Harvard and Dartmouth.
In 1796 he was made Master in Chancery, and in 1797 he was appointed, by Governor Jay, to a vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court.
In 1800, in conjunction with Mr. Justice EadclifF, he was appointed to revise the Legal Code of the State ; and in 1804 was made Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, which seat he tilled most honorably until 1814, when he was appointed Chancellor. In this high office he remained until 1823, when, having attained the age of sixty, the Constitutional limit, he re- signed.
Being now more at leisure, he revised his lectures, and gave them to the world, in four volumes, under the title of " Commentaries on American Law'' — a work which has become a text-book. From this time until his death, he kept up the same industrious and temperate habits which had marked his whole career, receiving the spontaneous respect of the intelli- gent and virtuous in the community in which he lived.
The name of Chancellor Kent is the pride and boast of the whole race of Knickerbockers. It forms one part of the great Judicial triune — Marshall, Story, and Kent — which reflects so much honor on the legal history of our country.
50. JOHN MAESHALL.
Clrlef- Justice John Marshall was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, on tlio 24 til of September, 1755, He was a self-educated man.
"When the question of American Independence was reaching its culmin- ating point, young Marshall was about eighteen, and entered into its dis- cussion with great zeal and devotion.
He joined a volunteer company in order to learn the art of war, and made the best use of his knowledge by the training of a company of raw militia in his neighborhood. In 1775 he received the appointment of First Lieutenant in a company of Minute Men, and entered immediately into active service, where he rendered important aid in the defeat of Lord Dun- more, at Great Bridge, and subsequently in driving the English troops from Norfolk.
In 1777 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and figured in the memorable battles of Brandy wine, Germantown, and Monmouth.
On the capitulation of Cornwallis, he resumed the practice of law, which he had commenced in 1780. He soon rose to distinction as a lawyer, and was called upon to devote his acute mind to political affairs.
In 17S2 he was elected to the State Legislature, and a Memoer of the Executive Council the same year.
During the agitation of the momentous questions of State and National policy, which lasted from the close of the war to the year 1800, Mr. Marshall was among the foremost and mightiest champions of " Liberty, with Order," and was always found on the side of Washington, Hamilton, and Madison.
He was elected to Congress in 1799. Pending his election he was offered a place on the bench of the Supreme Court, but declined the honor.
Among the bright stars of that Congressional galaxy, Mr. Marshall's name shines as one of the most brilliant. His acute and discriminating reason, his calm and sober judgment, his fearless decision in favor of what he deemed to be right, and which so conspicuously marked his career while he was Chief-Justice of the United States, were felt and confessed by all his noble compeers.
In 1800 he was nominated to the office of Secretary of "War by President Adams, and, notwithstanding his most vehement protestation, the nomina- tion was unanimously ratified by the Senate. But the rupture between Adams and Colonel Pickering occurring about this time, Mr. Marshall Avas offered and accepted the office of Secretary of State, vacated by the resigna- tion of that gentleman. He filled this important station but a short time, for in January, 1801, he became Chief-Justice of the United States, which office he adorned for a period of thirty-five years. Hia death occurred in 183(), at the age of eighty-one.
51. JOSEPH STORY.
Joseph Story was bom in Marbleliead, Massachnsetts, September 18, 1TT9; graduated at Harvard College, with marked distinction, ia 1798; and studied law with Judge Putnam, of Salem. He entered early into political life, and was sent to the General Court for several years as rep- resentative from Salem, and presided over that body for a length of time. In 1808 he was elected to Congress, to fill a vacancy, and served with dis- tinction, but declined a re-election.
In 1811 he was appointed by President M-adison a Judge of the Su- preme Court of the United States, which office he held until his death.
For sound legal learning; for deep, discriminating sagacity; for un- swerving rectitude — those important prerequisites in a Judge — no one was his superior. The wisdom of the selection Avas immediately indi- cated by the distinguished ability which he displayed, and each succeed- ing year added to the splendor and extent of his judicial fame.^ He moved with familiar steps over every province and department of juris- prudence.
All branches of the law have been enlarged by his learning, acute- ness, and sagacity ; and of some he has been the creator.
His immortal judgments contain copious stores of ripe and sound learning, which w'iil bs of inestimable value in all future times — alike to Iho judge, the practitioner and the student.
in 1829 he was appointed Dane Professor of Law, in the Law School of Harvard University ; and removed from Salem to Cambridge, where lie resided until his death, September 10, 1845.
Both in his professorship, and in his office of Justice of the Supreme Court, Mr. Story was a diligent student and laborious writer. His ex- tended reputation drew multitudes from all parts of the country to the school; and to his untiring energy is to be attributed its great success. As a teacher of jurisprudence, he brought to the important duties of the professor's chair the most unwearied patience, a native delight in the great subjects which he expounded, a copious and i:)ersuasive eloquence, and a contagious enthusiasm, which filled his pupils with love for the law, and for the master who taught it so well.
He was always instructive and interesting; and rarely without pro- ducing an instantaneous conviction.
He published many valuable works on questions of law and equity, delivered addresses before various societies, eulogies on eminent men, and contributed to some of the best literary and scientific journals of the day. Wliaievcr subject he touched was touched with a master's hand and spirit
52. WILLIAM MOULTRIE
General 'Willta:m Moultrie, one of the bravest of Soutli Carolina's sons, was born in r7;J0.
At the age of thirty he entered the service of his country as a volunteer against the Cherokee Indians, whose niai'auding parties had inspired the Southern settlements with terror. Men, women, and children were savagely murdered and carried into captivity, to be barbarously tormented for a sea- son, and then dispatched at the stake, or by the edge of the tomahawk.
This campaign was unsuccessful, as was the second under Colonel Mont- gomery, in which Moultrie again served as a volunteer. The Indians, flying to their impenetrable fastnesses, eluded pursuit, and were ready, at a moment's warning, to sally forth again on their work of devastation and death.
In 1761, a third expedition, in which he serA^ed as Captain, was more suc- cessful. The Indians were humbled, and glad to sue for peace.
Captain Moultrie Avas among the first and foremost of those who asserted the rights of the Colonists against the aggressions of the parent country, and who *' stirred up the people to mutiny." On the commencement of hostilities he was already engaged in active service, having been appointed by the Provincial Congress, on the ever-memorable 17th of Jvme, 1775, a Colonel in the second of the two regiments voted to be raised by that body.
To him belongs the honor of raising the first American flag — a device of his own — being " blue, with a white crescent in the dexter corner."
His first service was his gallant defense of Sullivan's Island, on which a fort had been erected, and to which was given, subsequently, the name of its heroic defender, " Fort Moultrie."
From this time until 1780, he served in the Southern army under General Lincoln, during which he rose to the grade of Major-General.
He was taken prisoner at the fall of Charleston, where he fought against fearful odds for more than a month.
While a prisoner of war, the British attempted to bribe him through Lord Charles Montague. "When I entered into this contest," was his patriotic reply, " I did it with, the most mature deliberation and a determined resolu- tion to risk my life and fortune in the cause. I shall continue to go on as I have begun, that my example may encourage the youths of America to stand forth in the defense of their rights and liberties. You tell me I have a fair opening of quitting that service by going to Jamaica. Good God ! Is it2')ossible that such a sentiment could find place in the breast of a man of honor ? You tell me that by quitting the country for a season I might avoid disagreeable conversations, and return again at leisure to regain my estates ; but you forget to tell me how I am to get rid of the feelings of an injured, honest heart. Where am I to hide from myself ? Could I be guilty of sucli baseness, I should shun mankind, and hate myself! "
He was exchanged in 1782 ; and, after the war, retired to his estates in South Carolina, and was elected Governor of that State in 1785-6, and again in 1794-5. He died on the 27th of September, 1805, in the seventy-fifth year of his age.
Several years before his death. General Moultrie wrote and published the memoirs of the war in the South during the revolution, in nearly all of which scenes he took an active and glorious par^
53. ANTHONY WAYNE.
General Anthony Wayne — "Mad Anthony," as he was familiarly called in the army, on account of his reckless and headlong' courage — was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, January 1, 1745.
He never had much taste tor severe study, although he took kindly to mathematics ; and, at the age of eighteen, entered upon the business of sur- veying.
In 1775 the first wish of his heart was gratified by a military commission. He then raised a regiment of volunteers, and was chosen its Colonel. Join- ing the Northern army, in 1777, he was appointed to the comna.andof Ticon- deroga, afterward joined "Washington in K ew Jersey.
While the winter quarters were at Valley Forge, he was sent on a forag- ing expedition, which duty he performed to the delight of his commander and the surprise of the enemy, from under whose very nose he succeeded in carrying off large supplies of cattle and forage.
It was on this expedition and its leader that the witty Andre employed the satii-e of his pen in a song set to the music of Yankee Doodle, the last stanzas of which ran thus :
" But now I end my lyric strain, I tremble as I show it, Lest this same warrior-drover Wayne Should ever catch the poet."
Singular enough, when Andre was taken, he was delivered into the hands of this same " warrior-drover."
The next we find of Wayne was at Stony Point, which ho assaulted and carried. In the assault he received a shot in the knee, and fell. Rising instantly on one knee he exclaimed : "Forward, my brave iellows—foincardl"
In 1781, the Pennsylvania army revolted and determined to march to Congress and present their grievances. Wayne, finding he could not pro- duce any effect by kind words, drew his pistol and swore he would shoot the first man who moved. The soldiers presented their muskets and said : *' We respect and love you. You have often led us to the battle-field ; but you are our leader no longer. Dare but to discharge your pistol and you are a dead man. We are still attached to the cause, and are ready to meet the enemy in the breach ; but we will have redress." They were dismissed with disgrace for their insubordination.
Wayne then went to Virginia and was at the capture of Cornwallis. After ^:ome unimportant service rendered at the South, he retired to private life.
The Indians on our Northwestern frontier, aided by the British and tories, soon became insolent and committed the most wanton ravages and cruelties on that border ; Harmer, St- Clair, and other brave officers yielding to their savage prowess.
In 17'J2 Wayne was appointed to the command of the Northwestern army. After much maneuvering, he succeeded in bringing the enemy to bat- tle, and routed them with immense slaughter, the Indian force being twice that of his own. This brought the savages to their senses, and they soon after — August 8, 1795 — signed a treaty of peace.
In the winter of 179G, in a small hut at Presque Isle, this veteran war- rior breathed his last in the arms of his officers, and was buried on the shores of Lake Erie.
54. JOHM STARK.
General John Stark, the hero of Bennington, was bom in Londonderry, now Manchester, New Hampshire, on the 2yth of August, 1728.
At a ver)"- early age, he, together with his three brothers, became quite fnmous as trappers and hunters. On one occasion in 1752, having followed his vocation far into the wilderness, he was taken prisoner by the Indians, with whom he suffered incredible hardships. He was after a while redeemed at a great price, and returned home.
In 1756 he was chosen Captain under the famous Major Robert Rogers. This was the school in which not only John Stark learned the practice of war, but many others on the borders of New Hampshire were thus prex)ared to dare and overcome the power of England.
When the first blood was spilt at Concord and Lexington, he hastened with his trained baftd to Cambridge, and was commissioned Colonel. The same day eight hundred men enlisted to serve under him. He was at the battle of Bunker Hili, and occupied the bloodiest position on that memorable occasion. He was afterward ordered to New York, and was at the battles of Trenton and Princeton, where he manifested that heroism, courage, and prudence which were so conspicuous afterward at Bennington.
He threw up his commission for some slight of Congress, and returned to his native State, whose Legislature voted him thanks for his services, and sent him to oppose the progress of Burgoyne, with the command of a brigade. He soon found himself at the head of a considerable army, and forthwith commenced operations by marching to Bennington, Vt., where he met the enemy ; and, after some sharp skirmishing, on the 16th day of August, 1777, he gained that splendid victory which made his name and Bennington famous.
As they were about to commence the attack, Ceneral Stark called his "Green Mountain Boys "into a hollow-square, and thus addressed them: " Boys ! There's the enemy. They must be heal, or Molly Stark must sleep a widow this night ! Forward, boys — March !" With an enthusiasm sel- dom equaled, they went into the fight, determined to win, and they came off victorious.
For these important services, Congress voted General Stark their grateful thanks, and commissioned him Brigadier-General in the Continental army ; and, joining Gates, he rendered efficient aid in the destruction of that splendid army which laid down its arms to the American commander, at Saratoga.
In 1779 he served in Rhode Island. In 1780 he was with Washington at Morristown, and fought in the battle of Springfield. He was also a mem- ber of the court-martial that sentenced Major Andre to be hanged.
He continued in the service till 1783, when he carried the news of peace to his native colony, now a State. Henceforth he declined public employ- ment, and retired to private life, enjoying the blessings of peace and quiet to the great age of ninety-three, dying May 8, 1822.
A granite shaft marks the place of his interment, on the cast bank of the Merrimac, at Manchester, N. H., bearing the simple inscription, ^'Major- General Stark."
55. RICHARD MONTGOMERY.
General Richatid Montgo^iery was bom iu the north of Ireland, in 1737. Possessed of a brilliant genius and cultivated mind, he entered the English service at tlie age of twenty, vrith considerable eclat. He fought side by side with Wolf, at the taking of Quebec — a place so singularly destined to witness his first and last battle.
On his return to England he decided to make his home in America; and, marrj'ing a daug liter of Robert R. Livingston, he settled on the banks of the Hudson, as an American citizen. On the breaking out of the Revolution he took sides with his adopted country, and became a de- voted patriot.
With a brigadier's commission he joined the expedition against Que- bec, in the winter of 1775, under Gen. Schuyler, where he soon took com- mand, in consequence of the illness of his superior, and was honored with a major-general's commission. In this arduous campaign his brilliant military talents fully developed themselves. With an army half-clad, half-fed, shoeless, and nearly destitute of artillery ; in midwinter, in the severest weather, it required the geniiR, the prompt and noble daring, of Montgomer}^ to lead such a forlorn hope to victory. Thrice — at St. Johns, atChambly, and at Montreal — had his undisciplined and mutinous troops achieved a victory through the genius of their leader ; and it only wanted that Quebec should be added to make the list of his conquests complete.
E\xiy thing combined to oppose his success. Whole companies de- serted ; others became mutinous and difficult to control. The snow had been piled in large drifts, and the cold intense. Yet nothing cooled the ardor of Montgomery. On the last day of the year, between the hours of four and five in the morning, in the midst of a heavy snow storm, he caused the attack to commence; encouraging his men with the memora- ble words : " Men of New York, you will not fear to follow your general ! March!" He had already passed the first barrier, when the single dis- charge of a cannon, loaded with grape, proved fatal to him, killing at the same time several of his officers, who stood near him. The death of Montgomery was the token of defeat, and shortly afterward the army surrendered. A monument was erected by Congress, in front of St. Pauls Church, New 1 ork city, with the following inscription :
THIS
MONUMENT WAS ERECTED BY ORDER OF CONGRESS,
TWENTY-FIFTH OF JANUABY, 1776,
To transmit to posterity a grateful remembrance of the patriotic conduct, enterprise, and perseverance, of
Major-General RICHARD MONTGOMERY,
Who, after a series of successes amidst the most discouraging difficulties,
Fdi in the attach on Quebec, ZUt Deceniber, 1775,
Aged 37 years.
56. FEANCIS MAEION.
General Francis Marion — the brave, chivalrous, glorious old Marion, ■whose feats of arms remind one of the gallant old chevaliers in the times of the Crusade — was born at "VVingam, near Georgetown, South Carolina, in 1782 — the natal year of Washington.
His father was poor; hence his education was sadly neglected. Having acquired a passion for the sea, at the age of sixteen he cured himself of it, by making a trip to the West Indies, in which he suffered shipwreck, and barely escaped with his life, in a state of starvation.
In 1759 he entered the service of the State against the Indians, in Cap- tain Moultrie's company of horse, where he is described as an active, brave, and hardy soldier, and an excellent officer.
In 1775 he was chosen to the Provincial Congress of South Carolina, from St. John's. While a Member of that body, the news of the battle of Lexington arrested their proceedings, as it was like a flake of lire thrown into a magazine.
Instantly, with that prompt patriotism which ever distinguished this chivalrous State, it was resolved to raise two regiments of infantry and one of cavalry, Marion receiving the commission of Captain in the cavalry, under the command of General Moultrie.
At the affair at Sullivan's Island, he acted as Major, and for his bravery and coolness on that occasion, he was raised to a Colonelcy.
He was with Lincoln and D'Estang in Georgia, and retired with Lin- coln to South Carolina, after their defeat.
At the siege and capture of Charleston, he was prevented from taking part in the operations by an injury received in his leg. Before he had quite recovered, he made his way to Virginia, joined General Gates' army, and became aid to General De Kalb.
The fatal battle of Camden soon followed, and Marion, with a handful of thirty men, escaped. With these brave companions he determined to commence a partisan warfare, which was one of the most brilliant and romantic ever recorded by the pen of the historian.
His first exploit was to capture a British guard of ninety men, which had charge of two hundred American prisoners, whom he set at liberty. He then cut up a party of tories of forty-nine men, and took their ammuni- tion, baggage, arms, and horses, without the loss of a man.
During the bloody and disgraceful march of Cornwallis, whose track bore such horrible marks of cruelty, he and his braves did the country great service, in cutting off supplies and harrassing the enemy's operations, until Cornwallis was shut up in Yorktown, and afterward captured.
In 1782 he was chosen S nator to the State Legislature, but soon retired to his plantation at St. John's, married, and spent the rest of his days in domestic peace. He died February 27, 1795.
57. NATHANIEL GEEENE.
General Nathaniel Greene -was bom in Warwick, Rhode Island, In 1742, of Quaker parents.
He early manifested a love of learning ; and, by his own unaided efforts, he laid in a good stock of general and scientific knowledge, and acquired a tolerable acquaintance with Latin, while he was yet a mere stripling; and a strong military taste was awakened in him by the stories of war, which fired his youthful imagination.
At a very early age he was sent to the Legislature of his native State. When the battle of Lexington sent the electric spark of freedom through the country, Greene, at the head of three regiments of soldiers, over whom he had been chosen Major-General, hastened to Cambridge, where he was speedily joined by Washington, Gates, Reed, and others, ready " to do and die " for the just and holy cause.
Accepting from Congress a commission of Brigadier-General, he accom- panied the army to New York, and in the battles of Trenton and Princeton greatly distinguished himself.
He was, in this part of the country, acting with Washington and Sulli- van, until he superceded General Gates in command of the Southern army. Here, for the first time, he was in supremo command, and here his genius became manifest, leading him through weakness to strength, through defeat to victory, and through disaster to glorj^.
Having recruited his oft-defeated, worn-out, and dispirited army, he commenced operations.
The brilliant affair of the Cowpens, where the lion-hearted Morgan first broke the English prestige, was the auspicious entree to this last glorious campaign.
On the 15th of March, 1781, he met the foe, and fought the battle of Guilford with Cornwallis. Although defeated, the victory was a dear one to the English.
After several unsuccessful fights, he was compelled once more to retire, recruit, and march once more to victory, with that noble resolve on his liijs and in his bosom : "■ I icill recover Soutli Carolina, or die in the attempt P'
After declining to meet General Greene at Orangeburg, the enemy was compelled to fight at Eutaw Springs, where they were defeated, with the loss of eleven hundred men, while our own loss was only half that number.
This broke the power of George III in South Carolina, and Cornwallis was soon after compelled to surrender.
After the war, General Greene removed to Georgia, having an estate near Savannah. Here he died of coup-de-soleil, on the 19th day of June, 1786, in the forty-fourth year of his age.
58. ALEXANDER CLAXTON.
Commodore Alexandeii Claxton was born in PhiladelpTiia, in 1792. His father removed to Washington when that city became the seat of government, in 1800.
In 1800 young Claxton received an appointment as Midshipman in the navy, and was forthwith ordered to tlie frigate Chesapeaite, and was on that vessel when it was overhauled by the Leopard. The only gun fired from the Chesapeake in the encounter, was the one at which young Claxton was stationed.
On the declaration of war, in IS 12, Claxton was commissioned Lieutenant, and ordered to the Wasp, Captain Jacob Jones, and Avas in the action which resulted in the capture of H. B. M. sloop-of-war FroUc, Captain Wingate. The gallantry of the young Lieutenant was particularly commended by Captain Jones.
The Wasp and her prize were captured by the British seventy-four gun ship Poietiers, and carried into Bermuda.
After the exchange of prisoners, which was soon effected. Captain Jones and his officers were ordered to the frigate Macedonian ; but, being block- aded in New London, the entire crew and officers were transferred to Perry's squadron on Lake Erie.
We next hear of Lieutenant Claxton as second in command, under Com- modore Porter, at the " Battle of the White House," ten miles below Wash- ington, where an ineffectual attempt was made to stop the return of the English squadron down the Potomac, after the burning of the city of Washington.
For his gallantry in the action between the Wasp and Frolic, Lieutenant Claxton was voted the thanks of Congress, the privilege of the floor of both Houses, and a silver medal.
In I8i(> he was ordered to the command of the schooner Nonesuch. From that time until 18o9 he served in commaiid of various vessels, in different parts of the world; and, on the 12th of March of that year, he hoisted his broad pennant on board the frigate Constitution, the flag-ship of the squadron then ordered to the Pacific coast.
He remained in command of that squadron until his death, which oc- curred at Talcahuana, on the 8th of March, 1841, at the early age of forty- nine 5^ ears.
In private life. Commodore Claxton was most esteemed. His frank and open manner was a passport to all hearts, while his many virtues endeared him to a host of warm and devoted friends.
A fitting tribute to the memory of this gallant officer is embodied in a work, entitled " Old Ironsides," the author of which, sailed under him.
59, STEPHEN DECATUE.
Commodore Stethen Decatur was bom on the eastern shore of Mary land, on the 5th day of January, 1779. He entered the navy as a Midship- man ; and, after passing through the several grades, we find him, in 1803, at the age of twenty-four, a Lieutenant in Commodore Preble's squadron, then acting against Tripoli. On the 31st of October, 1803, the frigate Philadel' liliia, under Captain Bainbridge, having ran upon a reef of rocks, was cap- tured by the Tripolitans; and early in February following. Lieutenant Decatur, in command of the schooner Intrepid, with seventy-six men, enteied the harbor of Tripoli, ran alongside the Philadelphia, leaped aboard, killed twenty men, drove the rest into the sea, set it on fire under the very muzzle of the guns of the Turkish batteries, and succeeded in getting out of the harbor without losing a single man.
He afterward caj)tured, in a gallant fight, the British frigate Macedonian, October 25, 1812 ; and, when subsequently cooped up in the Thames River, in Connecticut, sent a challenge to the commander of the British squadron, to pit the two frigates. United States and Macedonian, with any two frigates in the English fleet, which honor, however, was declined.
His subsequent negotiations with Tripoli, where he had been sent to adjust some important matters, resulted gloriously to the Government under whose orders he had sailed, and whose flag he went to vindicate.
In all the leading acts of his gallant life, as well as many of minor account, Decatur exhibited the greatest talents for a naval leader, and wreathed for his brow a chaplet of renown which the world shall honor, and his countrymen glory in, until " the sword shall be beaten into ploughshares, and the spear into a pruning hook."
A nobler or a braver man never trod the planks of a man-of-war's decks than Stephen Decatur, while his cool sagacity and clear-headedness were fully equal to his courage.
It would be well if we could here drop the pen of record, and draw the veil of oblivion over his tragic end.
On the 27th of June, 1807, Commodore Barron, who was in command of the Chesapeake, having refused to give up four men, claimed by the Eng- lish as deserters, his vessel was fired into by the British ship Leopard. Being unconscious of danger at the time, and unprepared for the attack, the Chesapeake struck her colors, and the four men were transferred to the British vessel. Commodore Barron was court-martialed, and suspended for several years. Decatur superseded him in the command of the Chesapeake, and five years later, Avhen the War of 1812 broke out, he decidedly and openly opposed the reinstatement of Barron. From that moment an enmity was established between them, which time only served to strengthen, and which led to many hard words on either side, and, in 1819, to a correspon- dence between them, which only precipitated mattei'S, and ended in a chal- lenge. Both gentlemen prof essed to reprobate dueling ; yet such was their mutual hatred, that neither would offer conciliation, although the friends of both did what was in their power to prevent the dreadful result. On a raw, chilly morning, in March, 1820, these brave men, who had fought side by side for glory and their country, met in mortal combat on the field of Bladensburg, so famous for its unholy and bloody sacrifices to false honoi\ The combatants took their ground, each fired at the same instant, and each received the ball of his antagonist. Barron was very dangerously, and Decatur mortally, wounded. The latter was carried to AVashington. and borne to his home. Until then, his wife was ignorant of the matter. Her distractions were heart-rendin<r, and the whole city was shrouded in gloom. He died of his wound, March 22, 1820.
60. J. PAUL JONES.
Commodore JoHN Paul Jones was born in the South, of Scotland, near the Frith of Solway, on the 6th of July, 1747.
At the early ag-e of six or eight he used to be seen rigging out his mimic fleet of chips, and giving imperious commands to imaginary sailors engaged in bloody naval fights.
At twelve he entered the merchant marine service ; and, purchasing his indentures at eighteen, he became master of a brig engaged in the Ameri- can slave trade, which he soon left in disgust.
In his voyages young Paul had made several visits to the American con- tinent ; and, in 177o, having occasion to reside in Virginia while the estate of an elder brother, recently deceased, was being settled, he became enamored of the country, and resolved to make it his own.
The stirring times of the Revolution roused him from his repose, and decided him to engage in the contest for Freedom with the Colonists.
In 1775 we find him at the head of the list of first-class Lieutenants.
As subordinate in the Alfred and commander in the Froi'idence he sig- nalized himself as a brave and sagacious officer. He is said to have been " the first man that ever ran up the Stars and Stripes to masthead."
As commander of the Ranger' he sailed to Brest, and obtained a salute to his flag from ^he French — the first that was ever accorded to it.
By superhuman effort he obtained an old ship from the French, which he named the Boji Homme Richard, in compliment to Dr. Franklin, whose assistance had largely contributed to his success.
As Capt'^in, he put to sea with a fleet of ueven vessels, hoisting the flag upon the Bon Homme Richard. To the terror of the English, he cruised along their coasts, entering their rivers and harbors, taking prizes and men, and burning ships.
On the 28d of September, 1779, he fought by moonlight his celebrated, and by f^r his most bloody and successful, battle with the British frigate Serapis, in size, men, and metal, greatly superior to his own ship. This splendid victory gave the crowning eclat to one of the most brilliant cruises that the world had ever witnessed, and dazzled all Europe, filling America with joy and pride.
After many sharp conflicts with the enemy, daring exploits, and hair- breadth escapes, he reached Philadelphia in the winter of 1781, vhere he was received with many marks of distinction, and Congress voted him thanks.
Or the close of the war. Commodore Jones passed the rest of his life in important public service abroad, and died, at Paris, on the 18th of July, 1793.
61. WILLIAM BAINBEIDGE.
Commodore "WrLLlAM Baestbridge Avas born at Princeton, New Jersey, May 7, 1774. He received his education in a common school. At sixteen he entered the mercantile business, and ■went to sea in the employment of a house in Philadelphia. He was in the merchant service till 179S, when, on the commencement of hostilities with France, our Government appointed him to the command of the United States schooner Betaliation, of fourteen g-uns, with the rank of Lieutenant in the navy.
In 1800 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and sailed in the frigate George Wasltingioii with presents to the Dey of Algiers.
War being declared, while he was at Algiers, against France, and all the citizens of France ordered to quit the country, Captain Bainbridge received them all on board his frigate ; and, having landed them at Alicante, sailed for Philadelphia, where he arrived in April, 1801.
In June following, he took command of the frigate Essex, and proceeded to the Mediteranean to protect our commerce against Tripolitan depreda- tions.
In 1803 he was placed in command of the frigate PMladeljJlda, and joined Commodore Preble's squadron. While chasing a strange vessel he ran upon a reef of rocks, where his vessel was captured by the enemy and carried into the harbor, and where she laid, until recaptured and burned, by Decatur, in February, 1804.
On the breaking out of the war with England, in 1812, he held command of the CoiistellatiGn; but on the arrival of the Const/^^^^wn., he took charge of that frigate, and, in a short time, made his name and his ship famous in the bloody conflict with the British frigate Jaca, Captain Lambert, which he captured with the loss of only nine men. Finding it was impossible to bring the Java to the United States, she was blown up, and her crew set ashore at St. Salvador, on parole.
This was the second frigate this noble ship had destroyed in a short time; and, from the little damage she had sustained in her numerous conflicts with the enemy, she received the subriquet of " Old Ironsides" a name which awakens a thrill of national pride in the bosom of every American sailor who loves to see the " Stars and Stripes" floating at his masthead.
At the close of the war, Commodore Bainbridge sailed once more to the Mediterranean, in command of the Coh/mbus, seventy-four guns. This was the last cruise of this gallant naval officer, after which he retired from the sea altogether.
On his return home he commanded for several years, at different naval stations, and was also one of the Board of Naval Commissioners.
He died in Philadelphia, July 27, 1833.
62. ISAAC HULL.
Commodore Isaac Hull, the glorious commander of " Old Ironsides," whose name will be forever associated with one of the grandest naval ex- ploits in the War of 1812, was born in Derby, Connecticut, in 1775,
While yet a boy, he left his school and went to sea, shipping on board a merchant-vessel employed in the London trade.
In 1800 he was appointed as Fir^t Lieutenant to the frigate Constitution. While on his first voyage, he cut out a French lettev-of-marque at one of the St. Domingo Islands, and bore off his prize triumphantly, without the loss of a single man.
In 1804 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and appointed to the Argus, one of the vessels belonging to the squadron under Decatur, destined to act against the Barbary States.
At the storming of Tripoli and the reduction of Deccan, he distinguished himself.
In 1812 a new field of action opened itself to American glory, and Cap- tain Hull was appointed to the command of " Old Ironsides," and imme- diately putting to sea, he shortly after fell in with a British squadron, from which he succeeded in making his escape, exciting the wonder of his enemies by his superior seamanship, and the admiration and gratitude of the American nation.
Not long after, he fell in with the British frigate Guerriere, Captain Dacres, and, after several hours' hard fighting, captured her, although she was of greatly superior size, force, and metal, to his own ship. The prize was in a sinking condition, and Hull received all the prisoners on the Con- stitution, and set sail for Boston, where he arrived in safety.
The moral effect of this victory can hardly be conceived. It gave the nation hope, and inspired confidence in our navy. The Constitution was severely handled, but through the energy of her officers, she was in a few days prepared to give battle to another frigate.
After the war, he commanded in the Pacific and Mediterranean, and enjoyed the rank of Captain for thirty-seven years.
The deep gratitude of his countrymen has never been withdrawn ; and the modesty with which he bore his clustering honors became him as well as those honors themselves.
*' He did not, in the midst of the continuous praise that followed him, yield to a single suggestion of wrong, nor presume, for a moment, upon the hold which he had on the affections of the nation. Every day of his life seemed to be spent as if he felt that that day had its special duty, which, if not performed, would leave incomplete his honors, and, perhaps, tai'uish the laurels he had already acquired. Hence, day by day, he earned new titles to public affection ; and, as a man, a patriot, and an officer, ho grew in the esteem of his fellow-countrymen. And the last days of his life saw his laurels as fresh as when they were first woven into a chaplet for his brow."
He died, at his residence in Philadelphia, on the 13th of February, 18-13, in the sixty-ninth year of his age.
63. OLIVER H.'PEEEY.
Commodore Olfver' Hazard Perry, the " Hero of Lake Erie," vra.5 bom in Xewport, Rhode Island, in August, 1785.
He was entered as a Midshipman in the United States Navy when he ■was twelve years old, and accompanied his squadron to the Mediterranean during- the Tripolite AVar, where his urbanity and a quick apprehension of his duties secured the decided approval of his superiors.
At the beginning- of the War of 1812, young Perry was ordered to the command of a flotilla of gun-boats, in the harbor of New York, with the grade of Lieutenant. Disgusted with this dull service, he was, at his own request, transferred to the Lakes, and soon stationed, by Commodore Chauncey, on Lake Erie. Here his free and active spirit had full scope; and, as commander of a squadron, which he was instrumental in creating, he fought one of the most brilliant naval battles on record, and won for himself a renown deathless as the name of the inland sea whose shores echoed to the booming of his victorious cannon. For this action, Congress voted him thanks.
At the beginning of the fight, the fire of the enemy was directed, prin- cipally, against his flag-ship, the Lairrence, which, in a short time, became an unmanageable wreck, having ail her men, except four or five, killed or wounded. He then left her, and transferred his flag to the Niagara, which, passing through the enemy's line, poured successive broadsides into five of their vessels, at half pistol-shot, and at 4 o'clock every vessel of the enemy had surrendered.
Intelligence of the victory was conveyed to General Harrison in the fol- lowing laconic epistle : " We have met the enemy, and they are ours I"
The British having been driven from the Lakes, Commodore Perry was ordered to the command of a small naval force on the Potomac, to aid in the defense of the capitol.
In Iblo he was appointed to the command of the frigate Java, and sailed with Decatur's squadron to the Mediterranean, to humble the Dey of Al- giers, which was successfully accomplished.
On his return, and while his ship was lying at Newport, information was brought that a merchant-ship was in a perilous position on the reef, six miles below. It was mid-winter ; but, immediately manning his boat, and cheering his men with, " Come, boys, we go to rescue the shipwrecked mariner !" he succeeded in rescuing eleven of his fellow-beings from a watery grave.
In 1819 he sailed for the West Indies, under sealed orders, to take com- mand of that station, where he early f«dl a victim to the ravages of the yellow-fever. His death occurred August 2o, 1820.
In person, Commodore Perrj^ was elegant and imposing, with an easy address, which made him a favorite with all classes. He rarely failed of success in his plans, so carefully did he calculate beforehand all chances and mischances.
64. JAMES LAWEENCE.
Captain James Lawrence, the •* Hero of the Chesapeaice," and tlie ** Pet of the Navy," as he was sometiiaes called, was born in Burlington, New- Jersey, October 1, 1781.
When quite young-, he studied law; but his predilection for the sea, induced him. to leave it, and study navigation preparatory to entering the navy. He received a Midshipman's commission at the age of seventeen ; after which, he joined the ship Ganges, and made his first eventful cruise to the West Indies.
On his return he was promoted to a Lieutenantcy, and assigned to the John Adams, and afterwards as first officer of the Enteriorise, in the squadron under Decatur, destined to act against Tripoli, where he exhibited great nautical skill.
In 1808 he was appointed First Lieutenant of the Constitution, after which he succeeded, consecutively, to the command of the Vixen, Wasp, Argus, and Hornet.
In 1812, on the opening of hostilities, he took command of the sloop-of-war Hornet, in the squadron under Commodore Bainbridge, which sailed for the East Indies. When off the coast of Brazil, the Hornet got separated from the squadron, and fell in with the English brig Resolution, which he captured. Twenty-five thousand dollars were found on the prize.
Soon after, occurred that terrible action of the Hornet with the ship Pea- cock, in Avhich the loss of the English was enormous, while the Hornet lost but one man.
In 1813, Captain Lawrence was ordered by Congress to join the frigate Chesa'peake, then lying in Boston harbor. AVith a crew of newly-enlisted men, partly foreigners, he hastily put to sea on the 1st day of June, in search of the British frigate Shannon, which, with a select crew, had recently appeared upon the coast, challenging any American frigate of equal size to meet her.
On the same day, the two vessels met, and engaged with great fury. On the discharge of the first broadside, our hero received a severe wound, but insisted on remaining on the quarter-deck.
A few moments after, he received a ball from the main-top of the enemy's ship, and was obliged to be carried below. As he was being taken away, he issued his last heroic order, "Don't give up the ship !" — words that have been consecrated to his memory, and which have become the motto of the Ameri- can navy.
When he arrived at the cock-pit, the surgeon hastened to help him; but, motioning him away, he exclaimed, in a noble spirit of unselfishness: "No! Serve those, who came before me, first; I can wait my turn." He lingered until the 5th of the month, when he expired in the thirty-third year of his age.
65. JOHN KANDOLPH.
John Randolph, '•' of Roanoke," as he used to write his own name, and distinguished for his genius and talents, as for his eccentricities, was born in Virginia, June 2, 1773.
He was descended in a direct line from the celebrated Indian King Pow- hattan, and was ever proud of the Indian blood that flowed in his veins.
At two years of age he lost his father, from which time forward he led a vagrant life, and reached his raajority a wild, untamed, unlettered, and un- tutored youth.
He spent a short time at Princeton Colles-e, part of a year at Columbia College, and a few months at ^Yilliam and Mary's College, winding up his educational career with some six month's residence in the law office of Edmund Randolph, in all of which places he says he never learned a thing. Such was the preparatory education of a man who afterward rose to the first position as a debater in the National Council.
He was elected to Congress in 1799, and continued a Member of the House of Representatives most of the time, till 1829, and afterward was arppointed Minister to Russia.
He ever remained a bachelor ; and his naturally unamiable temper often became intolerable through his excessively abusive language in debate. He provoked a duel with Henry Clay, but afterward became his best friend.
No man was listened to with more attentive silence in the House or Senate than he. He never spoke, without commanding the most intense interest. At his first gesture or word, the House and galleries were hushed into silence and attention. His voice was shrill and pipe-like, but under perfect command ; and, in its lower tones, it was music. His tall person, firm eyes, and peculiarly expressive fingers, assisted very much in giving effect to his delivery. His eloquence was generally exerted in satire and invective ; but he never attempted pathos without entire success.
In quickness of perception, accuracy of memory, liveliness of imagina- tion, and sharpness of wit, he surpassed most men of his day ; but his judg- ment was feeble, and rarely consulted.
One of his most striking characteristics was, perhaps, his economy, which he rigidly practiced; and, both in public and private affairs, diligently incul- cated.
His inheritance was inconsiderable, and heavily incumbered with a British debt ; but, by a long course of economy, he relieved his estate, and acquired wealth.
With all his moroseness, Mr. Randolph was a kind master, a good neigh- bor, and a steadfast friend. At the time of his death, he was possessed of a large and valuable estate, on the Roanoke, and had three hundred and eighteen slaves and one hundred and eighty horses, one hundred and twenty of which were blood horses.
He died at Philadelphia on the 24th day of May, 1834, in the sixty-first year of his age, while on his way to Europe, in hopes of a partial restoration to health.
66. AAEON BUEE.
Aaron Burr -was bom in Newark, New Jersey, February 5, 1756. He lost both his parents before three years of his adventurous life had passed.
Young Burr entered New Jersey College before he was twelve years old, and graduated in 1772, at the age of sixteen, quite ripe in scholarship for one of his years.
In 177<) he was led to join the army raised for the defense of the Colonies, and served under Arnold, and shared with him the perilous march through the wilderness to Canada. On his arrival. General Montgomery made him his Aid, and he was at the General's side when he fell.
On his return, Burr was joined to the family of the Commander-in- Chief, but, for some reason, which does not appear, left the headquarters soon after, having, by his acts, lost forever the confidence of Washington. From this period, the hostility of Burr to his former patron was bitter and unceasing.
In 1777 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, and won the character of a brave and sagacious officer. In 1779, his health failing him, he was obliged to throw up his commission, and retire from the army.
He then devoted himself to the study of the law, and commenced prac- tice at Albany in 1782, but soon removed to the city of New York. He became distinguished in his profession, and was appointed Attorney-Gen- eral of New York m 1789.
From 1791 to 1797 he was a member of the United States Senate, and bore a conspicuous part, as a leader of the democratic, or republican, party.
At the fourth Presidential election, Thomas Jefferson and Aart)n Burr had each seventy-three votes ; and the choice was decided by Congress, by the election of Mr. Jefferson for President, and Mr. Burr for Vice-President, on the thirty-sixth ballot.
Colonel Burr was the mortal enemy of nearly all the leading Federalists, and a bitter opponent to the measures of Washington's administration. Perhaps he hated nobody with such cordial hostility as Colonel Hamilton, whom he challenged to the " fight of honor," in which Hamilton fell, and Burr was driven from his home and society for a while, by the indignant scorn of the community.
Not long after this, he conceived his mad enterprise in the Western country of the United States ; for which he was at length apprehended, and brought to Richmond, Virginia, in August, 1807, on a charge of treason ; and, after a long trial, was acquitted.
He afterward returned to the city of New York, and practiced law to some extent, but passed the remainder of his days in comparative obscurity and neglect.
With the most brilliant talents and most insinuating address, and a tact in conversation and debate rarely equaled. Colonel Burr might have filled a high post of honor, with credit to himself and advantage to his country, but that he was destitute of true honor, or common honesty. A profligate, with a corrupt heart, who scrupled at nothing which would satisfy his lust or his ambition, he sank lower and lower in the scale of humanity, until, on the 14th of September, 1830, at the age of eighty, he died, leaving no fragrant memoricB behind.
67. EDM:UND p. GAINES.
General E. P. G-AINES was born in Culpepper County, Virginia, March 20, 1777.
At the ago of fifteen lie removed with his father to Sullivan County, afterward the eastern part of Tennessee, which portion of the State was then invested by the Cherokee Indians, who were very hostile to the whites, and kept the border families in a constant state of terror and alarm.
He had heard of the cruel assaults of the savage foe, and longed to be led to their attack in the deep fastnesses where they dwelt. A rifle company being raised in his neighborhood, he was elected Lieutenant at the age of eighteen; and, in January, 1799, was appointed Ensign of the Sixth Regi- ment of Infantry in the United States arm.y.
In 1801 he was selected by the Government to command a company of Topographical Engineers for the survey of a military road from Nashville, Tenn., to Natchez, on the Mississippi River, in which service he was engaged until 1804, when he was appointed Military Collector for the District of Mobile. Here he served live years, and was promoted to the rank of Cap- tain, when he retired from the army, and commenced practicing law in the then Territory of Mississippi. _
On the declaration of war in 1812, Captain Gaines hastened to offer his services once more to his country. Raised to the rank of Colonel, he was ordered to the Northern frontier. Here, his superior discipline and knoAvl- edge of military tactics began early to be seen. After the battle of Christ- ler's Fields, in which he took a prominent part, he was taken sick, and was prevented sharing the fruits of victory in the campaign of General Harrison and its glorious termination at the Thames River.
Early in xVugust, 1814, Colonel Gaines was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, and ordered to Fort Erie, to assume command of the Army of the North. He was immediately engaged in a sharp conflict with the enemy, which was continued almost every day for some time, and in which, victory ultimately perched upon his standard.
Congress, deeply sensible of the service he had rendered his country, voted him their thanks and a gold medal. He also received an elegant sword from each of the States of New York, Virginia, and Tennessee ; many other testimonials were also tendered him from various parts of the Union.
He was with Jackson in the Creek War, and afterward commanded in the Southern Military District, until the reduction of the army in 1821, when he was retained as a Brigadier-General, and the "Western Division assigned to him. _
General Gaines was the senior 'officer during the Sauk (Indian) dis- turbances in l8ol-'33, and was, for a time, engaged in the Seminole War of 1836. He was soon after transferred to the Eastern Division, with his head- quarters at New York. Afterward, returning to New Orleans, he became acquainted with the accomplished widow of General Whitney, and daughter of the late Daniel Clark, whom he married, and who has since become Celebrated as " Mrs. General Gaines," in her almost superhuman efforts for conducting to a successful issue a law-suit against the city of New Orleans for the recovery of her father's property in that city, which involved several millions of dollars. With her he lived in uninterrupted domestic peace and happiness until his death in the spring of 1849.
General Gaines was a man of superior knowledge of military tactics and discipline, of extreme simplicity of character-^ very decidedly " one of tho pdo'plc" — an^ of unqUEGtioncd intogrity.
68. HENEY E. SCHOOLCEAFT.
Henry H. Schoolcraft was bom at the manor of Renssalaerwich, Guilderland, New York, March 28, 1798.
He early displayed an ardent love of knowledge ; at the age of four- teen he began to contribute pieces in prose and verse to newspapers ; and for several years after, he pursued, without- aid, the study of natural history, English literature, with the Hebrew, German, and French languages, and pursued advanced studies at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., and after- ward at Middlebury, Vt.
His first work, published in 1817, was " Vitriology : An elaborate Treatise on the Application of chemistry to the manufactiire of Glass."
In 1818 he made a geological survey of Missouri and Arkansas, to the spur of the Rocky Mountains.
Returning home, he published two treatises, which greatly stimulated emigration to the West, and brought his peculiar capabilities as a scientific explorer before the public.
In 1820 he was commissioned to visit the copper regions of Lake Supe- rior, and the head waters of the Mississippi River. He arrived at the actual source of the *' Great Father of "Waters " July 23, 1822, and christened the lake in which it rises, "Itaska." From this period, his attention was prin- cipally devoted to the Indian race, and he commenced his long series of investigations as to their habits, language, and ancient traditions. About this time, he made the acquaintance of Miss Johnson (the grand-daughter of a celebrated Indian Chief), who had just returned from Europe — an accomplished yoimg lady — where her father (a gentleman from the north of Ireland), had sent her to receive every advantage of education ; and, being acquainted with the Indian, as well as other languages, she seemed to Mr. Schoolcraft especially fitted to assist him in the mission to which he had devoted his life.
They were, therefore, united in marriage in 1823, and lived togethe? until her death, in 1842. With her aid and influence, he gained access to our aborigines, and an insight into their secrets and private life, as well as the peculiar mode of thought of the red man, which would otherwise have been impossible.
Numerous successive treatises came from his pen — descriptive, historical, and scientific : some legendary, as that of Hiawatha ; others philosophical, as that relating to the peculiarities of grammatical structure in the Indian nouns, which make all animate beings masculine, and all inanimate objects feminine.
In 1847 Mr. Schoolcraft was employed by Congress to X5ublish his great work on the " History and Condition of the Indian Tribes in the United States," and settled down to quiet study, in Washington. The same year he was united in marriage to Sliss Mary Howard, a lady pre-eminently en- dowed by nature and culture to be his associate in the higher mission of giving a scientific form and literary finish to the results of his former ex- plorations, consisting of six volumes, with material for two more, left unfin- ished at his death, which occurred on the 10th of December, 1864, in the seventy -second j^ear of his age.
Not long after he settled in Washington, Mr. Schoolcraft was crippled with rheumatic affections, and for tlie last years of his life confined to his bed, with his limbs bent completely under him. Yet, with all his suffering, his high, open brow grew more majestic, and his noble mind still triumphed till tho very last moment of his existence.
69. BLACK HAWK.
Black Hawk, the most relentless foe to the -whites, and one of the very last to smoke with them the calumet of peace, was boru at the Sac village on Kock River, in Illinois, in 1767.
At fifteen years of age, having wounded an enemy, he was permitted to paint, wear feathers, and to join the braves in their war-dances and on the war-path. Shortly after, ho succeeded in *' killing his man" in battle, and then he was accounted a brave, and permitted to join in the " scalp-dance," an honor of which he was extremely proud.
Not long after, the Northwestern Territory came into the possession of the United States, and the fears of the Indians were aroused with the belief that the white men were determined to wrest their territory from their possession — a fear which history shows was too well-founded.
There were a few brave and patriotic spirits who resolved to stain the graves of their forefathers with their own blood, before they would yield their burial and hunting grounds to the ruthless invaders and spoilers. Among the foremost of these was the Prophet and Black Hawk, who trav- eled and visited all the "Western tribes, stirring them up to mortal hate and strife against the whole race of white men.
From this time until he fell into the hands of the Americans, he pursued them with the most determined and savage barbarity. This conflict has been designated as the " Black Hawk War."
Conquered at length, a treaty of peace was negotiated, and five million acres of land purchased of the Indians by the Government, for twenty- three cents per acre.
Thus parting with his old hunting-grounds, Black Hawk turned, with a mournful spirit, to those remote prairies whither civilization compelled the reluctant steps of the "poor Indian."
While traveling through the cities of the Union, at a ball given in honor of Washington's birth-day, he was complimented, to which he replied as follows :
" It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day. The earth is our mother," and we are permitted upon it. A few snows ago, I was fight- ing against the white people : perhaps I was wrong. But that is past — it is buried ; let it be forgotten. I love my towns and corn-fields on the Rock River ; it was a beautiful country. I fought for it, but now it is yours ; keep it as the Sacs did. I was once a warrior, but now I am poor. Keo- Ivuk has been the cause of what I am ; do not blame him. I love to look upon the Mississippi ; I have looked upon it from a child ; I love that beau- tiful river ; my home has always been upon its banks. I thank you for your friendship. I will say no more."
Not long after, this famous old Chief, worn out with sorrow and ex- posure to the chill winds of tlie Western States, ended his checkered life at the camp on the Des Moines River, Iowa, on the od of October, 183b, in the seventy-fourth year of his age.
VO. OSCEOLA.
Osceola, sometimes called " Powell," was born in the Everglades of Florida, somewhere about the year 1804. His father was Chief of the tribe, and his early life was spent as a vagabond, in most inglorious barbarism.
He was famous for his sagacity in hunting, his agility and strength in the athletic sports practiced among his tribe, such as dancing, racing, shoot- ing, wrestling, &c. As he grew up, he entered fully into the grievances of his tribe with the whites, and when the " "War of Title" (otherwise called the " Seminole War)" commenced, he at once took the field in defense of his fatherland.
A treaty was made with them by the United States Government, stipu- lating the conditions on which they should relinquish their title to the hunting-grounds, but in which the Seminoles declared they had been deceived ; and therefore, the treaty was vitiated.
The Government insisted on its fuliillment ; but the Indians resisted, and one of the most bloody and merciless struggles followed, Osceola being chosen, by the universal consent of his people, to the Chieftaincy of the Seminole vrarriors.
With almost superhuman strength and energy, he traveled through the length and breadth of his tribe, encouraging resistance and slaughter to the whites.
With the most consummate skill he would evade detachments of the American army, and beguile them into fatal ambuscades, where they would fall a prey to savage cruelty. He would never hesitate in taking the field, as his presence inspired his brethren, and his wonderful feats in arms gave heart to the timid, and fired each brave with a more determined will. He was foremost in every fray, and his place was sure to be where the blows fell fastest and hardest.
The unerring aim of his splendid rifle, and the exact and deadly force of his keen-edged and glittering tomahawk, told fearfully on the ranks of the whites, while he seemed to bear a charmed mail, through which no Ameri- can bullet could penetrate.
His name became a terror to his enemies, and to his fellow-braves a countersign to victory and glory.
Tims for years he kept at bay the soldiers of the United States, when at length, in 1828, he fell into a snare, and became a captive. He was taken to Fort Moultrie, in South Carolina, where his mighty spirit chafed itself in chains, and where poor Osceola died of a broken heart on the 31st of Janu- ary, 1839.
Thus perished the " Master-Spirit " of a long and desperate war ; and Osceola will be long remembered as the man that, with the feeblest means, produced the most terrible effects.
Tl. TECUMSEH.
Tecumseh, an Indian Brigadier-General in the British, army, was born about the year ] 770.
Erom his childhood he -was distinguished for his bravery and intrigue. Civilization has produced few minds that exceed the mind of the " great leader of the Shawnees."
With real savage abhorrence of the whites, whom he hated as the invaders of the ashes ot his sires and the peace of his wigwam and hunting- grounds, he spared no white man who came within the reach of his riiie or tomahawk.
For years he cherished, and at length matured, a plan for the utter expulsion of the whites from the territory of his own and the neighboring tribes.
In his negotiations with the Chiefs of the various tribes from the northern extremes of the lakes to the confluence of the Mississippi with the Gulf, he exhibited a sagacity and shrewdness, a knowledge of human nature, and an untiring perseverance worthy the great diplomatists of the world ; and his success was equal to his efforts.
He appears to no less advantage as a negotiator with the whites. General Harrison was often ptlt to fault with the shrewdness of his reasoning, and could never succeed in bringing the sturdy warrior to terms, save at the muzzle of his cannon.
At the close of a fruitless negotiation. General Harrison said the matter in hand would be referred to the President. " Well," was his characteristic reply, " as the Great Chief is to determine the matter, I hope the Great Spirit will put sense enough into his head to comply with the demands of my tribe ;" that such was his sense of wrong done to his brethren, that, unless his demands were complied with, he would fight it out ; and he " Avould give no rest to his feet, until he had united all the red men in a like determina- tion."
On another occasion, when Tecumseh had closed his speech, and was about to be seated, he discovered that no chair had been provided for him. The chair was soon provided, and the of&cer who brought it, observed : " General, your Father's request is that you take a chair." ''My FatJier !'" exclaimed the indignant Chief, assuming his most majestic attitude ; " the sun is my father, and the earth my mother ; I tcill repose iqwn her bosom,'''' and immedi- ately threw himself, with inimitable grace, upon the ground, after the fash- ion of the Indians.
At length the negotiations terminated, and an appeal was had to arms. The battle of Tippecanoe followed, and then the battle of the Thames, where, after fighting like a lion at bay — with a fury which he alone could assume — against the most fearful odds, and heaping a barrier of human bodies all arounl him, a shot through the head laid him low with his foes who had fallen by his hand.
Thus terminated, in the forty-fourth year of his age, the life of as brave a warrior as ever fought for his fatherland.
'72. EED JACKET.
Red Jacket, or Sa-goy-e-tva-tha, his Indian name, a Chief of the Senecas, was unquestionably the most remarkable orator, excepting ** the good Logan, the white man's friend." that ever came of Indian stock.
He was born about the middle of the last century, near where the city of Buffalo now stands, and which was the residence of the Senecas. He was of a brave but generous nature, and had small delight in the ferocities of Indian warfare. He was sagacious and prudent, very thoughtful, and possessed of a most determined spirit.
He could neither be terrified nor cajoled into any measure. His hut was for years the resort of the learned and curious, who went thither to hear " the old man eloquent" discourse on the traditions of his race, or on the abstruse sciences of philosophy and theology.
His dwelling stood on a spot which was secured to the Seneca tribe, and called the " lleservation".
In his better days, many were the fruitless attempts to convert him to Christianity. He resisted all intercession, hurling back the argumentum ad liominem : " Your religion does not make good men of the whites; what can it do more for the red man r"
Red Jacket, like some of his white brethren, could not understand the mysteries of the vicarious sacrifice — how he and his tribe could, by any method of reasoning, in justice be made participators in the guilt of the crucifixion.
He observed to a clergyman, who was trying to enlighten his benighted soul on the abstruse subject : " Brother, if you white men murdered the Son of the Great Spirit, as Indians we had nothing to do with it, and it is none of our affairs. If he had come to us we would not have killed him ; we would have treated him well. You must make amends for that crime your- selves."
In 1805, he held a solemn council with his tribe on the proposition of a missionary, Rev. Mr. Cram, and declined it in one of the most masterly speeches ever delivered into the ears of men.
His meeting with Lafayette, when he was last in the United States, was affecting in the extreme.
He preserved the utmost decorum and dignity of manner at all times, until, in the latter part of his life, when he fell a victim to the accursed " fire-water," which destroyed so many of his race. On the 20th of June, 1830, at the advanced age of eighty years, he left the world, to join those who had gone before him to the happy hunting-gTounds of the spirit land.
13. keo-kuk:.
Keo-Kuk, or the " Running Fox," a powerful Chief of the Sac and Fox Indians, was born at the very commencement of the present century.
He early gave indications of his shrewdness and courage — the ti-aits of Indian character most in esteem with his tribe ; and while he was a mere youth, he was admitted to the more manly sports and dances, for which no mere pappoose is esteemed fit.
On the breaking out of Black Hawk's war, he was a subordinate Chief under that renowned warrior, and showed himself a brave and careful sol- dier. He aided, both by his counsels and prowess in battle, to shorten that cruel and bloody struggle.
He was among the earliest to acknowledge his error, and afterward be- came a friend of the white man, and did all he could to bring about a fair and lionorable peace.
When Black Hawk and the Prophet were taken prisoners. General Har- rison, who had exj)erienced the duplicity and treachery of these malignant Chiefs in many ways, and had lost all confidence in their promises, desirous of negotiating terms of reconciliation with some comxjetent person among the tribes of hostile Indians, at once deposed Black Hawk, and raised Keo- Kuk to his place ; and it is but justice to this Chief to say, that he main- tained the terms of the convention inviolate himself, and did what he could to enforce it among the warriors of his tribe.
The negotiation of that important treaty was a scene of great interest. Keo-Kuk was the principal speaker on the occasion, while the dethroned Black Hawk stood upon the outside of the circle, not alloAved to speak or sign the treaty, with the Prophet and his principal aid, Isah-Pope, standing by his side, in scowling silence and painful submission.
After peace Avas made with the Indians, Keo-Kuk, together with Black Hawk, the Prophet, and some twenty others of the most powerful Chiefs among them, visited the principal cities of the Union.
On the return of Keo-Kuk to his native wilds, he, in company with his tribe, migrated to the west side of the Mississippi, and established a vil- lage on the Des Moines River, about seventy miles from its mouth. Here he held his court. Ho sustained his rank among his fallen braves with the same ceremony and grandeur as ever, but still under the restraint and power of his white foes.
"I found Keo-Kuk," says Catlin, who visited his village in 1835, "to be a Chief of fine and portly figure, with a good countenance, and great dignity and grace in his manners. He is a man of a great deal of pride, and makes truly a splendid appearance when mounted on his beautiful black war- horse." Catlin painted his portrait in this guise, as well as full length on foot. lie was proud of the ]_.-ctures, and excessively vain of his own appear- unce.
74. INDIAN ''PEOPHET."
The ** Prophet," or Wah-pe-kee-suit, signifying " "White Cloud, was a brother of the celebrated Black Hawk, and the prime instigator of the war that bears the name of this chief.
He was born on the Rock River, in Illinois, about the year 1780. The blood of two races runs in his veins — the AVinnebago and the Sac, or Sauk, tribes.
All that can be learned of his early life is, that he was an unmitigated savage.
A relentless foe to the whites, he pursued them with the most untiring zeal, forgetting to eat or sleep in his eager thirst for their blood. The bul- let or the tomahawk was the only mercy he was known to show to those who fell into his hands.
Like his brother-prophets, of the Shawnees and the Seminoles, he laid claim to supernatural powers, and pretended to have revelations from the Great Spirit,
He gained such complete ascendency over the mind of Black Hawk, as to make that credulous Chief believe that he would become the glorious in- strument in the hands of the Great Spirit of relieving the whole country of their white-faced enemies, who were so fast encroaching upon their hunt- ing-grounds. In the same manner was the shrewd Tecumseh imposed upon by the Shawnees' prophet.
The Prophet trareled the country through, from the Gulf to the Rocky Mountains, stirring up the various tribes to mutiny and massacre ; and when the hour came for the stroke of war, his hand was the readiest among the savage hordes.
At the final treaty with the Sacs and Poxes, in 1833, the Prophet and Black Hawk were in disgrace, and the Americans would not treat with them. They were deposed, and Keo-Kuk was made Chief of this double tribe, with whom all the subsequent negotiations were conducted.
After the convention, the tribe removed west of the Mississippi ; and the Prophet, after making a tour of the Union with his brethren, took up his residence in the same village with Keo-Kuk, on the Des Moines River, about seventy miles from its confluence with the Mississippi, where he spent the rest of his days in peace.
He is described as having a large, broad face ; short, blunt nose ; large, full eyes ; wide mouth, and thick lips, with a full head of hair — the whole man exhibiting a savage nature, and marking him as the very high^-priest of assassination and murder.
15. JOHN SMITH.
Captain JoKN Smith was born in England in the year 1579. 'Fe^7 men have exhibited such a love for the romance of life, and few have been more gratified in this respect than the brave and gallant John Smith. He exhibited this trait in early life, engaging in the most reckless and danger- ous exploits.
At thirteen years of age he sold his school-books and satchel, to raise money to run away, it being his purpose to go to sea, but was afterwards apprenticed to a mei'chant.
At fifteen he left his master, and went into France and the low countries. At seventeen he embarked once more to carve out his own fortune in com- pany with some pilgrims to Italy. A violent storm arose, and Smith, being a " heretic," was deemed the cause of the misfortune, and was thrown over- board, but saved his life by swimming to the shore.
After this, he entered the service of the Emperor of Austria, and so won his confidence as to get an important command.
At the siege of St. Eugal he accepted the challenge of a Turkish Lord, and smote off his head, fighting on horseback. A second and third shared the same fate. He Vv^as finally taken prisoner, and sold into slavery, but escaped by slaying his master. After visiting Russia he returned to Eng- land, and immediately turned his attention to the colonization of North America
Smith arrived on the coast of Virginia in 1607, with a small colony, and located on the left bank of the James River, about fifty miles from i:.s mouth, and called it Jamestown.
He was the leading spirit of the company; and, wei'e it not for his sagacity and wisdom, they would have perished within a twelvemonth.
The savages regarded him with awe and hatred — now compassing his life by every ingenious artifice, and now reverencing him as a god. All are familiar with the story of his capture by Powhattan, of his being led forth for execution, and his head laid upon a large stone to receive the fatal blow, when Pocahontas, the Chief's daughter, rushed in between the victim and the uplifted axe of the executioner, and, with tears and entreaties, besought her father to save his life. The savage Chief relented, and John Smith was set free.
He explored the coast from Cape Cod to the Penobscot, while on one of his expeditions, and named it New England, which name it has ever since retained.
He published several volumes of his adventures, and a map of the whole coast from the Penobscot to the James River, giving both the Indian and English names of the principal places.
He was seriously injured by the premature explosion of a powder-flask, and returned to England for medical advice ; but never recovered from its effects.
After various adventures, he died in London in 1631, in the fifty-second year of his age.
76. JOHN 0. CALHOUN.'
John C. Calhoun -was born in Abbeville District, South Carolina, March 18, 1782, of Irish parents.
Although he had a great passion for books which fell in his "way, yet, until he was eighteen years of age, his education was limited.
It was at this period (1800) that he entered the academy of his brother- in-law, Dr. Waddel, in Columbia County, Georgia.
Here his progress was so rapid that in two years he entered the Junior class of Yale College, and graduated, in 1804, with the highest honors, just four years from the time of commencing Latin grammar. During his col- lege life he gave brilliant signs of his coming greatness.
He was a particular favorite of President Dwight, who, on account of his extraordinary talents, predicted that he would become President of the United States.
He studied law at Litchfield, Connecticut, and in 1807 was admitted to the bar of South Carolina. The next year he entered the Legislature of that State, where he served two sessions with ability and distinction, and in 1811 was elected to the Congress of the United States, where he continued until 1817, when he became Secretary of "War under President Monroe. He conducted the affairs of that department with energy and ability for seven years.
In 1825 he was elected Vice-President, with John Q. Adams, and again, 1829, with Andrew Jackson. In 1831, upon General Hayne's leaving the Senate to become Governor of South Carolina, Mr. Calhoun resigned the Vice-Presidency, and was elected a member of the United States Senate by the Legislature of South Carolina. After the expiration of this term, he went, voluntarily, into retirement.
Upon the death of Mr. Upshur, he assumed the conduct of the State Department, which he held during Tyler's administration.
In 1845 he was again elected Senator, which office he held until his decease.
As a presiding officer of the Senate, he was punctual, methodical, and accurate, and had a high regard for the dignity of that body, which he endeavored to preserve and maintain. During his early life he was, "like most of the educated Southerners of that day, an abolitionist, looking upon slavery as a mere temporary expedient, necessary to the South for a time, but which would pass away ere long." But in after-life his views under- went a change.
His connection with Nullification, his views of the Tariff and States Rights Supremacy, are familiar to all. He shaped the course, and moulded the opinions, of the people of his own States,-and of some of the other States, upon hU these subjects. Amid all the strifes of party politics, there always existed between him and his political opponents a great degree of personal kindness. He died at Washington, March 31, 1850, leaving behind him the reputation of one of the greatest of American statesmen.
77. DANIEL WEBSTEE.
Daniel Webster, the " Hercules" of American orators, vras born in Salisbury, N. H., January 18, 1783. He received his early education from his mother and the common school. He entered Dartmouth College in 1797, and graduated, without any special promise of future greatness, in 1801. He commenced the study of law in his native village, and finished in Boston, where he was admitted to the bar in 1805. He removed to Bos- cowan, N. H., and afterwards to Portsmouth, where he practiced nine years, and established a reputation as a sound lawyer and able advocate. In 1813 he was elected Representative to Congress from New Hampshire, and was re-elected in 1814. He removed to Boston in 1816, and the next year, by his brilliant argument in the "Dartmouth College case," took rank among the most distinguished jurists in the country.
In 1820 he was chosen a member for revising the Constitution of Massa- chusetts, where he received the eulogy of the venerable John Adams. In 1823 he was elected Representative to Congress from Massachusetts, and early in the session made his memorable speech on the Greek Revolution, which at once established his reputation as one of the greatest statesmen of the age. In 1834 he was re-elected, and in 1836 was elected to the United States Senate, in which he continued for twelve years.
In 1830 he made his celebrated speech in reply to Robert Y. Hayne, of South Carolina, in vindication of Massachusetts history, and United States Supremacy, which is regarded as one of the ablest parliamentary efforts ever made in Congress. In 1839 he visited Europe, where his fame had preceded him; and he received the attention due to his talents, at the French and English Courts.
In 1841 he was appointed Secretary of State by President Harrison, and continued under Tyler until 1843, during which time he negotiated the famous Ashburton Treaty. He was again chosen Senator in 1845, and appointed Secretary of State by President Filmore in 1850, In December of that year he wrote the " immortal Hulseman letter."
Mr. Webster's discourses upon historical and patriotic anniversaries, his speeches in Congress, and his efforts at the bar, are among the brightest gems of modern eloquence, and show an extraordinary power of clothing most beautiful ideas in the plainest language. He had a wonderful faculty of bringing into his speeches short and expressive sentences, which produced a powerful and lasting effect. Most of them, such as " Union and Liberty — Now and Forever — One and Inseparable,^^ are familiar to all. But one of the most effective (at the time of its delivery), I have never seen in print; it was delivered in the United States Court in Boston, when, being corrected by Judge Story, who said, " I believe you are wrong, Mr. Webster," which was echoed by the oj)posing counsel, he paused for a moment, surveyed the counsel and Judge with his eagle eye, and, in Herculean tones, replied: •' I'm right; I know I'm right ; and V\\ prove I'm right!" As by an electric shock, all in the room rose involuntarily from their seats, such was the power of those few words.
Mr. Webster was the champion of the swpremacy of the United States, and the expounder of the Constitution. In defining the latter, he said : "It certainly is not a league, compact, or confederacy; but a fundamental law, ordained and established by the people : it is the Government of the United States 1"
Mr. Webster died at his farm in Marshfield, Mass., October 24, 1852, with these expressive words upon his lips : " I still live !" And Daniel Web- ster will ever live in the hearts and memory of his countrymen.
Vs. HENRY CLAY.
Henry Clay was born April 13, 1777, in Hanover county, Virginia, in the region known as " the Slashes;" from wliich he afterward received the appellation of " the Mill-boy of the Slashes." He received his educa- tion at the field schools of that day, and when fourteen years of age was employed as copyist in the office of the clerk of the Court of Chancery, at Richmond, where his delicate handwriting attracted the attention of Chancellor Wythe, who employed him for four years to copy his elabo- rate and learned decisions, imparted to him his own sound opinions, and assisted him to study law. He joined a debating club in Richmond, where he first became acquainted with the fact that he had talents for oratory. At twenty he was licensed to practice law, and soon afterward moved to Lexington, Kentucky, and opened an office.
" I remember," says he, " with what delight I received my first fifteen- shilling fee. My hopes were more than realized, and I rushed at once into a successful and lucrative practice."
He had but fairly to get before a jury to convince a client that " Henry Clay" was the man to carry a case triumphantly through a Kentucky Court. His first political act was to write a series of letters urging the people of Kentucky to abolish slavery.
In 1803 he was elected to the Legislature of Kentucky, and in 1808 was appointed to fill an unexpired term in the LTnited States Senate. In 1807 he was again elected to the State Legislature, and was chosen Speaker. In the following year occurred his duel with Humphrey Mar- shall.
In 1809 he was again elected to the United States Senate, to fill an un- expired term; and In 1811 he was elected Representative to Congress. He was immediately chosen Speaker, and five times re-elected to this office.
During this session, his eloquence aroused the country to resist the aggression of Great Britain, and awakened a " National" spirit. In 1814 he was appointed one of the Commissioners to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain.
Returning with great credit, he was again elected Representative to Congress, where his eloquent voice was heard in favor of recognizing the independence of the South American Republics, and he put forth his strength in behalf of a National S3^stem of Internal Improvements, and for the establishment of Protection to American Industry.
In 1823, after a short recess to attend to his private affau's, he was re- turned to Congress and re-elected Speaker, and at this session he exerted himself in support of the independence of Greece. In 1825 he was ap- pointed Secretary of State, under John Quincy Adams; during which he fought the duel with John Randolph. In 1831 he was elected to the United States Senate, where he commenced his labors in favor of the Tariff, and the same year was nominated for President of the United States. He was again nominated in 1844, but was defeated in both cases. He resigned his seat in the Senate, in 1842, and remained in retirement until 1849, when he was again elected to the Senate of the United States.
Here he devoted all his energies to the measures known as the Com- promise Measures. His efforts impaired his health, and he died June 29, 1852.
Mr. Clay was a powerful debater, and eloquent orator. America has produced a' few men, each of whom is a tower of strength, and whose memories, as they pass away, are fragrant iu all the land. Henry Ciay is among the foremost of those few.
VG. SOLOMON FOOTE.
Solomon Foote was born in Cornwall, Yerniont, November 19, 1802, He graduated at Middlebury College, with distinguished honor, in 182G, and the same year became Principal of the Seminary at Castleton. He was Tutor of the University of Vermont in 1827; and again, from 1828 to 1831, Principal of Castleton Seminary, during which he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice at Rutland, in 18ol, where he ever after resided. For five years he was a member of the Legislature of Vermont, and for three years Speaker of the House of Representatives. From 18o6 to 1842 he was Prosecuting- Attorney for the County of Rutland, and from 1843 to 1847 was a member of the Ilouse of Representatives of the United States, but declined a third election.
In 1850 he was elected United States Senator, and occupied that position until his death, in 18G0. at which time he was the oldest member in con- tinuous service in that body.
It was as Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives that Mr. Foote first displayed that almost wondrous aptitude and capacity as the presiding officer of a deliberative assembly, and which afterward made him so celebrated throughout the nation, when he became the presiding officer of the Senate of the United States, as, perhaps, the best presiding officer in the whole country.
He seemed almost to have been made for the position. His fine, majestic person, his dignified deportment, his full and rich voice, his easy and grace- ful manners, all conspired to make him a most useful and acceptable presi- dent over any assembly. His knowledge of parlianxentary law and usage was very thorough. His superiority in this respect appeared bom in him. His look preserved order ; his slightest word allayed confusion.
The same grace of person and dignity of manner attended him always and everywhere, and was equally pleasing and agreeable in private society and on the Senate floor. He had nothing of haughtiness or arrogance, but was kindly and benignant. All this had, doubtless, much to do with the universal personal love and reverence felt for him by all who knew him. Mr. Foote was a great man, by reason of his great heart. Not a single act, or several acts, of great statesmanship, but a lifetime of good and generous and unselfish deeds, made him great, and gave him such a hold upon the hearts of the people of his own State, and all others who knew him.
Senator Foote was a patriotic man. He cherished the Declaration of Independence ; and when, by the force of law, " all men became absolutely frc^," he was tho earnest and fearless advocate of those measures designed to protect the freedman in all his civil rights.
He soldom spoke, but when ho did, he spoke wisely and well. He loved and honored Vermont, and was proud that it was the place of his birth. He died at the city of Washington, March 2G, 18GG.
80. THOMAS COEWIN. ^
Thomas Corwin was born in Bourbon County, Kentucky, July 29, 1794. "When he was four years old, liis father removed to Warren County, Ohio. His early education was neglected, but when he found himself approaching' manhood, he made great exertions to remedy the deficiency ; and, being possessed of a quick and intuitive perception of the fitness of things, he drew such lessons from his experience as admirably fitted him for the prominent part he was destined to act in the great drama of life. He studied dili- gently, and soon acquired a sufficient knowledge of the classics to warrant his decision to acquire a profession. Selecting the law, he underwent the ordinary preparation of a clerkship, and opened an office in Warren County, where he found plenty of work, and made many friends.
The strong points of Mr. Corwin's character were courage, honesty, energy, and great perseverance ; and his fellow-citizens could not fail to perceive his fitness to manage the affairs of the neighborhood in which he resided. Accordingly, he was elected to the State Legislature. He served in this capacity but a short time, however, when he was called to a higher sphere of labor, having been elected to the United States Congress in 1831. He continued to hold his seat in this body for nine years, during which time he was found to be a ready and powerful debater, a steady friend of the Whig party, and an able advocate of all its measures in the House.
In 1840 he was chosen Governor of the State of Ohio for two years, and in 1845 was elected to the United States Senate. He continued to hold his seat in that body until the accession of Mr. Filmore to the Presidency, when that gentleman called him to aid the executive administration by his counsel and advice, and appointed him Secretary of the Treasury, which position he held until the accession of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency.
He then retired to Ohio, to attend to the duties of his profession. In 1861 Mr. Corwin was appointed Minister to Mexico. This position he held through the trying period of the civil war of that country, as well as of his own, and until his death, December 18, 18G5.
Mr. Corwin was one of the most popular and effective stump orators in the country ; his speeches abounded in witty anecdotes and scathing satire, in delivering which, his gestures and facial contortions would act out the full meaning of what he said, and keep his hearers in a continuous roar of laughter, or riveted to his argument.
There have been but few men who could keep his audience so long in good humor as " Tom Corwin."
Mr. Corwin was a short and rather stout-built man, with a mild, roguish black eye, tery dark comple?:ion, and was familiarly known as " Black Tom Corwin.'**
81. EOGEE B. TAKEY.
Roger B. Taney -nras born in Calvert County, Maryland, March. 17, 1777. He was educated at Dickenson College, Carlisle, where he graduated in 1795. In the spring of 179G he commenced the study of the law, was admitted to the bar in 1799, and in the fall of the same year Avas elected to the State Legislature. He removed to Frederickstown in 1801, it being a more eligible point for the pursuit of his profession, and continued in its practice until ISIG, when he was elected to the Senate of Maryland, which was composed of fifteen members, chosen for five years. After the expira- tion of his term of service in the Senate, Mr. Taney returned to private life, and continued the practice of law in Frederick until 1823, when he removed to Baltimore, where he ever after resided.
In 1827 he was appointed Attorney-General of Maryland by the Governor and Council, who were, at the time, his political opponents. Mr. Taney continued to hold the office of Attorney-General of Maryland until 1831, when he resigned upon receiving the appointment of Attorney-General of the United States by President Jackson.
Upon the refusal of Secretary Duane, of the Treasury, to remove the United States deposits from the United States Bank, as requested to do by General Jackson, and who resigned in consequence, Mr. Taney was tendered the office of Secretary of the Treasury by President Jackson, which he accepted, resigning the office of Attorney-General ; and, before hia con- firmation was acted upon by the Senate, he removed the deposits, and placed them in several State banks, created for that purpose, being informed by General Jackson that he would " take the responsibility." Mr. Taney's nomination was rejected by the Senate, and he returned to Baltimore, and resumed the practice of the law. In 1835, a vacancy occurring in the United States Supreme Court, Jackson nominated Mr. Taney as Associate- Justice of that Court, to fill the vacancy. A majority of the Senate, how- ever, refused to act upon his nomination until the last moment of the session, when it was indefinitely postponed by a vote which was intended to be, and was, equivalent to a rejection.
Before the next session, Chief-Justice Marshall died, and Mr. Taney was thereupon nominated for the office of Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court; and, the political complexion of the Senate having changed, his nomination was confirmed in March, 18oG. He took his se;it on the bench in the Circuit Court, for the District of Maryland, in May, 183G, and on the bench of the Supreme Court, in January, 1837.
Mr. Taney's administration as Chief-Justice was particularly memorable for the Dred Scott decision, in which he gave his opinion that a black man, although free, was not a citizen.
During the term of his service, he administered the oath of office to nine Presidents.
He died October 12, 18G4.
82. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS.
Stephen A. Douglas was born at Brandon, Vermont, April 23, 1813. His father, a physician, died while he was an infant, and his mother, being in straitened circumstances, apprenticed him, when quite young, to a cabinet- maker at Middlebury, where he worked for eighteen months, when his health obliged him to abandon it, and he studied for a year at the academy at Brandon,
His mother having married again, he followed her to Canandaigua, N. Y., where he studied law until 1831, when he went West, and, after various vicissitudes, finally settled in Jacksonville, 111. After earning a few dollars as clerk to an auctioneer, he opened a school, devoting all his spare momenta to the study of the law.
In 1834 he was admitted to the bar, and soon acquired a profitable busi- ness, and rose rapidly to distinction, being appointed Attorney-General of the State before he was twenty-two years of age. In December, 1835, he resigned, having been elected to the Legislature by the Democrats of Mor- gan County.
In 1837 he was appointed Hegister of the Land Office at Springfield, 111., by President Van Buren.
In 1840 he stumped the State for Mr. Van Buren, and the same year was appointed Secretary of State of Illinois. The following year he was made Judge of the Supreme Court.
This office he resigned, after sitting upon the bench for two years, when, in 1843, he was elected Representative to Congress. He was re-elected in 1844 and '46, and in 1847 was elected to the United States Senate.
Here he took a prominent position as an able and ready debater, and one of the most active members.
He was an early advocate of the annexation of Texas, and a firm sup- porter of the Mexican wai'. He boldly stood forward as an advocate of what were called " extreme measures," on the " Oregon Question," and was the " master spirit" in procuring the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. From this important event dates the most notable agitation which has swept over the country since the American Hevolution. The history of our progress and civilization are involved in it.
In 1858 Mr. Douglas canvassed the State of Illinois, in opposition to Abraham Lincoln, for the United States Senatorship ; and, after a most interesting and exciting campaign, a Legislature was elected which returned Mr. Douglas to Congress.
In 1859 Mr. Douglas published an elaborate paper on the "Dividing Line between Federal and Local Authority."
In 1800 he was a candidate for the Presidency by the conservative Democrats ; but the great question of freedom had become the issue, and Abraham Lincoln, the liepublican candidate, was elected.
On the seceding of a portion of the States, Mr. Douglas wrote an able letter on public affairs, giving his " giant" influence in support of the Union. He did not live to see the Rebellion fairly inaugurated, but died June 3d, 1801, at Chicago, Illinois.
83. FRANCIS GRANGER.
Francis Granger T\-as born in Suffield, Hartford County, Connecticut, in ITS?, and was educated at Yale Coileg-e, where he grad"aated in 1811, and commenced the practice of the law in the beautiful villaire of Canan- daigua, N. Y., to which his father had removed about 1814. His entry into political life was in 1825, in which year he was elected Representative to the State Legislature.
He was prominent in the anti-Masonic movement, which created such excitement in the State of New York ; and was the confrere of Wm. H. Seward, Thurlow Weed, Millard Filmore, and other young men who, at that time, were aspirants for fame, and who joined the political crusade against the J\Iasons, after the alleged abduction of William Morgan.
In 1820 Mr. Granger was re-elected to the Legislature, and in 1828 was put in nomination by the anti-Masons as a candidate for Governor, and by the Adams Republicans as Lieutenant-Governor, but was defeated.
The following ye.ir he was re-elected to the Legislature, and in 1830 was again the anti-Masonic candidate for Governor, and again unsucceasful. In 1831 he was again sent to the State Legislature, but for the last time.
In 1832, when the Clay Republicans and anti-Masons coalesced, Mr. Granger was again nominated for Governor, but was defeated by "VV. L. Marcy.
In 1834 the Whig party — made up of anti-Jackson Democrats and Clay Republicans — came upon the political stage, and Mr. Granger was recog- nized as one of its ablest leaders. His name was that year before the con- vention as a candidate for Governor, but Wm. H. Seward carried off the honor of the nomination.
In the fall of that year, however, the Whigs of the 26th Congressional District made Mr. Granger their candidate for Congress, and elected him.
In 1836 he was nominated by the anti-Masons for Vice-President, but, being obnoxious on account of his anti-Slavery proclivities, failed to secure the votes of the Electoral College. In 1838 Mr. Granger was elected to Con- gress, and re-elected in 1840, and, in 1841, was nominated by President Harrison as Postmaster-General ; but it was with some difficulty that his nomination was conlirmed by the Senate. After the death of General Harrison, he resigned his position in July, 1841, at the request of the New York delegation, in consequence of President Tyler's action on the question of the United States Bank, and was elected to Congress, and served in the session of 1841 and '42. Ho Avas tendered a renomination, but declined, and never afterward held public oiace. He was President of the Whig State Convention in 1850, and a member of the Peace Conference in 18G1.
Francis Granger was a gentleman of noble and commanding person, united to remarkable energy and activity, and was a good judge of charac- ter, rejecting the base and unworthy ways of demagogism, and deeply sym- pathizing with all the higher and better impulses of humanity and progress. He died August 28, 1868.
84. SAMUEL HOUSTON.
Samuel Houston was bom in Eockbridge County, Virg-inla, Marcli 2, 1793. At a very early age he lost liis father, and ho, -with his mother, removed to the banks of the Tennessee River, then the outermost border of civilization. Here he grew up a wild youth, and very much attached to the Indian mode of living — a liking which seems never to have deserted him.
He tried his hand at book-keeping, but, not liking a mercantile life, com- menced teaching school. At length, becoming disgusted with the ferule, he enlisted in the army in 1813, and served under the immediate eye of General Jackson to the close of the war ; receiving an honorable discharge, with the commission of Lieutenant, having distinguished himself for his bravery and good soldiership on several occasions.
On leaving the army he studied law, and soon entered the political arena of his country, where he figured until his death. His Congressional career commenced in 1823, when he became a member of the House of Represen- tatives, and continued a member of that body until 1828, v^-hen he was elected Governor of Tennessee,
In 1829, before the expiration of his Gubernatorial term, he resigned his office, and went to take up his abode among the Cherokees, in Arkansas.
During his residence among them, he undertook a mission to Washing- ton, for the purpose of exposing the frauds practiced upon the Indians; but he met with little success, and returned in disgust to his savage friends.
During a visit to Texas, he was requested to allow his name to be used in the canvass for a convention which was to meet to form a constitution for Texas, prior to its admission into the Mexican Union.
He consented, and was unanimously elected. The constitution framed by the convention being too liberal, was rejected by Santa Anna, who ordered them to give up their arms, and acknowledge fealty to the Mexican Republic.
The Texans determined on resistance, and General Austin, the com- mander of the Texan forces, was soon succeeded by General Houston, who, by his indomitable courage and unsurpassed military sagacity, carried on the war with vigor and ability, and brought it to a successful termination by the battle of San Jacinto, which he fought in April, 1836 ; and, in May, Santa Anna signed a treaty of peace, acknowledging the independence of Texas. General Houston was then inaugurated first President in October of the same year, and again elected in 1841. In 1846 Texas was admitted into the American Union, and General Houston was elected United States Senator, serving until the close of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, and was elected Governor of Texas in 1859. On the breaking out of the Rebellion, General Houston took neutral grounds, and endeavored to prevent Texas joining the Southern Confederacy, preferring to establish a separate government by itself; but he was overruled; Texas joined the Confederacy, and the hero of San Jacinto retired to his plantation in Huntsville, where he died, July 25, 18G3.
85. ROBERT Y. IIAYXE.
Robert Y. Hatke was born near Charleston, South Carolina, on the 10th day of Xovember, 1791. His early education was obtained at a grammar-school at Charleston ; his later training was in the school of life. At the age of seventeen, he commenced the study of law, and at the age of twenty-one, began to practice at Charleston. He enlisted in the war of 1812, and entered the army as lieute- nant, and served in various grades to the termination of his enlistment, when he returned to Charleston, and resumed the practice of his profession, in which lie soon became prominent.
His remarkable powers as an orator soon brought him into political notoriety ; and as early as 1814 he was elected a member of the State Legislature, and in 1818 was chosen speaker of that body, which office he filled with dignity and promptitude.
During the session, he was chosen Attorney-General of the State. In 1822, he was elected a member of the United States Senate, which office he retained ten years. It was during his second term that the Nullification difficulties arose be- tween South Carolina and the United States, in which General Hayne took a pro- minent and conspicuous position. In 1832, he was elected a member of the fa- mous " Union and States Rights Convention," and, as Chairman of the " Commit- tee of Twenty-one," he reported the " Ordinance of Xullification,'' which was adopt- ed by the Convention. He was immediately chosen Governor of the State, and, on the receipt of President Jackson's famous proclamation against the Xullifiers of South Carolina, Governor Hayne sent forth a counter proclamation "full of lofty defiance and determined resolution." After much plotting and counter- plotting. South Carolina repealed her ordinance of Xullification, and the United States modified the tariff.
In 1834, General Hayne was elected Mayor of the city of Charleston, and in 1837 was chosen President of the Charleston, Louisville, and Cincinnati Railroad Company. This office he held until his death, which took place at Asheville, North Carolina, September 24, 1841, in the fiftieth year of his age.
The celebrated passage at arms, in 1830, between him and the Senator from Massachusetts (Daniel Webster) will long be remembered by those who witness- ed it as one of the most gallant and interesting conflicts ever fought on the field of • senatori il debate ; and furnished examples of powerful eloquence which will be quoted for centuries to come. A very large aud elaborate painting, by Healey, representing Webster's reply to Hayne, giving life-size portraits of all the sena- tors then in the Senate Chamber, as well as other distinguished men who listened to that master piece of eloquence, was presented to the city of Boston, Massa- chusetts, and placed on exhibition in Faneuil Hall, where it can be seen by the public at all times.
86. THOMAS II. BENTON.
Thomas H. Benton -was bom in North Carolina, in the year 17S3, and was educated at Chapel Hill College.
He left that institution without receiving a degree, and forthwith com- menced the study of the law, in William and Mary's College, Virginia, under Mr. St. George Tucker. In 1810 he entered the United States Army, and in 1811 was at Nashville, Tennessee, where he commenced the practice of law, and became one of General Jackson's staff in the militia, with the rank of Colonel.
He soon after went to St. Louis, Missouri, to reside, where he connected himself with the press, as editor of a newspaper. He thoroughly identified himself with the interests of the West, and became their leading and most prominent advocate.
In 1620 he was elected to the United States Senate, and remained in that body until the session of 1851, at which time he failed of re-election. As Missouri was not admitted into the Union as a State until August 10, 1821, more than a year of Mr. Benton's term of service expii'ed before he took his seat. He employed himself, during this interval, in acquiring a knowledge of the language and literature of Spain. Immediately after he appeared in the Senate, he took a prominent part in the deliberations of that body, and rapidly rose to eminence and distinction. Few public measures were discussed between the years 1821 and 1851, that he did not participate in largely ; and the influence he wielded was always felt and confessed by the country.
Ho was one of the chief props and supporters of the administrations of General Jackson and Martin Van Buren. The Democrats of Missouri long clung to him as their apostle and leader, and it required a Herculean effort to defeat him. He had served thirty years, when others aspired to the honors he enjoyed, and he was, consequently, defeated.
In 1852 he was a candidate from St. Louis for Representative to Congress, and was elected. He held his seat in that body for two years, when he retired, and devoted himself to the production and publication of two great works : " Thirty Years in the LTnited States Senate," and " An Abridge- ment of the Debates in Congress." The latter he had hardly finished, when he died, at Washington, April 10, 1858.
Mr. Benton was distinguished for great learning, an iron will, practical mind, and strong memory. His speeches, when written, were firmly fixed in his mind, so that he could repeat them accurately in public, without the manuscript, which might be, at the time, in the printer's hands.
As a public speaker, he was not interesting, or calculated to produce an effect on the passions of an audience. His parliamentary efforts were in- tended for flie closet rather than for the forum, and, when published, were read with avidity, always producing a decided influence. e was indus- trious, determined, and unyielding, with pockets overflowin th statistics, and his head full of historical lore.
87. JOSHUA U. GIDDINGS
Joshua R. Gjddings -was bom in Athens, Bradford County, Pennsyl- vania, October G, 1705. When he ^vas ten years old, his parents removed to Ohio, and settled on the *' Western Reserve," at Ashtabula. When seventeen years of age, he entered the army, as a substitute for his brother, and saw service against the Indians. He afterward taught school, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1820.
In 182G Mr. Giddings commenced his political career, as a Representa- tive to the State Legislature ; but declining a re-election, he pursued his profession until 1888, when he Avas chosen a member of Congress, as a suc- cessor to his instructor, Mr. Whittelsey.
Henceforward his career became identified with anti-Slavery.
By the side of John Q. Adams, he defended the right of petition, declared for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and espoused the cause of territorial freedom. The slave power in Congress repressed his efforts in 1S39, and in 1841 he got leave to speak against the Florida war, as a pro-Slavery measure.
In 1843 the celebrated Creole case occurred, in which the slaves onboard a vessel of that name, sailing from Virginia for New Orleans, rose, and car- ried that vessel into a British port.
Indemnification being demanded of the British Government, Mr. Gid- dings offered a series of resolutions, utterly denying the jurisdiction of our Government in the case, or the violation of any law by the persons seeking to obtain their freedom.
These resolutions created great excitement in the House. Mr. Botts, of Virginia, offered a resolution of censure ; but objection being made to Mr. Botts, as a slave-State man, Mr. Weller, of Ohio, renewed the censure, which was passed, without waiting to hear Mr. Giddings, by a vote of 125 to 6'J. Mr. Giddings thereupon resigned, and returned home ; but was immediately re-elected by the people of his district, and he returned in a few weeks to resume his duties in Congress.
He was re-elected to each successive Congress till 1801, when he declined a nomination, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General for Can- ada, the duties of Avhich oifice he discharged at Montreal until his death, from heart disease. May 27, 18G4.
Mr. Giddings was twenty-one years in Congress, and was always fore- most as a leader in opposition to slavery ; in fact, every measure, whether of compromise with, or recognition of the extension of slavery, met with his strenuous opposition.
In addition to his forensic labors, he published essays enforcing his arguments for freedom. He also published, " A History of the Rebellion, its Authors, and Causes.''
Mr. Giddings was a man of ardent temperament, and, like all the lca.ders in the great reform which led to the abolition of slavery, was so persistently held up to obloquy, that it is difficult, even yet, to credit them with tbo impartial verdict which truth and history will award. ■
88. WILLLUI L. MAIICY.
William L. Marcy was born in Sturbridge (now Soutbbridge), MaS' eachusetts, December 12, 1786.
He received bis academical education at Leicester, and entered Brown University, Providence, Rbode Island, wbere be graduated in 1808.
He taugbt scbool for a wbile in Newport, studied law and commenced pracice in Troy, New York. He beartily approved tbe policy of Jeffer- son and Madison, and tbe principles of tbe Republican party.
On tbe breaking out ot tbe war of 1812 be enlisted, was appointed lieutenant and marcbed to tbe nortbern frontier, wbere be took tbe first prisoners (on land) during tbe war, wbicb were retained. Gen. Cass hav- ing previously captured some, and lost tbem again.
During tbe war, be brougbt bimself into general notice by a series of articles wbicb be wrote and publisbcd (in tbe Albany Argus) over tbe sig- nature of "Vindex," in justification of tbe war, wliicb were cbaracterized by great researcb and unusual force of argument. He early formed tbe acquaintance of Martin Van Buren, wbicb ripened into intimacy. He was appointed Recorder o*' Troy in 1816, and m 1821 was appointed Adju- tant General of tlie State of New York. In 1823 be was chosen Comp- troller, and removed to Albany.
He was api^ointed Associate Justice of tbe Supreme Court of tbe State in 1829, and in 1831 was elected United States Senator, wbere al- most tbe first act of bis senatorial career was to defend bis friend Yan Buren, wbo bad been appointed to tbe English Mission.
In 1832 be was elected Governor of New York, and re-elected in 1834. He was again nominated for that office in 1838, but was defeated by Wm. H. Seward, tbe Whig candidate. He was appointed by President Van Buren one of the Commissioners to decide upon the claims against the Mexican government. In 1845 be was appointed Secretary of War, by President Polk, wbicb be held during bis administration. His services during tbe Mexican war were of great value to the President and the na- tion. From 1853 to 1857 he was Secretary of State under President Pierce.
He was a member of tbe "Albany Regency," and had the reputation of being a shrewd political tactician, and probably has never been sur- passed in this respect, by any of the politicians of New York, except Martin Van Buren. He was not a graceful speaker, but as a writer he ranked high. His style was strong clear and perspicuous, flowina: with ease and elegance. He died at Ballston Spa, New York, July 4, 1857.
89. DAVID CEOCKET.
David CkocKET, the eccentric, laughter-loving", fun-making backwoods- man, of whom more amusing stories have been told than of any other man in our country, was born at the mouth of Limestone River, Green County, Tennessee, August 17, 178G. He was of Irish descent, and the natural humor of that race appears in every passage of our hero's life.
At the time of his birth, East Tennessee was a mere wildei'ness, and David grew up without the means of education, save such as an occasional month at some rustic school, or the lessons taught him in his own rude home, afforded. When he was seven years of age, his father became sud- denly banki'upt, by a conflagration, when ho removed to Jefferson County, and opened a small public house. Here the boy remained, helping his father, until about twelve years of age, when he was hired out to a Dutch- man, as a drover-boy, of whom he soon became tired, and ran away. After v/andering about for some time, and getting much rough usage, he reached his father's house, where he remained for one year, when he ran away from home, and joined another cattle-drover, bound for Western Virginia, who turned him loose at the end of his journey, with only fovir dollars in his pocket.
Now (to use his own language) he commenced " knocking about for him- self ;" and for three years did young Crocket *' knock about," when he returned home, went to school a few weeks, fell in love several times, unsuc- cessfully, and at length was married in 1810, and became a father. He lived at first with his wife's mother, working a little, and hunting a great deal, for his subsistence.
After two years he set up his own cabin on Elk River, whei'e he culti- vated a few acres for his bread, and ranged the forest for his meat.
In 1818 he enlisted as a volunteer under General Jackson, and was in several hard-fought battles, the foremost among the brave. His merriment, his Dutch anecdotes, and bear stories, his wonderful shooting, his fortitude, and his courage, made him a universal favorite, and the very life of the camp.
At the close of the war he was honored with the title of Colonel, elected Justice of the Peace, and afterward sent to the Legislature, where he be- came celebrated as the "Member from the Cane."
He soon removed to Western Tennessee, where he became the " crack shot of all those diggins."
In 1828 he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected in 1830. At Washington he was a conspicuous perfconage, and became very popular with the members, being the only genuine backwoodsman ever in Congress.
He afterward enlisted in the Texan cause, and died fighting for its in- dependence. After defending a fort for ten hours against tremendous odds, he surrendei-ed to Santa Anna, who ordered him to be murdered, and he fell, pierced by ten swords.
Colonel Crocket was brave and generous to a fault. At a time of great scarcity, he took a load of corn to hia " old stumping-ground." When a man came to buy his corn, the first question he asked was : *'Havo yo^i the money to pay for it r" If answered, *' yes," Davy's reply was : " You can't have a kernel . I brought it to sell to p(?oplo who haVc no mblicy !"
90. "WILLIAM K. KING.
"William R. King was born in North Carolina, in 1780. He was not a brilliant boy ; but, by constant application, he was enabled to surmount difficulties at which many a genius would have stumbled and fallen. At a very early age he entered into political life, and his fellow-citizens showed their estimation of his abilities and honesty, by intrusting him with several minor offices, the faithful discharge of the duties of which led them to select him to represent their interests in Congress, before he was twenty-five years of age.
In 1811 Mr. King went to the United States House of Representatives, and served acceptably to his constituents for two terms. Not long after the close of this service, he removed into the Territory of Alabama, then about to become a State. "When it was admitted into the Union, he was chosen United States Senator from the new State, and continued for twenty-five years, without intermission, a most faithful, diligent, and consistent member of that body.
In 1844, President Tyler appointed him Minister to France, where he represented his country with great credit and satisfaction, and was received by Louis Phillippe with marked distinction. He returned to the United States in 1847, and was called again to the National Senate, by the citizens of Alabama, in 1849. This was the commencement of the adminis- tration of President Taylor, as President of the United States, by whose untimely death it passed into the hands of Mr. rilmore. Mr. King was chosen to succeed Mr. Filmore, as President Jjro tern, of the Senate, and, consequently, acting Vice-President of the United States.
At the Democratic Convention which met at Baltimore in 1852, Mr. King was nominated for Vice-President, with Franklin Pierce, of New Hamp- shire, for President, and was elected. But he was not permitted to enjoy his new and well-deserved honor. His health, which had long been pre- carious, now failed him altogether, and his disease assumed the most alarm- ing symptoms.
He soon found himself the doomed victim of that scourge of our climate, consumption. After trying the usual remedies, without success, he was sent to Cuba, at the expense of the Government, to try the effect of change of climate. But death had marked him for his own, and he returned just in season to expire in the bosom of his family, at the age of sixty-seven, in the year 1853.
91. DE WITT CLINTON.
De Witt Clinton was born in the State of New York, March 2, 1769. He entered Columbia College in 1784, as a junior, and graduated, in 1786, the first scholar in his class.
He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1789, opening his office in New York City. Scarcely, however, had he commenced, practice when he received an appointment as Private Secretary to his uncle. Governor Clinton. Thus introduced to political life, he pursued it until death.
In 1797 he was elected a Member of the Assembly, from New York City, and the next year was sent to the State Senate. "While in this office he signalized himself as a ready and forcible debater.
In 1802 he was elected to the United States Senate. He held this office during two sessions, when he resigned, having been elected Mayor of New York City. While in the Senate he gave his support to Mr. Jefferson and his party.
Mr. Clinton continued in the office of Mayor until 1815, with the excep- tion of two years. During this time he was repeatedly sent to the Senate of his native State, where he introduced a number of important laws, and developed his plan of internal improvement.
In 1811 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, and while an incumbent of that office he ran as candidate for President of the United States, in opposition to Mr. Madison, but was unsuccessful.
In 1818 he Avas elected Governor of New York almost without opposition, and Avas re-elected in 1820. On the adoption of the new Constitution, he retired from office, but was again elected Governor in 1824, and retained the office until his death.
Meanwhile the great project of Mr. Clinton had been carried forward to its grand consummation, and the autumn of 1825 witnessed the triumphant completion of " The Great Erie Canal," when a current of joy ran through the entire length of the land.
Mr. Clinton was the patron and friend of popular education, agriculture, commerce, internal improvements, the arts and sciences, and for j)rovisions for the insane, for the sick, for the blind, and the convict. His was a most versatile mind, and he seemed proficient in whatever department of civil or political life he happened to be placed. He had a word for all occasions, and a hand for every good work.
On the Uth of February, 1828, while conversing with his family in his study, he expired instantly of disease of the heart.
The name of De Witt Clinton is forever associated with progress. His enduring monument is the great Erie Canal, a work, for its time, never excelled in this country ; and whether it may be destined to fall more and more into desuetude, or become a sovirce of more extended use— by being enlarged, so as to admit of shipping to pass from the Atlantic to the lakes — it will forever stand out as one of the giant creations of a colossal mind.
92. EUFUS CHOATE.
RUFUS Choate was bom in Ipswich, Massachusetts, October 1, 1799.
He entered Dartmouth College in 1815, and graduated, with much eclat, in 1819. After leaving college, he was chosen Tutor, which he shortly after resigned, and entered the Law School at Cambridge.
Aftcmvard he studied a year with Mr. Wirt, and completed his studies with Judge Cummins, of Salem. He commenced practice in the town of Dan vers, in 1824, and distinguished himself as an advocate.
His legal arguments, replete with knowledge, conducted with admirable skill, evincing uncommon power in the analysis and application of evidence, blazing with the blended fii'es of imagination and sensibility, and delivered with a rapidity and animation of manner which swept along the minds of his hearers on the torrent of his eloquence, made him one of the most suc- cessful advocates in the country. His manner was now impetuous, violent ; anon, soft as a woman's ; now stirring the intellect and the passions; then touching with the sweetest pathos the seals of the heart's deepest wells, until they melt away, and suffer all the waters of tenderness to come gush- ing up into the eyes of the listener. All this was aided by a voice sometimes sweeter than any flute, and presently as stirring as the blast of a trumpet. When he addi'essed a jury, or a popular assembly, he bi'ought to his aid the entire anatomy of his frame — lips, eyes, arms, and legs; even the veiy gar- ments which he wore.
His political life commenced in 1825, when he was chosen a member of the House of Representatives in the General Court of Massachusetts. In 1827 he was sent to the Senate, where he soon took a prominent part in the debates, and the energy and sagacity which he displayed gave him a wide reputation.
In 18-32 he was elected a member of Congress from the Essex district. He declined a re-election, and in 1834 removed to Boston, to devote himself to his profession. He soon took a position among the most eminent lawyers at the Suffolk bar ; and for seven years his legal services were in continual demand.
In 1841, on the retirement of Mr. Webster from the United States Senate, he was elected to fill his place by a large majority of the Massa- chusetts Legislature. After he resigned his seat in the Senate, he gave himself up wholly to his profession.
He was, for a time, Eegentof the Smithsonian Institute, but resigned the position.
The country has produced but few men who ranked higher as an oratoi', and a close, logical reasoner, than the Hon. Ilufua Choate, ''the great MassHchusetts lawyer."
He died at Halifax, Xova Scotia, while on his "«ay to Europe for his health, July 12, 1859.
93. SAMUEL APPLETON.
Samuel Appleton, one of the mercnant princes of Boston, who for many years commanded the respect of all the citizens of that busy city, and ■whose charities, by thousands, have fallen, like refreshing rain, on many a blighted heart, was bom in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, June 22, 17o6. His early education was acquired at a district school, and completed at six- teen years of age. He worked on the farm with his father until he was twenty-two.
Believing that a mercantile life would be more congenial to his tastes, he decided to become a merchant. After trying the country a few years, he removed to Boston, where he was remarkably successful.
He began business on the principle that a straightforward, open, and honest course was the best, nay, the only one, and he never forsook it.
No man ever lived a life of trade in a more honorable manner. His con- fidence in man was almost unlimited.
Rev. Mr. Peabody once said to him : '' Mr. Appleton, what is j'our opinion of the honesty of mankind r"' " Very favorable," he replied ; *' very generally, I think, they mean to be honest. I have never in my life met with more than three or four cases in which I thought a man intended to be dishonest in dealing with me."
As early as 1823, feeling that his wealth was sufficient, he resolved that his fortune should no longer be increased, and he devoted his whole income to charity. Keserving a fair amount to support the expenses of his house- hold, and to gratify a ta^te for travel, he consecrated the balance sacredly to the purpose of making glad the hearts of the widow and fatherless, and aiding the destitute. Thus his charities amounted in the last years of his life to tens of thousands annually. The poor wore sought out and relieved. None ever left his door empty-handed, who could show that they really re- quired assistance.
The following anecdote illustrates the nice sense of justice always cher- ished by Mr. Appleton :
A favorite nephew, to whom he had bequeathed in his will a large pro- portional amount of his estate, died before him ; and, by the terms of the will, a half-sister, between whom and Mr. Appleton there was no blood- relationship, became entitled to these bequests.
The executor called Mr. Appleton's attention to the fact, thinking that he might wish to make some change in the disposition of his property. After taking the subject into full consideration, his reply was: " If, in the other world, there is any knowledge of what is done in this, I should not like to have my nephew, Avhom I loved and trusted, find that my first act, on learning his death, is the revocation, or curtailment, of a bequest made in his favor, and which, if ho had survived me, would have eventually bene- fited her who was nearest and dearest to him."
Mr. Appleton's death occurred on the 12th of July, 1853, in the eighty- eighth year of his age.
94, DANIEL S. DICKINSON.
Daniel S. Dickinson was born, September 11, 1800, at Goshen, Litch- field County, Connecticut.
In 1807 his father's family removed to Chenango County, New York, when, with no better advantages than those offered by the common school, Daniel educated himself, not only as a school-teacher, but, by the time he was of age, had mastered the Latin language, and the higher branches of mathematics, and other sciences.
In 1822 he married a lady of fine intellectual attainments, and turning his attention to the study of the law, was admitted to the bar in 1828, ani entered upon the practice of his profession at Binghampton, N. Y., success- fully competing with the ablest lawyers of the State.
In 183(5 he was elected to the State Senate for four years, and, though one of the youngest members, he speedily became the leader of his party — the Democratic. He was, also, President of the Court for the Correction of Errors.
In 1842 he was elected, by a large majority, Lieutenant-Governor of the State of New York ; and in that capacity, as i?resident of the Senate, then constituting the above Court, gave frequent opinions of importance.
In 1844 he was chosen an Elector of President of the United States, casting his vote for Polk and Dallas. The same year he was elected to the United States Senate, and took an important part in the debates of that body, and was Chairman of the Finance Committee.
In 1852 he received the vote of Virginia for the Presidency, at the Bal- timore Convention, but declined in favor of General Cass, in a speech re- markable for its classic taste and style.
President Pierce nominated him as Collector of the Port of New York, but this lucrative post he also declined. ^
At the close of his Senatorial term, he resumed with energy the practice of his profession ; and, on the commencement of the Rebellion, he arrayed himself with alacrity on the side of the Union. It was now that his voice was heard arousing his countrymen to the defense of the Government ; and some estimation may be formed of his labors when it is known that he de- livered, for the Union cause, no less than one hundred addresses, each pre- senting distinct and eloquent features.
In 18G1 he was nominated by the Republican party for Attorney-General of the State, and was elected by about one hundred thousand majority votes. President Lincoln nominated him to settle the Oregon question, which honor he declined ; and Governor Fenton tendered him the Judgeship of the Court of Appeals, which he also declined.
One of the last acts of President Lincoln was to offer him the office of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of New York, which he accepted, and the duties of which he continued to perform almost up t-) the day of his death.
As a debater, Mr. Dickinson was among the first — being clear, profound, and logical in argument. His speeches were frequently enriched by classical and Scriptural quotations, evincing the great extent of his reading. Socially, he was one of the most entertaining of companions. His chief characteris- tic, brought out by the great events of the close of his life, was his honest and exalted patriotism. He died in the City of New York, April 12, 18GG.
95. DANIEL BOONE.
Daniel Boone, the hardy and bravo pioneer, and founder of Kentucky, -was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1748.
"While yet a mere boy, his father moved with him to North Carolina. The wild and daring spirit, love of adventure, and fearless intrepidity which characterized his anaturer life, were displayed very early.
On the 1st day of May, 17(39, Boone, with a few neighbors, started for the Western wilderness, and at length located on. the banks of the Red River, in Kentucky.
He was several times taken prisoner by the Indians, but he had the tact to conciliate them, and the ingenuity to contrive his escape.
Enduring much by reason of hunger and privation, toiling early and late to reduce the savage waste to a condition of cultivation, he acquired such a passion for his wild and adventurous life, that when, in 1792, Ken- tucky was admitted into the Union, he struck out further into the wilder- ness, and settled in St. Charles, Missouri, forty-five miles above St. Louis.
Being asked why he left the comforts of a home he had redeemed from savage life, for the renewed trials of a wilderness home, he replied : " Oh, I am too ci'owded ; I must have more elbow-room !"
He was often employed by the Government on missions of hostile and friendly intent among the Indians, in all of which he exhibited a statesman- ship and courage which won for him the approval of his employers and the admiration of his savage foes. He resided in his last home about fifteen years, when, losing his wife, who had shared with him all his perilous life, he went to spend the remnant of his days with his son, Major Nathan Bo.>nn, where he died in 1822.
While residing in North Carolina, being about eighteen years of age, he, in company with another youth, got up a " fii'e-hunt," vv^iich is conducted as follows : One of the party rides through the forest, with a lighted torch swinging above his head, while the other lies in covert, and gives a signal when he descries a deer for the other to hold the torch stationary, which fixes the eyes of the wondering animal upon it, when he plants a ball be- tween them, and the deer falls a victim to its own curiosity. On this occa- sion, Boone was in covert, when he saAv a pair of eyes through the dim shade of the trees, leveled his rifle, and gave the signal, when, to his aston- ishment, the animal turned and fled, and the brave hunter sprung from his hiding-place, and pursued the game over hill and valley, brake and thicket, until, at length, the affrighted and pursued object rushed into the house of his newly-settled neighbor, Ryan, followed by Boone, of whose confusion we may judge when he saw the object of his pursuit fainting with terror in the old man's arms, for it was his beautiful and only daughter.
"We need not relate how he wooed and won the fair Rebecca, who came so near being the victim of his bullet.
Boone's life was full of romantic and adventurous exploits. "While away from his home in Kentucky, three Indians took his daughter and two other young ladies prisoners. Returning home, he commenced the pursuit alone, overtook the party the following day, and, slaying two of the Indians, re- turned to the fort, bringing the fair captives with him.
96. SILAS WEIGHT.
Silas "Wright, the 12th Grovernor of the State of New York, was born 111 Amherst, Massachusetts, May 24, 1795.
His father removed to Waybridge, Vermont, when he was but a year old, where he was brought up on a farm. Plis rare natural endowments, pru- dence, discernment, and good judgment, early attracted his father's notice, and he determined to give him a liberal education. Accordingly, he entered an academy when he was fourteen years of age, and graduated at Middle- bury College in 1815.
Self-reliance was early taught him, and it became one of the brightest traits of his character.
He took a deep interest in the political questions that excited the public mind during the War of 1812, and took sides with the republican party.
He studied law in Albany, and commenced its practice in Canton, New York, where he always resided.
Law, with him, was common sense. He always gave a plain, sensible reason for his opinion on any subject.
lu State p :)iitios, he was an ardent anti-Clinton man, or Bucktail, and a warm admirer of Mr. Van Buren.
He was appointed to the office of Surrogate for St. Lawrence County, February 24, 1821 ; elected State Senator in 1824, and Member of Congress in 1827.
Upon matters of finance he was always at home. He was placed upon the Committee of Manufactures, and reported the Tariff bill of 1828, and supported it in several able speeches. His ablest effort was made on the 6th of March, and commanded great attention. He afterward regretted his vote, and pronounced it a great error.
He was a cordial and influential supporter of Andrew Jackson in 1828. In 1829 he filled the office of Comptroller of the State of New York, and January 4, ISSii, was elected United States Senator, to fill the place of Gov- ernor Marcy.
He sustained President Jackson in his removal of the United States de- posits from the United States Bank to the State Banks, and recommended the Independent Treasury system to Mr. Van Buren in 1837.
He continued United States Senator until 1844, when he was elected Governor of New York by the Democratic party.
He vras offered the nomination of Vice-President with Mr. Polk, but re- fused to accept it.
He retired from the Gubernatorial chair in 1846 to his furm^ where he died, August 27, 1847, of disease of the heart.
97. LEWIS CASS.
Lktv'IS Cass -was Lorn in Exeter, 2>cw Hampshire, October 9, 1782. Having' received his education at the far-famed academy of his native vil- I'dge, at the early age of seventeen, he crossed the Alleghany Mountains on foot to seek a home in " the land of promise" — the '* great West," then an almost unexplored wilderness.
He settled in Marietta, Ohio, in 1799, studied law with Governor Meigs, was admitted to the bar in 1802, and became successful and distinguished. Elected to the Legislature of Ohio in 1800, he was active and prominent in that body, and originated the bill which arrested the proceedings of Aaron Burr ; and, as stated by Mr. Jefferson, was the first blow given to what is known as "Burrs Conspiracy." In 1807 he was appointed, by Mr. Jefferson, Marshal of the State, and held this office till the later part of 1811, when he volun- teered to repel Indian aggressions on the frontier.
He was elected Colonel of the Third Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, and entered the military service of the United States at the commencement of the War of 1812. Having, by a difficult march, reached Detroit, he was dis- dinguished for energy, activity, and courage. He urged the immediate invasion of Canada, and was the author of the proclamation of that event. He was the first to land in arms on the enemj^'s shore, and, with a detach- ment of troops, fought and won the first battle — that of Toronto. At the subsequent capitulation of Detroit he was absent on important service ; but, though not present, he was involved in it, and became, with the rest, a prisoner of war. This greatly mortified him, and, for a time, terminated his activity. On being exchanged or released from parole, he was promoted to Brigadier in the Regular Army, and Major-General of the Ohio Volunteers, when he again repaired to the frontier and joined the army for the recovery of Michigan. Being at that time without a command, he served and dis- tinguished himself as a Volunteer Aid to General Harrison at the battle of the Thames, which retrieved the previous reverses of the American arms on the frontier. In 18lo he was appointed, by President Madison, Military Governor of Michigan, which position he held until 1831, establishing law and order, preserving peace between the whites and the Indians, and advanc- ing the resources and prosperity of the country.
Few Americans have been more extensively and successfully engaged in that delicate and difficult kind of diplomacy, " negotiations with Indian tribes," than Mr. Cass, he having assisted at no less than ten councils with the red men of the wilderness. In 1831 he was called by President Jackson to his Cabinet, as Secretary of War. In 1830 he was appointed Minister to Erance, in which capacity he rendered eminent and valuable service by his celebrated protest against the " Quintuple Treaty," which, under the pretext of breaking up the slave trade, provided for an indiscriminate search on the high seas. Pie resigned in 1842, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1845, which place he resigned on being nominated by the Democratic party for President, in 1848. ^
Being defeated, he was again elected to the Senate, in 1849. In this posi- tion he greatly distinguished himself as an able, eloquent, and ready debater. In 1857 he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Sccretarj' of State, which position he held until December, 1800, when he resigned, be- cause Mr. Buchanan refused to reinforce Eort IMoultrie, and retired to Detroit, never afterward taking active part in public affairs. ^
Mr. Cass was extremely temperate in his habits, never, in the slightest degree, indulging in the use of ardent spirits. . He died, June 17, 18GG./
98. CHAELES G. ATHEETON.
Charles G-. Athertox was bom in Amherst, Ne-w Hampsliire, in 1804. His early education was received at Lome. His mother, a woman of uncom- mon g-ift and piety, assumed the whole charge of her son's education, and taught him the rudiments of the English as well as the Latin tongue.
When of a suitable age to be sent from home, he Avent to the Academy at Lancaster, Massachusetts, at that time a school of much celebrity, and under the charge of Jared Sparks, the remowned biographical historian.
Here he remained until 1817, when, losing his mother, he returned home ; and, finishing his preparations for college in his father's office, entered Har- vard University, in 1818, and graduated in 1822. He immediately began the study of law in his father's office ; was admitted to the bar in 1825 ; and opened an office in Dunstable, N. H. (In 1836 the name of this town was changed to Nashua.)
Here, for the space of four years, he assiduously applied himself to the duties of his profession, and had the satisfaction of finding his business widely extending, and his fame as a lawyer rapidly rising at the bar of his native State.
In 1829 he was nominated by the Democratic party as a candidate for State Representative, but failed to be elected.
The next year, however, he was elected ; and the two following suffered defeat ; but was chosen Clerk of the Senate for both those years. In 1833 he was re-elected to the House of Representatives, and was called upon to preside over the deliberations of that body.
He was re-elected in 1834, '35, and '36, and in each year was chosen Speaker — an office he filled with great dignity and impartiality, as well as with the entire approbation of the House. In 1837, Mr. Atherton was transferred to the United States House of Representatives, holding his seat until 1842, when he was elected to the United States Senate for six years.
Having served out his term to the entire satisfaction of his constituency in the Granite State, as well as to the party generally, in the country, he retired to Nashua in 1849, and engaged in the active duties of his profes- sion, where he acquired considerable celebrity as a sound lawyer and an able advocate.
In 1852 he was elected once m.ore to the upper branch of Congress, and took his seat on the 4th of March following.
He did not live, however, to serve out his term, for on the 15th day of November of that year he died, in the fiftieth year of his age.
99. JOHN DAVIS.
JoKX Davis was bom in Nortliboro', Massachusetts, January 13, 1787.
He Avent through the ordinary preparation, and entered Yale College in 18C8, and graduated with much credit to himself in 1812. After a duo course of legal reading, he opened a la\y office in "Worcester, Mass., in IS 15.
Rising steadily in his profession, his unselfish and honest course of life elevated him to a high position in the esteem of all who knew him.
He took a deep and lively interest in all the institutions of his adjpted town, and his voice, his influence, and his example, were ever on the side of all great reforms.
Education received his fostering care, while the Asylum for the Insane and the Antiquarian Society, which had been established in Worcester, became the objects of his patronage and practical solicitude.
He commenced his political career in 1825 as Representative to the Con- gress of the United States, which position he held eight years.
Here he soon experienced the proud satisfaction of knowing that the weight of moral character is more than that of mere political influence. He commanded the entire resj:)ect of both parties, and when he rose to address the Chair, he received the silent and respectful attention of all parts of the House.
In 1884, he was chosen Governor of Massachusetts, and was re-elected in 1835. In 1836 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1841 was again chosen Governor, which office he held for three successive terms.
On the death of Senator Bates, he was elected to fill the unexpired term of that gentleman in the United States Senate, and was re-elected for a second term to the same body for six years, at the expiration of which time he retired to the bosom of his family to spend the evening of his days, free from the entanglements of politics and the labors and vexations of public office, and to repose on his well-earned laurels. He did not live long to en- joy that repose, for he died suddenly, at Worcester, April 19, 1854, aged sixty-seven.
The name of John Davis was a sjnionym of all that was noble and manly in life. It passed into a by- word and a proverb, until he was known every- where in the whole land as " Honest John Davis." He attained this fame by a long and uninterrupted course of single, straightforward, honest deal- ing in all the actions of his life.
He was, for thirty years, mixed up with the principal political actors of our country, without a soil or stain, nor even a mark of the fire on his moral robes.
404ltR
100. EDWAED EVEEETT.
Edward Evekett was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in April, 1794.
He entered Harvard College at the age of thirteen, and graduated at seventeen, with the highest honors of his class. Having studied divinity, he was ordained pastor of Brattle Square Unitarian Society, in Boston, Massachusetts, where he officiated for two years, with great popularity. Here he acquired the habit of " memoritor" speaking, for which he was always after so remarkable — not having been known, in a single instance, to consult his notes for over a quarter of a century.
In 1814, having accepted the office of Greek Professorship of Harvard College, he traveled in Europe four years, spending more than two years at the famous University of Gottingen. On his return, in 1819, he entered at once upon the duties of his Professorship, in the discharge of which he won the reputation of being the first Greek scholar of the ago.
He soon after became editor of the North Americnn lleview, and infused into its dying pages new life, elevating its literary tone and character, and vindicating ..American principles and institutions against British travelers and critics.
In 1824 he delivered the annual oration before the Phi Beta Kappa So- ciety, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The peroration (being dedicated to Lafayette, who was present) touched a chord of sympathy which brought the whole audience rising to their feet, and, with tears of gratitude, gave the veteran hero such a welcome shout as none but patriot hearts ever feel, and patriot lips express.
In 1825 he was sent to Congress from the Middlesex district, and con- tinued to occupy his seat for ten years. In 1885 he retired from Congress, and was elected Governor of Massachusetts for four successive years. In 1841 he was appointed Minister to England, for which position he was pre- eminently qualified.
On his return, in 1845, he was elected President of Harvard College, which position he resigned in 1849. On the death of Daniel Webster, in 1852, he was appointed Secretary of State, by President Eilmore, which office he resigned for a seat in the United States Senate. This position he also resigned in 1855. He afterward added to his reputation by delivering orations on the Life of Washington, and other topics, all being for charita- ble purposes.
He was the intimate friend of Daniel Webster, and wrote the best life extant of that distinguished man.
In 18G0 he was nominated for Vice-President, by the L^nion party, but was defeated. Mr. Everett's greatest days were his last. He then broke away from his own traditions and associations, and mounted to that wise, large patriotism which has guided twenty loyal millions to life and glory. He waited not till victory crowned our arms, but in those first days his clarion voice sounded over the land for the victory of our arms.
His voice was last heard January 12, 18G5, for the relief of the Savannah sufferers, where he caught a cold that terminated his life, January 15, 1865.
101. JOHN J. CEITTENDEN.
John J. Crittenden \\ras born in September, 1786, in Yroodford County, Kentucky. When quite young he entered the army, and during the war of 1812 he served as Major, under General Hopkins, and as aid-de- camp to Grovernor Shelby, at the battle of the Thames. After studying law, he opened an office in Frankfort, Kentucky, where he speedily rose to a high position in his profession. He served a number of years in the State Legislature, and was chosen Speaker.
His uncommon talents, combined with the ease and fluency of his public address, made him a popular man with his party ; while his sound judg- ment, and powers of close, cogent argument, marked him as a growing lawyer and budding statesman.
In 1817 he was elected by the Whig party to the Senate of the United States.
After two years' service he returned to Frankfort, and for the space of sixteen years devoted himself to the duties of his profession, and rose to the highest rank as a lawyer, being retained in all the most difficult and abstruse legal questions which came befoi'e the courts of Kentucky. During this period he occasionally served in the Legislature.
In 1835 he was once more called into public life by an election to the United States Senate, from which time he continued to serve his country in various capacities until his death. He occupied his seat in the Senate for six years, and in 1841 was appointed, by President Harrison, Attorney- General of the United States; but, in September, 1841, Mr. Tyler having succeeded General Harrison to the Presidency, he resigned, with other members of the Cabinet, and retired to private life.
He was soon, however, called, by the Legislature, to resume his seat in the Senate of the United States, in 1842, to fill an unexpired term ; and waa again elected, to serve for six years from 1848 ; but, in 1848, having received the Whig nomination for Governor of Kentucky, he retired from the Senate, and was elected to that office, which he held until his appointment as Attor- ney-General by President Filmore.
This position he held throughout that administration, discharging its duties with a fidelity and ability alike honorable to himself and the Govern- ment he helped to administer. He was again elected to the United States Senate in 1855, for the term ending March 4, 18G1, and was, when he re- tired, the oldest member of that body.
He was elected, in 1860, a Representative from Kentucky to the Thirty- seventh Congress.
Daring the excitement in Congress preceding the seceding of the South- ern States, Mr. Crittenden brought forward his plan of adjusting the diffi- culty, which were designated as "The Crittenden Compromise Measures." They were not accepted, and when the Rebellion commenced, Mr. Crittenden was found on the side of the L^nion. He died July 25, 1863.
102. ALBEET S. JOHNSTON.
General Ai>bert Sidney Johnston was born in the year 1803, in Macon County, Kentucky, and received liis early education atjbhe Transylvania University, in that State.
At the age of nineteen he entered the West Point " academy as a cadet, and graduated on the 30th of June, 182(j. He was breveted Second Lieu.- tcnant in the Second Infantry, but "was subsequently transferred, in 1827, to the Sixth Infantry, and served as Adjutant of his regiment from 1828 to 1832. From May 8 to the year 1833, he was Aid to Brigadier-General At- kinson. .-^
On the 31st of May, 1834, he resigned his commission in the Keguiar Army, and went to reside in Missouri.
In 1830 he emigrated to Texas, arriving there shortly after the battle of San Jacinto. There, alone, and perfectly unknown, he determined to begin a new career. . At the time he entered Texas, an intestine war was raging, and, without hesitation, he entered the Republican army, in General Rusk's division, as a private soldier. The General speedily discovered his abilities, and made him Adjutant-General of his command. Subsequently, he was made senior Brigadier-General of the Texan ai'my, and was appointed to succeed General Felix Houston in the chief command.
In 1838 he was chosen Secretary of War of the new Republic, Under President Lamar ; and the following year ho organized an expedition against the Cherokees, seven hundred strong, who were defeated at a battle on the Neuches. ~'
In 1840 he retired from the service, and settled on a plantation in Bra- zonia County, near Galveston. Here he remained, qxxietly attending to his new home, until the Mexican War broke out, in 184G, when, at the request of General Taylor, he allowed his daring spirit to again find vent in the battle-field, and was elected Colonel of the First Texas Regiment, serving as such from June 18, to August 24, 1840, when he was appointed Aid and Inspector-General to General Butler, and in that capacity he was in the famous battle of Monterey ; where, during the fight, his horse was three times shot under him.
On the declaration of peace, he retired to his farm ; but, on the 31st of Oc- tober, 1849 he was appointed, by President Taylor, Paymaster of the Regular Army, with rank of Major. In the fall of 1857, he was appointed by President Buchanan to the command of the Utah Expedition, sent to quell the Mor- mons, who had shown much disturbance, where, for his ability, zeal, and energy, he was breveted Brigadier-General (dating from November, 1847), and full Commander of the Military District of Utah, and was afterward sent to California,.
When Texas seceded, he resigned his commission, joined the Confederate army, and was assigned to the command of the Department of Kentucky, with headquarters at Bowling Green.
The fall of Fort Donaldson made the evacuation of Bowling Green imper- ative, and he joined General Beauregard at Corinth, where their united forces were prepared, early in April, to strike a heavy blow at the enemy, Vv'hich was attempted on the field of Shiloh.
General Johnston was in the advance, driving the enemy before him, when, at two o'clock of April 0, 18G2, a minnic-ball cut the artery of his leg. Stiil he rode on, until, from loss of blood, he fell exhausted, and, at half-past two, quietly breathed his last. Thus, early in the war, died one of the most fearless soldiers and ablest e-enerals of the Rebel arm v.
103. GEX. JOHN SEDGWICK.
Gen. John Sedgwick Tvas born at Cornwall, Connecticut, in 1815, graduated at West Point, in 1837 ; was breveted Major and Captain for gal- lant conduct in the Mexican War ; and at the breaking out of the Rebellion held the position of Lieutenant in the United States Cavalry ; soon promoted to Colonel of the 4th Cavalry; and, in August, ISGl, was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers. As commander of the 3d Division of Sumner's Corps he participated in the Peninsular campaign, and particularly distinguished himself at Fair Oaks.
fie was wounded at Antietam, promoted to Major-General of Volunteers in December, 1862, and to the command of the 6th Army Corps in February, 1863. During the Chancellorsville campaign he stormed and captured St. Marie Heights in the rear of Fredericksburg ; and, subsequently, after hard fighting against overwhelming numbers, succeeded in crossing the Rap- pahannock with his command. He had an honorable share in the Gettys- burg campaign; and, in November, 1863, was publicly thanked by General Meade for a well-executed movement on the Rapidan, by which he captured a whole Rebel division, with several guns and colors, and compelled Leo to retreat beyond the river.
Pie took an active and important share in the battles of the "Wilderness, with which General Grant began his advance upon Richmond, in May, 1864. On Friday, the 6th, the second day of the fight, his corps was suddenly and fiercely assailed, and nearly two brigades under his command were swept away. The whole right wing, and, indeed, the whole army was in imminent peril, but Sedgwick, by incessant exertion and personal exposure, rallied his troops, and finally repulsed the enemy. On Saturday and Sunday the fight- ing was frequent and less severe.
On Monday, there was comparative quiet. The army was entrenched near Spottsylvania Court-House, and General Sedgwick walked out to the advance of his breast-works to superintend the placing of his artillery. A constant humming of bullets from the Rebel sharp-shooters about this place, caused the soldiers in the works to dodge and duck their heads. The General smiled at them good-naturedly, and said, "Who ever heard of a soldier dodging a bullet ? AVhy, they could not hit an elephant at this distance." There was a laugh at this, and the General was still smiling at the banter, when one of his staff heard the buzz of a bullet culminate in what seemed an explosion, close by his side. "That must have been an explosive bu let. General," he said. Xo answer. But as the General turned his face toward the offifcr, a sad smile was upon it ; in another instant he fell backward, lifeless — the bullet had entered his brain ! Thus died. May 9, 1864, one of the best examples of a. practical soldier this war has pro- duced.
General Sedgwick was a bachelor ; and probably on account of the ab- sence of marital ties, he attached himself more strongly to those with whom he was connected in the intimate relations of the camp. He lived among his staff like a father among children. He was exceedingly quiet in his deportment, and in matters pertaining to his profession he was fully posted.
Ho thoroughly understood all the duties of a soldier, and could handle his corps with a prompitude and decision not excelled by any other com- mander. His faithful performance of duty was instigated by a love of the profession, uot from ambition for renown or position : for both had been offered, hipi,
104. GENEEAL \V. J. WOETH.
W. J. Worth was born in Ne-w York in 1794. His early education wa3 plain and limited. At the age of fifteen he commenced his career as clerk to a merchant in Hudson, New York. Three years later, on the breaking out of the war of 1812, he enlisted in the ranks as a private soldier. He did not long remain in that humble station. His skill and energy, as well as his invincible courage, which even then began to appear, did not go unnoticed by his superiors, and he was, in a short time, promoted to a Lieutenancy in the Twenty-Third Regiment.
His military career fairly commenced at the battle of Chippewa, where his valor was rewarded by the brevet of Captain ; and at the sanguinary battle of Lundy's Lane, his sword won for him a Major's commission. So rapidly did he rise, that in two years after he entered the ranks as a private, we find him spurring his charger across the field as a commissioned officer.
On the promulgation of peace, Colonel "Worth was appointed Superin- tendent of the Military School at West Point, which office he held until he was sent to Florida to succeed General Armistead, in 1841.
On assuming command in Florida, Colonel Worth immediately com- menced the most active and energetic measures ; and on the 17th of April, 1842, he forced the Indians to battle at Polaklaklaba, and so thoroughly whipped them that they could not afterwards be induced to meet him in anything like a fair fight. For his gallantry on this occasion he was bre- vetted Brigadier-General.
On the commencement of hostilities in Mexico, General Worth was detached to Corpus Christ! to join General Taylor. Dissatisfied with his relative position, he hastened to Washington, and resigned his commission. In the meantime, the gallant actions of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma had been telegraphed to the capital. Stung by remorse, that he should have suffered such fair fields whereon to gather laurels to escape him, ho canceled his resignation, and, flying back to Mexico, reached the army while it was investing Monterey,
Dividing his army into nearly two equal divisions, General Taylor lead- ing one, gave the other to the gallant Worth. They led their forces against the town in opposite directions. Worth carried all the forts on the Saltillo Road, and entered the streets just as the town capitulated to General Taylor, who had reached the Plaza on the other side. For his exploits here. Worth was made Brevet Major-General. At Molina Del Rey, by almost superhu- man efforts, he assaulted and successfully carried that nearly impregnable fortress. He also fought with distinction at Cerro Gordo, Cherubusco, and at the storming of the gates of Mexico.
After facing death on so many battle-fields, he fell a victim to cholera, at San Antonia de Bexar, Texas, May 7, 1849.
After Taylor and Scott, he was, perhaps, the most efficient — certainly, the most popular — of the Generals in the war with Mexico.
105. JAMES S. WAEDSWOETH.
James S. Wardswortii was born in Geneseo, Isevr York, October 30, 1S07. He was educated at Harvard and Yale Colleges, and studied law with McKeon & Denniston, at Albany, and afterward with Daniel "Webster.
He Avas admitted to the bar in 1838, to which profession, however, he did not give much of his time, for, having inherited an immense estate in one of the finest regions of Western New York, he devoted himself chiefly to its improvement.
Although he never held office, he took a lively interest in the political questions of the day, and became a prominent member of the Republican party.
On the withdrawal of the seceding States from the Union, he was appointed one of the Commissioners to the Peace Conference which met in Washington, February 4, 1801.
He afterward, on the breaking out of the Rebellion, embarked heartily in the cause of the Union, and was proposed by Governor Morgan for a Major-Generalship, but he waived the honor in favor of General Dix.
He served as volunteer aid to General McDowell at the first battle of Bull Run, displaying great gallantry and coolness, and, after having his horse shot under him, seized the colors of a panic-stricken regiment, and called upon the men to " rally -jnce more for the glorious Old Fl(ig" August 9, 1861, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and in March, 1862, was appointed Military Governor of the District of Columbia, and commander of the forces for the defense of Washington.
That year he was nominated for Governor of Xew York, but was defeated by Horatio Seymour.
In December, 1862, he was assigned to the command of the Eleventh Army Corps, and took part in the battle of Chancellorsville, under General Hooker. At Gettysburg he commanded the First Division of the First Corp-, and distinguished himself by personal daring, and skillful manage- ment of his troops.
On the first day of Grant's battles in the Wilderness, May 5, 1864, his division lost nearly a third of its numbei's. On the next day, the 0th, he was ordered to attack A. P. Hill.
For more than an hour the conflict raged fearfully ; success appeared to waver ; and, finally. General Wardsworth ordered his men to charge. He was answered by cheer upon cheer, for his men knew that when gray- headed "Pap Wardsworth" rode into the fight, there was fighting to be done.
Spurring his horse to the front, he was in the act of leading his troops, hat in hand, when a bullet struck him in the forehead, killing him instantly, Mav 0, 1804.
106. JESSE L. HENO.
Jesse L. Reno, IMajor-General of Volunteers iu the United States Army, was born in Virginia, in 18.2o. He was appointed a cadet in the Military Academy at West Point, from Pennsylvania, and graduated in 1840, and commissioned Brevet >Second Lieutenant in the Ordnance Depart- ment.
He served with distinction in the Mexican War, and was promoted for gallantry at Cerro Gordo. He commanded a howitzer battery at the storm- ing of Chcpultepec, in which engagement he was severely wounded, and breveted Captain. At the close of the war he was appointed Assistant-Pro- fessor of Mathematics at West Point, where he remained but a short time, and was then appointed Secretary of the Board of Artillery.
He was subsequently connected with the coast survey, and, upon with- drawing from that service, assisted in the construction of a military road from Big Sioux to St. Paul.
He was promoted to be First Lieutenant of Ordnance, March 3, 1853. In 1854 he was stationed at the Frankford Arsenal, at Bridesburg, Penn., where he remained about three years ; and then accompanied General John- ston to Utah, as Ordnance Officer. He was stationed at the Mount Vernon arsenal in 1859, and, afterward, at Fort Leavenworth.
In July, 1860, he was made Captain of Ordnance, and, in November, 1861, Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He commanded the Second Brigade in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina; was distinguished at the battle of Roanoke Island for the gallantry with which he led the attack against Fort Barton; participated in the capture of Newbern, and other important military operations, and in July, 1802, was ordered to reinforce General McClellan, on the Peninsula, About this time he was promoted to be Major-General of Volunteers, his commission dating frum April 20. Sub- sequently, he was sent to Fredericksburg, whence he joined General Pope, then commanding the Army of Virginia, and took part in the actions near Manassas, at the closo of August, 1862.
At the battle of South Mountain, his division was in advance, and was engaged during the whole day. General Reno was conspicuous for his gal- lantry and activity, and the success of the day was greatly owing to his efforts. He was shot, w^hile giving orders, early in the evening of Septem- ber. 14, 1802. He was engaged at the moment in observing the enemy's movements, by the aid of a glass, and was struck in the spine by a musket- ball, lodging in his breast.
Thus closed the career of one of the bravest and most useful officers of the Union army, who, to his honor be it noted, though born a Virginian, like many other Southerners, rose superior to sectional feelings, and felt the fire of a higher patriotism in their devotion to their whole country.
107. EDWIN y. SUMNEE.
j\Iajor-Genei-al Edwix V. Su.mner was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in the year 1T9G. He was educated at the academy at Milton, and, without <rraduating- at West Point, entered the army, under tlie patronapre of tlie Commander-iu-Cliief, General Jacob Brown, in 1819, as Second Lieutenant of Iuf^ontry.
He served in the Black HaAvk war with credit, and was transferred to the Second Dragoons, with the rank of Captain. This brought him into active service on the Western frontier, as an Indian fighter, where he acquired a high reputation. In 1838, Sumner was appointed to the com- mand of the Cavalry School of Practice at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. H-sre his previous experience and energetic character made him an efficient officer.
It was not until after twenty-seven, years of military service, in 184G, that he attained the rank of Major.
The Mexican war now offered him an opportunity for exhibiting his abilities. He was with Scott's army fi'om its landing till the conquest of the capitol, and highly distinguished himself wherever an opportunity offered — at the bridge of Medelin. near Vera Cruz ; in the assault on Cerro Gordo, where he was wounded, and for his gallantry breveted Lieutenant- Colonel ; at Molino del Key, where he held his position and kept five thousand Mexican Lancers in check, under a constant fire, and contributed greatly to the success of the American array, and was breveted Colonel. In J 851, '52, and '53 he was in command of New Mexico.
Ii 1854 he visited Europe, on official business, to report on improve- ments in the Cavalry service.
Again employed on the frontier, he conducted a successful expedition against the Cheyenne warriors in Kansas, and was appointed to the com- mand of the Western Department, rendering efficient service by his energy and moderation during the Kansas troubles.
The Rebellion brought this able and well-tried officer to a position more worthy of his claims. He was appointed to the vacancy made by the treason of Twiggs, and sent to the Department of the Pacific ; but Avas re- called, in 1863, to active service in the Army of the Potomac.
In the campaign of the Peninsula, he was actively employed, and turned the fortunes of the day, in the repulse of the Confederates, at Fair Oaks. He was highly distinguished in the Seven Days' Battles, and was there again wounded.
Having received the rank of Major-General of Volunteers, and Brevet Major-General in the Regular army, he took command of the Second Ci)rps in the brief campaign in Maryland, in September, 18G2, when, at the bloody battle of Antietam, he Avas again wounded.
He was with Burnside at Fredericksburg, his division being the first to cross the Rappahannock. Its attacks upon the enemy's position were m.ido with the greatest gallantry, and reported the heaviest losses. He was next appointed to the Department of Missouri, but was suddenly taken ill, at Svracuso, New York, where he had been sojourning for a short time, and died on the 21st of March, 18G3.
108. WINFIELD SCOTT.
General WiNFiELD Scott was born in Petersburg-, Virginia, June 13, 1786. He chose the legal profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1806, at the age of twenty.
When the war of 1812 broke out, he applied for, and received, a com- mission of Captain of Artillery, and accompanied General Hull in his in- glorious campaign. His first fight was at Queenstown Heights, with four hundred men against thirteen hundred ; and, although defeated and taken prisoner, he fought with desperate valor. After being exchanged, he re- turned to the ground of his former exploits, took Fort Erie, and fought the bloody battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, in which he exhibited rare and mature military knowledge. In the latter engagement he was severely wounded.
Congress voted him a large medal, inscribed with the names of ** Chip- pewa and Niagara," and bearing his likeness. After the war, he served his country in various capacities, as a soldier and a civilian.
In 1841, on the death of General Malcolm, he became Commander-in- Chief of the Army.
His military career in the late Mexican War reflects the highest credit on his nunc. The taking of San Juan de Ulloa, the storming of Cerro Gordo, the capture of Jalapa, the taking of Parote, the occupation of Peubla, the negotiations carried on while the army rested a while at this place, the fight at Contreras, the fall of San Antonio, the bloody action of Cherubuseo. the fight at Molino del Rey, the bombardment and storming of the almost inaccessible Chepultepec, and the final triumphant entrance into the c.ipital of Mexico, are masterpieces of military execution, and placed him. at once, among the great iriilitary heroes oi modern times.
In 1852 he was the regular nominee of the Whig party for the office of President of the United States, but was defeated by General Pierce, the Democratic candidate.
On the creation of the office of Lieutenant-General he was assigned to that position, and held it at the breaking out of the Eebellion, when he organized the army, and projected extended plans of operations against the advance of the Confederate army upon Washington, and to protect the loyal people of all parts of the Union. He continued in command until Novem- ber 1, 1861, when his greatly advanced age and increasing infirmities, led him to proffer his resignation, which was accepted ; and he was placed upon the retir^'d list, without reduction of pay and emoluments.
Ho did not cease, however, to take an active interest in the Union cause and army, but freely consulted and advised with Mr. Lincoln, and used his powerful influence for its success.
Ho died, May 29, 1866, at the advanced age of eighty years. ^
109. THOMAS J. JACKSON.
General Thomas J. Jackson — more familiarly known as *' Stonewall Jackson'' — "was born, January 21, 1824, in Harrison County, Virginia. His fa her died when he was three years old, leaving* his children penniless. He lived with his uncle, and worked upon a farm, until he was seventeen.
At sixteen ho was elected Constable of the County. At seventeen he manag-ed to get into West Point as a cadet, and graduated, in 1846, with distinction ; was appointed Brevet Lieutenant, and immediately ordered to duty in Mexico, where he was breveted Captain and Major, for meritorious conduct.
He resigned his comtaission in 1852, and obtained a Professorship in the Virginia Military Academy, and continued in that position until the breaking out of the Kebellion.
On the secession of Virginia, he was commissioned Colonel, and subse- quently Brigadier-G-eneral, of Volunteers, in the Confederate army, and fought his first battle at Falling Waters, while acting as General J. E. Johnston's rear-guard, in his retreat to Winchester.
It was while in the Valley, under Johnston, that he organized his first brigade, which, at the battle of Bull Run, gained the sobriquet, from its leader, of the " Stonewall Brigade."
General Bee, when the fortunes of the day seemed wavering, and it was feared all would be lost, met Jackson, and said, bitterly : " General, they are beating us !" Jackson replied : " We will give them the bayonet !"
Bee galloped back to his command, and called out to his men, pointing to Jackson : " There stands Jackson, like a stone-wall ! Let us determine to die here, and we shall conquer. Follow rae !"
The charge was made, and was successful. General Jackson was ever after knov>-n as "Stonewall Jackson."
He was advanced to Major-General, in September, 1861, and assigned to the command of the troops around Winchester. General Jackson, being born in the Valley, knew all its passes. He saw, from the first, the im- portance that region bore to the success of the Rebel cause, and strove his best to preserve it from the possession of the L^nion forces. He expressed his military opinion, that "if the Valley was lost, Virginia would be lost." All his plans were laid with a view of securing this important region. He alternately pursued, and retreated before, the National forces, under Banks and Fremont.
June 17, 1862, he crossed over to the Chickahominy, and was engaged in the seven days' battle and Malvern Hill, and, afterward, at Manassas, Chan- tilly, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, where he was mor- tally wounded, May 2, 1863, by his own men, who mistook him for the enemy, as he was returning, after dusk, from the advance, Avhere he had gone to view the line of battle. He died May 10, 1863.
To the South his loss was irreparable, and the North had learned to re- vspect him for his indomitable courage.
no. EDWARD D. BAUER.
General Edwaed D. Baker was born in London, England, February 24, 1811. His fother, a Quaker, removed to Belleville, St. Clair county, Illinois, wbere Edward received his early education; giving even then indications of the brilliant talents afterward displayed.
To great industry, energy, and perseverance, he uniled a memory al- most superhuman; being able to repeat whole pages, after a hasty peru- sal. Hence the ready and almost inexhaustible fund of varied knowl- edge, which in after years astonished those who knew the circumstances of his childhood; and which contributed, in no slight degree, to his suc- cess as a public speaker. At eighteen years of age, he removed to Car- roltoa, Greene count}-, where he obtained a deputy clerkship in the Coun- ty Court; and, in the interval, applied himself to" the study of the law, was admitted to the bar before lie was of age, and became fjimous as an advocate. In 1838 he removed to Springfield, where he came in compe- tition with Douglas, Lincoln and others -"not one of whom equalled him in the'ready flow, the brilliancy, or the pathos of his eloquence. He was elected Representative to Congress in 1849, having previously held a seat in both Houses of the State Legislature. On the breaking out of the war with Mexico he raised a regiment, as colonel of which he was the first to embark, north of the Ohio. He rendered valuable service under Scott, and elicited warm commendation for his gallantry at Cerro Gordo.
He took an active part in building the Panama Railroad, and in 1852 settled in San Francisco, California, \vhither his reputation had preceded him, and he soon built up a large prictice.
In 1859 he removed to Oregon, and Avas elected United States Senator, for the term expiring IMarch 4, 18G5.
He stumped the State for Lincoln, and secured for him its electoral vote, in 1860. In Congress his eloquent voice— first heard in reply to Senator Benjamin — showed the quality of his genius.
At the outbreak of the war he threw himself, heart and soul, into the contest for the Union. He immediatelv recruited a regiment in Philadel- phia, called the California Redment, and took the field in the summer of 1861. On the twenty-first of ^October he led a battalion across the Poto- mac, at Ball's Bluff"; and whle gallantly leading his men against a supe- rior force, he was shot from his horse and killed, October 21, 1861.
111. ANDREW n/FOOTE
Admiral Andrew H. Foote, son of the late Governor Foote, Mras bom in New Haven, Connecticut, September 12, 180G.
Yonng- Foote was intended for one of the learned professions, but having exhibited a strong- inclination for the sea, he was allowed to enter the Navy, as Acting-Midshipman, in 1822, and made his first cruise in the Grampus, under Commodore Porter, against the pirates who then infested the waters of the West Indies. He participated in this service with credit, obtained his Midshipman's warrant in 1824, Passed-Midshipman in 1827, and in 18o0 was commissioned a Lieutenant.
In 1833 he joined the Delaware, as Flag-Lieutenant of the Mediterranean Squadron.
From 1841 to 1843, Lieutenant Foote was stationed at the l^aval Asylum at Philadelphia, where his efforts were beneficially directed toward amelior- ating and elevating the condition of the inmates. He prevailed upon many of the " old salts" to sign the temperance-pledge ; and on his next cruise, in the Cumberland, persuaded his whole crew to give up their grog.
In 1849 he joined the American squadron on the African coast, to sup- press the slave-trade.
In 185G he was placed in command of the sloop-of-war Portsmouth, and ordered to proceed to the China station, arriving at Canton in October, just previous to the commencement of hostilities between the English and Chinese. He landed an armed force, to protect American residents, when his boat was fired upon from the Barrier forts. He received permission from Commodore Armstrong to vindicate the honor of his flag, by an attack upon the forts, which he commenced on the 21st, and on the 24th the Ameri- can flag waved over them all.
The outbreak of the recent Rebellion found Commander Foote stationed at the Brooklyn Navy-Yard.
In July, 18G1, he received his Captain's commission, and in September was appointed Flag-Officer of the flotilla fitting out on the Western waters to co-operate wiih the land forces ; and superintended the building and equipping of the Government gunboats on the Mississippi River for that ex- pedition. This arduous and difficult task was completed before military operations commenced.
He opened the campaign by co-operating with Grant's armj' in the cap- ture of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, and Fort Donaldson, on the Cumberland, where he greatly distinguished himself. He afterward con- ducted the naval attack on Island No. 10, but after its reduction was obliged to relinquish his command, in consequence of a wound received at Fort Donaldson.
He returned to New Haven to recruit his health, receiving one continu- ous ovation from the enthusiastic crowds, who greeted him with shouts of approval.
He was subsequently appointed Rear-Admiral, and Chief of the Bureau of Recruiting and Equipment.
After regaining his health, he was detailed to relieve Admiral Dupont, in the South Atlantic Squadron, in May, 1863, and started on his way to assume the duties of his new command, when, on aiTiving at New York, he Avas attacked by a painful disease whibb, in two wteks, tcrminatetl his life. He dkd da the 2ii\k o'f June, 18G3.
112. NATHANIEL LYON.
General Nathaniel Lyon, one of the first Generals of the Union who fell in the war of the Rebellion, was born at Ashford, Connecticut, in June, 1819.
He was educated at AYest Point, graduated in 1841, and was appointed Second Lieutenant. He served in Florida *n the Seminole war, was subse- quently stationed on the Western frontier, and was promoted to First Lieu- tenant in 1847. He served in the Mexican War, under Taylor and Scott, and was promoted, for " meritorious conduct" at Contreras and Cherubusco, to Brevet Captain. •
At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was in command of the arsenal at St. Louis, Missouri. The Government of the L^nited States sent a re- quisition to Governor Jackson, of Missouri, for troops, with which he refused to comply ; but, on the 25th of April, assembled, under General Frost, about eight hundred men, on the outskirts of St. Louis, ostensibly to preserve order in the State. General Lyon, in command of the Union forces, on the 10th of May, surrounded them, and summoned them to surrender. General Frost, finding i-esistance useless, surrendered as prisoners of war.
On the ] 2th of June, Governor Jackson issued a proclamation against the L'nited States, and General Lyon left St. Louis, on the 13th, for Jeffer- son City, when Jackson fled. General Lyon, after issuing a proclamation to the people of the State, assuring them of his intention to protect their liber- ties, persons, and property, and uphold the United States Government, pursued Jackson, who was reinforced by General Price, at Booneville.
Here General Lyon attacked them, but they, under the cover of a wood kept up a brisk fire, which harrassed him. In order to draw them out from their cover, General Lyon ordered a hasty retreat. The ruse siicceeded ; the Rebels ran out into the wheat-fields, when General Lyon halted, faced about, and poured in such a fixe of grape and musketry that they dropped their arms, and fled.
General Seigel, who was acting against the Rebels further south, being outnumbered, retreated toward Springfield, where he was reinforced by General Lyon, who assumed command. August 2d, he met a portion of Price's army, with that of Ben. McCulloch. By feigning a retreat, he en- ticed them to advance, when he suddenly turned upon them, and, by a few well-directed volleys, drove them away in confusion ; Price advancing with a much larger force, he fell back to Springfield.
On the 9th, General Price made an attack upon him, and was repulsed three successive times. Although the Rebels were repeatedly driven back in confusion, in consequence of their great prepor; dei'ance in numbers, they were enabled to return, again and again, to the charge.
Several hours of this sort of work continiied, when General Lyon had his horse shot from under him, and himself wounded. Pie procured another horse, and, swinging his hat in the air, called the troops nearest him to follow. The Second Kansas, under Colonel Mitchel, gallantly rallied around him ; but in a few moments a fatal shot lodged in the General's breast, and he was carried from the field a corpse.
Thus gloriously fell, August 9, 18G1, as bravo a man and noble patriot as ever drew a swotd.
113. JAMES B. McPHEESON.
General James B. McPherson was born in Sandusky County, Ohio, in November, 1828, and graduated at "West Point in 1853, joining the Engineer Corps as Brevet Second Lieutenant, and until September, 1S34, he -was Assistant-Instructor of Practical Engineering at the Military Academy.
From that time until August, 1861, he was engaged, first, on the de- fenses of New York harbor ; next, in facilitating the navigation of the Hudson River ; next, in constructing Fort Delaware ; and, finally, in for- tifying Alcatraces P4and, in San Francisco Bay.
He became full Second Lieutenant in 1854, and First Lieutenant in Decejnber, 1858.
In August, 18G1, he was ordered from California to attend to the de- fenses of Boston harbor. Soon after he received his Captain's commission, dating from August, 1861.
In November, 1861, he became aid to General Halleck, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and was Chief-Engineer of the Army of the Tennessee, undea- General Grant, in the reduction of Forts Henry and Donaldson, re- ceiving for his services a nominatitm of Brevet Major of Engineers, to date from February 16, 1862 ; and for services rendered at Shiloh, he was breveted Lieutenant-Colonel of Engineers, to date from April 7, 1862.
He had, as Colonel on Halleck's staff, the Chief-Engineering charge of the approaches to Corinth, which ended in its evacuation.
On the 15th day of May, 1862, he became Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, and the next nionth superintended, with great skill, all the military railroads in General Grant's department.
He was at luka, and again at Corinth, in October, 1862, acting with so much gallantry as to be promoted to Major-General of Volunteers, to date from October 3, 1862.
From that time to the close of the siege of Vicksburg, when his engineer- ing powers came into full play, his career was a source of triumph. At the recommendation of General Grant, he was made a Brigadier-General of the Regular army, with rank to date from August 1, 1863.
Two months later, he conducted a column into Mississippi, and repulsed the enemy at Canton.
In February, 1864, he was second in Sherman's command in the famous march from Vicksburg to Meridian.
In the first Atlanta campaign, his command was the Department of Tennessee, including the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Corps, con- stituting the flanking force, which, moving rapidly on one or the other wing, was employed to force the enemy back to Atlanta.
He fought at Resaca; and the battle near Dallas was wholly his. He distinguished himself at Altoona and Chip Farm, and was actively engaged at Kenesaw.
On the 17th of July he cut the lines between Leo and Johnston by occu- pying Decatiir, on the Augusta Railroad. Nine days later he fought the severe battle, from which he came out only to fall, shot through the lungs, early in the day, on Friday, July 22, 1804, at the early age of thirty-six years.
114. THOMAS FEANCIS MEAGHEB.
General Thomas Francis Meagher was bom in "Waterford, Ireland, August 3, 1823, of wealthy and respectable parents.
He was educated at the Jesuit College ot" Clongowe's Wood, and Stony- hurst Colleg-c, Lancashire, England. He was a close and attentive student of the English classics, and, in 1842, was awarded the silver medal for En- glish composition, to the defeat of over fifty English competitors.
His first idea, after completing his studies, was to accept a commission in the British army ; but his Irish spirit revolted at the idea of serving in the army of his country's traditional enemy.
Feeling a great interest in the political questions of the day, and not being satisfied with the policy of O'Connell, he became one of the leaders of the " Young Ireland" party, and greatly aided in organizing the Irish con- federation. So great were his oratorical poAvers, that he was soon regarded by his party as their principal leader, and the only man Avho could free Ireland from her bonclTge.
When the French Revolution broke out, he was sent, with others, to congratulate the French Republican leaders on their success ; and, upon his return to Ireland, was arrested on a charge of sedition, held to bail, after- ward tried for high treason, found guilty, and sentenced to death ; but, subsequently, the sentence was altered to banishment for life to Van Die- man's Land. Here he remained until 1852, when he escaped, and arrived in New York during the month of May of the same year, where he met with an enthusiastic reception from his countrymen and the citizens, generally. For two years after, he followed the profession of lecturer, meeting with marked success. Returning to New York in 1855, he engaged in the study of law, and was subsequently admitted to the bar. In 1850 he became Editor of the Irish News.
On the outbreak of the Rebellion, in 1861, he organized a company of Zouaves, and joined the Sixty-ninth Regiment of New York Volunteers, under Colonel Corcoran, and served during the first campaign in Virginia. U[)on the expiration of his three months' term, he returned to New York, and organized the celebrated " Irish Brigade," and was appointed its per- manent commander, with the rank of Brigadier-General, his commission bearing date February 3, 1863.
At the head of his men, he participated in the Seven Days' battles, win- ning general praise for the heroism and skill with which he led his brigade to action. He fought Avith great desperation at Manassas; and at Antietam, September 27, 1802, won a groat reputation, and was specially noticed in the official report of General McClellan. At the disastrous battle of Fred- ericksburg, the charge after chitrge, headed by him, up to the very crest of the enemy's breastworks, added fresh laurels to the reputation of General Meagher and his men. In this engagement he received a bullet-wound through the leg, which incapacitated him from active service.
On May 8, 1:0 tendered his resignatidn, and temporarily retired from the service. He was recommissioned in 1804, and held command in Tennessee and Georgia, where he was signally successful.
In 1805 he was appointed Secretary of Montana Territory; and, in September of that year. Governor Edgerton, leaA-ing the Territory for a short time, appointed him Governor, 'j^ro tern. While engaged in the duty of protecting the white settlers of that region, on the Upper Missouri, he fell from the deck of a steamboat, and was drowned.
His life was full of stirring events, interwovea "with the liistox'ies of Ire- I'jsaAi hi Great Brituin, and oflhe United Stated.
115. OEMSBY M. MITCHELL.
General Ormscy 21. ]\Iitciiell was born in Union County, Kentucky, August 28, 1810.
He received his early education at Lebanon, Warren County, Ohio. He soon manifested a taste for study, and at twelve had acquired a good elementary English education, considerable progress in mathematics, and mastered the rudiments of Latin.
lu 1825 he was appointed cadet in the Military Academy at West Point, and graduated in 1829, ranking above Generals Kobert £. Lee and J. E, Johnston, both of whom were in his class. He was immediately appointed Assistant-Professor of Mathematics, though but nineteen years old, which position lie held for two years.
In 18o2 he resigned, and, having studied law during his leisure mo- ments, was admitted to the Cincinnati bar, and continued in practice until 18o4, when he was elected Professor of Mathematics, Philosophy, and As- ti'onomy, in tlie Cincinnati College, and filled the chair Avith great ability for ten years.
In 18o0 and '37, while performing the duties oi Professor, he was chosen Chief-Engineer of the Little Miami Railroad, which he laid out in a most skillful manner, and caused it to be built in a substantial style, which added greatly to his reputation.
In 1842 he commenced a course of lectures on Astronomy — the first at- tempt of the kind ever made in the West. He originated and raised the subscription for the stock to erect a first-class Observatory m Cincinnati, was sent to Europe to purchase the instruments, which were mounted in 1844, and Mr. Mitchell was appointed Director cf the Observatory. A large debt was still due upon it, from which he resolved to relieve it, by de- livering lectures in the Eastern cities. His elof[uence and fame as a lec- turer brought him large audiences, and ho soon extinguished the debt.
In 184G he published the Sidereal Messenger, but continued it only two years, for want of patronage.
In 1848 he was appointed Chief-Engineer of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad; and in 1859 was oftered, and accepted, the Directorship of the Dudley Observatory, at Albany, still retaining that of the Observatory at Cincinnati.
At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he immediately responded to the call for his country's defense, was appointed Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, and ordered to report to the new Department of the Ohio, where his exploits at Huntsville, Alabama, procured for him the commission of Major-General. Soon after, incurring the displeasure of General Bucll, he asked to be relieved, and was transferred to the command of the Depart- ment of the South, where he arrived in September, 1802, and where he dis- played the same energy Avhich characterized him at the W^est.
'Ou the 2Gth of October, 1803, General Mitchell was attacked with the yellow-fever, at Hilton Head, S. C, and died oil the oOth, in the midst of his usefulness.
116. JAMES H. LANE.
General J. H. Lane — familiarly known as "Jim Lane*^* — United States Senator from Kansas, was born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, June 22, 1814.
He studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but, in 1846, abandoned his profession, to enlist as a private in the Third Indiana Volunteers, then organizing for the Mexican War. He was chosen Colonel, and at the battle of Buena Vista commanded a brigade, and highly distinguished himself. When the year's term of service of his regiment expired, he returned home, and raised tlie Fifth Indiana Volunteers.
In 1848 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor of Indiana, and, in 1^52, Member of Congress and Elector-at-Large on the Democratic ticket.
In 1855 he w^ent to Kansas, and was chosen Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Topeka Convention, which instituted the first State Gov- ernment of Kansas, He was subsequently President of the Topeka Consti- tutional Convention, and was elected by the peoj)le, Major-General of the Free-State troops.
In 1856 he w^as elected to the L^nited States Senate by the Legislature, w^hich met under the Topeka Constitution ; but the election was not recog- nized by Congress. About the same time, he was indicted by the Grand Jury of Douglas County for treason, on account of his taking part in the Topeka Government, and was forced to fly.
In 1857 he was President of the Leavenworth Convention, and appointed Major-General of the Kansas troops, by the Legislature.
In 1858 he shot a man named Jenkins, in consequence of a dispute of a local nature, and was tried on a charge of murder, but acquitted.
In 1861 he was elected to the United States Senate by the Legislature of the newly-admitted State of Kansas.
On the opening of the war for the Union, Lane commanded the " Front- ier Guards," enlisted for the defense of Washington. In June, 1861, he was nominated Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and commanded the Kansas Brigade. He soon after projected an expedition to the Southwest, which was, however, abandoned.
After the adjournment of Congress, in July, 1862, he was appointed Com- missioner to superintend the enlistment of ti'oops in the West.
He was a member of the Senatorial Committee on Indian Affairs and Agriculture ; and, also, on that of Territories.
While suffering from a violent nervous disorder, and on his way home from Washington, he was attacked by paralj^sis in St. Louis, when the extreme prostration of his system offered so little hope of recovery, that his mind gave way under its depression, and he ended his life in despair and suicide.
General Lane was a character to be leniently judged. He had a high sense of the right, and was true to freedom ; but the rough life oi the frontier had wrought out for him a melancholy end.
117. FELIX K. ZOLICOFFER,
Felix E.. Zolicoffer -was born May 19, 1812. He received an aca- demical education ; became Printer, and Editor of a newspaper in Paris, Tennessee, in 1829 ; and was elected State Printer in 1835.
He removed to Nashville in 1842, and became Editor of the Banner, a Whig journal.
In 1845 he was chosen Comptroller of the Treasury, and in 1849 was elected to the State Senate.
He received the contract to build the suspension-bridge over the Cum- berland River, at Nashville; after which, in 1852, he was sent to the United States Congress, and again in 1859, w^hen he joined the Democratic party, on account of its sympathy with the institiition of Slavery.
On the breaking out of the Rebellion, he joined the Southern Confed- eracy, and was commissioned Bi'igadier-General in the Rebel army, July 21, 1861, when he took command of a large body of Rebel troops, and marched into Kentucky.
He telegraphed Governor Magoffin, September 14, 1861, that the safety of Tennessee demanded the occupation of Cumberland Gap, and the three long ranges of mountains in Kentucky, and that he should hold them until the Union forces Avere withdrawn. But the Kentucky Legislature issued an address to the people, in which it was declared that, as the Confederates had violated the neutrality of Kentucky, it left them no alternative but " to drive the invaders out ;" and General Anderson assumed command of the United States forces in that State.
Zolicoifer had a slight skirmish at Bai-boursville with the Home Guards of that place, September 18, 1861 ; but on the arrival of an Indiana regiment, they (the Rebel>), shouting that they were Union men, approached within a short distance, and, taking deliberate aim, fired upon them before the false- hood was discovered. The Indiana regiment returned the fire with vigor, and the enemy precipitately retired. Zolicoffer afterward attacked them twice, but was forced, at last, to retreat to Barboursville.
About the middle of November he made his camp at Mill Spring, on the southern bank of the Cumberland, and at Buck's Grove, on the northern bank.
At the same time the Union forces were about twenty-five miles north- west of Beech Grove, at the cross-roads ; and, as the roads were bad, and rivers swollen, Zolicoffer determined to attack them before they could get any reinforcements. Accordingly, on the 19th of January, 1862, he advanced, encountered, and drove in, the Federal cavalry ; and, moving rapidly up the road, met the main body of the Unicm troops, with whom he commenced a sharp engagement.
General Zolicofter, surrounded by his body-guard, was leading his men to the charge, w^hen Colonel Fry, of the Fourth Kentucky, shot him dead with a pistol.
His death had such a depressing effect upon his troops, that, in the con- fusion, being charged with the bayonet by the Ninth Ohio, they were driven from the field, and at night they fled to the Cumberland.
His death occurred on the l'9th of January, 18G2,
118. EPHEAIM E. ELLSWORTH.
Colonel Epttkaim E. Ellswoiitii, the well-known early Union martyr, was born tit Mechanicsville, Saratog-a County, New York, April 23, 18o7.
The youthful Ellsworth early aspired to military fame. He was desirous of an education at the Military Academy, at West JPoint, but failing in this, he persisted in acquiring- as good an education as circumstances permitted.
After a brief experience in New York, he went "West, and sought to make an occupation as Patent Agent ; was deceived and despoiled of his earnings, but persevered in renewed efforts.
His military bent continuing predondnant, he studied and practiced the French Zouave drill, and formed a corps in Chicago, adapting it to the Ameri- can idea. His discipline was rigid in abstinence from all stimulants, and was strictly enforced. In a year he was enabled to exhibit his corps at the State Fair, whei'c success and admiration awaited him. The corps visited the East, and won the greatest applause. Returning to Chicago, EUsAvorth organized a regimcTit on the same plan, and offered it to the Governor for the defense of the State.
In 18G0 he entered heartily into the canvass in favor of Mr. Lincoln for President of the United States, organizing and drilling " AYide-Awake" clubs, and afterward accompanied him to Washington.
On the breaking out of the Rebellion, Ellsworth hastened to New York, and organized a Zouave regiment, recruited mostly from the Fire Depart- ment, and, soon after, marched to Washington. His siiccess in disciplining and controling his men was remarkable, and their attachment to him was equally so.
On the 23d of May, 1861, his regiment was ordered to Alexandria, reaching there early on the next morning, and the town was occupied with scarcely any resistance.
The secession flag was flying from a hotel, called the "Marshall House," kept by a violent secessionist, named Jackson. Colonel Ellsworth, with a rashness characteristic of a brave and enthusiastic, but inexperienced officer, entered, with his chaplain and a single private, and demanded whose flag it was. The proprietor denied its ownership, Avhereupon Ellsworth, with his two companions, ascended to the roof, took it down, and wrapped it around him, saying, as he descended, " This is my trophy !'' " And you are mine ! " exclaimed Jackson, the proprietor, at the same moment discharging the contents of a shot-gun into the breast of the Colonel, killing him instantly. But Jackson instantly fell dead himself, from a musket-ball through the liead, and a bayonet-thrust, from Francis E. Brownell, the private accom- panying Ellsworth.
The event caused much regret, Ellsworth being considered a young officer of unusual promise, and of approved loyalty; and, had he deputed to another to perform, what was, after all, a duty too trivial to devolve upon an officer of rank, he might have lived to render important services to his country.
Colonel Ellsworth was buried with all the tributes of a grateful and ad- miring country, and his name is forever enshrined in the popular heart.
119. THILIP KEAPvXEY.
General Philip Keakxey wtis born in New York City, June 2, 1816, From boyhood he manifested a strong preference to a military career ; but, in obedience to the wishes of his family, he passed through Columbia Col- lege, and began to study law
In 1837 his soldierly propensities got the better of him ; and, on the 8th of March, he received a commission as Second Lieutenant of the First Dra- goons, then commanded by his uncle, Colonel S. W. Kearney. He saw much hard service on the Western frontier, chiefly fighting the Indians, and acquired such a reputation as a cavalry officer that, in 1838, he was sent to Europe by the Government to study and report upon the French cavalry tactics. While there he became attached to the Chasseins de Afrique. He gained distinction during the campaign of 1838-40, and was decorated with the Legion of Honor. Returning home in 1840, he was appointed, in November, Aid to General Macomb, and in December, 1841, Aid to General Scott. In December, 1846, he was promoted to Captain ; and, at the out- break of the Mexican war, his dragoons formed the body-guard to General Scott. In the valley of Mexico, Captain Kearney commanded a regiment, and for his gallantry at Contreras and Cherubusco, received the brevet of Major. After the latter engagement, he pursued the flying Mexicans as far as the gates of the city of Mexico. Here his troops, checked by a heavy fire of artillery, began to waver, whereupon Kearney dashed forward alone, the soldiers following him, and the battery was taken. In this aflPair he lost his left arm. He resigned his commission in 1851, after having served some time in California, and went again to Europe to resume his military studies. In 1859, he served as Volunteer Aid to the French General Morris in the Italian campaign.
When the Rebellion broke out in this country, he immediately returned home, and offered his services to the Government. He was appointed to the command of a New Jersey brigade soon after the battle of Bull Run, in General Franklin's division, his commission dating May 17, 1861. In March, 1862, on the organization of army corps, he was attached to the First (Gen- eral McDowell's), but was soon afterward promoted to the command of a division in the Third (General Heintzelman's', with Avhich he served throughout the Chickahominj' campaign. In the battle of Williamsburg, after Hooker had been for an liour or two struggling against an overwhelm- ing force in front of Fort Magruder, Kearney was ordered to his relief, when he gallantly attacked the enemy, and drove them back at every point, enabling Gent ral Hooker to extricate himself from the position, and with- draw his wearied troops. In the battle of Fair Oaks and the famous " Seven Days' Fight" his gallantry was universally admired, and soon after, he was commissioned Major-General, dating from July 4, 1802. On the 23d of August he j(jined General Pope at "^.^'^arrenton Junction ; and, on the 29th, the battle of Centreville began. Kearney fought with the greatest despera- tion for two days, when the army fell back to Fairfax Court-House. The battle of Chantilly began on the 1st of September, 1862. Kearney was sent to the support of General Reno, whose troops had given way, leaving a gap, which the Rebels were hastening to occupy. Telling his orderly and aids to keep back, Kearney rode forward, alone, to examine the position himself. He never came back alive ; a musket-ball having pierced his body.
120. AMBEOSE P. HILL.
General Ambrose P. Hill, one of the most distinguished leaders of the Confederate army against the forces of the Union, -v\'as horn in Cul- pepper Count}', Virginia, in 1824, of highly i-espectable parentage.
He entered the Military Academy at West Point in ISA'S, and graduated in the same class with General Burnside.
In 1855 he "was appointed an Assistant of the United States Coast Survey, continuing until 18G1, -when he resigned his position in the United States army, and was appointed by Governor Letcher, Colonel of Virginia Volun- teers.
He was attached to General J. E. Johnston's army of the Confederacy, and came in with him. at Bull Run, assisting to change the issues of that battle.
He was made Major-General for his bravery, and took part in the battle of Mechanicsville ; and, in the " Seven Days" fight, was a prominent leader, where he gained a brilliant reputation.
He was actively engaged in the battles of Cedar Run, Second Bull Run. Centreville, Chantilly, and in the campaign before Washington against General Pope.
On the 14th of September, 1802, he captured Harper's Ferry, and made a forced march to Antietam Creek, where he took part in that severe battle. and repulsed the Pideral troops, who crossed the river in pursuit of the Rebels, with heavy loss.
In the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, his division formed the right of Jackson's force, and fought desperately, finally repulsing the Federal troops. At Chancellorsville, May, 18G-3, his division formed the centre of Jackson's command, and participated in that flank movement by which Hooker's right was crushed.
"When ''Stonewall" Jackson received his death-wound, the command devolved on General Hill, who was himself severely wounded soon after. For his gallantry in this battle he was made a Lieutenant-General, and placed in command of the Third Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia.
In July, 180o, he took part in the great battle of Gettysburg. In the autumn of 1803, he was in the affair of Bristow's Station, but was repulsed with serious loss.
In the great battles of the spring of 1864, he was, next to General Lee, the most prominent officer of the Rebel army in Virginia, and took part in the severest fighting of that period. On the 22d of June his corps and Longstreet's repulsed the attempt of the Federal troops to gain possession of the \Veldon Railroad. At the explosion of the mine at Petersburg, at Ream's Station, and the bloody fight of Hatcher's Run, and the subsequent move- ments in that vicinity. General Hill led his corps with great ability.
When the final attack upon the Southside Railroad and the defenses of Petersburg came, he was active in his exertions ; and, on the 2d of April, his corps was opposed to the Sixth, Ninth, and part of the Twenty-fifth Federal Corps, almost unsupported ; and then, as always, exposing himself to fire without hesitation, he was instantly killed by a rifle-shot. Thus closed the career of one whose accomplishments as a military officer, acquired at the expense of his country, was, like many of his confederates, devoted to the destruction of the bosom that nourished him.
121. JAMES E. B. STUAET.
General J. E. B. Sti'AIit was born in Patrick Henry County, Virginia, about the year l(io2.
In his youth he grave evidence of many qualities that fitted him for the position he afterward occupied. He received a good education, and entered the West Point academy in 1850. Graduating in 1854, he received a com- mission as Second Lieutenant in a Mounted Rifle regiment, in the United States army.
Under E. V. Sumner as Colonel, and J. E. Johnston as Lieutenant- Colonel, Stuart fought in the wilds of New Mexico : now engaging tribes of hostile Indians, anon hunting up hordes of lawless banditti, and ever per- forming some dashing and fearless exploit. Soon he became noted among his compeers for these bold and skillful charges upon a wily and dangerous foe.
On the 29th of July, 1857, he was wounded in a severe fight with three hundred braves of the Cheyenne tribe, who Avere, however, defeated.
In May, 1861, President Lincoln appointed him Captain in the L'nited States Cavalry, but he declined the appointment, and went over to the Rebel army, where he was made Colonel of a Virginia cavalry regiment.
In July, 18G1, at the first battle of Bull Run, he commanded all the cavalry attached to Beauregard's and Johnston's armies, and greatly assisted the Confederate cause.
In September, 18G1, he was made Brigadier-General, and in the ensuing winter organized the Virginia cavalry, of which he took command. In the beginning of the Peninsula campaign, Stuart made several cavalry expedi- tions, culminating in that famous raid, in June, through and around Gen- eral McClellan's army, which was the precursor of that General's change of base to the James River, and the seven days' fighting which accompanied the movement. For this he was promoted to the rank of Major-General in the Rebel army, and placed in command of a division of cavalry.
On the 22d August, 18G2, he dashed in upon the right flank of General Pope, at Catlett's Station, during a heavy storm, penetrated to headquar- ters, and succeeded in capturing important papers, besides taking the private effects and dress uniform of General Pope, and several of his officers.
He commanded the cavalry during the succeeding invasion of Maryland, and, a few Aveeks after the battle of Antietam, again rode around the Union lines, carrying off a considerable amount of spoils.
In the Chancellorsville campaign, and Lee's second invasion of the North, his cavalry was active ; and, after the battle of Gettysburg, effectu- ally covered the Rebel retreat.
During the battles in the Wilderness, he encountered Sheridan's cavalry on the Cth of May, 18G4, and was driven back ; but on the 12th, he again encountered them, at Yellow Tavern, seven miles from Richmond, Avhere he was mortally wounded. He was conve3^ed to Richmond, where, at eight o'clock in the evening of May 12, 18G4, ho died.
General Stuart was a short, thick-set, athletic man ; a bold and expert rider, always joyous and gay, singing songs as he went into battle. He was very fond of display in dress, and his fighting-jacket shone with double rows of gilt buttons, and was covered with gold braid. Many regarded him as a military fop, but lie was looked upon by the rank and file of the army, and by the Southern people generally, as a brave and gallant soldier.
122. HIEAM G. BEEEY
General HiRAM G. Bekry Avas born in Thomaston, Maine, August 27, 1824. He learned the trade of Carpenter, at which occupation he worked for several years, and afterward engaged in navigation. He was elected to the office of Mayor in the city of Eockland, and filled various offices in the Maine militia. 'Under the call for troops by the United States Government to protect the national life and honor, in the spring of 180 1, he offered his services, and was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Maine VolunteerSj marched for the protection of Washington, and participated in the first battle of Bull Run, where he fought in General Howard's brigade. The regiment was afterwai'd transferred to one of General Sedgwick's brigades, and subsequently to that of General Birney's, Hamilton's division, and participated in the siege of Yorktown. Upon General Kearney taking command of the division, Colonel Berry, who had been made Brigadier- General of Volunteers, was placed in charge of a brigade of Heintzelman's army corps, which separated him from his regiment.
He participated in the battle of Fair Oaks, June 1, 1802, and in the " Seven Days' '' battle, previous to the change of base from the Chickahominy to the James River.
On the loth of August General Berry moved with his brigade to York- town, from whence he was transferred to Pope's command at \Yarrenton Junction, from which point they marched to the Rappahannock, and, on the 29th and 30th, participated with General Kearney's division in the battle of Manassas, or Second Bull Run, at Centreville. On the 1st of September he took part in the battle of Chantilly, where General Kearney lost his life. At the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1802, Berry's brigade drove back a Rebel force, thereby saving a great portion of Birney's division from harm. He was made Major-General of Volunteers, March 9, 1803, to rank from November 29, 1802.
At the battle of Chancellorsville, General Berry was placed in command of the Second Division of the Third Army Corps, under General Sickles. On the 2d day of May, when the enemy had defeated Schurz's division of the Eleventh Corps, and, with wild yells, were rushing into the opening made by the retreating Germans, General Berry's division threw itself into the gap, and, with the aid of Captain Best's battery, stayed the torrent which hid threatened to roll up the line m disastrous confusion. Manfully the small band bore up against the fierce assault of the desperate foe, and, by dint of endurance, succeeded in keeping them at bay until support arrived. The enemy's force comprised three strong divisions — A. P. Hill's, Trimble's, and Rhodes's — of Jackson's corps, and greatly outnumbered the Federal troops to whom they were opposed.
The next day General Berry's division engaged the enemy again ; and, although they advanced in overwhelming numbers, his brave men fought with desperate gallantry, and held them in check. General Berry fell in this assault, while gallantly fighting at the head of his command, May 3, 1863.
123. DAYID HUNTER.
General David Hunter was born in the District of Columbia about tlie year 1800. He entered the academy at Wjst Point as a Cadet in 1818, from ■which he graduated in 1822, and was made Second Lieutenant of the Fifth Infantry on the 1st day of July of that year.
In 1828 he was appointed First Lieutenant, and, two years after, a Cap- tain of the First Dragoons. On the 4th of July, 1880, he resigned, but returned to the army in 1841 as temporary Paymaster.
At the commencement of the Rebellion he was appointed Colonel of the Sixth Regiment, May 14, 1861 ; and, at the battle of Bull Run, as a Brigadier- General, commanded the Second Division under McDowell. He took position at Ludley Springs, entered into the thickest of the fight, and was severely wounded early in the action.
He was made Major-General of Volunteers, August 13, and took charge of the forces at Rolla, Mo., in September, and was second to General Fre- mont, on whose removal, in November, he became temporary commander, until General Halleck took command, when he was appointed to the Military Division of Kansas.
In March, 1862, he superseded General T. "W. Sherman in the Department of the South, because his views harmonized more witli the Freedman's Relief Association. He immediately demanded the surrended of Fort Pulaski, which was defended by Colonel Ormstead, who replied, " that he was there to defend, not to surrender." General Hunter imniediately commenced a bombardment, and in thirty hours the fort surrendered.
On the 9th of May, 1862, he issued an order, stating that the States of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida were under martial law, and added, " that slavery and martial law being incompatible in a free country, tl e persons in these States heretofore held as slaves are, therefore, declared itv- ever free." President Lincoln, however, disapproved the order, and General Hunter resigned his command. But he was reappointed to the same depart- ment in January, 1863. He then caused the able-bodied negroes of the neighborhood to be formed into regiments, and drilled. In a short time he was convinced they would make good soldiers, and they were afterward employed as such in the army, and done good service to the country.
June 12, 1863, he was relieved of his command; and, on the 14th of Novembei', was sent on a tour of inspection through the Military District of the Mississippi.
On the 20th of May, 1864, ho was appointed to relieve General Sigel in "West Virginia; and, taking up his headquarters in the field, at Cumberland, marched to Harrisonburg, which was occupied without difficulty.
On the 5th of June lie met the Rebels under General Jones, near Staun- ton, whom he engaged and completely routed, killing Jones, capturing twenty guns and a large quantity of stores, and en ered Staunton without opposition. From Staunton he proceeded to Lynch' )urg, driving the enemy before him; but the Rebels being reinforced from Richmond, he retreated, having run short of ammunition and buppliu.^. Being cut off from the val- ley, he retreated over the mountains to Parkersburi^-, where he first learned of the Rebel raid into Maryland. August 7, ib64, he was superseded by General Sheridan.
124. WILLIA\[ L. YANCEY.
William L. Yancey was born at Og-eechco Shoals, Georgia, August 10, 1814. He received liis educatiou in the Northern States, first entering a private school, and subsequently Williams College ; but, on account of a disagreement, completed his education elsewhere.
Ho studied law, and commenced its practice in South Carolina ; but, in lSu7, he removed to Montgomery, Ala., where he soon became suc- cessful, and united to his vocation the position of editor of the Cahawba Democrat, and Wetumpka Argus.
In 1840 he v>'as elected to the State Legislature as Representative, and subsequently to the Senate. He was chosen, in 1S44, to succeed Dixon H. Lewis, as Hepresentative to Congress, and was re-elected for the next term, occupying his seat in the Twenty-Eighth and Twenty-Xinth Congress.
In 1845 he voted for the admission of Texas into the Union, and approved the bill on the Oregon question. Supporting every measure in the interest of the South, he voted for the extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific.
L'pon the completion of his Congressional term, he returned to Alabama, and resumed the practice of his profession ; and, in 1848, was a member of the Democratic Convention which met at Baltimore, May 22, to nominate General Cass for the Presidency.
Chosen, in 1850, the leader of the extremest of the Southern ultra senti- ment, he was regarded throughout the North as its great exponent. Con- sistent with his principles, he took an active part, in 1854-'oG, to make Kansas a Slave State. More violent in the year 1859, he urged upon the Legislature of Alabama to pass an Act to require the Governor, in the case of the election of a Republican President in 18G0, to call a convention of Alabamians to oppose it at all hazards.
He was elected a member of the Democratic Convention which met at Charleston, S. C, in April, 18G0. The Convention refusing to adopt the ultra Southern platform, he withdrew, with his colleagues, joining the Con- vention at Baltimore, which nominated John C. Breckenridge for President, and espoused his election vrith all the ardor of his nature, and vehemence of his oratory.
Visiting New York during the Presidential canvass of 1860, he advocated the policy of a fusion party, as the only practicable one to defeat Mr. Lincoln. AVhen the Southern States began to secede, Mr. Yancey was chosen, December 24, 1860, a member of the Montg'omery Convention. The ordinance of secession adopted by this Convention, was reported by Mr. Yancey.
February 27, 1861, he was selected to visit Europe as a Commissioner from the Southern States, where he used all his eloquence to persuade the Continental powers to recognize their independence. Being unsuccessful in his efforts, he returned to the South, where he held several other appoint- ments, and was elected to the Confederate Congress, in which service he died, in July, 18G3, before realizing the hopelessness of his dreams, and the defeat of his people.
125. THEODOEE PAEKER.
Tfteodore Parketi, the celebrated Massachusetts cleroryman and scholar, was born in Lexington, Massachusetts, August 24, 1810. He was one of the old stock whose grandfathers fought in the first battles of free- dom ; for the very musket captured at Lexington Green, in April, 1T75, was preserved by Theodore, and left to the State. He worked as a farmer and mechanic, like other country lads, and went to the district school in winter, became, in his turn, teacher, bought books, and fitted himself for college.
He entered Harvard College in 1830, studying at home, and compressing three years into one ; taught school, and studied languages, ancient and modern, edited periodicals, graduated as a clergyman, and settled in West Hoxbviry, in 1837. He formed views upon the authority and inspiration of the Bible, which were not in harmony with the New England pulpit. In short, he denied the supernatural in the Scriptures, and aroused an excited controversy, which exhausted so much of his physical and naental energies, that he was obliged to seek relief in foreign travel, sx^ending the years 184.3-4 in Europe.
The controversy was renewed on his return, when he organized a new parish, in the Melodeon, Boston, in 1845.
Mr. Parker's contributions to periodical literature, his translations from the German, and other productions of his pen, were marked by a vigor and independence of thought which ranked him among the leading minds of the age. He was one of the earliest advocates of Temperance and anti- Slavery. After the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, in 1850, he took an active part in opposing rendition.
In 1852 his congregation occupied the great Music Hall in Boston, which was crowded by many, anxious to hear one whose fame had become so great, and whose views of theology created such a vivid sensation when uttered. His ideas about the interpretation of the Scriptures weve too in- dependent to escape the denunciations of orthodoxy. He believed that they are interwoven with human error and superstition, while embodying in- spired truth. Though his labors as a minister were extraordinar}^, he traveled and lectured extensively, always carrying his bag full of books, and studying as he went. He, like many of our independent clergy, ex- pressed decided views on questions of public policy. His denunciations of Slavery, and those who either advocated or compromised with it, was some- thing more than ordinary objurgation.
Mr. Parker's health began to fail, till, in 1859, an attack of bleeding of the lungs compelled him to cease his public services. He sought, in the "West Indies, and in another European tour, relief from his maladies. Set- ting out from Home, where he had passed the winter, he reached Florence in the spring of 18G0, very much enfeebled, and died there on the 10th of May of that year. He was buried in the cemetery, outside the wall, where a stone, bearing the simplest record, marks the spot.
He bequeathed his library, of over thirteen thousand volumes, to the Free Library, of Boston ; leaving, besides, numerous printed works — one, in a fragmentary form, on the development of religion.
,;: 128. OWEN LOYEJOY.
Owen Love.TOY was bom in Albion, Kendall County, Maine, January G, 1811.
His father was a clergyman and farmer. Owen worked upon the farm until he was eighteen years of age, when he entered Bowdoin College. He graduated in 1885, and emigrated to Alton, Illinois, where he engaged in theological studies, his brother, Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, being, at the time, the editor of the paper there which advocated anti-Slavery views. In 1837, the pro-Slavery citizens of Alton and the neighboring counties in Missouri, taking offense at the denunciations of Slavery contained in Rev. Mr. Love- joy's paper, a mob, consisting mostly of Missourians, crossed the river to Alton, and, after destroying his press, murdered him.
Owen Lovejoy was present, and his life was sought by the mob ; but, notwithstanding his utter fearlessness of danger, he escaped death at their hands ; and from that day he devoted himself, not to revenging his brother's death, biit to seek the overthrow of Slavery, as having been the cause of it. At that time, the laws of Illinois forbade the holding of anti-Slavery meet- ings, and subjected offenders to fines.
Mr. Owen Lovejoy, who was then pastor of a Congregational church in Princeton, Bureau County, Illinois, was in the habit of holding such meet- ings at various places in the State ; and, when arrested, as he often was, and convicted and fined, he always announced at what time and place his next meeting would be held.
He was often threatened with violence at these meetings ; but his firm- ness of purpose and determined zeal were unshaken, while his eloquence won many to his support.
The authorities soon found it a vain pursuit to punish a reformer of such a spirit, for advocating a cause which he so conscientiously held ; and, eventually, those tyrannical laws were repealed.
In 1854 Mr. Lovejoy was elected to the State Legislature, and in 185G his district sent him to Congress, where he continued, by re-election, until his death.^ In Congress he was an active, useful member, and eloquent speaker.^ , , -^ ,,
Only a month before his death, he wrote to his friend, "Wm. Lloyd Gar- rison, the great and early apostle of anti-Slavery, his views with regard to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln, expressing the sentiments which filled the hearts of the large majority of Union men, and adding: "It seems to me certain that the Providence of God, during another term, will grind Slavery to powder." i
Owen Lovejoy was ranked among the leading reformers of the Abolition school. . He died at Brooklyn, New York, March 25, 18G4.
129. DAYID G. FAREAGUT. .
Admiral David G. Farragut was. born about the year 1801, near Knoxviile, Tennessee.
His early years were passed amid the dangers and vicissitudes of a bor- der life, so that, while yet a boy, he became inured to peril and strife. On one occasion he was rescued from the cruel mercies of an Indian tomahawk only by the heroic bearing of his mother, who kept the red-faced enemy at bay until her husband, with a squadron of cavalry, caused tnem to take to their heels.
A short time prerious to the breaking- out of the "War of 1812, his father was called to the command of a gunboat at New Orleans. Here was first formed young David's taste for the navy. His youthful ambition was soon gratified by Commodore D. D. Porter, who, pleased with the boy's appear- ance, took him on board his own ship, the far-famed Esf;ex.
In a bloody engagement off Valparaiso, between the Essex and the two British sloops, Phtbe and Chenib, he distinguished himself by his gallant l>chavior ; but when he saw the American flag hauled down, he burst into tears. Nor did he willingly surrender himself a prisoner until, after a pugilistic encounter with an English *' Middy," he had secured a favorite pig, the pet of himself and fellow-sailors.
At thirteen he was appointed Master of a British prize vessel from Guay- aquil to Valparaiso.
He served on board various vessels in various parts of the world, until 18G1, during which he had risen to the position of Captain.
On the breaking out of the Rebellion he resisted all the flattering induce- ments of his many Southern friends to desert the old flag ; and, after estab- lishing his family at Hastings, on the Hudson, he remained ready for action at his country's call.
His name was quickly suggested when the expedition against New Orleans was fixed upon, early in 1862. He was appointed Flag-Officer of the fleet, and sailed in the flag-ship Hartford for the *' Crescent City," which surrendered after a desperate defense from Forts Jackson and St. Philip. The courage and skill displayed by Commodore Farragut in this memorable engagement won for him the gratitude and admiration of a generous people.
In July, 1862, he was promoted to Rear- Admiral, and continued in com- mand of the Gulf blockading squadron ; passed the batteries of Port Hudson in March, 1863, and rendered valuable aid to General Grant, then besieging Vicksburg.
In August, 1864, he succeeded in effecting the passage of Forts Morgan and Gaines, in Mobile Bay, with his fleet, destroying the Rebel ram Ten- nessee, and compelling the forts to surrender by the 23d of the month ; for which achievement he was promoted to Vice-Admiral, which, grade was specially created for him by Congress ; and, July )ib-, 1866, he was made Admiral. He died August 1.3, 18*70, in Portsmouth, N. H. His remains were brought to New York, October 7, where tiie obsequies of the great American ad- miral were celebrated on a scale of splendor amply testifying the respect and esteem in which the name of the dead hero is held by all Americans, previous to being deposited in the Woodlawn Cemetery.
,;: 128. OWEN LOYEJOY.
Owen Love.TOY was born in Albion, Kendall County, Maine, January G. 1811.
His father -was a clerg-yman and farmer, Owen worked upon the farm until he was eighteen years of age, when he entered Bowdoin College. He graduated in 1885, and emigrated to Alton, Illinois, where he engaged in theological studies, his brother. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, being, at the time, the editor of the paper there which advocated anti-Slavery views. In 1837, the pro-Slavery citizens of Alton and the neighboring counties in Missouri, taking offense at the denunciations of Slavery contained in Rev. Mr. Love- joy's paper, a mob, consisting mostly of Missourians, crossed the river to Alton, and, after destroying his press, murdered him.
Owen Lovejoy was present, and his life was sought by the mob ; but, notwithstanding his utter fearlessness of danger, he escaped death at their hands ; and from that day he devoted himself, not to revenging his brother's death, but to seek the overthrow of Slavery, as having been the cause of it. At that time, the laws of Illinois forbade the holding of anti-Slavery meet- ings, and subjected offenders to fines.
Mr. Owen Lovejoy, who was then pastor of a Congregational church in Princeton, Bureau County, Illinois, was in the habit of holding such meet- ings at various places in the State ; and, when arrested, as he often was, and convicted and fined, he always announced at what time and x^lace his next meeting would be held.
He was often threatened with violence at these meetings ; but his firm- ness of purpose and determined zeal were unshaken, while his eloquence won many to his support.
The authorities soon found it a vain pursuit to punish a reformer of such a spirit, for advocating a cause which he so conscientiously held ; and, eventually, those tyrannical laws were repealed.
In 1854 Mr. Lovejoy was elected to the State Legislature, and in 185G his district sent him to Congress, where he continued, by re-election, until his death. ^ In Congress he was an active, useful member, and eloquent speaker..^ ^ * , . — . _^.
Only a month before his death, he wrote to his friend, Wm. Lloyd Gar- rison, the great and early apostle of anti-Slavery, his views with regard to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln, expressing the sentiments which filled the hearts of the large majority of Union men, and adding: "It seems to me certain that the Providence of God, during another term, will grind Slavery to powder." i
Owen Lovejoy was ranked among the leading reformers of the Abolition school. . He died at Brooklyn, New York, March 25, 1804.
129. DAYID G. FARRAGUT. .
Admiral David G. Farragut was. boru about the year 1801, near Knoxviile, Tennessee.
His early years were passed amid the dangers and vicissitudes of a bor- der life, so that, while yet a boy, lie became inured to peril and strife. On one occasion he was rescued from the cruel mercies of an Indian tomahawk only by the heroic bearing of his mother, who kept the red-faced enemy at bay until her husband, with a squadron of cavalry, caused tnem to take to their heels.
A short time previous to the breaking- out of the "War of 1812, his father was called to the command of a gunboat at New Orleans. Here was first formed young David's taste for the navy. His youthful ambition was soon gratified by Commodore D. D. Porter, who, pleased with the boy's appear- ance, took him on board his. own ship, the far-famed Es.sex.
In a bloody engagement off Valparaiso, between the Essex and the two British sloops, Phebe and Chemb, he distinguished himself by his gallant behavior; but when he saw the American flag hauled down, he burst into tears. Nor did he willingly surrender himself a prisoner until, after a pugilistic encounter with an English ** Middy," he had secured a favorite pig, the pet of himself and fellow-sailors.
At thirteen he was appointed Master of a British prize vessel from Guay- aquil to Valparaiso.
He served on board various vessels in various parts of the world, until 18G1, during which he had risen to the position of Captain.
On the breaking out of the Rebellion he resisted all the flattering induce- ments of his many Southern friends to dosert the old flag ; and, after estab- lishing his family at Hastings, on the Hudson, he remained ready for action at his country's call.
His name was quickly suggested when the expedition against New Orleans was fixed upon, early in 1862. He was appointed Flag-Officer of the fleet, and sailed in the flag-ship Hartford for the " Crescent City," which surrendered after a desperate defense from Forts Jackson and St. Philip. The courage and skill displayed by Commodore Farragut iii this memorable engagement won for him the gratitude and admiration of a generous people.
In July, 1862, he was promoted to Rear- Admiral, and continued in com- mand of the Gulf blockading squadron ; passed the batteries of Port Hudson in March, 1863, and rendered valuable aid to General Grant, then besieging Vicksburg.
In August, 1864, he succeeded in effecting the passage of Forts Morgan and Gaines, in Mobile Bay, with his fleet, destroying the Rebel ram I'en- nessee, and compelling the forts to surrender by the 23d of the month ; for which achievement he was promoted to Vice-Admiral, which grade was specially created for him by Congress ; and, July wiO, 1866, he was made Admiral. He died August LS, 1870, in Portsmouth, N. H, His remains were brought to New York, October 7, where tue obsequies of the great American ad- miral were celebrated on a scale of splendor amply testifving the respect and esteem in which the name of tlie dead hero is held by all Americans, previous to being deposited in the Woodlawn Cemetery.
130. PEESTON S. BEOOKS.
Preston S. Brooks -was born in Edg-cfield District, South Carolina, in August, 1819. Graduatin<j at the South Carolina Culltge, in 1839, he adopted the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843.
He was elected to the Legislature of South Carolina, in 1844; and, on the breaking- out of the Mexican War, in 1846, raised a company of vol- unteers, of which he was made Captain, serving in the Palmetto Regiment during the greater part of the campaign. At the close of the war, he returned to South Carolina, and settled down as a planter.
He was elected Representative to Congress in 1853, and re-elected in 1855. The fiery debates in Congress on the Kansas difficulties — the electric spark that presaged the thunderbolt of war that was preparing to burst upon the country — aroused every feeling of passion that was smothered, and lay smouldering, in both the Northern and Southern heart. In the midst of all this dense passion, this pent-up feeling found its vent in two opposite natures, — one sedate, classical, and confident in the justice of its cause ; the other passionate, impulsive, and reckless, acting under imaginary wrongs- Charles Sumner had made one of his most memorable speeches against the South, and her institution, in which he particularly criticised Senator Butler, of South Carolina, a near relative of Mr. Brooks. Chafing under this severe attack upon th- peculiar institution of his State, and the personal criticism of his relative, the *' chivalrous spirit" of Mr. Brooks was aroused, and he determined to be avenged. Entering the Senate Chamber, he com- mitted a personal and almost deadly assault upon the Massachusetts Senator.
This event caused great excitement in the North, and a spirit of indig- nation pervaded every breast. A Senator from Massachusetts had been brutally assaulted in his chair by a Representative from South Carolina! Henry Wilson, the colleague of Mr. Sumner, in the Senate, pronounced the assault "murderous, brutal, and cowardly ; '' whereupon, Mr. Brooks chal- lenged him to a deadly conflict. Mr. Wilson replied that, while he religiously believed in the right of self-defense, he must decline to accept the challenge, believing dueling to be, not only a violation of the law of the land, but the relic of a barbarous age. Although denounced by the North, Mr. Brooks was sustained by his constituents.
The fiery spirit of Mr. Brooks was again displayed in the Presidential can- vass of 185(3, when he threatened that, in the event of the election of John C. Fremont, he would *' march upon Washington, seize the archives of the Government, and take possession of the capital."
Disappointed in the opportunity, this threat was a foreshadowing of the events which occurred on the election of Abraham Lincoln, as President ot the United States, in 1860.
Dying in Washington, D. C, January 27, 1857, he left behind him many Avarin personal friends.
131. CORNELIUS YAXDERBILT.
CoRN*ELTTTS Yandejibilt, popularly known as the " Commodore,'' was born on Staten Island N. Y., May 'i7. 1791. His father having established a ferry between New-York and Staten Island, young Cornelius had much to do with its management. For some five years he was engaged as boat- man, carrying pleasui-e parties to pic-nics, boarding ships &.c ; no matter how it blew, or sto med, or froze, if ■' Cornell" had agreed to boaid a ship or deliver a dispatch, he did it. When about sixteen years of age, he be- came the owner of a boat and commenced an independent career and by the time he was eighteen he found himself part owner and Captain of one of the largest periaugers in the harbor. Duriug the war of J^^2. he ren- dered material service in furnishing supplies, by night, to the forts about New-York. In fact, his energy, skill and daring became so well known, and his word, when he gave it, could be relied upon so implicitly that '• Cor- nell, the boatman," as he was familiarly called, was sought after far and near when an expedition particularly hazardous or important was to be undertaken. As boatman at the age of twenty-three, he was making $4,000 a year, but perceiving steam would ere long become the great agent of navigation, he in 1817 entered the sen'ice of I homas Gibbons, then pro- prietor of a Line of Steamboats runjiing between New York and Philadel- phia, remaiting in his employ twelve years.
Having made himself thoroughly f.cquainted with the details and practical managem'^nt of Steam Navigation, he in 1829, left the employ of Mr. Gibbons and set himself to work establishing Steamboat Lines on the Hudson Elver, the Sound and elsewhere, in opposition to Corporations and Companies, who, having a monopoly of trade, made travel too expensive to be enjoyed by the many. His plan was always to build better and faster boats than his competitors, to run them at their lowest paying rates, and thus furnish passengers with the best and cheapest accommodations.
For the next twenty years he applied himself to the work before him, with the same wisdom, and that earnest, steadfast zeal he had ever shown, and was eminently successful.
In 184:9 he obtained a grant from the Nicarauguan Government to con- struct a Ship Canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific, by the San Juan Kiver end Lake iSicaraugua. but after spending considerable money in this enterprise it was abandoned and the Nicaraugua Transit Company was organized and Mr. Vanderbilt was chosen President. Under his manage- ment this route to California became a favorite one, and the price of passage was reduced from SGOO to S300. In 1853 he sold out his interest, and in 185.) established an independent line to Ha%Te. The famous Steamboat "Vanderbilt" was built for this line and made the quickest time on record. Mr. Vanderbilt made a free gift of this splendid vessel to the TJ. S, Government m I8ii2. at a time when the Administration needed im- mediately a large addition to the Navy.
In 186.5 he sold out all his vessels and transfered the greater part of of his wealth to Railroads, and is now the largest Railroad proprietor in the United States, and one of the two or three richest men in the Empire City. It was never his plan to put away^ money in a chest, nor yet to simply invest it, but rather, in the fullest sense of the word, to use it. Consequently, it is said, he employs more men to-day. directly and indi- rectly, than any other man in the land.
132. JOHN A. ANDEEW.
JoHT^' A. Andrew, tho 21st Governor of Massachusetts, was born at Windham, Maine, May SI, 1818.
In his boyhood he was marked for his freedom from vicious habits, and for his cheerful, sprightly, and studious disposition.
He graduated at Bowdoin Colleg-e, Brunswick, Maine, in 1837, when he removed to Boston, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1840, and soon became eminent in his pi'ofession.
Thoroughly anti-Slavery, he met the aggressions of the slave-x^ower at every step by his protest, when his voice could speak for freedom.
In 1850 the Fugitive Slave Law called forth his warmest opposition to its enactment, and its enforcement in Massachusetts.
In 1858 he was elected to the Legislature of Massachusetts, and, in 18G0, a Delegate to the Republican Convention at Chicago which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President of the United States. The same year he was elected Governor of Massachusetts, which position he held throughout the war of the Rebellion, and until 1806, when he declined to be again a candidate.
He foresaw in the agitation at the South, during the Presidential can- vass of 1800, the beginning of a fearful conflict, and prepared the militia of his State, beforehand, to meet the impending storm. So thoroughly had tho militia been organized, that, on the call of President Lincoln for troops, in less than twenty-four hours after its reception, a regiment was on the march for Washington. He had given himself with untiring energy to the work of making the commonwealth ever ready, as she was always willing, to st;ind in the front ranks against treason, and in the support of the United States Government.
In the Conference of Governors at Altoona, Pennsylvania, in September, 1862, he was conspicuous in hopeful, ardent patriotism, and prepared tho address to the Prt sident, urging the issue of a call for three hundred thousand new troops to the field.
His message of January, 1861, read like a prophetic oracle. He showed the constant loyalty of Massachusetts, and her willingness to defend, at any cost, the Kational life.
In h:s message of May 1, he opens with these laconic words: "The occasion demands action^ and it shall not be delayed by speech." He then points out what is to be done, and Iww it is to be done, in the tersest lan- guage.
Governor Andrew's valedictory address of January, 1866, was closely argumentative, severely logical, with no superfluous words ; and it will stand as one of the ablest papers on Reeonstructiou ever placed before the people.
His message of April 17, 1865, on the death of Abraham Lincoln, was, perhaps, one of his best efforts In it he says : " Let the Government and the people resolve to be brave, faithful, impartial, and just. With the blessing of God, let us determine to have a Country, tho Home of Liberty and civilization."
He died suddenly, of apoplexy, October 30, 1807.
133. JOHN VAN BUEEN.
John Van Buiien, a gentleman of mark and prominence, botli as a lawyer and a politician, was the son of Martin Van Buren, the 8th President of the United States, and was born at Hudson, New York, in February, 1810.
He graduated at Yale College in 1828, studied law with Benjamin F. Butler, at Albany, and the Hon. Aaron Vanderpool, at Kinderhook. and was admitted to the bar in 1880. Though an abld lawyer and an eloquent advocate, he was less distinguished at the bar than in political life.
Mr. Van Buren accompanied his father while Minister to England, in 18o2, which gave him an opportunity of becoming familiar with the higher classes of British society.
In 1845 he was chosen as Attorney-G-eneral of the State of New York, and at the termination of his service settled in the city of New York, in the practice of his profession, frequently taking part in the political attairs of the day.
During the Presidential canvass of 1848, he distinguished himself as a popular advocate of the Free-Soil party, and of the exclusion of Slavery from the Federal Territories. He did not, however, adhere to the princi- ples which were subsequently developed by that party ; but, during the latter years of his life, acted with the Democratic i^arty, often taking an active interest in the canvass.
In May, 18(56, he left New York for an European tour, traveling exten- sively, during the summer, in Sweden, Norway, and Russia, and spending a few weeks, previous to his embarkation for home, in the Highlands of Scotland.
Mr. Van Buren's health had previously been impaired, but on his returii voyage the symptoms of his disorder gave evidence of sudden aggravation. After a brief period of suffering, he expired, on board the steamer Scotia, on the 13th of October, 18GG.
As an advocate, Mr. Van Buren was distinguished by an overwhelming oratory, which irresistibly carried the jviry with him. Ho was always an eloquent and interesting speaker, but it was chiefly as a stump-orator, ad- dressing a popular audience, that John Van Buren was celebrated. He possessed an easy, but graceful manner, with a happy flow of wit, which delighted the Democratic crowds, whom he held enchained, or roused to loud and boisterous mirth.
On the breaking out of the Rebellion, he placed himself on the side of the Union, as a War Democrat, and was one of the speakers at the great Union meeting which assembled at Union Square, New York, in ISGl.
Mr. Van Buren, though frequently solicited, never sought office, and died with unsullied patriotism, predominant in death.
i
134. WM. H CHANNING,
Wm. H. CnANNiNG, a celebrated divine, the champion of free thought and free limbs, was born at Newport, Rhode Island, April 7, 1778. As a boy, ho was thoughtful and amiable, winning the love of his schoolmates aiid teachers.
At a very early age he was imbued with religious reverence ; and thought, with an unusual degree of mental vigor, upon the abstract dogmas of theol- ogy. He was the soul of honor, and ever ready to take the part of the op- pressed among his playmates. Washington AUston, the poet-painter, describes him as an " open, bi'ave, and generous boy."
He entered Harvard College in 171)4, and graduated in 1798, with the highest honors of his class.
In 1801 he was made Regent in Harvard University, and the following year, having been licensed by the " Cambridge Ministerial Association," he commenced preaching, and Avas settled over the Federal-Street Society, Jvme 1, 1803. He retained the offioo of Pastor of this chiirch and Society until his death, which occurred at Bennington, Vermont, on the 2d of October, 1842, while on a journey for his health.
Dr. Channing was small in stature, and always had the appearance of being in a very depressed condition of health. When he rose to speak, his voice, scarcely rising above a tremulous whisper, caused a strong feeling of disappointment and regn-t; but, as he warmed with his theme, his form seemed to dilate until you forgot his diminutiveness, and his voice rose to such a clear, sonorous note, that every vibration thrilled to the very soul.
Few men were so eloquent as he ; but it was not the eloquence of the schools. It was the manly earnestness, with which he impressed upon his audience the greatness of his subject and the solemnity of his mission, and enchained the souls of his hearers, and melted them into tenderness and humility.
Dr. Channing was an uncompromising advocate of human freedom. He sought, with all his might, t) take away the irons from the limbs of the enslaved, and to disinthrall the human mind from, the fetters of l->arty, and the debasing creeds of sects.
He was an ardent patriot, and his heart bled for every stain that fell upon the escutcheon of his country's glory.
AVhen the New England church divided on what were called the Unita- rian and Calvanistic doctrines, he took tlie liberal side, only as choosing the least of two evils, and labored while he lived to do away with sectarian names and badges, and to bring all real and sincere believers together, under the broad and single name of Christians.
Dr. Channing was a man of the purest life and spirit. The sins which so easily beset and contaminate many great and good men, were shed by the immaculate mantle of his life without leaving a trace behind. In Jiira there was no guile./
135. HOSEA BALLOU.
HosEA Ballott was 'borii in Richmond, New Hampshire, April 30, 1771. His father was a Baptist minister, and, at quite an early age, Hosea received deep religious impressions, and joined his father's church. When he was about fourteen years old, considerable stir was made by che presence of several Universalist ministers in his native place, some of whom he heard. Their discourses led him to inquire if their doctrine was consistent with the Bible, and he resolved to give the subject a thorough investigation. In this labor he had no other book than the Bible, to the study of which he applied an honest mind and a sturdy purpose to adopt such views as might oe derived from its teachings. The result was, that he embraced the views of those preachers, and openly avowed his change ; in consequence of which he was excommunicated from the Baptist church, when his thoughts were turned to the subject of preaching.
In 1791, Mr. Ballou preached his first sennon in a private house.
He was first ordained in Oxford, in 1794, and in 1803, in Barnard, Vt., where he wrote and published two works: " Notes on the Parables," and a " Treatise on the Atonement."
These volumes he compiled without the aid of any other books than the Bible ; and, although there is little scholastic polish to be found in them, the marks of his keen logic and biting satire are to be seen on nearly every page. On the 8th of November, 1809, he was installed over the Universalist Society in Portsmouth, N. H., where he remained until 1815, when he removed to Salem, Mass., and remained two years, and then accepted the call of the Second Universalist Society in Boston, where he was installed December 25, 1817, as its first Pastor. Here he continued during the remain- der of his life, living in great harmony with his people, and laboring inces- santly, both at home and abroad, in the various duties of his profession.
He fell quietly asleep on the 7th of June, 1852, in the eighty-first year of his age.
The labors of Mr. Ballou were arduous and extensive. He traveled widely throughout the United States, visiting the churches and establishing new ones.
Although he seldom wrote his sermons, few clergymen have written more than he. His controversial writings would make many large tomes of theological lore. Few preachers have produced a stronger sensation, or left upon the circle of their mission a more enduring effect than he. Without education, without patronage, with nothing but his own strong powers ot intellect, amidst the bitterest opposition, he succeeded in building up the cause to which he devoted his life. For his attentions to the wants of his people in sickness and in sorrow, he won their love ; and, quite early in life, he passed among thera as " Father Ballou."
136. LYMAN BEECHEPv.
Rev. Lyman Beeciter, a distinguished Clergyman, was boru in New Haven, Connecticut, September 12, 1775.
He prepared for college under the immediate supervision of the village pastor, and in due time graduated at Yale College, where he afterv/ard remained two or three years, studying divinity under Dr. Dwight, then President of that institution.
In 1708 he received his license for the ministry, and was soon called to take charge of the First Congregationnl Society in East Hampton, Long Island, where he labored with marked fidelity for more than two years. In 1810 he removed to Litchfield, Conn., where he settled as Pastor over the First Congregational Society of that place. He remained in charge of this Christian flock for sixteen years, and preached with great success. Having married, he found himself, ere long, surrounded Avith a numerous family — " The Clergyman's Blessing'" — and he set himself to work to improve the condition of the community in which his children were to be reared. He raised the standard of education in the schools, and became an efficient and successful laborer in the cause of Temperance, to which he devoted his sin- gular energies throughout a long life, and to which he was to the last as freshly devoted as in the palmy days of his youth.
He also entered, heart and soul, into all the great questions of moral reforms which then began to agitate the churches ; and, during this period, assisted in the establishment of the Connecticut Edvication Society, the American Bible Society, the Connecticut Missionary Society, and other associations of a similar character.
In 182G great defection had taken place in Boston and neighboring parts of New England into Unitarianism, following the lead of I)r. Chan- ning, and others in sympathy with him, and Dr. Beecher was chosen, out of all the other clergy in New England, to uphold the standard of the ancient Puritan faith against their desertion, and he took charge of the Hanover Street Calvanistic Society in Boston, where he labored for six or seven years with great zeal and considerable success. His ministry partook largely of the controversial, and he flung himself into the thickest of the battle.
In 1832 he was appointed to the Presidency of the Lane Theological Seminary at Cincinnati; and, at the same time, he took charge of the Second Presbyterian Society in that city, which double charge he performed with great vigor of intellect and body until about the j^ear 1852, when he resigned all public and official relations, and removed to Boston, where he afterward resided, enjoying the respect of all who knew him and the proud satisfac- tion of seeing his children " a numerous bx'otherhood," occupying command- ing positions in society, and rendering themselves famous by their labors in the cause of truth and humanity.
Dr. Beecher published much during his life, consisting, principally, of sermons delivered on various occasions. He is also author of a volume on " Political Atheism," and was always a zealous advocate of the Temperance movement, and may be regarded as one of the chief founders of the " Tern- X^erance Reform."
Ho died at the residence o| his son, Henry Ward Beecher, in Brooklyn, in 1862.
137. WILLIAM D. PORTER
Commodore William D. Portek was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1809, but was educated in Pennsylvania, and appointed to the navy from Massachusetts. He was the son of Commodore David Porter, who distin- guished himself in the AVar of 1812, and a brother of Admiral David D. Porter, who also distinguished himself on many occasions in the late war. "When the Rebellion broke out, W. D. Porter was cruising in the sloop-of- war St. Mary's. Being a Southern man by birth, his loyalty was suspected; hearing which, he wrote a characteristic letter to the Government, defending himself from the aspersion.
He was afterward sent to the "Western waters under Commodore Foote, who was preparing a fleet to open the Mississippi. The vessel selected for him to command was the iSt. Louis (ferry-boat), which he converted into a formidable iron-clad gun-boat in eighteen days, fighting the enemy while constructing it. He named it the " Essex,^^ after the ship in which his gal- lant father fought his desperate battle with the ^^ Alert, ^^ near the port of Valparaiso, in 1812.
Although it had an ignominious birth, it was destined to win a great reputation.
He accompanied Commodore Foote up the Tennessee River, and took part in the attack on Fort Henry.
As Foote with his flag-ship moved up to the fort, the Essex hugged him close, and, when fire was opened, lay alongside. The heavy shot from the batteries pounded her mailed sides, and made her quiver from stem to stern. Yet Porter kept creeping nearer to them, pushing into the very vortex of the fire. Amid the crashing of shot and bursting of shell, above, around, and against the sides of the ship, his bearing was grand and heroic. When within a few hundred yards of the fort, as he was watching the effect of the fire, a 32-pound shot struck his vessel, just above the port-holes, killed a man by his side, and landing in the boiler, sent the stream through the vessel, and fatally scalded many of the sailors ; Porter himself was also scalded, and became temporarily blinded from the effects.
While recruiting, he had the Essex repaired, and on the 9th of July started down the Mississippi River to join the fleet at Vicksburg, his brother and Admiral Fari'agut coming up from below.
Here the formidable Rebel ram Arkansas made its appearance, passing through the fleet without being affested by their broadsides, and placing her- self under the batteries of the fort. Such a formidable vessel could not be trusted on the river, and Porter volunteered, alone and unaided, to destroy her. He went down under the fire of the batteries of the fort and the ram, where he attacked and partially disabled her. He intended to have struck her with his armed bow, but she avoided him. The ram afterwai'd withdrew for repairs, when Porter attacked and set fire to her magazine, causing it to explode.
Thus by his daring, one of the most dangerous impediments to our suc- cess on the river was destroyed. He then started down the river, passing Port Hudson under a galling fire, unharmed, destroying one of the batteries, and arrived at New Orleans, where a Commodore's commission awaited him; but ho did not live to enjoy it, for disease had set in, and ho was obliged to return to the North for his health, where ho soon after died, at St. Luke's Hospital, in New York, in 16G2, in the fifty-third year of hitj ago.
13S. J. FENIMOEE COOPER
J. Fenimore Cooper was born in Bordcntown, New Jersey, September 15, 1789. At the age of ten, his father removed to Cooperstown, New York. He was fitted for college under the training of Rev. Mr. Ellison, Rector of St. Paul's Church, Albany.
. After spending a few years m studying the classics, he entered the navy at a still very early age ; and, during a few years of service, gave such evi- dence of his fitness for a naval leader that a commission was about to be tendered to him, when he fell a victim to Cupid, and surrendered himself to the bands of Hymen,
After his marriage, he gave himself up to pleasure, travel, and litera- ture, for some years, during which time he stored his mind with the rich m.aterials which he has since wrought into such delightful fabrics.
His first serious attempt at novel-writing (after various contributions to the literary journals) came before the world under the title of *• Precaution." Then came the " Spy," and '* Pioneers," and " Pilot," and a whole brood of flattering successors, the very enumeration of which we have no room for, each adding to the fame of the author, as each was xoerused by the enthusi- astic and expectant readers.
His last work was published in 1849, and Mr. Cooper's mortal remains were committed to the dust in ISol. But he still lives in the hearts of grateful millions, whose spirits have been stirred Avithin them, by his touch- ing pathos, and whose love of country has been warmed into now life by the patriotism of his eloquent pen.
Cooper, like Scott, has bound his phantasms so fast by history that one forgets while reading, that he is not dealing with sober facts. Whether we sit with him on the sunny slope, and gaze over the rich landscapes his wizard wand has enchanted from the depth of his OAvn rich imagination, or prowl with " Leather Stockings " through the dusky and savage-begirt forest, or scud under bare poles over the frightened and laboring sea, or mingle in the ensanguined fray on the slippery decks of the " Red Rover," there is a freshness and reality about them that makes us forget that our sympathies are excited f;)r ideal beings, or that we are feasting our mental eye on painted emptiness. His writings may not have the finish of Irving, or the severe correctness of style to be found in Scott ; but there is a life-likeness about what he has written that gushes out like some bubbling spring on the mountain side, and^sends a refreshing coolness to the lips.
139. JOHN PIEEPONT.
Rev. Jo JIN PlERPONT was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, April 6, 17S5. He graduated at Yale College, at the age ot nineteen.
He then became a Private Tutor in the family of Col. William Allston, in South Carolina, where he remained four years.
From lb09 to 1812 he studied law at Litchfield, and settled at New- buryport, Massachusetts. The War of 1812 interfered with his practice, and he then attempted business pursuits, with indifferent success.
In 1818 he entered the Cambridge Divinity School. He was soon after installed as Pastor of the HoUis-Street Unitarian Church, at Boston. For twenty-five years he remained in that Pastorate, which connection, however, became clouded with troubles and dissensions, growing out. of his strong advocacy of Temperance and anti-Slavery, with other philanthropic meas- ures, which he warmly upheld.
In 1805 he visited Europe and Asia. In 1845 he became Pastor of the First Unitarian Church in Troy, New York, where he remained four years, and then accepted a call to the First Congregational Church at Medford, Massachusetts.
When the war of the Rebellion broke out, Mr. Pierpont was deeply in- terested, and instantly sought an active position, although then seventy -five years of age.
He was appointed Chaplain of the Twenty-Second Massachusetts Regiment, by Governor Andrew. The exposure of camp-life, and the severe duties of the field, compelled him, much to his regret, to resign.
Secretai-y Chase then appointed him to a Clerkship in the Treasury De- partment, which he held until his sudden death, at Medford, August 20, 18G6, being eighty-one years of age.
Mr. Pierpont was a thorough scholar, a graceful and facile speaker, and a poet of no ordinary power.
His devotion to the humane and philanthropic reforms of his time, sprung from the highest influences of intelligence and truthfulness, and were carried out with the strong conscientiousness of duty.
The era in which such men lived was, in our country, one calling for fearless and energetic character
The demand was supplied by such a host as history seldom records, and many of the heroic spirits called forth in that holy warfare, have already passed away from the scenes of their earthly toils and triumphs.
140. JOHN HUDSON.
John Hudson v.-as boi^n in Concord, Massachusetts, Api'il 5, 1802.
He received a common-school education, and learned the trade of black- smith, after which emigrated to the State of Ohio, then the *' far "West," and settled on the "Western Reserve.
Here he set up his forge and anvil, and soon acquired a p>roiitable busi- ness.
His shrewdness and persistent perseverance in overcoming all obstacles, and a determination to accomplish everything he undertook, brought him prominently before the people of his county, and they elected him Sheriff, which position he held for a number of years.
He soon became noted for his success in hunting up fugitives from jus- tice, and the horse-thieves of that vicinity quickly scattered to distant parts.
In all his professional term he never failed to arrest any culprit he was summoned to take into custody. __
At one time, when the rivers were swollen, and many bridges were washed away, he was called upon about dusk to go in search of a fugitive from justice, who had two days the start of him, and no one knew the direction he had taken. _
He was at work in his shop, had on his paper hat and leather apron, and in his shirt sleeves. "Without stopping to make any preparation, he jumped upon his famous horse " Yankee " (railroads were not then in operation), and, utter making a few inquiries of those who had seen him last, started for the East, and was two hundred miles away before he stopped to purchase a hat and coat. Having, as if by instinct, got upon his track the first day, he, by changing horses, rode night and day, until he caught his man in the farthest corner of the State of Maine, two thousand miles away. ^
Pie deeply sympathized with those oppressed by reason of their poverty ; and, when called upon to arrest them for debt, rather than take them to jail, would often pay the debt himself, or go their security.
He was a Democrat, and upheld the system of slavery ; but if a fugitive slave came to him (as they often did) for protection, his political views gave way to the voice of humanity, and he would give them shelter, food, and money to speed them on to freedom.
He was very eccentric in his ways, persistent and generous to a fault. As an instance of his perseverance : "While in a boat fishing for bass in a deep pond, he had drawn up a large one some three feet from the water,- when it dropped from the hook. , Determined not to lose the bass, he dropped his line, jumped from the boat, and caught the fish in his hands just as it struck the water's edge, and brought it safe to the boat.
He was always ready to assist at the bed-side of the sick, and his services were often brought into requisition by his neighbors, for he was cm excellent nui'se.
Having no children of his own, he adopted and brought up a number of orphan relatives. _
He was a favorite in the village in which ho lived,""and all the villagera claimed the privilege of calling him " "Uncle John."
He died Tebruary 2, 18G3.
lii. JONAS butricb:.
Colonel Jonas Butrick was born in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, May 28, 1791.
He ^yas a descendant of one of the Pilgrims of the May-Floicei\ and a relative of Colonel Butrick, of Revolutionary fame. His early life v/as spent upon a farm, attending the village school during the -winter months.
In his youth he was fond of hunting ; but being too poor to own a gun, he made himself a bow and arrows, with which he became so expert, that, at " Election Huntings," whichever side chose young Jonas, was sure to come off victorious. At an annual celebration of the " taking of Corn- wallis," he led the Indian regiment in the " sham-fight." It was at this time he received the title of Colonel.
At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to the saddle and harness trade ; and when he became of age, he had saved enough from overwork and wages to set up in business for himself, soon after which his natural inclina- tion to invent was brought into exercise by his own necessities, and he in- vented a truss, which, from a singular circumstance, became somewhat celebrated :
A gentleman of a neighboring village had, apparently, died suddenly, caused by a strain. Learning the circumstances, Colonel Butrick did not believe tha man was dead ; and, meeting the funeral at the grave-yard, ho stated his doubts to his relatives, and they allowed him to open the coffin and examine the body. Atter adjusting the rupture, and applying the truss, the man showed signs of life, and in a few days he was walking about, and lived many years to bless the day that truss was invented.
Colonel Butrick was afterward continually inventing some labor-saving machine ; but, like most inventors, he did not reap the benefit of his invi3n- tions — others, by some means, getting the advantage of his "new ideas,"
He, at one time, before the days of railroads, went with his own horse and carriage to Washington, to take out a patent, which took him near two months to accomplish.
While on a visit to Boston, he first heard a total abstinence temperance lecture. He joined the Society, and brought the pledge to his country home, where he established the first Temperance Society of that town. He was ever after unceasing in his efforts to extend and build up the cause, until he had the satisfaction of seeing " New England rum" banished from all the public places of the village.
When the Abolition question first began to be agitated at the North, Colonel Butrick was one of its earliest champions ; and he took a special interest in the right of petition and free discussion. He invited a noted speaker to lecture in his village on the subject, obtaining the use of the Town- Hall of the Selectmen for that purpose. When the speaker began to address the audience, a number of riotous spirits began to hiss, determined he should not speak, and one, more bold than the rest, came toward the platform, saying to his comrades: "Come on ; let us drive the d — n Abolition- ist from the hall ;" whereupon Colonel Butrick, with the " fire of the Kcvolu- tion" in his eye, sprang from the platform, seized the intruder by the collar, and before he could make any resistance, hurled him headlong into the Bti'cet. Quiet was then restored, and the lecturer proceeded.
He continued t-o lead in all tho reforms of the day, in that part cf the country, until his death, which occurred ^larch 15, Ib'oS,
142. GEORGE P. MORRIS.
George P. Morkis vras born in the city of New York in the year 1802. He commenced his literary career at an early age.
Before he had attained his majority he conti'ibiitcd to various publica- tions, and in the year 1822 became the editor of The JS'cw York Mirror, •which remained under his control till the year 184o, when financial embar- rassments compelled him to discontinue its publication.
During- this long period, the Mirror served efficiently the cause of litera- ture in America; and, through its pages, Willis, Fay, Cox, Legget, and a host of excellent writers were introduced to the reading public.
Mr. Morris also became connected with the military organization of the State of New York, and held the rank of Brigadier-General.
General Morris acquired his chief reputation as a song-writer rather than as a journalist, one of which has gained an extensive popularity — the ballad of *' "Woodman, Spare that Tree," — having become as well known in England as in the United States.
In 1825 General Morris wrote the drama of " Brier Cliff," a play in five acts, founded upon events of the American Revolution. It was performed forty nights in succession.
In 1842 he wrote an opera, called " The Maid of Saxony," which was performed with success.
In 1840, Messrs. Appleton & Company published an edition of his poems, and in 1842 Paine & Burgess published his song-s and ballads.
A volume, under the title of " The Little Frenchman and his "Water- Lots," was soon after issued by Lea & Blanchard, at Philadelphia.
In 1844, in conjunction with Mr. Willis, he established a weekly paper, called the New Mirror, which was discontinued after an existence of a year and a half.
The Evening Mirror was next started ; and, after being conducted by Morris & Willis for a year was sold out.
A few months after. General Morris began the publication of The National Press and Home Journal. In November, 1846, he was joined by Mr. Willis, and the first number of the Home Journal was issued, the first part of the name used having given rise to a mistake on the part of many as to the objects of the paper.
General Morris continued his association with the Home Journal and Mr. Willis, until his death, July 4, 1804.
He resided at Under Cliff, opposite West Point, and was buried in the cemetery at Cold Spring, with "William Cullen Bryant, General Dix, Pro- fessor Bartlett, General Sandford, Professor Weir, and Governeur Kemble, as his pall-bearers ; and it was by such " bright spirits " that he was beloved. Mr. Morris was always sincere, affectionate, generous, appreciative of others, and modest of himself. He passionately loved and enjoyed music, and was that natural-born musician to whom all melody comes easy. Never singing a song, nor playing upon any manner of instrument, he could tell what waa true in tune or in verse by a kind of instinct. With the musically inspired, as performers or composers, he had a natural and instinctive friendship, and all who were honored with his acquaintance loved him.
143. NATHANIEL P. WILLIS.
Nathaniel P. Willis was bom in Portland, Maine, January 20, 1807. "While 11 child, he was sent to Boston, to attend the Latin School of that city. He afterward studied at Phillips's Academy, at Andover, and entered Yale College in the seventeenth year of his age. About that time he produced a, series of poems on sacred subjects, which obtained for him some reputation.
Immediately after he graduated, in 1827, he was engaged by Mr. Good-^ rich (" Peter Parley ") to edit The Legendary and lite Token. In 1828 ho established the American MoniJdy Magazine, which he conducted two years and a half, when it was merged into the New York Mirror, and Willis went to Europe. On his arrival in France, he was attached to the American Legation by Mr. Rives, then Minister to the Court of Versailles, and with a diplomatic passport he traveled in that counti'y, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, Turkey, and, last of all, England, where he married.
The letters he wrote while abroad, under the title of " Pencilings by the Way," were first published by the New York Mirror. In l8o5 he pub- lished " Inklings of Adventure," a series of tales, which appeared orig- inally in a London magazine under the signature of '* Peter Slingsby." In 1837 he returned to the United States, and retired to " Glenmary," a pleasant seat on the Susquehanna, where he resided four years. Early in 1839 he became one of the editors of the Corscar, a literary gazette in New York, and in the autumn of the same year he went to London, where he published a number of volumes of poems and tragedies, and wrote the descriptive portions of some pictorial works on American scenery and Ireland. In 18-13, with George P. Morris, he revived the New York Mirror, which had been disL-ontinued for several years, iirst as a weekly and then as a daily gazette, but withdrew from it on the death of his wife, in 1844, and made another visit to England, where he published " Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil," consisting of stories and sketches of European and American society.
On his return to New York, in 1845, he published his complete works, which filled a closelj'-printed imperial octavo volume of eight hundred pages. In October of the same year he married a daughter of the Hon. Joseph Grinnell, of New Bedford, Mass., and selected for his home the pleasant "Idlewild," which has been made memorable by his " Out-Dooi's of Idle- wild," and later laboi's. About the same time he became associated with Mr. George P. Morris, as Editor of the Home Journal, a weekly, which rapidly won a large share of the public favor, and has continued, from that to the present time, a popular organ of literature, society, fashionable life, and the news of the day. The extent of Mr. Willis's works comprise almost a library of volumes, which are doubtless too well known to demand a repetition in this place.
Twenty or thirty years ago Mr. Willis was the recognized leading Poet of America; and at that time he deserved the reputation. His earlier poems are marked by elegant diction, real grace, and genuine pathos. Several of them were at once adopted by compilei's of school-books, and thus a large portion of the youth of the country have become familiar with Willis's best productions. His elegy on the death of President Harrison, and his " Baptism in Jordan," are among his most widely-known poems.
Mr, Willis enjoyed a personal acquaintance of unusual extent, and both here and abroad he had hosts of friends. He died of paralysis, January 20, 1867, the sixtieth anniversary of his birth-day.
144. WASHINGTON ALLSTON
"WASniNGTON ALLSTON, the eminent Poet and Painter, was born" in South Carolina, in 1780, and graduated at Harvard College in 1800.
The year following, he embarked for Europe, and remained abroad for eight years, studying the works of the great masters, and enjoying the friendship of the most distinguished poets and painters of England and Italy. Among those with whom he lived on terms of familiar intimacy, were Wordsworth, Southey, and Coleridge, each of whom enshrined in verse their affectionate remembrance of his genius and virtues. He had the in- struction and friendship of West, Fuzeli, and Reynolds.
While in Europe, he was not only ingratiated to every one with whom he came in contact, but his talents and genius commanded the respect and consideration of the masters of his ai't.
"In painting, the genius of AUston was adapted to the creation of both the beautiful and the sublime ; although it may be inferred from the nature of his works, that the tendencies of his mind were to subjects of stern grandeur, and of strong, deep feeling. His conceptions, taken from the highest departments of art, were always bold and original. He possessed a powerful, as well as bi'illiant, imagination ; while the execution of his pic- tures was marked by a rare combination of strength, freedom, and grace. As a colorist, his qualities are best described by the name apx^lied to him by the artists of Italy, and by which alone he was known to many, that of the ' American Titian.' "
Among his principal works were : " The Dead Man Ecstored to Life by Elijah," "The Angel Liberating Peter from Prison," "Jacob's Dream," "Elijah in the Desert," "The Angel Uriel in the Sun," "Saul and the Witch of Endor," " Spalatro's Vision of the Bloody Hand," " Gabriel Setting the G-uard of the Heavenly Host," " Anne Page and Slender," "Beatrice," and other exquisite productions.
During the last years of his life, Mr. Allston was engaged upon a chef- d'oeuvre, called " Belshazzar's Feast," which, most unfortunately for the honor of his name and the credit of the art, he was not permitted to com- plete. Enough was accomplished, however, to show that the ripened mind ot the great artist was not m.arred nor weakened by any manifestation of physical decay. It is the production of a great mind and heart.
Mr. Allston also cultivated the muses with considerable success, A small volume of his poems were published in London, in 1813 ; and his poems afterward contributed to the press, rank him among the first American poets.
He published a tale called " Monaldi," a work of great power and beauty. It is full of delicate touches in its coloring, and shows him to have been possessed of a soul keenly alive to all that is beautiful and pure in nature and in humanity.
In the classic vshades of Cambridge, Mr. Washington Allston, the Painter, Poet, and Poet-Painter, bade adieu to the scenes of earih, on the 9th of July, 1843, in the sixty-fourth year of his age.
145. WASHINGTON IBVING.
"Washington Irving was born April o, 1782, in the city^of New York. He was the young-est son of a numerous family, and received his academic honors at Columbia College. _
About this time he commenced his career as a public^writer by contribu- ting a series of letters to the Morning Chronicle, under the signature of " Jonathan Old-Style." These juvenile essays attracted much notice at the time ; and, in 182o or 1824, were collected and published without the sanc- tion of the author. _^___ ^
On leaving college, he commenced the study of the law ; and, after read- ing the allotted time, duly installed himself in that profession, and opened an office in New York City. It is said that he never was so unfortunate as to have but one client, and his cause he was altogether too diffident to' manage ; so, turning over both client and cause to one of his brethem who had less modesty, ho left the profession in disgust, and decided to pursue the more flowery path of literature. In this choice he evinced a rare judg-' ment; some say he committed a happy blunder.j|^Itjyas_to_him_the_ only sure one to fame.
In 1804 Mr. Irving visited Europe for his health^ and returned in 180G. In December, 1809, he published his " Knickerbocker History of New York." In 1810, his two brothers, who were engaged in commercial business, gave him an interest in the concern, with the understanding that he was to pursue his literary avocation. ._ ,
On the close of the war, in May, 1815, he embarked for Liverpool, with the intention of making a second tour of Europe, but was prevented by the sudden reverses which follov\-ed the return of peace, overwhelming the house in which he had an interest, and involving him in its ruin.
In 1818, while residing m London, he wrote and published his " Sketch- Book ;" and, after seventeen years' residence in Europe, during which he wrote various works, and held, for several years, the office of Secretary of Legation to the American Embassy in London, he returned to New York in 1832, and was greeted everywhere with the warmest enthusiasm.
In 1842 he was appointed Minister to Spain, in which capacity he had evidence enough of his unfitness for the drudgery of official detail. He was better adapted to pour into the living souls of millions of his race the refreshing and strengthening waters of a benevolent, holy, and highly inten- sified intelligence. He returned in 184G ; and, in 1850, commenced his " Life of Washington," completing his last and fifth volume in April, 1859. The versatility of Mr. Irving's pen is wonderful, and its power to create a laugh " beneath the ribs of deatli," or wring a tear of genuine sympathy from the eye of cold philosophy, all have been compelled to confess. There is, too, a freshness and raciness in all he wrote that smacks of nothing but his own high genius and all-embracing heart. Pick up a stray leaf from any of his many books, and though it liave no mark or signature to identify it, yet you will know it by the faithful daguerreotyped lineament of his beautiful and harmonious mind. L^nlike some whose charter of nobility lies in their pen, Mr. Irving was the personation of his best fictions — a true gentleman, and kind neighbour.
His beautiful " Sunnyside" residence was as quiet and sheltered as the heart of man could desire, ia wliich to take refuge from the troubles and cares of the v/orld. He died, November 28, 1859.
146. LYMAN TRUMBL^LL.
Lyman Trhmbcll was born at Colchester, Connecticut, in 1813, and received his education at Bacon Academy in that town. IIis lather, Benjamin Trumbull, was a lawyer, and his grandfather was the Rev. Dr. Trumbull, who wrote a history of 'Connecticut. The subject of this sketch, after teaching a district school for several seasons in Connecticut, went to Georgia, in 1833, where he taught school for three years in the Greenville Academy, and, in the mean time, studied law. In 1837, he removed to Illinois, and settled at Belleville, where he commenced the practice of his profession. In 1840, he was elected a member of the Legislature from St. Clair County on the Democratic ticket. In 1841, he was appointed Secretary of State, which position he held for two years. In 1848, he was elected one of the three justices of the Supreme Court of the State, and, draw- ing the short term of three years, he was reelected, in 1851, for nine years.
In 1853, he resigned the judgeship, and resumed the practice of his profession at Alton, where he then resided. On the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, in May, 1854, Judge Trumbull took issue with his political friends who advocated that measure, and was largely instrumental in the organization of what was known in Illinois as the Anti-Xebraska Democrats, being Democrats who opposed the opening of the territories to slavery, from which, by the Missouri Compromise, it had been excluded.
In the fall of 1854, he became the Anti-Nebraska candidate for Congress in the Eighth District, then the strongest Democratic District in Illinois, and was elected over the regular Democratic candidate by 2611 majority. The Legislature, chosen at the same time, consisted of one hundred members, and was made up of Democrats, Whigs, Americans, and Anti Nebraska Democrats.
When the election of United States Senator, to succeed James Shields, took place in the following February, no one party had a majority. After eight ineffectual ballotings, on one of which Abraham Lincoln received forty-five votes, Judge Trumbull was, on the ninth ballot, elected, receiving 51 out of 99 votes cast.
On the expiration of his term, in 1861, he was reelected without opposition; and again, in 1867, he was reelected for a third term, which will expire in 1873.
When the Republicans came into power in the United States Senate, in 1861, Judge Trumbull was made Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary, which position he has held ever since. Being at the head of that committee, most of the important legislation relating to reconstruction has passed through his hands.
The first act ever passed by Congress for freeing slaves emanated from him, and was approved by Mr. liincoln, August 6, 1861. lie reported and had charge in its passage through the Senate of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constituiioa, abolishing slavery, and was the Author of the Civil Rights Ad.
147. FLETCHER WEBSTEE.
Colonel Pletciier Webster, of the 12th IMassachusetts^ Voltmteers, ■was the last surviving child of the late Daniel "Webster, and was born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, July 23, 181-3.
Commencing- his education in Boston, lie graduated at Harvard Uni- versity in 18oo, and entered upon the study of the law at Hopkinton, iST. H., and began the practice in 1836. Marrying in that year, he removed to Detroit, Mich., and remained there one year, when he re- moved to La Salle, 111. Residing there four years, he became an active member of a sporting club, and proved his efficiency as a good shot, and daring rider, in the chase of the wolf and the deer.
During the period of his father's administration of the State Depart- ment, he was appointed Chief Clerk, and filled it creditably. He subse- quently accompanied Caleb Cushing, as Secretary of Legation, to China ; and, on his return, in 1845, delivered several lectures on China and the Chinese.
Elected to the Massachusetts Legislature in 184.7, as a Kepresentative from Boston, he distinguished himself in a very able speech in support of a resolution appropriating »?20,000 in aid of the Massachusetts regiment raised for the Mexican War.
In 1S50 President Taylor appointed Colonel Webster to the office of Surveyor of the port of Boston, an office which he continued to hold undi^^r the subsequent administrations of Presidents Pierce and Buchanan. .^^
In 1855, he edited a valuable edition of his father's correspondence. ' lie subsequently published, anonymously, several humorous poems; and had he cultivated literature as a profession, he might have taken high rank as a man of letters.
At the beginning of the Rebellion, Colonel Webster raised the 12th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. Mustered into service at Fort Warren, June 20, 180 1, it left Boston on the 23d of July, and arrived at Sandy Hook, Md., on the 27th. Marching next to the Monocacy River, Hyattstown, Darnestown, Muddy Branch, Edwards' Ferry, Poolsville, and Seneca Mills, they finally wintered near Frederick, Md. Moving into the Shenandoah Valley on the 22d of January, 1802, they were in active operations at Charlestown, Winchester, Berryville, Snicker's Gap, Aldie, and Grove Creek. Leaving, on the 2Sth, for Cub Run, they marched the next day for Bull Run, and from this time till August they operated in the Shen- andoah Valley, their activity of service confining them but briefly to one point. They took part in the battle of Cedar Mountain on the 9th of August, and, on the 20th, in the battle of the Rappahannock. Continually on the move from that time until the end of the month, lliey participated in the battle of Grovetown, August 30, 1802, where^ Colonel Webster was mortally wounded.
148. HENEY WINTEE DAYIS.
Henry "Winter Davis was born at Annapolis, Maryland, August 16, 1817. His education beg-an early, at home, under the care ot his aunt, Eliza- beth Brown Winter, who taught him to read before he was lour years old, though much against his will.
> His father removed to Wilmington, Del., where Henry was instructed under his own supervision ; but, in 1827, he returned to Maryland, and settled in Anne Arundel County, where Henry became very much devoted to out-door life, roaming the fields with his gun, accompanied by one of his fathsr's slaves.
While here he saw much of slaves and Slavery which impressed him profoundly, and laid the foundation for those opinions which he so heroically and constantly defended iu after-life. Referring to this period, he said : " Being a boy, the slaves spoke with more freedom before me than they would before a man. They felt wronged, and sighed for Freedom. They were attached to my father, and loved me; yet they habitually spoke of the day when God would deliver them."
He subsequently attended school at Harvard, and afterward entered Kenyon College, in Ohio, in 1833, where he graduated in 1837.
His father dying, left him a number of slaves ; but he never held any of them under his authority, nor would he accept any of their wages, and ten- dered each and all a deed of absolute manumission, whenever the law would allow.
He entered the University of Virginia in 1839 ; and, after a thorough course at that institution, entered upon the practice of the law in Alexan- dria, Virginia. His ability and industry attracted 'attention, and he soon acquired a respectable practice. His natural aptitude for public affairs made itself manifest in due time, and some articles which he prepared on municipal and State politics gave him a great reputation.
He also published a series of newspaper essays, wherein he dai-ed to question the divinity of Slavery.
In 1850 he removed to Baltimore, and immediately a high professional, social, and political position was awarded him. He became prominent in the Whig party ; and, in 1852, in the Scott campaign, was everywhere known as the " brilliant orator and successful controversialist." He after- ward led off in the American movement, and was elected to the Thirty-Fourth, Thirty-Fifth, and Thirty-Sixth Congress, by the American party, and to the Thirty-Eighth by the Unconditional Union party of the Fourth District of Maryland. Mr. Davis's most striking characteristics were his devotion to principle and his indomitable courage. He hated Slavery, and he did not attempt to conceal it. It was through his persevering energy that Maryland was redeemed from the leprous stain of this institution.
He lived to witness the triumph of his country in its desperate struggle with treason — to see it rescued from the grasp of despotism, and rise vic- torious, with her garments purified, and her brow radiant with the unsullied light of Liberty. He lived to greet the return of Peace, and then he gentl)^ laid his head upon her bosom, and breathed out his noble spirit, Decem- ber 30, 1865, so quietly, that no one knew the moment of his departure.
U9. JOHN A. DIX.
General JonN A. Dix was born in Bosccwan, New Ilampsliire, July 24, 1798. At aa early ag"a ho was sent to thia academy at Salisbury ; afterward at Exeter; aud, in 1811, when fourteen yeari old, ho was transferred to a college at Montreal under ths direction of tha Fathers of the Sulpician Order, wher^i lie diligently x^'ursueu hiy studies, until hostilities commenced between tho L'nited IState.-i and Great Britain, when ho was compelled to return. After a short study at Boston, ha was appointed a Cadet in the United States army, and was ordered to Baltimore, where his father was then in command.
In March, 1813, the Secretary of "War offered him, without solicitation, the choice of a scholarship at "West Point or an Ensigncy in the army. He choose the latter, and entered the Fourteenth Infantry, of which his father was Lieutenant-Colonel,.and immediately marched to Sackett's Harbor, N. Y.
In June, 1813, while only in his fifteenth year, he was appointed Adjutant of an independent battalion, with which he descended the St. Lawrence, and participated in the perils and hardships of that unfortunate expedition. The same year, his father having- died, he obtained leave of absence to settle his father's estate, which had become embarrassed.
In 1814, he was transferred to the corps of artillery, under Colonel Walbach, with whom he continued several years.
In 1819 he was appointed Aid to General Brown, and passed his leisure hours in studying law, with a view of leaving the army at an early day.
In 1825 he was promoted to a captaiicy in the Third Artillery, and the same year, his health failing him, he traveled in Cuba and Europe.
In December, 1828, he retired from the army, and commenced the practice of law in Cooperstown, N. Y. He also entered political life, and became an active member of the Democratic party. In 1830 he was appointed Adjutant-General of the State. In January, 1833, he was chosen Secretary of State of New York. In 1841 he was elected Member of Assembly; went to Europe again a second time in 1S42 ; and, on his return, in January, 1845, elected a Senator to Congress, to fill the place of Silas "Wright, who was made Governor of New York. Ho represented the " Barn-Burners,'' or Free-Soil Democrats of New York.
In 1848 he was a candidate for Governor of Ncav York ; but, not being successful, he retired to private life. In 1853 ho was appointed Assistant ^Treasurer of the "United States at New York City. In May, 1800, he was appointed Post-Master of New York ; and, in January, 1861, was made Sec- retary of the Treasury by President Buchanan.
On the 29th of January, he sent that celebrated telegraphic dispatcli to Mr. "W. H. Jones, whom he had previously sent to New Orleans, with orders to save, if possible, the revenue cutters McClellan and Cass : "If any one attempts to haul down the American Flag, shoot him on the spot." He retired from the Treasury in March, 1861 ; and, on the 20th of May, presided at the immense meeting at Union Square, N. Y., which organized " Tho Union Defense Committee," and elected him Chairman.
He was appointed Major-General of Volunteers, May G, ISGl ; and, on the 14th of June, the President appointed him to a similar position in tho Kegu- larArmy. July 20, having been appointed to command of tho Department of Maryland, he was ordered to Baltimore, where he established his liead- quarters. In 1862 he was transferred to Eastern Virginia, with headquarters at Fortress Monroe ; and, from 1SG3 to 1866, he commanded the Department of ihe North, with lieadquarters at New York. In 1868 he was appointed Minister to France. '
150. OLIYEE P. MOETON.
Oliver P. Morton was born in Wayne Ci)unty, Indiana, August 4, 1823; graduated at the Miami University, studied and practiced law. He was elected Circuit Judge of the Fifih Judicial Circuit of Indiana, in 1852.
In 1856, Mr. Morton was the Republican candidate for Governor of Indiana, and made considerable reputation for himself during the canvass, but was defeated by a small majority. In I860, he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of the State of Indiana on the same ticket with Governor Lane. The election of Mr. Lane to the Senate of the United States elevated Mr. Morton, according to the provisions of the State Constitution, to the office of Governor. In that position, not only from its prominence and importance, but from the ability in its discharge displayed by Governor Morton, he became the leading- man in, as well as the head of, the State.
The war, breaking like a thunderbolt suddenly upon the country, Indiana, like most of the States, was divided in sentiment, and the Indiana Legis- lature, which was overwhelmingly loyal at that time, voted over $2,000,000 to as- sist the National Government. The Legislature of 1862 and 1863 was, however, disloyal, and Governor Morton, as a zealous advocate of the war to suppress the re- bellion, found himself hampered in his efforts to adopt measures in aid of its vigo- rous prosecution. To surround him with these difficulties, one of the most effectual methods to do so, was for his opponents to adjourn the Legislature without making provisions to pay the State debt. Such a movement, in the event of its suc- cess, would have resulted in the destruction of the credit of the State ; and to avert such a calamity, at such a time. Governor Morton set vigorously to work to procure the means wherewith to liquidate the liability.
Receiving his unfaltering aid, though surrounded by his enemies, vigilant for his defeat, the United States Government could, at all times, depend upon Governor Morton for co-operation and support in conducting the war.
Re-elected Governor in 1864, he received a majority of twenty-one thousand of the popular vote.
In political sentiments. Governor Morton belongs to the Republican side of politics denominated Radical; and, in 18G7, was elected to the United States Senate. Basing his opinions upon no one contracted idea, he possesses a grasp of mind which places him, as a public man, in the first rank of statesmen. Of great ability, he is a ready and fluent speaker, and has, as was predicted, made one of the ablest and most distinguished members of the United States Senate.
Previous to the trial of the impeachment of President Johnson, Governor Morton was prominently spoken of as the probable President of the Senate, in order to succeed the President of the United States in the event of con- viction following his impeachment. Considering the brief time he had been a member of that body, this testimonial in his favor shows how deep an impression his commanding talents and statesmanlike bearing made upon the Senate.
The great reputation which Governor Morton gained during the financial embarrassments of his State serves him now, with his experience, in the Senate. He is one of the foremost men upon the Reconstruction and financial questions now in that body.
A recent controversy, involving the public finances, has recently taken place between him and IIoi'sco Greeley, which has attracted wide attention.
151. ROBERT ANDERSON.
General Roceiit Anderson, the hero of Fort Sumter, was bom in Kentucky, in 18U5. He entered West Point Academy in 1831, irraduatcd in 1625, and was made Brevet Second Lieutenant in the Third Artillery, During- the Black Hawk War be acted as Inspector-General of the Illinois Volunteers, and in June, 1833. he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy. From 1835 to 1837 he was Assistant Instructor at the United States Military Academy ; but was assigned to the staff of General Winfield Scott, as Aid- de-camp, in 1838. In 1839 he published his "Instructions for Field Artillery, Horse and Foot ; Arranged for the Service of the L'nited States," a hand-book of groat practical value.
His services in the Indian troubles were acknowledged by a Brevet Cap- taincy, April 2, 1838. In July of the same year he was made Assistant J^djutant-General, with the r;ink of Captain, and full Captain in 1841.
In March, 1847, he was with his regiment in the army of General Scott, and took part in the siege of Vera Cruz, being one of the officers to whom was intrusted the command of the batteries. This duty he accomplished with signal skill and gallantry. He remained with the army until its tri- umphant entry into the Mexican capital, the following September, when he was appointed Brevet M'.jor and Acting Major of his brigade for gallantry at Molino del Rey, Avhere he was severely wounded. In 1851 he was promoted to full rank of Major in the first brigade. It was while holding this I'ank, and in command of the garrison at Fort Moultrie, that on the 20th of December, 18G0, the State of South Carolina seceded, and declared itself out of the L'nion. The event was celebrated throughout the Southern cities, and the plague of disloyalty overspread the entire South. Finding himself shut up in an untenable fort, with less than one hundred men, liis own Government fearing to send him reinforcements, and being menaced on ever}- side, cut off from supplies, with the deep murmurs of war growing h)uder and more threatening, General Anderson determined to evacuate Fort Moultrie. Accordingly, he destroyed all that was of use to the fort, and removed his men to Fort Sumter, the strongest of the Charles- ton fortifications.
The rage of the South at this strategic movement was intense, and only equaled by the thrill of joy which i-an through the North. Before the burst of indiguiition had subsided, Fort Moultrie was taken possession of by the South Carolinians, and put in a state of defense. Strong redoubts were thrown up on Morris and James Islands, Fort Johnson, and Castle Pinckney were also occupied, and Sumter was invested. No ships could approach it in the teeth of these sullen batteries. On the 8th of April, the United States Government informed the insurgents that they wished to send sup- plies to Fort Sumter on an unarmed transport, but were denied the permis- sion. The Government then officially informed them that supplies would be sent to Major Anderson, peaceably, if possible, otherwise by force. On the 11th of April, General Beauregard, who had command of the Rebels, demanded of General Anderson the surrender of Fort Sumter, which, being refused, General Beauregard opened fire upon the fort at 4;30, A. M., and on the l4th, the fort, having caught fire, and, being out of provisions, General Anderson surrendered. AYith their tattered flag liying, these seventy men marched out of Fort Sumter, the band playing national airs.
General Anderson was made a Brigadier-General, and sent to Kentucky to take command in that State ; but his health unfitted him for the duties, and he retired from the army. Ho has since resided in the city of New Ygrk,
152. JOHN POPE.
General JoilN PoPE -was born in Kentucky, March 16, 1823, and, during- his infancy, iiis father removed with him to Kaskaskia, III, After receiving- a careful preliminary education, lie was admitted, in 1^38, a cadet in the West Point Military Academy, where he graduated in 1842, standing high in his class. In July of the game year he was commissioned Brevet Second Lieutenant in the corps of Topographical Engineers.
Upon the breaking out of the war with Mexico, he was attached to the army under General Taylor, and, " for gallant and meritorious conduct" at the battle of Monterey, was breveted a First Lieutenant, his commission bearing date September S3, 1846. For " highly gallant and meritorious conduct " on the hard-fought iield of Buena Vista, he was breveted a Cap- tain, his commission being dated February 23, 1847.
In 1840 he conducted the Minnesota Exploring Expedition, which demon- strated the practicability of navigating the Red River of the North with steamers, after which he acted as Topographical Engineer in New Mexico until 1853, when he was assigned to the command of one of the expeditions to survey the route of the Pacific Railroad. From 1854 to 1859 he was engaged in this work, during which time (July 1, 1856) he was promoted to a Captaincy in the corps of Topographical Engineers.
On the 17th day of May, 1861, he was commissioned a Brigadier-General of Volunteers in the Union army, and assigned to a command in Northern Missouri.
In December he served in Central Missouri, under General Halleck, and, on the 17th of that month, he scattered the Rebel camp at Shawnee Mound.
On the 18th he surprised another camp, near Milford, and took some thirteen hundred prisoners. This campaign cleared this district of the Rebels.
On the 14th of March, 1862, he captured New Madrid, and, on the 7th of April, the Rebel garrison of Island No. 10, amounting to nearly seven thousand men — for which services he was made a Major-General. He was next commander of a corps of the army to co-operate with Halleck in the reduction of Corinth.
In June, 1862, he was assigned to the command of the Army of Virginia, over Fremont, Banks, and McDowell, and, on July 14, was commissioned a Brigadier-General in the Retj-ular Army.
At the conclusion of the Second Bull Run campaign, September 3, 1862, he was relieved at his own request, and assigned to the Department of the Northwest, from whence, in the spring of 1865, he was transferred to that of Missouri. In March, 1867, was assigned to the command of the Third Military District, under the Reconstruction Acts ; and relieved l>y President Johnson in January of 1868. He was then assigned to the command of the Department of the Lakes; and in April of 1870, he was reassigned to the command of the De- paitmcnt of the Missouri, where he now is,
153. PHILIP H. SHEEIDAiSr.
General PniLii' II. SriEiUDAX, the " Hero of the Shenandoah,''' ^vas born in Perry County, Ohio, in 183j, and graduated at West Point in 1808. He saw considerable service in the West, and, after the outbreak of the Rebel- lion, was commissioned a Captain in the United States Infantry. For nearly a \'ear he acted as Chief Quartermaster in the trans-Mississippi Department, and in May, 1862, was appointed Cohjnel of the Second Michig-un C.ivalry.
In June he was put in command of a cavalry briurade, and for a brilliant victory over the Ptebcl General Chalmers, at Booneville, Mississippi, July 1, he was promoted, on General Grant's recommendation, to bo a Brigadier- General of Volunteers. During- the invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, in 1802, he was assigned to the command of a division in Buell's army, and subsequently fought at Perryviile and Murfreesboro', eariiing, by his valor in the latter engagement, his promotion to Major-General of Volunteers.
He participated i-n the campaign against Chattanooga, and again distin- guished himself at Chickamauga and the succeeding battle on Missionary Ridge.
In the spring of 18G4 he was summoned Eastward to assume command of the cavalrj' of the Potomac, in which capacity he led several daring- expeditions against the enemy's communications.
In August he took charge of tlie military division of the Shenandoah, gained the brilliant victories of September 19 and 21, over Early, when he sent him " whirling through Winchester," and, on the 19th of October, won the hard-fought battle of Cedar Creek, changing, by his opportune arrival, a Union defeat into a signal victory. Having driven Early up the valley to Browne's Gap, Sheridan returned to Cedar Creek, where he encamped in a position which was thought to be impregnable. On the morning of the 19th, before daylight, Early, having been reinforced, and, taking advantage of the absence of Sheridan, who had gone to Washington, made an attack upon the Union army, which he took by surprise during a thick fog.
Sheridan had reached Winchester — " twenty miles away " — the night before, and started for his command at eight o'clock that morning. He soon heard the rumbling of cannon, and putting spurs to his famous charger, arrived just as the army was in full retreat. Dashing up to the front, his charger reeking with foam, he ordered his men to halt. His voice and presence infused new courage and confidence into the disheartened troops, and they soon reformed. The cavalry dashed forward on the charge, followed by tlie infantry, and, after a desperate fight, turned the tide of battle, and completely routed the enemy.
In March, 1865, he moved his cavalry to the James River, and in the flanking movement, by which General Lee was driven out of Petersburg and eventually captured, Sheridan held the chief command, defeating the Rebels, with severe loss, at the battle of Five Forks.
At the close of the war he went to New Orleans as commander of the Military Division of the Gulf, and was promoted to Major-Goneral of the Regular Army.
His faithful performance of duty in carrying out the Reconstruction laws of Congress made him obnoxious to President Johnson, Avho removed him from that Department, against the protest of General Grant, and trans- ferred him to the Western frontier, where he is now engaged against the hostile Indians.
154. DANIEL E. SICKLES.
General Daniel E. Sickles -was born in iSTew York City, October 20, 1828. He acquired the printei's' trade, which he followed for some years, when he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1843.
He commenced his political career in 1847, when he was elected to the Assembly of New York, and, in 1856, to the State Senate. For a short time, when Mr. Buchanan Avas American Minister to England, Mr. Sickles was the Secretary of that Legation.
In 1857 he was elected a Representative from New York to the Thirty- Fifth Congress, and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Aifairs. He was re-elected to the Thirty-Sixth Congress. His first term in Congress was made painfully memorable by his shooting of Philip Barton Key, in Febru try, 1859, an occurrence which grew out of a sad domestic difficulty. His trial lasted twenty days, and he was acquitted.
Upon the breaking out of the Rebellion, in 1861, Mr. Sickles raised a brigade of five thousand men, and was appointed Brigadier-General of Vol- unteers, his commission bearing date, September 3, 1861. During the winter of that year and 1862, he operated in Lower Maryland, his brigade forming the second in Hooker's division. Crossing into Virginia in April, 1862, they gained eminent distinction for their bravery at the battle of Williamsburg, May 5 ; were again distinguished at Fair Oaks, June 1 ; and won new laurels in the Seven Days' light. Sent with the Army of the Potomac to the relief of General Pope, at the end of August, the Sickles Brigade con- tinued in active service throughout the Maryland campaign, and distin- guished itself at the battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862.
Succeeding General Hooker in the command of the Second Division of the Third Army Corps, General Sickles participated in the battle of Fred- ericksburg, December 13, 1862.
Upon the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac, February 5, 1863, he was placed in temporary command ; and, on March 7, was appointed Major-General, dating from November 29, 1862. He took command of the Third Army Coi'ps, and was especially distinguished for his valor at the battle of Chancellorsville, May 1 to 3, 1863, where he gained the reputation of being instrumental in saving the whole army from destruction. At the battle of Gettysburg, where he lost a leg, he gained additional distinction, and is hailed by many as the " hero" of that conflict.
General Sickles continued to serve, establishing a reputation for distin- guished valor and skill, until early in 1865, when he Avas sent by President Lincoln on a confidential mission to Bogota, and other South American capitals ; and for the success of these negotiations, he received an autograph letter of thanks from the President.
Receiving the appointment of Minister to Holland in 1866, he declined it, preferring to proceed with the work of Reconstruction in the Carolinas. He was relieved of his command by President Johnson, on account of a dif- ference of views en Reconstruction, and General Schofield appointed in his place.
In 18C3 he entered heartily into the canvass in support of the Congres- sional policy of reconstruction, and for the election of Grant and Colfax, and was afterwards appointed Minister to Spain.
155. SIMON CAMEEON.
Simon Cameron was bom in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in 1799. Left an orphan when only nine years of age, he was employed in a printing office, and learned the trade of printer. Laboring in this vocation in Harris- Lurg, Pa., and Washington, D. C, he devoted his leisure time to study. Working his way up by energy, talent, and industry, in 1820 he became editor of a newspaper at Doyiestown, Pa.
In 1821 he remuved to Harrisburg, and there established a journal, in which he espoused the cause of General Jackson for the Pi^esidency, and advocated the principles of the Democratic party generally. Prospering rapidly in his personal and political enterprises, in 18o2, his financial suc- cesses found him at the liead of the Middletown Bank, of Pennsylvania.
Devoting himself at this time more especially to the railroad intei'ests of his native State, he became the President of two railroad companies, the Cashier of a bank, and filled the office of Adjutant-General of the State, an office the duties of which were not then very burdensome.
On the inauguration of President Polk in 1845, Mr. Buchanan resigning his seat in the United States Senate to accept the office of Secretary of State, General Cameron was elected to fill the vacancy.
Pie voted in the Senate, in 184(5, in favor of the notice to England to ter- minate the joint occupancy of Oregon ; against settling the Oregon contro- versy by ceding to England the region between lat. 54'''-40 and 49*^ N.; and advoted the war with Mexico on the ground that war existed with that power by the act of Mexico itself.
His term expiring in the Senate, March 4, 1849, he returned for a time to private life. Hepudiating violent partisan feelings, and numbering his friends among the Whig, the Democratic, and the American parties, after the Act to repeal the Missouri Compromise in 1854, and the attempt to estab- lish slavery in Kansas against the Avishes of the majority, he identified himself with the " People's Party " in Pennsylvania; and, in 185G, voted for General Fremont for the Presidency. His party, defeated in the State, did not defeat General Cameron for re-election to the United States Senate, through the support of the Kepublican, the American, and a portion of the Democratic party. Uniformly acting during this term of service with the Kepublican party, he was regarded as a prominent candidate of that party for the Presidency at the next election ; and was proposed at the Pepub- lican National Convention held at Chicago, May 10 and 17, ISGO, as a can- didate for the Presidency.
Mr. Lincoln becoming President, he selected General Cameron for Sec- retary of War. On taking charge of that department, he found the arsenals depleted, and the facilities of the Government armories vastl}- insufficient to supply the army then waiting to be sent forward to the field. Reliable foreign guns could be obtained only in limited quantities. Secretary Cam- eron, with admirable forethought, sought to establish private manufactories for the Springfield rifle — a gun superior to any in use — and to facilitate which, he gave out favorable contracts to indlviduals,which,if they had after- ward been strictly adhered to by the War Department, would have given to the Government thousands of reliable guns much sooner and cheaper than poorer ones that were afterward received. Resigning this post, January 14, 18G2, he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to Russia, and returned in November of the same ycLir. He was afterward elected to the United States Senate, which position he now holds.
156. MARCUS L. WARD.
Marcus L. Ward was born in the year 1812, and is of Puritan extraction. He was a member of the Chicago Convention of 1860, and of the Baltimore Con- vention of 1864. In 1860, he was a presidential elector on the Republican ticket in New Jersey. He was for several yc-irs Chairman of the National Execui ive Com- mittee of the Republican Party; 'and in 1865, was elected Governor of New Jersey, retiring fiom office with the respect and esteem of both parties.
An aciive and zealous parlizan, he maintained with characteristic zeal his political views, and against the tide of disloyal opposition, as he re- garded it, he struggled with the Hepublican party to bring back the ancient State of New Jersey to its fealty to the Union. "Out of the United States," as New Jersey was very often humorously regarded by many, Governor Ward thought she was literally about to be classed with the se- ceding States, that is, if the Democrats could possibly tffcct that end. Regarded always as a stronghold cf the Democratic partj^ — a political for- tification between the States of New York and Pennsylvnnia — that paity could not yield it without a desperate struggle, and the Ward pnriy could not secure it without an equal effort; and after a second attemjn, ]Mr. Ward brought the State triumphantly into the Union, being elected its Governor for three 3'cars.
Whatis said of the slowness of the movements of large bodies, applies relatively to the actions of small States. The great seal of the State of New Jersey is a matter of the national legislative histor}-; and the Dorr rebellion of Rhode Island will live in history as the prototype of the Great Rebellion.
Governor Ward is a man of wide and tender sympathies, and is intensely pa- triotic. His devotion to the soldiers and their families, us well as his unfaltering support of the Government, won for him, during rhe late civil war. the well-merit- ed title of the Soldikr's Friend. He it was that took the initiation in calling the first meeting held in New Jersey, (April 16, 1861,) in support of the national au- thorities. On April 17, in the same year, he established a private Bureau of Sob diers' Relief, employing therein a corps of clerks at his own expense, and under his personal supervision. He introduced the system by which soldiers were able, through the State bunks, to forward theiv pay promptly to those dependent upon them at home.
He was among those who established the New Jersey Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission. He was made Treasurer of this branch ; and while in this office, he advanced, from his own resources, tens of thousands of dollars for the relief of soldiers' families. He gave his entire time to the work at home and in the army. During four years, not less than seventy thousand letters were mailed from his bureau, and at least one hundred thousand persons visited his office in the interest of soldiers and sailors.
He procured the establishment and advanced the money to fit up the great " Ward *' United States General Hospital in Newark, and obtained the establish- ment of a Governmental Soldiers' and Sailors' Home in the same city. Never, during his entire career, did he receive from any quarter a single cent for costs incurred or services rendered.
157. DAVID C. BRODERICK.
DwiD C. Bkoderick -was boru in the District of Columbia, in Decem- ber, J 8 18.
When a boy of five years of age, his father removed to 'N'ew York City ; and, in process of time, David was apprenticed to the trade of stone-cutter, •which was his father's occupation. The son, like many 2sew York boys, became a fireman, and was for many years Foreman of an Engine Company, and an active politician.
In 18-4'.), Broderick, following the excitement of the day, went to Cali- fornia, and engaged in the business of smelting and assaying gold. He was a Member of the Convention which drafted the Constitution of that State, served two years in the California Senate, and was President of that body in 1851.
In 185G he was elected a Senator to the Congress of the United States, for the long term.
He died in San Francisco, September 16, 1859, from a wound received in a duel with David S. Terry, Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of that State, on the 13th of the same month.
He was the first member of the United States Senate ever killed in a duel, and it produced a great sensation all over the countr}-, as it was th'^.uglit that his political opponents had arranged the duel, in order to put him out of the way, on account of his political proclivities — he being op- posed to the extension of Slavery, and was using his influence against tho Southern wing of the Democracy. He, also, advocated the claims of Stephen A. Douglas as a candidate for the Presidency.
The duel grew out of language used by Broderick, in the political can- vass for the State, that year. Broderick and the notorious Dr. G-win were both in the habit of using the most vituperative language in their public declamations; and when they disagreed, the rhetoric of their diatribes is described as something stronger than even stump-oratory acknowledges in its ethics.
Gwin, who appears to have been a cautious sort of warrior, subsided, while tho prominent figure of one D. \V. Perley appears, chara-ing Mr. Broderick with having insulted him, by using offensive language in regard to his friend, Judge Terry, an individual who had previously made himself obnoxiovis to the well-remembered Vigilance Committee of San Francisco. Perley challenged Broderick, who refused to fight him ; but when, after the electi')n, Judge Terry came forward, and demanded satisfaction, he accepted the challenge, and the result was that Broderick was killed by the first fire.
The funeral oration was delivered by Colonel E. D. Baker, afterward the hero of Ball's Bluff. Father Gallagher, the priest who officiated, passed a high eulogium on his personal character, but condemned the duel.
158. ISAAC TOUCEY.
Isaac ToucEY was born in Connecticut in 1798. Like miiny of our eminent public men, he received the benefits only of a common-school edu- cation ; but, by force of character and rare natural abilities, he rose to the highest positions in the land. The profession, which is the leading one to public distinction in this country — that of the law — Mr. Touccy adopted for his career ; and, at an early age, he was api:)ointed States Attorney for his native county.
He was elected a Kcpresentative to Congress in 1835, and re-elected in 1837. Retiring to private life in 1839, he returned to the practice of his profession, and became distinguished.
His prominence and ability as a lawyer recommending him to President Polk as a member of his Cabinet, he accepted the position of Attorney- General in 1848, and continued in that office during the remainder of Polk's administration.
In 1850 he was elected to the State Senate of Connecticut : and to the United States Senate, in 1852, which position he filled with marked ability until 1857, when he resigned to accept the appointment of Secretary of the Navy, tendered him by President Buchanan. This office he held to the close of Mr. Buchanan's administration.
Senator in the United States Congress, Attorney-G-eneral of the United States, and Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Toucey filled all these distinguished national positions with marked ability, besides holding, with honor, various offices of distinction in his native State. Terminating his official career with the close of President Buchanan's administration, he retired to pri- vate life.
Whoever saw this venerable statesman during the period he held the office of Secretary of the Navy, could not fail to have been impressed with his dignified and courtly demeanor and his urbanity of manner. Added to these external accomplishments, he has shown great ability throughout a most active and successful political and professional career. Associated, as Mr. Toucey was, in the Cabinet of Mr. Buchanan, with Cobb, Floyd, and Thompson, who were conspicuous in their endeavors to place the United States Government in such a position as to render it powerless to prevent the withdrawal of the Slave States from the Union and oblige it to acknowl- edge their independence, it is not strange that the people of the North should look upon the fact that tlie navy was scattered to distant waters on the breaking out of the Rebellion, as an evidence of his sympathy with secession; and it will be difficult to remove that impression from their minds, notwithstanding his distinguished ability as a statesman and tho high positions he has held.
159. GEOBGE EYAXS.
George Evans, one of the profoundest statesmen Maine has ever pro- duced, was born in that State, January 12, 17ii7. After a thorough academical preparation, he entered Bowdoin College, and graduated, -with distinction, in lb 15.
On leaving College, he at once commenced the study of law ; and, after a most thorough apprenticeship, he removed to Gardiner, Maine, and opened an of&ce He soon rose to eminence, and enjoyed a widely-extended prac- tice.
He had already begun to 'be talked of as a suitable person to be clothed with "legal ermine," when it was discovered that he Avas peculiarly fitted for the business of legislation, and he was elected to the State Legislature in 1825, and was re-elected for four successive years. In his fourth year, he was chosen Speaker of the House, in which position his rare abilities were exhibited to advantage, and he commanded the entire approbation of both sides of the House.
In 1S29 he was elected a Kepresentative to the United States Congress, where he at once assumed a high rank as a statesman, and entered upon the business in hand with an aptitude that indicated a large experience in legislation.
His maiden speech made a decided impression in his favor ; and from that time to the close of his long and arduous service in that Hou.se, he never receded a step in the estimation of his colleagues. After serving his constituents faithfully and acceptably in the lower House for twelve years, Mr. Evans was transferred to the United States Senate.
His complete knowledge of financial matters led him to be placed at the head of the Finance Committee during the protracted debate vrhich arose on the adjustment of the Tariff question. Mr. Clay, who had been offei'cd the position, declined, saying : " Mr. Evans knows more about the Tariff question than any other public man in the United States ;" and a leading political joui-nal of that day declared that " there probably was no man living better acquainted with the financial afiiairs of this country than Mr. Evans."
On the occasion of his retirement from the Senate, Mr. Webster took occasion to speak of him in the most flattering terms: *' And now, Mr. President," said Mr. Webster, "since the honorable member has reminded us that the period of his service within these walls is about to expire, I take this occasion, even in the Senate, and in his own presence, to say, that his retirement will be a serious loss to this Government and this countr}-."
Mr. Evans occupied an enviable position before the American people, not only as a statesman, but as a patron of education and litei-ature ; and liis fame will go down to posterity as a profound legislator, a critical scholar, and a public benefactor. >
160, JOHN SLIDELL.
John Sltdell -was bom in the city of New York in 1793. His father •was a highly respectable gentleman, and largely engaged in the manvifacture of soap and candles ; was also prominent as President of the Mechanics' Bank, and as a Commissioner for the Public Improvement of the City. The son received the best education afforded at the time, and became a promi- nent young Lawyer.
He sought in New Orleans a more congenial field of ambition, where he speedily rose to eminence. President Jackson appointed him United States District-Attorney, and Mr. Slidell took the initiative in urging the remis- sion of the fine on General Jackson for alleged violations of law during the defense of New Orleans.
After frequent service in the Legislature, he was sent to Congress in 1843, when Mr. Polk selected him as Minister to Mexico. This mission being unsuccessful, he returned, and the Mexican "War followed.
In 1853 he was elected to the United States Senate to fill the vmexpired term of Mr. Soule, and was re-elected for six years. He was Chairman of the Committee on the Condition of the Banks and a member of the Com- mittees on Naval Affairs and Foreign Relations. He was distinguished for his zeal in promoting the interests of Louisiana, particularly in the groAvth of her great staple, the sugar-cane, and in providing military defenses and improving the navigation of the Mississippi.
In 1854 Mr. Slidell made efforts adverse to relaxing our laws for the sup- pression of the slave trade ; but, on the Kansas question, he avowed the most decided opposition to the interference of Congress with slavery ; and, in 1859, introduced the famous bill for the acquisition of Cuba by purchase.
On the commencement of the Hebellion he resigned his position in the Senate, and joined the Southern Confederacy ; was sent to France to nego- tiate for the recognition of its independence ; and, with James M. Mason, was taken from the British mail-steamer Trent by the United States man- of-war San Jacinto, Commodore Wilkes, and imprisoned in Fort Warren, until released by the United States Government, when he i)roceeded to France, and took up his residence in Paris.
On the 8th of November, 180 1, the San Jacinto descried the JV'^ni when in the narrow passage of the Old Bahama channel. A shot from the pivot-gun Avas fired across her bow. She hoisted English colors, and soon after, a shell brought her to. A boat was sent alongside the steamer ; Messrs. Slidell and Mason were requested to come on board the San Jacinto, but declined. Another boat was sent from the San Jacinto ; and, after " a gentle applica- tio7i of force," the commissioners and two friends in their company Avere taken, and placed on board tlie United States vessel.
A most intense excitement was aroused in England upon the arrival of the news. Preparations for war were commenced. Troops were sent to Canada, and a formal demand of surrendex', and an apology for the act, made. A vote of thanks to Captain Wilkes passed the House of Representatives subsequently ; but Ihs authorities at AVashington sent instructions to deliver them up to the representatives of the British Government. They were quietly x>laced on board a small steamer, and taken to an English steamer, which conveyed them to St. Thomas, where they took passage for England, and landed without any special official attention.
Many Americans considered it an act discreditable to our national spirit to relinquish thcEe emissaries of treason, but the circiunstances demanded the cotirfiic taken.
131. CHAELES SUMNEE.
CnARLES SUMNEK "u-as born in Boston, Massachusetts, January G, 1811.
At ten years of age ho was phiced in the Public Latin School of Boston, and during" the five years that he remained there, gave abundant evidence of industry and ability.
Passionately fond of history, he devoted much of. his leisure time to its reading.
At the age of fifteen he entered Harvard College, graduated in 1830, and entered the Law School at Cambi-idge in 1831, where he acquired a profound knowledge of judicial science, and neglected no opportunity to trace the principles of law to their soui'ces. While still a student, ho con- tributed articles to the American Jurist, which attracted attention by their marked ability and learning. In 183-4 he was admitted to the bar, at Worcester, and commenced practice in Boston, where he soon gained an extensive business. He was appointed Ileporter to the Circuit Court, and published three volumes, known as " Sumner's Reports." During Judge Story's absence in ^Yashington, Mr. Sumner filled his place for three winters at the Cambridge Law School. At this tune, he was tendered a permanent pro- fessorship in the Law School, and also in the collef^e ; but he declined them. In ISSY, he visited Europe, where he remained until 1840, storing his mind with use- ful information in law, literature, and art, which has since made itself manifest on many occasions.
In 1844-46 he produced an edition of " Vesey's Reports," in twenty volumes, enriched with numerous notes and biographical illustrations of the text. In 1845, on the death of Judge Story, Mr. Sumner was offered the ap- pointment to the chair ho occupied, but declined the honor. Plis oration, delivered in Boston, July 4, 1845, on the "True Grandeur of Xations," elicited encomiums from noted men of this country and England ; and that delivered before the " Phi-Beta-Kappa Society,*' of Harvard University, in August, 1840, excited equal admiration.
Previous to 1845, he had kept aloof from politics ; but in that yerr he op- posed the annexation of Texas, and his speech on that subject in Faneuil Hall is one of the most brilliant and pointed he ever delivered. He worked with the Whigs until the organization of the Free Soil Party, to which he attached himself, and, in 1851, was elected to the LTnited States Senate, as successor to Daniel Webster, which position he has ever since held. His first speech was directed against the Fugitive Slave Law, which he de- nounced as unconstitutional, tyrannical, and cruel ; on Avhich occasion he laid down the well-known formula, that " Freedom is National, and Slavery Sectional," and on the formation of the Republican party in 1856, he became identified with it. On the 19th and 20th of May, 1850, Mr. Sumner delivered in the Senate his celebrated speech, called " The Crime against Kansas," which being unanswerable by argument, Preston S. Brooks, attempted to silence him by force ; and, entering the Senate chamber, struck him over the head with a heavy cane, which so disabled him that he was prevented from taking any part in public affairs for over three years.
In the winter of 1859 he again entered the Senate in comparative vigor; and his first speech, on his return, was entitled, "The Barbarism of Slavery," which was a clear and eloquent exposition of its demoralizing influence. At the commencement of the war, he maintained a stern oppo'^ition to all compromises with slavery as a meann of restoring the seceding States to the Union ; and was in favor, from the first, of making Emancipation an element in the contest, as the speediest, if not the only method of bringing the war to a close. Since the surrender of Leo, ho has endeavored, by the most co- gent arguments, to impress upon the Senate and tho country the necessity of r.voastructing the Stated, KoTth and Sotith, on a Natioruit and LripaikiOA, hasifj.
162. MATHEW F. MAUBY.
Mathew F- Maury, Astronomer and Ilydrog-rapher, -vras born in Spot- sylvania County, Vii-g-inia, January 14, 1S06.
His parents removed to Tennes.seo whcnhe -was but three or four 3-enrs oi ago. Possessed of moderate circumstances, and being" in a newly-settled country with a family of nine children, they could afford to each one the means for only a limited education. In 1825 Mathew obtained a Mid- shipman's appointment in the navy, and was ordered to the Jjrandf/icme, then fitting out in Washington to convey General Lafayette to France. Returning in that vessel to the United States in the spring of 1826, he again sailed in her to the Pacific. There he joined the Vlrtceiines (sloop), and, having circumnavigated the globe, returned in her to his native land, after an absence of about four years.
After passing his examination, he was again ordered to the Pacific Station, as Master of the FalmoidJt.
He commenced his work on " Navigation" in the steerage of the Vincen- nes, and completed it in the frigate Potomac, to Avhich he was ordered as Acting Lieutenant, when the Falmouth was about to return to the United States. From the time of his first entering the navy up to this period, he had been a close student Proceeding upon the principle of making every- thing bend to his profession, he made himself master of the Spanish language by studying a course of mathematics and navigation in that tongue. On liis return to the L^nited States, he was regularly promoted to a Lieutenancy, and received the appointment of Astronomer to the South Sea Exploring Expedition, under Commander Thomas Ap C.itesby Jones. Soon utter that officer gave up the command of this exi>edition. Lieutenant Maury retired from it also, and was afterward put in charge of the Depot of Charts and Instruments, which has served as a nucleus for the National Observatory and Hydrographical Office of the United States ; of both of which he had charge until IbGl.
His labors in organizing the Observatory, and placing it at once upon the most respectable footing, as well as his investigations with regard to the winds and currents of the sea, are familiar to all. In 1851 Mr. Maury X3\ib- lished *' Letters ou the Amazon and Atlantic Slopes of South America," and the " Relation Between Magnetism and the Circulation of the Atmosphere ;" in 1858, "Astronomical Observations ;"' and, in 1854, " Letters Concerning Lanes for Steamers Crossing the Atlantic Ocean."
In 18G1, on the secession of Virginia from the Union, Mr. Maiiry joined the Southern Confederacy, and gave all his scientific experience and efforts for the overthrow of that Government under whose auspices bo had been enabled to obtaiu his education.
163. EOBEET TOOMBS.
BoBEiiT Toombs Tvas born in "Washington, Wilkes County, Georgia, July 2, 1810. The first three years of his collegiate life were spent at llie University of Georgia, but he kft it at the close of the latter year, went to Schenectady, N. Y., and graduated at Union College in 1828.
He read law at the University of Virginia, under Judge Lomas ; was admitted to the bar of Georgia, in 1830, and practiced regularly until his election to Congress, in 1845.
His first public service was as Captain of Volunteers in the Creek War, under General V/infield Scott. In 1837 he was elected to the Legislature of Georgia from his native county, where he now resides ; and, with the exception of 1841, continued a Member of the lower branch, until his elec- tion to the Federal House of Representatives, where he served for eight years with marked ability.
He entered the United States Senate in 1853, during the Thirty-Third Congress, for six years, and was re-elected, in 1859, for a second terra, end- ing March 4, 1805. In the House, and also in the Senate, he always served upon important committees.
In 1856 he delivered his celebrated lecture in Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass., in " Vindication of Slavery ; its Constitutional Status ; the Duties of the Federal Government in Relation to it ; and the Influence of Slavery, as it Existed in the United States, upon the Slave and Society;" in which he endeawred to show that Congress had no power to limit, restrain, or in any manner impair, slavery ; but, on the contrary, was bound to protect and maintain it wherever its flag floated, or its jurisdiction extended — a doctrine which, a few years later, was engrafted into the platform of the Southern wing of the Democratic party, and on which they lost the election of their candidate for the Presidency, in 1800. The failure of that was the imme- diate cause of the secession ot a number of the Slave States. On the withdrawal of Georgia from the Union, Mr. Toombs resigned his seat in the Senate, January 23, 18G1, and became Secretary of State of the Confed- erate Government, Februai'y 21, of the same year.
In the following July, he resigned, and was soon after commissioned a Brigadier-General in the Rebel army, in which capacity he never rose above mediocrity.
Since the surrender of Lee, and the passage of the Reconstruction Acts of Congress, he has been using his utmost endeavors to induce the people of Georgia not to accept the terms on which they are allowed to resume their former position in the Union.
164 HENRY WILSON.
Henry "Wilsont was born at Farmington, New Hampshire, February 16, 1812. At ten years of ago ho was apprenticed to a farmer till he was twenty-one. Here he had the usual lot of a farm-boy, receiving but a few weeks' schooling in winter; but, during that time, he read over one thou- sand volumes of history, biography, and general literature, borrowed from school-libraries and individuals.
At the age of twenty-one he went to Natick, Mass., to learn the trade of shoemakmg; and, after working two years, had saved money enough to attend the academy at Concord, N. H. ; but the person with whom he had deposited his money, failed, and Wilson was obliged to return to Natick, and resume shoemaking. Undiscourag«^d, he resolved to still pursue his object, uniting it with his daily toil. He then formed a debating society among the mechanics of the place, where he investigated subjects, read, wrote, and spoke on all the themes of the day.
In 1840 he came forward as a public speaker in the Harrison campaign, and soon distinguished himself as the " Natick Shoemaker," making over sixty speeches during the canvass.
He was elected to the State Legislature that >ear, and served four yt^ars in the House and four in the Senate. While there, he made one of the most elaborate speeches against the extension of slavery ever made, and went to Washington with the remoustrance of Massachusetts against the admission of Texas as a Slave State.
In 1848, on the rejection of the anti-slavery resolution by the Whig Convention, ho left that organization, and took an important part in origi- nating and building up the Free Soil party, for which services he was nomi- nated by them in 1852, as their candidate for Congress, but was defeated.
In lS~i'd he was sent to the Constitutional Convention, and was the Free Soil candidate for Governor, but was again defeated. In 1855 he was elected United States Senator, in place of Edward Everett, and was re- elected in 1859 and 1865, in which position he has greatly distinguished himself.
From 1842 to 1851, he was actively engaged in the Militia of Massa- chusetts, as an officer. In 1861 he raised the Twenty-Second Regiment of Volunteers in that State, and was made its Colonel. After joining the Army of the Potomac, he was made a member of General McCiellan's Staff, on which he served until after the meeting of Congress.
Daring the war he was appointed Chairman of the Military Committee of the ^^enate, which had to pass upon thousands of appointments, and devise important measui-es of legislation ; and, for the manner in which the duties of the position Avere performed, Mr. Wilson received the highest commendations from General Scott. Even the salvation of Washington in the early days of the war was partially attributed to his energy.
Mr. Wilson's career since the war has been marked by the same practical usefulness which has distinguished him throughout life. He has written a history of the Anti-Slavery measures and the Reconstruction measures of Con- gress, giving a brief and impartial narrative of the legislation since the close of the war. He is now writing a " History of the Slave Power," in three volumes. Mr. Wilson is one whose character and position is the result of the developments of social life, in the education and elevation of the laboring class. Born in an liumble station, he has, by his own exertions and the equality inculcated by GUI' insututionr-, risen to one of the highest pOL^tions of the land.
165. EOBEET E. LEE.
General Bobert E. Lee, son of Harry Lcc, of Revolutionary fame, was born at the family seat of Strafford, Virginia, in IGOG.
He received a liberal education, was admitted to the military academy at "West Point in 1825, and, on the SOth of June, 1829, graduated second in his class.. He entered the Engineer Corps as Second Lieutenant, in July of that year ; "vvas promoted to First Lieutenancy, September 21 183() ; and to Captaincy, July 7, ISoS. He served in the Mexican "War as Chief-Engi- neer in Gencr.il "Wool's command, and was breveted Major, Lieutenant- Colonel, and Colonel, for gallant conduct at Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churu- busco, and Chapultepec.
In July, 1848, he was appointed a member of the Board of Engineers at "West Point, and, September 1, 1852, was made Superintendent of the mili- tary academy, which position he held until March 8, 1855, when ho received his full commission of Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Cavalry.
In 1859 lie commanded the company of marines that captured John Brown at Harper's Ferry, and, on the 10th of March, 1861, was promoted to the Colonelcy of the First Cavalry.
On the 20th of April, 1861, he resigned his commission in the United Slates army, and was appointed Major-General by the State of Virginia, and afterward General in the Confederate army. In Aug.ust, 1861, he was assigned to a command in "West Virginia. His first engagement was at Cheat Mountain, where he was defeated by General Reynolds. He then proceeded to the Kanawha region for the purpose of relieving Floyd and Wise. In December he was transferred to the defenses of South Carolina and Georgia.
"When General J. E. Johnston was wounded at the battle of Seven Pines, June 1, 1862, General Lee succeeded to the command of the Rebel army in Virginia, and, after being reinforced by General "Stonewall" Jackson's corps, took the offensive. The initial movement to the seven days' battles were planned by him, and the battle of Malvern Hill was fought under his personal direction. "When he was satisfied that General McCiellan's army had been withdrawn from the Peninsula, he transferred the main body of tho Rebel army to act against Pope, which resulted in the battles of Manassas, August 29, 1862, and that of Chantilly, which was fought Avhile the Jsational forces were in retreat for the defenses of "Washington.
General Lee then prepared for the invasion of Maryland, which resulted in his defeat at Antictam. He was afterward engaged in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, in which he defeated or repulsed the Union forces. In June, 1863, he made a second invasion of the Korth, when, after destroying much public property, and obtaining immense stores of goods, he concentrated his forces at Gettysburg, and fought the bloody battle at that place, which ended in his defeat, July 8, 1863. Thus both his invasions of the North proved failures. In both cases, however, he extricated himself from these critical situations with extraordinarv skill and dexterity.
In 1864, when General Grant took command of the Army of the Potomac, Leo concentrated his forces around Richmond, and, acting on tiie defensive, contested every inch of ground as ho retreated toward that city, until he was at last forced to surrender at Appomattox Oourt-House to General Grant, April 9, 18G5. General Lee was appointed Generahin-Cliicf of the Rebel forces, January 31, 1865, and attained a military reputation second to none in tho Southern array. On tho close of the war he was elected to tho position of Presideut of Washington College, Lexington, Va., where ho rt-siilcd until his death, which oc'currcd Octoboi' 12. 1S70.
166. HOEACE GEEELEY.
Horace Gheeley, Editor and Founder of the New York Tribune, was born in Amherst, New Hampshire, February 8, 1811. Until the age of fifteen, he Avorked upon a farm, having no other opportunity of acquiring an education than such as the district schools of his neighborhood afforded. He early manifested a fondness for reading, especially newspapers, which he would devour with the greatest relish, and which decided him to become a Printer, whenever the time should arrive to choose an occupation for him- self. He alsi-^, at a very early age, exhibited a remarkably retentive mem- ory, and correctness in spelling, which especially adapted him to the business he has since followed.
When about twelve years old, his father having removed to Vermont, Horace endeavored to find employment in a printing office in Whitehall, but without success. Nothing daunted by the first rebuff, "for he was made of sterner stuff than to bend before the first puff of ill-success," he applied at the office of the Northern Spectator, Poultney, Vt., where his services were accepted, and where he remained till 1830, when the paper was discontinued, and he returned to work upon his father's farm. Here he continued for a year, when he started, on foot, with his baggage slung across his shoulder, to seek his fortune in the great city of New Yoi'k, where ho arrived on the 31st of August, 1831. After persevering efforts, he obtained work as a Journeyman I'rinter, and Avas employed in various offices, at occasional intervals, for eighteen months.
In 1834, in connection with Jonas Winchester, he started The New Yorker, a weekly journal, and became its Editor. After struggling on for several years, with poor success, it was finally abandoned. During its existence, Mr. Greeley published the following campaign papers : The Constitution, 2 he Jeffersonian, and the Log Cabin.
In 1841 he commenced the publication of the New York Tribune, with which he is still connected, and of which he is now the principal Editor. In 1848 Mr. Greeley was chosen to fill a vacancy in the United States Congress, and served through the short term preceding General Taylor's inauguration, with manifest ability.
In 1851 he visited Europe, and rendered valuable service to the Ameri- can exhibiters at the World's Fair, in England. He again visited Europe in 1855 ; and, in 1859, took a trip across the plains and mountains to Cali- fornia. He gave an accoimt of each in letters to the Tribune, which have since been published in volumes. He has also published a collection of his addresses, essays, &c., under the title of "Hints toward Reforms."
During and since the Rebellion, Mr. Greeley has published a history of that struggle, in a book, entitled " The American Conflict," which has had a very extensive sale. He has also published his autobiography, entitled " Recollections of a Busy Life."
Mr. Greeley's fame as a Journalist and Lecturer, arc world-wide. Wherever the Tribune is read (and where is it not ?), there the name of Horace Greeley is familiar. During his whole life, his pen and his efforts have been in constant service for the weak, against the strong. Ho early espoused the cause of the slave; and, at a period in the history of the slavery question, Avhen to speak out boldly against that institution was to risk one's life, there was no temporizing policy in Mr. Greeley's course. He wields a fearless, vigorous, and ever-ready pen, in favor of all reforms- political, social, and financial — and exhibits a clear understanding of all these subjects.
167. JEFFEESON DAVIS.
Jefferson Davis -was born in Christian Count}-, Kentucky^ June" 3, 1808. Shortly after his birth, his father removed -n'ith his family to Wil- kinson County, j\Iiss. He received a good academical education, and en- tered Transylvania University, Lexington, Ky., in 1823, which he left in 1824, to enter the Military Academy at AVest Point, from vrhich he gradu- ated in 1S28. lie was appointed Second Lieutenant of Infantry, and served on the Northwestern frontier during the Black Hawk War of 18ai-'32.
In 1831 he was appointed First Lieutenant of Dragoons, and was em-' ployed in operations against the Pawnees, Camanches, and other Indian tribes. In June, 1835, he resigned his commission, and retired to a cotton plantation in Mississippi.
He continued in retirement until 1843, when he began to take an interest in politics upon the Democratic side ; and, in 1844, was chosen a Presiden- tial Elector.
In 1845 he was elected a Kepresentative to Congi'ess ; but resigned iii 1846, having been elected Colonel of the First Mississippi Volunteer Kegiraent, and server! in the Mexican War. He distinauislied himself at Monterey and Buena Vista, and was severely wounded in the latter battle.
He was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers by Ptesident Polkr in 1847, but he declined the commission on the ground that, by the Consti- tution, the Militia appointments were reserved to the States, and that such appointments by the President were in violation of State Rights. He was chosen, the same year, to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate, and I was re-elected, in 1850, for a full term.
In 1853 he was appointed Secretary of War by President Pierce," and, in 1857, was again elected to the United States Senate, when he took a prom- inent position among the Southern leaders, and was among the keenest and most sag;icious of them all in his assertion of the rights of the States under the Constitution, and of the right of secession. On the 21st of January, 1861, he took his leave of the Senate in a speech, in which he gave his ooinion that, by the se- cession of his State, his connection with th it body was terminated, and reaffirmed the doctrine of the right of secession, which he had long niainta ned. The Confe- derate Congress, at Montgomery, Alabama, chose him President, under ihe Pro- visional Constitution, on the 9th of February, 1861, and he accepted the office on the 16th in . brief address, in which he expressed his desire for the maintenance of peaceful relations with tlie States which remained in the Union. He asserted that all that the seceding States desired was to be '' let alone," but announced that, if war should be forced upon them, the^' would make the enemies of the South "smell Southern powder and feel Southern steel."
On the 17th of April, two days after the first proclamation of President Lincoln, he responded by a proclamation authorizing privateering ; and, on the 14th of August, issued a proclamation warning all persons of fourteen years and ujnvard, owing allcgience to the United States, to leave the Con- federacy within forty days, or be treated as alien enemies. On the Gth of November he was chosen permanent President, and was inaugurated Feb- ruary 22, 1862. On the 21st of May, ne appiovea an ac providing that all persons owing debts to parties in the North, should pay the same into the Confederate Treasury,
Mr. Davis continvied "President of the Southern Confederacy, until his capture at Irwinsville, Ga., May 10, 1865, having left Richmond a few hours before General Lee withdrew his troops. He was conveyed to Fortress Monroe, and indicted by the Grand Jury of the District of Columbia for treason. He was never brought to trial ; but, after two years' imprisonment, was released on bail, Horace Greeley magnanimously becoming one of his sureties.
1G8. PIEERE SOULE.
Pierre Soule was born at Castillon about 1802, in the Pyrenees, during the first consulate of Napoleon. His father had risen to the rank of Lieu- tenant-General in the Republican armies, but afterward returned to his native mountains and exercised the office of Judge, which w;is hereditary in his family. Pierre was destined for the church ; and, in 1816, was sent to the Jesuits' College at Toulouse, where his abilities were soon remarked and appreciated. Young Soule, however, became dissatisfied with his situation, and left the college. He was afterward sent to complete his studies at Bor- deaux.
At fifteen he took part in the conspiracy against the Bourbons, and the plot having been discovered, he was obliged to take refuge in a little vil- lage of Navarre, where he remained for more than a year, following the occupation of a shepherd. He was permitted to return to Bordeaux ; but he longed for a more exciting scene of action, and, accordingly, repaired to Paris. Here, in conjunction with Bartholeray and Mery, he established a paper, advocating liberal republican sentiments. This, of course, soon brought him under the eye of the authorities, and he was put upon his trial. His advocate on that occasion was a friend named Ledru, who appealed to the clemency of the court in behalf of the prisoner on the score of his youth. This line of defense did not suit the prisoner, who rose from his seat, and addressed the court in an impassioned strain, denying the criminalty of his opinions, and defending the rectitude of his conduct. His elocjuence did not save him from St. Pelagie, whence he succeeded, with the aid of Bar- tholemy, in making his escape to England, and then to Chili.
Disappointed in his expectations of obtaining a situation in Chili, which had been promised him, and finding himself alone in a strange country, wholly ignorant of the language, he I'eturned to France.
At Havre he met a friend, a Captain in the French navy, who advised him to seek an asylum in the United States, and offered him a passage in his ship as far as St. Domingo. Soule accepted the proposition, and arrived at Port-au-Prince in September, 1825. From this place he took passage to Baltimore, and finally removed to New Orleans a few months later.
Having determined to make the law his profession, he applied himself assiduously to the study of English, and passed his examination for the bar in that language, and was admitted, when he soon rose to distinction by his talents and eloquence.
In 1847 Mr. Soule was elected a Senator in Congress from Louisiana to fill a vacancy, and was re-elected in 1849 for a term of six years. He took an active part in the stormy session that followed; and, after the death of Mr. Calhoun, was regarded for some years as the leader of the ultra-Southern party. In the Senate he preserved his reputation as a speaker, and his oratory is said to be rendered only the more pleasing by a slight French accent.
In 1853 ho was appointed, by President Pierce, Minister to Spain. In 18G2 he was arrested in New Orleans for disloyalty to the Government; and, after an imprisonment of some months in Fort Lafayette, he was released on condition that he would not return to Louisiana until the end of the Rebellion.
169. BENJAMIN F.'WADE
t ^
X BEN-rAME^r' F. Wade,' the distinguished United States Senator from Ohio, was born in Sijfiugfield, MuissacTmsetts, October 27, 1800. His father, a Revolutionary soldier, was too poor to afford the son the advantages of more than the ordinary education obtained in the common schools. In his youth the future statesman labored as a Furmer or Husbandman, but, by diligent application had acquired sufficient knowledge to become a Teacher during the winter.
In 182G we find him engaged in the study of the law in Ohio, Com- mencing the practice in Ashtabula County a few years after, in 1835 he was chosen as Prosecuting Attorney of that county, and, in 1837, was elected to the State Senate, and was re-elected in 1841. In 1847, he was elected by the Leojislature presiding Jud^e of the Third Judicial District of the State, and, in 1851, a United States Senator, to which body he was again returned in 1857 and 186.'^ _ _ _
In the Senate Mr. Wade has been prominent as a leader of the anti- slavery party, and continued unrelenting in his hostility during the most rampant period of the pro-slavery ascendancy. He opposed Mr. Douarlas's bill to abrogate the Missouri Compromise, the Lecompton Constitution in 1838, Slidell's bill for the acquisition of Cuba, and was against all compromise with the South after 1800. He advocated the Homestead bill, the Agricul- tural College and the Pacific Railroad bills, and every measure for the pro- tection of American industry.
On the opening of the Thirty-Seventh Congress, Mr. Wade became Chairman of the Committee on the Conduct of the War, and took an active part in urging the enactment of a law to confiscate the property of leading Rebels and to emancipate their slaves.
Ultra democratic in his views, and radically Republican in his princi- ples, Mr. Wade has consistently carried out his policy with an independence characteristic of his origin, education, and early associations and impres- sions. He has been an opponent of West Point, because he thinks it fosters an aristocratic and exclusive class, and because it numbered among many of its graduates prominent military leaders of the Rebel army. He has also opposed the increase of the standing army. The bill making Treasury Notes a legal tender he advocated and voted for, and for the bill abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia.
In 1862, as Chairman of the Territorial Committee, he reported a bill abolishing slavery in all the Territories of the Government, and anticipated the future policy of the Government growing out of a successful termina- tion of the war by prohibiting it in any that may hereafter be acquired.
Mr. Wade, as President of the Senate, attracted renewed attention throughout the country as the likely successor to the Presidency in the event'of the impeachment of President Johnson. He is distinguished as presiding officer of the Senate by a certain degree of brusqucness,but at the same time possesses a knowledge of parliamentary law which his long experience in that body has enabled him to acquire.
A long debate ensued at the beginning of the impeachment trial as to the propriety, considering his contingent relations to the Presidency, of his sitting in judgment upon the arraigned President. The suspicion of his interested motives in influencing his sense of public duty was repudiated by the Hon. Reverdy Johnson in a very eloquent tribute to the public and private honor and integrity of Mr. Wade.
170. JOHN C. BRECKENEIDGE.
John C. Breckenridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky, Januar;*' 16, 1^21. He was educated at Centre College, Kentucky; spent a few- months at Princeton, N. J. ; studied law at Transylvania Institute, and was admitted to the bar at Lexington. He emigrated to Burlington, Iowa, where he remained for a time, but returned to Lexington, ■vrhere he prac- ticed his profession with success.
He served as a Major of Infantry during the Mexican "War ; and, while in that country, distinguished himself as Counsel for General Pillow, during the famous court-martial.
On his return from Mexico, he was elected to the State Legislature, and afterward Representative in Congress from the Ashland District, from 1851 to 1855. During his administration. President Pierce tendered to him the mission to Spain, but family affairs compelled him to decline the honor.
He was elected Vice-President of the United States, in 185(), on the ticket with James Buchanan, and entered upon the duties of his office in March, 1857, as President of the United States Senate. In 18G1 he succeeded Mr. Crittenden as United States Senator from Kentucky, having been defeated as candidate for President on the nomination of the Southern Democracy, in 1860.
In the summer of 18G1, as the war of the Rebellion progressed, and the debates in the Senate grew warmer, Mr. Breckenridge became more demonstrative, charging the Government with the intent to make it a " war of extermination," and, in October, joined the Confederate army, when the United States Senate expelled him from that body, by a iinanimous A'ote. We next find him as a Confederate General at the battles of Mur- freesboro', Baton Rouge, and Chickamauga ; defeating Sigel in the West ; joining Lee's army, at Cold Harbor ; commanding under Early in the attack on AVashington, and in the Shenandoah valley, in 1864; defeating Gillem in East Tennessee; and joining the councils of the Confederate Government at Richmond, early in 1865, as Secretary of War, which posi- tion he held until the war was brought to a close. He then fled to Eng- land, and has since resided there and in Canada.
Mr, Breckenridge was a great favorite with the Democratic party, and evinced the same deep-seated tenacity for " State Rights," which formed part of the nature of men accustomed to the state of society prevailing in the slaveholding sections of the country. His early rise to positions of im- portance, evince the force of his talents ; and the continuance of his progress attest his superior abilities. His conduct in public life showed a character, in many respects, suited to such a sphere.
As a military man, he filled the station of commander with more credit than many civilians, on either side, during the conflict.
IVI. BENJAMIN F. BUTLEE.
Benjamin F. Butler -was born in Deerfield, New Hampshire, Novem- ber 5, iyi8. He passed his boyhood in Lowell, where he attended the High School, preparatory to becoming a student at Exeter Academy. He graduated -with honor at "VYaterville College, Me., in I808, studied law, and was admitted to the 1 ar in 1841.
Mr. Butler at once plunged into law and politics, pursuing both with equal ardor, and displaying the adroitness and energy which have always characterized him. He espoused the most desperate causes, and became, in court, the leader of " forlorn hopes." His singular feraiity in expedients, and success in defending rather awkward suits, soon won. for him the repu- tation of being the ablest criminal lawyer in the State. In 1853 he was elected to the State legislature, and, in I80S, to IJie fsenate.
In 1800 we find him playing a prominent Tole as Delegate to the Demo- cratic Convention at Charleston and Baltimore. During all these years, he hiid been taking lessons in the " School of the Soldier ;" and, in 1857, was appointed Brigudier-Gcneral in the State Militia. In the month of April, 18G1, he responded to the call of President Lincoln for volunteers to defend the Union against the Bebels, and, with a single regiment, marched into Maryland, made a descent upon Annapolis (then the enemy's country), which he held until the Department of Annapolis was created, when he was in- stalled commander, with rank of Major-General.
Soon after, he look command at Fortress Monroe. "While occupying this post, the disastrous battles of Little and Big Bethel occurred. Here, also, he originated and applied the term " Contraband of war " to the captured slave, which settled the vexed question of the status of the slaves of Bebels.
On the 20th of February, 1862, General Butler left Boston for Ship Island, in Mississippi Sound, where he arrived March 23, with a force of ilfteen thousand men, to attack I'^'ew Orleans. After the surrender of ForU Jackson and St. Phillips to Admiral Farragut, he v/ent up the Mississippi v/ith a portion of his command, and entered the city of New Orleans Vv'ith two thousand fiA'C hundred men on the evening of May 1, 18G2.
Ho found the city much demoralized, but shaped order out of chaos ; and he saved the city, not only from its own suicidal madness, but from that ma- lignant epidemic, Avhich had annually visited it. The yellow-fever raged at Havana, Nassau, and other unhealthy ports ; but New Orleans escaped untouched; and the hopes of those who wished it to lay the invading Yan- kees at the mercy of their enemies, were frustrated. General Butler's course in New Orleans was, from the first, necessarily a stringent one. He arrested several British subjects, for affording aid to the Rebels ; seized a large amount of specie belonging to the enemy in tlie office of the Consul for the Netherlands ; distributed among the suffering poor the provisions intended for the Southern army ; laid a tax on E,L'bel sympathizers ; and: issued that celebrated and characteristic proclamation respecting active female traitors who insulted his soldiers, which extirpated at once a most annoying nuisance. It was a fortunate day for New Orleans when "Butler came to town." He was superseded by General Banks in November, 18G2. In the latter part of 18G3 he was assigned to the Department of Virginia and North Carolina; and, in 18G4, participated in o;>erations before Peters- burg and Kichmoiid, as commander of the Army of ; ae James.
In the spring of 18G5, he resigned his commissi'-n, and was elected to Congress, where he particularly distinguished himself in the impeachment trial of President Johnson, in the spring of 18GS ; and in November was again elected to Congress.
172. SALMON P. CHASE.
Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of tlic United States Supreme Court, was born in Cornisli, New Ilampsliirc, January 13, 1808, At twelve 3^ears of age he was sent to Worthington, (3hio, to be educated, under the care of his uncle, PJiilander Chase, who was then Bishop of that State. He entered Cincinnati College, but at the end of a year he returned to Xew I-Iampshire and entered the junior class at Dartmouth College, in 1824, and graduated in 1026.
Provided with a few letters of introduction, with no other means but his education, he made his way to Washington, D. C, where, after teach- ing a boys' school for three years, during which he studied law, he was admitted to the bar of the District of Columbia in 1829. In the spring of 1830 he removed to Cincinnati, where his practice as a lawj^er soon be- came extensive and valuable. Almost at the outset of his professional career, he entered upon a course of constant and earnest anti-slavery action, which has made his name widely known.
In 1834 he became counsellor of the "United States Bank at Cincinnati. In 1837 he defended a woman claimed as a fugitive slave, and James G. Barney for harboring a fugitive slave. From 1838 to 1840 he was asso- ciated with "Wm. H. Seward as defendants' counsel, in the famous Van Zanelt case. These and other cases, gave jMr. Chase a national reputation, both as a lawj^er and an anti-slavery man.
In 1841 he united in organizing a Liberty party ; in 1843 was a member of the National Liberty Convention, -which Avas held at Cincinnati; and was a delegate to the Free-Soil Convention, held at Bulfalo in 1848.
In polidcs, Mr. Chase sympathized with the Democrats, but voted for General Harrison in 1840.
His formal entrance into political life was in 1849, when he was elected United States Senator from Ohio. In the Senate he continued his hos- tility to slaver}^ and formally withdrew from the Democratic party in 1852. He joined the Republican party in 1854, was elected Governor of Ohio in 1855, and re-elected in 1857.
He was again chosen United States Senator in 1860 ; but on the day he took his seat — March 5, 1861 — he was appointed by Mr. Lincoln Secretary of the Treasury. He found the national treasury exhausted and the credit of the United States Government paralyzed.
The task imposed on him was gigantic, and failure in it would have ruined the country at the outset. JBut his well-known financial ability enabled him to obtain a temporarA^loan of the banks, when he immediately set to work to negotiate the national bonds authorized by Congress, and establish a greenback and national banking system, which has given us a uniform currency throughout the Union. His success in changing the various State banks into national banks, without any perceptible incon- venience, will distinguish him as one of the greatest financial minds in the country.
He resigned, as Secretar}'- of the Treasury, in June, 1864, and was ap- pointed Chief-Justice of the United States Supreme Court, December 6, 1864, which office he now holds.
173. JAMES M. MASON.
James Murray Mason, formerly United States Senator from Virginia, and more recently a Commissioner from the States in rebellion to England, vas born in Fairfax County, Virginia, on December 3, 1798. (One of his ancestors was George Mason, a famous Parliamentarian of the reign o| Charles I, and a strong supporter of the Eoyal cause. Subsequently joining the Cavaliers, under Charles II, he fought against Cromwell ; but when Charles was defeated, near Worcester, in 1651, Mason emigrated to America, and settled in Virginia.)
Educated in Virginia and the District of Columbia, Mr. Mason graduated in 1813, in the University at Philadelphia, and subsequently studied law at William and Mary College, AVilliamsburg, Va., completing his studies in the office of the celebrated Benjamin Watkins Leigh, of Richmond.
Commencing practice in 1820, he was, six years thereafter, elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, and re-elected for two subsequent terms. He was chosen a member of the Convention to revise the State Constitution, in 1829, and was elected to Congress in 1837.
Returned to the United States Senate in 1846, he continued to occupy his seat for fourteen years. A strong pro-slavery Democrat, he vehemently opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and all other anti-slavery measures. The author of the Fugitive Slave law, his arguments in support of it constitute much of the bitter and vindictive sectional feelings and eloquence of the debates in the Senate of that day.
Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs for ten years, his position made him eminently conversant with that branch of the Government, and qualified him for the subsequent position he held as Commissioner of the Rebel States.
In 1850 he took an active part in the discussion which led to the admis- sion of California, as a Free State, in the Union.
Still holding his position at the head of the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions, in the Senate, he left his seat in 1861, to take sides with the Rebellion, his term not expiring until March 4, 1863. Chosen as Commissioner to England, in conjunction with Slidell, he set sail from Charleston, S. C, on October 12, 1861. Arriving at Havana, Cuba, October 24, they were for- mally received by the Captain-General. Remaining for a few days, they took passage on board of the British mail-steamer Trent, for Europe. On November 8, they were captured by Admiral Wilkes, in the Bahama Chan- nels, and brought to the United States, and subsequently confined in Fort Warren. Surrendered on January 2, 1862, to the British authorities, Mr. Mason, with his colleague, sailed for England, where, during the civil con- flict, they urged the recognition of the Southern States, biit without suc- cess. Mr. Mason has continued to reside abroad ever since the Rebellion. The controversy betAveen the United States Government and Great Britain, growing out of their forcible seizure on the high seas, involved a great many questions of international law, conducted Avith more or less ability, and no little acrimony, by Lord John Russell and Mr. Seward, in support of their respective Governments.
Mr. Mason was distinguished in the Senate as an austere man ; and though of acknowledged ability and character, he was not a man to win upon the affections of a stranger or his opponents, as are some of tho pablic men who afford a fair representation of the Southern aristocracy.
174. REVEEDY JOHNSON.
Eeverdy Johnson was born in Annapolis, Maryland, May 21, 1796. His parents sent him to St. John'- CoUei^e, where he obtained an excellent educa- tion. He left coUefre when about sixteen years of aire, and immediately coni- hie' c<-d the study of law in the office of his father, Judge of the Court of Appeals of Maryland. Two years after, he was admitted to the bar, and commenced prac- tice under the most favorable auspices.
He moved to Baltimore in 1817, where his legal residence has ever since been, and rose rapidly to prominence as one of the ablest legal minds of his State.
In 1819 he was appointed States Attorney, and, in 1820, Chief Commis- sioner of Insolvent Debtors. This office he held for over a year, when he resigned to take a seat in the State Senate ; was elected for a second term, but, after retaining his seat one year, he resigned in consequence of his extensive professional duties.
For nearly twenty years Mr. Johnson kept aloof from politics, devoting his time to the law, and winning a reputation for legal ability such as few men in this country have obtained.
In 1845 he was elected United States Senator, but resigned in 1849 to accept the position of Attorney-General in President Taylor's Cabinet. On the death of G3neral Taylor, and the accession of Mr. Fillmore to the Presidency, he resigned, and again resumed the piJictice of liis profi-ssion, it being now almost wholly confined to the Supreme Court of the United States.
In 1861 he was a Delegate to the Peace Convention ; and, in 1862, was again el 'Cted to the United States Senate.
Throughout the war he sustained the Union cause and gave his hearty support to the suppression of the Rebellion. When the war had ceased, he urged the readmission of the South without delay, at the same time favoring such guarantees as would hereafter prevent the recurrence of the causes which had opera-ted to keep the two sections of the country in con- tinual antagonism. Mr. Johnson voted for the first Reconstruction bill, and also voted in favor of its passage over the President's veto ; but when the second Reconstruction bill was introduced, he withdrew his support, and voted against it.
Although connected with the Democratic party, he has frequently opposed its measures and policies. He was appointetl Minister to England by President Johnson, and was unanimously confirmed by the Senate, June 12, 1868.
Mr. Johnson's legal ability, moderate party affinity, and purity of char- acter, combined with unusual suavity of manners and conversational powers, made him an acceptable Minister to the English Government and an honor to the United States at the Coun of St. James. He returned from England in June, 1869, and resumed his practice in the courts of Maryland and tlie Su- preme Court of the United States.
175. EDWAED BATES.
Edward Bates was born at Belmont, Goochland County, Virginia, September 4, 1793. His education, commenced by his father, was succeeded by several years of academic instruction, mostly at Charlotte Hall, Mary- land, and finished by an accomplished jurist tutor. Declining, in early youth, a naval career, afforded by the offer of a Midshipman's warrant, he afterward, in 1818, exhibited his patriotic ardor by serving as a volunteer in the Virginia militia, in the Avar against Great Britain.
In 1814 he removed to Missouri, where, at that time, many of the enter- prising and ambitious young Virginians migTated, to seek their fortunes, and grow up with that then infant, but now powerful, State. He there con- tinued his study of the law ; and, in 1816, began to practice in St. Louis.
Rising rapidly into practice, in the year 1818 he was appointed Prosecu- ting Attorney for that circuit. Advancing with the growing interests of the State, he was, in 1820, appointed a Delegate to the State Constitutional Con- vention. The satisfaction with which he discharged the duties of this im- portant trust recommended him, in the same year, to his constituents, as Attorney-General of the new State of Missouri. He resigned the office in 1822, and was elected to the lower branch of the State Legislature. The confidence which he inspired in his previous public trusts, was abundantly secured in this, his first legislative position. Becoming now prominent as one of the rising young men of the rising young State, he was selected, in 1824, by President Monroe, United States Attorney for the Missouri Dis- trict. He held this position until 182G, when he resigned, and was elected Representative to Congress from Missouri, serving from 1827 to 1829 with distinction.
In 1880 he was elected to the State Senate; and, in 1834, was again elected to the Lower House of the Legislature. In 1830, being enfeebled by sedentary labor, he moved to the country, where he continued in the active practice of his profession for seven years, and varied his professional occu- pation with horseback-riding around the prairies, and other vigorous exer- cise in the open air.
In 1842 he returned to St. Louis, in invigorated health, and renewed in that city the practice of his profession. In 1850 he was appointed,^by Presi- dent Filmore, Secretary of War, but declined the office. In 1853 he was elected Judge of the St. Louis Land Court, which office he resigned in 1856. His prominence as a Whig politician secured him, the same year, the posi- tion of President of the Whig National Convention, which assembled in Baltimore ; and his accomplishments and learning induced the Harvard Uni- versity, in 1858, to confer upon him the degree of LL. D.
Again brought prominently before the public, he was appointed, in 1861, Attorney-General in Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet, which position he held until 1865, when he resigned, having performed the duties of the office with marked ability and fidelity. Mr. Bates, on the 5th of July, 1861, rendered an elaborate opinion, justifying President Lincoln in arresting persons on suspicion of intercourse with the insurgents, and refusing to obey a writ of Habeas Corpus, sued out to ascertain whether the alleged suspicions Avere just,
116. HENEY WAED BEECHER.
Heney Ward Beecher, son of the celebrated Rev. Lyman Beecher, was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, June 24, 1813. His mother died when he was three years old ; and his father, marrying again, removed to Boston, where Plenry was placed in the Latin School, and pursued his studies with- out the inspiration of zeal.
The sea became the object of his ambition. His father, apparently acquiescing, suggested his preparing himself for the navy ; but, as he went to school at Amherst, the Dr. said, "I shall have that boy in the ministry yet." Here he was placed under the care of a bright, attractive young man, and labored perseveringly, with his face toward the navy. Here, also, ho was put through a strict drill in elocution by Professor John E. Lowell. At the close of the year, a revival of religion occurred, and Henry, with others, was powerfully impressed. The naval scheme vanished, and the pulpit opened before him, as his natural sphere.
He entered Amherst College, where he surrounded himself with the best English writings, which he read and pondered with never-cea.sing delight ; but was not attracted by Greek and Latin classics.
The stand he took in college was, from the first, that of a reformer. He and his associates opposed all the customary irregularities and dissipations of students. In no part of his life did he ever use tobacco, or ardent spirits, in any shape. He graduated in 18-J4, and studied theology at Lane Seminary, in Cincinnati, of which his father was President. Previous to cempleting his studies, he edited, for some months, the organ of the New School Presbyterian Church, in the absence of Dr. Brainard. His editorials condemning the pro-slavery rioters who destroyed Dr. Burney's press at that time, were stamped with the most fearless spirit of reform.
On finishing his studies, Mr. Beecher married, and was settled at Law- renceburg, Ind., but was soon after invited to Indianapolis, where he labored for eight years, performing a great amount of professional labor, and causing a remarkable revival. August 24, 1847, Mr. Beecher was called to take charge of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N, Y. On the 19th of September, he bade farewell to his Western charge ; and, on assuming his duties at Ply- mouth Church, he informed " all whom it might concern," that he considered Temperance and Anti-Slavery a part of the Gospel, which he was deter- mined to preach.
He took a deep interest in the settlement of Kansas by freemen; and, during the Rebellion, was unceasing in his labors for the Union cause. Plymouth Church raised a regiment, and Mi'. Beecher's eldest son was an. officer in it.
Mr. Beecher is the author of numerous volumes, replete with original and earnest thought, and deeply imbued with Christian faith, and symx^athy with the beautiful in nature and art. His mind is a development charac- teristic of our nationality. It may be compared to a column, based with Eastern granite ; a shaft of Western marble ; and a capital, crowned with, the flowers and fruitage of cultured graces.
117. CLEIIEXT L. YALLANDIGHAM.
Clement L. Vallandigham -was born in New Lisbon, Columbia County, Ohio, in 1822. He descended from a Huguenot family, and received a good early education, spending one year at Jefferson College, Ohio. He afterward remoyed to Sno^y Hill, Maryland, where he spent two years as Principal of an academy.
Returning to Ohio in 1840, he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1842, and entered upon its practice in New Lisbon. He was elected to the Srate Legislature in 1845, and re-elected in 1816. He removed to Dayton in 1847. From 1847 to 1849, he was editor of the Western Empire ; and, for some years subsequent to that date, had devoted himself wholly to his profession and politics.
He was a member of the National Democratic Convention held at Cin- cinnati in 1856, and ran for Eepresentative to the Thirty-Fifth Congress against L. C. Campbell, whose seat he successfully contested, and was re-elected in 1850.
At the commencement of the second session of the Thirty^-Fifth Congress, and during the Thirty-Sixth, he was placed on the Committee on Territories.
Elected to the Thirty^-Seventh Congress in 18(51 , he took an ultra-Southern view of politics ; during the most important session opposed the Republican party in all their plans for the suppression of the Rebellion, exercising his legislative abilities to thwart the Government in carrA^ng on the war, and addressing the people of Baltimore and other cities in favor of secession. Returning to Day^ton, he was received with mingled feelings of coldness and confidence by his former constituents ; and, in the fall of 1SG2, the election resulted in the deleat of Mr, Yallandigham. Having the remainder of his term to complete, he continued his opposition in Congress to the measures of the Government.
Rejected for Congress, he continued his political activity in addressing the people throughout the State, indulging in expressions which were con- sidered disloyal ; and, for expressing his opinions against the war, he was arrested at Dayton, May 5, 1863, by military authority, and tried at Cincin- nati on the 6th and 7th of that month. He was sentenced to be confined in a military prison during the war, which sentence was changed by the Presi- dent to banishment to the Southern States. He was taken to Murfreesboro', where, on the 24th, he was sent over the Confederate lines. F>om there he went, by way^ of Bermuda, to Canada.
While in Canada he was nominated by the Democratic party of Ohio as their candidate for Governor, but was defeated.
He subsequently returned, and was a Delegate to the Democratic Con- vention held at Chicago in 1864. He was also a Delegate to the Convention held at New York, July 4, 1868, which nominated Horatio Seymour and Frank P. Blair, Jr., as candidates for President and Vice-President of the United States.
178. GEOEGE BANCEOFT.
Geokge Bancroft, a distinguished American Author and Historian, was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, in the year 1800. He graduated With honor at Harvard College, before he .. as seventeen years of age, and .«oon entered iipon a course of literary pursuits, having, as their ultimate end, the professi(<n of an Historian.
In 1818 he went to Europe, and there studied at Gottenburg and Berlin, enjoying the high advantages of the most thorough system of instruction.
After an absence of four years, during Avhich he traveled in England, Switzerland, Germany, and Italy, he returned to the United States, when he Was appointed Tutor of Greek, in Harviird University. During the interval of severe labors, lie made many contributions to American literature, especially from the stores of German thought and intellect, then compari- tively sealed, even to educated men in the United States. He early attached himself to the Democratic party, in whose behalf his first vote was cast.
In 1826, in a public oration, afterward published, he announced as his creed, " Universal Suffrage and Uncompromising Democracy."
In I80I: Mr. Bancroft published his first volume of his " History of the United States," a work to which he had long devoted his thoughts and researches, and in which he laid the foundation of a rej^utation at once permanent and universal.
The first two volumes, comprising the Colonial history of the country, were hailed with the highest satisfaction, as exhibiting, not only the facts, but the ideas of American history.
In 1838 he was appointed Collector of the Port of Boston, which he held until 1841. In 1841 he was the candidate of the Democracy of Massachusetts for Governor. In 1845 he was appointed Secretary of the Nav}--, and, in 184G, Minister Plenipotentiary to England, which position he held until 1849.
In England the prestige of Mr. Bancroft's literary reputation and his high social qualities contributed to enhance the popularity and respect which attached to him during his entire diplomatic career.
On his return, he fixed his residence in New York City, and resumed more actively the prosecution of his historical labors, the fourth volume of which appeared early in 1852, portraying the opening scenes of the great drama of the American Independence. He has since issued a volume at intervals, until now he has nine volumes published.
In 18G7 Mr. Bancroft was appointed Minister to Prussia, which position he now holds.
The work of Mr. Bancroft may be considered as a copious philosophical treatise, tracing the growth of the idea of liberty in a country designed by Providence fur its development, and is esteemed as one of the noblest memories of American literature.
He has published various public addresses, and has coLected a volume of " Miscellanies," chiefly upon historical and philosophical topics.
179. PETEE COOPER
Peter Coopsr was born in the city of Xew York, February 12, lYGl. His youtli -was employed in his father's hat manufactory. He attended school only one-half o±^ each day for a single year, and, beyond the humble knowledge thus earned, his acquisitions are his own.
At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to the trade of coach-making, which he followed for a short time after he had served out his apprentice- ship. He next manufactured machines for shearing cloth, which were in great demand during the War of 1812, but lost all value on the declaration of peace. He then manufactured cabinet ware, afterward went into the grocery business in New York City, and finally engaged in the manufac- ture of glue and isinglass, which he has carried on for more than fifty years.
Mr. Cooper's attention was early called to the great resources of the country for the manufacture of iron ; and, in 1830, he erected extensive works at Canton, near Baltimore.
Disposing of them, he sut)sequently erected a rolling-mill in the city of New I'ork, in which he first applied anthracite coal to the puddling of iron.
In 1845 he removed the machinery to Trenton, X. J., where he erected the largest rolling-mill at that time in the United States for the manufac- ture of" railroad iron, and at which he was the first to roll wrought-iron beams for fire-proof buildings. These works have grown to be very exten- sive, including mines, blast-furnaces, and water-power, and conducted by a company of which Mr. Cooper is President.
While in Baltimore, Mr. Cooper built, after his own designs, the first locomotive engine that was ever turned out on this continent, which was successfully operated on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, thus identifying his name with the early history of railroads. He has taken a great interest in the electric telegraph, in which he has invested a large capital. He is President and Director of various companies, and President of the North American Telegraph Association, which represents two-thirds of all the lines in the Unified States. Mr. Cooper has served in both branches of the New York Common Council.
His great object in life has been to educate and elevate the industrial classes ot" the community, rsnd he determined, more than forty years ago, if successful, to establish in his native city an institution in which the work- ing classes could secure a scientific education. Accordingly the " Union for the Advancement of Scienc3 and Art," commonly c died the " Cooper Institute," has been erected at a cost of over six hundred thousand dollars, and devoted by a deed of trust, Avith all its rents, issues, and profits, to that purpose. It includes a school of design for females, evening courses of instruction to mechanics and apprentices, a free reading-room,_ a gallery of art, a polytechnic school, and valuable collections of models of inventions.
Mr. Cooper is still engaged in active business.
180. HEESCHEL Y. JOHNSON.
Herschel Y. Johnson was born in Burke County, Georgia, September 18, 1812, and graduated at the University of Georgia in 1884. He adopted the profession of the law ; and, while pursuing its practice, entered uponhia political career, advancing rapidly to distinction.
In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and was appointed to fill a vacancy in the United fetates Senate in 1848. From the Senate he was elected, in 1849, a Judge of the Superior Court.
In ISGO, when the popularity of Stephen A. Douglas was at its highest point, Herschel V. Johnson was selected as a candidate for the Vice-Presi- den<:y upon the Dougl is ti'ket. Defeated by Lincoln and Harnlin, the tide of secession overran the Southern land, and with the political landmarks which had defied the ultra-Southern sentiment in times gone by, were swept away, and Herschel Y. Johnson among the rest.
Djuglas died at the beginning of the war, in the very prime of his life and in the zenith of an unprecedented popularity, with sentiments of loy- alty upon liis feverish lips ; but Johnson, his fellow-candidate, went with his native South, though in principle a Union man.
While the one terminated his career on the death-bed, the other con- tinued his by taking part in the stormy proceedings which inaugurated the Confederate States Government ; and, becoming a Member of the Con- federate States Senate, lie took an active part in its debates.
The rapidity with which men rise to public distinction in the United States, and then f;ill into private life (though, in many instances, honorable obscurity), is illustrated in the case of Herschel Y. Johnson. At one time the representative Union man of the South, he was the choice for the second office in the gift of the people on the Presidential ticket, with one of the most popular men of the United States — Stephen A. Douglas.
Death and the a^-tive vitiated public life, Avhich that political career impelled, laid his chief in the grave ; but he who followed next upon the banner left the emblem of the Union to die with his chief, lured by " strange stars," *' writin;r stran<je characters from right to left."
181. OLIYEE 0. riOWAED.
aenoral Olivek 0. IIOTrAiiD \vas born in Leeds, Maine, November 8, IBoO He o-raduated at Bowdoin College in 1850, and, four years later,^at vre4 Point where he ^vas appointed Instructor in Mathematics, in 18o7 ; but re^io-ned his commission in 18G1, to take command of a regiment of M'aine Volunteers. He commanded a brigade at Bull Run ; and, for gallant conduct in that battle, was commissioned a Brigadier-General of \ olunteers. He was at Williamsburn:, and lost an arm at Fair Oaks, June 1, 1862. VV lien the attack was made on General Casey's troops, May 31, Howard's brigade was brouf^ht up in haste, and came into pjsition just at mght-fall. llie next mornnig one ol-his regiments was placed in tlie front line, while the other three formed the second. Howard's and French's Brigade did much of the brave and steady work which repulsed and routed the two obstinate and furious attacks of the enemy. He was hicrhly complimented by General Richardson, in his report, for the excellent disposition of his forces, the direction of his fire, and the moral effect be produced upon his men, by his resolute demeanor in cheering and urging them on.
In this days battle, General Howard received two bullet-wounds in his rio-ht arm, which had to be amputated. Scarcely waiting for his wound to he-il, he rejoined the army, and commanded the Third Brigade of Sedg- w-ick's division, in Sumner's corps, at the battle of Antietam.
On the nth of December, 18G2, he led the advance of the Army of the Potomac over the Rappahannock, at the battle of Fredericksburg.
Early in 1863, he was assigned to the command of the Eleventh Corps. He was present at the battle of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, in both of which he bore a conspicuous and noble part ; and, in the autumn, accom- panied his corps to Chattanooga, participating in the victory of November "^o, in the front of that place.
Soon afterward, he received command of the Fourth Corps, and made the campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta. He succeeded General McPherson as comm.and^r of the Army of the Tennessee ; and, in the expedition from Atlanta to Savannah, he commanded the right wing of Sherman's army.
He also commanded a wing in the march northward from Savannah, which terminated in the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston, and all the Bebel forces under his command.
Since the conclusion of the war, he has held the office of Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, which he has conducted with ability and discre- tion. Besides his professional abilities as a soldier, General Howard is a man of deep religious principles, and has been called the " Havelock of America."
182. GEOBGE WILKES.
George Wilkes was born in the city of New York in 1822. Receiving the benefit of a liberal education, he early identified himself with the press, and has become celebrated as one of the first journalists of the country.
Establishing, at a time when such a journal was much needed, Tlie National Police Gazette, he made that paper a power in the land. Retiring- from this journal, he traveled extensively in Europe, and, returning, wrote " Europe in a Hurry." Subsequently associated with the late lamented William T. Porter, he established Porters Spirit of the Times. Abandoning this venture, he established another journal, identifying with its character more of the personality of its Editor, called Withes' Spent of the Times. Osten- sibly a sporting paper of the better class, it contains, from time to time, remarkable articles or essays upon public men and measures, written with all the masterly vigor and ability for which George Wilkes is distinguished.
Were it not for the versatility of talent for which journnlistic literature in Amei'ica is distinguished, one would be surprised to find in a journal ostensibly devoted to horses, so much talk upon men. The theme, however, alternates between blooded horses and noted men, and Wilkes^ >Spiri^ descants upon the merits of both with equal knowledge and spirit.
Revisiting Europe, in 1860, Mr. Wilkes wns presented at the Court of St. James by Mr. Dallas, then our minister to England.
Upon the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, Mr. Wilkes accom- panied McDowell's army into Virginia, and was present at the battle of Bull Run. Writing a description of this battle, it was extensively recopied throughout the country, and was remarkable for its graphic and picturesque power of descriptive writing.
More comprehensive and generalizing in his political style of writing than descending to detail, Mr. Wilkes is more successful as a weekly jovir- nalist, perhaps, than he would bo as a daily journalist. This is no disparage- ment to him, or his mode of dealing with, men and measures. The daily press exacts too much upon the brain of a writer to enable him always to do justice to his subject.
George Wilkes, after years of unceasing labor and activity, has built up a powerful press, and caused himself to be respected as a powerful journalist. Having accumulated a handsome fortune, ho is enabled to extend his enter- prises with proportionate energy and success.
A strong and warm personal friend of General Grant, he adrocated his claims to the Presidency with characteristic ability.
Relieved again from arduous journalistic duties, Mr. Wilkes traveled for the fourth time in Europe in 1868. In 1870 he ran for Congress against James Brooks, under a united Republican nomination, and was defeated.
183. JAMES LONGSTBEET
General JAilES Loxgstreet -was born in South Carolina m the year 1821, and graduated at West Point in 1842, as Brevet Second Lieutenant of the Fourth Regiment of Infantry.
In Marcli, 1845, he was transferred to the Eighth Regiment, and was at the storming of Monterey, in Mexico. In February, 1847, he was promoted to the rank of First Lieutenant ; and, August 2U, was breveted Captain, for gallant and meritorioiis conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churu- "busco, and Major, for gallantry in the battle of Molino del Rey, September 8, 1847. In the assault at Chapultepec, September 13, he greatly distin- guished himself, and was severely wounded.
In December, 1852, he became full Captain ; and, in July, 1858, was made Paymaster, with the rank of Major.
On the secession of South Carolina, he resigned, offered his services to the Rebels, received an appointment of Brigadier-General, and soon after participated in the battle of Bull Run, where his brigade covered Black- burn's Ford. He was afterward made Major-General, under Jo. Johnston, and remained with the army in its winter-quarters, skirmishing, until March, 18G2, when Manassas was evacuated. He then went to the Penin- sula, and from the evacuation of Yorktown to the battle of Malvern Hill, he was in almost every action, where he was conspicuous foi ooolncss, bravery, and skill. In the second Bull Run and in the invasion of Maryland, ter- minating with the battle of Antietam, he commanded a corps, and rendered valuable service. General Longstreet also took a prominent part in the battle of Fredericksburg ; and, in February, 18G3, was sent to invest Suffolk, Va., from which place he was recalled, after a fruitless campaign, to rein- force General Lee at Chancellorsville.
General Longstreet commanded one of the three corps of Lee's army, which invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania in the summer of 1808 ; and at the battle of Gettysburg, in July, he was on the right of the Rebel army, and opposed to General Sickles. In September he was sent to reinforce Gen- eral Bragg, and greatly contributed to the Rebel victory at Chickamauga. After this he was detached to capture KnoxviUe, and drive Burnside out of East Tennessee, which he failed to accomplish. In January, 1864, he again made a movement on Knoxville, and was enabled to advance within a few miles of the city; but, after a short stay, was obHged to retreat to his old position at Bull's Gap for want of provisions and supplies.
In April, 18G4, he united his troops with General Lee's, and took an active part in the battle of the Wilderness, where he was so severely wounded. May G, as to be incapacitated for service until the following Octob(!r. He held command of his corps during the winters of 18G4 and 18G5, in the defense of Richmond, and was included in the capitulation of General Lee to General Grant, April 9, of the latter year.
Since the close of the war he has devoted himself to the pursuits of civil life, and is using his influence to unite in friendship the two sections so lately opposed to each other in deadly conflict, by counselling his Southern brethera to accept the Congressional terms of Reconstruction.
184. JOSEPH HOLT.
Judge Advocate General Holt, a native of Kentucky, was born in Brecken- ridge County, in 1807. Educatod at St. Joseph's College, Bardstown, and at Centre College, Danville, in 1828, he commenced the Practice of the Law in Eiizabethtown, Kentucky. Eemoving to Louisville in lfe3i,he was ap^ pointed Commonwealth's Attorney for the Jefferson Circuit which included in its jurisdiction Louisville. From Louisville he removed^ in 18;i5, to Port Gibson, Mississippi, and after practicing his profession successfully in that State, he returned to the former city. Appointed Commissioner of Patents, in the September following the accession of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency, he suc- ceeded in March, 1859, to the office of Postmaster-General on the death of the Hon. A. V. Brown. Upon the withdrawal of John B. Floyd from the Cabinet, in December, 1860, he was appointed Secretary of War, and is regarded as having been active in labori. g to restore order and public confidence, which had been Bkaken by the defection of Floyd and other officials at this time.
In co-operation with General hcott, by the precautions which he exer- cised, Mr. Holt contributed largely to ch ck treasonable demonstrations in Washington during the Inauguration of President Lincoln. Retiring from office in the Spring of ISol, he was earnestly employed in advocating the Union cause in Kentucky and elsewhere ; denouncing neutrality as a pol- icy, then advocated extensively in the border States. At this time, in a letter addressed to Mr. Speed, of Kentucky, he declared that the expendi- ture of not merely hundreds of millions, but billions of treasure would be well made, if the result should be the preservation of our republican institutions. Appointed one of a commission to examine and decide upon c'aims, involved in the administration of General Fremont's Department of the West, after the re- moval of that officer from his command, he continued in that capacity until March, 1862. In September of the same year, he was appointed Judge Advocate General of the Army, and in that capacity was engaged 'u\ many celebrated trials growing out of the war ; among them the great Conspiracy Case, involving the assassina- tion of President Lincoln. Though a Democrat, Mr. Holt was an earnest supporter of President Lincoln's administration throughout, and emphatically approved of the Emancipation Proclamation of September, 1862, and all other measures hav- ing for their object a vigorous prosecution of the war. On the retirement of Judge Bates, he was offered, by the President, the position of Attorney-General, which he declined.
185. AMBEOSE E. BUENSIDE.
General A]MBR0SE E. Bl'RNSIDE was born, in Liberty, Union County, Indiana, May 2o, 1824, and graduated at West Point in 1847, the fifteenth in rank of a class numbering forty-seven. The foil wing- year he received a full Second Lieutenancy and was attached to the Third Artillery.
He served with credit in the Mexican War, and afterward on the Mexi- can frontier, where he was Quartermaster of the Boundary Commission. In 1851 he left with important dispatches for "Washington, and traveled twelve hundred miles through a hostile Indian country in seventeen days, meeting with many hair-breadth escapes.
He was subsequently stationed at Newport, R. I., but resigned his com- mission to engage in the manufacture of a breech-loading rifle of his own invention; failing in which, he entered the sei'vice of the Illinois Central Bailroad in 1858, as Cashier, and afterward as Treasurer.
On the breaking out of theKebellion he was appointed Colonel of a Rhode Island regiment by Governor Sprague ; and, at the first battle of Bull Run, commanded a brigade, showing great gallantry, coolness, and skill in its management throughout the engagement and retreat. On the 6th of August he was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and soon after took charge of the expedition to Roanoke Island, where he captured six forts and batteries, forty cannon, and over two thousand prisoners, which he exchanged for those taken at Bull Run. This was one of the first suc- cesses of the Union army, for which he was made Major-General, and con- firmed, March 18, 18G2. He afterward captured Newborn, Fort Macon, and other important points in North Carolina.
After the disaster on the Peninsula in 18G2, he was ordered North with a great part of his army, and commanded the left wing of the Army of the Potomac at the battle of Antietam.
November 7, 1862, General Burnside succeeded General McClellan in command of the Army of the Potomac, when, at his suggestion, the i)lan of operations underwent a material change. Instead of moving on Richmond by the Gordonsville route, his plan was to make a feint in that direction, and then make a rapid movement of the whole army on Fredericksburg ; but the failure to get the pontoons in season prevented the carrying out of his plan. After waiting nearly four weeks for them, he made an attack on Fredericksburg, which was unsuccessful.
In January, I860, he was relieved by General Hooker, and, March 26, was appointed to command the Department of Ohio, captured Knoxville, Tenn., and afterward held it against the besieging army of General Long- street. At his own request, he was relieved by General Foster.
On the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac under Grant, ho par- ticipated in the campaign against Richmond, and shared in all the severe battles that followed, meeting with several narrow escapes, and accompanied the array in its movements to Petersburg.
He resigned his commission in May, 1805, and was elected Governor of Rhode Island in 1866, and re-elected in 1867.
186. EICHAED S. EWELL.
General RicnAliD S. Ewell was born in the District of Columbia about the year 1820. In 183G he entered the military academy at West Point, and graduated on the 30th of June, 1840, receiving an appointment as Brevet Second Lieutenant of Cavalry on the 1st of July. On the 10th of September, 1845, he was made Fir.st Lieutenant, and with that rank went into the Mexican "War, serving in Colonel Mason's dragoons. Ho won his promotion to Captain in the field, having received it for gallant conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco.
In June, 1847, Captain Ewell was in New Mexico, greatly distinguishing himself against the Indians ; and during the year 1858 he took charge of and commanded the troops that garrisoned Fort Buchanan in that territory. Pie was, however, suspended in 1859.
"When Virginia seceded. Captain EavcII resigned his commission in the Regular Army, and took sides with the South, entering the Hebel army as a Brigadier-General, and, at the battle of Blackburn's Ford, July 18, 18G1, was stationed on the extreme right, at Union Mills.
In Beauregard's official report, he says : " Thanks are due to Brigadier- Generals Bonham and Ewell for the ability shown in conducting and executing the retrogade movements on Bull Hun, directed in my orders — movements on which hung the fortunes of the army."
Until April, 1802, no movements of any importance brought General Ewell prominently forward, but in that month he was directed to join *' Stonewall " Jackson in the Shenandoah valley ; and then commenced the brilliant career that has since marked his name.
General Ewell took the advance of Jackson's army in the valley, and was engaged in several battles with Banks and Fremont, and afterward accompanied it with his command to the battle-fields around Richmond, where he shared in the heaviest of the engagements.
After the series of battles around that city had freed it from danger. General Ewell was sent against Pope, and met him on the old battle-field of Bull Run, where a fierce engagement ensued on the 29th of August, 18G2, in which General Ewell was bauly wounded in the knee, and his valuable services were, therefore, lost in the momentous battle which took place the next day. For several months after, he was unfit for any active duty in the field, having been obliged to have his leg amputated. At length, on the 29th of May, 1803, he rejoined his old corps as Lieutenant-General, and led the advance of Lee's second Maryland campaign, which ended in the memorable battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, and 3, 1803.
In November he was obliged to absent himself on sick leave, in conse- quence of renewed trouble from his dismembered limb. In the following April he again rejoined the army, and participated in the various battles of 1804, in which he acted a conspicuous part.
On the Cth of April, 1805, his corps was disastrously routed by General Sheridan west of Burkesville, and he himself captured. He was subsequently confined in Fort AVarren, but after some months was released.
187. GEOEGE G. MEADE.
G-enerrd George G. Meade was born December 31,' 1815,"at Cadiz,
Spain, where his piirents were temporarily residing.
While yet an infant ho was brought by his parents to Philadelphia on their return ; and, at an early age, was sent to tlie boys' school at Washing- ton, D. C, at that time kept by the present Chief-Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Mr. Chase. He afterward attended a military school at Mount Airy ; and, in September, 1831, entered the Military Academy at West Point. Graduating in the summer of 1835, ho entered the army as Brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery ; and, at the end of the y^ear he became a full Second Lieutenant ; but, in the October following, resigned his position, and retired from the service, becoming a Civil Engineer. His principal survey was the Northeastern boundary line.
In lb4"3 ho Avas reappointed to the army, with the rank of Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers.
Shortly^ afterward, he was ordered to Mexico, and took part in that war, in which he distinguished himself, and was breveted First Lieutenant for gallantry at the siege of Monterey, in 1846. On the return of peace ho employ'ed himself in river and hai-bor improveraants, and in constructing light-houses on Delaware Bay and off the coast of Florida. He became First Lieutenant in 18.")1 and Captain in 185G.
On the breaking out of the Rebellion he vv^as at Detroit, Mich., engaged in the national survey of the lakes. He was ordered to report at Washing- ton ; and, on the olst of August, 1861, he received an appointment of Briga- dier-General of Volunteers, with command of the Second Brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. He served throughout the Peninsular cam- paign in McCall's Division, and was severely wounded at the battle of W^hite Oak Swamp.
In September, 1862, he took command of a division in Reynolds's First Army Corps, which he conducted with great skill and bravery, and through- out the day of the famous battle of Antietam, his Reserves were in the hottest and thickest of the fight.
On the 29th of November he received the appointment of Major-General of Volunteers, and was a participant with the Reserves in the battle of Fredericksburg, in December, 1802 ; and, on the 2.'3th of the month, was appointed to the command of the Fifth Corps. After fighting throughout the battle of Chancellorsville, on its defeat, his corps covered the retreat, and guarded the crossings until the whole army was safely over the river.
On the 28th of June, 1863, he was suddenly and unexpectedly called to assume command of the Army of the Potomac, and soon fought the great battle of Gettysburg, which resulted in victory to the Union army, July 3, 1863. He pursued Lee's army for some day^s, but it escaped.
General Meade continued in command of the Army of the Potomac until the surrender of Lee in 1865. He now holcis the rank of Major-General in the Regular Army, and is in command of the Atlantic Military Division.
188. PETER G. T. BEAUEEGAED.
General Peter G. T. Beauuegakd was bom on his father's planta- tion, in the parish of St. Bernard, Louisiana, near New Orleans, May 2S, 1818. ....
He was educated in New York City, and appointed to the military academy at West Toint, in 1834:, from which he graduated in 18o8, holding the position of second in his class, and was soon after made Second Lieutenant cf the First Artillery, from whence he was transferred to the Corps of Engineers, and made First Lieutenant in ]839.
He served with distinction in the Mexican War, was breveted Cap- tain, in August, 1847, for gallant conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, and Major, in September of the same year, for services at Chapultepec. In the assault on the City of Mexico, Major Beaurcgtird was wounded. Subse- quently, ho was placed in charge of the construction of the Mint and Custom- House at New Orleans, as well as the fortifications on and near the mouth of the Mississippi River.
In the autumn of 1860, he was appointed Superhitendent of the United States Military Academy at We^st Point ; but the War Department soon after ordered hira back to his former command at New Orleans. On arriving there, he resign ed, to follow (according to his principle of State Riglits) the fate of his State, which had just seceded from the Union, and enlisted as a private in one of the com panies of the New Orleans Guards
February 26, 1801, he was appointed Brigadier-General in the Confed- erate army, and ordered by Jefferson Davis to take command of the forces at Charleston, South Carolina. Here he employed his engineering skill, obtained at West Point, in surrounding Fort Sumter with batteries, on the construction of which, the little peaceful garrison looked, without offering resistance : for the policy of the United States Government was not to com- mence the assault, but to act on the defensive. The steamer Star of the West, which brought provisions for Fort Sumter, was fired upon, and driven off; after which. General Beauregard, by orders from the Confederate Secre- tary of War, sent a special message to General Anderson (who had been supplied with provisions from Charleston), stating that no further inter- course with that city would be permitted, and demanded of him to evacuate the fort, which being refused, he opened fire from Fort Johnson at 4:30, A. M., April 12, and continued the bombardment from all the forts for thirty hours, when the ofticers' quarters of Fort Sumter caught fire, and General Anderson surrendered, April 14, 1861.
General Beauregard retired from the command at Charleston, May 28, to assume command of the army at Manassas Junction, June 1 ; and July 21, 1801, fought the first battle of Bull Run, which proved so disastrous to the Union army. For gallant and meritorious service on that occasion, he was made one of the five full generals Pro:«ident Davis was authorized to appoint. He con- tinued with the army in Virginia until January, 1862, when he was transferred to the array of the Mississippi ; and on the 6th of April, seconded Gen. Johnston at Shiloh.
In September, 1802, he was assigned to the command of South Carolina and Georgia, where he was principally employed in the defense of Charleston, until Ibtr^r, when he was stationed at Petersburg, from whence he went, in October of the same year, to oppose Sherman in the Southwest, where his posi- tion was more that of a military director than as a General in the field.
At the close of the Rebellion, he was acting under J. E. Johnston, and was included in his surrender to Sherman. Since the close ot the war, Beauregard has had charge of a railroad i^ Louisiana.
189. JOSEPH HOOKER.
General Joseph Hooker ■vs'as born in Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1813. He was a lineal descendant of Thomas Hooker, the Puritan pioneer, who led the band of one hundred settlers, through the wilderness, to found the city of Hartford, and colony of Connecticut ; hence his son's iron will and love of danger, which have given him the name of " Fighting Joe."
He early manifested a fondness for study, which he first cultivated at Hopkins's Academy, in his native town, and afterward at AVest Point, Avhere he graduated in IboT. He was at once appointed Second Lieutenant of the First Artillery ; and, in November, 1838, was promoted to First Lieutenant in the same regiment. He was successively breveted Captain, Major, and Lieutenant-Colonel, for gallant conduct in the Mexican War ; and, in 1848, became full Captain. He resigned his commission in 1853, and settled on a farm in C-ilifornia. While in that State he superintended the construction of the national road from California to Oregon.
At the breaking out of the Kebellion, Colonel Hooker sailed for the Atlantic coast, reaching .New York early in May, 1861 , and immediately offered his services to the Government, Avas commissioned Brigadier-Gene- ral of Volunteers on the ]7th day of May, and eaipioyetl in tiie defenses of Wash- ington, and afterward from December, 1861, to March, 1862, in guarding the Lower Potomac.
He served conspicuously in the Peninsular campaign, in operations before Yorktown, at Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Gaines' Mills, Glendale, Malveru Hill, Seven Days' contest, and second Bull Run.
On the oth of May, 1862, lie was commissioned Major- General of Volunteers Tie afterward participated in the battles of Centreville and Gainesville, and on the 1st of September, in the short and decisive battle of Chantilly. September 14, in the battle of South Mountain, he drove the enemy from their position, over the summit of the mountain, in confusion, and fought with great bravery at the battle of Antietam, where he was wounded. For the distinguished skill he displayed on this occasion, he was appointed Brigadier-General in the Regular Army. He commanded the Centre Grand Division, under Burnside, at Fredericksburg ; and, on the resignation of that officer, in January, 18G3, General Hooker suc- ceeded him in the command of the Army of the Potomac. He fought the battle of Chancellorsville in the May following, and was relieved by General Meade, June 27. Subsequently, he was sent to relieve Rosecrans, at Chat- tanooga, and distinguished himself at Lookout Mountain, fighting " above the clouds," where he captured a strong position, thereby causing the defeat of Bragg, in November.
As commander of the Twentieth Corps, he participated in Sherman's Atlanta campaign. He was in command of the Department of" the North, with headquarters at Cincinnati, from September 24, 1864, to July 5, 1865, and after- ward, the Department of the East, with headquarters -at New York, from July 8, 1865, to August 6, 1866, and in the Department of the Lakes, with headquar- ters at De-roit. from August 2-3, 1866, to June 1, 1867.
General Hooker was mustered out of the volunteer service, September 1, 1866, and retired from active service at his own request, October 15, 1868.
He received the thanks of Congi-ess, January 28, 1864, for the skill, energy, and endurance which first covered Washington and Baltimore from the meditated blow of the advancing and powerful army of rebels led by General Robert E. Loe ; and for gallant and meritorious services at the battle of Chattanooga, was made Brevet Major-Gcncral of the United Slates Army, March 13, 1805.
190. ''PAESON" BROWNLOW.
William Ganx away Brownlow was born in "Wythe County, Virginia, August 20, 1805. Being left an orphan at eleven years of age, he was obliged to work in the humblest capacity until he arrived at his eighteenth year, when, through natural force of character, he set about learning the carpenters' trade, at which he worked till he had obtained means to procure a better education.
He entered the Methodist ministry in 1826, and became an itinerant Preacher. In 18o2 he was a Delegate to the General Conference in Philadel- phia, butaftcrward traveled a circuit in South Carolina, the home of Calhoun, where the Nullification excitement led him into the controversy, by his ex- pressions of attachment for the Union, and where he was subsequently compelled to publish a pamphlet in his own defense, in consequence of the fierce opposition soon excited against him. He also published a pamphlet against the position of the Methodist Church South, in regard to slavery, in which he predicted the troubles of the country on the slave question, and avowed his determination to stand by the Union.
Mr. Brownlow commenced his political career in Tennessee, in 1828, as an advocate of the election of John Quincy Adams to the Presidency, having always been, as he says, "a Federal Whig, of the AVashington and Alexan- der Hamilton school." About 1839 he became Editor of the Knoxvillc, Ten- nessee, Whiff, a political newspaper, Avhich attained a large circulation ; and it was under the bold and defiant tone of this paper that he obtained the tioubriquet of the "Fighting Parson."
From the commencement of the secession movement, he boldly main- tained an unconditional adherence to the Union, which course subjected him to much persecution. On October 24, 18G1 , he published the last number of the y/hiff, and was obliged to conceal himself from the violence of his enemies ; but was induced, by false promises of protection, to report himself to the Confederate General at Knoxville, where he was arrested for treason, and sent to jdiL Here he was detained, in constant expectation of death, suffer- ing from severe illness, and kept under military authority until March, 18G2. Ho was then released and forwarded to the Union lines, at Nsah- ville. He published, about this time, his sketches of the " Pise, Progress, and Decline, of Secession, Avith a Narrative of Personal Adventures among the Pebels."
Parson Brownlow's career since the date of the trying events of the war, is one belonging to the history of the State of Tennessee. His election as Governor of the State, his efforts to restore public order, to promote free- dom of opinion, and to extend the rights of manhood to every citizen, have attracted the attention of the whole country ; and while Tennessee contains unquestionably, many true and loyal people, "the ineradicable taint of sin" appears to be so deeply ingrained, that not even the sturdy fidelity of the firmest patriotism can prevent the savage and unnatural outrages which stain her soil with horror.
Brownlow has proved that truth and loyalty can exist, in all their vigor, in the midst of perverted and baneful influences. His record will outlive the turbulent hates of tho time, and glow with brightness on the pages of history.
191. WILLIAM H. SEWAED.
William H. Sewat{d was born in the village of Florida, New York, May 10, 1801. From childhood he exhibited a love of knowledge, and an earnest inclination and taste for study ; and when yet a mere child, he ran aAvay to school. At nine years of age, he was sent to Farmers' Hall Academy, at G-oshon. Here books were his favorite companions ; and he always read with pencil in hand, lest memory should drop a single one of the pearls he gathered in his literary pilgrimage.
A7hen but fifteen he entered the Sophomore class at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y. His favorite studies in College were rhetoric, moral philosophy, and the ancient classics.
In 1819, when but eighteen years of age, and while in the Senior class, he withdrew from College, and engaged himself as a teacher at the South. He graduated in 1820, and soon after commenced the study of law in New York City, where he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1822.
In January of the next year, he commenced practice in Auburn, N. Y., where, by severe industry, he soon became possessed of an extensive and successful practice. He, at the same time, gave considerable attention to politics, and avowed his opposition to the extension of slavery.
In 1824 he drew up an address, which exposed the origin and design of the Albany Regency. He joined the anti-Masonic organization ; and, in 18o0, received the nomination of that party to the State Senate, for the Seventh District, and was elected. He was the leading spirit of the State amon^- the advocates for the election of John Q. Adams as President of the United States, in opposition to the Jackson party and the Albany Regency.
In 1 834 he was nominated by the Whig party, as candidate for Governor, but was defeated by William L. Marcy. In 1888 he was again a candidate, and elected by ten thousand majority. During his administration, impris- onment for debt was abolished, and every vestige of slavery removed from the statute-books. He upheld the system of internal improvements, and devoted himself to reforming the mode of public education.
He was re-elected in 1840 ; and, on the expiration of the second term, declined a renomination. In 1849 he was elected United States Senator, and re-elected in 185o, at the expiration of which, he was appointed, by President Lincoln, Secretary of State, which oflSce he filled with eminent abilitv throujih the trying period of the Rebellion, and during Mr. Johnson's term of office as President, which endp'l in 18»i8.
On the night of April 14, 18G5, a desperate attempt was made by Rebel sympathizers to assassinate him, while he lay upon a sick bed. He was severely and dangerously wounded, but survived the event.
During his term of office as Secretary of State, Mr. Seward negotiated the pur- chase of Alaska of the Russian Government; and, in 1S69, visited that country, stopping at California and Mexico on his return, meetini: with an enthusiastic re- ception^as an appreciation of his eminent ability and services to his country.
192. ALEXANDER II. STEPHENS.
Alexandeu TI. STErilE:>s was Lorn in Taliaferro County, Georgia, February 11, 1812, and graduated at Franklin College, Athens, Ga., in 1832, at the head of his class. Choosing and studying the law, he was admitted to the bar in Ib'o-l, and soon obtained a lucrative practice in the town of Crawfordville, in his native county.
Alter paying his debts, which ho had incurred in obtaining his educa- tion, his first earnings were devoted to redeeming from the hands of strangers the lionic of his childhood, which had been sold after his father's death.
In ISoG lie was elected to the Lower House of the State Legislature, where he served five years, devoting himself especially to the internal interests of his native State.
In 1839 he Avas chosen a Delegate to the Commercial Convention at Charleston, where he is said to have made a deej) impression by his peculiar eloquence. In 1843 he was elected to the Senate of his State, and m 1843 he was elected a Representative in Congress from Georgia, as a "Whig, retaining his seat imtil 1859, when he voluntarily retired. He served on many committees while in Congress, and delivered many speeches ; and it was while he officiated as Chairman of the Committee on Territories, that the Territories of Minnesota and Oregon were admitted into the ITnion. After the first Kansas struggle in Congress, Mr. Stephens became a Democrat : and, in 18oS, steadily sustained the Lecompton Constitution.
The disturbances following the Presidential election of 18G0 called him from his retirement, and he made several speeches defending the Union and deprecating secession. The subsequent spring, however, having been chosen Vice-President of the Confederate Slates, he made a violent Avar speech at Atlanta, Ga., charging the responsibility upon the North, and declaring that the South would call out million after million, till the last man fell, rather than be conquered. In a speech delivered at Savannah in the spring oi ISGI, he says, " that slavery was the cause of the rupture ; that the prevail- ing idea of Jefferson and most of the leading statesmen, at the time of the formation of the Constitution, was that the enslavement of the African Avas in violation of the laws of nature ; that it Avas wrong in principle — socially, morally, and politically wrong; that it would, in the order of ProA-idence, soon pass aAvay. "But," said Mr. Stephens, " those ideas were fundamentally wrong. We propose to found the ?ieio Confederate Government on exactly opposite ideas.. Its ' corner-stone ' rests upon the idea that slavery is the normal condition of the African ; and this stone, which was rejected by the fii'st builders, has become the chief stone of the corner of our edifice." Thus boldly admitting what had been ahvays claimed by the North respecting the sentiments of the founders of the Republic.
Mr. Stephens's political life becomes consistent by remembering that he was a follower of Calhoun, as a champion of Southern interest and policy, throughout. He remained Vice-President of the Confederacy during the Rebellion ; and,in May, 1865,after the surrender of General Lee, was arrested and imprisoned in Fort "Warren, but soon after released. He has since written a book, entitled, " A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States, its Causes, Conduct, and Results."
Mr. Stephens is a shrewd and specious writer and debater, when on the wrong side of the question ; and, for sagacity and devotion to the Southern cause, none has excelled him since Calhoun.
193. THADDEUS STEVENS.
Thaddeus Stevens, " The Old Commoner " of the United States House of Representatives, was born in Danville, Caledonia County, Vermont, April 4, 1792. After attending the common school, he fitted for college at Peacham. Acadamy, and entex'ed the Vermont University in 18 10, which suspended operations after he had been there two yeai's, on account of the war, and he proceeded to Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1814.
After studying law at Peacham, he left his native State, and settled in York, Pa., where he taught school, and pursued his legal studies for a year, when he removed to Gettysburg, opened an office, and entered upon the practice of his profession. He was soon in the possession of an extensive and lucrative business, to which he gave his entire attention for sixteen years, during which he was employed in many of the most important cases tried in the Courts of the Commonwealth, and v/as one of the most acute lawyers and able reasoners in the State. He was especially pleased to be retained in causes where the oppressed and weak were to be protected from the machinations of the tyrannical and strong.
In 18o3 he was elected to the State Legislature, ana also in 1834, 1835, 1837, and 1841. In ISoG he was elected a Member of the Convention to revise the State Constitution, but refused to sign his name to the completed instrument, because it contained the word *' white," as a qualification of suffrage. In 1838 he was appointed a Canal Commissioner.
While in the Legislature, his efforts saved the Common School system from being overthrown. By that effort he established the principle that it is the duty of the State to provide the facilities for education to all the children of the Commonwealth. In 1842, Mr. Stevens, finding himself in debt from losses in the iron business, in which he was extensively engaged « at Gettysburg, and from liabilities for indorsements, removed to Lancaster, Pa., where, his reputution having preceded him, his income from his profes- sion soon became the largest at the bar. In a few years he paid his debts, and saved the bulk of his estate.
In 1848, and again in 1850, he was elected to the United States Congress, when, declining to be re-elected, he returned to his profession, until 1858, when he was again sent to the House of Representatives, where he con- tinued to serve without interruption until his death. His course in Con- gress forms an important part in the history of a mighty people, in the greatest crisis of their existence.
In private life, among his friends, Mr. Stevens was ever genial, kind, and considerate. For them he would labor and sacrifice, without stint, com- plaint, or regret. His rare conversational powers, fund of anecdotes, bril- liant sallies of wit, and wise sayings upon the topics of the hour, made his company sought and enjoyed.
Mr. Stevens Avas an honest and truthful man in public and private life. In his private charities he was lavish, being incapable of saying " No," in the presence of want or misery. His charity, like his political cqjivictions, regarded neither creed, race, or color. He was a good, classical scholar, well read on subjects of philosophy and law, and a bold, determined, and uncompromising foe to oppression, in every form. He died August 11, 1868, and his remains lie in a private cemetery, for reasons stated in the follow- ing epitaph, prepared by himself :
''X repose in this quiet and secluded spot, not from any natural prefer- ence for solitude ; but, findii;g other cemeteries limited, by charter-rules, to race, I have chosen it, that I might be enabled to illustrate in my death the principles which I have advocated through a long life : EqiiaUiy of man before h's Creator."
194. THUELOW WEED.
TuuilLOW Weed was bom in Catskill, New York, in 1797. The loss of his parents, who were in poor circnrastances, threw him at an early age upon his own resources, and ho engaged as a Cabin-Boy on a North E,iver sloop.
His first stop towards his present profession was in the character of " Dovil " in the j^rinting office of a country paper, but was subsequently employed as an itinerant Journeyman in the office of the Jlerkimer Ameri- can, edited by the late Colonel Stone.
During the war with Great Britain, he enlisted as Drummer in the United States army, and served on the Northern frontier.
On leaving the army, he resumed his former occupation of Printer in New York City.
Sometime after, he returned to the country, married, and started a country paper, which ho published first in Onondaga, and afterwards in Chenango County, New York, advocating the Canal policy of Governor Clinton.
Plis palmer not proving successful, in 1824, he resumed his occupation of Journeyman Printer, in Albany. Here he became activtdy engaged in poli- tics, especially in the struggle which terminated in the election of John Quincy Adams as President of the United States.
Soon after this, he removed to Rochester, and edited a daily paper in that city. During the excitement caused by the alleged abduction of Morgan by'the Free Masons, in 1826-27, he edited the Anti-Mason Enquirer in that city, and was three times elected to the State Legislature by the Anti- Masonic party.
On the establishment of the Albany Evening Journal, in 1830, Mr. Weed returned to Albany, and became its Editor, where he continued until 18G6, when, for a time, he was connected with the New York Times, and, in March, 1867, associated himself with the Commercial Advcriiser, of New York City, with which he has, until recently, been connected.
Mr. Weed took a prominent part in procuring the nomination of General Harrison for President in 1840, General Taylor in 1848, and General Scott in 1852, in each instance as an independent adviser rather than as a member of the respective conventions — a position which strict regard to the rule of conduct which he had prescribed, has never allowed him to deviate from.
He warmly advocated the electitm of Fremont and Lincoln, although his influence in each case had been exerted in favor of the nomination of Mr. Seward.
In 1861 he visited Europe at the suggestion of influential friends of the administration of President Lincoln, who thought that, in a " semi-diplo- matic" capacity, he could be of service to the country in the political circles of London and Paris, in respect to the delicate relations of the Lmited States with foreign powers, arising out of the civil war. He returned in June, 1862, receiving the freedom of the city from the Corporation of New York on his arrival.
For a number of years Mr. Weed was the acknowledged leader of the Whig and Pepublican parties in the State of New York, and has never been excelled as a shrewd political manager.
195. EDWIN M. STANTON.
Edwin M. Staxton was born at Steiibenville, Ohio, about the year 1817. After graduating at Kenyon College, 1-e applied himself diligently to the study of law, commenced practice in Steubenville, and rapidly rose to distinction in his profession, which he practiced for several years in Ohio.
In 1S4;8 he removed to Pittsburg. Here he conducted, with signal suc- cess, the case involving the Wheeling controversy, wherein, for the first time, the brilliancy of his talents received a national recognition.
He early turned his attention to politics ; and, although educated as a "Whig, he began his career as an ultra Democrat,
He was selected at the commencement of Buchanan's administration to conduct an important law case in California, in which lie was successful. He then commenced practice at Washington, and shortly afterward I'eceived the appointment of Attorney-General. At the close of Buchanan's adminis- tration, he withdrew to private life, and resumed the practice of his profes- sion in Pennsylvania, whence, however, at the opening of the battle year of 18G2, he was appointed Secretary of War, by Mr. Lincoln, to suDer- sede Mr. Cameron.
So soon as his appointment was confirined by the Senate, Mr. Stanton grasped the reins of his difficult trust with characteristic vigor. One of his primary measures was to provide for the wants and contribute to the com- fort of our soldiers who were confined in Southern prisons. In his " Annual Report" for the year I8G0, the courage, devotion, patriotism, and brilliant achievements of the national armies, are feelingly eulogized.
At the opening of the year I8G4, some eflbrts wei'e made to have him removed from the stormy helm he had grasped so firm — probably from jeal- ousy or partisan motives — but they were unsuccessful. Mr. Lincoln had perfect confidence in his ability and patriotism, and few of his opponents can truthfuJy withhold from him that respect which is due to promptness of decision, vigor of deed, and probity of purpose.
A difference of views in regard to the carrying out of the Heconstruction laws of Congress through the officers of the army occurring between Mr. Johnson and himself, he was requested to resign, which he refused to do ; and, August 12, 18G7, President Johnson suspended him from office, and appointed General Grant, Secretary of War ad interim ; but the Senate, having decided that he was legally and rightfully Secretary of War, and that President Johnson had no right to suspend him under the Tenure of Office Law without the consent of the Senate, General Grant surrendered the office to him again, January 13, 18G8.
February 21, President Johnson again attempted to remove him by appointing General Lorenzo Thomas, Secretary of War ad interim, and ordered Mr. Stanton to transfer the office to him, to Avhich he refused to accede. For this and other causes, articles of impt achment were brought against President Johnson ; but, failing to convict hir.-;, Mr. Stanton resigned, and retiring again to private life, resumed the practice of the law, in which he continued until his death, December 24, 1869.
19G. JUDAH P. BEjNJAMIN.
JuDAn Peter Benjamin was born in St. Doming-o in 1812, of Hebrew parents.
In 181G the family emigrated to Savannah, Ga. The son entered Yale College in 1825, bnt left in 1827, about which time his father died. In 1801 he went to New Orleans to study law, with very limited resovirces. Obtain- ing a situation as a teacher, he applied himself with commendable industry to his legal studies. Among his fair pupils was a young lady, Miss St. Martin, Avhom he afterward married.
Admitted to the bar in 18D4, he soon rose to eminence, and was attached to the Whig party. In the Convention to revise the Constitution of Louis- iana, he advocated the article requiring the Governor to be a native-born citizen of the United States.
In 1849 he declined the office of Attorney-General of the United States, offered him by President Taylor.
Mr. Benjamin then engaged in sugar-planting, and published several pamphlets on the subject, but never succeeded in realizing profits in the business.
In 1852 he succeeded the Hon. S. N. Downs in the United States Senate, and distinguished himself ; but, having been led by the developments of the slaverj^ question to ally himself with the Democrats, he rose to consider- able prominence in the Southern section of that party. A sharp controversy with Jefferson Davis was near causing a duel, but Mr. D. openly apologized for his harsh language, which he attributed to his military propinquities.
Mr. Benjamin advocated Mr. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1854, but subsequently insisted that the principle of popular sovereignty was set aside by the Dred Scott case, which, ho contended, ought to be considered decisive.
He was re-elected to the Senate in 1859, through the influence of his colleague, Mr. Slidell ; and went to California in 1800 as Counsel in the Nevv' Almaden Quicksilver case. Keturning in the latter part of the year, he announced his adhesion to the Southern cause in a speech of considerable force, wherein he declared that the Soxith could never be subdued. He withdrew with Mr. Slidell, February 4, 18G1, and was immediately appointed Attorney-General in. the Provisional Government of the Southern Con- federacy.
In August, 1861, he became Acting Secretary of "War in place of L. P. Walker, and retained the office till after the capture of Roanoke Island by the Union forces in the early part of 18G2, which was attributed to incom- petency in the department over which he presided. He was then appointed Secretary of State on the resignation of R. M. T. Hunter.
On the conquest of the Rebellion, Mr. Benjamin, who had figured con- spicuously in the so-called Confederacy, betook himself, with others of his confreres in the " lost cause," to the more congenial atmosphere of Great Britain, where, with the easy adaptability of his race, he soon familiarized himself to the legal profession there, and is occasionally heard of through the press.
Among the remarkable episodes of Mr. Benjamin's career, the notorious Tehuantepec Railroad speculation formed a prominent feature. The United States Senate Committee, Mr. R. Toombs, Chairman, denounced the transac- tion with severity ; and the clause confirming the titles of Messrs. Benjamin and Slidell, introduced clandestinely in a bill to settle land claims in Mit;- souri, was subsequently repealed.
197. HOWELL COBE.
Howell Cobb vras born September 7, IS 15, ut Cherry Hill, Jefferson County, Georgia.
He graduated in 1834, at the Franklin L'niversity, Athens, Ga., standing high in his class. In 1836 he was admitted to the bar, and there exhibited talents -which afterward distinguished him in more prominent positions.
He was chosen by the Legislature, in 1837, as Solicitor-General of the Western District of Georgia, which position he held for three years, and acquitted himself successfully.
Being popular as a Jackson or Union Democrat, he was elected to Con- gress in 184;}, and re-elected in 1844, '4o, and '48, where he distinguished himself by his familiarity with parliamentary rules, fair skill as a debater, strong professions of love for the Union, and of admiration for the course of Andrew Jackson in suppressing nullification in South Carolina, and equally vehement pi-ofessions of fealty to " States Rights."
He became the leader of the House in the Thirtieth Congress, l)y his efficient support of President Polk's policy of war against Mexico. In 1848 he supported Cass for President.
He was elected Speaker of the House in 1849, and in 1850 distinguished himself by his advocacy of the Compromise measures, for which he Avas op- posed by the extreme advocates of Southern rights in Georgia. He defended Congress, and, as the champion of the Uniun party, was nominated for Governor. After a violent contest, he was elected by a large majority. On his retirement he resumed the practice of law ; but in the Pierce campaign was again called into active political life, when he was again elected to Congress, in 1855.
In 1850 he made a prominent tour through the Northern States, advoca- ting the election of James Buchanan for President, who, immediately on his accession, appointed him Secretary of the Treasury. Mr Cobb's admin- istration of this office was disgraced throughout, in the prostitution of his official power over the finances of the Government to the one base purpose of bankrupting the Treasury, and promoting the success of the impending Rebellion, by buying up portions of the outstanding debt at a premium of twelve to sixteen per cent., and then going into the market to borrow money at an enormous interest to meet the current expenses.
On the lOth of December, 1860, he resigned, giving as a reason, that the bankrupt condition of the Treasury no longer needed his services.
He was one of the Delegates to the Provisional Congress, over which he presided ; but, upon the formation of the Confederate Congress, his official relation to the civil affairs of the Confederacy ended. He then took part in organizing the Militia of Georgia, after which, he raised the Sixteenth Georgia Regiment, served under M.igruder on the Peninsula, was promoted to Brigadier General, and subsequently to Major General; but made no mark during the Rebellion. After its collapse, he was amons the unrecon>triicte(l pouring out vials of wrath on Union men and Rebels who advocate the Recon- struction measures of Congress.
Mr. Cobb came north on a tour of pleasure in the fall of 1868 with his wife and daughter; and after a short stay at Niagara Falls, returned to New York City where he died suddenly at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, October 8, 18G8.
198. SAMUEL C. POMEEOY.
Samuel C. Pomehoy was born in Southampton, Massachusetts, January 3, 181C, and spent liis boyhood on his father's farm. After receiving- an academical education, he entered Amherst College in 1836. He spent four years in Onot)da2;a County, New York, and, in 1842, returned to Southamp'on.
While in New York, in 1840, he became a conTert to political anti- slavery through the eloquence of that remarkable man, Alvin Stewart. Ho immediately took steps to organize a county Liberty party, and called a meeting to be held at Lyon, the county seat. Arriving there at the appointed time, he found an audience of just two persons. Mr. Pomeroy called the meeting to order, and delivered the speech, while one of the gentlemen took the chair, and the other acted as secretary. E-esolutions were then adopted, and a county ticket nominated, which received at the election eleven votes in a population of twenty thousand souls.
On his return to Southampton, he worked zealously in disseminating anti-slavery truths, lecturing in school-houses, and making converts every- where.
After eight years of battle, nominated for the Massachusetts Legislature upon the same ticket year after year, Mr. Pomeroy at lentgh won, triumph- ing over both Whigs and Democrats in 1851. This was a great victory.
In 1854. he engaged in organizing the New England Emigrant Aid Society, and became its financial agent. On the 27Lh of Augubt of that year, the first little band of Kansas emigrants assembled in Boston under the lead of Mr. Pomeroy, bound for the far West, a land by their efforts, and, perhaps, at the sacrifice of lives, to be forever consecrated to f x'eedom. When the historian of another generation shall seek, among the incidents of our brief and passing hours, to find the pivot upon which, at one moment of its life, turned the nation's destiny, trembling and seeming all uncertain, 7ie icilljind it here.
Arriving in Kansas the same year, Mr. Pomeroy participated in the affairs of that territory, and worked zealously toward organizing its society upon the model of New England thrift, intelligence, and freedom.
He was a member of the Territorial Defense Committee, and a Delegate to the Pittsburg and Philadelphia Conventions of 185G. It was in opposition the infamous swindle of the Lecompton Constitution that commenced the 'political career of Mr. Pomeroy in Kansas. Down to this period his labors had been purely those of the philanthropist. Prom henceforward we find him in the political arena, and here, if anywhere, we firmly expect to find the true record of a man.
In 1858 he was elected the first Mayor of Atchison, and was re-elected the next year. The first free school was instituted by him while filling the Mayoralty. He was a Delegate to the Chicago Convention in 18G0, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and, during the famine of that 3'ear in Kansas, was Chairman of the Pelief Committee.
In 18G1 he was elected United States Senator from Kansas, and re-elected in 1807. Mr. Pomeroy's career in Congress has been radical in the best sense of the word, and his anti-slavery record stands conspicuously among the proudest of his peers Upon his tombstone let the motto of his life be written:^! WAS RIGHT upo:^ this question in 1840."
199. SCHUYLER COLFAX.
Schuyler Colfax was born in the city of Xew York, March 23, 1823, and is a lineal descendant from General Schuyler and Captain Colfax, both of Revolutionary celebrity.
He received all his academical instruction before he was ten years of age. At the asre of thirteen, he went to Indiana, where, about the year 1845, he became editor and proprietor of the South Bend Regider. Mr. Colfax was then only twenty-two years of age; but, by his energy and liis sterling integrity, he worked himself into a position of influence and responsibility. The paper he published was a political organ, and in the interest of the Whig Party. Irs circulation was large for a county paper, and its editor strove to render it a nseful and heaUhyjournal ; and it was not long- before he obtained considerable reputation for his bold avowal of honest sentiments, for his temperate habits, and his substantial abilities; and eventually he became an influential leader in the politics of Indiana.
In 1848 he was appointed a Delegate to the AYhig National Cor.rention, and elected Secretary.
In IboO he was elected a Member of the Indiana State Convention, having for its object the preparation of a State Con^ititution. In this body he proved very efficient in bringing about the adoption of the present CorLsti- tution of that State.
In 1851 he was a candidate of the "Whig party for Keprcsentative to Congress, but Avas unsuccessful.
In lbo2 he was again sent as a Delegate to the "Whig National Conven- tion, and elected Secretary.
In lb54 Mr. Colfax was elected by the Kepublican party a Keprcsenta" tive to Congress, and from that time to the present has occupied a seat in the House. At the opening of the Thirty-Fourth Congress, and during its session, Mr. Colfax took his stand as one of the most promising Congressional debaters. His speech against the extension of slavery was a masterly effort, and stamped him at once as a most influential orator.
In 1850 i\rr. Colfax labored zealously for the election of John C. Fremont.
In the Thirty-fifth Congress he was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Post-Ofnces and Post-Koads, which position he held until his election as Speaker of the Thirty-Eighth Congress, to which responsible position he has since been twice re-elected — honors awarded before only to Henry Clay.
As a speaker, Mr. Colfax is earnest, frank, pointed, and fluent. His manner is pleasing, and his language well chosen and refined. He always commands the respect and attention of both sides of the Hou?e.
Mr. Colfax received the unanimous nomination of the Republican Convention in May, 18G8, for Vice-President of the United States, and was elected.
200. WADE HAMPTON.
General "Wade Hampton was born in the city of Charleston, South Carolina, in the year 1818. His early education Avas received at South Carolina College, where he gr;iduaied with much distinction. The pursuits of Hampton, previous to the Rebellion, were almost exclusively those of a planter, though he served in both branches of the South Carolina Legisla- ture with distinction.
His argument against the opening of the African slave trade was spoken of as a masterpiece of elegant and statesmanlike logic, dictated by the noblest sentiments of the Christian and the patriot.
At the commencement of 1801, he was considered one of the richest planters of the South, and owned the greatest number of slaves. When hostilities commenced, he immediately raised a splendid legion of six com- panies of infantry, himself their leader, and contributed largely toward their equipment.
He joined the Confederate Army just in time to take part in the battle of the first Bull Run, July 21, 18G1, where his "soldierly ability" was espe- cially noted by General Beauregard, who said that " veterans could not have behaved better than his well-led regiment." Before the last charge, however, he was wounded in the head, and obliged to retire from the field.
In the subsequent battles on the Peninsula, Hampton's Legion was ever conspicuous ; and, at the battle of Seven Pines, was especially noticed. During the battle of Gaines' 3Iill, June 29, the Hampton Legion again displayed great valor.
Hampton was now promoted to Brigadier-General of Cavalry, under Major-General Stuart, and zealously seconded that officer in all his daring exploits, accompanying him on his successful expedition into Maryland.
At the battle of Gettysburg, General Hampton was wounded thrice, which compelled him to retire a while from his command; but his active spirit would not brook a longer absence than was imperative. Therefore, we find him again zealously engaged with Stuart, the two Lees, and his gallant men, in many other raids and adventures. On the death of General Stuart, May 11, 1864, having been made a Major-General, he took command of the cavalry ; and, in August, was made Coiamander-in-Chief of all the Cavalry in the Army of Northern Virginia, and was henceforth considered as General Lee's Master of Horse, — a position of no slight dignity in such times. One of his raost exciting raids, and one which was peculiarly ser- viceable to the Confederate army, was his foray upon General Grant's com- missariat, in which he captured over two thousand cattle.
General Hampton continued at the head of the cavalry until the surren- der of Lee, April 9, 1865, having previously been promoted to a Lieutenant- General
At the Democratic Convention which met in New York, July 4, 18G8, for the purpose of nominating candidates for President and Vice-President of the United States,General Hampton was a Delegate from South Carolina, and was one of its most prominent and influential members.
General Hampton is said to be a man of immense physical strength and activity, of wonderful endurance, and of inexhaustible energy. He is pas- sionately fond of horses, a splendid rider, a practical swordsman, and an excellent shot.
201. HENRY A. WISE.
Henhy a. Wise was born DccGmber 3, ISOG, in Drummond To-wn, Acre- mack County, Virginia. He became an orphan at an early ajie, was sent to Wasliinj^'ton College, Pa., and graduated, in 1825, with honor. He stu ded law, and was admitted to the bar at Winchester, Va., in 1828. The same year lie removed to Nashville, Tenn., and practiced his professinn f.vo years, when, from local attachment, he returned to Accomack County in 1830. He became one of the most vigorous expoiienfs of "State Rights.
In 1833 he was elected to Congress, and fougbt a duel with li. C(jke, liis political opponent, whose right arm was fractured. He was re-elected in lSo5, and continued to serve until 1843. In the famous Graves and Cilley duel, he was second of the former, but tried to prevent the collision.
Mr. Wise was instrumental in the nomination of John Tyler ; and, on President Plarrison's death, he urged Tyler to veto the United States Bank bill, and to further the speedy annexation of Texas. In 1842 the Senate rejected him as Minister to France, In 1843 he resigned his seat in Con- gress for the m.ission to Brazil, which post he occupied until the fall of 1847. In 1848 he was one of the Presidential Electors of Virginia; and in 1850 was a Member of the Keform Convention of that State, which adopted the late Constitution. In 1852 he was again Presidential Elector.
In 1854 the Know-Nothing party came into existence, which called out Mr. Wise, with all the ardor of his temperament, in opposition to its principles and objects ; and, in 1855, he was elected Governor of Virginia, which office he held until 18G0.
In 185y, lie puuiished an elaborate treatise on Territorial Governments and the admission of new States into the Union. That year commenced those events which only ended when, after four years of bloody struggle, the question of slavery was settled by its ei-adication.
Governor AVise took a very active part in the troubles of the times, and was called upon, as Governor, to administer the laws against the conspirators, headed by John Brown, at Harper's Ferry. Pie was a Member of the State Convention to consider the relations of Virginia to the Federal Government. He entered with his wonted enthusiasm into the war of the Hebelnon, and advised the people to " take a lesson from. John Brown." He wxs appointed Brigadier-General in the Confederate army, and occupied the Kanawha valley, until ordered to Richmond, when he was sent to defend Ruaiioke Island, N. C. ; but, at the attack by Burnside. he was sick at Nag's Head. " The Wise Legion" took part in the action, and his son, Captain 0. Jennings Wise, was among the killed. His Brigade was reorganized in the spring of 1862, and participated in the Peninsular Campaign, and, in 1863, was with General Beaure- gard in South Carolina.
In May, 1864, he was ordered with his command to Petersburg, where he was actively engaged and continuously under fire until his surrender, with General Lee, at Appomattox. General Wise's Brigade fired the last infantry guns for tlie Confederate cause.
Since the restoration of peace, he has been occasionally heard from, and not without some of his characteristic vehemence. But he is, like many who have played theiff parts in the great drama of our national strife, retired into the shadowy precincts of the closing scenes. Henry A. Wis^ is entitled to the tribute of honest and earnest purpose in a "lost cause."
202. WENDELL THILLIPS.
"We^^dell Phillips was born in Boston, Massachusetts, November 29, 1811. lie graduated at Harvard College in 1831, and at Cambridge Law School in 18oo, Ho Avas admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1834, and began life with every advantage.
But at the very outset he was a witness of the mob in which Garrisoa was dragged through Boston for the conscientious expression of his opinions. This aroused the Puritan spirit, and the events of the next yeaf— 1836 — together with his marriage to a devoted AboUtionist, made Mr. Phillips give himself to the anti- slavery cause.
When Hev. E. P. Lovejoy was murdered at Alton, 111., in 1837, a great public meeting was held in Boston, to express the horror felt at this outrage on the freedom of the press and the rights of opinion. The conservative powers strenuously resisted the efforts of free speech, aud the Attorney- General of the State denounced the reformers, and declared that Lovejoy was presumptuous and imprudent, and died as the fool dieth. Dr. Channing was declared equally out of place. This speech produced a sensation in the *' Old Cradle of Liberty," and Phillips, who had come, without expecting to speak, rose, and, amidst the boisterous cries of the mobocratic party, rebuked the spirit of conservative tyranny, till a storm of applause and hisses inter- rupted the young orator. An attempt was made to silence him, but Phillips persisted ; and, after the most eloquent and scathing speech, took his position as the leading orator of the Abolitionists and progressive Reformers of the age. " In Wendell Phillips the scornful world had found its match."
Henceforth he gave himself up to the cause of reforms, and abandoned hia legal practice.
'' The little band of Abolitionists that gathered around him and Garrison, men and women, were heroes." The career of the leaders of this despised band was, in th 'se days, often attended with danger of personal violence. Assassination was held up to them as the penalty of the utterance of their detested truths. Phillips's house was threatened by mobs ; but no threats of violence could prevent him from giving expression to his sentiments.
Far from limiting his labors to one idea, he has been a vigorous advocate of Temperance, and a champion of the political rights of women.
•' A drunken people," he says, " can never be the basis of a free govern- ment." It is the corner-stone neither of virtue, prosperity, or progress."
In our recent war he has always been for the most thorough measures; and, since its close, seems to feel that the whole work of emancipation is not finished ; that the status of the colored man is not fixed; that the hates and prejudices of the past incline to keep him an outcast.
Mr. Phillips is one of the most fluent and eloquent orators of the day, and his fame always brought him a large and attentive audience even on the unpopular subjects he had most at heart.
203. EEUBEN E FENTON.
IlizUBEN E. Fenton was born in Carroll, Chautaiiqiie County, Ne-w York, July 1, 1819. HeAvas educated at Pleasant Hill andl'redonia Acade- mies, and adopted the profession of the law, but soon abandoned its prac- tice, to engage in mercantile pursuits, and in which he was eminently successful.
In 1843 he was elected Supervisor of the town of Carroll; and held that position for eight successivo years, and was for tlireoof them Chair- man of the F-oard of Supervisors. The fact that an avowed Democrat, a.i ho was then, remained in oilic* for such a loni^ period in a stron.f Whig lo- cality, is tho most unanswerable evidence ot hi* faithfulness a* ;i public offi- cer, and hi.-j popularity a.i x man. In 1853 ho wa^ elected a Representativo from Now York to tho Thirty-Third Congress, and was ag.iiu elected to the Thirty-Fifth Congress, serving on thij Committee on Private Land Claims. In 1859 h.) waj re-elected to th<j Thirty-Sixth Cong- ess, serving as Chairman ox the Committco on Invalid Pensions. He waj al.so elected ta the Thirty-Seventh Congress, serving a.i Chairman of the Committee on Claims, and re-elected to the. Thirty -Eighth Congress, when he served on tho Committee of Ways and Means.
Having distinguished himseil for high executive ability, as Chairman of the Congressional Committees, and for integrity of character, and devoted patriotism, he was selected by th>2Kepublic..n party a;< their standard-bearer in the State of New York, and elected Governor of that State.
Fully realizing the anticipation.j or tho patriotic men of the State, ho was re-elected in 1SG6. Witli amphj experience as a legislator — a successful merchant, like his j)redecessor, Edwin D. Morgan — Covernor Fenton brought to the administration of th;j Gubernatorial office, great practical knowledgo of men and business, and executiva ability.
At the Republican Convention which met at Chicago, May, 1808, hi» name was prominent as a candidate for the second office in the gift of th.'j people, the delegati.rn from New York sustaining their favorite son until tho fifth ballot, when -. huyler Colfax received the unanimous nomination for Vice-President,
Tho position of Governor of the Empire State of the Union, is one now of as much administrative importance as Avas once that of President of tho United States. To fill this position with honor, if not always with cntiro satisfaction, is a task which requires experience, ability, and firmness. Bringing to tho discharge of his official duties those qualities. Governor Fenton i-etired from the Gubernatorial chair with the approval of the pub- lic voice.
Still in tho prime of life and a gentleman of active habits, Mr. Fcnton's public career is far from being closed, and bids fair of attaining a yet more distinguished future as United States Senator, to which position ho was elected January 19, 1SG3.
204. ALEXANDEE EAMSEY.
A.LEXANDER Ramsey was bom in Dauphin County, near Harrisburg*, Pennsylvania, September 8, 1815. .He w.is eJucated at Lafayette College, ami was Clerk in the office of the Register of his native county, in 18o8.
In 1840 he Avas appointed Secretary of the Electoral College of Peunsyl- va^^ia ; and, in 1841, was elected Clerk of the House of Representatives of that State. He was elected a Representative to Congress in 1843, and re- elected in 1845.
He succeeded to the Chairmanship of the State Central Committee of Pennsylvania, in 1848, and was appointed, in 1849, by President Taylor, the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota, serving in that capacity with a great deal of credit to himself, and benefit to the country, until 1853. He effected a treaty at Mend<.ta, in 1849, for the extinction of the title of the Sioux (half-breeds) to the lands on Lake Pepin.
In 1851 G-overnor Ramsey negotiated another treaty with the Sioux nation, by which the Government acquired all the lands in Minnesota west of the Mississippi River. This achievement, without a bloody Indian war, opened that State to the large emigration which now peoples 't, and makes it one of the most promising and pi'osperous of the great Northwest. Added to these, Governor Ramsey made a treaty with the Chippewa Indians, on Red River, which he followed up with another, in 18(Jo.
He was elected Mayor of the city of St. Paul, in 1855 ; and, in 1860, was elected Governor of the State of Minnesota, which had been admitted into the Union as a State in 1858.
He continued in the official position of Governor until 18G3, when he was elected to the United States Senate, for the terra ending 1869, and served on the Committee on Naval Affairs, Post-0 ifices. Post- Roads, Patents and the Patent-Office, Expenses in the Senate, Pacific Railroad, and as Chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, and of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims.
Governor Ramsey was also a member of the National Committee appointed to accompany the remains of President Lincoln to Illinois.
Fortunate in being the first Governor of Minnesota, Mr. Ramsey was enabled to promote j udiciously the welfare of the people of that Territory and State, the interests of the Government, and advance his own hcmorable career. Acting honestly and wisely with the Indians, he effected numer- ous treaties, which averted the too frequent and bloody Indian wars, and contributed to the mutual benefit of the two races.
205. GEOEGE H. PENDLETON.
George H. Pendleton was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 19, 1825. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and has become distinguished in his profession. His political career commenced by his election to the State Senate of Ohio in 1854 and 1855.
In 1856 he was elected Repi-esentative to Congress from Ohio, and served successively in the Thirty-Fifth, Thirty-Sixth, and Thirty-Seventh Con- gresses, and was a member of the Committee on Military Affairs during each term. He was re-elected to the Thirty-Eighth Congress, serving on the Committee of Ways and Means, and as Chairman of the Committee for Admitting Cabinet Officers to the Floor of the House of Representatives.
Identifying himself during his last term in Congress with the Anti-War Democrats, Mr. Pendleton became prominent for the boldness of his senti- ments against the policy of the Administration in conducting the war, though few who knew his honorable character doubted his patriotism.
He was nominated for the Vice-Px"esidency in 18'i4 on the Democratic ticket, with G-eneral McClellan for President, and was defeated. But this did not damp the ardor or shake the faith of his friends, who brought his name forward for the Presidency in 18G8.
Defeated in his nomination, when the whole Western delegation urged it, he submitted Avith good grace, and went to work strenuously to assist in the election of his most formidable rival, Horatio Seymour ; but, although his popularity was unbounded in the West, he could not stem the tide that had set in against the principles of the Democratic party, and Seymour was defeated in all the Western States, except Kentucky and Oregon.
Eloquent, popular, and young, Mr. Pendleton is an admirable representa- tive of the Northwest in its truest and frankest sense. Blending much of the Southern ardor, the land of his forefathers, with Western independence, he combines those elements of character which makes a man irresistible in the free Western country.
Mr. Pendleton has been brought more prominently before the country by the discussions of the financial question. Favoring the payment of the Government bonds in '* greenbacks," that phase of the financial question received new significance from his fearless advocacy of it.
Frank and bold in whatever public measure he advocates, he vindi- cated his policy in this respect upon grounds of public necessity, and maintained that it was in accordance with the contract between the parties and the strictest principles of lionesty and honor; and it soon came to be designated as the Pen- dletonian policy, though the same views were advocated by other prominent pub- lic men of botli parties.
His policy was thoroughly ventilated during the Presidential canvass, and stigmatized by its opponents, some of whom were counted among tho greatest financial minds of the country, as tending to repudiation and want of faith in the Government to fulfill its oblii^-ations.
206. HANNIBAL HAMLIN.
Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President of the United States during the first term of President Lincoln's administration, vras born in Paris, Oxford County, Maine, August 27, ]809. Like many of our noted public men, he was the son of a farmer, and prepared himself for a collegiii te education ; but the death of his father obliged him to take charge of his farm, where he remained until he was of age.
Following a career frequently adopted by aspiring young men in this country, Hamlin took to tbe calling of a printer, and spent a year in a printing office as a Compositor. Then, with an eye still bent on advance- ment, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in i83o, continuing in active practice until 1848.
Mr. Hamlin was a Member of the Maine Legislature from 183G to 1840, and, for the three latter years, was Speaker of the House. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1843, and re-elected in 1845. He was again elected a Member of the State Legislature in 1847. In May, 1848, he was elected to the Senate of the United States for four j^ears, to fill a vacancy occasioned by the decease of John Fairfield, and was re-elected for six years, in 1851.
January, 1857, he was elected Governor of the State of Maine, resigning his seat in the Senate, and being inaugurated on the same day. On the IGth of the same month, he was re-elected to the United States Senate for six years, and resigned the office of Governor, February 20, 1857.
While in the Senate, he served as a member of the Committee on Com- merce, and the Committee on the District of Columbia.
In 18G0, at the Hepublican Convention which met at Chicago, he was nominated as candidate for Vice-President, on the ticket with Abraham Lincoln, and was elected. He presided over the Senate for four years with marked ability and impartiality ; but the asperity of party feeling was exhibited with extreme bitterness toward h'm, and the foulest abuse was heaped upon his name and character, animated, however, always by the inspirations of treason. Mr. Hamlin never sacrificed the dignity of his position by the slightest notice of these absurd calumnies. There are thousands throughout the country who profoundly feel tiiat it was a dark day for the Republic when a convention, largely composed of, or inspired by, office-holders and contractors, decreed his -displacement as Vice-Presi- dent, to make room for Andrew Joh-ison, and who would like to see some reparation made for that grave error.*
After retiring from the office of Vice-President, Mr. Ilamlin was appointed Collector for the port of Boston, the most desirable post in New England ; but, when Andrew Johnson commenced his course on the recon- struction of the seceding States, instituting a ■policy in antagonism to Con- gress, and the party which elected him, Mr. Hamlin resigned his office, and took the stump for liberty and loyalty, and has done yeoman service in the ranks ever since. Having filled every post in the gift of his fellow- citizens, from State Representative to Vice-President, he may be averse to further labor and responsibility ; but his integrity, fidelity, experience, and well-earned popularity, render it highly probable that he may Ix; invited to fill some important post again in the public service.
He was again elected to the Senate of the United States in 1868, to fill a va- cancy occasioned by the death of William P. Fessenden.
* Mr. Hamlin declines to indorse this statement of party feeling as correct.
207. MONTGOMEEY BLAIE.
Montgomery Blair, son of Francis P. Blair, Sr., the fainous editor, and brother of Francis P. Blair, Jr., late candidate for Vice-President, was born in Franklin Coimty, Kentucky, May 10, 1813.
He graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1835, and was appointed Second Lieutenant in the Second Artillery, in .which capacity he served in the Florida War. Resigning on May 20, 1830, he studied law, and was admitted to practice in St. Louis, Mo., in 1837.
In 1S39 he was appointed United States District- Attorney for Missouri, and held ttiat position until 1843, when he was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He continued to officiate in this position until 1849, when he resigned, and, in 1852, removed to Maryland, where he was residing when ap- pointed, by President Lincoln, Postmaster-General, in March, 1861.
He was a Democrat previous to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise; but, after the consummation of that measure, lie identified himself with the Republican party, with which organization he became a prominent member. He was appointed by President Pierce to the office of Solicitor to the Court of claims, altlioiigh an avowed opponent of his Kansas policy; but, on account of his change in political sentiment, was removed by President Buchanan. He pre- sided over the Republican State Convention in Maryland in 1860, and was a dele- gate to the Chicago Convention, where he took an active part in securing the Re- publican nomination for Mr. Lincoln for President of the United States.
He gave his earnest support to the first election of Abraham Lincoln, and in the formation of his Cabinet was tendered a place in it as Postmas- ter-Ceneral, which he accepted. This position he continued to hold until 1864. when he resigned.
He was very active in securing the renomination and election of Mr. Lincoln in 1 864. But, differing with the Republican party on the reconstruction measures, he became an ardent Democrat, advocating strenuously the election of Seymour and Blair to the Presidency and Vice-Presidency.
Mr. Blair's name was made prominent to the country as Counsel for the plaintiff in the celebrated Dred Scott litigation ; and the active part he took in the late canvass as brother of the candidate for Vice-President, not only brought himself, but all the members of the Blair family moTQ conspicuously before the country. The founder of it, Francis P. Blair, Sr., the most famous political journalist of his day, lived to an advanced age, to see his eldest son a prominent politician and Cubinent Minister, and his younsrest son an aspirant and candidate for the Vice-Presidency, a Member of Con- gress, and a distinguished officer of the army.
208. JAMES GOEDON BENNETT.
James Gordon Bennett, the celebrated Editor of The New York Herald, was born near the town of Keith, Banffshire, Scotland, in Septem- ber, 1795. The son of sincere Catholic, his father intended him and another brother Cosmo, for the priesthood, and educated them for that vocation. Cosmo, qualified for the Church, held an ecclesiastical office up to the time of his decease. James, with ambition and energy directed to a more active career, sought the pursuit of journalism and letters in America.
With this object in view he came to this country, and landed at Halifax, N. S., in 1819. "His good education qualified him for the position of a School-Teacher; but this occupation was too limited for his energy and ambition, and he abandoned it for the more congenial vocation of journalism. Settling for a while in Boston, he became connected with the press ; but, the field of journalism not offering great inducements for him to remain in that city, he removed to New York. Here he became prominently connected with the press.
Inducements having been held out to him by the proprietor of the Cliarlestoii Courier, to connect himself with that journal, Mr. Bennett removed to Charleston, S. C, where he remained for two years. Returning to New York, where his perception and judgment inspired him to lay the foundation of a powerful journal, he connected himself with various papers before he established llie New York Herald. This he started in 1835.
As a city goes through many gradations before it is established, so it was with the building up of The New York Herald; but its completion proves, not only as a monument of the enterprise, energy, and talents of James Gordon Bennett, but also as a triumph of journalism in the nineteenth century. Our space is too limited to attempt an analysis, even, of the genius, enterprise, and liberality which were necessary to be expended in the estab- lishment and growth of such a journal.
In a profession which unites relentless rivalry and daily partisan and professional jealousy, more than in any other, it is conceded, in spite of it, that Mr. Bennett has infused more enterprise into the American press, and, for that matter, has furnished an example of energy to the European press, which no other journalist of his age has inspired. Associating with him the best journalistic talent in the country in the reportorial, editorial, and corresponding departments, the Herald becomes a daily index of the active brain, vitality, and movements of the world. With all this diversity of talent, comprising so many departments of mind, there is one controlling intellect over all, and that is James Gordon Bennett. What Richelieu was to the State, he is to the management of the Herald. What the elder Rothschild was in building vip a great financial power, James Gordon Bennett is in building up a great journalistic power.
The progress in the mechanical branch of printing has been observed by the Herald in an equal ratio with its intellectual advancement. The mag- nificent marble structure at the corner of Broadway and Ann street is one of the most thorough and extensive printing ofdces in the world.
209. PHINEAS T. BAEXUM.
PniNEAS T. Barnum was born in Danbury, Connecticut, July 5, 181Q Mr. Barnum is literally a self-raade man. On tlie dcatli of his father in 182(), he found himself without a cent, and compelled to strug-gle alone through the world.
He commenced life as a clerk in a country store, and married when nine- teen years of age. He published a newspaper in his native town, where he was fined and imprisoned for publishing his own opinions too freely. After- ward he tried mercantile business on his own account, in both Connecticut and New York, with indifferent success.
In 1835 ho became engaged in a strolling exhibition ; afterward in a circus ; and, in 1842, bought the American Museum in New York. This establishment began to thrive immensely under his management. In 1843 he picked up General Tom Thumb, whom he exhibited in his museum for a year, when he took him to Europe, where he remained three years, appear- ing before all the principal courts and monarchs of the old world, and returned with a fortune to his native countrj'-.
In 1850 he engaged Jenny Lind, the celebrated songstress ; and, with her, made the most triumphant and successful musical tour ever known, clearing some five hundred thousand dollars in nine months, after paying that lady three hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Barnum built a naagnificent oriental villa, called " Iranistan," in Bridgeport, Conn., where he resided until it was burned in 1855.
Mr. Barnum was connected with the Jerome Clock Company, in v>-hich he becanae involved to a large amount, bringing him to the verge of bank- ruptcy, but, after cod siderable litigation, he was enabled to settle with his creditors, leaving him yet apparently rich. He still continued to carry on the museum, occasionally traveling through the country with some "special exhibition," such as " The Baby Show," Tom Thumb, <S:c. While in Boston, exhibiting his VihUe Babies, a counter exhibition was had of Colored Babies, to test the natural ability or intelligence of the races. The palm was carried by the colored babies — there being one who could talk when three months old, and another who could read when only three years old. Mr. Barnum could not brook being outdone, therefore got up an oijpositioii " Colored Baby Show ;" but, not being so iiopular with the colored people as his oppo- nent, together with their /ca?* to trust their children with him, he was obliged to abandon it.
In 18''5 he lost his museum by fire, but sold his lease of the ground to the editor of the Herald, James G. Bennett, who built a magnificent mar- ble edifice in its place. Mr. Barnum then started a temporary museum on Broadway, which was burned in the winter of 1807-08.
In 18G7 he was a candidate for Representative to Congress from his dis- trict in Connecticut, but was unsuccessful. Mr. Barnum, by common con- sent, ranks as one of the most expert and successful " showmen " of this or any other age. His name and fame as a shrewd and successful business man in this line are world-wide. Apart from this jicculiar and striking trait, his industry, enterprise, and energy, while enabling him to amuse, instruct, and hoa:^ mankind, secured to him a fortune and prcocated to the rising pdpulatiuti an example ^vorthy of regard and admiration^
210. JOHN W. FOENEY.
John "W. Forney was born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, September 30, 1817. In 1833 he was an apprentice in the office of the Lancaster Journal'^ and, in 1837, we find hira joint Editor and proprietor of the Lancaster Intel- ligence?'.
Taking- a leading" position as a Democratic partisan, he settled, in 1845, in Philadelphia, in the Editorship of 2he Peniist/lvanian. In 1851 he was cho.sen Clerk of the United States House of Kepresentatives, and was re- el cted in 1853.
In the long- and close contest for Speaker of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, Mr. ForiiGy g-ained great credit for the impartial performance of his duties. He now ceased his connection Avith The Pennsylvonian, and became Editor of The Union, the Democratic organ ut Washington.
In 1856 Mr. Forney devoted himself to the canvass for Mr. Buchanan; and, returning to Pennsylvania, was chosen Chairman of the Democratic State Committee.
In 1857 he was the rival of Mr. Cameron for the position of United States Senator, but was defeated. In the same year lie commenced the publication of l^he Prcfis, an independent Democratic paper ; but in a shor# time there- after, the division between the Northei-nand Southern sections of the party assuming a very serious character, Mr. Forney took sides warmly with Mr. Douglas. When the Kansas troubles developed themselves, he took a determined attitude against Mr. Buchanan's administration, and wan again chosen Clerk of the House of Representatives in the Thirty-Si.xth Congress. His opposition to the pro-slavery power has since been thorouLihly uncom- promising; and he now publisher, besidrs The Pf-HS at Piiiladelphia, a weekly paper in Washington, The Chnmicie, began in October, 1862.
In 1861 Mr. Forney was chosen Secretary of the Senate, which position he lias continued to hold up to this time.
Ever since the assassination of President Lincoln, and the accession of Mr. Johnson, as his successor, he has rendered himself very conspicuous as an opponent of the Johnsonian policy, provoking a very UD-Presidential epithet from that high functionary, in one of the numerous addresses which his Excellency has been in the habit of "getting off," at home and abroad, who designated him as a " Dead Duck." Late events, however, indi- cate that Mr. Forney "still lives" unh.irmed ; but, since the smoke has cleared away, his opponent has been found crippled for life, from the explosion of the overcharged blunderbuss with which he was celebrating that event.
During the Presidential canvass of 1808, Mr. Forney was quite "prom- inently and actively engaged in the State of Pennsylvania, and contributed much toward securing that State to the Pepublican party in the October election, and to General Grant, for President, in the November following.
211. CHAELES F. ADAMS.
Charles F. Adams was born in Boston, Massachusetts, Augrust 18, 1807. He spent most of his early years in St, Petersburg and London, whilst his father, John Quincy Adams, -was Minister to Kussia and Eng- land. He graduated at Harvard University in 1825, studied laV7, and was admitted to the bar in 18:28.
Entering public life in 1841, ho served three years in tlie House of Represen- tatives and two in the Senate of Massachusetts. Not satisfied with the course of the Wnig party on the Slave Questioi, he decUned to serve longer, and, lor a time became tlie editor of a paper called the Boston Whig, as an organ of bolder opin- ions on that subject. This led to his election as a delegate to the Buffalo Free Soil Convention, in 1848, over which he presided, and to his nomination by that body as a candidate for Vice-Pi-e.-ident on the ticket with Mr. Van Buren. He was elected to the Tliirty-sixtli Congress from Massachusetts, and served as an ac- tive member of the committee of thirty-three, to which the whole subject of Se- cession, the preliminary step to t!ie rebellion, was referred. He made but a single speech in each session, and each was confined to the discussion of that question.
He was for many years a contributor to the Xorth American Review, was the editor of the well-known Adams Letters, and the author of the greater portion of the standard biography of John Adams, commenced by his father.
He was re-elected to the Thirty-seventh Congress, and was subsequently, in 18G1, appointed by President Lincoln Minister to England, which position he resigned in 1868.
Early initiated into diplomatic training under the experienced tuition of his distinguished father, no position could have more appropriately crowned Mr. Adams's public life than Minister to the Court of St. James at the most critical period of our diplomatic history since the Revolution. Tlio foreign courts, supposed to be prepossessed in favor of the seceding States, an American Minister abroad at that time had to exercise more than ordi- nary energy and vigilance to counteract the agents and commissioners of the Soi.th, as well as the sympathy of the court. More than any other similarly situated, Mr. A.dams had to contend against these combined influences. The fitting out of Confederate cruisers by English shipbuilders, involving the neutrality of the British Government, previously declared as between the Xorth and the South, led to the most serious controversies, threatening the peace of the two countries. Growing out of these, the Alabama claims loomed up the most threatening. Correspondence after correspondence ensued. Questions of international law, the rights of bel- ligerents, and the duties of neutrals, all were involved ; and throughout all these controversies, sometimes in spite of diplomatic decorum, an acrimoni- ous spirit x^ervading them, Mr. Adams conducted his cause with masterly and dignified diplomatic ability.
Leaving the most serious c^uestion in a fair way of adjustment, Mr. Adams asked, after a prolonged residence at the English Court, to be relieved, which was, accordingly, granted ; and in ISGB, he returned to the L'nited States.
Added to his public honors. Mr. Adams l;iis had conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. by Harvard University.
212. WILLIAM LLOYD GAEEISON.
"William Lloyd Gariiisox, the most eminent and fearless Icarler of the anti-slavery reform in the United States, was born in Kewburyport, Massachusetts, December 12, 1S04. His mother, becoming a -widow, "v^-as obliged to place him in a situation of usefulness, and he "was, at the early age of nine years, sent to learn the trade of a shoemaker ; but, longing for educational advantages, he was sent to school at Newburyport, Mass., paying for his board and school by his own labors out of school hours. After several experiments he found a congenial occupation, as a printer, in tlie office of a local newspaper ; and, at this early age, he was distinguished for his neat- ness and accuracy of penmanship, and ever after remarkable for his talents, both as a typographer and free and easy writer.
After sufficient experience as an assistant, he became, in 1826, the editor of a paper called the Free Press. Pie toiled with unceasing energy and industry, and frequently printed his editorials without previously writing them.
He went to Boston, and, about 1827, became editor of The JS'atioiial Phil- anthropist^ the first journal that advocated total abstinence, and, in 1628, joined a friend at Bennington, Yt., in a journal devoted to Peace, Temper- ance, and Anti-Slavery.
On the 4th of July, 1829, he delivered an address in Park-Street Clmrch, Boston, on the subject of slavery. From this time his labors in the cause to which he has devoted his life, assumed a more prominent and influ- ential character.
Mr. Garrison then went to Baltimore, to join a quiet, persistent, worthy Quaker, Benjamin Lundy, who was laboring for the cause.
Garrison's burning denunciations of the outrages of slavery roused the indignation of slaveholders, and he was indicted for libel, found guilty, con- demned, and imprisoned. He bore his cross with the cheerfulness of a true martyr, until he Avas finally liberated by a well-known philanthropist of the day, Arthur Tappan, a New York merchant, who paid the fine.
On the 1st of January, 1831, Mr. Garrison issued the first number of The Liberator, Avhich, through over thirty years, was the leading organ of the Anti-Slavery party in the country.
It is beyond the limits of this brief sketch to trace the various labors and trials of the great reform of which Mr. Garrison was the dauntless leader ; the mob in Boston, where his life was only saved by the author- ities hiding him in a prison ; the furious violence in New York, where churches were sacked and negroes murdered ; the fierce and brutal ruffian- ism which exhibited itself in various country places where he lectured, and, as late as 1851, came near desolating the city of New York with blood and rapine, because a steadfast band of quiet Quakers and others from the country chose to protest against slaveholding.
Suffice it to say that, after the awful retribution had seared tho land with fire and blood, and liberated the slave, Mr. Garrison finished his toils as the " Liberator," by discontinuing his paper and visiting Europe, to recruit, at sixty years, the health impaired by more than an age of faithful devotion to the cause of human omancipation.
213. JOHN T. HOFFMAN.
John T. Hoffman vras bom in the village of Sing Smg, Kew Yori, January 10, 18'2>5. He graduated with distinguished honors from the Col- lege of Schenectady in lb'4G, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in January, lS-19.
He removed to New York city in October of the same year, and rapidly rose in his profession, acquiring an extensive practice.
Connecting himself with Tammany Hall in 1854, he became eminently successful, for so young a man, in gaining rapid promotion both in his pro- fession and politics.
In 18G0 he was elected Recorder of the city of New York, and adminis- tered justice with firmness, and rendered himself particularly conspicuous for the rigid manner in which he sentenced the July rioters of 1863. He was unanimously re-elected to that position in November, 18G3, receiving the vote of the Republican party as well as the Democratic.
He was elected Mayor of New York City in 18Go, and re-elected in 1867.
In 18G6 he was nominated for Governor by the Democratic party, but was defeated by Mr. Fenton. He was again a candidate for Governor in 1868, was elected and was inauirurated on the ls^• of January, 1869. He was nominated for the third time for Governor, in 1870, by the Democratic party, and again elected.
Scarcely at what is called middle age, John T. Hoffman, after an honor- able and successful professional career, has filled the highest judicial and municipal positions with distinction and ability, and now occupies the first and most exalted offtce in the gift of the people of the State.
Judging from the record of his past political and private life, the public have a guarantee of his future ability and fidelity in the discharge of his important trust. Arriving at the highest honors through the combinations of political power more or less subject to suspicion, Governor Hoffman is a remarkable instance of a public man who has passed through all these ordeals with his honor unsullied and his integrity untarnished. Surrounded by temptations, both social and political, which have wrecked so many pub- lic men of promise, and even those who have gained the full fruition of their hopes. Governor Hoffman stands an example of personal dignity in ail the relations of life. Yet his election as Governor was aided by the most stupendous frauds upon the polls through the lax naturalization and regis- tration laws of the State.*
The highest honors of the State having been conferred upon him, his friends do not despair of even higher distinction crowning his career. The representative of a party that has had to contend of late against disastrous defeats in other States, his name, the watchword of success, may be hailed as an inspiration to triumph in future political contests.
* Governor nolTman says this " statement in relation to his election is not true."
214. GIDEOX WELLES.
Gideon Welles was born in Glastcnhury, Connecticut, February 1, 1803, und descended from Thomas Welles, un early Governor of the colony of Connecticut. He received his early education at the Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, Connecticut, and afterward entered the Norwich University, Vermont, then under the charge of Captain Alden Partridge.
He commcncod the study of the law in the office of Chief-Justice Wil- liams ; and, in 182G, became E litor of the JJartfonl Times, which, under his char^'-e, was tho organ of the Democratic party in the State.
His journal was the first to advocate the election of General Jackson to the Presidency, and continued his steadfast supporter. Mr. Welles was a Member of the Connecticut Legislature from 1827 to 1835, when he was appointed Comptroller of Public Accounts. Ho was opposed to the exclu- sion of witnesses who denied the belief in a future state of rewards and punishments, and endeavored for years, and with final success, to abolish imprisonment for debt. He also instituted other measures of liberal x^i-'Oo' ress.
In 1836 he was appointed Postmaster at Hartford, holding that office until 1841.
In 1843 ho was again elected State Comptroller; and, in 184G, President Polk tendered to him the office of Chief of one of the bureaus of the Mavy Department, which he accepted, and retained that position until 1849.
Mr. Welle.-i was 0]iposed to the extension of slavery ; and, on the organi- zation of the Republican party, in 1855, he became identified with it, and was its candidate for Governor of Connecticut in 1850. Ho was Chairman of the Republican delegation, which met in Convention at Chicago, in May, 1360, and nominated Abraham Lincoln for President. 3Ir. Welles has been a contributor, for many years, to numerous leading journals, and was prominently known throughout the country ; and when Mi'. Lincoln was inaugurated, in 1861, he appointed him Secretary of tho Navy. His long and arduous services in that trying position are too well known to require detail here, but will occupy an important place in history. Pew statesmen liave survived the fierce torrent of obloquy which has been poured upon the head of the Secretary of the Navy, "from the loud roar of foaming calumny, to the low whisper of the paltry few."
His policy has not only elevated the national character with the brilliant career of our naval heroes, but has tended to strengthen the bonds of amity and respect among all the civilized nations of the earth.
During his administration, turretted iron-clad vessels and heavy ordnance were first introduced; and no greater compliment can be paid to his judgement and foresight in adopting them than the simple fact that nearly all the maritime nations of the world now consider them essential parts of an efficient fighting navy. Add to this the marvelous increase of the naval force from 69 vessels and 7,600 men, in 1861, to 671 vessels and 51,000 men at the close of the war, and the successful advancement of a blockade of more than three thousand five hundred miles of coast, as well as the more direct and legitimate war service, and there is a record of wliich the country as well as himself may be justly proud. The calm judgment of Mr. Welles, his decision of character, and equanimity of temper, with his quiet frankness, were appreciated by each of the Presidents with whom he was associated, and whose confidence he enjoyed through a stormy period of our history.
The same qualities, with a correct and discriminating mind, enabled him to make fortunate selections in the civil and naval appointments, and rendered his administration of the Navy Department, extending through a period of eight years longer than that of any of his predecessors, and in the most trying time since the foundatioQ of the GoYcrnmeiit, popular in the service and highly satisfucttJry to the country.
215. WILLIAM P. FESSENDEN.
Willta:\I F. Fessexdex was born in Boscawon, Merrimack County, New Ilampsliire, October 16, 1800. He graduated at Bowdoin Colleg-e in 1823. studied law, and commenced its practice in 1827. He removed to Portland in 1829; and, in 1830, was electel to the State Loirislature. Although the youngest member of that body, he acquired distinction as a ready debater and skillful legislator, distinguishing liimself particularly in a debate on the United States Bank, which was remarkable for its spirit and ability.
Devoting himself, from 1832 to 1837, exclusively to his profession, he rapidly rose to the first rank, both as a counselor and advocate. His prom- inence directed public attention to him for Congress, and in 1838 he was invited to become a candidate, but declined. He was again chosen to the Legislature from Portland, in 1830, was placed upon the Judiciary Commit- tee, and was made Chairman of the House Committee to ilevise the Statutes oi the State,
Nominated, in 1840, as the Whig candidate for Congress, he was elected by acclamation. Participating in the general debates, he made speeches on the Loan bill. Bankrupt Act, Army Appropriation bill, against the repeal Df the Bankrupt law, &c. Nominated for re-election in 18-13, he declined, but received the support of the Whig party for a seat in the United States Senate.
In 1845 and 1846 he was again elected to the Legislature, and, in 1850 he was again elected to Congress ; but, through an error in the returns, his seat was successfully contested by his competitor. He was a Member of the Convention which nominated General Harrison, in lb40 ; also, of that which nominated General Taylor, in 1848, on which occasion he advocated the claims of Mr Webster, and served in the Convention which nominated Gen- eral Scott, in 1852. On this occasion he opposed Mr. Webstei-, in favor of General Scott.
In 1853 he was again elected to the State Legislature, and Avas elected by the Senate as L'nited States Senator, but failed in the Lower House by four votes. A<jain a member of the Legislature in 1854, he was elected to the L'nited States Senate on the first ballot.
The Kansas-Nebraska question entering larsrely into the contest, he was elected by a L'nion of the Whigs and Free Soil Democrats, He took his seat in the Senate, February 23, 1854 ; and, on the night of Mirch 3, at the time that the Nebraska bill was passed, he delivered a moei power- ful speech against it. This effort was regarded as a master piece of eloquence, and established his reputation in the Senate. He subsequently made speeches on a bill to protect United St^^tes officers (185D), on our relations with England, on the affairs of Kansas, on the President's Message of 1356, and on the Lccompton Constitution of 1858. A leading member of the Finance Committee, Mr. Fessenden has taken a conspicuous part in the general debates and kgiolation of that body.
Ro-elecied to the L'ui^ed States Senate in 1859, for six years, by v. unan- imous vote of his party in the Legislature, without undergr.ing a previous nomination, it distin:;;iiishes his Senatorial career as the first instance of the kind occurring in the State.
In 1864 lie was appointed, by President Lincoln, Secretary of the Treasury, in the place of S. P. Chu^e, resigned, which position he held for one year, when ne resigned, and was airain elected Senator. The degree of LL. D. has been conferred upon Mr. Fessenden by Bowdoin and Harvard Colleges. He died September 8, 1869.
21G. GAEL SCHURZ.
Cakl Schurz is a native of Germany, and -was born, March 2, 1829, near Cologne, on the Ehine. He received his education at his native town and at the University of Bonn, from vi'hich he graduated a thorough classi- cal scholar.
On the event of the revolutionary agitation in 1848, he took an active interest, and joined in the publication of a liberal newspaper with Professor Kinkel.
In 1849 an unsuccessful attempt at insurrection was made, and the two were obliged to flee. Joining the insurgents, Schurz became an Adjutant, and participated in the defense of Rutland. On the surrender of that place, Schurz suffered great privations, escaped into Switzerland, attempted to rescue Kinkel, who had been condemned to twenty years' imprisonment, and finally succeded, November 6, 1850. The fugitives then escaped into Meck- lenburg, and thence to Bostock, and, after remaining concealed for some time, took passage for Leith, in Scotland. Schurz went from there to Paris, where he remained as C orx-e spend en t of German journals till June, 1851, when he went to London, and became employed as Teacher, till July, 1853.
He then married, and removed to America, residing in Philadelphia a short time, and afterward settling at Watertown, Wis. He became known as a German orator in 1856, and was nominated in 1857 by the Kepublican State Convention as candidate for Lieutenant-Grovemor of Wisconsin, but was not elected.
Mr. Schurz, having now become Americanized^ made speeches in English, which were very popular. He established himself in the practice of the law at Milwaukee, where the very numerous Gennan population offered him great advantages. He continued a popular orator on the Republican side, when, on jNIr. Lincoln's election, he was appointed Minister to Spain.
On the outbreak of the civil war, he requested to be allowed to join the army, but the Government required him to go to Madrid, where he remained till the latter part of the year, and then returned to the L'nited States.
He resigned his office as Minister, was appointed a Brigadier-General oi Volunteers, and, on June IT, 1862, took command of a division in the corps of General Sig-el, with which he distinguished himsedf at the second battle of Bull Run. General Schurz also commanded a division of General Howard's corps at the battle of Chancellorsville, which, being attacked by " Stonewall " Jacksofi, suffered heavy losses, and was overwhelmed by superior forces
At the battle of Gettysburg he commanded the Eleventh Corps, while General Howard took a higher command. On the close of the war, General Schurz retired to private professional life, since when he has been heard of occasionally as participating in public affairs.
He was chosen Temporary Chairman of the Republican Convention which met in Chicago, in May, 18G8, to nominate a candidate for President, and made an able and eloquent address on taking the chair. He also pre- sented two important resolutions, which were adopted as part of the plat- form of principles of that Convention.
Mr. Schurz is a Liberal in the highest sense ; and his democracy is not limited to party nor confined to race, but embraces universal humanity, and seeks the emancipation of man from the shackles of tyranny in every shape.
On the 19th of January, 1869, Mr. Schurz was elected L^'nited States Senator from Missouri
217. ROBERT M. T. HUNTER.
Robert M. T. Hunter was born April 21, 1809, in Essex County, Virginia ; -svas educated at the University of liis native State, and graduated with distinction. He studied law with Judge Tucker, at Winchester ; and, in 1830, was admitted lu t»o bar.
Ho was elected to the Virginia Legislature, in 1834, in which he served three years, and attained a high position.
In 1837 ho was elected to the United States House of Representatives, by the "States Rights Whigs," where he served two terms.
On Mr. Hunter's advent to public office, financial questions of great importance occupied the attention of Congress, and his ability in the dis- cussions placed him in the front rank. On the meeting of the Twenty-Sixth Congress, he was chosen Speaker. He was again a candidate for the Twenty- Eighth Congress, but was defeated. In 1844 he took an active part in the election of Mr. Polk, and was re-elected to Congress in 1845. At this session the Oregon question occupied the attention of the country, and he distin- guished himself by a high-toned conservatism. On the Mexican question he advocated a vigorous prosecution of the war. The establishment of the Independent Treasury, the Revenue Tariff of 1846, and the Warehousing system, are much indebted to Mr. Hunter for their success.
The second session of the Twenty-Xinth Congress was marked by a renewal of the Slavery agitation ; and his opposition to all the measures of the Free Soil party stamped his character as a leader of the Southern Democracy, and led to his elevation to the United States Senate in 1847. To this body he was elected for three successive terms, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Finance, and as a member of the Committees on the Library, and on the Pacific Railroad.
Mr. Hunter was one of the ablest advocates of the policy of his section ; and on all the gTeat questions agitating the countrj', whether in debate, or as Chairman of the Finance Committee, his conduct was highly approved, not only by his party, but by numerous leading men in all parts of the United States. Besides his efforts in the Senate, Mr. Hunter distinguished himself by various discourses in different parts of the country. One eulogist says: "He adds to the scholastic learning of Everett, the cabinet genius of Hamilton, and the philosophic scope of Madison.''
In 1801 he joined his Southern friends in secession, and was expelled from the Senate in July of that year. He was chosen Secretary of State in the Southern Confedei'acy on the resignation of Robert Toombs, and was afterward a Member of the Confederate Congress. Mr. Hunter was one of the Commissioners appointed to confer with President Lincoln on terms of peace. On his return from Fortress Monroe, where the Conference had been held, he addressed a public meeting in Richmond, and gave vent to his feelings of indignation at the terms demanded, predicting the most dire- ful evils from the consequences of submission; and, expressing real Southern scorn for the " Yankee Congress," he evoked the strongest spirit of resist- ence.
Since the collapse of the Rebellion, Mr. Hunter's name has been seldom heard at the North, for such seems to be the fate of the most prominent leaders, — men who figured foremost in the affairs of the nation under the old regime, and who filled the trump of fame during the short-lived era of secession, — that the historian finds it difficult to save their subsequent career from total oblivion. Undoubtedly, Mr. Hunter exhibited the talents of a statesman ; but, on the basis of slavery, nothing could thrive.
218. FEANZ SIGEL.
General Fhanz Sigel was born in Zinsheim, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, November 18, 1824, and was educated at the military school of Carlsrhue. He became Chief-Adjvitant in the Baden army, in 1847, and was called the best artillerist in Gei'many.
In the Revolution of 1848, he was Commander-in-Chief of the Revolu- tionary army ; and, being- defeated by an immense force, migrated to this countiy in 1850. He was for several months Major of the Fifth New York Militia Regiment; subsequently, Professor of Military Science at St. Louis; and, at the outbreak of the Rebellion, became Colonel of the Third Missouri Volunteers, and Acting Brigadier under General Lyon.
He was made a Brigadier in August, 18(J1, his commission dating from May 17. Ho performed efficient service in the protection of St. Louis, and seizure of Camp Jackson. He was soon ordered to Southwest Missouri, where, near Carthage, Jasper County, with only nine hundred men, he met General Jackson, with over four thousand men, whom he attacked with suc- cess, until his artillery ammunition gave out, and he was obliged to retreat, which lie accomplished with but little loss, having only thirteen killed, and thirty-one wounded, while the Rebel loss was over three hundred and fifty.
August 10, 1861, he conducted the famous retreat from Wilson Creek, where Lyon was killed ; and was present at the battle of Pea Ridge, where, on the 7th and 8th of March, 1863, he displayed great bravery and consum- mate artillery skill, and by which he turned the tide of battle from what seemed to be a defeat, to a decided victory ; for which gallantry and skill, he was made Major-General, and received a command in Western Virginia. He served through Pope's Virginia campaign ; took a prominent part in the Second Bull Run ; and, in September, 1862, was appointed to com- mand the Eleventh Army Corps, but was relieved early in the following year.
In the spring of 1864, he commanded in the valley of the Shenandoah; but having been twice badly defeated, he was relieved in May by General Hunter, yet still continuing t > act under that General, who, being defeated and driven across the mountains, the enemy advanced down the valley to Martiusburg, flanking Sigel, and obliging him to retreat to Maryland Heights, which he held until the enemy were driven back to the -^alley. In May, 1865, he resigned his commission in the army.
219. CHARLES G. HALPIXE.
General Charles G. Halpine (more generally known by his non de plume, Miles O'Reilly), was born in November, 1820, in the County Meath, Ireland. His father who was an Episcopal minister, editor of the Dublin Mail, and one of the principal contributors to BhickicoocCh' Marjazine, took great pride in the education of his son, whom he prepared for and entered at Trinity College, in 184G. In the following year, young Halpine hav- ing married, removed to Boston, where he became an associate with B. P. Shillaber (Mrs. Partington), on one of the literaiy papers of that city, called The Carpet Bag ; and subsequently connected himself with lli^ Pilot.
In Ibis he accepted the position of French Translator on the New York Herald; and, while holding this position, wrote sketches, poems, and edito- rials, for nearly all the other leading daily and weekly papers of the city. He was next appointed the Nicaragua Correspondent of the New York Times, and wrote a series of remarkably spicy letters on AValker's famous fillibus- tering expedition to Central America. After acting as Washington Corres- pondent and Associate Editor of mat paper for a time, he purchased an inter- est in the Leader, and assisted in editing that journal until the breaking out of the Rebellion; but, at the same time, wrote for the Tribune, Times, and Herald.
Although not known to the world at large as a writer, yet many brilliant things came from his pen ; among others, a poem, published in the Tribune some years before the war, entitled "Stanzas to the American Flag," has been credited to him, but is now claimed by William Oiand Bourne, editor of The Soldiers' Friend. It begins: "Tear down the fi.iunting lie" — a poem prompted by the horrors of the last slave hunt, in which a poor human being was dragged from toil-bought freedom into hated bondage again, under the banner which waved " over the land of the free, and the home of the brave."
In 18G1 Mr. Halpine severed his connection with the Lender, and entered the military service as a private in the Sixtj^-Ninth New York Regiment of three-months' troops. At the close of the tliree months' service, he was ap- pointed on the Staff of General David Hunter, wilh whom he served in Missouri and at the South, but was afterward transferred to the Staff of General Halleck.
At the South, under the nom de guerre, " Miles O'Reilly," in a communi- cation to a New York paper, he gave a long and entirely fictitious account of the arbitrary imprisonment of a private by that name, who, it was pre- tended, had given some slight offense to General Butler, the cause of which was asserted to be a " Lampoon ' written by "Private Miles O'Reilly," of the Forty-Seventh New York ; and, in his next letter, he gave a copy of the lampoon, which caused great merriment wherever it was read. This first brought him into notoriety, Avhich was greatly increased by his account of a supposed dinner given to Miles O'Reilly at Delmonico's, whereat Mayor Hoffman sang a comic song, and other well-known dignitaries indulged in ridiculous speeches.
Just before his resignation from the army, he w^s made Brigadier-Gen- eral of Valunteers, by brevet, and commissioned as Major in the Regular Army. He was appointed on Governor Seymour's staff on his return to New York; and, in 18GG, was elected Register of the City and County of New Y''ork. Previous to this, he purchased the Citizen, a weekly journal, of which he remained Managing Editor until his de:ith, Monday, August 3, 1868. General Halpine was a warm-hearted and generous companion — ever ready to give or take a joke, — and wa3 a favorite with all classes of hia readers.
220. JAMES T. BKADY.
Ja:mes T. Brady, one of the most eminent and accomplislied of New York lawyers, was born in the city of New York, April 9, 1815, of Irish parentage. His addresses and orations are characterized by all the wit and eloquence of his gifted race.
He received a liberal education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. Commencing its practice in New York, it gradually increased until it rose to be among the most lucrative and influential of the distin- guished lawyers of the day.
In addressing a Jury he was generally successful in gaining their entire confidence and respect ; and the Judges were equally influenced by his logic and legal acumen.
Associate counsel of the late Daniel "Webster in the great India Rubber case between Day and Goodyear, he received from that eminent statesman and jurist the highest encomiums for the able manner in which he had assisted in conducting the suit.
He early identified himself with the Democratic party ; and, about the year 1845, was regarded as among the most influential of its active leaders in the city of New Yoi'k. Holding the office of Counsel to the Corporation for several years, he retired from it with honor to himself and credit to the city.
Popular and eloquent as a public speaker, Mr. Brady was constantly the champion of popular rights and philanthropical movements, and was ahvays distinguished for his boldness and fearlessness in discussing public men and measures. Never a seeker for office, he was always enabled to hold an independent position either in his own party or toward his opponents.
Early obtaining popularity as a public orator, Mr. Brady had the happy faculty of swaying the " Fiery Democracy " either in its turbulence or sympathy. Gifted with this power in voice, manner, and person, the announcement of his name, when he took a more active part in politics, Avould fill a large hall to overflowing, and possessed the most magical in- fluence.
- Ever just in his convictions, his detestation of oppression did not leave him in sympathy with turbulence and disorder; and, actuated by these principles, he was one of the most influential in suppressing the riots of July, 1863.
Outside of his professional and political life, Mr. Brady was peculiarly amiable, and exceedingly fond of social enjoyments. He idolized the children of his sisters, and was always happy in winning the confidence and esteem of the little ones.
He never married, but, like "Washington Irving, cherished fondly the memory of one, from whom death had separated him.
Yet in the prime of life, with a vigorous frame and a powei'ful intellect, Mr. Brady was struck with paralysis ; and. after lingering a few days under that terrible malady, died February 9, 1869, in New York City.
221. HENEY J. EAYMOND.
Henry Jauvis Raymond, the founder of The New York Times, was born in Lima, Living-ston County, New York, January 24, 1820. The son of the proprietor of a small farm, he early assisted in its labors ; but, while still young', he entered the Academy of Lima, and in the winter of IboO-oG, taught a district school. He graduated at the University of Vermont in 1840, Avhen he repaired to New York ; and, after studying law for a year in the office of Edward W. Marsh, he maintained himself by teaching the classics in a young ladies' seminary and by contributions to the New York press.
He was connected with the Neio York Tnhune upon its establishment, in April, 1841 ; and, in the capacity of Assistant Editor, distinguished him- self by great ability as a Reporter, an art then in its infancy in the United States. Accepting an offer from General James Watson Webb, of a position on the New York Courier ami Enquirer, he relinquished it in 1851. Some four years previously he had formed a literary connection with the publish- ing house of Harper & Brothers, which continued uninterrupted for teu years.
The social doctrines of Fourier finding at this time a zealous champion in Horace Greeley, Mr. Raymond entered into a prolonged and spirited controversy with Mr. Greeley respecting them — which controversy was sub- sequently published in a pamphlet edition, and attracted, from the ability displayed on both sides, very general public attention.
Elected in 1849 to the State Legislature, he soon became prominent as a ready debater and legislator. Re-elected in 1850, he was chosen Speaker of the Assembly. During this session he advocated vigorously the Common School System and the Canal policy of the State. The adjourament of the Legislature found Mr. Raymond in impaired health, for the benefit of which he sailed to Europe. Returning in August, he published, September 18, 1851, the first number of The New York (daily) Timei^, a journal which has continued to grow in public respect and confidence from the great ability displayed in its editorial management.
Acting as a substitute for a regular delegate to the Whig National Con- vention at Baltimore in 1852, he addressed that body, against violent oppo- sition, in defense of Northern sentiment.
Nominated, in 1854, by the Whig, Anti-Nebraska, and Temperance Conventions, he was elected, over two competitors, by a large majority, Lieutenant-Governor of the State.
Taking an active part in the organisation of the Republican party, caused by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he drew up the " Address to the People," submitted by its first National Convention, held at Pittsburg in February, 1856. During the Presidential canvass which followed, he made numerous public speeches in favor of General Fremont, its candidate.
His term of service as Lieutenant-Governor of the State, expiring Decem- ber 31, 1857, Mr. Raymond declined, the same year, to be a candidate for the Gubernatorial office. Entering energetically into the Presidential can- vass of 1800, he took a prominent position both in his journal and in public addresses, in favor of Abraham Lincoln's election, and sustained throughout a zealous prosecution of the war against the seceding States. Governor Raymond was subsequently elected to Congress, and in that body maintained an influential position from his ability as a debater and an able legislator. A popular speaker and a practical writer, he could not fail to wield a great power by the combined strength of the forum and the press. He died June 18, 1869.
222. HIRAM WALBRIDGE.
Hiram Walbridge was born in Ithaca, Tompkins County, State of New York, February 2, 1821. At an early age, after completing his primary education in Utica, he was sent to school in Ithaca, X. Y., living while there with his uncle, Judge Walbridge. In 18;]5, the family moved to Toledo, Ohio ; and Walbridge, then only fourteen years old, began the study of law with Judge Tilden, of Toledo. His mastery of the theory of the legal profession was very rapid, and at the early a:e of twenty-one, he was admitted to practice in all the Ohio courts, and soon after to the bar of the United States Supreme Court.
In 184:1, he was commissioned a brigadier-geiipral of Ohio militia, a fact which explains the title of " General " ever after prefixed to his name. During the Mexican war he was offered a colonelcy of a volunteer regiment ; but he declined it, and soon after moved to New York, where he ever after resided. He forsook the profession of law for mercantile pursuits, and for many years has been iden- tified with the produce interests of this city.
He was an active member of the Cliamber of Commerce and of the Produce Exchange in this city, in both of which institutions he was a zealous promoter and advocate of all schemes for the advancement of the commercial interests of the country. He was president of every commercial convention that has been held in the United States up to within the last two years, and took a deep interest in all kinds of internal improvements, of which he was a liberal and eloquent ad- vocate.
In 1833, he was elected on the Democratic ticket to represent the Fourth Dis- trict of this city in Congress, and at the expiration of his term declined a renoaii- nation. This was the only political office h.c ever b.eld. In Congress, Ceneral Walbridge introduced the measure known as the " Militia of the Seas," and was also the first member of Congress to advocate the construe ion of the Pacific Rail- road, having, from a recent and extended visit to California, become impressed with the importance of the Pacific coast. General Walbridge was at this time inte- rested'in the faoious Mariposa estate, and owned one-quarter of that valuable property.
On the breaking out of the rebellion, General "Walbridge took a prompt and bold stand in favor of the Union, and advocated the immediate calling out of 600,000 men to suppress the insurrection. lie had traveled extensively in the Southern States, where he also possessed a large property interest, and was one of the few men who foresaw at the outset the magnitude and desperate character of the rebellion. He was offered a seat in President Lincoln's cabinet, but de- clined, and spent a large share of his time, during the war, in advocating with his tongue and pen the cause of the Union, and arousing the patriotism of the people, particularly of the commercial classes. After the war he was among the earliest advocates of universal amnesty. Few men had a larger personal acquain- tance in all sections of the country than General Walbridge, and fewer still had a larger personal popularity. He was kind-hearted, affable, generous, whole- souled, and magnanimous. As a public speaker he was ready, earnest, and elo- quent, and possessed a command of language and a power and volume of voice such as few men are gifted with. His last service of a public nature was jierform- cd as one of the Government Commissioners appointed to examine and report upon the condition of the Pacific Railroad, and the improvements needed to bring the road up to the government stipulations. General Hiram Walbridge died at the Astor House, in New York, December 6, 1870.
223. GEOEGE B. McCLELLAX.
General George B. IMcClellan was Lorn in Philadelpliia, December 3, 1S2G. He entered the military academj^ at West Point in 1842, grad- uated in 18-10, and was immediately called into active service as Second Lieutenant of a company of sappers and miners, which sailed for Mexico on the 24th of September, with orders to report to General Taylor at Camargo, by whom he was ordered to proceed to Matamoras.
Great praise was bestoAved upon him for the amount and excellence of the work done in this j^art of Mexico. From Tampico they went to Vera Cruz, where Lieutenant McClellan was engaged in the most severe duties — in opening paths and roads to facilitate the investment, and lighten the toil and hardship of the trenches, which was always done with intelligence and zeal. On the 2Uth of August, 1847, he distinguished himself at the battle of Churubusco, for which he was promoted to First Lieutenant ; at Molino del E,ey and Chapultepec, his gallantry secured him the additional rank of Captain by brevet.
The following year he assumed command of the sappers and miners, which position he held until 1831, in the autumn of which year he super- intended the building of Fort Delaware. In 1852 he was assigned to duty in the expedition that explored the Eed River ; and also served as an Engi- neer upon some explorations in Texas.
In 1853 he aided in surveying the Northern route of the Pacific Railroad, for which he was highly complimented by the Secretary of AYar, Jefferson Davis. Shortly after, he was sent on a secret mission to the West Indies, and on his return, in 1855, received a Captaincy in the United States Cavalry ; and, the same year, was sent, in company with Captain R. E. Lee, to watch the progress of the Crimean War, and perfect themselves in the art.
In 1857 he resigned, and accepted the position of Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad, which office he held for three years, when he accepted the Presidency of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad.
On the breaking out of the Rebellion, Ohio immediately made him Major-General of her militia, which he organized quickly and thoroughly ; and, on the 14th of May, wis assigned to the Department of Ohio, as Mujor- General in the United States Array. Then followed his campaign in West Virginia, and victories of Rich Mountain and Philippi. November 1, 1801, he was appointed to succeed General Scott as General-in-Chief of the United States Armies.
He organized the army with great abilitj- ; but when the advance took place, in March, 1802, he Avas restricted to the command of the Army of the Potomac. He first invested Yorktown, where he exhibited extraordinary engineering skill, and which soon fell into his hands. He subsequently con- ducted the campaign of the Peninsula, reaching James River on the 2d of July ; and, in the middle of August, conducted the army back to Washing- ton, where, for several days, he held command of the Washington fortifica*' tions.
At the close of Pope's campaign, he resumed his old command, and fought the battle of Antietam. On November 7, he was relieved by Gen- eral iiurnside. He was the Democratic candidate for President of the L'nited States in 18G4, and resigned his commission in the fall of that year. He has since traveled in Europe.
Immediately on his return, in 1868, he was called upon to superintend the completion of tlie Stevens Battery, at Hoboken, N. J. ; and on the 1st of August, 187Q, he was appointed Engineer-ia-Chief la the Department of Docks for the city of New-York.
224. JOHN 0. FREMONT.
General John C. Fremont was born in Savannah, Georgia, January 21, 1813. His father was French, and his mother a Virginia lady. At fifteen years of age he entered Charleston College, S. C, where he made rapid progress, graduating at seventeen.
For three years he was employed as Instructor in Mathematics in various schools iu Charleston, and as Practical Surveyor. In lb8o he was appointed Teacher of Mathematics on board the United States sloop-of-war Natcliez, and m.ade a cruise of two years and a half in that vessel. From this time until 1888 he was employed as Engineer on the Charleston and Auyrusta Bailroad. In i8o8 he accompanied M. Kicollet, to explore the country between the Missouri and the British line, and assisted in preparing the maps and report of the exploration, when he was appointed Second Lieu- tenant, United States Topographical Engineers.
In 1842 he applied for and obtained an order to explore the "Wind River Peak of the Rocky Mountains. He left the mouth of the Kansas River, June 10, and proceeded up the Piatt River and its tributaries to the South Pass, which was carefully examined. Thence he proceeded to the \V itid River Mountains, the loftiest peak of which was ascended, and returned to Kansas, October 10. His report was laid before Cono;ress in the winters of 1843-43. Humboldt praised it, and the London Atheneum pronounced it one of the most perfect productions of its kind. He again, .n May, 1843, Get, out with twenty-five men, to find a new route across the Rocky Moun- tains, and for nearly a year was lost to the world, suffering" unheard-of hard- ships in the snow-clad mountains, planting the flag of hia country upon their highest peak, discovering the Great Salt Lake, Sierra Nevada, the valley of the Sacramento, and establishing the geography of the Western poi'tion of the continent. For this service he was breveted Captain in 1845, when he set out on his third expedition, which resulted in giving California to the United States. Arriving in California, he became in- volved with the Mexican Governor of that State ; and, with the aid of a few Americans, defeated the iMexican forces, raised the Independent Beat* Flag, and was elected Governor by the settlers, which election was ratified by Commodore Stockton. He was afterward made a victim of a quarrel between General Kearney and the Commodore, and dismissed the service. The President reinstated him ; but Fremont would not accept "mercy." He resigned his commission, returned to California, making his li)me on the Mariposa, and was elected its first Senator.
In the winter of 1848 and 1853, he made, at his own expense, surveys across the continent, to determine qtiestions involved in the building of the Pacific Rail- road. In 1856, he was unanimously nominated as a candidate for President of the United States by the Republican Convention, but was d-feated by James Buchanan. Being in Paris at the breaking out of the Rebellion, he purchased a quantity of arms for the United States Government v/ith his own private credit, and brought them with him. On liis arrival, a Major-General's com- mission awaited him, and he was assigned to the Western Military Depart- ment, where he arrived, July 25, 1861. He at once set vigorously to work organizing an army, fortifying St. Louis, and dratting plans for a Western campaign. He continued in this, Departm^ent until November 2, during which he issued hia celebrated proclamation freeing the slaves of Rebels within his command.
He afterward distinguished himself in the Shenandoah valley in variovis battles with *' Stonewall " Jackson ; but his political prominence making him a victim of jealousy and intrigue, he left the service, June Zl* IScS, and resi;?ned his commission iu May, 1864-
225. WILLIAM T. SHERMAN.
General AVilliam T. Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1820; graduated at West Point, in 1840; and, in the same year, was appointed Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery. He served in California during the Mexican AVar ; was breveted Captain, in 1850 ; but, in ISoo, resigned his commission, and engaged in business in San Francisco.
Li 18o8 he became President of the Louisiana Military Academy, but resigned his position at the outbreak of the Robellion.
In June, 1801, he was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Regular Infantry, and was subsequently appointed Brigadier- G-eneral of Volunteers. He participated in the first battle of Bull Run, and in the ensuing autumn and winter was in Kentucky and Missouri.
In the spring of 1852 he commanded a division in Grant's army, and dis- tinguished himself at the battle of Shiloh, earning thereby his promotion to M ijor-General of Volunteers. He made an unsuccessful attack on Vicksburg in December, 1862, and took part in the subsequent campaign against that place under Grant.
Beitig ordered by General Grant to assume command of the Department of Tennessee, and to march toward Chattanooga, he joined him there in November, and aided materially in the success of Grant's movements against Bragi,' in tliat vicinity ; after which he marched to the relief of General Burnside at Knoxvilie, who was besieged by General Lontistreet, compelling that general to raise the siege, and retreat to tlie borders of Virginia.
Early in 18G4 General Sherman conducted a successful raid through Southern JNIississippi and Alabama, where he made the most complete de- struction of railroads ever performed, destroyed the arsen il at ileridian, which was filled with valuable stores and machinery, and burned a large number of Government warehouses filled with stores :ind ammunition, besides destroying depots, bridges, and rolling stock ; after which, he retraced his steps to the Mississippi, with over eight thousand liberated slaves and an immense amount of spoils. His whole loss in the raid was less than two hundred.
In March, 1804, Grant, then recently appointed Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief, turned over to Sherman the command of the Military Division of the Mississippi, who soon after commenced his successful cam- paign against Atlanta, during which he fought the series of battles from Chattanooga to that place, driving General J. E. Johnston before him, and succeeded in obliging Hood, who had superseded Johnston, to evacuate Atlanta, September 1, 18G4.
In the succeeding November, after driving Hood into Northern Alabama, General Sherman commenced his triumphant march through Georgia, and reached Savannah, which he captured in December.
Thence he marched North to Goldsboro', North Carolina, near whie?\ place he received the surrender of General J. E. Johnston's army, Aprii 2i), 1805. He was soon after appointed to the comm md of the Military Division of the Mississippi, and subsequently transferred to the Western Division^ v/hich position he now holds.
In June, 1803, ho was made Lieutenant-General, Grant having been raised to general, and, in March, 1869, was appointed General of the Army in place of General Grant, who had been elected President of the United States.'
22G. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON.
General Joseph E. Johnston was Lorn in Prince Edward County, Virginia, about the year 1808. Great attention was paid to his early education, which he received in Abingdon district.
In 1829 he graduated at West Point with great credit, and was immedi- ately assigned to the Fourth Artillery as Brevet Second Lieutenant. He remained^there until ISoG, when he was a|)pointed First Lieutenant.
In 1838 he was appointed First Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers; and, in that capacity, served through the Florida War, where he greatly distinguished liimself by hig coolness and bravei'y.
February 16, 1847, he Avas breveted Lieutenant-Colonel of Yoltigeurs, and sailed with the expedition of General Scott to Mexico, where, on the advance to Cerro Gordo, he made a most daring reconnoissance, and where he was severely Avounded. He distinguished himself at Molino del Key, and was again wounded at Chapul tepee.
At the close of the Mexican War he was retained as Captain in the Topo- graphical Engineers ; and, at a later date (1855), was made full Colonel in the Regular Army. In June, 1860, he was placed at the head of the Quar- termaster's Department, with the rank of Brigadier-General.
When Virginia seceded he felt bound to join the service of his native State, when he was appointed to a high command by Governor Letcher, and afterward was commissioned Major-General in the Confederate army, with command of the Army of the Shenandoah, where he acted against Patterson, whom he eluded, and arrived at the first battle-field of Bull Kun in season to turn the scale of battle against the Federals. He subsequently com- manded at Richmond in the early part of the Peninsular campaign, and was severely wounded at Fair Oaks, after which he was assigned to the Trans-Mississippi Department, where, in attempting to succor General Pem- berton at Vicksburg, he encountered General Grant at Jackson, was defeated, and forced to evacuate that cit3^
In January, 1864, General Johnston took command of the Army of Ten- nessee (General Bragg having been removed), and contested General Sher- man's advance into Georgia in a series of battles, among which the most severe were at Resaca and around Dallas, Altoona, and the Kenesaw Moun- tains, all of which he conducted with great skill, but was obliged to retreat before the superior force of Sherman to Atlanta, Avhen he was superseded by General Hood, in obedience to a j)opular clamor against what was called his Fabian policy of retreat.
From this time until February, 1865, he was virtually retired from the army, when public opinion had begun to set in strongly in favor of his restoration, and he was reinstated and placed in command of the forces in North Carolina, in place of Beauregard, who continued to serve under his old commander. He concentrated his forces at Raleigh, where he prepared to resist the advance of Sherman from Savannah ; and, by the time Sherman arrived, had made tip an army superior to his in cavalry, and formidable enough in artillery and infantry to make it incumbent upon Sherman to move with caution, and to afford a prospect of being able to resist his pro- gress ; but, on the 2Gth of April, 1865, after being driven back beyond Goldsboro', and hearing of Lee's surrender to Grant, he capitulated on the same terms to General Sherman.
227. JOHN A. LOGAN.
General John A. Logan was born in Jackson County, Illinois, February 19, 182G. He was early thrown on liis natural resources of energy for suc- cess in life, and received a good common school education, "When the war with Mexico occurred, he entered the army as private, was elected a Lieu- tenant of a company of the First Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, and was made Quartermaster of his i^egiment. Returning home on the close of the war, he was elected County Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but resigned, and commenced the study of law in 1850. Having graduated at the Louis- ville University, he was admitted to the bar in 1852, and the same year was elected to the State Legislature of Illinois, where he acquired distinction.
In 1853 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney of the Third Judicial Circuit ; in 1856 was a Presidential Elector ; and the same year was again elected to the Legislature.
In 1858 he was elected a Representative from Illinois to the Thirty-Sixth Congress, and, in 18G0, was re-elected.
On the breaking out of the Rebellion he resigned his seat in Congress, and entered the Union army as Colonel, distinguishing himself by his great bravery at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1801.
Returning to Illinois in August, he organized the Thirty-First Regiment of Illinois Volunteers. His regiment participated in the battle of Belmont in November, 18G1, and, also, at the capture of Fort Henry. He took an active part in the capture of Fort Donaldson, and was wounded in the left arm.
Commissioned a Brigadier-General of Volunteers, March 24, 1862, he reported to General Grant, and, after participating in the siege of Corinth, he was placed in command of the United States forces at Jackson. H- com- manded a division of the right wing in the movements into Mississippi in December, 1862, and subsequently held one in the Seventeenth Corps, under General McPherson.
In the spring of 1803 he was confirmed a Major-General of Volimteers, with rank from November 9, 1862, and distinguished himself with General Grant in his rapid march from Grand Gulf to Jackson, in May, 1863, Avhen, continually in the advance, he occupied the Mississippi capital.
He participated prominently in the battle of Champion Hills, and was equally distinguished at the storming of Vicksburg, May 22, 1803. On the surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, General Logan's command occupied the surrendered city, an honor bestowed upon his gallant corps for its dis- tinguished services, and he was made Military Governor.
Returning North, General Logan took an active part in all the political questions growing out of the war, addressing public meetings througliout the country, and was again elected Representative to Congress, in 1800, where he participated in the debates on Reconstruction, and was chosen one of the Managers on the part of the House in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.
The great organization wliich constitutes the " Grand Army of the Repub- lic" selected General Logan as its Chief; and in tliat capacity, with his political prominence, he is one of the most influential men of the couutry.
228. ROGER A. PRYOR.
Rr.GEii A. PRTOR was born in Dinwiddle County, Virginia July lO.lS.'S, ancl giadaated at Hitmijden bidney (Joiiege aud t^e Uuiveraity of Virginia, ia 184;>.
He adopted the profession of tlie law, cmmpucing pr-ictice in Cliar- Inttpvillp, Virginia., l)..t relir.quished it on accuuat of Lis heallb, and in 18j1, becimean Kditor in PeicM>burg
lie w.is e.trly drawn into politics in which he toolc an active and con- spicuous pirt.
In 18.3i Mr. Pryor connected him'^elf with the "Washington Union'' as a writer, bur, relinquished his p'sitiun on account of a difference with the Admitiistr.ition in respt^ct to our relations with Russia, ^Ir Piyor being pro Riissian in his sentiments In 1^53 he j'tned tte " llichniond En- qu rer," which he edit»M]. In 18."^5 be w;is ai>p'> nt.«'d b> President Pieice a special comm ssioner ti) Greece to adjust cc 'ain difficult t s wi h that c«'un- try, < riginaung in the persecution ot the K v. Dr. K ng an Anieiici.n Mis- sionary, which be succes^luMy setiied. On hisreturnhe e^tabl.thed a po it- ical journal called ttie "South,"' w'.ich stopp. d in eiglileeu n ontlis, ai d was afterwards cnnected for lour months with the " Wash nsrlr.n Si;tt< s."' In 1859 he was elected Representative to the thirty sixth tongrfss. ai d was re-e'e ted to the thnty-seventh Congress, but was am. ng tliose who were prom'nt'nt in the seces-ion movement. He was a member of the Pi ovisicnal Congress of the Southern Confederacy and was conspicuous among those who aided ii the formation of the New Government.
He was elected to the regular Congress of the Secession States, but resianed his position to enter 'he Confedernte Army and was appointed a Colonel. He was promoted to aBiigadier-G< noral and set ved in the Army of Northern Vircinia until 18G4, when, rcsignli ghisiankon account of a differ- ence with Jefferson Davis, he served -^-s a private u" til the end of the war.
Ilemoving to New York City, in 18 J5. he settled as a Lawyer and at once took a prominent portion at the bar, where lie has advanced to distinctif n and a lucrative practice. In Congress Gen. Pryor was distin- guished as a readv debater and took a lead n<jr part in iill tlie stormy legis- lation preceding the war. Eschewing policies since, he has devoted liimself exclusively to his profession, and, making numer( us friends among Ids new a^soeiates, both in nnd out of his profession, Gen. Pryor has a fair field before hira of future promotion and distinctio.n.
229. RICHARD TAYLOR.
General E.ICIIARD Taylor (popularly known in the late war as " Dick ' Taylor, of the Confederate service), was the son of General Zachary Taylor, the tenth President of the United States, and was born in Louisiana about the year 1822. The son of a President of the United States, he also had the peculiar fortune of being the brother-in-law of the President of the Southern Confederacy.
He first disting-uished himself in " Stonewall Jackson's" famous campaicrn in the valley of Virginia, when, at Port Republic, the Louisiana Brigade, commanded by General Taylor, decided the day by an attack upon the Federal artillery, which was taken in response to Jackson's stern command, ** That battery must be taken 1"
With the rank of Major-General, he was afterward transferred to another field of operations, and placed in command of the District of Louisiana.
Here transpired the chief interest of his military life, in its remarkable connection with the city of Xew Orleans, which he indulged the hope of relieving or capturing.
Engaging actively in the campaign in the La Fourche country in the sum- mer of 18G8, General Taylor capti'j:ed Brashear City and its forts. This position, with that of Thibodeaux, placed him in command of the Mississippi River above New Orleans. The unexpected fall of Yicksburg, involving so many other operations, proved equally disastrous to General Taylors place ; and, exposing Port Hudson, compelled it also to surrender, rendering General Taylor's position in the La Fourche country still more hazardous. Unable to hold it with a force of only four thousand men, he was compelled to abandon it.
In the famous Red River campaign in the spring of 18CI, acting under the orders of General E. Kirby Smith, he encountered the army of General Banks, moving from Alexandria, and gained, it is claimed by the Confed- erates, two of the most important victories of the war.
The battle of Pleasant Hill being won. General Taylor favored the pur- suit of the Federal troops with the view of the destruction of Panics and Porter, and then rapidly opening the Avay to Xew Orleans. The views of General Taylor, indulged from a romantic andp brilliant point, were not sympathized m by the Commander-in-Chief, so they were abandoned, much, to his disappointment.
Banks escaped before any concentration could be formed against him, although Taylor, with a. small force, was in hot pursuit.
Promoted to Lieutenant-General, he v/as transferred east of the Missis- sippi, and placed in command of the Department of the Southwest, com- prising East Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Surrendering this command to General Canby on the 4th of May, ISGo, General Taylor's military career ended with the end of the Confederacy.
230. SILAS H. STEINGHAM.
Admiral Silas Horton Stringham was Dom in Middletown, Orange County, New York, November 7, 1798. He entered the navy as Midshipman in 1810, and served in the frigate President, then under command of Com- modore Kodgers, being on board during the fight with the Little Belt and the Belvidere — British vessels.
In 1815 he was in Commodore Decatur's squadron, and took part in the Algerine "War.
In 1816 young Stringham distinguished himself by the rescue of part of the crew of a French brig at Gibraltar. He served as Lieutenant in 1819, on board the Cyane, which conveyed the first settlers to the Colony of Liberia. Here he went on an expedition after slavers, and captured four, was made Prize-Master, and sent home with his prizes.
In 1821 he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy : and, in the Hc^'net, on the West India station, aided in the capture of a notorious pirate and slaver.
From 1825 to 1829 he was on duty at the Brooklyn Navy- Yard ; then sailed, as First Lieutenant .of the Peacock, to search for the Hornet, sup- posed to have been lost nearTampico; was transferred to the Falmouth, and returned to New York in 1830. For the next five years he was engaged on shore dtxty.
In 1835 he was ordered to the command of the sloop-of-war John Adams, then in the Mediterranean squadron ; and, in 1887, Avas appointed second in command of the Brooklyn Navy-Yard. In 1842 lie was ordered to the razee Independence', and, in the following year, was assigned to the command of the Brooklyn Navy-Yard. In 1846 he took command of the ship-of-line Ohio, and was engaged in the capture of Vera Cruz.
After various important services, in 1861, on the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was appointed Flag-Officer of the Atlantic blockading squadron, and ordered to the Minnesota. He commanded the joint expedition which captured Forts Hatteras and Clark, August 27 and 28.
On September 23 he was relieved from his command at his own request; and, August 1, 1862, was ma'Ge a Rear-Admiral, and placed on the retired list.
Since that period. Admiral Stringham has been in the enjoyment of a well-earned repose. His long and arduous life of patriotic service is grate- fully remembered by his country, and he lives a noble example of the honors of a well-spent life, spared by an all-wise and over-ruling power to remind us how faithfully we ouirht to cherisn the memory of those devoted spirits which are now translated to higher and more glorious spheres of existence as the reward of their fidelity and truth.
231. S. F. DUPONT.
Admiral S. F. Dupoxt was born at Bergen Point, New Jersey, Sep- tember 27, 180l>. In 1815, Avhen but twelve j'ears of age, ho was commis- sioned by President Madison a Midshipman in the United States navy, and sailed on his first cruise, in 1817, on board the frl.z:ate Franklin, under Commodore Stewart. Owing to the peaceful relations subsisting between the United States and other powers, the duties of his profession Avere of no special importance. He, however, showed himself an active and able officer in whatever capacity employed, and exxDerienced a fair proportion of sea service.
In 1845, being then a Commander, he was ordered to the command of the frigate Congress, under Commodore Stockton, and was on the California coast at the coro.mencement of tlie war with Mexico. He was soon after put in command of the Cijane, and took a conspicuous part in the conquest of Lower California. In 185G, Dupont attained to the rank of Captain, and, in the succeeding year, was placed in command of the steam-frigate Minnesota, which conveyed Mr. Reed, the American Minister, to China; and, after visit- ing Japan and the coast of Southern Asia, returned to the United States in 1859. In January, 18G1, he was appointed to tlie command of the Philadel- phia Navy-Yard.
At the breaking out of the Rebellion it was determined by the Govern- ment to occupy one or more important points on the Southern coast, where the blockading squadron or cruisers of the Government might resort for shelter or supplies, or rendezvous for expeditions ; and to Captain Dupont was intrusted the selection of such a place. The harbor of Port Royal, on tlie coast of South Carolina, was fixed upon ; and, during the summer of 1861, preparations for a joint naval and military expedition thither were vigorously pursued. On the 29th of October the whole fleet of over fifty sails stood out to sea. After encountering a furious gale, which dispersed the vessels in all directions and caused the loss of several transports, the greater number arrived off Port Royal, November 4, when a recon- noissance discovered that Hilton Head and Bay Point were protected by works of great strength, scientifically constructed, and mounted with guns of heavy calibre. After a few days' x^reparation, they were attacked by the fleet on the morning of the 7th ; and, by two o'clock, the enemy were dis- covered in rapid flight from Fort Walker, which was taken possession of, and the next morning Fort Beauregard was also abandoned by its garrison.
This victory excited universal enthusiasm throughout the loyal States, contributed to restore confidence, and increase the eclat which had attended the naval operations of the war.
Commodore Dupont immediately took active measui-es io follow up this success, and his fleet was afterward busily employed in expeditions along the coast and in co-operation with the land forces under T. W. Sherman and Hunter.
Apart from his sea service, and for the past quarter of a century, Admiral Dupont has been employed on shore in numerous important public du.ties requiring the exercise of high professional knowledge and experi- ence. He died ut Philadelphia, June 2 ', 1865.
232. N. B. FORREST.
Lieut-General N. B. Forbest was born on the 13th day of July, 1821, atCh ppil Hill, Bedford Co., iennessee. Kemoviug in 1831 with h.sfaiher, William Forrest, to Mississippi, he settled in that State. Amassing a con- siderable fortune in various pursuits, the breaking out of the war found him a suceesslul planter on the Mississippi Bottom.
Entering the Confederate service as a private soldier, he soon obtained the autht.rity to raise a lli^giment of Cavalry which he commanded with d stinguished gallantry at Fort Donelson Subsequently a';c<imp;inying Gen. A. S. Johnston in his retreat to the Tennessee River he was witli him at the Battle cf Shiloh, where, rendering distinguished service, he was sever*- ly W(Uinded.
Acting ill co-operation with John Morgan, when that General made his raid into Kentucky to operate on the communications of Gen. Grant's Army in Mississippi, Forrest, with a cavalry force, marched to oppose those of Gen. R 'seneranz, in Tennessee.
Crossing the Tennessee River at Chattanooga, Forrest captured Mc- Minnville, surprised the garrison of Murfceesboro, taking prisoner Gen. Crittenden and capturing a force of 20C0 infantry.
G-n. Brazg's Army advancing from Chattanooga towards Kenlucky, Forrest was sent again to Middle fennessee. Forrest's Cavalry covering the whole front of the Confederate Army, constant engagements were fought between them and the F« derals.
Col. S.raight, the active Federal commander, disembarking a select Brigade in the neighborhood of Tuscumbia, Alabama, Forrest marched rapidly with a force of 1500 men to the Tennessee River. After 48 hours of rap.d pursnit he overtook the Federal rear-guard in the mountains. Bring- ing his antagonist to bay, Straight made his disposition for battle. Forrest demanding his surrender, Straight, believing himself overwhelmed by a superior fovce, surrende' ed to his invincible enemy.
Gen. Van Dorn dying. Forre-t was placed in command of the whole Cavalry corps of the Army of the Tennessee.
At the Battle of Chicamaugua his command occupied the extreme right of Br;ig2r*s line of battle. Alter many other achievements and his success- ful expedition to Faducah, Gen. Forrest appealed before Fort Pillow on the Mississippi. This fort, garrisoned by negro troops surrendered after terrible slau<ihter, April 12, 1864. Its capture covered the nam^ of Gen. Forrest throughout the North with great ignominy from his alleged merciless mas- sacre of the colored soldiers after their surrender. Afterward, in 1868, General For- rest was a delegate to the Democratic Convention to nominate candidates forPresi- dent and Vice-President of the United States, which was held in Tammany Hall, New York City, and took a very active and prominent part in the deliberations of that body.
233. WILLIAM J. HAEDEE.
General "William J. Hakdee was born in Savannah, Georgia, about the year 1817. He entered the military academy at West Point in 1834, ai?d graduated with honor in 1838. He was then commissioned Second Lieutenant in the United States Dragoons, and was sent to Florida, where he served nearly two years. On the 3d of December, 1839, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy, and was sent, by the Secretary of War, to the cele- brated military school of St. Maur, in France. There, he was regularly attached tc the cavalry department of the French army ; and, after com- pleting his studies, returned to the United States, bringing a flattering let- ter of recommendation from Marshal Oudinot to the Secretary of W^ar at Washington.
Lieutenant Hardee's regiment was now staticnsd on the Western fron- tier, and quickly joining it, he soon became actively employed in defend- ing the advanced settlements from Indian depredations. On the 18th of September, 1844, he was promoted to Captain of Dragoons, and accompanied General Taylor across the Ptio Grande, being, in the Mexican campaign, the first to engage the enemy, at a place called Curricitos, where, overwhelmed by superior numbers, he was taken prisoner ; but was ex- changed in time to take part in the battle of Monterey. He afterward joined the forces of General Scott at Vera Cruz, and displayed great gallantry in an affair at Madelin, for which he was promoted to Major of Cavalry.
After the close of the contest, Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War, detailed him to prepare a system of Tactics, which were published as " Hardee's Tactics, or the United States RiSe and Infantry Tactics," in two volumes. On the completion of the work, in July, 1856, he was appointed Commandant of the Corps of Cadets at W^est Point, with local rank of Lieu- tenant-Colonel.
He resigned his commission in the United States Army, January 31, 1861, and offered his services to the Confederate Government, was made a Brigadier-General, and was sent to Arkansas with his command. He was aftei'ward sent to Kentucky, when he was appointed a Major-General; and, on the 17th of December, 18G1, fought the battle of Munfordsville, Ivy. In 18G3 he commanded a corps in General Polk's division, and participated in the battle of Shiloh, where his zeal and ability was spoken of by Beaure- gard, in his official report. From this time, General Hardee's corps was attached to Bragg's army, and accompanied it in all its movements, to the battle of Perryville. His conduct on this occasion, and throughout the campaign, procured him the appointment of Lieutenant-General. He took a conspicuous part in the battle of Murfreesboro', in December, 1862.
In the month of July, 1863, he was assigned to duty in command of the department formerly held by General Pemberton, but was soon recalled to Bragg's army, and the Second Corps placed under him. The battles of Chickamtiuga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, followed ; and, finally. General Hardee was appointed to temporarily succeed Bragg in the general command.
In May, 1864, General J. E. Johnston assumed full command of the army; and, in September, General Hardee was relieved at his own request, and appointed to the command of the Department of South Carolina. When General Sherman advanced upon Savannah, General Hardee occupied that city, with fifteen thousand men ; but finding it vain to attempt resistance, he cvacua^ted, it December 21,1 8G4, and retired into South drolina. He after- ward held command under J. E. Johnston, in l»'orth Carolina, and was in- cluded in the surrender of that General, in April, lb'65.
234. lEANCIS P. BLAIE, Jr.
General Francis P. Blair, Jr., was born in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1821. He graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, and settled in St. Louis, Mo., where lie was the political associate of Thomas H. Benton, and was among the first public men in Missouri to denounce the institution of slavery. His bold and fearless efforts did much to revolutionize public sen- timent in St. Louis.
In 1856 he was elected to Congress as a Republican, and was re-elected by increased majorities, in 1858 and 1862 ; and tiiroughout these years he continued earnestly to advocate Free Soil doctrines. At the commencement of the llebellion, he was among the first to organize troops for the defense of St. Louis and Missouri ; and, in conjunction with General Lyon, raised the forces known as the "Missouri Home Guards." He was made Colonel of the First Regiment, and assisted in the capture of Camp Jackson, near St. Louis, May 10, 18G1. Colonel Blair also participated in the battle of Boone- ville, under General Lyon, June 17, 1801, and his regiment took a very active part in the battle of Wilson's Creek, where General Lyon was killed, August 10, 18G1 ; but, in conseqence of his having to occupy his seat in the special session of Congress, Colonel Blair was not present during that action. During the session of 1801-62, he was Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and, as such, did good service to the country.
Upon the close of the session, he i*etumed to Missouri, and commenced the organization of a regiment of artillery; but afterward, at the request of the Secretary of "War, he raised a brigade of infantry, of which he was placed in command, and commissioned a Brigadier-General in August, 1862. General Blair participated in the siege of Vicksburg, and greatly distin- guished himself. He also commanded his brigade in General Sherman's wing of McClernand's army during the capture of Fort Hindman, on the the Arkansas River, January 10 and 11, 1868. For gallantry displayed in these contests, General Blair was promoted to Major-General of Volunteers. During the remainder of the war, General Blair took an active part in nearly all the great battles of the West, and exhibited many high traits of general- siiip. He commanded the Fifteenth Army Corps at Missionary Ridge, and was then transferred to the Seventeenth Corps, which he commanded through the At- lanta campaign, and in the campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas. As soon as the war was over, he urged a liberal treatment of the ex-Rebels.
The Legislature of Missouri having passed a law disfranchising all who participated in the Rebellion, it was opposed by him as proscriptive and unconstitutional.
With regard to the test oath, he absolutely refused to subscribe to it, and his vote was refused at the polls. For this act he brought a suit before the courts, for the purpose of testing the law. The case is now before the Supreme Court of the United States. He gradually withdrew from the Republican party, and denounced the Reconstruction laws of Congress as djspotic. He opposed the policy of universal Negro suffrage, creating no lit;lo surprise, as contrasted with his former opinions, and showing how greatly men's views change in the progress of events.
In July, 1868, he was nominated by the Democratic party a candidate for Vice-Presideat of the United States, but was defeated.
235/ NATHANIEL P. BANKS.
Nathaniel P. Banks was bora in AValtham, Massachusetts, January 30, 181G. His father was overseer in a cotton factory, and when he was yet young-, he became a " Bobbin boy." Some few months at school had instilled into him a thirst for knowledge, and all his leisure hours were devoted to history, political economy, and the science of g-overnment. He afterward learned the machinest trade. During- all this time, he was unremitting in his studies, and soon began to lecture before lyceums, temperance societies, and political assemblies.
In 1840 he stump-d the State of Massachusetts for the Democratic party. He became editor of a paper in Lowell ; and, under Polk's administration, received an ofiice in the Boston Custom-liouse. For six years, he was a candidate for a seat in the Massachusetts Legislature, but was defeated each year. On the seventh, he was elected a Representative from Waltham.
In 1850 he was simultaneously elected Senator from Middlesex, and a Representative from Waltham. He concluded to continue in the House, and was chosen Speaker. He held this position for two years. In 18-52, Mr. Banks was elected to Congress by tlie Democrats, rimning upon the ticket with General Frank Pierce, Democratic candidate for President.
He left the Democratic party in 1854, on the formation of the Republican party, and Avas by them again elected Representative to Congress, where he was chosen Speaker after a trial of nine weeks. In 1857 he was elected Governor of Massachusetts, and was re-elected in 1858 and 1859, during which time he administered the government of the State with eminent wis- dom, and to the entire satisfaction of all parties.
Soon after the expiration of his thii-d term, he removed to Illinois, where he became associated with the conduct of a railroad, and so continued until the war actually broke out. He was appointed Major-General of Vol- unteers, May oO, 1861, and took command of the Department of Annapolis, with headquarters at Baltimore, where he stopped one soiirce of secession aid, by arresting Marshal Kane and his police board, whose quarters resem- bled, in some respects, a concealed arsenaL
July 25 he took command of the Department of the Shenandoah ; and, on the 8th of February, 1862, General Banks commenced active operations by moving up the valley, driving the Rebels before him. He had advanced as far as Harrisonburg, when an order came to send a portion of his troops to McDowell, and retreat to Strasburg. He succeeded in reaching Wil- liamsport, without material disaster. On the 8th of August he successfully fought the Rebels under Jackson and Ewell, at Cedar Mountain, where his personal bravery and good management were conspicuous.
After the Virginia campaign, he was assigned to the command of the Depart- ment of Washington, and remained in command until November, 1802, when ho was sent to New Orleans to relieve Geneial Butler, where he arrived December 17, 1862, and immediately sent out exp. ditioiis, took Baton Rouge, Port Hudson, Bate le Rose, Corpus Cliristi, and had numerous other engagements, some of which were defeats. He was succeeaed by General Canby, in May, 180-4; and on the close of the war, having returned to Massachusetts, he was again elected ilepre- sentitive to Congrciss, which position he now hulda,
236. GEOEGE H. THOMAS.
General George H. Thomas was born in Southampton County, Virginia, July ol, 181G. He received a good education, and commenced the study of law at the age of nineteen; but his attention, from some cause, turning to military life, he received an appointment as Cadet in the West Point Military Academy, in I80G, and graduated in 1840, receiving a commission' as Second Lieutenant in the Third Artillery.
In November of the same year, he joined the army in Florida, "when the Seminole War was in progress ; and, for gallant conduct in that war, he was breveted First Lieutenant.
On the first indications of war with Mexico, he was ordered to Texas, and was with the first L'nited States troops which occupied the soil of that State. He was left by General Taylor to garrison Fort Brown, opposite Matamoras, which was invested and bombarded by the Mexicans for about a week, when they withdrew, to reinforce General Ampudia at Kesaca de la Palma. General Thomas served with General Taylor through the Mexican campaign, and was breveted Captain and Major for gallant conduct.
In 1851 and 1852, he was Instructor of Artillery and Cavalry at West Point, and subsequently saw much active service in the West.
In April, 1861, on the commencement of hostilities, he was assigned to duty at Carlisle, Pa., to remount his regiment, which had been dismounted by General Twiggs, and ordered out of Texas. He was promoted to Lieu- tenant-Colonel and Colonel of the Fifth United States Cavalry, and from M;.y to August, was acting Brigadier-General, under Patterson and Banks. On the 17th of August, he was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and ordered to the Department of Kentucky, where he defeated Zollicoffer at Mill Spring, or Somerset, January 19, 1862. He was appointedMajor-General of Volunteers in April ; and, during the summer, commanded a wing of the Army of the Tennessee.
He commanded the centre of the Army of the Cumberland at the battle of Stone River; participated in the advance upon, and occupation of, Chattanooga ; and, at the battle of Chickamauga, saved the Union army from destruction. In October, he was appointed I0 the Department of the Cumberland, assumed command of his troops at Chattanooga, and had an important share in the victory of November 24, at that place. He partici- pated in Sherman's campaign, ending in the capture of Atlanta, in Septem- ber, 1864, and was then ordered to Nashville, where, on December 15 and IC, he practically annihilated the army of Hood, in a series of battles, which may bo said to have ended the war in the West. He is now a Brigadier- General in the Regular Ai-my, and commanded, at the close of the war, the Military Division of Tennessee.
He afterward commaiided the Third Military District, under the Reconstruction laws. He died March 20, 1870, in Califoiuia.
23 7. HOEATIO SEYMOUE.
Horatio Seymour was born in Onondaga County, Xew York, in ISIO, of -wealthy parents. He received a liberal education, studied \a.vr, was adrnitred to practice in Utica, N. Y. But he did not long pursue the piotession, tlie death ol' his father having made him successor to a large estate, requiring his attention.
Mr. Seymour's politics -were inherited from his ancestors. He first appeared in political life as the Democratic candidate for Mayor of the city of Utica, in 1842, and was elected by a fair majority, thouarh one of the strongest Whig localities. In the same year he was elected to the State Legislature, and nerved until 1845, when he declined a re-election.
In 1650 he was a candidate for Governor of his native State, but was un- successful. In 1852 he was again a candidate for the same office, against the same opponent, AVashington Hunt, and was elected by a large majority.
His administration was distinguished by his veto of the Maine Liquor Law bill, which had passed both houses of the Legislature. In 1854 he was again a candidate ; but, there being four in the field that year — two Demo- crats, " hard " and " soft shell," one Republican, and one Know-Xothing — the Republican, Mr. Clark, was elected by a small majority
After his defeat, Mr. Seymour retired to private life, but still took an active part in politics.
When the Rebellion broke out, he served as Chairman of the War Com- mittee, in his county, aiding in forwarding troops to the seat of war.
In 1863 he was once more nominated for Governoi', and was elected. During his administration, he had quite a warm controversy with the Gen- eral Government respecting the draft, by claiming that the quota of troops from the southern portion of the State was larger, in ].roportion to the voting population, than that of the northern. The matter was finally set- tled by a revision of the draft list. This revision having proved that he was right in his position, the Legislature gave him a vote of thanks, although it was politi- cally hostile to him.
In 1803 the draft riots broke out in New York City, and Mr. Seymoirr addressed the rioters, urging them to disperse, promising to do all he could to stay the execution of the draft. President Lincoln and Mr. Stanton wrote to him, when Pennsvlvania was invaded by General Lee, thanking him, in the warm- est term*, for the" aid he gave them. In 1864. he presided at the National Conven- tion at Chicago, at which General McClellan was nominated for the presidency, and, in the same ye;»r, he was again a candidate for the office of Governor, but was defeated by Mr. Teuton ; and, in 18r)8, he was nominated by the Demo- cratic Convention, held in IS'i^w York City, in July of that year, a can- didate for President of the United States, but v/as defeated by General Grant.
In personal appearance, Mr. Seymour is quite dignified, and is said to be a very sociable and liospitable gentlemitTi. As a public speaker, he is fiuent, eloquent, and argumeutative, and one of New York's most popular orators.
238. FEENANDO AVOOD,
Fernando Wood, a Member of the United States Congress, and for three terms Mayor of the city of Kew York, -was born in Philadelphia, in 1812, during the early part of the second war with Enghmd. Moving to Isew York, he engaged in commercial pursuits, and amassed, by his energy and talents for business, a handsome fortune.
His political life commenced as a Member of Congress from one of the districts of the city of New York, having been elected for the term beginning with December, 1841, and ending March 3, 1843.
Mr. Wood distinguished himself in Congress by taking a decided ground against any concessions growing out of our controversy with Great Britain, relative to the boundary line between Maine and Canada, that question then being an absorbing one in the public mind.
Leaving Congress, he resumed his position as a merchant ; and in the year 1850, was a candidate for the Mayoralty, but was defeated. Undaunted, he ran again in 1854, and was elected for three successive terms.
If a debt of gratitude was due Mayor Wood for nothing else, it would be acknowledged for the energy and characteristic perseverance he displayed in securing to the city the Central Park.
It was intended by the Board of Aldermen and Councilmen to limit the southern extent of the Park to Seventy-Second street, when Mayor Wood, on March 23, 1855, vetoed the resolution on the ground that, "though it pi-oposed to take from the Central Park a portion of the area agreed upon, still it would be in effect a blow at the whole, and jeopardize the success of the most intelligent, philanthropic, and patriotic public enterprise which had been undertaken by the people of this city since the introduction of the waters of the Croton River."
Being, ex officio, one of the Park Commissioners, he administered that office with ability during the period of his Mayoralty. Among the number of practical and beneficial reforms which he introduced was the organization of the Municipal Police. The action of the Legislature in 1857 changed this to the Metropolitan Police ; but it continued to retain, without municipal control, many of the efficient features which Mayor Wood introduced.
Defeated in the election of December, 1857, by Mayor Tieman, Mr. Wood was triumphantly elected at the subsequent election, and occupied the Mayor's chair for 18G0-'G1. The Japanese Embassy and the Prince of Wales' visit were two conspicuous events which transpired during the year 1860 of Mr. Wood's Mayoralty.
On the 1st of January, 18G2, Mr. Wood was succeeded by the Hon. George Opdyke, and in December following, he was elected to Congress for the term ending March, 1865, and was reelected, in 1866, to the Fortieth Congress, commencing December 1, 1867.
In the November election of 1868 he was triumphantly re-elected to Con- gress, with a combination of two opposing candidates in the field.
Alternately victor or vanquished, Fernando Wood possesses a stamina and vitality of character which knows no such word as fail, and is a man to whom the public are indebted for many great reforms, and an example of public spirit and invincible ener^.
239. JOIIX B. HOOD.
General Joiix B. Hood was bom in Bath County, Kentuck}-, June 29, 1831. He was educated at Mount Sterling, entered West Point 3Iilitary Academy in 1849, and graduated in 1853, when he joined the Fourth Regi- ment of Infantry, with which he served nearh^ two .years in California. In 1855 he was transferred to the Second Cavalry, and' with tliis regiment did duty on the Western frontier of Texas, where m July, 1856, he was wound- ed in a fight with the Indians. It was here, no doubt, in the wild service of the Texan West, tliat in common with others who were employed in that service, he derived that boldness and dash so conspicuous in him during the rebellion. He resigned his commission in the U. S. army April IG, 1861, and entered the army of the South with the rank of first lieute- nant, with the order to report'to General Lee early in May.
He was sent to Magruder, then in command en the Peninsula. On the 30th of September, 1861, ne was ordered to Richmond, and received the rank of colo- Del of infantry, taking command of a regiment of Texas volunteers.
When Senator Wigfall had to take his seat in the Confederate Con- gress on ]Marcli 3d, 1862, Colonel Hood was assigned to his post with a ibrigadier's rank, and attached to Longstreet's corps.
The first great fia:ht in which Gen. Hood took a prominent part was the battle of Gaines' Mills, June 27, 1862, his brigade having been previously held in reserve, and placed where skirmishing or outpost work was carried on. Now, however, they were called upon to show of what stuff they were made, and a desperate part was assigned them. The federal batteries had to be charged, and when the word was given, Hood himself on foot, led them forward, and, with a wild shout, at a run, they rushed on, right into the redoubts and among the guns. A hand to hand conflict ensued. The result is known. For his gallantry, Hood was promoted to a major-general after the battle of Antietam.
From this time the movements of General Hood were bound up with the grand armv under Lee, but we find honorable mention of him at the first and second invasion of Maryland, at Fredericksburg and at Gettys- burg, at which latter place he was wounded in the arm. He afterwards accompanied Longstreet into East Tennessee and on to reinforce Bragg, then preparing for the battle of Chickamauga, in which he took an active part, and in the engagement of the second day, September 20, 1863, he was again wounded, making amputation of his leg needful, it being terribly shattered. For his valuable services in this and other engagements. Hood was afterwards made a lieutenant-general. Six months elapsed before he could asrain take the field.
On the 18th of July, 1864, General Johnston having been relieved of the command of the Army of Tennessee, General Hood was appointed in his place, and assumed command at Atlanta, Geo., which he evacuated September 1st, being flanked by General Sherman. In October ho moved against Sherman's communications, and passing through Northern Ala- bama invaded Tennessee in the latter part of November. After the hard fought battle of Franklin he moved upon Nashville, where he was defeated by General Thomas December 15 and 16,1864, and retreated into Missis- sippi with the remnant of his army, where he took leave of them, having been relieved of his command by his request.
240. JUDSOX IvILPATRICK.
General JudsoN" Kilpatktck wa.i born in New Jersey, January 14, 1838; graduated at West Point, in IbGl ; wai commissioned m Second Lieutenant ot Company O of tha First Regiment ot United States* Artillery, May 6, ISGl ; and soon alter wa.4 promoted to Fir;st Lieutenancy.
Obtaining- leave of absence, lie accepced ;i Captaincy in Duryea's Zou'.ved (Fifth New York Volunteers), and p irticipatf d in the battle of 131 f Bjthel, Juno Id, ISGI, in wliich he was wounded. Kecovering, ha was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of tlie Harris Light Cavalry. Attached t> G-eneral McDoweil's army, his regiment guarded the outposts of the First; Army Corps on the banks of tho Kappahannock.
Subsequently, ho was commissioned Colonel of this regiment, and -pav- ticipated in the cavalry operations of the campaign of G-eneral Pope, i:i August, 18G2. In the various operations of General Pleasanton, in thi Maryland campaign, lie was actively engaged, as also at the time of thj advance of tho Army of the Potomac to Falmouth, under General Burnside. At the last-named post he was particularly distinguished with his regiment for conspicuous gallantry.
Upon the organization of the Cavalry Corps under General Stoneman, General Kilpatrick received the command of the First Brigade of the Third Division, and took part in the famous Stoneman raid, arriving at Louisa Court-House, Va., May 3, 18()3. He detached his own regiment from the command ; and, through all the subsequent movements, led it in person to Gloucester Point, opposite Yorktown, marching nearly two hundred miles in less than five days. The expedition was attended Avith marked success, capturing over three hundred men. Returning to the main army, then on the north side of the Pot imac, by way of Urbana, he passed completely around the entire Rebel army. Previous to this, he had made three other raids, and was speedily promoted for his bravery.
Li June, 1SG3, he received the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and commanded subsequently a division of cavalry under General Pleasan- ton. June 17, 1803, he conducted the battle of Aldie, and took part in those of Middleburg, June 21, and Hanover, July 1, of the same year.
In the campaign in Pennsylvania, after General Meade had taken com- mand of the Army of the Potomac, General Kilpatrick was engaged in operations on the Hanks of Lee's Rebel army. In this service he destroyed many trains, captured a number of prisoners, and otherwise dealt many blows to the enemy. •^
On the 28th of February, 18G4, he conducted a daring raid toward Pbichmond, having for its object the liberation of the Union prisoners con- fined in that city. He forced his way through the first and second lines of the enemy's works ; but the bridge over Brook Creek having been destrDyed, and not being reinforced as he expected, he did not attempt the third, but mjved off toward the Chickahominy, destroying a large amount of the enemy's property, and returned again in safety to tho Union lines, having again passed entirloy around Lee's army.
Ho was afterward appointed to command a cavalry division in Sherman's army, and was with that General in his triumphant march through Georgia, iu\x until the surrender of Johnston. At the close of this campaign, he was breveted Major-General of Volunteers ; and, at the end of the war, was appointed Minister to Chili. He returned on leave of absence in October, l8u3, and took an active part in the Presidential canvass for Grant and Col- lar, when he infused into his political campa'-gn mtich of the spirit and energy which characterized his military operations.
2-11. ROBERT C. SCHEXCK.
RonKRT C. ScHRXcK was born in Franklin, "Warren County. Ohio, Octo- ber 4, 16j9. Receiving a liberal academ.cal education, he entered Miami Univers.ty, and graduited in 1S27. He remained in this iusti uti^ n as tutor for cue or two years afterwards, when be commenced the study of t;ie law and was adinitct d to the bar in 1831. Settling iu Dajtun, Obio, he entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he became eminently distinguished and succes.4ul.
Ha commenced his political career in the exciting Presidential cam- paign of 1S4(), which elected General Harrison for President of the Uni e.l feta;es, and Mr. Schenck as Representative to the Ohio Leg slature. Serving ■with satisfaction to bis constituents he was re-elected in lSi2.
The ability displayed in the State Legislature caused his nomination and election as' Representative to Congress in Ibf 3. His peculiar fitness for this position, and his fidelity to his constituents, made h;m more popular than ever, and he was re-elected to the three successive Congresses, during which he served on many Committees, and during the 'ihiriieth Congress serve. 1 as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Canals.
On bis retirement fom Congre.-s he was appointed by President Fllli- more. Minister to Braz I. and during his residence in South America he took part in negotiating a number of treaties.
On his return to the United S;ates in 1853, he becnme extensively engaged in the Railway business in which he continued until the breaking out of ihe Rebellion in ISGl, when he offered his seivicesto the Governmenc and was commI>sioned Brigadier-Gt-neral of Volunteers in the Union Army, serving during the Campaign of 18G1 under McDowell.
Being ordered to dislodge a force ot the enemy at Vienna a few miles from Washington, he took ttie 1st Ohio Volunteers and on th« 17th ol June, pro- ceeded by the Alexandria Railroad, cautious y tov.'ards that place. On turning a curve in a deep cut, he was surprised by a volley of shot and shell fiOm a battery. Leaving the cars with hi.s Regiment he retreated under cover of the woods, until meeting reinforcements, when he returned and dislodged the enemy.
He continued to serve during the Campaign of that year, and was pro- moted to ^Iaj<»r-General of Voluntee:s, but being elected in 1SG2 to the Thirty-eighth Congress, he resigned bi- commission and took his seat in that body, serving as Chairman ot the Commlfee on Military Affairs. Re-elected to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, he continued to st-rve as Chairman of the same Committee, distinguishing himself for eminent ability, sound statesmanship and patriotic: energy.
Mr. Schenck particularly exerted himself to establish the National ]\rili tary and Naval Asylum for the benefit of Disabled Soldiers and Seamen of the Army and Navy of the United S ates.
In 18G8 lie was again a candidate for Congress, bis opponent being ^Ir. Clement C. Vallandigham, A spirited contest ensued and Mr. Schenck was elected to the Fortv-First Cc::giess. /
242. WILLlAlSt C. BEYANT.
"William Cullen Bryant was born at Cummington, Hampsliire County, Massachusetts, November 8, 1794. His father, who was a physician, observed the manifestations of young Bryant's genius as soon as he could read, and encouraged and trained it.
At liine years of age he wrote verses that were quite respectable ; and, at ten, his poetry was given to the world through the newspapers of his neighborhood. At thirteen he published a political satire called the " Em- bargo," which gained for him some applause, and soon passed into the second edition.
He was not quite sixteen when he entered Williams College in advance. Here he made I'apid proficiency ; and, after remaining less than two years, he asked and obtained an honorable dismissal, that he might pursue the study of the law.
In 1815, he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office at Plainfield, and the year following at Great Barrington, where, for ten years, he followed the tor- tuous course of legal practice, but at last gave it up for the more genial profession of literature.
When he was nineteen, and while yet studying law, he published his *' Thanatopsis,'' " Entrance to the Woods,'" and several other pieces, in the North American Uevieic.
These publications brought the author into notoriety at once, and he was requested to deliver the poems before the Phi- Beta-Kappa Society of Harvard University. He renioved to Great Barrington, where lie married a young lady of that place in 1821, and, the same year, nublished the volume entitled, " The Ages, and Other Poems."
In 1825 he removed to New York, and became one of the editors of the New York Review. He published, in 1827, several poems and tales, which quickly became popular. From this point he went on successfully, writing in the chief periodical publications in connection with some of the leading American authors of his day. He then became one of the editors of The (New York) Evening Post, and his sweet voice, which, of yore, waked the echoes of the still evening and the green hills, began to grow hoarse with the harsli ej)ithets of the political arena.
In l8o4-"35, and also in 1845, Mr. Bryant traveled in Europe, writing descriptions of what he saw for his journal in America. He again visited Europe in 1849, and, on his return, published his " Letters of a Traveler," being a resume of his tours in Europe and this country. He made three subse- quent visits to Europe, and published two other volumes of letters relating to his travels. He has gained a high reputation by his poems; and his political writings iti favor of free trade and free discussion, and against monopolies of all kinds, are marked with clearness and vigor.
He has labored earnestly to diffuse a taste for the fine arts in this country, and was President of the Apollo Association prior to its incorpor- ation as tlie American Ait Union. He has lately translated the Iliad of Homer into blank ver^^e ; tlie version has been published in Boston.
Mr, Bryant, in his ** Thanatopsis," has touched the chords of the human heart, makin* thorn vibrate to the innermost of man's being, and stirring up a consciousness of immortality within him, to which he was a stranger until that deep, solemn, and heavenly music was drawn from the " wondrous harp " of his existence by the magic wand of the poet.
243. SAMUEL P. HEINTZELMAN
General S. P. Heintzelman was bom at Manheim, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in 180G. He graduated at West Point in 182G, as Brevet Second Lieutenant.
He became Captain, in 1833; Assistant Commissary, in 183G; and Assistant Quartermaster, in 1838. As Captain, he served in the Quartermaster's De- partment in Florida during the Creek War. In 1840 he was ordered to Mexico as Captain in his old regiment, the Second Lifantry. Having acquitted himself with distinction at Huamantla, he was breveted Major in 1847.
In 1848 he was ordered to California, and assigned to the command of the southern district of that State,where, for nearly three years, he acted against the hostile Indians of that country.
From the close of 1851 to 1855, most or all of Ileintzelman's time was passed at the most distant of all the army posts, at the confluence of the Gila and Colorado Rivers; but in 1855, he returned East as Superintendent of the Western Recmitintr Service at Newport, Ky., wliere he remained until 1857, when he was ordered to join his regiment, which was then serving in Texas under Gene- ral Twiggs, where he distinguished himself in an action against Cortinas, a Mexi- can, wlio was ravaging the country about the Rio Grande, for which brilliant affair General Scott asked for him a brevet.
The treachery of General Twiggs surrendered the army in Texas on the 18th of February, 1801, to the Rebels, and the officers and men were paroled. Heintzelman escaped by having taken 'advantage of the arrival of his Lieutenant-Colonel to procure leave of absence, and arrived in Wash- ington in the spring of 1801. During all the portentous and despairing months that signalized the opening of the new administration, his acknowd- edged militaiy ability and sterling loyalty made him the confidential adviser of niany officers at Washington.
In April he was stationed, for a short time, at Governor's Island, New York harbor. A day or two after he occupied Arlington Heights, he received a commission as Colonel of the Seventeenth United States Infantry, and was assiga* ed to the command of the forces at Alexandria.
At the battle of Bull Run, on the 21st of July following, he commanded, the extreme right wing of McDowell's army, and was wounded in the arm when leading the Brooklyn Fourteenth in a desperate cifort to recover the lost fortunes of the field, remaining in the saddle for fifteen hours after, rallying his straggling troojos in the best order he might, and slowly falling back on Alexandria.
In October, 1801, he was made a Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and assigned to the left Aving of the Army of the Potomac. On the 8th of March, 1802, the army was reorganized, and formed into five corps, and Heintzelman took the Third. The history of this corps is a hist -ry of fighting. It was the first to land and the first to advance on Yorktown. On the 5th of May, Heintzelman fought the fiercely-contested battle of Williamsburg, General Sumner, his ranking ofiicer, being but slightly engaged. He was afterward prominently engaged in all the battles oi the Peninsula ; and, on arriving at Harrison's Landing, was promoted to Major-General.
He was soon after ordered to serve with Pope on the Rappahaiinock, where he again distinguished himself in many hard-fouglit battles. When Banks commenced the organization of the Gulf expedition, Heintzel- man succeeded him in command of the defenses of Washington. History sometimes brings out and emblazons forever, some whom the laurel of the day has never crowned; and bo may she do for Heintzelman, without snatching a single leaf from the leaders under whoi.i hn fought.
244. JOHX S. MOSBY.
Colonel John S. Mosby was born December 6, 1833, at Edgemont, Powhatan County, Virginia. Graduating at the University of Virginia in 1853, with the highest honors, he soon after established himselt in the practice of the law in Albemarle.
Marrying, on the 30th of December, 1857, Miss Pauline Clark, the daughter of the Hon. Beverly L. Clark, of Kentucky, he settled in Wilming- ton County, where he was in the successful practice of his profession at the breaking out of the great Rebellion. Volunteering at once as a private in the First Regiment of Virginia Cavalry, he rapidly distinguished himself by his reckless boldness and successful exploits as a scout.
The celebrated cavalry leader, General Stuart, seeing and admiring the daring clntracter of Mosby, took him into his confidence. The result of this combination is said to he the wonderful tour which General Stuart made around the enemy with such great success while on the line of the Chicka- hominy.
Being captured about this time, he was kept a prisoner until after the leattle of Malvern Hill, when he was exchanged.
Continuing his servi<;es with Stuart, as a scout, until March, 18G3, he was commissioned as a Captain, and authorized to raise a com^pany of Par- tisan Rangers.
Placed in this independent position, henceforth the name and career of Colonel Mosby became famous throughout all the campaign in Virginia during the War of Rebellion.
What Morgan was as a Partisan Ranger to the Southwest, Mosby was to Virginia. Daring, reckless, and bold, he was always on the skirts of the Union army with Ids equally daring and reckless young Cavalrymen. These embraced some of the hottest and truest blood of the boasted chivalry of the Old Dominion, from a great-grandson of President Monroe to the sons of ex-Governors and Senators, all serving as privates in Mosby 's famous cavalry.
Surprising Federal Generals at night in their beds, when not in their camp, making dashing raids into quiet and unsuspecting towns, surprising railroad trains, anticipating telegraphic intelligence by cutting the wires, or stopping it by the same mea^s, were some of the arts of war which this guerrilla chieftain practiced. Vary these with a love-making with the fair dames and damsels of Old Virginia, and we have the bold, dashing, and daring John Mosby pretty well photographed.
245. GEORGE D. PRENTICE.
George D. Prkxticr was born in Preston, Connccticui, in 1804. lie was ediicated at Brow/i University i^i Rhodo Island where he graduated in 1823. He afterwards resided in Hartford where he was several years engaged in edltin,^^ " The New England Weekly Review,'' and in the year 18 il her -moved to Louisville, Kentucky. Since that time he has be(Mi a resident ol'that City and editor cf the celebrated "Loui>vilIe Journal," with which his name bas since bi-come identified and which, in his hands, has he- come one of the most popular and succes.^ful in the country. For many years the •• Louisville Journal'^ was a leading advocate in the West of the policy of the Whig party, and Mr. Prentice won for hini'^elf a high and world-wi'de reputation for political ability, and as one of the greatest wits and most powerful satiric il writers in the country.
In 1860 he sustained the Union, or Bell and Evirett party, and in 1861, maintained with great zeal and ability the cause of Union against the Secessionists, and was instrumental in connection with Robert J. Breckcnridge, John J. Crittenden, Lovell II. Rousseau, and James Speed in preventing Kentucky from being driven into the vortex, although his two sons, " his oidy children," went to the rebel army. He was not, however, a very zealous supporter of the Administration of President Lincoln and the policy of the Republican Congress on the Reconstruction of the Seceding States, but followed the lead of Andrew Johnson, and advocated the unconditional readmitsion of all the States and the pardon of all the rebels.
Mr. Prentice particularly interested himself in procuring the release of parties who were confined as prisoners ia Fort Lafayette, but his efforts were unsuccessful, ami on its destruction by fire in 18G8,he hailed the event with undisguised satisfaction.
To his other accomplishments Mr. Prentice unites that of being a poet. Most of his poetical productions are the work of h s early years, and they have never been collected into a volume but may be found in Collectiong of Amf^r'can Poetry. A selection, however, was published from newspa- per paragraphs, m New York, m 1860, under the title of " Prenticiana." They are all of a t>igh order; but his "Closing Year" and "Lines at my Mother's Grave " ae probably his best.
As an Editor, his style was especially terse and sharp. lie was famous for his
witty paragraphs, for his sarcasms, and invectives, which were bitter and merciless.
He spared no one, and had no consideration for age, sex, color, lace, oi- kin.
On the other hand, he was genial and earnest in his laudations, warm and sincere
in his friendships, and honest and clear in his convictions.
As a poliiician, he declined the highest honor that the State could give him. He was always highly respected by the citizens of Lf.uisville, and had troops of friends, as well as that wliieh should accompany old age — " honor, love, • nd o))odience." In person, Mr. Prentice was short but stout, with a round face and well-cut features, His right arm was paralyzed ; and he was compelled to emplov an amanuensis. He died at the residence of his son, Clarence, near Louisville, in January, 1870.
246. CASSIUS M. CLAY.
Cassius M. Clay -was born in Madison County, Kentucky, October 0, 1810. He took the degree of A. M. in Yale College, in 18o2. '
In 1835 he commenced his political career by being chosen a Mem.ber of the Legislature of Kentucky, and was re-elected in lb'36 and 1840. While a member of that body he advocated an improved jury system, internal improvements, and common schools, all of which were ultimately carried into operation.
In 1839 he was chosen Congressional Delegate to the Whig National Convention which nominated W. H. Hariison for the Pjesidency.
In 1844 he traversed the Free States, canvassing in behalf of Henry Clay for President of the United States, and in opposition to the annexation of Texas.
On the 3d of June, 1845, he commenced, at Lexington, Ky., the weekly issue of The True American newspaper, devoted to the overthrow of slavery in Kentucky.
While sick, in August of that year, his press was torn down, and shipped to Cincinnati, Ohio, by a mob, and a resolution passed that they would assassinate him if he revived it.
When he recovered from his illness, he immediately revived his paper, and fearlessly vindicated the freedom of the press; and since that time the press has been open to the discussion of this issue in that State.
War having been declared against Mexico, on the 7th of June, 1846, he was mustered into the service of the United States, as Captain of the " Old Infantry," the oldest company west of the Alleghany Mountains, then acting as " mounted men."
They reached Monterey, by land, after its capture. .Captain Clay was detached from his regiment by General Taylor, and sent to the head of the column at Salrillo.
On the 23d of January, 1847, under the command of General Gaines, Captain Clay was taken prisoner at Incarnation. On the 25th, by great coolness and presence of mind, he saved from massacre all the prisoners, for which heroic act, on his return home, in 1847, he was presented with an elegant sword.
In 1851 he separated from the Whig party, in consequence of the " Com- promise measures."
In the summer of 1851 he ran for Governor of Kentucky, in opposition to the regular Whig and Democratic nominees, upon the anti-slavery basis. He received nearly four thousand votes (tAventy thousand not voting), and caused the defeat of the Whig nominee for the first time -for more than twenty j^ears.
In 1856 he was an enthusiastic and zealous advocate of the election of John C. Fremont for President ; and, in 1860, in the canvass for Abraham Lincoln, he was equally earnest and zealous.
In 1861, he was appointed Minister to Russia ; was recalled by Mr. Seward, in 1862, and made major-general fn tiie Army ; was reappointed, in 1863, to Russia, where he remained till November 5, 1869, when he returned to the United States, While in Russia, he rendered efficient service to his country by being instrumen- tal in producing amicable feelings between the two countries,
247. GEORGE F. TRAIN.
Geoege Feancis Teain was bom in Boston, Massachusetts. He started in life as a clerk in a store and rose rapidly to be a merchant.
The activity and energy of his mind, with the roving, enterprising spirit, characteristic of the New England nature, led him to seek a more extensive field abroad, and following this impulse, he emigrated to Austra- lia where he established a mercantile house. Eeturning to America he entered into Street Kailway enterpris s, and afterwards, travelled exten- sively in Europe, where, in several of the Capitals, he attempted to estab- lish the same system, in some of which he was partially successful. From Street Eailways he took an active part in the Facific Ftailroad scheme, and advocated it with characteristic zeal and energy. Going to England in 18t)8, he became prominently indentified with the Fenian movement, and from his agitation and known sympathies, was arrested by the British authorities and imprisoned in the jail at St Patrick. Ireland.
From the prison he issued numerous letters to the prer.s and addresses to the Irish people, which tended far more toward establishing '• Irish Na- tionality" than had he been allowed to lecture through the country undis- turbed by the authorities.
Released from prison, he returned to the United States, where he is lecturing extensively on Fenianism and other pojDular topics. Prolific in Financial as well as Railroad and political schemes, he was one of the most active in founding the Credit ilobilier of Ameiica.
Without belonging to any political organization he has. upon several occasions offered himself as a candidate for Con^uress, but without success. Favoring Female Suffrage he made sj)eeches in Kansas on the subject, in 1^07, and aided in establishing the "EevohUion." a weekly paper, csppcially intended to disseminate information which will bring woman on a political equality with man, edited and conducted with eminent ability by Mrs. .-tanton. Miss Anthony and Parker Pillsbury.
In ISiiU Ml*. Train had a public controversy at the Cooper Institute, New Yoik. with Cassius M Clay, our distinguished Minister to the Court of St. Petersburg, on the questions that were then agitating the public mind.
With the indomitable " American spirit" of not to be put down, im- posed upon or defeated, ho has brought suits for damages against the English Government for false imprisonment and threatened the people of the riuited States with being their President before he dies. Bold, ardent, fluent in speoch, and prolific in resources, practical and chunerical. George Francis Train is a mixed type of the New England mind in its more active and turbulent state. With a constant ebullition of feeling, sympathising with cveiy popular movement, he becomes the leader and spokes- uaan of more timid and lo.^s audacious people entertaining the same views.
By nature impulsive, hd is by neceBsity a "Bepresentativo Man." and posf^essea mu(;h more of the ** pbpuiftr" than Dttftuy otliers who profess ttt reptfe^oiit thttfc thatracler.
248. ANDREW G. CURTIN.
Ar^DRE-w Gregg Cuktin, formerly Governor of Pennsylvania, vras born in Bellefonte, Centre County, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1817. A pupil of the celebrated law school of the Honorable John Heed, Professor of Law in Dickinson's Lolle-ge, he was admitted to the bar in 1839. and immedia ely commenced practice at JJellefonte. Taking an ;.ctive part in politics ho canvassed the State for Henry C'ay, in Ibli, and for General Taylor in 1848. Appointed by Governor Pollock in 1853, Secretary of State and Superintendent of Public Schools in Pennsylvania, he brought to the duties of both offices an ability which found new channels of exercise in subsequent ])05iti03sof public responsibility and trust, liis term of office closing in 1838. ho returned to the practice of his profession at Bellefonte.
JS'ominated for Governor of Pennsylvania in l<SuO, by the Republican party, after an exciting canvass in which he personally took an active parfc'^by canvassing the entire State, he was triumphantly elected by the overwhelming majoritj'- of thirty-three thousand votes over his popular competitor Generul Foster, who held the odds against Governor Curiin by •uniting the combined support of the Bell, Breckenridge aiid Douglass parties. Tlae outbreak of the civil war in 18G1, found Governor Curtin at the head of aflfiurs in Pennsylvania, in which responsible position he de- voted himself with great zeal and energy in equipping troops for the sup- port of the Government and the speedy overthrow of the rebellion. In May, ISGl, he addressed a message to the Legislature, at its Special Ses- sion, in which he urged the establishment of a reserve corps, which sub- sequently rendered imi)ortant service to the country.
Tii8 invasion of Pennsylvania by General Lee and his Confederate armies, being regarded as the turning point in the great rebellion, Gov. Curtin achieved great reputation for the energy and ability he displayed in his position as Commander-in-Chief of the forces of Pennsylvania, by virtue of his office as Governor of the State, in arousing his fellow citizens to action and resistance to (he invaders.
The result of that memorable battle in favor of the Union forces, must ever make tho State of Pennsylvania, as one of the great border States, pre-eminent, standing as a bulwark against the surging tides cf rebellion, and render its patriotic Governor, for the patriotic stand ho took during this trying period, eminently distinguished and historical. Fortunately placed at the head of the State nt this eventful time, ho had the equal good fortuno to see, partially, through his ovrn patriotic zeal and exertions, tho ■ >iate saved as well as the Union, v.-hilo other border States were suffering all tho terrors of a desperate civil wnr, their Governors and Councils in maiiy instances, at tho mercy of conflicting parties, ifc was the good lortuno «'f Pennsylvania to meet this shock of contending forces with intrepidity and victory, and tho distinguished merit of Go vemoi' Andrew Oar tin to h/a feigual td fcliQ pOBition "whiuU ho held itud haiiOi-6d»
249. EDVv'IX D. :\IORGAX.
l^DwiK Denn'ison Morgan was born in Washington, Berksliire County, Mass., on the 8th of Febnuirv, 1811. At an early age he eomnienced commei'cial pur- suits in the town of Hartford, Ct., and wiien but twenty years of age, Ite was talcen into copartnership in the house where he eommt^need ;is a clerk. Remov- ing to tlie ciiy of New York in 1836, he extended hi-s coinmeiciai eiiterpiises, and with that sagacity and foresight which has so en.inently disiinguislied hi n, he niet witli great succe-s. Identifviug hiiiiself with the Wliig party upon coming to the city of New York, he became a prominent leader of tiie RepubUcau orgaiiizatioa upon its consolidation with that party.
Liected to the State Senate iu 1849, Mr. Morgan continued a member of that body for fouf veais, during wliicli time he introduced and cariied through the Legislature the bill establishing the Central Park of New York. On the 22d of February, 1856, he was one of the Vice-Presidents of the National Conven- tion held at Pittsburg. Elected Chairman of the National Committee, he held that position for several years, consolidating the strength of the Republican party and commanding the support of its leaders.
Elected in the year 1838 Governor of the State of New York, he was inaugurated on the 1st of January, 1859. Re-elected to the GKbernalorial office in 18j0, he was fortunate in being the only Gavernor succeeding for a Second terai for twenty years previously ; wLile his ti iuraph with the elec- tion of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency, made it nioie historically memorable. Entering upon his second term on the veiy eve of tlie Bebellion, he conducted the affairs of the Slate in a manner wnicli mastered the situation, and by his judicious administration averted much uf the blood- shed which otherwise would have been occasioned by conflicts of authority and opinion.
While zealously engaged in his Gubernatorial cfiQce, Governor Morgan was active in extending all the support of his ofScial position to the Na- tional Government in aiding in the suppression of the Eebellion. With his accustomed zeal and activity, less than sixteen months found him with one hundred and twenty thousand men equipped for the field. Among the other triumphs of hs administration of the Chief Magistracy of the State, was the reduction of the State debts and the increase of the revenues of the canals. Courageous and honest in the exercise of his authority, he never swerved from using h's veto pow<n' whenever it was attempted to be over- awed by fraud or guarded the jniblic interest.
Commissioned a M 'jor-General of Volunteers. September 20, 1861, Governor Morgan was placed in command of the Military Departir.ont of New York. With disinterested public spirit he refused to receive any pay for this service.
In 1863 Governor Morcran was elected to the United States Senate from the State of New York, and during his Senatorial period, as through his Gubernatorial and Military career, ho has been distinguished for ability, pviblio spirit and patriotism.
250. FREDERICK DOUGLASS.
Frederick Douglass was born a slave on a Maryland plantation. His father was probably a wliite man, whom he never knew; liis mother was a slave, whom he never saw but five times, because she was employed upon a plantation iwelve miles away, and died when he was quite young. When he was ten yeiirs old, he was sent to Bnliimore to be a family servant, where, /o7* a iirne, his new mistress treated him with the tenderness of a mother, and taught him to read ; and bting proud of his progress, exidtingly told her husband, vlio, iinmzed at ler simplicity, told her the dangers of her undertaking, and promptly forbade her continuing it, assuring her it was unlawful. But the desire ior learning, once awaktned, could not be subdued.
Douglass persisted, by the most ingenious artifices, to grope his way to know- ledge, and speedily became deeply imbued with the ideas tliat expanded his mind, becoming, however, taciturn and morose as he reflected on thedegiaded condition of his existence.
He now became difficult to manage, and matured a plan of escape. He had learned to write, and was at last, allowed by his masteV to work on his own ac- count, paying his owner one half his earnings. He was a Cfmlker in a shipyard, and succeeded, by his acquaintance among vessels, in finding his way to New Bed- ford, Mass. Here, accompanied by his wife, who had followed him irom Marxland, he enjoyed the privilege of being his own master, and, for reasons of safety, speedi- ly abandoned his old name, assuming that of a character which had inspired him while reading Sir Waher Scott's beautiful poem, The lady of the Lake. He soon subscribed for the Liberator^ and was introduced to Mr. Uanison. From this time his course was upward.
The talents he exhibited in recounting his experience as a slave induced the Anti Slavery Society to off. r him the position of an agent. He visited Englai d. The interest excited in him there was so great that several English friends united and paid the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds sterling for the purchase of his liberty ; while others raised him a fund of several thousand dollars to enable him to fit up a printing-office in Rochester, N. Y. Here he establi-hed and conducted a paper during sixteen years, and gave it up when slavery was abolished.
Since then his course has been well known, more thiough the ceaseless revil- ings of the enemies of American freedom than his own writings ; while, as an orator, he has acquired a reputation of acknowledged eminence. Two of his sons fought bravely in the war for lil)erty ; and Frederick Douglass has nrjade his name to be honorable. His career, as freeman, began in 1838, and he now edits the Xew National Era, at Washington, D. C, a weekly journal recently established.
INDEX
PAGE
211 Adams, Charles P. 2 Adams, John. 6 Adam:?, John Q.
34 Adams, Samuel.
144 Allston, Washhigton.
35 Ames, Fisher.
151 Audeison, Gen. Robert. 132 Andrew, John A.
93 Appleton, Samuel.
98 Atherton, Charles G.
61 Bainbridge, Com. W. 110 Baker, Gen. E. D.
135 Jiallou, Rev. Hosea. 178 Bancroft, George. 235 Banks, Xathanid P. 209 Barnum, P. T.
175 Bates, Edward.
188 Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T.
176 Beeeher, Henry Ward.
136 Beeeher, Rev. Lyman. 196 Benjamin J. P.
208 Bennett, James G.
86 Benton, Thomas H. 122 Berrv, Gen. Hirjm G.
69 Black Hawk. 234 Blair, Gen. Francis P., Jr. 2u7 Blair, Montgomery.
95 Boone, Daniel. 220 Bradv, James T, 170 Breckenridge, J. 0. 157 Broderick, David C. 130 Brooks, Preston S. 126 Brown, John. 190 Brownlovv, Parson. 242 Bryant, William C.
15 Buchanan, James. 185 Burnside, Gen. A. E.
66 Burr, Aaron.
PAGE -s,
171 Butler, Benjamin F. 141 Butrick, Col. J.
76 Calhoun, John 0. 155 Cameron, Simon.
39 Carroll, Charles.
97 Cass, Lewis. 134 Channing, Rev. W. H
172 Chase, Salmon P. 92 Choate, Rufus.
58 Claxton, Com. A. 246 Clav, Cassias M.
78 ClaV, Henry.
91 Clinton, De Witt.
197 Cobb, Howell.
199 Colfax, Schuyler.
19 Columbus, Christopher.
138 Cooper, J. Fenimore.
179 Cooper, Peter.
SO Corwin, Thomas.
101 Crittenden, John J.
89 Crockett, David.
248 Curtin, Andrew G.
148 Davis, Henry Winter. 167 Davis, Jefferson.
99 Davis, John.
59 Decatur, Com. Stephen. 94 Dickinson, Daniel S.
149 Dix, John A.
250 Douglass, Fi-ederick. 82 Douglas, Stephen A. 231 Dupont, Com. S. F. 118 Ellsworth, Col. E. E. 159 Evans, George. 100 Everett, Edward. 186 Ewell, Gen. R. S. 129 Farragut, Admiral D. G 203 Fenton, Reuben E. 215 Fessenden, William P.
PAGE
13 Fillmore, Millard. Ill Foote, Admiral A. H.
19 Foote, Solomon. 210 Fornev, John W.
232 Forrest, Gen. N. B. 25 Franklin, Benjamin.
224 Fremont, John C. 45 Fulton, Robert. G7 Gaines, Gen. E. P.
212 Garrison, W. Lloyd. 87 Giddii gs, J .?luia R. ;>6 Gerry, Elbridge.
83 Granger, Francis. 18 Giant, Gen. U. S.
16G (iroeley, Horace.
57 Green, Major-Gen.
219 Halpine, Chailes G.
24 Hamilton, Alexander.
20a Hamlin, Hannibal.
200 Hampton, Wade.
31 Hancock, John.
233 Hi.rdee, Gen. W. J.
9 Hariison, William H.
85 Havne, Robert Y.
243 Heimzehiian, Gen. S. P.
120 Hill, Gen. A. P.
30 Henrv, Patri.k.
213 Hoffman, John T. 184 Holt, Joseph.
239 Hood, Gen. John B. 189 Hooker, Gen. Joseph. 44 Hopkins, F.
84 Houston, Samuel. 181 Howard, Gen. 0. 0.
21 Hudson, Hendrick. 140 Hudson, John. 127 Hu};hes, Archbishop J.
62 Hull, Com. Isaac. 123 Hunter, Gen. David. 217 Hunter, R. M. T. 145 Irving, Washington.
7 Jackson, Andrew. 109 Jackson, Stonewall,
32 Jay, John.
3 Jefferson. Thomas. 17 Johnson, Andrew. 226 Johnst<;n, Geu. Joseph E. 180 Johnson, Herschel V. 174 Johnson, Reverdy.
PAGE
lu2 Johnston, Gen. A. S.
60 Jones, Com. Paul. 119 Kearney, Geii. Philip.
73 Keokuk.
49 Kent, Chancellor J. 240 Kibatrick, Gen. J.
90 King, William R.
27 Knox, Gen. Henry.
40 Ktjsciusko, Tbaddeu3. 33 Latkyetie.
1J6 Lane, Gen. James H.
G4 Lawrence, Capt. J.
165 Lee, Gen. Robeit E.
43 Lee, Richard H.
16 Lincoln, Abraham.
38 Lincoln, Benjamin.
227 Logan, John A.
183 Longstreet, Gen. J.
128 Lovejoy, Owen.
112 Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel.
4 Madison, James. 88 Marcy, William L.
66 Marion, Gen. Francis.
50 Marshall, Chief-Justice J. 173 Mason, James M.
162 Maury, Professor M. F. 223 McClellan, George B.
113 McPherson, Gen. J. B. 187 Meade, Gen. George G.
114 Meagher, Gen. T. F.
41 Middleton, Arthur,
115 Mitchel, Gen. 0. M.
5 Monroe, James.
55 Montgomery, Gen. R. 249 Morgan, E. D. 150 Morton, Oliver P. 142 Morris, George P. 244 Mosby, Col. John,
52 Moultrie, Gen. William.
70 Osceola. 125 Parker, Theodore. 205 Pendleton. George H.
28 Penn, William.
63 Perry, Com. Oliver H.
202 Phillips, Wendell,
42 Pickering, Timothy. 14 Pierce, Franklin.
139 Pierpont, John. 46 Pinknev, William.
PAGE
11 Polk, James K. 198 Pomeroy, Samuel C.
152 Pope, Gen, John. 137 Porter, Cora. W. D, 245 Prentice, George D.
74 Prophet, Indian, 228 Pryor, Roger A.
26 Putnam, Gen, Israel. 204 Ramsey, Alexander.
6.5 Randolph, John. 221 Riivraond, Henry J.
72 Red Jacket.
106 Reno, Gen. Jesse L. 29 Rush, Benjamin,
241 Schenck. Robert C, 68 Sclioolcraft, H, R, 108 Scott, Gen. WinMd. 216 Schurz, Carl. 103 Sedgwick, Gen. John.
191 Seward, William H. 237 Seymour, Horatio.
153 Sheridan, Gen. P. H,
225 Sherman, Gen. William T.
154 Sickles, Gen, Daniel E. 218 Siegel, Gen. Frauz.
160 Slidell, John.
75 Smith, John. 168 Soule, Pierre. 195 Stanton, Edwin M.
54 Stark, Gen. John.
192 Stephens, Alexander H.
193 Stephens, Thaddeus. 51 Storv, Joseph,
230 Striiigham, Com. S. H. 121 Stuart, Gen. J. E. B. 23 Stuyvesant, Petrus.
161 Sumner, Charles.
107 Sumner, Geu. E. V.
PAGE
81 Taney, Roger B. 229 Taylor, Gen. Richard,
12 Taylor, Zaehary.
71 Tecumseh. 236 Thomas, Gen. George H.
163 Toombs, Robert. 158 Toucey, Isaac.
247 Train, George Francis,
146 Trumbull, Lyman, 10 Tvler, John.'
177 Vallandigham, C. L. 131 Vanderbilt, Cornelius.
20 Vespucius, Americus. 133 Van Buren, John.
8 Van Buren, Martin, 169 Wade, Benjamin F. 105 Wadsworth, Gen. J, S. 222 Walbridge, Hiram. 156 Ward, Marcus L.
37 Warren, Gen. Joseph. 1 Washington, George.
53 Wayne, Anthony,
77 Webster, Daniel",
147 W^ebster, Fletcher. 194 Weed, Thurlow, 214 Welles, Gideon.
47 West, Benjamin. 182 Wilkes, George. 143 Willis, Nathaniel P.
164 Wilson, Henry, 22 Winsiow, Josiah.
48 Wirt, William, 201 Wise, Henry A. 238 Wood, Fernando. 104 Worth, Gen, W. J.
96 Wright, Silas. 124 Yancey, William L. in Zollicofier, Gen. F. K.
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