MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 3 0864 0015 4550 1 BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF BILLMAN CREEK, PARK COUNTY, MONTANA BASED ON THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE BENTHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY Prepared for: State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 200901 Helena, Montana 59620-0901 Project Officer: Patrick Newby DEQ Contract No. 200012-2 Prepared by: Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D. Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue Helena, Montana 59601 'ATE DnrilMFNTS COLLECTION 'AY 2 8 2002 MONTANA STATE LIBRARY rsiS E. 6th AVE. HELENA, MONTANA 59S20 October 21, 2000 SUMMARY On July 21, 2000, periphyton samples were collected from two stations on Billman Creek near Livingston, Montana for the purpose of assessing whether the creek is water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs . The samples were collected following DEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment protocols for wadeable streams. Billman Creek is unique among small streams in the area in that it heads at a relatively low elevation, has a mud bottom, and flows through agricultural land. For this reason, Billman Creek metrics were compared to criteria for both mountain streams and prairie streams . An unusually large percentage of motile diatoms indicated that both sites on Billman Creek were impaired by sediment. The upper site was severely impaired for a mountain stream and moderately impaired based on criteria for prairie streams. The lower site was moderately impaired for a mountain stream but only slightly impaired for a prairie stream. All other diatom metrics indicated no impairment or only minor impairment . Both sites showed signs of nutrient enrichment. However, dominance by filamentous green algae, the presence of euglenoid algae, and a lower value for the pollution index indicated that Station 2 received more nutrient loading than Station 1. Both sites had a small number of teratological cells, perhaps indicating small concentrations of toxic chemicals. And both sites had only small percentages of diatoms in the family Epithemiaceae, which may indicate that nitrogen concentrations were not limiting to algal growth in Billman Creek. The two sites had less than 40% of their diatom assemblages in common. INTRODUCTION This report evaluates the biological integrity, support of aquatic life uses, and probable causes of impairment to those uses, in Billman Creek near Livingston, Montana. The purpose of this report is to provide information that will help the State of Montana determine whether Billman Creek is water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs . The federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) thai, set limits on pollution loading to water-quality limited waters. Water-quality limited waters are lakes and stream segments that do not meet water-quality standards, that is, that do not fully support their beneficial uses. The Clean Water Act and USEPA regulations require each state to (1) identify waters that are water-quality limited, (2) prioritize and target waters for TMDLs, and (3) develop TMDL plans to attain and maintain water- quality standards for all water-quality limited waters. Evaluation of use support in this report is based on the species composition and structure of the periphyton (benthic algae, phytobenthos) community at two stream sites that were sampled on July 21, 2000. The periphyton community is a basic biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity in Montana streams (Bahls et al . 1992). Plafkin et al . (1989) and Stevenson and Bahls (1999) list several advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments: • Algae are universally present in large numbers in all streams and unimpaired periphyton assemblages typically support a large number (>30) of species; • Algae have rapid reproduction rates and short life cycles, making them useful indicators of short-term impacts; • As primary producers, algae are most directly affected by physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, nutrients, dissolved salts, and toxins; Sampling is quick, easy and inexpensive, and causes minimal damage to resident biota and their habitat; Standard methods and criteria exist for evaluating the composition, structure, and biomass of algal associations; Identification to species is straightforward for the diatoms, for which there is a large body of taxonomic and ecological literature; Excessive algae growth in streams is often correctly perceived as a problem by the public. Periphyton and other biological communities refle'Zit the biological integrity^ of waterbodies; restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of waterbodies is a goal of the federal Clean Water Act; Periphyton and other biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors and provide a measure of their aggregate impact; and Periphyton and other biological communities may be the only practical means of evaluating impacts from non-point sources of pollution where specific ambient criteria do not exist (e.g., impacts that degrade habitat or increase nutrients). Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple photosynthetic organisms called algae, and other microorganisms that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream bottom. Most algae, such as the diatoms, are microscopic. Diatoms are distinguished by having a cell wall composed of opaline glass- - hydrated amorphous silica. Diatoms often carpet a stream bottom with a slippery brown film. ^ Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981) . Some algae, such as the filamentous greens, are conspicuous and their excessive growth may be aesthetically displeasing, deplete dissolved oxygen, interfere with fishing and fish spawning, clog water filters and irrigation intakes, create tastes and odors in drinking water, and cause other problems. PROJECT AREA AND SAMPLING SITES The project area is located in Park County near the city of Livingston, Montana (pop. 7,414). Billman Creek heads west of Livingston at Bozeman Pass (el. 5,760 feet) and flows easterly for about 15 lailes to where it enters the Yellowstone River just south of Livingston. For most of its length, Billman Creek parallels Interstate Highway 90 and the main line of the Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway. The Billman Creek watershed is within the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion (Woods et al . 1999). The surface geology consists of upper Cretaceous volcaniclastic deposits of the Livingston Group and lower Mesozoic calcareous sandstone, shale, and limestone of the Ellis Group (Renfro and Feray 1972) . Vegetation is mixed grassland on silty-clay soils (USDA 1976) . Billman Creek is very different from most of the other small streams in the area in that it has a mud bottom and flows through agricultural land (Patrick Newby, MDEQ, personal communication) . Periphyton samples were collected at two sites on July 21, 2000 (Map 1, Table 1) . The upper site (Station 1) is located just upstream of Miner Creek and the Cokedale Road, and about 5 miles upstream from the mouth of Billman Creek. The elevation of this sampling site is about 4,900 feet. The lower site (Station 2) is located at the mouth of Billman Creek at an elevation of about 4,500 feet. Billman Creek is classified B-1 in the Montana Surface Water Quality Standards. METHODS Periphyton samples were collected by Patrick Newby of the MDEQ Monitoring and Data Management Bureau following standard operating procedures of the MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the rank of those substrates at the study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container and preserved with Lugol ' s solution. The samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described in Bahls (1993) . Soft algae were identified using Dillard (1999) , Prescott (1978) , Smith (1950) , and Whitford and Schumacher (1984) . These books also served as references on the ecology of the soft algae, along with Palmer (1977) . After the identification of soft algae, the raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic matter using sulfuric acid, and permanent diatom slides were prepared using Naphrax, a high refractive index mounting medium, following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998) . Between 416 and 418 diatom cells (832 to 836 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were used as the main taxonomic and autecological references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 1975. Lowe (1974) was also used as an ecological reference for the diatoms. The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an 5 array of diatom association metrics (Table 2) . A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increased human influence (Barbour et al . 1999). Metric values from Billman Creek were compared to numeric biocriteria or threshold values developed for streams in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains Ecoregions of Montana (Tables 3 and 4) . These criteria are based on metric values measured in least- impaired reference streams (Bahls et al . 1992) and on metric values measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution (Bahls 1993) . Because metrics from both sites indicated impairment (see Table 6) , Protocol II (Bahls 1993) could not be used. The criteria in Tables 3 and 4 distinguish among four levels of impairment and three levels of aquatic life use support: no impairment or only minor impairment (full support); moderate impairment (partial support) ; and severe impairment (nonsupport) . These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively. Quality Assurance. Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible. Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample information were recorded in a laboratory notebook and the samples were assigned a unique number compatible with the Montana Diatom Database, e.g., 1992-01. The first part of this number (1992) designates the sampling site (Billman Creek Station 1) ; the second part of this number (01) designates the number of periphyton samples that have been collected at this site to date for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database . Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab notebook along with station and sample information provided by MDEQ . A portion of the raw sample was used to make duplicate diatom slides. After completing the diatom proportional count, the slide used for the count will be deposited in the University • of Montana Herbarium in Missoula. The other slide will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. On completion of the project, station information, sample information, and diatom proportional count data will be entered into the Montana Diatom Database . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results are presented in Tables 5 and 6, which are located near the end of this report following the Literature Cited section. Spreadsheets containing completed diatom proportional counts, with species' pollution tolerance classes (PTC) and percent abundances, are attached as Appendix A. SAMPLE NOTES Station 1. The sample from this site was very silty and the diatom assemblage was dominated by Navicula species. Station 2. The sample from this site was also very silty. The diatom assemblage was dominated by Melosira varians and extremely long "board fences" (filaments) of Fragilaria species (later confirmed to be Fragilaria capucina) . NON- DIATOM ALGAE The periphyton sample from Station 1 was dominated by chrysophycean algae: diatoms and Vaucheria (Table 5). Although rare, the large green alga Closterium ranked third in biovolume. The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria ranked fourth. The filamentous green alga Spirogyra dominated the sample from Station 2 (Table 5) . Oedogonium, another filamentous green, was abundant and ranked second, while diatoms were also abundant and ranked third in biovolume. Two other filamentous green algae-- CI adophora and Moug-eotia- -ranked 4th and 5th. These are all common and widespread algae that may become a nuisance in waters that are enriched with nutrients. Spirogyra, Oedogonium, and Mougeotia are particularly abundant in warmer standing or slow-moving waters. The abundance of green algae and diatoms relative to cyanobacteria probably indicates moderate nutrient enrichment at both sites on Billman Creek. Generally, cyanobacteria (blue- green algae) indicate lower nutrient levels in mountain streams in Montana (Bahls et al . 1992K They cannot compete with diatoms and green algae under moderate to heavy nutrient loading. The presence of an euglenoid alga {Phacus) at Station 2 suggests some organic loading at this site. DIATOMS Together with Surirella minuta, four species of Navicula dominated the diatom assemblage at Station 1 (Table 6) . Most of these species are somewhat tolerant of organic loading and nutrient enrichment, and they are all motile species adapted to living in aggrading or depositional habitats. Most diatom metrics at Station 1 indicate good or excellent biological integrity (Table 6) . However, the unusually high percentage of motile taxa resulted in a siltation index that indicates severe impairment for a mountain stream. When compared to siltation criteria for plains streams, the siltation index still indicates moderate impairment and partial support of aquatic life uses (Table 6) . This comparison (with prairie stream criteria) is probably valid given the unique nature of Billman Creek (Patrick Newby, MDEQ, personal communication) . Although the percentage of motile taxa at Station 2 was smaller (Table 6) , it nevertheless indicates moderate impairment for a mountain stream and minor impairment for a plains stream. 8 While not motile, the two most abundant diatoms at Station 2-- Fragilaria capucina and Melosira varians- -are unattached, tychoplanktonic species that thrive under low- flow conditions. In slowly- flowing streams, Melosira varians is known to develop massive growths consisting of long brown streamers (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1991a) . All other metrics indicate good to excellent biological integrity at Station 2. The pollution index declined slightly between Station 1 and Station 2 (Table 6) , indicating a small increase in organic loading between these sites. Both sites had a small number of teratological cells, perhaps indicating small concentrations of toxic chemicals. And both sites had small percentages of diatoms in the family Epithemiaceae, which may indicate that nitrogen concentrations are not limiting to algal growth in Billman Creek. Station 1 and Station 2 had less than 40% of their diatom assemblages in common (Table 6) . Stations on adjacent reaches of the same stream, without intervening tributaries or pollution sources, usually have at least 60% of their diatom associations in common (Bahls 1993) . LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Bahls, L.L. 1979. Benthic diatom diversity as a measure of water quality. Proc . Mont. Acad. Sci. 38:1-6. Bahls, L.L. 1993. Periphyton Bioassessment Methods for Montana Streams (Revised) . Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L., Bob Bukantis, and Steve Tralles. 1992. Benchmark Biology of Montana Reference Streams. Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 9 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99-002 . U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Dillard, G.E. 1999. Common Freshwater Algae of the United States. J. Cramer, Berlin. Johansen, J.R. 1999. Diatoms of Aerial Habitats. Chapter 12 in Stoermer, E.F., and J. P. Smol (eds.), The Diatoms, Cambridge University Press, New York. Karr, J.R., and D.R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspectives on water quality goals. Environmental Management 5:55-69. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1986. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 1: Naviculaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.}, Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1988. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 2: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 3: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991b. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 4: Achnanthaceae, Critical Supplement to Navicula (Lineolatae) and Gomphonewa , Complete List of Literature for Volumes 1-4. In Ettl, H., G. Gartner, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Lange-Bertalot, Horst . 1979. Pollution tolerance of diatoms as a criterion for water quality estimation. Nova Hedwigia 64:285-304 . Lowe, R.L. 1974. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Freshwater Diatoms. EPA-670/4-74-005 . McFarland, B.H., B.H. Hill, and W.T. Willingham. 1997. Abnormal Fragilaria spp . (Bacillariophyceae) in streams impacted by mine drainage. Jour, of Freshwater Ecology 12 (1) : 141-149 . Palmer, CM. 1977. Algae and Water Pollution: An Illustrated Manual on the Identification, Significance, and Control of 10 Algae in Water Supplies and in Polluted Water. EPA-600/9-77-036. Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae . Monograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1975. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 2, Part 1: Entomoneidaceae, Cymbellaceae, Gomphonemaceae, Epithemiaceae . Nonograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Rivers and Streams: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA 440-4-89-001. Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater Algae. Third Edition. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Renfro, H.B., and D.E. Feray. 1972. Geological Highway Map of the Northern Rocky Mountain Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Smith, G.M. 1950. the Fresh-Water Algae of The United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Stevenson, R.J., and L.L. Bahls. 1999. Periphyton Protocols. Chapter 6 in Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99- 002. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. USDA. 1976. Climax Vegetation of Montana (map). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Cartographic Unit, Portland. Whitford, L.A., and G.J. Schumacher. 1984. A Manual of Fresh- Water Algae (Revised) . Sparks Press, Raleigh, North Carolina . Whittaker, R.H. 1952. A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 22:1-44. Woods, A.J., Omernik, J.M., Nesser, J. A., Shelden, J., and Azevedo, S.H. 1999. Ecoregions of Montana (color poster with map), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 11 • < in U) ■ N- E o CO o CM i 1^ 2 a J) s E 8 OQ Table 1. Location of periphyton stations on Billman Creek sampled July 21, 2000: Station codes, sample numbers in the Montana Diatom Database, and latitudes and longitudes. Stations are listed in order from upstream to downstream. Location Station Code Sample Number Latitude/ Longitude Billman Creek above Miner Creek Station 1 1992-01 45 39 28 110 39 58 Billman Creek at mouth Station 2 near Livingston 1993-01 45 38 31 110 34 21 G O • ■H w U w m U 0) a 0) >H n3 ^ XJ iJ -H to C X3 o r-t 2 T) m 0) >H G 4J 3 -rH U XJ (U m >,&!:: OJ XI -rH 0) >H v^ o CD 73 OJ c c jj m o c -H -H - XJ w m rH g X3 (13 m >H U 0 m H S-l XJ CTl-U ^ 0 W 0) r-l a 0 m -rH C U X3 m ■H XJ C 0) c OJ XJ O tn m 2 o 3 O4 rH c 0 fO -H Sh > ^ 0) w XJ OJ C O d m i-J r-H fO CD -a > a 0) •H W l+H W 3 O rO QJ CO OJ !h u Cn u ■H C C >H to •H XJ U 0) 0 e - XJ 0) C U 0) o c m •rH (D C XJ h 0 fO OJ a ■rH U-l w U (1) QJ O U U m w U m •• •H W ^H e e XJ O ITS 0) XJ d) e (0 ^^ -H XJ iw Q w 0 0) w c o Ch CO 0) T) Q) XJ U OJ w CO (D r-H > IX-I O d) tn C m OJ u c 0) iH Q) H-i 0) oi u -H XJ (U QJ CO n3 QJ u OJ p CO r-H PQ 4J •H CO V4 > -H O n (1) -H o OJ w o a 0 CO QJ QJ QJ CO CO CO m m m QJ QJ QJ !h u Sh u u U 0) a c Q M M + 0 0 0 0 ID 1 ro 0 0 1 0 0 (0 QJ ,c| XJ 0 C/3 *-) m 0) 0) •0 § d ^ 0* H 4J 0 -H u ^ B- 0) < •H U 4J 4J (6 d d iH 0) 0) •rl 0 0 a u u -H (0 0) M 04 04 o o ■ XJ 5 XJ T) 0 d c^'r;^ rH to (^ m rO ■-" ?n XJ ^ U " Sh m XJ , QJ •M ^ n PQ xq d ° 1 u 0) CO >'M Cn N ,-H -"-^ d ■u (0 •rl (0 '^ J ^ >, ^ ■^ m 2 XI fO rH d !=: 'CS 3 QJ u G 5 d •ri -H-l CD > -H to ^ m CQ ^ "5 S CQ ■^ S m ro > (0 Sh e^ CO QJ QJ d CO b u 0) d Cn -rH (0 QJ n, ^ QJ CO ^ 0) jd "5 -^ rH XJ QJ ^ 0 ^ m XJ d u ^ -rl ■So d 0 CQ rO X QJ 51 u " CQ QJ n ^ (0.3 QJ CQ >! 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