BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF STREAMS IN THE CUT BANK— TWO MEDICINE TMDL PLANNING AREA BASED ON THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE BENTHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY Prepared for: State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 200901 Helena, Montana 59620-0901 Project Officer: Rebecca Ridenour DEQ Contract No. 200012-8 Prepared by: Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D. Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue Helena, Montana 59601 STA7T DOnUMFNTS COLLECTION MCNT.ANA S-ATE L\6Rf"-v 1515 "" ?.'< AV April 7, 2003 Primed on Paper Made from 100% Recycled Post-Consumer Fiber Summary In August and September 2002, periphyton samples were collected from 19 sites on 10 streams in the Cut Bank — Two Medicine TMDL planning area in north central Montana for the purpose of assessing whether these streams are water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs. The samples were collected following MDEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioasscssment protocols for wadeable streams. Diatom metrics indicate minor impairment from organic loading at both sites on Old Maids Coulee. In addition, an elevated number of motile diatoms indicate minor impairment from sedimentation at the downstream site. Diatom metrics indicate only minor impairment in Cut Bank Creek due to low species richness and diversity, and decreasing concentrations of available nutrients between the upstream and downstream sites. Diatom metrics indicate minor impairment from nutrient loading at the upper site on the South Fork of the Two Medicine River. This site also had an unusually large percentage of abnormal diatom cells. The cause of these abnormal cells is unknown. Diatom metrics also indicated minor impairment from nutrient loading at the lower site on the South Fork of the Two Medicine River. An elevated percentage of motile diatom species here indicates moderate impairment from sedimentation. The reason for this sedimentation is unknown, but it may be related to major disturbances to riparian areas caused by the 1964 flood. An elevated percentage of motile diatoms indicate minor impairment from sedimentation in Railroad Creek. Other diatom metrics indicate excellent biological integrity and no impairment of aquatic life uses in Railroad Creek. The pollution index, however, was near the threshold for minor impairment from organic loading. The only indicator of stress in the South Fork of Birch Creek and the North Fork of Dupuyer Creek was an elevated percentage of Achnanthidium minutissimum. This minor stress was probably natural and caused by the relatively steep gradients, cold water temperatures, and low nutrient concentrations of these streams. A large percentage of A. minutissimum also indicated minor natural stress in the South Fork of Dupuyer Creek. However, this site also supported a large number of motile diatoms, which indicates minor stress from sedimentation. Diatom metrics indicate only minor impairment in the Two Medicine River and at main stem sites on Birch Creek and Dupuyer Creek. Loading of organic nutrients was the cause of minor impairment at the mouth of the Two Medicine River and at the lower 2 sites on Birch Creek. A significant change in the environmental conditions of Birch Creek occurred between sites 2 and 3, which shared only about 20% of their diatom floras. In Dupuyer Creek, there was no indication at any site of excessive organic loading, excessive sedimentation, or excessive salinity for a prairie stream. Introduction This report evaluates the biological integrity', support of aquatic life uses, and probable causes of stress or impairment to aquatic communities in streams of the Cut Bank — Two Medicine TMDL planning area in north central Montana. The purpose of this report is to provide information that will help the State of Montana determine whether these streams are water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs. The federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) that set limits on pollution loading to water-quality limited waters. Water-quality limited waters are lakes and stream segments that do not meet water- quality standards, that is, that do not flilly support their beneficial uses. The Clean Water Act and USEPA regulations require each state to (1) identify waters that are water-quality limited, (2) prioritize and target waters for TMDLs, and (3) develop TMDL plans to attain and maintain water-quality standards for all water-quality limited waters. Evaluation of aquatic life use support in this report is based on the species composition and structure of periphyton (benthic algae, phytobenthos) communities at 19 sites on 10 streams that were sampled in August and September of 2002. Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple photosynthetic organisms called algae that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream bottom. Some algae form long filaments or large colonies and are conspicuous to the unaided eye. But most algae, including the ubiquitous diatoms, can be seen and identified only with the aid of a microscope. The periphyton community is a basic biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity in Montana streams (Bahls et al. 1992). Plafkin et al. (1989) and Barbour et al. (1999) list several advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments. Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981). Project Area and Sampling Sites The project area is located within the Canadian Rockies and Northwestern Glaciated Plains Ecoregions (USEPA 2000) in the Montana counties of Glacier, Pondera, and Teton. Mountain vegetation is mainly mixed conifer forest, with alpine tundra on the highest peaks. On the plains, vegetation is mainly mixed grassland with pockets of aspen and pine parkland along the Rocky Mountain Front (USDA 1976, Woods et al. 1999). The main land uses are recreation, wildlife production, livestock grazing, and irrigated agriculture. The study streams are in the Cut Bank Creek (HUC 10030202) and Two Medicine River (HUC 10030201) USGS hydrologic units, which are tributary to the Marias River. The larger streams in the project area head along the east side of the Continental Divide south of Glacier National Park. Birch Creek forms the southern Boundary of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation and Cut Bank Creek forms part of the eastern boundary of this reservation. Most streams in the project area are classified B-1 in the Montana Surface Water Quality Standards. Streams located in Glacier National Park and the Bob Marshall Wilderness (South Fork Birch Creek) are classified A- 1. Periphyton samples were collected at 19 sites on 10 streams (Table 1; Maps 1-8). Six of the sampling sites are in the Canadian Rockies Ecoregion and 13 sites are in the Northwestern Glaciated Plains Ecoregion. Elevations at the sampling sites range from 5,300 feet (South Fork Birch Creek) to 3,300 feet (Two Medicine River near mouth). Methods Periphyton samples were collected following standard operating procedures of the MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the importance of those substrates at each study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container and preserved with Lugol's (IKJ) solution. The samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described in Bahls (1993). Soft algae were identified using Smith (1950), Prescott (1962, 1978), John et al. (2002), and Wehr and Sheath (2003). These books also served as references on the ecology of the soft algae, along with Palmer (1969, 1977). After the identification of soft algae, the raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic matter using sulfiiric acid, potassium dichromate, and hydrogen peroxide. Then permanent diatom slides were prepared using Naphrax, a high refractive index mounting medium, following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998). At least 400 diatom cells (800 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were the main taxonomic references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Lange-Bertalot 2001; Krammer 1997a, 1997b, 2002. Diatom naming conventions followed those adopted by the Academy of Natural Sciences for USGS NAWQA samples (Morales and Potapova 2000). Van Dam et al. (1994) was the main ecological reference for the diatoms. The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an array of diatom association metrics. A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increased human influence (Barbour et al. 1999). Diatoms are particularly useful in generating metrics because there is a wealth of information available in the literature regarding the pollution tolerances and water quality preferences of common diatom species (e.g., Lowe 1974, Beaver 1981, Lange-Bertalot 1996, Van Dam et al. 1994). Values for selected metrics were compared to biocriteria (numeric thresholds) developed for streams in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains ecoregions of Montana (Tables 2 and 3). These criteria are based on metric values measured in least-impaired reference streams (Bahls et al. 1992) and metric values measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution (Bahls 1993). The biocriteria in Tables 2 and 3 are valid only for samples collected during the Summer field season (June 21 -September 21). The criteria in Table 2 distinguish among four levels of stress or impairment and three levels of aquatic life use support: (1 ) no impairment or only minor impairment (full support); (2) moderate impairment (partial support); and (3) severe impairment (nonsupport). These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively. In cold, high-gradient mountain streams, natural stressors will often mimic the effects of man- caused impairment on some metric values. Quality Assurance Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible. Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample attribute data were recorded in the Montana Diatom Database and the samples were assigned a unique number, e.g., 2596-01. The first part of this number (2596) designates the sampling site (Old Maids Coulee at mouth) and the second part (01) designates the number of periphyton samples that that have been collected at this site for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database. Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab notebook along with information on the sample label. A portion of the raw sample was used to make duplicate diatom slides. The slide used for the diatom proportional count will be deposited in the Montana Diatom Collection at the University of Montana Herbarium in Missoula. The duplicate slide will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. Diatom proportional counts have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database. Results and Discussion Results are presented in Tables 4 through 12, which are located near the end of this report following the references section. Copies of aquatic plant field sheets are included as Appendix A. Appendix B contains a series of diatom reports, one for each sample. Each diatom report contains an alphabetical list of diatom species in that sample and their percent abundances, and values for 65 different diatom metrics and ecological attributes. Sample Notes Cut Bank Creek. The sample collected below the USGS gage was almost free of silt. The sample collected at Quick Silver Resources contained macrophytes and some silt and particulate organic matter. The sample collected near the mouth was silty. Old Maids Coulee. The sample collected below the highway was silty and contained macrophytes. The sample collected near the mouth was very silty and also contained macrophytes. Two Medicine River. The sample from the upper site on the South Fork of the Two Medicine River was almost free of silt. The sample from the downstream site on the South Fork was very silty, as was the sample from the Two Medicine River near the mouth. Birch Creek. The sample from the South Fork of Birch Creek was silty. Samples from the lower three sites on Birch Creek were partly decomposed (smelled of H2S). Samples collected from the lower two sites contained macrophytes. Dupuyer Creek. The samples from the North and South Forks of Dupuyer Creek were silty and partly decomposed (smelled of H2S). Samples collected from the main stem of Dupuyer Creek contained either macrophytes (Anderson Ranch) or plant roots (lower two sites). Samples from the lower two sites were silty, and the sample collected from near the mouth of Dupuyer Creek was partly decomposed and contained living protozoans. Non-Diatom Algae Cut Bank Creek. Diatoms and filamentous green algae {Cladophora) dominated the periphyton samples collected from Cut Bank Creek (Table 4). Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) were common to abundant at all three sites on Cut Bank Creek. Euglena, an indicator of organic pollution, was rare at the upstream site. Each site supported 1 1 genera of non-diatom algae. Old Maids Coulee. Filamentous green algae (Microspora at the upstream site, Cladophora at the downstream site) dominated periphyton samples collected from Old Maids Coulee (Table 4). Diatoms were frequent at both sites and Vaucheria, a coenocytic alga that indicates steady flows of cool water, was common at the downstream site. Cyanobacteria were absent from Old Maids Coulee. The upper and lower sites supported 5 and 7 genera of non- diatom algae, respectively. Two Medicine River. Stigeoclonium-a branched filamentous green alga that is sometimes associated with nutrient enrichment-ranked first in biovolume at both sites on the South Fork of the Two Medicine River (Table 5). Diatoms ranked second at the upper site and Nostoc, a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, ranked third. At the lower site, Mougeotia ranked second in biovolume and diatoms ranked third. Mougeotia is a filamentous green alga that prefers cool waters of good quality. The upper and lower sites supported 3 and 4 genera of non- diatom algae, respectively. Mougeotia was the most abundant alga in Railroad Creek, followed by diatoms (Table 5). Railroad Creek supported 6 genera of non-diatom algae, including 2 genera of cyanobacteria and 4 genera of green algae. The diatoms were the most abundant algal group at the mouth of the Two Medicine River (Table 6). This site supported 5 genera of non-diatom algae, including the filamentous cyanobacteria Oscillatoria and Phormidium, and the non-filamentous green algae Closterium, Cosmarium, and Scenedesmus. Birch Creek. The chrysophyte Hydrurus foetidus ranked first in biovolume at the site on the South Fork of Birch Creek (Table 5). This slimy, yellow-green alga often dominates the periphyton community in undisturbed mountain streams exposed to full sunlight, especially in the spring and the fall. Diatoms ranked second at this site, followed by the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria and the red alga Audouinella. Audouinella indicates cool waters of good quality. In the main stem of Birch Creek, Oscillatoria ranked first in bio\olume at the upstream site and diatoms ranked first at the other 3 sites (Table 6). Besides diatoms, all 4 sites supported green algae and cyanobacteria. In addition, the site near the mouth of Birch Creek supported the xanthophyte Vaucheria, which may indicate the upwelling of cool water at this site. The number of genera of non-diatom algae declined fi-om 9 at the Heart Butte Road to 3 near the mouth of Birch Creek. Dupuyer Creek. Diatoms ranked first in biovolume in the North Fork of Dupuyer Creek and the filamentous green alga Ulothrix ranked first in biovolume in the South Fork (Table 5). UlothrLx is sometimes associated with nitrogen enrichment. The North Fork also supported cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria) and green algae, including the filamentous genus Mougeotia. Both sites supported 3 genera of non-diatom algae. The filamentous green alga Cladophora dominated the sample ft"om the upstream site on the main stem of Dupu\-er Creek (Table 6). Cladophora requires relatively cool waters that are rich in nutrients. Diatoms ranked second here and were abundant. This site supported 10 genera of non-diatom algae, including 3 genera of cyanobacteria, the red alga Audouinella, and 6 genera of green algae, 5 of which are filamentous. Diatoms ranked first in biovolume at the middle and lower sites on Dupuyer Creek. The middle site supported only 3 genera of non-diatom algae, all of them green algae. The lower site supported 8 genera of non-diatom algae, all but one of them green algae. The filamentous green alga Spirogyra ("pond scum") ranked second in biomass at the middle and lower sites. Spirogyra, along with Zygnema, another filamentous green that was fi-equent at the lower site, indicates warmer water temperatures at the middle and lower sites than at the upstream site. Diatoms All but 2 of the major diatom species from the Cut Bank — Two Medicine planning area are either sensitive to organic pollution or only somewhat tolerant of organic pollution (Tables 7, 8, and 9). The 2 exceptions are Gomphonema parvulum and Nitzschia palea. These diatom species accounted for more than 5% of the cells at only 2 sites: the upstream site on Old Maids Coulee (Table 7) and the middle site on Dupuyer Creek (Table 9). Some of the minor stresses indicated at the mountain sites (Table 8) appear to be natural in origin. For example, high values for the disturbance index and percent dominant species indicate minor stress related to steep gradient, cold temperatures, and low nutrient concentrations in the South Fork of Birch Creek and the North and South Forks of Dupuyer Creek (Table 8). High values for the pollution index and low values for the percentage of abnormal ceils indicate that organic enrichment and toxic metals did not have a significant effect on the benthic algae at these stream sites. Cut Bank Creek and Old Maids Coulee. Diatom metrics indicated minor impairment from organic loading at both sites on Old Maids Coulee (Table 7). In addition, the downstream site indicated minor impairment from sedimentation. The 2 sites shared more than half of their diatom floras, indicating that only a minor change in ecological conditions occurred between the upstream site and the downstream site. Diatom metrics indicate only minor impairment in Cut Bank Creek due to low species richness and a large percentage of dominant species (Table 7). The dominant species at the upper and middle sites was Encyonema auerswaldii, a species that is somewhat tolerant of organic enrichment and found in both mountain and flatland habitats (Krammer 1997a). This species reflects the transitional nature of Cut Bank Creek in this reach. The dominant diatom species at the downstream site and the second most abundant diatom species at the middle site was Achnanthidium minutissimum, a phosphorus specialist. The increasing abundance of this species and the increasing pollution index values indicate decreasing concentrations of available nutrients between the upstream and downstream sites on Cut Bank Creek. The upper and middle sites shared almost three-quarters of their diatom floras, indicating that these sites were virtually identical in terms of diatom species composition and ecological conditions. The middle and lower sites shared about half of their floras, indicating a minor change in species composition and ecological conditions. Two Medicine Drainage — Mountain Sites. Diatom metrics at the upper site on the South Fork Two Medicine River indicated minor impairment from nutrient loading (Table 8). A^ The dominant diatom species here was Synedra ulna, an eutraphentic species that tolerates some 10 organic loading. This site also had an unusually large percentage of teratological (physically abnormal) cells. The cause of these abnormal cells is unknown. Diatom metrics also indicated minor impairment from nutrient loading at the lower site on the South Fork of the Two Medicine River (Table 8). Diatoma moniliformis was the dominant diatom species at this site. Dominance by this species signals an increase in conductivity at the downstream site. Diatoma moniliformis also tolerates some organic loading. An elevated percentage of motile diatom species indicates moderate impairment from sedimentation and only partial support of aquatic life uses at the lower site on the South Fork of the Two Medicine River. The reason for this sedimentation is unknown, but it may be related to major disturbances to riparian areas caused by the 1964 flood. An elevated percentage of motile diatom species indicated minor impairment from sedimentation in Railroad Creek (Table 8). Other diatom metrics indicated excellent biological integrity and no impairment of aquatic life uses in Railroad Creek. The pollution index, however, was borderline on minor impairment from organic loading. The only indicator of stress in the South Fork of Birch Creek and the North Fork of Dupuyer Creek was an elevated percentage of Achnanthidium minutissimum (Table 8). This minor stress was probably natural and caused by the relatively steep gradients, cold water temperatures, and low nutrient concentrations of these streams. A large percentage of A. minutissimum also indicated minor natural stress in the South Fork of Dupuyer Creek. However, this site also supported an elevated number of motile diatoms, which indicates minor stress from sedimentation. The North and South Forks of Dupuyer Creek shared slightly less than half of their diatom floras, indicating that the two sites were quite similar in terms of diatom species composition and ecological conditions. Two Medicine Drainage — Plains Sites. Diatom metrics indicated only minor impairment in the Two Medicine River and at main stem sites on Birch Creek and Dupuyer Creek (Table 9). Loading of organic nutrients was the cause of minor impairment at the mouth of the Two Medicine River and at the lower 2 sites on Birch Creek. A significant change in the diatom association of Birch Creek occurred between sites 2 and 3, which shared only about 20% of their floras. This indicates a significant change in ecological conditions between these 2 sites. 11 which was probably related to increasing organic loading and salinity. Sites 1 and 2 and sites 3 and 5 shared similar diatom floras, but sites 2 and 3 were quite dissimilar (Table 9). In Dupuyer Creek, there was no indication from the diatoms of either excessive organic loading or excessive sedimentation for a prairie stream (Table 9). Organic loading appeared to be highest at the 2 upstream sites and decreased at the downstream site. Sedimentation was highest at the middle site, but still within acceptable limits for a prairie stream. There was no indication of excessive salinity in Dupuyer Creek. Adjacent sites in Dupuyer Creek shared about half their diatom floras, indicating only minor changes in ecological conditions. Modal Categories. Several ecological attributes were selected from the diatom reports in the appendix and modal categories of these attributes were extracted to characterize water quality tendencies in streams of the Cut Bank — Two Medicine planning area (Tables 10-12). Modal categories indicate that diatoms in Old Maids Coulee are primarily eutraphentic, alpha-mesosaprobous, and either facultative nitrogen heterotrophs or nitrogen autotrophs that can tolerate high levels of organic nitrogen (Table 10). In Cut Bank Creek, modal diatom categories indicate alpha-mesosaprobous conditions at the upstream site, improving to beta-mesosaprobous at the two downstream sites. These categories represent oxygen saturation ranges of 25-70% and 70-85%, and BOD concentrations of 4-13 mg/L and 2-4 mg/L, respectively. Most diatoms at all 3 sites in Cut Bank Creek tolerate a wide range of trophic conditions, and are therefore classified as "variable" with respect to trophic state (Van Dam et al. 1994). Most diatoms indicate fresh- brackish waters at all sites in Old Maids Coulee and Cut Bank Creek (Table 10). Non-motile diatoms indicating fresh-brackish waters were prevalent at all mountain sites in the Two Medicine drainage (Table 11). Diatoms in the fresh-brackish category grow best in waters that have less than 500 mg/L chloride and less than 900 mg/L total dissolved solids (Van Dam et al. 1994). Most diatoms at mountain sites in the Two Medicine drainage indicate either alkaline or circumneutral waters with moderate to continuously high concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Most diatoms at these sites are autotrophs that tolerate high levels of organic nitrogen 12 and indicate either beta-mesosaprobous or alpha-mesosaprobous/polysaprobous conditions. Most diatoms in these streams tolerate a wide range of trophic conditions (Table 11). Most diatoms at plains sites in the Two Medicine drainage are non-motile and indicate fresh-brackish waters (Table 12). Beyond this, much less can be said about ecological conditions at plains sites in the Two Medicine drainage. For most of these sites and ecological attributes, the modal category is of diatoms that have not been classified with respect to their ecological affinities. 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Biological Field and Laboratory Methods for Measuring the Quality of Surface Waters and Effluents. EPA-670/4-73-001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio. Wehr, J.D., and R.G. Sheath. 2003. Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification. Academic Press, New York. Whittaker, R.H. 1952. A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 22:1-44. Woods, A. J., Omemik, J.M., Nesser, J. A., Shelden, J., and S.H. Azevedo. 1999. 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