M^'^I.W.STATE LIBRARY 3 0864 0015 4548 5 BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF MILL CREEK, PINE CREEK, AND TOM MINER CREEK BASED ON THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE BENTHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY Prepared for: State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 200901 Helena, Montana 59620-0901 Project Officer: Patrick Newby Monitoring and Data Management Bureau DEQ Contract No. 200012-2 3TATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION Prepared by: Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D. Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue Helena, Montana 59601 lAY 2 8 200Z MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 1515 E. 6th AVE. HELErJA, MONTANA 59520 November 29, 2000 Printed on lOOt Reayoled Poa t - Con« inner Pmpar SUMMARY In July and August 2000, composite periphyton samples were collected from Mill Creek, Pine Creek, and Tom Miner Creek in the Paradise Valley south of Livingston for the purpose of assessing whether these streams are water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs. The samples were collected following DEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment protocols for wadeable streams. Mill Creek had a normal algal assemblage that indicated slight nutrient enrichment. Diatom association metrics at the Mill Creek site indicated minor impairment but full support of aquatic life uses (Table 5) . Slightly elevated percent dominant species and siltation indexes and a few abnormal diatom cells resulted in an overall rating of "good" biological integrity. The algal flora in Pine Creek was sparse, both in terms of cell numbers and taxa richness. The dominant algal species here indicated very cold and very fast flowing waters, and very small concentrations of nutrients. The moderate stress indicated by the algal assemblage here was probably the consequence of naturally austere habitat conditions. The algal assemblages at both sites in Tom Miner Creek indicated moderate impairment and partial support of aquatic life uses. The leading cause of this impairment was siltation. Both sites also had somewhat depressed pollution indexes, indicating minor organic enrichment. A few abnormal diatom cells were also found at each site. The two sites on Tom Miner Creek had nearly 80% of their diatom assemblages in common, indicating that they were virtually identical in their chemical, physical, and biological characteristics. INTRODUCTION This report evaluates the biological integrity, support of aquatic life uses, and probable causes of impairment to those uses in Mill Creek, Pine Creek, and Tom Miner Creek, which are tributaries of the upper Yellowstone River between Livingston and Gardiner, Montana. The purpose of this report is to provide information that will help the State of Montana determine whether these streams are water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs . The federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) that set limits on pollution loading to water-quality limited waters. Water-quality limited waters are lakes and stream segments that do not meet water-quality standards, that is, that do not fully support their beneficial uses. The Clean Water Act and USEPA regulations require each state to (1) identify waters that are water-quality limited, (2) prioritize and target waters for TMDLs, and (3) develop TMDL plans to attain and maintain water- _ quality standards for all water-quality limited waters. Evaluation of use support in this report is based on the species composition and structure of the periphyton (benthic algae, phytobenthos) community at four sites that were sampled in July and August 2000. The periphyton community is a basic biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity in Montana streams (Bahls et al . 1992). Plafkin et al . (1989) and Stevenson and Bahls (1999) list several advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments: • Algae are universally present in large numbers in all streams and unimpaired periphyton assemblages typically support a large number (>30) of species; • Algae have rapid reproduction rates and short life cycles, making them useful indicators of short-term impacts; • As primary producers, algae are most directly affected by physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, nutrients, dissolved salts, and toxins; • Sampling is quick, easy and inexpensive, and causes minimal damage to resident biota and their habitat; • Standard methods and criteria exist for evaluating the composition, structure, and biomass of algal associations; • Identification to species is straightforward for the diatoms, for which there is a large body of taxonomic and ecological literature; • Excessive algae gi'owth in streams is often correctly perceived as a problem by the public. • Periphyton and other biological communities reflect the biological integrity^ of waterbodies; restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of waterbodies is a goal of the federal Clean Water Act; • Periphyton and other biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors and provide a measure of their aggregate impact; and • Periphyton and other biological communities may be the only practical means of evaluating impacts from non-point sources of pollution where specific ambient criteria do not exist (e.g., impacts that degrade habitat or increase nutrients). Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple photosynthetic organisms called algae, and other microorganisms that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream bottom. Most algae, such as the diatoms, are microscopic. Diatoms are distinguished by having a cell wall composed of opaline glass- - hydrated amorphous silica. Diatoms often carpet a stream bottom ^ Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981) . with a slippery brown film. Some algae, such as the filamentous greens, are conspicuous and their excessive growth may be aesthetically displeasing, deplete dissolved oxygen, interfere with fishing and fish spawning, clog water filters and irrigation intakes, create tastes and odors in drinking water, and cause other problems. PROJECT AREA AND SAMPLING SITES The project area is located in southern Park County in southcentral Montana. Mill Creek and Pine Creek are east side tributaries of the Yellowstone River that drain the Absaroka Mountain Range (maximum elevation 11,206 feet) south of Livingston. Pine Creek is a short (ca. 8 mi . ) , high gradient second-order stream that begins at Pine Creek Lake in the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness Area. Much of the upper watershed is unroaded. Mill Creek is a longer (ca. 22 mi.), third-order stream with a road running along most of its length. Tom Miner Creek enters the Yellowstone River from the west about 16 miles north of Gardiner, Montana. The headwaters of Tom Miner Creek are in the Gallatin Range (max. elevation 10,992 feet) just north of Yellowstone National Park. Tom Miner Creek is a third order stream about 15 miles long with a road running parallel to the stream along most of its length. All three creeks head in the Middle Rockies Ecoregion of North America; the very lowest reaches of these streams pass through the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion (Woods et al . 1999) . The surface geology of the watersheds consists mainly of volcanic rocks of Tertiary age and undifferentiated metamorphic rocks of Precambrian age (Renfro and Feray 1972) . Vegetation is alpine tundra at the highest elevations, mixed conifer forest at intermediate elevations, and mixed grassland at lower elevations (USDA 1976) . Periphyton samples were collected at one site each on Mill Creek and Pine Creek in late July 2000 (Map 1, Table 1) . Both sites are located at an elevation of about 5,500 feet. Samples were collected at two sites on Tom Miner Creek in mid August 2000 (Map 2, Table 1) . The elevation of both sampling sites on Tom Miner Creek is about 5,000 feet. Mill Creek, Pine Creek, and Tom Miner Creek are all classified B-1 in the Montana Surface Water Quality Standards. METHODS Periphyton samples were collected by Patrick Newby of the MDEQ Monitoring and Data Management Bureau following standard operating procedures of the MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the rank of those substrates at the study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container and preserved with Lugol's solution. The samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described in Bahls (1993) . Soft algae were identified using Dillard (1999), Prescott (1978), Smith (1950) , and Whit ford and Schumacher (1984) . These books also served as references on the ecology of the soft algae, along with Palmer (1977) . After Che identification of soft algae, the raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic matter using sulfuric acid, and permanent diatom slides were prepared using Naphrax, a high refractive index mounting medium, following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998) . Between 400 and 423 diatom cells (800 to 846 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were used as the main taxonomic and autecological references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 1975. Lowe (1974) was also used as an ecological reference tor the diatoms. Tne diatom proportional counts were used to generate an array of diatom association metrics (Table 2) . A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increased human influence (Barbour et al . 1999) . Metric values from Mill Creek, Pine Creek, and Tom Miner Creek were compared to numeric biocriteria or threshold values developed for streams in the Rocky Mountain Ecoregions of Montana (Table 3) . These criteria are based on metric values measured in least- impaired reference streams (Bahls et al . 1992) and on metric values measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution (Bahls 1993) . The criteria in Table 3 distinguish among four levels of impairment and three levels of aquatic life use support: no impairment or only minor impairment (full support); moderate impairment (partial support) ; and severe impairment (nonsupport) . These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively. Quality Assurance. Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible. Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample information were recorded in a laboratory notebook and the samples were assigned a unique number compatible with the Montana Diatom Database, e.g., 1994-01. The first part of this number (1994) designates the sampling site (Pine Creek Station 1) ; the second part of this number (01) designates the number of periphyton samples that have been collected at this site to date for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database. Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab notebook along with station and sample information provided by MDEQ . A portion of the raw sample was used to make duplicate diatom slides. After completing the diatom proportional count, the slide used for the count will be deposited in the University of Montana Herbarium in Missoula. The other slide will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. On completion of the project, station information, sample information, and diatom proportional count data will be entered into the Montana Diatom Database. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results are presented in Tables 4 and 5, which are located near the end of this report following the Literature Cited section. Spreadsheets containing completed diatom proportional counts, with species' pollution tolerance classes (PTC) and percent abundances, are attached as Appendix A. SAMPLE NOTES Mill Creek Station 1. In addition to vegetative cells, many zoospores of Ulothrix were also present. i Pine Creek Station 1. This sample was very sparse. The most abundant diatoms were species of Gomphonema . Tom Miner Creek Station 1. The Cladophora in this sample was sparsely branched and resembled Rhizocloniwn . Tom Miner Creek Station 2. Mosses dominated this sample. The Cladophora in this sample was sparsely branched and resembled Rhizoclonium . NON-DIATOM ALGAE The periphyton sample from Mill Creek was dominated by Ulothrix zonata, a filamentous green alga, and by diatoms; cyanobacteria were rare (Table 4) . Ulothrix zonata is commonly found in cold, rapidly flowing streams that are somewhat enriched with nutrients . The sample from Pine Creek contained chrysophytes and cyanobacteria, but no green algae (Table 4) . Only two genera of non-diatom algae were observed. Algal assemblages with few taxa and a small number of cells are typical of very cold mountain streams with steep gradients and low nutrient concentrations. Hydrurus foetidus , a cold-water chrysophyte, ranked first in biovolume and diatoms ranked second; cyanobacteria {Phormidium sp.) ranked third at this station. Samples from both sites on Tom Miner Creek contained a mix of green algae, diatoms, and cyanobacteria (Table 4) . Diatoms were the most abundant algae at both sites, followed by the green filamentous alga Cladophora. In addition, both sites contained the red alga Audouinella. Euglena, an indicator of organic enrichment, was rare at the upstream site (Station 1) . The algal assemblages in Tom Miner Creek indicate a moderate level of 8 enrichment DIATOMS Diatom association metrics at the Mill Creek site indicated minor impairment but full support of aquatic life uses (Table 5) . Slightly elevated percent dominant species and siltation indexes and a few abnormal diatom cells resulted in an overall rating of "good" biological integrity. The diatom association in Mill Creek was dominated by Hannaea arcus (Table 5) . This species is common in mountain streams and large cold lakes in northern latitudes. It tolerates some nutrient enrichment but is sensitive to pollution from sewage. Because of the elevated numbers of Hannaea arcus here, the percent dominant species index sightly exceeded the threshold for minor impairment. Since this species may be found in large numbers in relatively pristine waters, its dominance in Mill Creek may not be due to cultural enrichment. The sample from Pine Creek was dominated by Gomphonema olivaceoides (Table 5) . This is a cosmopolitan cold water species that often dominates the diatom assemblages of mountain streams. In Montana, it is particularly abundant in streams draining the Absaroka and Beartooth Mountains (unpublished data) . Its dominance in Pine Creek, along with a small number of diatom taxa and a low diversity index, probably indicates natural stress due to cold water, fast currents, and low nutrients. The siltation index at both sites on Tom Miner Creek indicated moderate impairment. and only partial support of aquatic life uses (Table 5) . Both sites supported a large number of diatoms in the genera Navicula and Nitzschia. These are motile diatoms that are adapted to living on aggrading substrates. Both sites on Tom Miner Creek had somewhat depressed pollution indexes (Table 5), indicating minor organic enrichment A few abnormal diatom cells were also found at each site. The two sites on Tom Miner Creek had nearly 80% of their diatom assemblages in common, indicating that they were very similar chemically, physically, and biologically. LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Bahls, L.L. 1979. Benthic diatom diversity as a measure of water quality. Proc . Mont. Acad. Sci . 38:1-6. Bahls, L.L. 1993. Periphyton Bioassessment Methods for Montana Streams (Revised) . Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L., Bob Bukahtis, and Steve Tralles. 1992. Benchmark Biology of Montana Reference Streams. Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Barbour, M.T. , J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99-002 . U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Dillard, G.E. 1999. Common Freshwater Algae of the United States. J. Cramer, Berlin. Johansen, J.R. 1999. Diatoms of Aerial Habitats. Chapter 12 in Stoermer, E.F., and J. P. Smol (eds.), The Diatoms, Cambridge University Press, New York. Karr, J.R., and D.R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspectives on water quality goals. Environmental Management 5:55-69. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1986. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 1: Naviculaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. 10 .)» Kratnmer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1988. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 2: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 3: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991b. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 4: Achnanthaceae, Critical Supplement to Navicula (Lineolatae) and Gomphonewa , Complete List of Literature for Volumes 1-4. In Ettl, H., G. Gartner, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Lange-Bertalot, Horst . 1979. Pollution tolerance of diatoms as a criterion for water quality estimation. Nova Hedwigia 64:285-304. Lowe, R.L. 1974. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Freshwater Diatoms. EPA-670/4-74-005 . McFarland, B.H., B.H. Hill, andW.T. Willingham. 1997. Abnormal Fragilaria spp . (Bacillariophyceae) in streams impacted by mine drainage. Jour, of Freshwater Ecology 12 (1) : 141-149 . Palmer, CM. 1977. Algae and Water Pollution: An Illustrated Manual on the Identification, Significance, and Control of Algae in Water Supplies and in Polluted Water. EPA-600/9-77-036. Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae . Monograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1975. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 2, Part 1: Entomoneidaceae, Cymbellaceae, Gomphonemaceae, Epithemiaceae. Nonograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Rivers and Streams: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA 440-4-89-001. 11 Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater Algae. Third Edition. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Renfro, H.B., and D.E. Feray. 1972. Geological Highway Map of the Northern Rocky Mountain Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Smith, G.M. 1950. the Fresh-Water Algae of The United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Stevenson, R.J., and L.L. Bahls. 1999. Periphyton Protocols. Chapter 6 in Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99- 002. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. USDA. 1976. Climax Vegetation of Montana (map). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Cartographic Unit, Portland. Whitford, L.A., and G.J. Schumacher. 1984. A Manual of Fresh- Water Algae (Revised) . Sparks Press, Raleigh, North Carolina. Whittaker, R.H. 1952. A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 22:1-44. Woods, A.J., Omernik, J.M., Nesser, J. A., Shelden, J., and Azevedo, S.H. 1999. Ecoregions of Montana (color poster with map), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 12 (^ 5 o o d II s 1 CO II s CO c «) E N O m (fi m ' ..-*;.'- .-'- r-^ x^ ...''-\J; ^m,' "-'im -r~^ Jl^ AN ' Xy /-yi . ^•^>^v\ \ •: w ^.^-N CO to Ol tn in II 3 o> CM O) o II o (0 LT C ^ Table 1. Location of periphyton stations on Mill Creek, Pine Creek, and Tom Miner Creek: Station codes, sample numbers in the Montana Diatom Database, latitudes and longitudes, and sample dates. Stations are listed in order from upstream to downstream. 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