MONTANA STATE LIBRARY IlllllllliiJi 3 0864 1002 2548 4 • BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF EAGLE CREEK BASED S THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE BENTHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY Prepared for: State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 200901 Helena, Montana 59620-0901 Project Officer: Rebecca Ridenour DEQ Contract No. 200012-10 STATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTIC: !'\Y 1 9 2004- MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 1515 E. 6th AVE. HELENA. MONTANA 5962C Prepared by: Loren L. Bahls, Ph.D. Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue Helena, Montana 59601 February 9, 2004 «P Printed on paper mode from 100% recycled post-consumer fiber Summary In June 2003, periphyton samples were collected from two sites on Eagle Creek in the Bulhvhacker-Dog TMDL planning area in north central Montana for the purpose of assessing whether Eagle Creek is water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs. The samples were collected following MDEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment protocols for wadeable streams. Since Eagle Creek begins in a mountain ecoregion and ends in a prairie ecoregion, diatom metrics generated from both samples were compared to criteria developed for both mountain and plains streams. The upper site (below Highway 236) had good biological integrity for a mountain stream and excellent biological integrity for a plains stream. The limiting factors at this site were sedimentation and organic loading. The lower site (near mouth) had fair biological integrity for a mountain stream and good biological integrity for a prairie stream. Here also, the limiting factors were sedimentation and organic loading. The two sites had somewhat similar algal floras, indicating that only minor changes in envirormiental conditions occurred between them. Both sites had excellent diatom species richness, diversity, and equitability. The majority of diatoms at both sites indicated fresh, alkaline, and reasonably well oxygenated waters. Both the diatoms and the major non-diatom algae indicated a steady flow of cool water and elevated inorganic nutrients at both sites. There were no indicators (e.g., abnormal diatoms) of toxic chemicals at either site. Introduction This report evaluates the biological integrity', support of aquatic life uses, and probable causes of stress or impairment to aquatic communities in Eagle Creek in the BuUwhacker-Dog TMDL planning area of north central Montana. The purpose of this report is to provide information that will help the State of Montana determine whether Eagle Creek is water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs. The federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) that set limits on pollution loading to water-quality limited waters. Water-quality limited waters are lakes and stream segments that do not meet water- quality standards, that is, that do not fully support their beneficial uses. The Clean Water Act and USEPA regulations require each state to (1) identify waters that are water-quality limited, (2) prioritize and target waters for TMDLs, and (3) develop TMDL plans to attain and maintain water-quality standards for all water-quality limited waters. Evaluation of aquatic life use support in this report is based on the species composition and structure of periphyton (benthic algae, phytobenthos) communities at stream sites that were sampled in June 2003. Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple photosynthetic organisms called algae that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream bottom. Some algae form long filaments or large colonies and are conspicuous to the unaided eye. But most, including the ubiquitous diatoms, can be seen and identified only with the aid of a microscope. The periphyton community is a basic biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity in Montana streams (Bahls et al. 1992). Plafkin et al. (1989) and Barbour et al. (1999) list several advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments. Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and fiinctional organization comparable to that of natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981). • Project Area and Sampling Sites The project area is located in north central Montana in Chouteau County. Eagle Creek is a tributary of the Missouri River. It heads in the Bearpaw Mountains and flows southwesterly, entering the Missouri River downstream from Virgelle. Eagle Creek transects three ecoregions: the Northern Rockies, Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies, and the Northwestern Glaciated Plains (Woods et al. 1999). The upper sampling site is in the foothill ecoregion and the lower site is in the plains ecoregion. Periphyton samples were collected at 2 sites on Eagle Creek (Table 1). Elevations at the sampling sites range from about 3200 feet above mean sea level at the upper site to about 2600 feet at the lower site. Vegetation in the study area is mainly mixed conifer forest in the upper reaches of Eagle Creek and mixed grassland along the middle and lower reaches (USD A 1976). Land use is primarily livestock grazing with some mining in the headwaters. Methods Periphyton samples were collected following standard operating procedures of the MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the importance of those substrates at each study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container and preserved with Lugol's (LKJ) solution. The samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described in Bahls (1993). Soft algae were identified using Smith (1950), Prescott (1962, 1978), John et al. (2002), and Wehr and Sheath (2003). These books also served as references on the ecology of the soft (|P algae, along with Palmer (1969, 1977). After the identification of soft algae, the raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic matter using sulfiiric acid, postassium dichromate, and 3% hydrogen peroxide. Then, permanent diatom slides were prepared using Naphrax, a high refractive index mounting medium, following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998). Approximately 350 diatom cells (700 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were the main taxonomic references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Lange-Bertalot 2001; Krammer 2002. Diatom naming conventions followed those adopted by the Academy of Natural Sciences for USGS NAWQA samples (Morales and Potapova 2000). Van Dam et al. (1994) was the main ecological reference for the diatoms. The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an array of diatom association metrics. A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increased human influence (Barbour et al. 1999). Diatoms are particularly useful in generating metrics because there is a wealth of information available in the literature regarding the pollution tolerances and water quality preferences of common diatom species (e.g., Lowe 1974, Beaver 1981, Lange-Bertalot 1996, Van Dam et al. 1994). Values for selected metrics were compared to biocriteria (numeric thresholds) developed for streams in the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains ecoregions of Montana (Tables 2 and 3). These criteria are based on the distribution of metric values measured in least-impaired reference streams (Bahls et al. 1992) and metric values measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution (Bahls 1993). The biocriteria in Tables 2 and 3 are valid only for samples collected during the summer field season (June 21 -September 21). The criteria in Tables 2 and 3 distinguish among four levels of stress or impairment and three levels of aquatic life use support: (1) no impairment or only minor impairment (full support); (2) moderate impairment (partial support); and (3) severe impairment (nonsupport). These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively. • m Quality Assurance Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible. Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample attribute data were recorded in the Montana Diatom Database and the samples were assigned a unique number, e.g., 2951-01. The first part of this number (2951) designates the sampling site (Eagle Creek near mouth) and the second part (01) designates the number of periphyton samples that that have been collected at this site for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database. Samples were collected at locations close to these sites in 2002 (Bahls 2003). Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab notebook along with information on the sample label. A portion of the raw sample was used to make duplicate diatom slides. The slide used for the diatom proportional count will be deposited in the Montana Diatom Collection at the University of Montana Herbarium in Missoula. The duplicate slide will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. Diatom proportional counts have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database. Results and Discussion Results are presented in Tables 4, 5 and 6, which are located near the end of this report following the references section. Appendix A consists of a series of diatom reports, one for each sample. Each diatom report contains an alphabetical list of diatom species and their percent abundances, and values for 65 different diatom metrics and ecological attributes. Sample Notes Eagle Creek below Highway 236. The sample from this site was putrid but OK. Diatom epiphytes were extremely heavy on the filamentous green algae (e.g., Cladophora). Eagle Creek near mouth. The sample from this site was putrid and soft algae were in poor condition. Fine through coarse sediment was very heavy. Non-Diatom Algae Only two genera of non-diatom algae were found in the sample from the upper site on Eagle Creek and both of these were filamentous green algae (Table 4). An abundance of Cladophora here indicates eutrophic conditions. Diatoms were dominant and ranked T" in biovolume. Vaucheria or "water felt" was the most abundant alga in the sample from the lower site on Eagle Creek (Table 4). Vaucheria requires a steady supply of cool, flowing water and is often found in springs and spring brooks. Diatoms were abundant here and ranked 2"*^ in biovolume. The filamentous green algae Cladophora and Spirogyra ranked 3"^ and 4"^, respectively. Both of these indicate eutrophic waters. These were followed in abundance by the cold-water chrysophyte Tribonema and the filamentous cyanophyte Phormidium, both of which were rare. The sample from the lower site contained a total of 5 genera of non-diatom algae. Diatoms Four of the major diatom species in Eagle Creek are sensitive to organic pollution. Three of these were abundant at both sites and one {Staurosira construens) was abundant only at the upper site (Table 5). Six of the major species are somewhat tolerant of organic pollution and these were present at both sites. Nitzschia paleacea, a somewhat tolerant species that is also highly motile, was abundant only at the lower site. None of the major diatom species in the 2003 samples from Eagle Creek are most tolerant of organic pollution (pollution tolerance class 1). The upper site on Eagle Creek had good biological integrity for a mountain stream and excellent biological integrity for a prairie stream (Table 5). The limiting factors here were minor impairment from sedimentation and borderline minor impairment from organic loading. Diatom species richness, diversity, and equitability were excellent. The major diatom species here were either sensitive to or only somewhat tolerant of organic pollution. The most abundant species at the upper site were Rhoicosphenia abbreviata and Staurosira construens. Both are non-motile species. R. abbreviata is an epiphyte and S. construens is a free-living araphid diatom that indicates stable flows of cool water and little physical disturbance. Teratological cells were not encountered during the diatom proportional count. Diatom metrics at the lower site on Eagle Creek indicate fair biological integrity and partial support of aquatic life uses for a mountain stream and good biological integrity and full support of uses for a prairie stream (Table 5). The limiting factors here were sedimentation (moderate impairment for a mountain stream) and organic loading (minor impairment for a mountain stream). Diatom species richness and diversity were excellent and no teratological diatoms were encountered. The lower site shared a little less than half of its diatom flora with the upper site on Eagle Creek. This indicates only a minor change in the diatom flora and a small difference in ecological conditions between the sites. Again, the dominant species was Rhoicosphenia abbreviata, a common epiphyte on Cladophora. The next most abundant species here were Diatoma moniliformis, which indicates somewhat elevated salt content, and Nitzschia paleacea, a motile diatom adapted to living on unstable and aggrading substrates. Several ecological attributes were selected from the diatom reports in the appendix and modal categories of these attributes were extracted to characterize water quality tendencies at the two sites (Table 6). Modal categories for the selected attributes were identical for the two sites. The majority of diatoms at both sites were non-motile nitrogen autotrophs that exert a fairly high demand for dissolved oxygen. Nitrogen autotrophs require inorganic nitrogen (nitrates and ammonia) as nutrients. The majority of diatoms at both sites also indicate fresh, alkaline and eutrophic waters with only a small amount of BOD loading. References APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20* Edition. American Pubhc Health Association, Washington, D.C. Bahls, L.L. 1979. Benthic diatom diversity as a measure of water quality. Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Sciences 3 8 ; 1 -6. Bahls, L.L. 1993. Periphvlon Bioassessment Methods for Montana Streams (revised). Montana Department of Health and Envu-onmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L. 2003. Biological Integrity of Dog Creek and Eagle Creek Based on the Structure and Composition of the Benthic Algae Community. Prepared for the Montana Department of Environmental Quality by Hannaea, Helena, Montana. Bahls. L.L., Bob Bukantis, and Steve Tralles. 1992. Benchmark Biology of Montana Reference Streams. Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use In Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphvton. Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPAS41-B-99-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Beaver, Janet. 1981. Apparent Ecological Characteristics of Some Common Freshwater Diatoms. Ontario Ministry of The Environment, Technical Support Section, Don Mills, Ontario. Johansen. J.R. 1999. Diatoms of Aerial Habitats. Chapter 12 ;n Stoermer, E.F., and J.P. Smo! (eds.). The Diatoms: Applications For the Environmental and Earth Sciences, Cambridge University Press, New York. John, D.M., B.A. Whitton, and A.J. Brook (eds.). 2002. The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae. Cambridge University Karr, J.R., and D.R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspectives on water quality' goals. Environmental Management 5:55-69. Krammer, Kurt. 2002. Cymbella. Volume 3 in Diatoms of Europe, Horst Lange-Bertalot, ed. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Germany. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1986. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 1: N'aviculaceae. In Enl, H., J Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. I98S. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 2: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991a. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 3: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991b. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 4: Achnanthaceae, Critical Supplement to Navicula (Lineolatae) and Gomphonema. Complete List of Literature for Volumes 1-4. In Ettl, H., G. Gartner, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Lange-Bertalot, Horst. 1979. Pollution tolerance of diatoms as a criterion for water quality estimation. Nova Hedwigia 64:285-304. Lange-Bertalot, Horst. 1996. Rote Liste der limnischen Kieselalgen (Bacillariophyceae) Deutschlands. Schr.-R. f. Vegetationskde., H. 28, pp. 633-677. BfN, Bonn-Bad Godesberg. Lange-Bertalot, Horst. 200 1 . Navicula sensu stricto: 1 0 Genera Separated from Navicula sensu lato; Fruslulia. Volume 2 in Diatoms of Europe, Horst Lange-Bertalot, ed. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Germany. Lowe, R.L. 1974. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Freshwater Diatoms. EPA-670/4-74-005. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio. McFarland, B.H., B.H. Hill, and W.T. Willingham. 1997. Abnormal Fragilaria spp. (Bacillariophyceae) In streams impacted by mine drainage. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12(1):141-149. Morales, E.A., and Marina Potapova. 2000. Third NAWQA Workshop on Harmonization of Algal Taxonomy, May 2000. Patrick Center for Environmental Research, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Palmer, CM. 1969. A composite rating of algae tolerating organic pollution. Journal of Phycology 5:78-82. Palmer, CM. 1977. Algae and Water Pollution: An Illustrated Manual on the Identification, Significance, and Control of Algae in Water Supplies and in Polluted Water. EPA-600/9-77-036. Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Rivers and Streams: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA 440-4-89-001. Prescott, G.W. 1962. Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area. Wm. C Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa. Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater Algae. Third Edition. Wm. C Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Renfro, H.B., and D.E. Feray. 1972. Geological Highway Map of the Northern Rocky Mountain Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Smith, G.M. 1950. The Fresh-Water Algae of The United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Stevenson, R.J., and Y. Pan. 1999. Assessing Environmental Conditions in Rivers and Streams with Diatoms. Chapter 2 in Stoermer, E.F., and J. P. Smol (eds.). The Diatoms: Applications For the Environmental and Earth Sciences, Cambridge University Press, New York. Stewart, W.D.P., P. Rowell, and A.N. Rai. 1980. Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria. Pp. 239-277 in Stewart, W.D.P., and J. Gallo (eds.). Nitrogen Fixation, Academic Press, New York. USDA. 1976. Climax Vegetation of Montana (map). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Cartographic Unit, Portland. USEPA. 2000. Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States (map). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. Van Dam, Herman, Adrienne Mertens, and Jos Sinkeldam. 1994. A coded checklist and ecological Indicator values of freshwater diatoms from The Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 28(1): 117-133. 10 Weber, C.I. (ed.). 1973. Biological Field and Laboratory Methods for Measuring the Qualit>' of Surface Waters and Effluents. EPA-67Q/4-73-001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio. Wehr, J. D., and R.G. Sheath. 2003. Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification. Academic Press, New York. Whittaker, R.H. 1952. A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 22:1-44. Woods, A.J., Omemik, J.M., Nesser, J.A., Shelden, J., and S.H. Azevedo. 1999. Ecoregions of Montana (color poster with map), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 11 CO o o CM (0 c s c o T3 c CO in ro Q> c ^ o en TO LU c o en _c cL e CO c: o Q. "l_ 0) Q. O LU a 9 ro o o 0 CD ca Q CO 0) c o 3 W ^> - CD Q. -O g E E S CD 3 :^ w CD CD CD C W o c o CD CO ro O CD n o 5 CD o o cn o o CD CD CD ID ID o ^— ID ID CD CD CM CN CM CD O O O O _i _I o O < < LU LU CO CD CN CN CD CD CM >% CD 5 SI 5 en 3 I O 5 E o v— CD 0) Q) JD C ^ JC 0) CD 0) 05 u 6 u5 > 0) c D) ra C c 3 O ^ E £ c 03 ^ CD c c s <«■ o id 0) CO > E '^ Q- £ ■i o c en CO S i^ CO W o cu SI ■- S O (/) ^ 0) O •D (U ■D 05 O "53 E c o "cD CD C CL E en 0) o X CD CO E o Q (0 o ? ? CD 2i^ CO o m < U ^ c E o O > CO ■^ x: !^ (f) 0 "-^ > b en CD ^ ■— T3 y - 9^ i)^ t: — c o "(0 OJ o E en. Q. CJ) .<=. 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