e^ MONTANA STATE LIBRARY 11111 3 0864 1001 6045 9 • BIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF CASINO CREEK, FERGUS COUNTY, MONTANA BASED ON THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE BENTHIC ALGAE COMMUNITY Prepared for; \ State of Montana Department of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 2 009 01 Helena, Montana 59620-0901 Project Officer: Darrin Kron DEQ Contract No. 200012-2 Prepared by: Loren L . Bahl s , Ph . D . Hannaea 1032 Twelfth Avenue Helena, Montana 59601 TATE DOCUMENTS COLLECTION ncT r 5 2002 MONTANA STATE LIBRARY ■ 1515 E. 6th AVE. ^ ^LENA, MONTANA 59G20 November 15, 2 000 Pri D ted on 100% Rccycl cd Pos t - Cona umer Paper SUMMARY On August 8, 2000, periphyton samples were collected from two stations on Casino Creek near Lewistown, Montana for the purpose of assessing whether the creek is water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs . The samples were collected following DEQ standard operating procedures, processed and analyzed using standard methods for periphyton, and evaluated following modified USEPA rapid bioassessment protocols for wadeable streams. Casino Creek heads in the foothills of the Big Snowy Mountains and flows for most of its length through a grassland ecoregion. For this reason. Casino Creek metrics were compared to criteria for both mountain streams and prairie streams . When compared to biocriteria for mountain streams, the siltation index indicated partial support of aquatic life uses at both sampling sites. Siltation was worse at the upper site. When compared to criteria for plains streams, the siltation index indicated only minor impairment and full support of aquatic life uses at C 1, and no impairment at C 2 . A relatively large number of teratological diatom cells indicated possibile chemical toxicity or environmental stress at C 2, and only partial support of aquatic life uses. The source of this toxicity or stress is unknown. The non-diatom algal assemblages and the diatom pollution index both indicated small increases in nutrient concentrations and organic loading between sites C 1 and C 2. The relatively low similarity index indicated that sites C 1 and C 2 had only somewhat similar diatom floras and that a moderate amount of environmental change had occured between the two sites. • INTRODUCTION This report evaluates the biological integrity, support of aquatic life uses, and probable causes of impairment to those uses, in Casino Creek near Lewistown, Montana. The purpose of this report is to provide information that will help the State of Montana determine whether Casino Creek is water-quality limited and in need of TMDLs . The federal Clean Water Act directs states to develop water pollution control plans (Total Maximum Daily Loads or TMDLs) that set limits on pollution loading to water-quality limited waters. Water-quality limited waters are lakes and stream segments that do not meet water-quality standards, that is, that do not fully support their beneficial uses. The Clean Water Act and USEPA regulations require each state to (1) identify waters that are water-quality limited, (2) prioritize and target waters for TMDLs, and (3) develop TMDL plans to attain and maintain water- quality standards for all water-quality limited waters. Evaluation of use support in this report is based on the species composition and structure of the periphyton (benthic algae, phytobenthos) community at two stream sites that were sampled on August 8, 2000. The periphyton community is a basic biological component of all aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton accounts for much of the primary production and biological diversity in Montana streams (Bahls et al . 1992) . Plafkin et al . (1989) and Stevenson and Bahls (1999) list several advantages of using periphyton in biological assessments: • Algae are universally present in large numbers in all streams and unimpaired periphyton assemblages typically support a large number (>30) of species; • Algae have rapid reproduction rates and short life cycles, making them useful indicators of short-term impacts; As primary producers, alga'e are most directly affected by physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, nutrients, dissolved salts, and toxins,- Sampling is quick, easy and inexpensive, and causes minimal damage to resident biota and their habitat; Standard methods and criteria exist for evaluating the composition, structure, and biomass of algal associations; Identification to species is straightforward for the diatoms, for which there is a large body of taxonomic and ecological literature; Excessive algae growth in streams is often correctly perceived as a problem by the public. Periphyton and other biological communities reflect the biological integrity^ of waterbodies; restoring and maintaining the biological integrity of waterbodies is a goal of the federal Clean Water Act; Periphyton and other biological communities integrate the effects of different stressors and provide a measure of their aggregate impact; and Periphyton and other biological communities may be the only practical means of evaluating impacts from non-point sources of pollution where specific ambient criteria do not exist (e.g., impacts that degrade habitat or increase nutrients) . Periphyton is a diverse assortment of simple photosynthetic organisms, called algae, and other microorganisms that live attached to or in close proximity of the stream bottom. Most algae, such as the diatoms, are microscopic. Diatoms are distinguished by having a cell wall composed of opaline glass- - hydrated amorphous silica. Diatoms often carpet a stream bottom with a slippery brown film. ^ Biological integrity is defined as "the ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitats within a region" (Karr and Dudley 1981) . Some algae, such as the filamentous greens, are conspicuous and their excessive growth may be aesthetically displeasing, deplete dissolved oxygen, interfere with fishing and fish spawning, clog water filters and irrigation intakes, create tastes and odors in drinking water, and cause other problems. PROJECT AREA AND SAMPLING SITES The project area is located in Fergus County near the city of Lewistown, Montana (pop. 6,368). Casino Creek heads in the foothills of the Big Snowy Mountains at an elevation of about 5,000 feet and flows north for about 15 miles to where it enters Big Spring Creek just south of Lewistown. The Casino Creek watershed is within the Montana Valley and Foothill Prairies Ecoregion (Woods et al . 1999) . The surface geology consists of metamorphic rocks of the Kootenai Formation overlain by Quaternary gravel deposits (Renfro and Feray 1972) . Vegetation is mixed forest and grassland in the headwaters and grassland at lower elevations (USDA 1976). Periphyton samples were collected at two sites on August 8, 2000 (Table 1) . The upper site (C 1) is located just downstream of the road to Cottonwood Creek at an elevation of about 5,000 feet (Map 1) . The lower site (C 2) is located at an elevation of about 4,100 feet just upstream of the reservoir near the mouth of Casino Creek (Map 2) . Land use in the Casino Creek watershed is mostly livestock and wildlife grazing. Casino Creek is classified B-1 in the Montana Surface Water Quality Standards. Several hundred gallons of used motor oil were released into Casino Creek near the end of February 1999. This oil did not appear to have an immediate effect upon the periphyton community (Bahls 1999) . METHODS Periphyton samples were collected by Darrin Kron (Water Monitoring Section, MDEQ Monitoring and Data Management Bureau) following standard operating procedures of the MDEQ Planning, Prevention, and Assistance Division. Using appropriate tools, microalgae were scraped, brushed, or sucked from natural substrates in proportion to the rank of those substrates at the study site. Macroalgae were picked by hand in proportion to their abundance at the site. All collections of microalgae and macroalgae were pooled into a common container and preserved with Lugol ' s solution. The samples were examined to estimate the relative abundance and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of soft (non-diatom) algae according to the method described by Bahls (1993) . Soft algae were identified using Dillard (1999) , Prescott (1978) , Smith (1950) , and Whitford and Schumacher (1984) . These books also served as references on the ecology of the soft algae, along with Palmer (1977) . After the identification of soft algae, the raw periphyton samples were cleaned of organic matter using sulfuric acid, and permanent diatom slides were prepared using Naphrax, a high refractive index mounting medium, following Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 1998) . Between 401 and 412 diatom cells (802 to 824 valves) were counted at random and identified to species. The following were used as the main taxonomic and autecological references for the diatoms: Krammer and Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b; Patrick and Reimer 1966, 1975. Lowe (1974) was also used as an ecological reference for the diatoms . The diatom proportional counts were used to generate an 5 array of diatom association metrics (Table 2) . A metric is a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increased human influence (Barbour et al . 1999). Metric values from Casino Creek were compared to numeric biocriteria or threshold values developed for streams in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains Ecoregions of Montana (Tables 3 and 4) . These criteria are based on metric values measured in least-impaired reference streams (Bahls et al . 1992) and on metric values measured in streams that are known to be impaired by various sources and causes of pollution (Bahls 1993). Because metrics from both sites indicated impairment (see Table 6) , Protocol II (Bahls 1993) could not be used. The criteria in Tables 3 and 4 distinguish among four levels of impairment and three levels of aquatic life use support: no impairment or only minor impairment (full support); moderate impairment (partial support) ; and severe impairment (nonsupport) . These impairment levels correspond to excellent, good, fair, and poor biological integrity, respectively. Quality Assurance. Several steps were taken to assure that the study results are accurate and reproducible. Upon receipt of the samples, station and sample information were recorded in a laboratory notebook and the samples were assigned a unique number compatible with the Montana Diatom Database, e.g., 2002-01. The first part of this number (2002) designates the sampling site (Casino Creek Station 1) ; the second part of this number (01) designates the number of periphyton samples that have been collected at this site to date for which data have been entered into the Montana Diatom Database. Sample observations and analyses of soft (non-diatom) algae were recorded in a lab notebook along with station and sample information provided by r4DEQ . A portion of the raw sample was used to make duplicate diatom slides. After completing the diatom proportional count, the slide used for the count will be deposited in the University of Montana Herbarium in Missoula. The other slide will be retained by Hannaea in Helena. On completion of the project, station information, sample information, and diatom proportional count data will be entered into the Montana Diatom Database. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results are presented in Tables 5 and 6, which are located near the end of this report following the Literature Cited section. Spreadsheets containing completed diatom proportional counts, with species' pollution tolerance classes (PTC) and percent abundances, are attached as Appendix A. SAMPLE NOTES C 1. Mosses were present in this sample. The Protoderma here was growing on organic debris. The Lyngbya in this sample had a very distinct sheath and the trichomes were much wider than those of Phormidium. C 2 . The sample from this site contained an unknown genus of cyanobacteria . Audouinella, Oedogonium, Rhoicosphenia and Cocconeis were present as epiphytes on Cladophora. NON-DIATOM ALGAE The periphyton samples from both sites contained a mix of green algae, diatoms, red algae, and cyanobacteria (Table 5) . Red algae are generally more sensitive to pollution than other types, although Audouinella, the red alga found in Casino Creek, is somewhat tolerant of pollution. Occasional cells of Euglena were observed at C 2 . The presence of this pollution- tolerant euglenoid alga suggests some organic loading at this site. Diatoms ranked first in biovolume at both sites, followed by cyanobacteria (mostly Lyngbya) at C 1 and by green algae (mostly Cladophora) at C 2 . The decline in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and the increase in green algae from C 1 to C 2 may indicate an increase in nutrient concentrations between these sites. Certain cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are typical of mountain streams with lower nutrient levels in Montana (Bahls et al . 1992). They cannot compete with diatoms and green algae under moderate to heavy nutrient loading. Cladophora, which was absent at C 1 but common at C 2 , is a widespread alga that often becomes a nuisance in waters that are enriched with nutrients. Protoderma, the only green alga found at C 1, grows primarily on submerged macrophytes (Smith 1950) . DIATOMS The major diatom species in Casino Creek were both tolerant of and sensitive to organic pollution (Table 6) . The percent abundance of tolerant and sensitive species was about the same at the two sites, resulting in almost identical pollution indexes. The pollution index declined slightly between C 1 and C 2, indicating a small increase in organic loading between these sites. The pollution index indicated minor impairment for a mountain stream and no impairment when compared to biocriteria for a prairie stream (Table 4) . 8 Diatom species richness and diversity were excellent for a mountain stream and good for a prairie stream (Table 6) . The percent dominant species indicated minor stress at both sites. The relatively low percentage of Achnanthes minutissima, an opportunistic pioneer species, indicated minimal biological, chemical, or physical disturbance at both sites. The relatively large number of cells in the motile genera Navicula and Nitzschia indicated moderate impairment from siltation at both sites (Table 6) . However, when compared to diatom criteria for prairie screams, siltation caused only minor impairment at C 1 and no impairment at C 2 . No diatom cells exhibiting physical abnormalities were observed at site C 1. Nine (9) abnormal cells representing four species were counted at C 2 , indicating moderate impairment at this site. The percentage of teratological cells has been correlated with ambient concentrations of heavy metals in certain Colorado streams (McFarland et al . 1997). Teratological cells may also result from other forrris of pollution and environmental stress . No diatom species in the family Epithemiaceae were counted, indicating that nitrogen was probably not limiting to algal growth at either site. Diatoms in this family often harbor nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria within their cells and are most often found in waters where nitrogen is the limiting nutrient. The relatively low similarity index (41.52) indicated that the two sites had only somewhat similar diatom floras and that a moderate amount of change had occured between the two sites. Adjacent reaches on the same stream, without intervening tributaries or pollution sources, can expect to have at least 60% of their diatom floras in common (Bahls 1993) . LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Bahls, L.L. 1979. Benthic diatom diversity as a measure of water quality. Proc . Mont. Acad. Sci . 38:1-6. Bahls, L.L. 1993. Periphyton Bioassessment Methods for Montana Streams (Revised) . Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Bahls, L.L. 1999. Effects Of An Oil Spill on The Composition and Structure of the Periphyton Community in Casino Creek and Big Spring Creek near Lewistown, Montana. Prepared for the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Helena, Contract No. 200012. Bahls, L.L., Bob Bukantis, and Steve Tralles. 1992. Benchmark Biology of Montana Reference Streams. Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Helena. Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99-002 . U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. Dillard, G.E. 1999. Common Freshwater Algae of the United States. J. Cramer, Berlin. Johansen, J.R. 1999. Diatoms of Aerial Habitats. Chapter 12 in Stoermer, E.F., and J. P. Smol (eds.), The Diatoms, Cambridge University Press, New York. Karr, J.R., and D.R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspectives on water quality goals. Environmental Management 5:55-69. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1986. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 1: Naviculaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1988. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 2: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae . In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, New York. 10 Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot . 1991a. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 3: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. In Ettl, H., J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.), Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Krammer, K., and H. Lange-Bertalot. 1991b. Bacillariophyceae, Part 2, Volume 4: Achnanthaceae, Critical Supplement to Navicula (Lineolatae) and Gomphonema , Complete List of Literature for Volumes 1-4. In Ettl, H., G. Gartner, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (eds.). Freshwater Flora of Middle Europe. Gustav Fischer Publisher, Stuttgart. Lange-Bertalot, Horst. 1979. Pollution tolerance of diatoms as a criterion for water quality estimation. Nova Hedwigia 64:285-304. Lowe, R.L. 1974. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Freshwater Diatoms. EPA-670/4-74-005 . McFarland, B.H., B.H. Hill, and W.T. Willingham. 1997. Abnoirmal Fragilaria spp . (Bacillariophyceae) in streams impacted by mine drainage. Jour, of Freshwater Ecology 12 (1) : 141-149 . Palmer, CM. 1977. Algae and Water Pollution: An Illustrated Manual on the Identification, Significance, and Control of Algae in Water Supplies and in Polluted Water. EPA-600/9-77-036. Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1966. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 1: Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae, Achnanthaceae, Naviculaceae . Monograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia . Patrick, Ruth, and C.W. Reimer. 1975. The Diatoms of The United States Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii. Volume 2, Part 1: Entomoneidaceae, Cymbellaceae, Gomphonemaceae, Epithemiaceae . Nonograph Number 13, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Plafkin, J.L., M.T. Barbour, K.D. Porter, S.K. Gross, and R.M. Hughes. 1989. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Rivers and Streams: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. EPA 440-4-89-001. Prescott, G.W. 1978. How to Know the Freshwater Algae. Third Edition. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. Renfro, H.B., and D.E. Feray. 1972. Geological Highway Map of the Northern Rocky Mountain Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 11 Smith, G.M. 1950. the Fresh-Water Algae of The United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Stevenson, R.J., and L.L. Bahls. 1999. Periphyton Protocols. Chapter 6 in Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish. Second Edition. EPA/841-B-99- 002. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. USDA. 1976. Climax Vegetation of Montana (map). U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Cartographic Unit, Portland. Whitford, L.A., and G.J. Schumacher. 1984. A Manual of Fresh- Water Algae (Revised) . Sparks Press, Raleigh, North Carolina . Whittaker, R.H. 1952. A study of summer foliage insect communities in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecological Monographs 22:1-44. Woods, A.J., Omernik, J.M., Nesser, J. A., Shelden, J., and Azevedo, S.H. 1999. Ecoregions of Montana (color poster with map), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. 12 \\ ■- 1..- .• J IV^ •■,' ->^ v ^■^■^V'^M,^ "% ^?*3&? v^ ' -'ll w c^ i# ,v • .-■■■ J , ^ ■i z — t ^ -.s x ^ ) • / \\\ 1 ;'t ■ V : i^ \ II !NJ ..J ! ■1 (. ,.- 1 ■ - ^ — H- •^-:: — 1 I- J-.1 \i -'■•■^of^s'^.-.'.^Z'^yf^ .... ». ^ : a \. "M \ \ /" "■^. \ C^4 \ \ ^ c^ ^ in II CO CT 00 CO CM 1 d II Table 1. Location of periphyton stations on Casino Creek sampled August 8, 2000: Station codes, sample numbers in the Montana Diatom Database, and latitudes and longitudes. Stations are listed in order from upstream to downstream. Location Station Code Sample Number Latitude/ Longitude Casino Creek headwaters below Cottonwood Road C 1 2002-01 46 57 21 109 26 27 Casino Creek upstream of reservoir C 2 2003-01 47 01 29 109 26 15 C O H tn J-l cn fC U 0) c 0 i-i n3 u 4J 4-) H CO C XJ O r-H S T) fC (1) U C 4J 3 ■H U 4J CD fC >, D4 C 4J X •H QJ u J-l o CTTO 0) C c 4-) n3 o G -H •H ^ Jj w fC <-\ B X3 (T3 rO M U (U ;3 ■H i-i JJ tJliJ U O en (U 1— 1 a o rfl ■H C CJ £! fO •rH 4J C 0) C QJ iJ o tn 03 2 0 3 a rH C 0 m •rH u > x: 0) W 4-) 0) c 0 =) re J-) rH fO cn Tl > C 0) ■rH w U-l cn 3 O fC3 OJ CO (U u u Cn u ■H G c k (13 •H iJ U 0) 0 e o QJ tn c fT3 Q) u QJ iH Q) UH QJ Pi U ■H Sh QJ QJ cn m QJ u u QJ Q ■ri tn U 0) > -rl Q n (1) •H o 0) CO a o a (0 CO QJ QJ QJ cn cn cn (13 (13 (13 Q) QJ QJ !h Vh Sh U U U QJ C C Q M M + o o o o in 1 m o o t o o a o -H 3 O + c o cn I o o o -H nJ 4J rH •H CO o o I o o (Ti cn CTi H M 03 (T\ m ro u r~~ CT\ CTi QJ (Tl cn C7^ t-\ H rH Vh CO CO cn 3 O rH (13 DQ rH rH X3 x; -c; ^ (0 (13 n3 m m pq 0) a H a) o a n] ,Q M jj (0 -H Q QJ QJ QJ Q) QJ QJ tn cn CO cn tn cn (C (13 (U (T3 fO (t! 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Relative abundance of cells and rank by biovolume of diatoms and genera of non-diatom algae in periphyton samples collected from Casino Creek near Lewistown, Montana on August 8, 2000. Taxa Relative Abundance and (Rank) C 1 C 2 Chlorophyta (green algae) Anki s trodesmus Cladophora Oedogonium Protoderma common (3) occasional (10) common ( 2 ) occasional (7) frequent (4) Euglenophyta (euglenoid algae) Euglena occasional (9) Chrysophyta (golden algae) Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) frequent (1) frequent (1) Rhodophyta Audouinella occasional (5) frequent (3) Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) ^ Lynghya Oscillatoria Phormi di um unknown^ frequent (2) occasional [6] common (4) occasional (6) frequent (5) occasional (8) ^ Formerly known as blue-green algae. ^ Thallus is filamentous with false branching; heterocysts lacking; cells elongate oblong, enclosed in a firm sheath, end walls not touching; starch test negative. Table 6. Percent abundance of major diatom species'- and values of selected diatom association metrics for periphyton samples collected from Casino Creek near Lewistown, Montana on August 8, 2000. Species /Me trie (Pollution Tolerance Class) ^ Percent Abundance/Metric Values^ Mountain Criteria Plains Criteria^ CI C2 CI C2 (3) Achnanthes minutissima Amphora pediculus (3) Gowphonerna kobayasii (3) Gomphonewa parvulum (1) Navicula cryptotenella (2 Navicula minima (1) Navicula tripunctata (3) Nitzschia dissipata (3) Cells Counted Total Species Species Counted Species Diversity Percent Dominant Species Disturbance Index Pollution Index Siltation Index Percent Abnormal Cells Percent Epithemiaceae Similarity Index 15.17 12 . .72 0.61 32. .04 8.13 6.19 2. .74 27.91 11 . .72 0.49 8, .73 7.52 1, .87 15.17 2 . .37 412 401 43 53 41 46 3.48 3 , .68 27.91 32 , .04 15.17 12 , .72 2.49 2 .44 59.10 40, .77 0.00 2, .12 0.00 0 .00 41.52 3 .41 59 . 10 3 .6; 27 .91 32.04 2.12 A major diatom species is here considered to be one that accounts for 5% or more of the cells in one or more samples of a sample set. Underlined values indicate good biological integrity, minor impairment, and full support of aquatic life uses,- bold values indicate fair biological integrity, moderate impairment, and partial support of aquatic life uses; all other values indicate excellent biological integrity, no impairment, and full support of aquatic life uses when compared to diatom criteria for mountain and plains streams in Tables 3 and 4. 3 = sensitive to pollution; 2 = tolerant of pollution; 1 = most tolerant of pollution. Only metric values that exceed diatom biocriteria for plains streams are shown. APPENDIX A: DIATOM PROPORTIONAL COUNTS Casino Creek headwaters below Cottonwood Roc Sample Qehuii^piaes/Variety Polliiion t^iranfce Cta 200201 Achnanthes lanceolata 200201 jAchnanthes nninutissinna 200201 jAmphora inariensis 200201 Amphora libyca 200201 lAmphora pediculus 200201 200201 200201 Caloneis bacillum Cocconeis placentula Cymbella affinis 200201 Cymbella silesiaca 200201 200201 Fragilaria leptostauron Fragilaria vaucheriae 200201 Gomphonema dichotomunn 200201 iGomphonema kobayasii 200201 Gonnphonema mexicanum 200201 Gomphonema minutum 200201 Gomphonema olivaceum 200201 Gomphonema parvulum 200201 Gyrosigma spencerii 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 Melosira varians Navicula capitatoradiata Navicula cryptocephala Navicula cryptotenella Navicula exilis Navicula gregaria Navicula lanceolata Navicula lenzii Navicula menisculus Navicula minima Navicula reichardtiana Navicula tripunctata Navicula trivialis Nitzschia alpina Nitzschia dissipata Nitzschia fonlicola 200201 Nitzschia frustulum 200201 Nitzschia gracilis 200201 Nitzschia heufleriana 200201 Nitzschia inconspicua 200201 200201 200201 200201 200201 Nitzschia palea Nitzschia sociabilis Rhoicosphenia curvata Surirella minuta Synedra ulna Page 1 Casino Creek (lower) above reservoir (C-2) 11/15/00 Samole Genus^peclesAfariety Pollution ToJeraitce Cfess CfHinl Percera 200301 Achnanthes biasolettiana 3 9 1.12 200301 Achnanthes lanceoiata 2 4 0.50 200301 Achnanthes minutissima 3 102 12.72 200301 Amphora inariensis 3 9 1.12 200301 Annohora libvca 3 1 0.12 200301 Amohora oedicuius 3 257 32.04 200301 Caloneis bacilium 2 8 1.00 200301 Cocconeis pediculus 3 2 0.25 200301 Cocconeis piacentuia 3 29 3.62 200301 Cvcloteila pseudostelliqera 2 1 0.12 200301 Cvmatopleura solea 2 0 0.00 200301 Cvmbella silesiaca 2 1 0.12 200301 Diatoma vulaaris 3 1 0.12 200301 Fraqilaria construens 3 0 0.00 200301 Gomphonema anqustatum 2 1 0.12 200301 Gomphonema minutum 3 23 2.87 200301 Gomphonema parvulum 1 22 2.74 200301 Navicula acceptata 2 3 0.37 200301 Navicula atomus 1 1 0.12 200301 Navicula capitata 2 1 0.12 200301 Navicula capitatoradiata 2 21 2.62 200301 Navicula cryptocephaia 3 0 0.00 200301 Navicula cryptotenella 2 94 11.72 200301 Navicula qreqaria 2 1 0.12 200301 Navicula lanceoiata 2 0 0.00 200301 Navicula lenzii 2 5 0.62 200301 Navicula menisculus 2 2 0.25 200301 Navicula minima 1 70 8.73 200301 Navicula protracta 2 0 0.00 200301 Navicula pupula 2 7 0.87 200301 Navicula reichardtiana 2 4 0.50 200301 Navicula subminuscula 1 3 0.37 200301 Navicula tripunctata 3 15 1.87 200301 Navicula trivialis 2 2 0.25 200301 Navicula veneta 1 2 0.25 200301 Navicula viridula 2 17 2.12 200301 Nitzschia amphibia 2 4 0.50 200301 Nitzschia apiculata 2 0 0.00 200301 Nitzschia calida 2 1 0.12 200301 Nitzschia dissipata 3 19 2.37 200301 Nitzschia fonticola 3 1 0.12 200301 Nitzschia frustulum 2 23 2.87 200301 Nitzschia inconspicua 2 3 0.37 200301 Nitzschia linearis 2 3 0.37 200301 Nitzschia palea 1 18 2.24 200301 Nitzschia siqmoidea 3 0 0.00 200301 Nitzschia solita 1 3 0.37 200301 Nitzschia tryblionella 2 1 0.12 200301 Reimeria sinuata 3 1 0.12 200301 iRhoicosphenia curvata 3 1 0.12 200301 Simonsenia deloqnei 2 1 0.12 20030fSurirella minuta 2 4 0.50 200301 Synedra ulna 2 1 0.12 Page 1