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JULES MARCOU,

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1869
THE LIBRARY

83a CoNOUEss, ) SENATE, (Ex, Doc.

2d Sesmon, j ( No. 78.

U''

^-" REPORTS

EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS,

ASCERTAIN THE MOST rRACTlCABLE AND ECONOMICAL ROUTE FOR A RAILROAD

FBOS TUB

MISSISSIPPI RIYER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

MADB UNDER THE DrRECTION OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR, IN

1853-6,

ACCORDING TO ACTS OP CONGRESS OF lABCn 8, 1S§3, MAT 31, 18S4, AND AUGUST 5, 1851.

VOLUME IX.

WASHINGTON:

BEVERLY TUCKER, PRINTER.

1858.

IN SENATE— Febbiaky 24, 1855.

Resolved, That there be printed, for the use of the Senate, ten thousand copies of the several reports of surveys for a rail-
road to the Pacific, made under the direction of the Secretary of War ; and also of the report of F. W. Lander, civil engi-
neer, of a survey of a railroad route from Puget's Sound, by Fort Hall and the Great Salt lake, to the Missisnippi river ; and
the report of John C. Fremont, of a route for a railroad from the liead-waters of the Arkansas river into the State of Cali-
fornia ; together with the maps ami plates accompanying said reports, necessary to illustrate the same ; and that five
hundred copies be printed for the use of the Secretary of War, and fifty copies for each of the commanding officers engaged
in said service.

Attest : ASBUEY DICKINS, Secretary.

THIRTY-SECOND CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION— Chaptee 98,

Sect. 10. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby authorized, under the direction of the
President of the United States, to employ such portion of the Corps of Topographical Engiucers, and such other persons as
he may deem necessary, to make such explorations, and surveys as he may deem advisable, to ascertain the most practicable
and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean, and that the sum of one hundred and fifty-
thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be, and the same is hereby, appropriated out of any money in the
treasury not otherwise appropriated, to defray the expense of such explorations and surveys.

Approved March 3, 1853.

THIRTY-THIRD CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION— CHArTF.a (iO.

Appropriation : For deficiencies for the railroad surveys between the Mississippi river and the Pacific ocean, forty thou-
sand dollars.

Approved May 31, 1854.

THIRTY-THIRD CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION— Chapter 207.

Appropriation : For continuing the explorations and surveys to ascertain the best route for a railway to the Pacific, and
for completing the reports of surveys already made, the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
Approved August 5, 1854.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME IX.

PART II.— GENERAL REPORT UPON THE ZOOLOGY OF THE SEVERAL PACIFIC RAILROAD ROUTES.

LETTER TO CAPTAIN HUMPHREYS, TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS.

Smitiisoxian Institution, Washington, Jilarch 1, 1850.
Sir : Daring the first organization of the parties for tlie survey of a railroad route to tlio
Pacific, application was made to the Smithsonian Institution, by the officers in charge, for in-
structions and suggestions in reference to the investigation of the Natural History of tlicir
respective lines. These were cheerfully furnished, as in accordance with the objects of an
establishment intended for the increase and diiiusion of knowledge. The specimens in Zoology,
as collected, were transmitted from time to time to the Institution, and properly preserved
until the return of the parties. A series of special reports was prepared by the naturalists of
the expeditions ; but as these were necessarily disconnected and incomplete, it was deemed
advisable to furnish a general systematic report upon the collections as a whole ; and this being
sanctioned by the War Department, the materials were entrusted to competent individuals for
this purpose, the necessary drawings being made by a skilful artist within the walls of the
Institution.

The first part of the general report having been already furnished, I now transmit the
remainder, with the hope that its execution will be satisfactory to the Department.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.
Captain A. A. HuMPiiREYd, Topographical Engineers,

In charge of Office of Explorations and Surveys, War Department.

PART II.

^%>

0^

\p '

EXPLOBATIOXS AND SURVEYS FOB A RAILROAD ROUTE FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

WAR DEPARTMENT.

BIRDS:

BY SPENCER F. BAIRD.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY SMITHSONIAN INSTITDTION.
WITH THK CO-OPERATIOH OF

JOHN CASSIN AND GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.

WASHINGTON, D. C.
1858.

b2*

CONTENTS,

Page.

Preface xiii

Systematic list of the higher groups xvu

List of species . xxv

Introductory remarks 1

Order Raptorcs . 3

Order Scansores 65

Order Insessores 126

Order Rasores ..... 693

Order Grallatores . CiO

Order Natatores - 754

Appendix A. Additional remarks on North American birds . 921

Appendix B. Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah 926

Appendix C. List of authorities -- - 928

Index of common names -. 955

Index of scientific names ...... . 963

PREFACE.

The present report is a continuation of a systematic account of the vertehrate animals of
North America, collected or observed by the different parties organized under the direction of the
War Department for ascertaining the best route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to the
Pacific ocean.

The collections of these expeditions having been deposited with the Smithsonian Institution
by the War Department, in compliance with an act of Congress, the undersigned was charged
by the Secretary of the Institution with the duty of furnishing the series of general reports
upon them, as called for by the Department. The account of the mammals having been
published in 1857, that of the birds is herewith furnished, prepared according to the plan
announced in the preface to that volume.

As in the volume on the mammals, by the insertion of the comparatively few species not noticed
by the expeditions, this report becomes an exposition of the present state of our knowledge of the
birds of North America, north of Mexico. This addition, while rendering the work more valuable
to the reader, was absolutely necessary for the proper understanding of the western fauna, the
species of which are generally so closely allied to the eastern forms as to require in most cases
more minute and detailed descriptions of the latter than have been published.

Certain portions of the report have been prepared by Mr. John Cassin, of Philadelphia, and
Mr. George N. Lawrence, of New York, well known as the leading ornithologists of the United
States. Mr. Cassin has furnished the entire account of the Raptores, from p. 4 to 64, of the
Grallae from p. 689 to 753, and of the Alcidae from p. 900 to 918, in all about 135 pages. Mr.
Lawrence has written the article on the Longipennes, Totqoalmes, and Colymbidae, from page
820 to 900, making 80 pages.

To Mr. P. L. Sclater, of London, acknowledgments are due for the examination of certain
specimens in European museums, and for other valuable aid in determining points of synonymy ;
some of his notes received too late for insertion in their proper places will be found in
Appendix A. Much assistance has also been rendered in various ways by Dr. J. Gr. Cooper.

In the introduction to the general report upon the mammals will be found a detailed account
of the different railroad surveying parties from which zoological collections were received,
with their respective routes. For the proper understanding of the subject, however, it will be
necessary to present a brief recapitulation in this place.

1. Line of the 47th parallel, under Governor 1. 1. Stevens. — This consisted of two principal
parties, one under Governor Stevens, passing from St. Paul, Minnesota, to the Pacific,
accompanied by Dr. George Suckley, U. S. A, as surgeon and naturalist, the other under
Captain G. B. M'Clellan, proceeding from Vancouver to the Cascade mountains, accompanied by

XrV PREFACE.

Dr. J. G. Cooper. After the termination of their official duties with the survey, Dr. Suckley
made a very extensive collection of birds at the Dalles, and on Puget's Sound, and Dr. Cooper
at Shoalwater bay, on Puget's Sound, and at Santa Clara, California.

2. 38th and 39th parallels, under Captain J. W. Gunnison, and the 41st, under Captain E.
G. Beckwith. — The duties of naturalist were performed by Mr, Kreuzfeldt until his death,
afterwards by Mr. Snyder, of Captain Beckwith 's party.

3. 35th parallel, under Captain A. W. Whipple. — This party was at first divided into two,
one under Captain Whipple, starting at Fort Smith, accompanied by Mr. H. B. MiJllhausen, as
naturalist; the other under Lieutenant Ives, from San Antonio, Texas, with Dr. Kennerly. Both
parties met at Albuquerque, and proceeded together to the Pacific.

4. California line, under Lieutenant Williamson. — This party, with Dr. Heermann as
naturalist, explored the country from San Francisco to the Tejon Pass and the Colorado river.

5. 32d parallel west, under Lieutenant J. G. Parke. — Lieutenant Parke's party, with Dr.
Heermann as naturalist, traversed the route from Fort Yuma to El Paso, and thence through
Texas.

6. 32d parallel east, under Captain J. Pope. — From El Paso to Preston, on Bed river.
Captain Pope's collections include the very extensive series of birds gathered by Dr. T. C.
Henry, U. S. A., at Fort Thorn and on the Mimbres.

The preceding lines were organized in 1853 ; the following was sent out subsequently :

7. California and Oregon line, under Lieutenant Williamson. — This party explored the
Cascade mountains of California and Oregon. The zoological collections were made by Dr. J.
S. Newberry, geologist of the expedition.

In addition to the preceding Kailroad explorations, the results of the following miscellaneous
government expeditions, made under the War Department, have been embodied in the reiJort :

8. Exploration of the Llano Estacado, in 1854 and 1856, by Captain Pope.

10. Exploration of the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone in 185G, under Lieut. G. K. War-
ken. — Very large collections of birds were made by this party, of which Dr. F. V. Ilayden was
surgeon and naturalist.

10. Exploration of the north side of the Platte river and Loup Fork in 1857, under Lieut.
G. K. Warren. — On this second expedition of Lieut. Warren, (Dr. Hayden naturalist,) large
collections of birds were made, especially on Laramie Peak and Loup Fork.

11. Wagon road from Fort Riley to Bridger's Pass, under Lieut. F, T. Bryan. — This party,
with W. S. Wood as collector and naturalist, was out two seasons, 1856 and 1857, and made
very large collections.

12. Survey of the Colorado river in 1857-8, under Lieut. J. C. Ives. — H. B. MiiUhausen,
zoologist, aided by Dr. J. S. Newberry, geologist. A small portion only of the collections
have yet been received.

The following expeditions, under the Department of the Interior, have also furnished important
materials :

13. Survey of the United States and Mexican Boundary Line in 1851 to 1855. — The collec-
tions of this survey were made while Mr. John R. Bartlett, Mr. R. B. Campbell, and Major W.
H. Emory, U.S.A., were commissioners; and Colonel J. D. Graham, U.S.A., and Major JOmory,
U.S.A., were in charge of the scientific department. The collections were made by Messrs.
John H. Clark, Arthur Schott, Charles Wright, Dr. T. H. Webb, and Dr. C. B. Kennerly,

PREFACE. XV

14. Fort Kearney, South Pass and Honey Lake Wagon Road, Eastern Division, under W.
M. F. Magraw. — On this route large collections were made by Dr. J. G. Cooper, surgeon of the
party, as far as Fort Laramie, in 1857, and on his return eastward. His assistant, Mr. C.
Drexler, visited Fort Bridger, Utah, in March, 1858, and mainly through the countenance of
General A. S. Johnston, commander of the United States forces stationed there, was enabled to
make a very large collection of the birds of that region. His collections were received too late
for mention in their proper places, but are given in Appendix B.

Parties fitted out by the State Department :

15. SuR^'EY OF THE NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY, UNDER ARCHIBALD Campbell. — Occasional refer-
ences will be found to collections received from this party, of which Dr. C. B. Kennerly is
surgeon and naturalist, made chiefly at Simeahmoo bay, Puget's Sound, near the mouth of
Fraser's river.

The following less official collections from the west and south have been used in the prepara-
tion of the report.

From the PAcmc slope. — The very large private collections of Dr. Sucldey, in Washington
and Oregon Territories, and of Dr. Cooper, in Washington Territory and California, already
referred to.

Also, additional collections of great magnitude made along the whole Pacific coast of the
United States by Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge, while engaged on Coast Survey duty ; by Mr, E.
Samuels, at Petaluma, California, and by Mr. John Xantus de Vesey, at Fort Tejon.

Likewise collections of greater or less extent made by Dr. John Potts, U. S. A., Mr. A. J.
Grayson, Dr. John F.' Hammond, U.S. A., Richard D. Cutts, Mr. A. Cassidy, Dr. W. F.
Tolmie, Dr. Vollum, U. S. A., and Dr. W. S. King, U. S. A,

From the Rocky mountain regions. — The very complete collection of birds of Fort Thorn and
the adjacent regions, made by Dr. T. C. Henry, U. S. A.; also, collection from Fort Massa-
chusetts, New Mexico, made by Dr. D. W. C. Peters, U. S. A.; at Cantonment Burgwyn, New
Mexico, by Dr. W. W. Anderson, U. S. A.; and by Captain R. B. Marcy, near Cochetope pass.

From Texas AND Mexico. — The large collection of Lieut. D. N. Couch, U. S. A., in Texas
and northern Mexico ; of Captain S. Van Vliet, U. S. A., at Brownsville ; of Dr. Swift, U. S. A.,
at Fort Chadbourne, Texas, and of Drs. Foard and Crawford, U. S. A.; also, of Mr. Gustavus
Wiirdemann, of the United States Coast Survey, on the coast of Texas. The further collec-
tions of this gentleman on the coast of Louisiana, of Florida, and among the Florida Keys,
have contained several new species, and many species new to the fauna of the United States.

From Nebraska, Kansas, and elsewhere. — Collections made in Kansas and Nebraska by Dr,
W. A. Hammond, U. S." A., and Mr. John Xantus de Vesey ; by Dr. Hayden, Colonel
Alfred Vaughan, Indian agent, and Dr. J. Evans. On Red river of the North by Donald
Gunn, esq^. Also large collections made in Minnesota and Illinois by Mr. R. Kennicott, partly
under the auspices of the Northwestern University of Evanston, Illinois ; others made in
Wisconsin by Dr. Hoy and Mr. Barry ; in Ohio by Dr. J. P. Kirtland ; and near Chicago
by Mr. Thomas E. Blackney. Also collections made in Georgia by Professor Joseph Leconte.

A collection of about 150 species received from Mr. John Gould, of London, contains many
rare birds from the northwest and Arctic regions, (some of them types of the " Fauna Boreali-
Americana,") as well as others from Mexico and Guatemala. The latter have proved of great

XVI PREFACE,

service for comparison witli closely allied species of the United States, as have also specimens from
Mr. P. L. Sclater, of London, Mr. J. P. Verreaux, of Paris, .and Messrs. J. H. Grurney and
Alfred Newton, of Norwich, England.

The types of eastern birds have been furnished by the collection of the author deposited in
the Smithsonian Institution. This consists of a full collection of birds of Central Pennsylvania,
with sex, date, and measurements before skinning. It also embraces a large number of Mr.
Audubon's typical specimens used in the preparation of his "Birds of America," including
many of those from the Columbia river and Rocky mountains, furnished him by Mr. J. K.
Townsend.

In addition to the collections just mentioned, with others not enumerated, all in charge of
the Smithsonian Institution, and amounting to over 12,000 specimens, types have been supplied
for the occasion by Mr. Cassin, Mr. Lawrence, Mr. John Gr. Bell, Dr. Michener, and others.
The ornithological gallery of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, believed to be the
richest in the world, has also furnished the means of making many essential comparisons.

The measurements of the specimens have usually been made in hundredths of the English

inch^, mostly with the dividers. All the measurements in the list of specimens are as made

before the bird was skinned, each collector being responsible for the accuracy of his work. The

comparative tables of measurements show, in many cases, the change of dimensions produced in

the dried skin.

S. F. B.
Washington, October 20, 1853.

1 The EDgliBh inch is about equal to 11. 26 French lines, .9383 French Inches, or to 25. 40 millimetres.

I. TABLE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS.

Order I. RAPTORES. (Page 3.)

Family. i

1
i

Sub- family.

S.

Section.

s.

Genus.

Sub genus.

£

4

7
9
IS
13
13

c
a

"3

sg

1

■D

3
2

3
1
S
1
1
3
3
S
6
1
3

s

3
2

1

1

5

■3
S>

a

u

= 3

2
3

1

.S
1.

m

s

1

•

IS

n

= s
= s

■; a.

3

1. VulturidaR

4
7

47

Cailiartinae

Falconinae

Accipilrinae

Buteouinae

Milvinae

Aquilinae

4
7

15
19

I. Calhancs,Ill

4

15

16
19

33

35
36
37

3;

3t
3?
41
42
44
45
46
47
49
51
53
54
55
57
59
61

1

5

3. Astur, Lac

Hypotriorcbis

Gennaia

7
10

11

n

14

4. Aceipiter, Briss

15

IS
23
25
31

18
21
9?

6. Archibateo, Brclim..

7. Asturina, Vieill

8. Nauclerus, Vig

9. Elanus, Sav

10. Ictinia, Vieill

11. Rostrhamusj Less ...

12. Circus, Lacep

13. Aquila, Moehr

14. Haliaclus, Sav

15. Pandion, Sav

16. Polyborus, Vieill

17. Craiirei, Gould....

18. Strijr, Linn

Leucoplernis

Tachytriorchis

W

....

....

30

1?

30

34

35

....

....

41

16

IT

33
39
40

44

45
46

Striginae

Buboninae

Syrniinac

Atbeninae

Nycteinae

47
48

5S
59
6.1

3. Slrigidae

19. Bubo, Cuv

48

•20. Scops, Sav

49

21. Otus, Cuv

....

....

51

22. Branchyotus, Gould .

23. Syrnium, Sav

24. Nyctale, Brelim

25. Athene, Boic

26. Glaucidium, Boie....

27. Nyctea, Steph

28. Surnia, Dum

V>

53
55

58
60

6:

64

61
6'>

1

1

b3*

XVIII

TABLE OF THE HIGHER 6E0UPS.

Order II. SCANSORES. (Page 65.)

Eamily.

c
rt

a.

Sub-family.

Section.

Geiiufi.

1

Sub-genus.

e

ei

-a
IS

M C

4) Oi

!2

o
o.
m

o
■a
C

o 1

i

a.

'Z

o.

1

K

2
«^

M

Is
Ie

Is-

3
'J

4. Psiltacidae

66

69
71

79

29. Conurus, Kuhl

Rhyncliopsitta, Bon..

66
06

1

63

1

64

fj. Trogonidae

6. Cuculidae

1
2
1
3
1
4
2
1
1
3
5
1
3
3

65

yi. Crolophaga, Linn . . .

32. Geococcyx, Wag. . . .

33. Coccygus, Vicill

34. Oanipephilus, Gray..

71
73
76
81

83

97
101
107
108
112
117

66

79

80

loe

117

68

69

72

Centurcae

Colapteac

Trichopicus, Bp

Dyctiopicus, Bp

Phrenopicus, Bp

Xenopicus, Bd

83

83
83
83

74

36. Picoidcs, Lac

37. Spliyrapicug, Bil

38. llylatomus, Baird...

39. (;cnturus, Sw

40. Melanerpes, Sw

41. Colaptes, Sw

78
80
81

8'^

R")

90

91

94

3

99

Order III. INSESSORES. (Page 126.)

Sub-order A. STEISORES. (Page 128.)

lu. Trocbilidae

129

140
146

42. Lampomia, Sw

43. Trochilug, L

44. Selasphorus, Sw

45. Atlliis, Reich

•16. Panyplila, Cab

47. Nephoecetes, Bd ...

48. Chaetura, Sleph

49. Antroslomus, Gould.

50. Chordcilcs, Sw

130
131
133
136
140
142
14-1
146
150

1
2
o

2
1
1
2
3
3

....

IflO

ini

103

1115

11. Cysselidac

107

Capriniulginac...

146

lOR

109

12. Caprimulgidae , .

11)

114

Sub-order B. CLAMATORES. (Page 156.)

13. Alcedlnldac

1&7

....

....

51. Cerylc, Boie

157

14. Prionitidac

15. Coloplcridac....

161
103

Pnarinac

164

52. Momotua, Lath

53. Pnrliyrhatn]ihuM, Gr.

54. B.'ithniidururt, Cab. . .

101

104
105

Tyranninac

160

167

55. MilvulUB, Sw

167

50. Tyrannus, Cuv

170

Tyrnnnull

107

57. Myiarchnn, Cob

58. HaynrniK, Bji

59. OonlopuH,Cab

60. Kmpidonax, Cab ....

61. Pyroccphalufl, Gould.

177
1R!
186
101
201

Mcgacerylc, Roll....
Chloroccrylc, Kaup.

117
118
119
120
121
123
124
130
134
137
110
147

TABLE OF TIIR HTOHER GROUPS.

XIX

Sub-orderC. OSCINES.

«amUy.

16. Turdiilne.

17. Sylvicolidac.

16. Hinindinidae.

19. Bombycillidac...

30. Laniidae.

21. Liotrichidae..

23. Certliiadac
23. Paridae ....

231

301

316

323

Sub-family.

Turdinac. .

Rpgulinae . .
Cinclinac...
MoincMlinac

Sylvicolinac ,

Tanagrinac...
UiruDdlninac .

Bombycillinae.
Pliliogonidinac.

Lantinae

Vireoninae

Miminae ,

Cam pylori) yncfai-
nac.

Troglodytinae

Chamaeanae
Cerlhianae. .

Siitinae

Polioptilinae.
Parinae ,

907

Section.

Muiotilte;ic.

GcoUilypeae .

Ictericae

Vcmiivorcae. .

Sylvicoleac.
Setophngeac.

323 ..

343

354

358

62. Turdiis,L.

Saxicola, ncchmt ...

Sinlia,Sw

ReguhiH, Ciiv

Hydrobata, Vieill...
Anthus. Hcchst ....
Neocorys, Sclater ..
MniotlUa, Vieill....

Pnrula, IJon

Prntonotiiria, Rd. . .
OcothIypsis,Ciib..
OpororriiH,nnird..
Ictcria, Vieill ....
Hclmitherus, Raf.
He[niinth<iphagn,Cab

Seiuiruy, Svv ,

Dondroica,Gray..
Myiodiocles, Aud
Cnrdellina, Diibiif^..
Ilasilcutcrus, Cab
Selophaga, Sw, ..
Pyranga, Vieill...

Eiiphonia, Desm

Hirundo, Linn. ..

Cotyle, Boie

Progne, Boie

Ampeli8, Linn....
Phainopcpla,Scl..
Myiadestes, Sw...
Collyrio, Moclir.. .
Vireo, Vieill

Mimus, Boie. ...
Oreoscoptee, Bd.
Harporhynclius, Cab

Oampylorhynchus,

Spix

Catherpes, Baird . . ,

Salpinctcs, Cab

Thriolhorus, Vieill..
Cistothorus, Cab. .,

100. Troglodytes Vieill.,

Chamaca, Gamb

Certhia, Liun

Silta, Linn

Polinptila, Scbiter..
Lopbophanea,Kaup

Parus, Linn

Pi^altriparus, Bon . . .
Paroidcs, Kaup

208

Bub-gcnU8.

Turdus, L

PlanosticiiH, Bp.
IxorcUH, Bp

Vireosylva, Bp
Vireo, Vieill ...
Laniviren, Bd..

Flarporhynchus ,

Mcihriopierus, Reich

Telmatodyles, Cab. . .

Ciftothorus, Cab

Troglodytes, Vieill. ..
Anorthura, Rennie ...

s

i

S-r^

e3 i^

KU=

3) ■-

as

S "B

148

15S
IS6
157
158
161
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
174
176
178
180
186
189
211
316

217
220
334
225
229
231
2M
234
235
236
240
244
248
253
255
256
259

262
363
264
265
308
269
270
273
274
375
377
282
285
2b9
297
300

XX

TABLE OF THE HIGHER GUOUPS.

Sub-order C. OSCINES— Continued.

Family.

94. Dacnididae.
S5. Alaudidae..
26. Fringillidae

Sub-family.

App Dacnidinae

402

406 GoccothrausUnac,

S7. Icteridae..

08. Oorvidao

App

Spizellinae 436

Passerellinae ....
Splzinae

Agelaiinae.

Iclerinae ..,
Quiscalinae

Corvinac ...
Qarrijlinae .

521

575

Genus.

109. Certhiola, Sund....

110. Eremophila, Boic .,

111. Hesppriphona, Bon.

112. Pinicola, Vieiil

113. Carpodacus, Kaiip.,

114. Chrysoimiris, Boie.

115. Curvirostra, Scop...

116. Aegioinus, Cab

117. Leucoslictc, Sw.,,,

118. Plectrophanes, Mey,

119. Cenlronyx, Baird..

120. Payserculus, Bon. .

121. Pooeceies, Baird. .

122. Colurniculus, Bon.

123. Ammodromus, Sw.

124. Chondestcs, Sw...

125. Zonotrichia, Sw...

126. Junco, Wagler. . .

127. Poospiza, Cab

128. Spizella, Bon

129. Melospiza, Bd

130. Peucaea, Aud ,

131. Einbernagra, Less.

132. Passerclla, Sw....,

133. CaJatnoppiza, Bon.

134. Euspiza, Bi^n

135. Guiraca, Sw ,

136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
(145
146.
147.
M3.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
I.M.
155.
156.
157,
158.

Cyanospiza, Bd...
Spermophila, Sw. .
Pyrrhuloxia, Bon..
Onrdinnlia, Bon....

Pipilo, Vieill

Dolichonyx, S\v...

Molothrus,Sw

Agclaius, Vieill....
XrinthocL'phahi?, B
) TnipialiH, Bon...
Sturncnn, Vieill...

Icleru'*, Oaud

Scolccfipbagus, Sw
Quiseahis, Vieill. .

Corvu.H, Linn ,

Picicorvus, Bon...,
Qymnokiitn, Max..

Pica, BrisH

Oyanura, Sw

Gyanocitla, Str

XiiiKtiourn, Bp

PeriwereuM, Bon....
PriilorhiniiBf Rupp..

App

40:
408
409
411
418

Sub'^cnus.

Chrysomitris, Boie...
AsUagalinus, Cab.

Plectrophanes, Meyer,
Centrophanes, Kaup.
Rliynchophanes, Bd..

Melospiza, Bd.
Helospiza, Bd..

Goniaphoea, Bowd.
Guiraca, Sw

4li<
4I»

476
477

497
497

(01

:joi

302

303

304

305

310

313

318

320

322

325

336

330

331

332

337

338

341

344

345

350

355

357

363

368

370

373

374

377

378

380

382

383

388

389

390

391

399

400

401

404

405

406

408

41T

419

423

430

431

439

434

437

443

443

444

TAHLE or THK niGIIER GROUPS.

XXI

Order IV. RASORES. (Page 593.)

Sub-Older A. COLUMBAK. (Page 595.)

Fiunlly.

i

Sub-fiunily.

1

Section.

i

Genus.

i

Sub-genus.

i

i

? .

= ■0
'££

a ■-

Sg

■c

10 '"

.-

1

■D

1

•s

Jl

II

m
i>

1

i
1

1

S

w

s

Zi
!l

■2 «

n

u a.

5

29. ColunibiUac

595

Columlnnac

Zenaidinac

590
600

596

599
601
602
603
605
600
607
608

596
596

0

44.-)

Zcnaidcae

Chamacpelieae . .
Siarnocnadeac . . .

600

160. Ectopisles, Sw

161. Zenaida, Bon

162. Mclopelia, Bon

163. Zenaidura, Uon....

164. Scardafella, Bon....

165. Cliamacpclia, Siv...

166. Oreopclcia, Reich..

167. ?tarnocnas, Bon....

Patagiounas, Reich...

447
44fl

449

450

451

45'>

453

454

455

Sub-Order B. GALUNAE. (Page G09.)

30. Penclopidac

31. Phafianldac

32. Tetraonidae

610
613
619

638

168. Ortalida, Merrem ..

169. MelcagriB, Linn....

170. Tetrao, Linn

171. Centrocercus, Sw..

172. Pedioecetcs, Bd —

173. Cupidonia, Reich..

174. Bonasa, Sleph

175. Lagopus, Vieill

176. Ortyx, Steph

177. Oreorlys, Baird ....

178. Lophortyi, Bon ...

179. Callipepla, Wagler..

180. Cyrionys, Gould...

610
613
620
624
625
627
629
632
639
642
643
646
647

1
2
3

1
1

1

:

2

1
2

1
1

4.56

Meleagrinac

613

4.57

459

Oriyginae

638

46"

463

464

465

467

33. Perdicidac

471

47T

474

476

477

Order V. GRALLATORES. (Page 650.)

Sub-Order A. HERODIONES. (Page 651.)

652
657
059

681

686
687

181. Gru8,Linn

182. Aaramus, Vieill....

183. Demiegretta, Blyth.

184. Garzctta, Bon

185. Uerodias, Boie

186. Ardca, Linn

187. Auduhonia, Bp

188. Florida, Bd

189. Ardclta.Gray

190. Botaurus, Stcph

191. Butorides, Blyth

192. Nyctiardca, Sw

193. Nycthcrodius,Reic.
191. Tantalns, Linn.... -

195. Ibis, Mocbr

196. Platalea.L

197. Pboenicnpterue, L. .

G.'i3
667
660
661
660
667
670
671
672
674
676
678
679
682
682

686
687

3

1
3

478

480

36. Ardeidae

Ardeinac

Tanlalinae

659

631
681

659

659
660

482

Bouureac

NycUcoraceae....

485

"

486

487

489

490

411

49"

493
495
4%

497

Ibis. Moclir

418

500

501

39. Phoenicopleridue

509

XXII

TALLE OF THE IIIGHEE GROUPS.

Order V. GRALLATOKES— Continued.

Sub-Order B. GRALLAE. (Page 688.)
Tribe 1. LIMICOLAE. (Page 688.)

Family.

Sub faniily.

Genus.

Sub-genus.

So

i^S

- S

1 =!

40. Charadriidae ,

690

41. Haematopodidae

42. Rccurvirostridae.

43. Pbalaropodidae . .

44. Scolopacidae ....

Scolopacinae.

Scolapaceae .

Tringeae .

Totaninac.

Totaneae.

Limoscac . .
Nurncnicac.

198. Charadrius, L..

199. Aegialitis, Boie.

200. Squalarola, Cuv..,

301. Apliriza, Aud

209. Haematopus, Linn

203. Strepsiias, III

204. Recurvirostra, L . . .

205. HimantopuB, Briss,

206. Phalaropus, Br ....

207. Pbilohela, Gray...

208. Gallinago, Leach..

209. Macrorhaniphiis,

Leaeti

210. Tringa, Linu

211. CaIidris,Cuv

212. Ertunetes,Ill

213. IVlicropalauia, Bd..

214. Symphemia, Uaf.. . .

215. Glottis, Nilss

216. Gambetta, Kaup....

217. Uhyacophilus, Kp.. .

218. Hcterofcelus, Bd...

219. Tringoides, Bon....

220. PhiIornachu.s, Moeh,

221. Aetiturus, Hon

222. TryngitcB, Cab

223. Limosa, Brigs

224. Nuinenins, Linn....

Oxyeclius, Reich

Ochlhodromus, Reich

Aegialeus, Reich

Leucopolius, Bon..,,

692
693

Steganopus, Viell..,,

Lobjpes, Cuv

Phalaropus, Brisson.,

705
700
70?

Tringa, L

Arquatella, Bd. ,,,

Erolia, Vieill

Schoeniclus, Moehr..
Actodroinas, Kaup.

Nunicnius, Temm,
Ftaacopua, Cuv

714
714
714
714
714

743

503
504
506
507
509
510
511
512
515
517
518
519
520
521
523
533

524
528
526
539
530
531
534
S35
536
537
538
S39
541
S4S
543
544
545
546
548
S49
550

Tribe 'I. I'ALUJJlOOLAB. (I'ligo 745.)

45. Rallidae.

746

Ralleac.

Fiiliccac,

746

740

235. Itallus, L

236. Porzana, Vieill

227. Orex, Bcchwl . .

228. Fulicn, Litin...
239. U.illinula. Ilrins

740

748 Porzann, Vieill ...

CreeiscuSjCab. ...

Coturiiicopa, Bon .
75l!

"'

VJi, Ciillinnhi. Br

Purphyrtiln, Ulytli.

749
749

750

752
753

552
555
556
557
558
559
560
561

TAHLE OP THE HIGHER GROUPS.

XXHI

Order VI. NATATORES. (Page 752.)

Sub-order A. ANSERES. (Page 753.)

Family.

Sub-fitDiily.

46. Anaiiilac .

73(3 CyRiiiiiae..
I Aiiserinac .

Anntinae..

Fuligulinae .

Erismaturinac .
Mcrginae

Anscreac .

Dendrocygncac .

an.

813 .

Qenus.

230. Oygnus, Linn..
S31. Auscr, Linn...

SXi. Bcrnicia, Siipli

233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
234.
255.
256.
257.
258.

Cliloepliaga, Eyion .
Dendrocygna, Sw...

Anat:, Linn

Dafilat Leacl)

Nctlion, Kaup

Qucrquedula, Stepli

Spatula, Boie

Cliaulelasniu^, Gray

Mareca, Stcpti

Ai.x, Boie

Fulix, Sund

Aytliya, Boie

Bucepliala, Bd. ...
llistrionicu^, Less.
Harelda, Lcacli ...
PolysUcta, Eyton,.
Lainpronetta, Brdt.
Caniptolacmus,Gr.
Mclanetu, Boie...
Pelionetta, Kaup..
Oidemia, Flcm. ...
Somateria, Leacb. .
Erismatura, Bon...

Mer^s, Linn

Lopliodytes, Reich.
MergeIIU9, Sclby . .

Subgenus.

<63

Olor, Wagler

Olicn, Boie

Anser, Linn

Leucobleptiaron, Ud .

Bernicia

Leucopareia, Rcli....

3 ^i

561
503
505
567
570
572
573
574
576
.578
579
581
583
584
585
587
588
591
593
596
597
598
.'i99
COO
601
002
604
606
609
611
613
C14

Sub-order B. GAVIAE. (Page 818.)
Tribe 1. TOTIPALML (Page 819.)

47. Felecanidae...
4?. Sulidae

49. Tachypeiidae..

50. Phalacrocoraci
dae

51. Flotidac

52. Pliaetonidae ..

Plotinae. ...
Phaetoninae .

259. Pelecanus, L

260. Sula, Br

261. Tacbypetes, Vieill.

263. Oraculus, L.

263. Plotus, L

264. Phaeton, Linn .

868

Cyrtopelicanuf^, Rch.
OnocrotaIu3, VVngl..

Sula, Br

Dy.-^porua, III

Phalaerocorax, Br .

Graculu.<;, Bon

Urile, Bon

615
616
617
618
619

620
623
626
628

XXIV

TABLE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS.

Tribe 2. LONGIPENNES. (Page 813.)

Family.

53. Procellaridac

54. Larid.ic .

Sub-family.

Diomedeinae .

Procellarinae .

Lestridinae,
Larinae . ...

Sterninae .

Rhynchopinac.

824

856

865

Section.

265.

S66.

267.
268.

269.
270.

271.

272.
273.
274.

275,
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
283.
283.

Diomedca, L

Procellaria, L

Daption, Step!)

Thatassidromaj Vig.

Fregctta, Bon..
Pufiinus, Briss..

Stercorarius, Briss. .

Larus, Linn

Blasipus, Bon

Chroicoccplialus,

Eyton

Rissa, Leacli

Pagophila, Eaup,...
Hhodostclliia, Macg

Creagrus, Bon

Xema, Leach

Sterna, L

llydrochelidon, Boie
Anou», Leach...
Rhynchops, L...

820

Sub-genus.

Diomedea, L

Phoebastriaj Rcb..,,
Thalassarclie, Rch. .

Phoebetria, Rch

Os?ifragus, H. & J...
Fulmarus, Leach ...
Thalassoica, Reich..
Aestrelata, Bon

Oceanodroma, Rch,
Thalassidronia, Vig.
Oceanites,Keys.& Bias
Procellaria, L

Ardenna, Reich,,

Nectris, Bon

Puffinus, Br

Adamastor, Bon .

821
822
822
823
825
825
826
827

830
831
831

83:)

834
834
835

14 ,
1 ,

1 ,
1 ,

630
631
632
633
634
635
637
638
639
640
642
644
645
646
647
648
649
651
653
656
666

667
672
676
678
679
680
681
695
696
697

Tribe 3, BBACHYPTERI, (l',igc 819.)

55. Colymbidae .

56. Alcidac.

887 Colymbinae..
Podicipinac . .

900

284. Colymbus, L

285. Podiceps, Lath.,.,

286. Podilymbua, Less,,

287. AIca, Linn

288, Mormon, III.

2S9. Sagtnatorrliina, Bon

290, Oerorhina, Bon

291, Phaleri», Tciiim ,,.

292. Plychorhamphus,

Brand!

293. Ombria, Enclisch.

294. Uria, Moehring,..

295, UrnchyrhaniplniH,
llrnndt

aVG, Murgului, Ray...

900

Chcnalopex, Moehr ,
Utaniania, Leach ....

Lunda, Pall ,

Fratercula, Criss

Simorliynclius, Mcrr ,
Tylorlianiphus, Brandt
t7iccronia, Reich,,

Urin, .Moclir

Cataructes, Moehr ,

Apobapton, Brandt,

Bynthllborhamphus,

Brnndl

900
901
902
902

906
907
90B

911
913

916

3...

702
709
710
711
71S
713
716
717
719
720
722

724
795
726
7S9

732

730
738

II. LIST OF STECIES.'

Page.

1. Cathartes aura, (Linn.) Ulig. Turkey Buzzard. All of Nortli America, "except the

Arctic regions 4

2. Cathartes ccHifornianm, (Shaw,) Cuvier. Calilbrnia Yullurc. Western North

America 5

3. Cathartes atrati(s, (Bartram,) Less. Black Vulture. Southern North America.

Central America to Chile . 5

(4.) Cathartes hurrovianus, Cassin. Burroughs' Vulture. Mexico, Vera Cruz, Mazatlan. G
5. Falco (Falcoj anatum, Bonaparte. Duck Hawk. North America, east of the Rocky

mountains 7

(5. Faico f'Falco) nigrtceps, Cassin. AVest-ern North and South America 8

7. Fdlcn I Hfipiitviorrlis) rolmnlarhis, Linn. Pigeon Hawk. Temperate North America,

Mexico, Central America, Northern South America 9

8. Falco (Hypotriorchis) aurantius, Gmelin. Mexico, South America 10

9. Falco (Hypotriorchis) fcmoralis, Tcniminck. New Mexico, Mexico, South America- 11

10. Falco ( Gennaia) 2'>oJyngrtts, Cassin. Prairie Falcon. Western North America ••■ • 12

11. Fitlco (Hierofalco) candicans, Gmelin. Jcr Falcon. Northern North America;

Greenland 13

12. Falco (Hierofalco) islandicus, Sabine. Jer Falcon. Northern North America;

Greenland 13

13. Falco ( Tinnunculus) sparvcrim, hmn. Sparrow Hawk. Entire continent of America 13
1-1. Astur atricapiUns, (Wils.) Bonap. Goshawk. North America; chiefly in the north-

Avestern portions 15

15. Accipiter cooperii, Bonsip. Cooper's Hawk. All of temperate North America 16

IG. Accijnter mexicanus, Swains. Western N. America 17

17. Accipifer Jmcus, (Gmelin,) Bon. Sharp-shinned Hawk. Throughout North America

and Mexico 18

18. lluteo swai7isoni, Boua^. Swainson's Buzzard. Northern and Western N. America 19

19. Jhiteo hairdii, Hoy. Baird's Buzzard. Northern and Western N. America 21

20. But&) calurus, Cassin. Red-tailed Black Hawk. Western N. America 22

21. Bnteo (Leucopterni-s) insignatus, Cassin. Western N. America 23

22. Buteo (Leucopfernis) harlani, (Aud.) Bon. Harlan's Buzzard. Western N. America 24

23. Buteo (Poecilopternis) borealis, (Gmelin,) Vieill. Red-tailed Hawk. Eastern North

America; fur countries; Cuba, Jamaica 25

24. Buteo (PoeoP.02)fernis) montanus, Nuttall. Western red-tailed Hawk. Western

N. America 26

25. Buteo (Poecilopternis) lineatus, (Gmelin,) Jardine. Red-shouldered Hawk. Eastern

and Northern N. America 28

^When authorities are enclosed in parentheses it bIiows that the species was first described under a different genus. A
second authority (or i suigle one unenclosed) U that of the name as adopted. Extra linutal species have their current
number similarly en' loscd

b4*

XXVI LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.
2G. Buteo (Foedlvptcrnis) degans, Cassiii. Western Nortli i^Liiieiiea 28

27. Buteo (Poecilopternis) pennsylvanicus, (Wilson,) Bonap. Broad-M inged Hawk. East-

ern North America 29

28. Buteo (Poecilopternis) oxypterus, Cassin. New Mexico 30

29. Buteo (Tachytriorchisj cooperi, Cassin. California 31

30. Arckibitteohgojnis, (Brtlnnich,) Gray. Rough-legged Hawk. All of temperate North

America and Europe '• 32

31. Archihideo saHcti-Johannis (Gmelin,) Gray. Black Hawk. Eastern and Northern

North America .... 33

32. 'Archihideo ferritgineics, (Licht.) Gray. California Squirrel Hawk. Western North

America 34

33. Asturina nitida, (Latli.) Bonap. Northern Mexico and South xVmerica 35

34. NaiickrHft fvrcatus, (Linn.) Vigors. Swallow-tailed Hawk. Eastern United States

to the Mississippi, northward to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin: ac-
cidental in Europe 36

35. Elmuis h'UcHrii.% (Vieillot,) Bonap. White-tailed Hawk. Southern and AVestern

States and South America 37

36. Icttnia mtssissippiensts, (Wilson,) Gray. Mississippi Kite. Southern States, Texas,

and New Mexico 37

37. Bostrhamus .sociabilis, (VieiWot,) D'Orbigny. Black Kite. Florida and southward ■ 38

38. Circus hidsonhis, {h'mn:.) Yieillot. Marsh Hawk. All of North America and Cuba- 38

39. Aquila canc(densis, (Linn.) Cassin. Golden Eagle; Ring-tailed Eagle. All of North

America 41

40. Ualiaetus ]iela(/icu-s, (Pallas,) Siebold. Northern Sea Eagle. Russian American

Islands ; Japan 42

41. Haliaetus u-asMngtomi, (And.) .lard. Washington Eagle. Kentucky 42

42. HaKaetus albicilJa, (Linn.) Cuv. Gray Sea Eagle.. Greenland: Europe 43

43. Haliaetxs levcocephcdus, (Linn.) Savigny. Bald Eagle. All of temperate Nortli

America. Accidental in Europe 43

44. Pandion carohnensis, (Gmelin,) Bon. Fish Hawk. Throiighout temperate North

America 44

45. Pohjhoruii fharus, (Molina,) Cassin. Caracara Eagle. Southern North America,

Florida, Texas, Mexico 45

46. Craodrex unicincf"s, (lemm.) Cassin. Harris' Buzzard. Southern States, Mexico.

Soutli America 46

47. St7'ix pratiricola, Bonap. Barn Owl. Throughout temperate North America 47

48. Buho virginuinvs. (Gmolin.) Bon. Great Horm^d Owl. The whole of Nortli Anu^r-

ii-a. Runs into varieties, cdloiiticns, paoifirii.i. rirctirt/.<<, mageUanlfii.'^ 49

49. (S'cop* fMi'o, (Linn.) Bonap. Mottled Owl. The wlinlc of tciii|u'ra1c America. Green-

land 51

50. Scops m'cccdlii, Cassin. Western Mottled Owl. Weslcrn imd snntlnvcsteni Ninth

America. 52

51. Otus wilsonianus, Lesmn. Long-Eared Owl. The whdle nf tem|ieralf Ninth .Vmerica 53

52. BriirJiyolus cassinu, Brewer. Short-Eared Owl. The whole nl' temjierate North

America; Greenland ; Culia 54

LIST OF SPKCIER. XVII

Page.

53. Si/rnitiiu clnereinn, (GmcliiiJ Ami. Gn^at Giny Owl. Nortlieni North America .5fi

54. SyniiiDii ntbiihsiini. (Forster,) Gray. Barroil Owl. Eastern North America: Fort

Tejon, Cal. 5G

55. Xyctale rk'lianlsoni, Bom\\). Sparrow Owl. Nortlicni Xortii Auu'rica: Caiiaila ■ • 57

56. Xyctalc albi/rons, (i^haw,) Cassin. Kirthmd's Owl. Northern North America; Wis-

consin: Canada 57

57. yydalc uvudica, (Gnielin.) Bon. Saw-whet Owl. Tiic whole of temperate North

America: Fort Tejon, Cal 58

5b. Athene hypwjueu, Bonap. IJunuwiny Owl. FiMm Mississippi river lo the Rocky

Mountains 55)

59. Athene vunicularia, (Molina,) Bun. Burrowing Owl. North America, west of the

Rocky Mountains: South America (JO

GO. Glaucidium gnoma, (Wagler,) Cassin. Pigmy Owl. Oregon; Caliiornia; Mexico- G2

61. Nyeiea nivea, (Daud.) Gray. Snowy Owl. Northern regions of both continents;

Canada: Greenland: South Carolina; Bermuda 63

62. Si(rnla nlitki, (Linn.) Bonap. Hawk Owl. Northern regions of both continents;

Canada 64

68. Voniirus caroUnensis, (Linn.) Kuhl. I'arakeet. Southern and southwestern States,

as far west as the Missouri 67

(64.) Bhynchop-nttajjachyrhyncha, (Sw.) Bon. Thick-billed Parrot. Rio Grande, Texas?? 66

65. Trocjon mexicanus, Swainson. Mexican Trogon. Northeastern Mexico to Rio

Grande 69

66. Crotophaga rugirostris, Sw. Black Parrot. Florida to Brazil 71

67. Crotophaga am, Linn. Ani. Maritime parts of the southeastern United States and

south to Brazil 72

68. Geococcyx ealifornianus, (Less.) Baird. Chaparrai Cock. Middle Texas, New ,

Mexico, and California, to Central Mexico 73

69. Coccygus americamis, (Liinw.) Bonap. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Eastern United States

to the Missouri plains 76

70. (Joccygus cryfhrophthalmiw, (Wils.) Bon. Black-billed Cuckoo. United States to

the Missouri plains 77

71. Coccygus minw, (Gmclin,) Cab. Mangrove Cuckoo. Florida keys to West Indies 78

72. CampephUns principalis, (Linn.) Gray. lvt)ry-billed Woodpecker. Southern At-

lantic and Gulf States 81

(73.) Campcphilm imperialif, (Gould,) Gray. Imperial Woodpecker. Chiefly Central

America and sontlnvestern Mexico 82

74. Picm (Trichopicus) viUosus. Linn. Hairy Woodpecker. Northern and western

regions; var. major, medius, minor 84

75. Picwi (Trichopicus) harrisii, And. Harris' ^Woodpecker. From the Pacific coast to

the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains 87

76. Picus (Trichopicus) p>ubeseens, Linn. Downy Woodpecker. Eastern United States,

towards the eastci'n slope of the Rocky Mountains 89

77. Picus (Trichopicus) gairdneri, Aud. Gairdner's Woodpecker. From Pacific coast

to eastern base of Rockv Mountains 91

XXVIII I^IST OP SPECIES.

Page.

78. Piciis (Dydiopicus) nuttalli, Gambel. Nuttall's Woodpecker. Coast region of

California ^^

79. Ficus (Dydiopicus) scalaris, Wagler. Rocky mountains and its slope, south of 35tli

parallel, to Yucatan 94

80. Ficus (Fhrenopieus) Iwrealis, Vieill. Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Southern States 96

81. Ficus (Xenopicus) albolarvatus, (Cass.) Baird. White-headed Woodpecker. Cas-

cade mountains of Oregon, and southward into California 9(5

82. Ficoides arctictis, (Sw.) Gray. Black-backed three-toed Woodpecker. Northern

portions of the United States to the arctic regions, tVdiii the At-
lantic to the Pacific 5)8

83. Ficoides hirsufus, (Vieill.) Gray. Banded three-toed Woodpecker. Arctic regions

of North America ''o

84. Ficoides <lors(dis. Haird. Striped three-toed Woodpecker. Laramie peak. Rocky

Mountains ^^^

85. Sphyrapicus varius, (Linn.) Baird. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. Atlantic ocean

to the eastern slopes of Rocky Mountiiins, Greenland U'S

>«;. Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Baird. Red-throated Woodpecker. Rocky mountains- ■ 108, 921
Si. Sphyrapicus rttlier, (Gm.) Baird. Red-breasted Woodpecker. Pacific slope of the

United States 104

88. Sphyrapicus tuiUiamsonii, (Rewh.) Baird. Williamson's Woodpecker. Rocky Moun-

tains to the Cascade mountains 105

89. Sphyrapicus thyroideus, (Cass.) Baird. Brown-headed Woodpecker. Cascade and

coast range of California and Oregon. 106

90. Hylatomm pileatus, (Linn.) Baird. Black Woodcock. North America, from At-

lantic to Pacific 107

■ 91. Ccnturu.s carolinus, (Linn.) Bon. Red-bellied Woodpecker. North America, from

Atlantic coast to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains 109

92. Centurusjlaviventris, Sw. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker. Rio Grande region of the

United States, south into Mexico 110

93. Centurus umpyrjialis, Baird. Gila Woodpecker. Lower Colorado river of the west 111

94. Mclanerjxs crythrocephcdns, (Linn.) Sw. Red-headed Woodpecker. North America,

from the Atlantic to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains- - 113

95. Mclancrpes formidvoriw, (Sw.) Bon. California Woodpecker. Coast region of

Californiii, and south; in northern Mexico, eastwaid almost to

the Gulf of Mexico ; also on upper Rio Grande 114

96. Melarwrpes iorquatus, (Wils.) Bonap. Lewis' Woodpecker. Western America,

from Black Hills to Pacific 115

97. Colaptes anratits, (Linn.) Sw. Flicker. Eastern North America to tlie eastern

slopes of the Rocky MfunitaiTis; Gr(M'idand 118

98. Colaptcs mexicanns, Swain. Red-shafted Flicker. Western North America, fnmi

the Black Hills to Pacific 1 20

98a. Colaplcs hybridiis, Buhd. Cross between two ])rr(-eding. Ujjper Missouri. 122

99. ? Volapfes chrysoides, (Malhcr.) Baird. New Mexico 125

100. Lrimpornis ninvffo, 0Am\.) fiw. Biack-tliroated Humming Bird. Florida? 130

LIST OK SPECIES XXIX

Page.

101. TnKliilus colitbris, Linn. Ruby-throatud Humming Bird. Eastern North America

to tlio high central phiins; soutli to Bin/.ii ]?,]

102. Ttochilus uleMiiulri, Boiirc. and Jlidsaut. JJIaek-chinned Ilunuiiing Bird. Coast ol'

California, .southward 133

103. Selaffpliunm ni/ii.s; [Gm.) Sw. Red-backed liiiiuniiii:: llird. West coast of North

America, and across from thilf nl' ('alil(iriii;i tn Hie Upper Rio
Grande Valley 134

104. Selasplionis /ifiifi/cerciis, (Sw.) Goulil. 15road-tailed Humming Bird. Iligh lands of

Mexico, through Rocky nimuitaiiis to Furt Bridger, Utah 135

105. ^1/Mi".s (/H«o, (Less.) Reich. iUina Humming Bird. Coast region of California ■•• • 137

10(1. Atlliia f<(.sto', (Bourc.) Reich. Southern California and Colorado Basin 138

101. Ptiiu/jjl ila mehuioIcKca, Biiivd. White-throated Swift. Colorado Basin, New Mexico- 141

108. Nephoecetea iiUjcr, (6m.) Baird. Northern Swift. Northwestern America (Simi-

ahmoo bay, W. T.) to AV'est India islands 142

109. Chaetum pdcmjia, (Linn.) Steph. Chimney Swallow. Eastern United States to

slopes of Rocky mountains 144

110. Chadura vauxii, (Towns.) De Kay. Oregon Swift. Pacific coast, from Puget's

Sound to California 145

111. Antrostomm caroUnmsis, (Gm.) Gould. Chuck-wiirs Widow. Soutii Atlantic and

Gulf States 147

112. Anlrostomm vociferus, (Wils.) Bonap. Whip-poor-will. Eastern United States to

the Plains 148

113. Aiitrostomits nuttalli, (Aud.) Cassin. Nuttall's Whip-poor-will. High central plains to

the Pacific coast 149

114. C7*o)-fZe!7es^JO/je^w, (Vieill.) Baird. Night Hawk. North America generally 151

115. Chordeiles henryi, Cassin. Western Night Hawk. Rocky mountains ; north to Fort

Bridger. Fort Laramie 153, 922

116. Chordeiles texensis, Lawrence. Texas Night-hawk. Rio Grande valley and south ;

west to Gulf of California 154

117. Ceryle (Megcu:eryle) alcyon, (Linn.) Boie. Belted King-fisher. Entire continent of

North America 158

118. Ceryle ( Chhroceryle) americana, (Gm.) Boie. Texas King-fisher. Rio Grande

region of Texas and southward 159

119. Momotus cacndiceps, Gould. Saw-bill. Mexico to Rio Grande valley IGl

120. Pachyrhamphus acjlaiae, Lafresnaye. Rose-throated Flycatcher. Mexico to Rio

Grande G4

121. Bathmidurus majm; Cab. Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande? 1G6

122. Milvuhis tyranmis, (Linn.) Bon. Fork-tailed Ply-catcher. South America to Vera

Cruz ; accidental in the United States IGS

123. Milvxdusforjicatm, (Gm.) Sw. Scissor-tail. Central Texas to Mexico 169

124. Tyranmis carolinensis, (Linn.) Baird. King Bird. Eastern North America to

Rocky mountains 171

125. Tyranmis dominicetisls, (Briss.) Rich. Grey King Bird. South Carolina coast,

accidental ; Florida Keys and West Indies 172

XXX LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.

V2^^. Tyritnnm vcrticalis, Saj'. Arkansa.s Plyciitcher. Western North America, from the

liigh central phvins to the Pacific 173

127. Tyruiimoi vociferans, Sw. Cassiivs Flycatcher. Valley uf Gila, eastward to Pecos

river. Texas: and iVoni South Pass into Mexico, on table-lands- ■ ■ 174

128. Tip-aimus couchii, Baivd. Couch's Flycatcher. Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande 175
(125).) Tyrannm )nela)ic/ioIiri(f<, Vieill. Southern Mexico, Central and South America 176

130. MtjiarcliHK crinihis. (Liini.) Cab. Great Crested Flycatcher. Eastern North

America to the Missouri and south to eastern Texas 178

131. Myiarchus int-ckaniis, (Kaup.) Baird. Ash-throatcd Flycatcher. Coast of Cali-

fornia and across by Valley of (ilia and Rio Grande to north-
eastern Mexicci 179

(132.) Myiarclni.-i muixri, (Kaup,) Baird. Mexico 180

133. Myiarchm laivrencU, (Giraud,) Baird. Lawrence's Flycatcher. Northeastern Mexico

to the Rio Grande 181

134. Saifurnifi iii(jricitiif!, (Sw.) Bon. Black Flycatcher. California coast and across by

Valley of Gila and ui:)iier Rio Grande to New Leon, and south- ■ 183

135. (SV///o/;//.s_/Vwc'/.s, (Gm.) Baird. Pewee. Eastern North America 184

13(j. S((i/(tntif< xayuf. (Bon.) Baird. Say's Flycatcher. Upper Missouri livcr and

Central high plains westward to the Pacific ajid south to Mexico 185

137. Confojiii.s IxircuUn, (Swainson,) Baird. Olive-sided Flycatcher. Rare on the

Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States ; Fort Bridger.
Found in Greenland 188

138. Cmitdiiiis ricli(ir<lsonii. (Sw.) Baird. Short-legged Pewee. High central dry

plains to the Pacific ; Rio Grande vallej' southward to Mexico :
Labrador 189

139. C'onlo)>ii.s circii.s, (Linn.) Cah. Wood Pewee. Eastern North America to the

borders of the high central plains ; soutii to New Granada 190

140. KiiijiidoiKi.r trdillii. (Aud.) Baird. Traill's Flycatcher. Eastern United States,

and south to Mexico 193

141. EiiiiuiloiKi.T pufiiJlus, (Sw.) Call. High central plains to the Pacilic: Fur countries;

southward into Mexico 194

142. Enipidonox minimm, Baird. Least Flycatcher. Eastern United States to Fort

Bridger 195

143. luiipiilonn.v iicadiciis, (Gm.) Baird. Small Green-crested Flycatcher, j'lastern

United States to the Mississippi 197

144. Eiapidtynax Jiavivcntris, Baird. Yellow-bellied Flycatciier. lOasteni United States

generally ; perhajjs replaced on tlie i'aiilic liy a closely allied
species, E. diffidlis 198

145. Em]nd-()ii(t.r limn )i(ijndii, (deY HUG}-,) Baird. Vicinity of Fort Tejon to Los Angeles, Cal. 199

146. Empidonax ohnriirii.i, (Sw.) Baird. Rocky mountains to Fort Bridger, Utah ;

Fort Yuma 200

147. PyrorepJifdjis riibineux, (BoM.) Gray. Red Flycatcher. Valleys of Bio Giande

and Gila, southward 201

148. Tnrtliifi ( Turdn.sj miintclinim, Gm. Wood Thrush. Eastern United States to

Missouri rivor ; south to Guatemala 212

U8T OP SPECIES. XXXT

Page.

149. Tui-diin ( Titrilii.'iJ palhiJii, Cab. Hermit Tlinisli. Eastern Nurtli America to tlic

Mississippi river 212

var. .sih-nn, Swainson. llif;li lands of Mexico to Fort Bridger 21?>

150. Tunhis (Turdus) nanus, Aud. Dwarf Tlirusli. Pacilii- coast of Ndrtli America

to Rocky mountains 213

151. Thi-iI IIS I Turdus) fuscesvens, Stephens. Wilson's Thrush. Eastern North America

to the Missouri ; north to fur countries 2 1 -4

152. Turdufi (Turdus) ustulatu.i, Nuttall. Coast rejiioii of Oregon and Washington Ter-

ritories 215

153. Tiirdii-s / Turdus) .siminmiiii, Cab. Olive-backed Tlirnsh. Eastern North America

to Fort Bridger : .south to Mexico and Peru; north to Greenland :
accidental in Europe and Siberia 2 Hi

154. Turdus ( Turdus) aliciae, Baird. Gray-cheeked Tiirnsli. Mississippi region to the

Missouri 217

155. Turdus I PJrnicsticiis) mir/ratorius, Linn. Robin. Continent of Nortli America to

Mexico 218

15(). Turdus (Lvoreus) naevins, i>nn. ^'ari^•ll Thrush. Parilic coast of Nortli America;

accidental on Long Island and near Boston 2H)

(157.) Saxicold (Pnunthe, (Linn.) Bechst. Stone Cliat. Greenland ; accidental in

northern part of North America ; common in Europe 220

158. Skdio .sinlts, (Linn.) Baird. Blue Bird. Eastern North America to west

of Missouri river : Fort Laramie 222

159. Sialia niejcicano. Sw. Western Blue Bird. I'aciiic coast of Noitli America, and

along Valley ol' Gila to ujiper Rio (irande, and south 223

IGU. >Sialia ardica, Sw. Rocky mountain Blue Bird. Upper Missouri to Rocky moun-
tains range, and south to Mexico; rare on the coast of California 224

161. Rec/iilus colendiikL (Linn.) Lieht. Ruby-crowned Wren. United States, from

Atlantic to Pacific 226

162. Begulus safrapa. Licht. Golden-crested Wren. Northern parts of United States;

from Atlantic to Pacific; on west coast only noticed on Puget's
sound 227

163. Rexjulus cuvieri, Aud. Cuvier's Golden Crest. Pennsylvania 228

164. Hydrdbata mexicaim, (Bon.) Baird. Water Ouzel. Rocky mountains and west

from British America to Mexico. Fort Tejon 229

IQb. Anthushidovidanus, (Gm.) Licht. Tit-lark. North America generally; Greenland;

accidental in Europe 232

166. Neocorys spragueii, (Aud.) Sclater. Missouri Skylark. Aliout Fort Union, Nebraska. 234

167. Mniotilta varia, (Linn.) Vieill. Black and white Creeper. Eastern North America

to Missouri river; south to Guatenmla. Yar. loiu/irostris, Baird.
Florida 235

168. Parula americnna, (Linn.) Bonap. Blue yellow-backed Warbler. Eastern North

America to Missouri river; south to Guatemala 238

169. Profonofaria citrea, (Bodd.) Baird. Prothonotary Warbler. South Atlantic and

Gulf States to mouth of Ohio north, and the Missouri river west;
West Indies 239

XXXII LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.
170. Geothlypis frichas, (Liun.) Cab. Maryland Yellow-throat. North America from

Atlantic to Pacific 241

(171.) Oeothl2/pis velatiis, {YieiW.) Cab. Green-headed Warbler. West Indies and South

America 243

172. Geot Jilypifi pliiladeljMa, (S\i\ii.) Baird. Mourning Warbler. Eastern North America

as far west as Independence, Mo • • 243

173. Geothlypis macgillivrayi, (Aud.) Baird. Macgillivray's Warbler. Pacific coast

of North America, south to Gulf of California, and across to
Monterey, Mexico. In Rocky mountains to Port Laramie 244

174. Oporornis agilis, (Wils.) Baird. Connecticut Warbler. Eastern United States ••■ • 246
17.5. Oporornis formosus, (Wils.) Baird. Kentucky Warbler. Eastern United States as

far west as Fort Riley; south to Guatemala 247

176. Icferia viridis, (Gm.) Bonap. Yellow-breasted Chat. Eastern United States to

the Missouri ; south to Guatemala • • • • 248

177. Icferia longicauda,Jjawr. Loug-tailed Chat. High central plains of United States to

the Pacific ; south into Mexico 240

178. Helmitlieriis vermivorus, (Gm.) Bonap. Worm-eating Warbler. Eastern United

States to Missouri river; south to Guatemala 252

Hi). Helmitiier us sivainsonii, (And.) Sw. Swainson' s Warbler. South Atlantic States- 252

180. HelminthophcMja pinus, (Linn.) Baird. Blue-winged Yellow Warbler. Eastern

United States to the Missouri; south to Guatemala 254

181. Helminthophaga clirysoptera, (Linn.) Baird. Golden-winged Warbler. Eastern

United States to the Missouri; Bogota 255

182. Helmirdhophuja bacJanani, (Aud.) Cab. Bachraan's Warl)ler. South Atlantic

States; Cuba 255

183. HelmintliopJiacja ruJicapiUa, (Wils.) Baird. Nashville Warbler. Eastern North

America to the Missouri; Fort Tejon, Cal.; Greenland 256

184. Hehnintliophru/n cchda, (Say,) Baird. Orange-crowned Warbler. Mississippi river

to the Pacific; south to northern Mexico 257

185. Helminthophaga peregrina, (Wils.) Cab. Tennessee Warbler. Eastern United

States to the Missouri 258

186. Sevwnis aurocapiUus, (Linn.) Sw. Golden-crowned Thrush. Eastern North

America to the Missouri 260

187. Seiunis iiovcboracensis, (Gm.) Nutt. Water Thrush. Eastern United States to

the Missouri, and south to Guatemala, perhaps to Brazil. 261

188. Seiurus ludovicianus, (VieiU.) Bon. Large-billed Water Thrush. Eastern United

States to the Missouri ; south to Mexico. 262

189. Dendroica virens, (Gm.) Baird. Black-throated Gi'cen Warbler. Eastern United

States to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala ; Greenland • • ■ 267

U)0. Dendroica occideTdalis, (To-wnsi.) Baird. Western Warbler. Pacific coast 268

11)1. Dendroica toivnsendii, (Nutt.) Baird. Pacific coa«t, North America, to the Rocky

Mountains ; south to Mexico aud Guatenuda 269

192. Dendroica, ni/prscens, (Towns.) Baird. Black-throated Gray Warbler. Pacific

coast, United States ; Fort 'I'lmni, New Mexico 270

LIST OF SPECIES. XXMI

Pugo.
103. Dcmlrolca canadensis, (Linn.) Biiird. Black-tliroated Blue "Waiblor. Eastern

United States to tlie Miissoiiri ; suutli to tlie AVest Indies 271

194. Dendroica coronata, (Linn.) Gray. Yellow Rnnip. Eastern North America to tlio

Missouri plains : stra^;j;lers seen on Pujjjet's Sound 272

195. Dendroica audiibonii, (Towns.) Baird. Audubon's Warlder. I'acilic eoast of United

States to Rocky mountains : south to Mexico 273

19(). Dendfiiirn Uucl-hitruiae, (Giu.) Buird. Blackburnian Warbler. Eastern North

America to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala. 274

l!»T. Dendroica castanea, iy^W^.) Baird. Bay Breasted Warbler. Eastern United States

to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala 276

198. Dendroica pinus, (Wils.) Baird. Pine Creeping Warbler. Eastern United States

to the Missouri 277

190. Dendroica montana, (Wils.) Baird. Blue Mountain Warbler. Hluc motmtains of

Virginia 278

200. Dendroica pennsyJvaniva, (Linn.) Baird. Chestnut-sided Warbler. Eastern United

States to the Missouri 279

201. Dendroica caerxdea, (Wils.) Baird. Blue W^arbler. Eastern United States to the

Missouri river 280

202. Dendroica striata, (Fortiter,) Baird. Black Poll Warbler. Eastern North America

to the Missouri high plains ; Cuba ; Greenland 280

203. Dendroica aestiva, (Gm.) Baird. Yellow Warbler. United States from Atlantic

to Pacific ; south to Guatemala and West Indies 282

204. Dendroica maculosa, (Gm.) Baird. Black and Yellow Warbler. Eastern United

States to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala 284

205. Dendroica ]iirfla7idii, Baird. Kirtland's Warbler. Northern Ohio 286

206. Dendroica tigrina, (Gm.) Baird. Cape May Warbler. Eastern United States to

the Mississippi ; Cuba 286

207. Dendroica carhonata, (And.) Baird. Kentucky 287

208. Dendroica palmar um, (Gm.) Baird. Yellow Red Poll. Eastern United States to

the Mississippi, and Red river of the north 288

200. Dendroica superciliosa, (Bodd.) Baird. Yellow-throated Warbler. Eastern United
States as far as Pennsylvania and Ohio to the Missouri ; south to
Mexico 289

210. Dendroica discolor, (Vieill.) Baird. Prairie Warbler. Atlantic State.s, as far north

as New York 290

211. Myiodioctes mitratus, (Gm.) Aud. Hooded Warbler. Eastern United States to

the Missouri ; south to Guatemala 292

212. 3fyiodioctes mimdus, (Wils.) Baird. Small-headed Flycatcher. Eastern Atlantic

States 293

213. 2fyiodioctes pusillus, (Wils.) Bon. Green Black-cap Flycatcher. United States from

Atlantic to Pacific ; south to Guatemala 293

214. Myiodioctes carmdensis, (Linn.) Aud. Canada Flycatcher. Eastern United States

to the Mississippi ; south to Guatemala 294

215. Myiodioctes honapartii, Aud. Bonaparte's Flycatcher. Louisiana 295

(216.) CardeUina rubra, {S\v.) Bon. Vermilion Flycatcher. Northern Mexico 296

XXXIV LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.

217. Setopliaga ruticilla, (Linn.) Sw. Redstart. Eastern United States to Fort

Bridger ; West Indies in winter 297

218. SetopJtaga pida, Sw. Northern Mexico ; Rio Grande valley 298

(219.) Setophaga mimata, Sw. Northern Mexico (Rio Grande valley) to Guatemala- • • • 299

220. Pyranga rubra, (Linn.) Yieill. Scarlet Tanager. Eastern United States to the

Missouri river 300

221. Pyranga aestiva, (Linn.) Vicillot. Summer Red Bird. South Atlantic and Gulf

States, through Texas, and south to Guatemala 301

222. Pyranga hepatica, Sw. Rocky mountains of New Mexico, southward 302

223. Pyranga htdoinciana, (Wils.) Bon. Louisiana Tanager. From the Black Hills to

the Pacific ; south to Mexico 303

(224.) Euplwnia eJegantissima, (Bon.) Gray. Northern Mexico to Guatemala. California? 304

225. Hirundo liorreorum, Barton. Barn Swallow. North America from Atlantic to

Pacific 308

226. Hirundo Inn i/rons, Saj'. Cliff Swallow. North America from Atlantic to Pacific- 309

227. Hirundo hicolor, Vieill. White-bellied Swallow. North America from Atlantic to

Pacific 310

228. Hirundo tlialassina, Sw. Violet Green Swallow. Rocky mountains to Pacific.

South Mexico ; east to Saltillo, Mexico 311

229. Cofyle riparia, (Linn.) Boie. Bank Swallow. North America generally 313

230. Cotyle ( Stelgidopteryx) serripenms, (Aud.) Bon. Rough-winged Swallow. United

States from Atlantic to Pacific 313

231. Progne purpurea, (Linn.) Boie. Purple Martin. North America generally ■-- • 314
Progne ? Indian Key, Florida -'^PP- ^23

232. Ampelis garridus, Linn. Wax Wing. Northern parts of both continents. Seen

in the United States only in severe winters, except along the
great lakes. In the Mississippi valley south to Fort Rilej'.
"Millions" seen north of Fort Bridger 317

233. Ampelis ccdrorum, (Vieill.) Baird. Cedar Bird. North America generally ; soutli

to Guatemala 318

234. Phainopepla nitens, (Swainson,) Sclater. Valley of Gila and southern Colorado

to upper Rio Grande ; west to Fort Tcjon ; east to Coahuila,
Mexico 320, 923

235. Myiadestcs towmendii, (Aud.) Cab. Townsend's Flycatclier. United States, from

Rocky Mountains and Black Hills to the Pacific; south to the
borders of Mexico 321

236. CoUyrio horealis, (Bon.) Baird. Great Northern Shrike. Northern regions, from

Atlantic to Pacific ; in winter south, through most of the United
States 324

237. CoUyrio ludovicianus, (Linn.) Baird. Loggerhead Shrike. Soutli Atlantic and

Gulf States 325

238. CoUyrio excubitor aides, (Sw.) Baird. White-runiped Shrike. Missouri plains and

fur countries to Pacific coast; eastward into AVisconsin, Illinois,

and MichiganC?) 327

LIST OF SPECIES. XXXXV

Page.
230. CoUijrio elegans, (Sw.) TVliite-\vinp;o(l Plirike. Western America 328

240. y iieo ( I'ireosylcaJ oUcacviifi, (Lhm.) A''ieill. Red-eyed Flycatcher. Eastern United

States to Fort Bridger, Utah ; in Texas to Devil's river; south

to Ouiitoniala ; Greoiiland 321

241. Jlreo (Virtosylva) Jiavoviridis, Cassin. Northern Mexico to Panama 332

242. Virco ('Fireosyh-a) vircscciis, A^ieill. Bartram's Vireo. Central and eastern South

America; Atlantic United States 333

243. Fireo { Fireosylva) (dtUoquus, (VieiW.) Gray. Whip Tom Kelly. Coast of southern

Florida and the West Indies • 334

244. Fireo pltilmMphicus, Cassin. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin 335

245. Fireo gilvit.s, (Vieill.) Bon. Warbling Flycatcher. Atlantic to Pacific coast of

United States ; var. stvainsonii ; Columbia river 335

246. Fiiro MU, And. Bell's Vireo. Missouri and eastern Texas 337

247. Fireo africapiUus, 'Woodh. Black-headed Flycatcher. Devil's river, Texas 337

248. Fireo (Lanivireo) noi'cboracciisis; (Gm.) Bon. White-eyed Vireo. Eastern United

States to the Missouri and throughout Texas 338

240. Fireo {Lanivireo) Imttoni, Cass. Button's Flycatcher. South California, across by

valley of Gila to northeastern Mexico 339

250. Fireo {Lanivireo) soUtar ills, (Vs'ih.) Vieill. Blue-headed Flycatcher. United States

from Atlantic to the Pacific 340

251. Fireo {Lanivireo) cassinii, De Vesey. Cassin's A^'ireo. Fort Tejon, California 340

252. Fireo {Lanivireo) Jlavifrons, Vieill. Yellow-throated Flycatcher. Eastern United

States to Missouri ; south to Central America 341

253. Afimus pohjglottus, (Linn.) Boie. Mocking Bird. Southern United States from

Atlantic to high central plains. Perhaps replaced by another

species to the Pacific. (M. caiidatus) 344

• 254. Mimus carolinensis, (Linn.) Gray. Cat Bird. Eastern United States to Fort

Bridger 346

255. Oreoscoptes montanus, (Towns.) Baird. Mountain Mocking Bird. Rocky mountains

from Fort Bridger south to Mexico; along valley of Gila and

Colorado ; San Diego, California 347

256. Harporhynchus redivivus, (Gambel,) Cab. Coast of California 349

257. Harporhynchus lemntii, (Lawr.) Bonap. Fort Yuma, California 350

258. Harporliynclais crissalis, Henry. Fort Thorn to Fort Yuma 351

259. Harporliynchus curvirostris, (Sw.) Cab. Lower Rio Grande 351

259. ? Harporliynchus vetida, (Wagl.) New Mexico 352

2G0. Harporhynchus longirostris, (Lafres.) Cab. Lower Rio Grande, south through

eastern Mexico 352

201. Harporhynchus rufus, (Linn.) Cab. Brown Thrush. Eastern North America to

Missouri river, and perhaps to high central plains, unless replaced

by a long-tailed variety, (H. longicauda) 353

262. Campylorhynchxts brunneicap>illus, (Lafres.) Grav. Valleys of Rio Grande and Gila,

southward 355

XXXVI LIST OF SPECIES,

Page.

263. Catherpcs mexicamts, (Sw.) Baird. White-tbroated "Wren. Valley of Eio Grande,

Colorado, and Gila, (but not on tbe coast of California,) soiitb

into Mexico 356

264. Sal2yinctes ohsolehts, (Say,) Cab. Rock Wren. High central plains through the

Rocky mountains to the Cascade range, (but not on the Pacific

coast ?) Fort Tejon 35T

265. Thriothorus ludovicianus, (Gm.) Bon. Great Carolina Wren. Eastern United States

to the Missoiiri ; north to Pennsylvania ; in Texas, to upper

Rio Grande 361

266. Thriothorus berlandieri, Couch. Northeastern Mexico, towards the Rio Grande • • 362

267. Thriothorus heiokku, (And.) Bon. Bewick's Wren. North America, from Atlantic

to Pacific ; south to Mexico. The western bird possibly distinct,

( T. spilurns) 363

268. Cistothorus (Tehnatodytes) ^xdustris, (Wils.) Cab. Long-billed Marsh Wren. North

America, from Atlantic to Pacific ; north to Greenland 364

269. Cistothorus (Cistothorus) stellaris, (Licht.) Cab. Short-billed Marsh Wren. Eastern

United States to the Loup Fork of Platte 365

270. Troglodytes aedon, Vieill. House Wren. Eastern United States to the Missouri,

or to the high central plains 367

27 L Troglodytes i^arlimanni^ Aud. Parkman's Wren. Western America, from the

high central plains and upper Missouri to the Pacific 367

272. Troglodytes americanus, Aud. Wood Wren. Eastern United States 368

273. Troglodytes (Anorfhura) hyemalis, (Wils.) Vieill. Winter Wren. North America

generally 369

274. Chamaea/asdata, Gambel. Coast of California 370

275. Certhia americana, Bonap. American Creeper. Eastern North America 372

276. Certhia mexicana, Gloger. Rocky mountains to Pacific ; Mexico 37 3

277. Sitfa caroliiiensis, Gm. White-bellied Nuthatch. Eastern North America to the

high central plains. West of this replaced by S. aculeata 374

278. Sitta acideata, Cassin. Slender-bill Nuthatch. Pacific coast, and east towards tlie

Rocky mountains 375

279. Sitta canadensis, Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch. North America to the Rocky

mountains ; probably also to the Pacific 376

280. Sitta pusilla,\i?iihi\m . Brown-headed Nuthatch. South Atlantic (and Gulf?) States- 377

281. Sitta jyygmaea, Vigors. California Nuthatch. Pacific coast and towards Rocky

mountains ; New Mexico 378

282. Polioptila caervlea, (Linn.) Sclat. Blue-Gray Flycatcher. United States, from

Atlantic to Missouri, and on the southern border from the Gulf
of Mexico to the coast mountains of California, south to Guate-
mala 380

283. Poliojtiila jilumbca, Baird. Valley of Colorado and Gila 382

284. Polioplila melanura, Law. Valley of Rio Grande and Gila; west to San Diego- • • 382

285. L(y[jhophanes bicolor, (Linn.) Bon. Tufted Titmouse. Eastern North America to

the Missouri river, or else replaced tlicrc ]<y a L. hiiss/iriciisis •• 384

LIST OF SPECIES. XXXVII

Pago.
28G. Lophophanes alricrislafiis. Cassiii. Black-creptod Tit. Valley of" Rio Grande ami

south 385

287. Lophophaiws inornadis, (Garub.) Cassin. Coast of California ami .southern Rocky

mountains 38G

288. Lophophanes tcoihveberi, Bon. Southern Rocky mountains, and soutii into Mexico,

on the table-lands 386

289. Par us siptentrionalis, Harris. Long-tailed Chickadee. Missouri river to llio

Rocky mountains, or else rephucd tliere by P. albescens 389

290. Parus atricapilliis, Linn. Black-cap Titmouse. Eastern North America, along the

Atlantic border 390

291. Pants occklaitalis, Bdird. Western Titmouse. North Pacific coast of United States • 391
(292.) Parus meridionalis, Sclater. Mexican Titmouse. Eastern Mexico 392

293. Parus cardinensis, Aud. Carolina Titmouse. South Atlantic States to Washington 392

294. Parus montanus, Gambel. Pacific coast of United States to the Rocky mountains- 394

295. Parus rii/escens, Towna. Chestnut-backed Tit. Pacific coast of the United States- 394

296. Parus kudsonicus, Forster. Northeastern portions of North America to the North

Atlantic States 395

(297.) Psaltriparus mdanotus, (Hart.) Bun. Black-cheeked Tit. Eastern Mexico to the

Rio Grande 396

298. Psaltriparus minimus, (Towns.) Bon. Least Tit. Pacilic coast of United States- - • 397

299. Psaltriparus plumbeus, Baird. Southern Rocky mountains 398

300. Paroides Jlaviceps, (Sund.) Baird. Rio Grande valley of Texas and Mexico. Fort

Yuma 400

301. Certhiolajlaveola, (Linn.) Sund. Yellow-rumped Creejjer. Indian Key, Florida,

and West Indies 924

302. Eremophila cornuta, (Wils.) Boie. Sky Lark. Everywhere on the prairies and

desert plains of North America ; Atlantic States in winter. A
smaller variety on the western plains 403

303. Hesperipjhona vespertina, (Cooper,) Bon. Evening Grosbeak. Pacific coast to

Rocky mountains ; Northern America east to Lake Superior • • ■ • 409

304. Pinicdla canadensis, (Briss.) Cab. Pine Grosbeak. Arctic America, south to

United States in severe winters 410

305. Carpodacus purpureus, (Gm.) Gray. Purple Finch. North America from Atlantic

to the High Central Plains 412

306. Carpodacus cali/ornictis, Baird. Western Purple Finch. Pacific coast of United

States 413

307. Carpodacus cassinii, Baird. Cassin's Purple Finch. Rocky mountains and valley of

the Colorado. Fort Tcjon ? 414

308. CarpKxlacus frontalis, (Say,) Gray. House Finch. Rocky mountains to the Pacific.

Perhaps several varieties 415

(309.) Carpodacus haemorrhous, Wagler. High lands of Mexico 417

310. Chrysomitris magdlanicus, (\'ic\\\.) Bon. Black-headed Gi)ld-fini.li. Smitli Anieiica.

Accidental in United States, (Kentucky) 419

311. Cliiysomitris stanlcyi, (Aud.) Bon. Stanley's Gold-finch. California (?) Proba-

bly western Mexico 420

XXXVni LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.

312. Chryfsomitris yarrelU, (Aud.) Bon. YarrplFs Gold-finch. California (?) Proba-

bly western Mexico 421

313. Chrijsomilris tristis, (Linn.) Bon. Yellow Bird. North America generally 421

314. Chrysomitris psaltria, (Say,) Bon. Arkansas Finch. Southern Rocky mountains

to the coast of California 422

315. Chrysomitris mexicano, (Sw.) Bon. Mexican Goldfinch, ilexican side of the

valley of the Rio Grande, southward; Copper Mines of the Gila- 423

316. Chrysomitris Jatvrencii, (Cassin,) Bon. Coast of California 424

317. Chrysomitris pimts, (Wils.) Bon. Pine Finch. North America, from Atlantic to

Pacific 425

318. Curvirostra americana, Wils. Red Crossbill. North America generally, coming

southward in winter. Resident in the mountains of Pennsylva-
nia. Perhaps var. mexicana in Rocky mountains 426

319. Curvirostra leiwoptera, (Gm.) Wils. White-winged Crossbill. Northern parts of

North America generally 427

320. Aegiothis linaria, (Linn.) Cab. Lesser Red Poll. Throughout eastern North

America, coming south in winter; Washington Territory 428

321. Aegiothus canescens, (Gould.) Cab. Mealy Red Poll. Greenland 429

322. LeiKOsticte tephrocotis, Sw. Gray-crowned Finch. Northern Rocky mountains;

vicinity of Salt Lake City in winter 430

323. Leucostide griseimicha, (Brand,) Bonap. Russian America, Aleutians 430

324. Leucostide aixtoiis, (Pall.) Bonap. Kamtschatka; Russian America 430

325. Pledrophanes (PledrophanesJ nivalis, (Lmn.) Meyer. Snow Bunting. North Ame-

rica, from Atlantic to Pacific ; south into the United States in
winter 432

326. Flectropha7ies (Centrophanes) lapponicus, (Linn.) Selby. Lapland Longspur. East-

ern North America into United States in winter. Not yet found
much west of the Missouri. Fort Laramie ? 433

327. Pkdropihanes (Centrophanes) pidus, Sw. Smith's Bunting. Prairies of Illinois in

winter ; in summer north to the Saskatchewan 434

328. Plectrophanes (Centrophanes) ornatus, Towns. Chestnut-collared Bunting. Plains

of the Upper Missouri 435

329. Pledrophanes (Centrophanes) melanomus, Baird. Eastern slope of the Rocky moun-

tains; ^le.xico, on the table-lands 436

330. Plectrophanes (Phynchd/ihaDes) maccotonii, Lawr. Eastern slopes of Rocky moun-

tains ; from Fort Thorn, N. M., as far east as the Black Hills,

north of the Platte 437

331. Centronyx bairdii, (Aud.) Baird. Mouth of the Yellowstone 441

332. Passerculm savanna, (Wils.) Bon. Savannah Sparrow. Eastern North America to

the Missouri jiliiins 442

333. Passercuhis sandwichensis, (Gni.) Baird. Northwestern coast, from the Columbia

river to Russian America 444

334. Pusserctdus anthinns, Bon. Coast of California, near San Francisco ; Russian

America, Kodiak 445

LIST OP SPECIES. XXXIX

Page.
S3."). Pusst'iTiiliis (ihiiKliinis, Bon. Coast of" Californi;i and lower Rio (iraiido of Texas

and Moxic-o; Fort IJrid^^er 1 Id

336. Passercitl us rout ra( Its, {Cii?s.) ]5aird. Coast of California near San Ditiro 44G

337. Pooecetes graiuiueus, (Gm.) Baird. Gra.ss Finch. United States from Allan! ir to

the Pacific; or else one .species to (he hifrh central plains, and
another from tiiis to the Pacific 447

338. Coturniculus passeriniis, (Wils.) Bon. Yellow-winged Sparrow. Eastern United

States to the high central plains (Loup Fork); also along the
valley of Gila and Colorado 4.50

339. Colurulciihts hcnsloici, (And.) Bon. Ilonslow's Bunting. Eastern United States as

far north as Washington; westward to the Loup Fork of Platte- 451

340. Cotm-niculus Jecontii, (Aud.) Bon. Leconte's Bunting. Mouth of Yellowstone ■• • 452

341. Ammodromus caudaciUns, (Gm.) Sw. Sharp-tailed Fineii. Atlantic coast nl' the

United States 453

342. Ammodromits inaritimus, (AVils.) Sw. Sea-side Finch. Atlantic coast as far, at

least, as Long Island 454

343. Ammodromus samuelis, Baird. Calitnrnia 455

344. Chondestes gramniaca, (Say,) Bon. Lark Finch. From Wisconsin and the prairies

of Michigan to Pacific coast; soutli to Texas and Mexico, on the
plains 456

345. Zonotrichia leucophrys, (Forster,) Sw. White-crowned Sparrow. United States

from Atlantic to the Rocky nunintains, where they become mixed

up with Z. (jambelii; Greenland 458

340. Zoniitricliia goinMii, (Nutt.) Gambel. Rocky mountains to the Pacific coast; Fort

Bi-idger 4G0

347. Zonotrichia coronata, (Pallas.) Baird. Golden-crowned Sparrow. Pacific coast

from Russian America to southern California; Black Hills of
Rocky mountains ? 461

348. Zonotrichia querula, (N^utt.) Gaml). Harris's Finch. Missouri river, above Fort

Leavenworth 462

349. Zonotrichia alhicoTlis, {Gm.) Bon. White-throated Sparrow. Eastern United States

to the Missouri 463

(350.) Junco cincreits (Sw.) Cab. ilexico 465

351. Junco dorsalis, Henry. Fort Thorn, New Mej;ico 466

352. Junco oregomm, (Towns.) Sclat. Oregon Snow Bird. Pacific coast of the United

States to the eastern side of the Rocky mountains; stragglers as
far east as Fort Leavenworth in winter, and Great Bend of
Missouri 467

353. Junco caniceps, (Woodh.) Baird. Rocky mountains, from Black Hills to Fort

Bridget and San Francisco ; mountains of New Mexico 4G8

354. Junco hyemalis, (Linn.) Sclat. Snow Bird. Eastern United States to the Missouri,

and as far west as Black Hills 468

355. Poospiza bilineata, (Cass.) Sclat. Black-throated Sparrow. Valley of Rio Grande

and of Gila. (Big caiion of Colorado.) 470

XL LIST OF SPECIES.

Page

356. Poospiza helli, (Cass.) Sclat. Bell's Fincli. Southern California and valley of

Gila and Colorado to Fort Thorn, and north to Fort Bridger,
where very abundant 470

357. Spizella monticola, (Gm.) Baird. Tree Sparrow. Eastern North America to the

Missouri ; also on Pole creek and Little Colorado river, New
Mexico 472

358. Spizella pusilla, (Wils.) Bon. Field Sparrow. Eastern North America to the

Missouri river 473

359. Spizella socialis, (Wils.) Bon. Chipping Sparrow. North America from Atlantic

to Pacific 473

360. Spizella pallida, (Sw.) Bon. Clay-colored Bunting. Upper Missouri river and

high central plains to the Saskatchewan country. 474

361. Spizella hreweri, (Aud.) Cass. Brewer's Sparrow. Rocky mountains of United

States to the Pacific coast 475

362. SjyizeUa atrigularis, (Cab.) Baird. Black-chinned Sparrow. Mexico just south

of the Rio Grande 476

363. ilelospiza (Melospiza) melodia, (Wils.) Baird. Song Sparrow. Eastern United

States to the high central plains 477

364. Melospiza ( 3Ielo!<piza ) heeniiaiaii, Baird. Heermann's Song Sparrow. Tejon Pass,

California 478

365. Melospiza (Melospiza) gonldii, Baird. California 479

366. Melospiza (BMospiza) rufina, (Brandt,) Baird. Pacific coast of the United States

to Russian America 480

367. Melospiza (Melospiza) fallax, Baird. Rocky mountain region from Fort Thorn to

the Colorado 481

368. 3Ielospiza (Helosjyiza) lincohiii, (Aud.) Baird. Lincoln's Finch. United States

from Atlantic to Pacific, and south through Mexico to Guatemala 482

369. 3Ielospiza (Helospiza) palustris, (Wils.) Baird. Swamp Sparrow. Eastern United

States from the Atlantic to the Missouri 483

370. Peucma aestivalis, (Licht.) Cab. Bachman's Finch. Georgia 484

371. Peueaea cassinii, (Woodh.) Baird. San Antonio, Texas, to Los Nogales, Sonera- 485

372. Peueaea rujiceps, (Cass.) Baird. Coast of California. 486

373. Emhenvagra rufivinjata, Lawr. Valley of the Rio Grande and probably of Gila,

southward. Mazathyi, Mexico 487

374. PassereUa Utaca, (Merrem,) Sw. Fox-colored Sparrow. Eastern United States

to the Mississippi. 488

375. PassereUa toivmendii, (And.) Nutt. Pacific coast of United States as far south as

Sacramento. Fort Tejon ?? 489

376. Pasaerella schistacea, Baird. Head-waters of Platte and Fort Bridger to Fort Tejon,

California. Pi^riiaps another species, P. megarhymhus, (App.)-490, 925

377. Calamospiza bicolor, (Towns.) Bon. Lark Bunting. High central plains to the

Rocky mountains ; southwesterly to valley of Mimbres and Sonora 492

378. Euspiza amcricana, (Gm.) Bon. Black-tliroated Bunting. United States from

the Atlantic to the border of the high central plains 494

LIST OF SPECIES. XLI

Page.

379. Euspiza (ownsencUi, (Aud.) Bon. Townscnd's Bunting. Chester county, Pennsyl-

vania. But one specimen known 495

380. Guiraca { Goniaphea ) htdoviciinta, (Linn.) Sw. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Eastern

United States to the Missouri plains ; south to Guatemala 497

381. Gitlraca (Goniaphea) melanocephala, Sw. Black-headed Grosbeak. High Central

plains from Yellow Stone to the Pacific ; Table lands of Mexico 498

382. Guiraca cacridm, (Linn.) Sw. Blue Grosbeak. More Southern United States

from Atlantic to Pacific ; south to Mexico 499

383. Cyanospiza pKireUina, (Bon.) Baird. Northeastern Mexico to the Rio Grande ••• • 502

384. Cijanosplza ciris, (Linn.) Baird. Painted Bunting. South Atlantic and Gulf

States to the Pecos river, Texas ; south into Mexico 503

385. Ci/anospiza versicolor, (Bon.) Baird. Northeastern Mexico, probably to the Rio

Grande ; Peru 503

386. Cijanosplza amoena, (Say,) Baird. Lazuli Finch. High Central Plains to the

Pacific 504

387. Cyanospiza cyanea, (Linn.) Baird. Indigo Bird. Eastern United States to the

Missouri ; south to Guatemala 505

388. SpermopJnla mordetii, Pucheran. Rio Grande of Texas ; south to Honduras 50G

389. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, Bon. Valley of the Rio Grande of Texas 508

390. Cardinalis virginianvs, Bonaparte. Red Bird. More southern portions of the

United States to the Missouri ; probably along valley of Rio

Grande to Rocky mountains 509

39L Pijjilo erythropMJiahntis, (Linn.) Vieill. Ground Robin. Eastern United States

to tlie Missouri river 512

392. Pipilo oregonus, Bell. Oregon Ground Robin. Coast of Oregon and Washington

Territories 513

393. Fipdo arctkus, Sw. High Central Plains of Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, aud

Platte; Fort Bridger 514

394. Pipilo megalonyx, Baird. Southern coast of California and across through vaUies

of Gila and Rio Grande 515

395. Pipilo abertii, Baird. Base of Rocky mountains in New Mexico ; Valley of Gila

and Colorado 516

396. Pipilo fvsais, Sw. Coast region of California 517

397. Pipil(f^mesoleucus, Baird. Valley of Upper Rio Grande and across to the Gila

river ; East to Santa Caterina, New Leon 518

398. Pipilo cJdorurus, (Towns.) Baird. Blanding's Finch. Valley of Rio Grande and

Gila. Rocky mountains north to the South Pass ; south to
Mexico 519

399. Dolichonyx oryzivorus, (Linn.) Sw. Boblink. Eastern United States to Fort

Bridger, Utah 522

400. Molothrus pecoris, (Gm.) Sw. Cow Bird. United States from the Atlantic to

California ; Fort Bridger 524

401. Agdaitts phoeniceiis, (Linn.) Vieill. Swamp Blackbird. United States from Atlantic

to Pacific 526

b6*

XLn LIST OF SPECIES,

Page.

402. Afjdaius (juhcrnator, (Wagl.) Bon. Rcd-shouklcrcd Blackbird. Pacific coast ot

United States ; Colorado river 529

403. Afjclaius tricolor, (Nutt.) Bon. Red and White-shouldered Blackbird. Coast of

California ; Colorado rivor 530

404. Xanthoceplialus ideroccphulus, (Bon.) Baird. Yellow-headed Blackbird. Western

America, from Texas, Illinois, Wisconsin, and North Red river

to California ; south into Mexico ; Greenland 531

(405.) Trupialls militaris, (Lirm.) Bonap. Red-breasted Lark. Western coast of South
America ; around to Falkland Islands ; perhaps in Brazil ; coast
of California? 533

40G. Sturm-Ua mcKjiw, {L'mn.) Sw. Meadow Lark. Eastern United States to the high

central plains ; south to Mexico ; Cuba? 535

407. SturneUa iiegJecta, Aud. Western Lark. Western America, from high central

plains to the Pacific ; east to Pendjina, and perhaps to Wisconsin • 537

408. Icterus vulgaris, (Linn.) Daudin. Troupial. Northern South America and West

Indies ; accidental on the southern coast of United States 542

409. Icterus auduhonii, Giraud. Audubon's Oriole. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande

of Texas, southward 542

(410.) Icterus melanocepjmlus, (Wagl.) Gray. Warm parts of Mexico 543

411. Icterus parisorum, Bon. Valley of the Rio Grande, south to Guatemala ; in

Texas, found on the Pecos 544

412. Icterus wagleri, Sclater. Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande valley ; south to

Guatemala 545

413. Icterus cucullatus, Swain. Hooded Oriole. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande,

southward 546

414. Icterns spurius, {hum.) Bon. Orchard Oriole. United States, from the Atlantic

to the high central plains ; probably throughout Texas ; south

to Guatemala • ■ 547

415. Icterus laltimore, (Linn.) Daudin. Baltimore Oriole. From Atlantic coast to the

high central plains, and in their borders ; south to Guatemala • • 548
41G. Icterm hullockii, (Sw.) Bon. Bullock's Oriole. High central plains to the Pacific ;

rare on upper Missouri ; south into Mexico < 549

417. Scolecopltarjus ferrufjineus, (Gm.) Sw. Rusty Blackbird. From Atlantic coast to

the Missouri 551

418. Scolecopliagus cyanocepJialits, (Wagl.) Cab. Brewer's Blackbird. High central

plains to the Pacific ; south to Mexico ; Pembina, Minnesota- ■ • 552

419. Quiscalus macrourvs, Sw. Great-tailed Grakle. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande

of Texas, southward 553

420. Quiscalus major, (Wila.) Vieill. Boat-tailed Grakle. Southern Atlantic and Gulf

Coast ; mouth of Rio Grande, Texas 555

421. Quisecdus versicolor. (Linn.) Vicill. Crow Blackbird. Atlantic to high central

plains ; Fort Bridger 555

422. Quiscalus larilus, (Linn.) Vieill. Florida coast and West Indies 556

423. C'orvus carnivorus, Bartram. American Raven. lOntire continent of North

America ; rare east of the Mississippi 5(50

424. Corvusccwalotl,y^n.g\. Colorado Raven. Colorado river of California, southward ■• 5G3

LIST OF SPECIES. XU.

Pago
4*25. Corvus cri/ptoleueu.% Couch. "Wliitc-ncckod Crow. Valley of Rio Grando and Gila ;

abundant on tlie Llano Kstacado 5C.5

42G. Corvus amerlcaniis, Aud. Common Crow. North America to the Jlissouri region ;

also on the coast of California? (Not found on the high central

plains ?) .56G

421. Corvus americanus, var. florulaniis, Baird. Florida Crow. Southern peninsula of

Florida 5G8

42S. Corvus caurinus, Baird. Northwestern Fish Crow. Washington Territory and

northwest coast 5G9

429. Coi^vus ossi/ragus, Wilsou. Fish Crow. South Atlantic (and Gulf ?) coast. 571

430. Picicorvus cdumhianus, (Wils.) Bon. Clark's Crow. From Rocky mountains to

Pacific ; east to Fort Kearney 573

431. Gymnokitta cyanocephala, Pr. Max. Maximilian's Jay. Rocky mountains to Cas-

cades of California and Oregon. Not on the Pacific coast 574

432. Pica hudsonica, (Sabine,) Bon. Magpie. Arctic regions of North America ; the

United States from the High Central Plains to the Pacific north

of California 576

433. Pica mittaUi, Aud. Yellow-billed Magpie. Coast of California 578

434. Cyanura cristafa, (Linn.) Sw. Blue Jay. Eastern North America ; west to the

Missouri. 580

435. Cyanura steUeri, (Gm.) Sw. Stellor's Jay. Pacific coast of North America ; cast

to St. Mary's mission, Rocky mountains 581

436. Cyanura macrolophus, Baird. Long-crested Jay. Central lino of Rocky moun-

tains to the table lands of Mexico 582

437. Cyanocitta calif arnica, (Vigors.) Strick. California Jay. Pacific coast from Co-

lumbia river, south ; not in the interior 584

438. Cyanocitta woodhousii, Baird. Woodhouse's Jay.. Central line of Rocky moun-

tains to the table lands of Mexico 585

439. Cyanocitta floridana, (Bartram,) Bon. Florida Jay. Florida 586

440. Cyanocitta sordida, (Sw.) Baird. Mimbres region of Rocky mountains, and snutli

to table lauds of Mexico 587

441. Cyanocitta nltramarina, (Bon.) Strickl. Ultramarine Jay. South side of valley of

Rio Grande, near the coast and southward 588

442. Xanikoura luxuosa, (Lesson,) Bon. Green Jay. Valley of Rio Grande of

Texas, and southward 589

443. Perisoreus canadensis, (Linn.) Bon. Canada Jay. Northern America into the

northern parts of United States' from Atlantic to Pacific ; farther
south in Rock}' mountains 590

444. PsiJorhimis morio, (Wagler,) Gray. Rio Grande valley of Texas, southward •■• • 592

445. Columha ( Columha) fasciata, Say. Band-tailed Pigeon. Rocky mountains to Pacific

coast; south to New Leon, Mexico '• • • 597

44G. Columha (Columha) flavirostris, Wagl. Red-billed Dove. Lower Rio Grande ■ • •• 598
447. Columha (Patagioenas) leiicocejohaki, Linn. White-headed Pigeon. Indian Key and
other southern keys of Florida; not on main land; West Indies
generally - 599

XLIV LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.

418. Edopistes migraioria, (Linn.) Sw. "Wild Pigeon. North America to high central

plains GOO

449. Zeyiaida amahilis, 'Sona^. Zenaida Dove. Florida Keys; chiefly on or near Indian

Key and the West Indies 602

450. Mdopelta lencoptera, (Linn.) Bon. White-winged Dove. Valley of Rio Grande,

southward ; California; West Indies 603

451. Zenaidura carolinensis, (Linn.) Bon. Common Dove. Throughout United States,

from Atlantic to Pacific; Cuba 604

452. Scarda/eUa squamosa, (Temm.) Bon. Scaly Dove. South side of valley of Rio

Grande, southward; perhaps S. inca, Bon 605

453. Chamacpdia passerina, (Linn.) Sw. Ground Dove. South Atlantic and Gulf

coasts. Lower California; accidental near Washington, D. C • • • 606

454. Oreopeleia martinica, (Gm.) Reich. Key West Pigeon. Key West, Florida, and

West Indies 607

455. Starnocnus CTjanocephala, (Linn.) Bon. Blue-headed Pigeon. West India islands;

occasionally at Key West, Florida, and other southern Keys ■ • • 608

456. Orfalida m'ccalli, Baird. Chiacalacca. New Mexico 611

457. Meleagris galhpavo, Linn. Wild Turkey. United States 615

458. Meleagris mexicana, Gould. Mexican Turkey. Mexico 618

459. Tetrao obscurus, Say. Dusky Grouse. Black Hills of Nebraska to Cascade mount-

ains of Oregon and Washington 620

460. Tetrao canadensis, Linn. Spruce Partridge. SjDruce forests and swamps of

northern United States to the Arctic seas; west nearly to the
Rocky mountains 622

461. Tetrao franklinii, Douglas. Franklin's Grouse. Northern Rocky mountains, and

west 623

462. Centrocercus tirophasianns, (Bon.) Sw. Cock of the Plains. Sage plains of the

northwest 624

463. Fedioecetes phasianelbts, (Linn.) Baird. Sharp-tailed Grouse. Northern prairies

and plains, from Wisconsin to Cascades of Oregon and Wash-
ington • 626

464. Cupidonia cupido, (Linn.) Baird. Prairie Hen. Western prairies and plains,

within the limits of the United States east of the Rocky Moun-
tains; southeast to Calcasieu, Louisiana; east to Pocono moim-
tains, Pennsylvania, Long Island, and eastern coast. 628

465. Bonasa nmheUus, (Linn.) Stcph. Ruffed Grouse. Wooded portions of eastern

Uniti.'d States towards the Rocky mountains 630

465.* Bonasa, var. nmldloidcs, (Douglas,) Baird. Gray Mountain Grouse. Northern

valleys of Rocky mountains 630

4GG. Bonasa saUnii, (Doiigl-AB,) Baird. Oregon Grouse. Rocky mountains, to Pacific

coast of Oregon and Washington 631

467. Lagopus alhm, (Gm.) And. White Ptarmigan. Northern America; rare in the

northern parts of United States 633

468. Lagopus rupestris, (Gm.) Leach. Ptarmigan. Arctic America. 635

LIST OP SPECIES. XLV

Page.
4C9. Lagopus leucurtis, Sw. "Wliitc-tailcd Ptarniifran. Noitliorn America to the west;
southward along Rooky mountains to Cochetope pass, in Latitude
39^. G3G

470. Lagopus americanus, Aud. American Ptarmigan. Arctic America G;!7

471. Oili/x virginianus, (Linn.) Bon. Partridge; Quail. Eastern United States, to the

high central plains. 040

472. Ortyx texanvs, Lavvr. Southern Texas and valley of Rio Grande (Ml

473. Oreorlyx pictus, (Douglas,) Baird. Plumed Partridge. Mountain ranges of Cali-

fornia and Oregon towards the coast G42

474. LopJiorlyx cali/onuciis, (Shaw,) Bon. California Quail. Plains and lowlands of

California and Oregon towards the coast; Moliave river G44

475. Lophortyx gamhelii, Nutt. Gambel's Partridge. Upper Rio Grande and Gila, to

the Colorado of California G45

476. CallipKpla squamaia, (Vigors,) Gray. Scaled or Bine Partridge. Valley of Rio

Grande of Texas. Not yet detected further west. Most abundant

on the high broken table lands and mezquite plains G4G

477. Cyrtonyx massena, (Lesson,) Gould. Massena Partridge. Chiefly on the upper

Rio Grande, from the high plains of the Pecos G47

478. Grus americamis, (Linn.) Ord. "Whooping Crane. Florida and Texas; stragglers

in Mississippi valley 654

479. Grits canadensis, (Linn.) Temm. Sand-hill Cran«. Whole of western regions of

United States; Florida. 655

480. Grusfraterculus, Cassin. New Mexico 656

481. Aramm fjiganteiis, (Bon.) Baird. Crying Bird. Florida and West Indies 657

482. DemiegrcUa pealii, (Bon.) Baird. Pealc's Egret. Seacoast of south Florida 661

483. Demiegretta rnfa, (Bodd.) Baird. Reddish Egret. Coast of south Florida and

Gulf of Mexico to mouth of Rio Grande; Cuba 662

484. Demiegretta hdoviciana, (Wils.) Baird. Louisiana Heron. Coast of South Atlantic

and Gulf States. 663

485. Garzetta candidissima, (Jacquin,) Bon. Snowy Heron. Coast of middle and Gulf

States, and across to California 665

486. Herodias egretta, {QivaQl.) Gray. White Heron. Southern portions of the United

States; straggling to Massachusetts 666

486.* Herodias egretta, var. cali/ornica, Baird. Coast of southern California, and per-
haps the Rio Grande of Texas 667

487. Ardea herodias, Linn. Great Blue Heron. Throughout the entire territory of the

United States; West Indies GG8

488. Ardea tmrdemannii, Baird. Florida Heron. South Florida. 669

489. Auduhonia occidentalis, (Aud.) Bon. Great White Heron. South Florida and

Cuba 670

490. Florida caernlea, (Linn.) Baird. Blue Heron. South Atlantic and Gulf coast to

Mexico. 671

491. Ardetta exilis, (Gmcl.) Gray. Least Bittern. Throughout the United States, from

Atlantic to Pacific 673

492. Botaurus Untiginosus, Steph. Bittern. Entire continent of Nortli America 674

XLVI LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.

idB. Bntorides virescefis, (Lhm.) Bon. Green Heron. United States generally G76

494. Buforides Irunnesccns, (Cab.) Cuba ; Florida ? 076

495. Nydiardeagm-deni, (GmeVm,) Baird. Night Heron. United States generally • • GTS

496. Nyctherodius violaceiis, (Linn.) Reich. Yellow-crowned Night Heron. South

Atlantic and Gulf States ; South America 679

497. Tantalus hculator, (Linn.) Wood Ibis. South Atlantic and Gulf States and across

to the Colorado river ; as far north as North Carolina and mouth

of Ohio 682

498. Ihis rnh-a, (Linn.) A^ieillot. Red or Scarlet Ibis. South America and West

Indies. Verj' rare or accidental in the United States 683

499. Ibis alba, (Linn.) Vieillot. White Ibis. South Atlantic and Gulf States ;

straggling occasionally northward G84

500. Ibis (Falcinelhis) ordii, Bonaparte. Glossy Ibis. Found singly and at inter-

vals over the whole United States 685

501. Flatulea ajaja, Linn. Rosy Spoonbill. South Atlantic and Gulf States 686

502. Phocnicopterus ruber, Linn. Flamingo. Warm parts of America. Rare on the

Florida Keys 687

503. Charadrius virginicus, Borck. Golden Plover. All of North America, South

America, Northern Asia, Europe ■ - 690

504. Aegialitis (Oxyecltus) vociferus, (Linn.) Cassin. Killdeer. North America to the

Arctic regions; Mexico; South America 692

505. Aegialitis (Oxyechus) nwniamts, (Towns.) Cassin. Mountain Plover. Western

North America ; Fort Bridger, and Fort Tejon 693

506. Aegialitis fOchtJiodromiis) wilsonius, (Ord,) Cassin. Wilson's Plover. Middle

and Southern States on the Atlantic, and the Atlantic coast of
South America G93

507. Aegialitis (Aegialeiis) semipalmatiis, (Bon.) Cab. Semipalmated Plover. The

whole of temperate North America. Common on the Atlantic ■ • 694

508. Aegialitis [Aegialeus) melodvs, (Ord,) Cab. Piping Plover. Eastern coast of

North America ; Nebraska ; Louisiana.. 095

509. Aegialitis (Leucopolius) nivosa, Cassin. Presidio, (near San Francisco,) California- 695

510. Squatarola helvetica, (Linn.) Cuv. Black-bellied Plover. All of North America.

The seacoasts of nearly all countries of the world G97

511. Aphriza virgata, (Gmelin,) Gray. Surf Bird. Pacific coast of North America?

South America; Sandwich Islands 698

512. Haematopm paUiatus, Temm. Oyster Catcher. Coastof Atlantic ocean; States on

the Pacific? Fluiida G99

513. Haematopus niger, Pallas. Baclnnan's Oyster Catcher. Western coast of the

United States; Kurile islands 700

(514)? Haonafojnw ater,Yic\\\ot. Western coast of the United States? South Anurica;

coast of Chile 700

515. SlrepsHas inteiprcH, (JAnw.) liiig. Turnstone. Shores of the Atlantic and Pacific,

tliroughout North America. One of the most widely diffused of

birds, being found in nearly all parts of tlie world 701

51C. Strepsilas mclanocephalns, Yigors. Black Turnstone. Western North America- • • 702

LIST OF SPECIES. XLVII

517. liccurvirostfaamcfiimni, Gin. American Avosct. All of tomperato Nortli America;

Florida 703

518. Hhnanlopus iiiijilojUis, Xie'iUot. Black-necked Stilt. United States generally- •• • 704

519. P/tithii-ojjm icilmnU, Sab. Wilson's Phalarope. Entire temperate regions of iKirtli

America; New Jloxico 705

520. Phalarnpus hi/jxrlH^irxn, (Linn.) Tomm. Northern Plialaropo. The wliolo of

tomperato North America; Enrope; Japan; San Francisco, Cal 706

521. Phalaropus /idicartits, (Linn.) Bon. lied Phalarope. Entire temperate regions

of North America; Asia; Europe • • • 707

522. PhlloheJa minor, (Gm.) Gray. American Woodcock. Ea.storn North America • • 709

523. GaUiimgo icilsonU, (Temm.) Bon. English Snipe. Entire temperate regions of

North America; California 710

524. Macrorhamphus (jriscus, (Gm.) Leach. Red-breasted Snipe. Entire temperate

regions of North America 712

525. Macrorluuiijihus sco?oj)0(C«,9, (Say,) Lawrence. Entire temperate regions of Xortli

America; Washington Territory; New York 712

526. Tringa (Tringa) camitus, Linn. Gray Back. Eastern North America; Europe ■ • 715

527. Tringa (Tringa) cooperi, Baird. Long Island 716

528. Tringa (ArquateUa) maritima, Briinuicli. Purple Sandpiper. Eastern Nortli

America; Europe 717

529. Tringa (Erolia) suharquata, (Gould,) Temm. Curlew Sandpiper. Atlantic

coast of the United States; rare; Europe; Asia; Africa 718

530. Tringa (Schoeniclus) alpina, var. americana, Cassin. Red-backed Sandpiper. Entire

temperate regions of North America 719

531. Tringa (Aciodromas)macitIata,\iG\l\. Jack Snipe. North America generally. South

America. Accidental in Europe 720

532. Tringa (Adodromas) tcilsonii, Nuttall. Least Sandpiper. Entire temperate.North

America. • 721

533. Tringa (Actodromas) honnpartii, Schlegel. North America east of the Rocky

mounains ■ 722

534. Calidris arenaria, (Linn.) Illiger. Sanderling. Entire temperate regions of

North America ; South America ; Europe 723

535. Ereunetes petrificatus, 111. Semipalmated Sandpiper. Entire temperate regions of

North America ; South America ; varying much in size 724

536. Micropalama Jiimantojiiis, (Bon.) Buird. Stilt Sandpiper. Eastern North America • 726

537. Symp]iemia semipalmata, (Gm.) Hartlaub. Willet. Entire temperate regions of

North America ; South America 729

538. Glottis floridanus, Bon. Florida Greenshank. Florida 730

539. Gambetta melanoleitca, (Gm.) Bon. Tell-tale. Stone Snipe. Entire temperate

regions of North America. Mexico 731

540. Ganibetla flavipes, (Gtm.) Bon. YeUow Legs. Eastern North America ; western? 732

541. Rhya^ophUus sditarius, (Wils.) Bon. Solitary Sandpiper. Entire temperate re-

gions of North America. Mexico. 733

542. Heteroscdus hrevipes, {Vicill.) Baird. Wandering Tatler. Washington Territory.

Islands in the Pacific. South America. Northeastern Asia.
Japan 734

XLVin LIST OF SPECIES.

Page

543. Tringoides macularius, (Linn.) Gray. Spotted Sandpiper. Entire temperate

North America ; Oregon. Accidental in Europe 735

544. Phihmachus pugnax, (Linn.) Gray. Ruif. Northern Europe and Asia. Acci-

dental on Long Island 737

545. Aditurus hartramhis, (Wils.) Bon. Field Plover. Eastern North America ;

Soiith America. Europe 737

546. Trymjifes rufcscens, (Vieillot,) Cab. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. All of North

America ; South America ; Europe 739

547. iunosa/erfoa, (Linn.) Ord. Entire temperate regions of North America. South

America. 740

548. Limosa hmlsonica, (Lath.) Sw. Northern and eastern North America; New

Jersey • 741

549. Numenius (Numenius) longirostris, "Wilson. Long-billed Curlew. The entire tem-

perate regions of North America. Perhaps two or more species
included 743

550. Numenius (Fhaeojnfs) hudsonicus, Latham. Hudsonian Curlew. Atlantic and

Pacific coasts of North America. California 744

551. Numenius (Phaeopus) borealis, (Forst.) Latham. Esquimaux Curlew. Eastern and

northern North America 744

552. PaJhis clegans, Aud. Marsh Hen. Middle and Southern States on the Atlantic

Ocean ; California 746

553. EaUus crepitans, Gm. Clapper Rail. Middle and southern coast of the States on

the Atlantic Ocean ; South America 747

554. BaUus virgintamis, Linn. Virginia Rail. The entire temperate regions of North

America ; New Mexico, California, Oregon 748

555. Porzana (PormnaJ Carolina, Vieill. Common Rail. Entire temperate regions of

North America 749

556. Porzana (Creciscus) jamaicensis, (Gm.) Little Black Rail. Middle and Southern

States on the Atlantic Ocean 749

557. Porzana (Coturnicops) mvehoracensis, (Gm.) Yellow Rail. Eastern North

America 7oO

558. Crex pratensis, Bechst. Corn-crake. Europe ; Greenland. Accidental on the At-

lantic coast of the United States 751

559. i^'uZicoamencana, Gmelin. Coot. Entire temperate regions of North America- • 751

560. GaUinula (Gallinula) galeata, (Licht.) Bon. Florida Gallinule. Southern coun-

tries of North America ; accidental in Middle and Northern
States "^52

561. GaUinula (Porphyrula) martinica, (Linn.) Lath. Purple Gallinule. Southern

States of North America, Louisiana, Florida. Accidental in the

middle and northern United States 753

5&\. Ci/gnus americanus, i^h:iri)\osH. American Swan. Continent of North America- • • 758

562. Cygnus buccinator, Rich. Trumpeter Swan. Western America, iVom the Missis-

sippi valley to the Pacific "^58

5Q3. Anser(C}ien)hyperhorcu8,Tol\!iB. Snow Goose. Whole of Norih America. Pcr-

liapa n second species, (A. albatus) 760

LIST OF SPECIES. XLIX

Pago.

5G4. Aiistr (Clieu) auriil'siciis, liimi. Wliite-hciulcd Goose. Nortli America 7G1

5<).'i. .fj/.v. ;• I Aii-sfi-i iiiiiiiImIH. llartlaub. White Fronted Goose. Whole of North Aiue-

ri.a 7G1

506. Anscr frontalis, Baird. Interior of North America 762

567. Bernicla(lA'itcol)fepharo») canadensis, (Linn.) Boic. Canada Goose. Wliole of North

America. Accidental in Europe 764

568. Bernivla ( LeucMejiharon) leucopareia, (Brandt,) Cassin. Whitc-chceked Goose.

West coast of America. Perhaps mixed witii B. occidentalis ■ ■ ■ ■ 765
561). Bvrnivln (LeucoUepharon)hutcMnsii, (Kich.) Bonaj). Iluctchin's Goose. Northern

and western regions of North America 765

570. Bernivia (Bernivhi) hrentn, Steph. Brant. Eastern or Atlantic coast of North

America ; Europe. Not yet observed on the Pacific side of

the continent 767

571. Bernida (Bernida) nigricans, (Lawr.) Cassin. Black Brant. Pacific coast of North

America. Very rare on the Atlantic coast 767

572. Bernida ( Lcucoparcia) leucopsis, (Linn.) Barnacle Goose. Very doubtful as an

inhabitant of North America 768

573. Chloephaya canagica, (Sewast.) Bon. Painted Goose. Aleutian Islands 768

574. Bendrocygna autuinnalis, (Linn. )Ey ton. Long-legged Duck. Valley of Rio Grande,

Texas ; also in South America and West Indies 770

515.. Dendrocygna /idea, (Gmelin.) Burm. Fort Tejon, California, and south into

Brazil 770

576. Anas hascfias, liinii. Mallard. Entire continent of North America and greater

part of Old World 774

577. Anas ohscitra, Gm. Black Duck. Atlantic region of North America. Not yet

detected on the Pacific, nor in Europe 775

578. Dafla acida, (Linn.) Jenyns. Sprig-tail; Pin-tail. Whole of North America and

Europe 776

579. Nettion caroUiiensis, (Gm.) Baird. Green-winged Teal. Whole of North America;

accidental in Europe 777

580. Neffid)! crerca, (Linn.) Kaup. English Teal. Europe ; accidental on the eastern

coast of the United States 778

581. Querqvedrda tliscors, (Linn.) Steph. Blue-winged Teal. Eastern North America

to Rocky mountains. Not yet found on the Pacific coast, nor in
Europe 779

582. Querquedula cyanoptera, (Vieill.) Baird. Red-breasted Teal. Rocky mountains

to Pacific ; accidental in Louisiana ; spread over most of western
South America 780

583. Spatula clypeata, (Linn.) Boie. Shoveller. Continent of North America ; abun-

dant in Europe 781

584. Chauldasmus streperus, (Linn.) Gray. Gadwall. North America generally, and

Europe 882

585. Marecaamericana, (Gm.) Stephens. Baldpate; American Widgeon. Continent of

North America ; accidental in Europe 78.3

b7*

L LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.
580. .Wrrecn penehpe. (hum.) Bon. English Widgeon. Old World : arfidentnl on the

Athintic coast of United States ; Greenland 784

587. Aix sponsa, (Linn.) Bole. Summer Duck. Continent of North America .785

588. Fnlix marila. (Linn.) Baird. Big Black-head. Whole of North America and

Europe. 791

589. Fitlix ajiiiis, (Forstcr.) Baird. Little Blackdiead. Wiiole ol' North America;

accidental in Europe 791

590. Fitlix colhris, (Donovan.) Baird. Ring-necked Duck. Whole of North America :

accidental in Europe 792

591. Aythya americmia, (Eyton,) Bon. Red-head. Whole of North America 793

592. Aythya vaUlmerki, (Wils.) Bon. Oanvas-back. Whole of North America 794

593. Bucejjhala americamt, (Qon.) Biiin]. Golden Eye. Whole of North America 79<i

594. Bucephda inknuhica, (Gra.) Baird. Barrow's Golden Eye. Iceland and northern

parts of America; in winter, not rare on the St. Lawrence 796

595. BucephaJa albcola, (Linn.) Baird. Butter Ball. AVIiolc of North America 797

596. Hifitrionicus torquaiufi, (Linn.) Bon. Harlequin Duck. Northern seacoast of n.>rth-

ern hemisphere 79'*

•597. Hardda (jJadalw, (Linn.j Leach. South Southerly. Near both coasts of North

America; Europe

800

598. Polysticta stelhri, (Pallas,) Eyton. Steller's Duck. Northeastern Asia; accidental (?)

on northwest coast of America, and in Europe ■ 801

599. Laniproneflajischeri, Brandt. Spectacled Eider. Norton sound, Russian America,

fi3A N. L 803

GOO. Camp>tolaemm labradorvis, (Gm.) Gray. Laln-ador Duck. Northeastern coast oi'

North America 803

601. Mdanetta velvetina, (Cassin,) Baird. Velvet Duck. Near both coasts of Nortii

America, to the north; perhaps M. mrho. of I'allas 805

602. Pdionetta perspiicJkda, (Linn.) Kaup. Surf Duck. On and near seacoast of Nortli

America ; quite far south in winter; accidental in Europe S0(!

003. Pdionefia (rowbridgii, Baird. Long-billed Scoter. Coast of southern California in

winter 806

604. Oidemiu ameiucam, Swains. Scoter. Seacoast of North America 807

605. Oldemia (Pdumetlu) bwiacitlata , Baird. Huron Scoter. Lake Huron and adjacent

waters in fall and winter 808

606. Somaferia mollissima, (Unu.) hGnch. Eider Duck. Atlantic and .Arctic coasts of

northern hemisphere: Pacific coast, N. .\ 809

607. Soiiuderia V.nhjra, Gray. Pacific Eider. Kotzbuo sound, N. W. coast of America 810

608. Somateria spvrliibUis, (Linn.) Leach. King Eider. Arctic regions of northern

hemisphere; Pacific coast 810

609. J?rw»K'/«m r»Wfto, (Wils.) Bon. Ruddy Duck. Wliole of North America; abund-

ant throughf)Ut the interior ■'^l 1

610. Erismaturadominica, (Linn.) Eyton. Black Masked Duck. West Indies ; accidental

on Lake Champlain 811

LIST OP f<I>F.CIE8. LI

(ill. MirijHn iiiiaricniiiiSj Caj-s. Slieklrakt,'. Wliok' <it' North Aiuorioa SKi

til"-', .^f> lyiis s, ii<i/iir. ]Anu. Uod-lireastod Merganser. Wliole of Nortli America ami

I'Jumpe 814

()lo. Lt^pluMliikii i-ticullaliib; (Liiui.) Reioli. Hooded Merganser. Whole of Nortii

America 8 1 G

(il4. .Mvryelliiti aibeUim, (Linn.) Selby. Smew. Northern parts of Old World : very

accidental in Americti ^^^"^

615. Pehcunuti I Oydojyelecamisi erythrorhynchwt, Gnielin. Aniericiin I'eliiaii. North

America generally, on hoth sliores aii<l in tlic interior 8G8

HIG. Pdccanits { Onwrotalus) fuscm, Linn. Brown Pelican. South Atlantic and GuU'

coasts of the United States ; coast of California 870

617. Sulci (Sida I 6(M*a«a, Briss. Conmion Gannet : Solan Goose. Atlantic coast of

North America and i-lurope 871

618. Sula (Dysporus) fiber, (Linn. ) Boohy Gannet. South Atlantic and Gidf const of

United States 872

6iy. Tachyjxtcs aquUm; (Linn.) Vieillot. Frigate Pelican : Man-of-war Bird. South

Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States and soutliern coast of

California. Generally distributed in tro])ical regions 873

620. Gractilus (Plialavrocoraxj carbo, (Linn.) Gray. Common Cormorant. Atlantic

coast of North America to New Jersey, (in winter) and Europe ■ ■ 876
62L Gnwulus ( Phalacrocoraxj pivspiciUat iis, (Pallas,) Lawrence. Pallas's Cormorant.

Russian America 877

622. Graculus (PImktcrocoraxJ cincmncdits, (Brandt.) Gray. Tufted Cormorant. Sitka,

Russian America 877

623. Gracuhm dUopluts, (Sw.) Gray. Double Crested Cormorant. Arctic North

America ; south to Carolina and California in winter 877

62-4. Graculus floridanus, (Aud.) Bon. Florida Cormorant. South Atlantic and (udf

coasts of United States and some distance inland 879

62.'). Gracuhis mexicanus, (Braudt,) Bon. Mexican Cormorant. Coast of Texas and Rio

Grande ; Cuba 879

626. Gracuhis ( Urilej peniciUatiw, (Brandt,) Bonajj. Brandt's Cormorant. West coast

of North America 881)

627. Graculus (Urile) violaceus, (Gmelin,) Gray. Violet Green Cormorant. West

coast of North America 881

628. Plotus anhini/a. Linn. Snake Bird : Water Turkey. Fresii waters of South

Atlantic and Gulf States S83

629. Phaeton flavirostris, Brandt. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird. Tropical regions of the

Atlantic seas • 855

630. Dioinedca (Dioinedea) exulans, Linn. 'I'he Wandering Albatros. Pacific ocean • ■ 821

631. Diomedca (Phfjcbnstria) brachyura, Temni. The Short-tailed Albatros. North

Pacific : coasts of California and Oregon 822

632. Bioniedea (Thalassarcliej dilororhync/iu, Gincl. The Yellow-nosed Albatross. Pa-

cific ocean ; coast of Oregon 822

633. Diomedea ( Plioeltetria) fulifjinosa, Ginel. The Sooty xilbatross. Pacific coasts of

California and Oregon 823

LH LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.
634. Proa-lldi-ia (Ossi/ragiis) giganteo, Gmel. The Gigantic Fulmar. Pacific ocean, off

Coluiuliia river 825

G35. rrnnlldriii (Fuhmriis) glaciaJis, hum. Tlie Fulmar Petrel. Northern Atlantic • ■ 825

636. Fniirlliiria pacifca, \m\. The Pacific Fulmar. Pacific coasts of North America • .826

637. Pnxrlldria f TludafiNou-aj tcnitirosiris. And. The Slender-billed Fulmar. Pacific

coast ; Columbia river 826

638. Frowlliiria ( Ae.strelataJ meridionalis, Lawrence. The Tropical Fulmar. Atlantic

coast, from Florida to New York 827

' md. Bajition capensis, (Uun.) Steph. The Pintado Petrel. Off the coast of California- 828

640. T kdassidromafOcemwdroma J furccda, (Gmel.) Gould. Fork-tailed Petrel. Coasts

of Oregon and Eussian America 829

641. Thulasddromu (Oceanodroma) hondnji, Gvay. Hornby's Petrel. Northwest coast

of America 829

642. ThdassidroniakavMi, Temm. Leach's Petrel. Atlantic coast, from Massachu-

setts to Baffin' s bay 8;;>0

(;4o. Tli(d((ssidro)iMmclania, Bon. The Black Stormy Petrel. Coast of California 830

644. Tlwlassidroma (Oceanites) toihoni, Bon. "Wilson's Stormy Petrel. Off" the Atlantic

coast, from the Gulf of Mexico to Baffin's bay 831

645. T lada.'isidmuia (Pron'UariaJ pdagica, (Lim-i.) Bon. Mother Cary's Chicken. At-

lantic ocean, banks of Newfoundland 831

646. F,<ytH<il<nc>yencn,Bo\rd\). The Black and White Stormy Petrel. Florida coast- • 832

647. Piiffiiiii.s (ArdennaJ major, Faber. The Greater Shearwater. Atlantic ocean.

Florida coast to the Gulf of St. Lawrence 833

648. PiilfinuH (Ncdrin) fidiyinosus, Strick. The Sooty Shearwater. Atlantic coast of

the Northern States. Banks of Newfoundland 834

649. Piiffiiiuii angloniiii, Temm. The Mank's Shearwater. Coast of New Jersey to

Labrador 834

650. Pnjfinus oh.scurH.% [Gmc].) Lath. The Ducky Shearwater. Southern coast of the

United States ; Gulf of Mexico 835

651. PuffiniLs (Adama-slor) cinereus, Gmel. The Cinereous Petrel. Pacific ocean, off the

California coast 83o

652. Sfercorarius catarrcwtes, {hum.) Temm. The Common Skua. Coast of California ■ 838

653. Sfcrcorarins pomarimis, Temm. The Pomarine Skua. Labrador ; as far south as

New York in winter 838

654. Sknvrurins parasiticus, (hum.) Temm. The Arctic Skua. Arctic America; coast

of United States from New York, noithwest 839

655. Stcrcorariiis cejijjhts, (Brunn.) P>uffon's Skua. Arctic soacoasts of America : J5af-

fin's bay 840

656. Larus (jlauciis, Brunn. The Glaucous Gull. Arctic seas, Labradnr, New York in

winter, rarely 842

657. Ixirns glaucescens, LMii . The Glaucous-winged (!ull. Northwest coast of North

Ameiica 842

658. Lurtt.s lcua,jjlmt.s, ¥uhcr. The White-winged {Jiill. Arcticseas-.Baflin'sBay : i/ibrador 843

659. Lnr^^s cJiakopterus, (Bruch,) Lawr. Tin' Gray-winged (!nll. American coasl of

BoJiring's Straits, and Greenland 843

LIST OF SPECIES. LIII

I'llgO.

HGO. Larus martnits, Linn. The Great Blaik-liacked Gnll. Noitli Atlantic, Labrador;

as far south as Florida in winter 84J-

tJGL Larus argenlatits, Briinn. The Herring Gull. Atlantic coast, from Texas to New-
foundland; western States, Ohio and Mississippi rivers 844

<5t»2. Lanison-idcnialis, A\id. The Western Gull. Northwest coast of America 84.'3

6(53. Lanis aili/ornicus, hixwr. The California Gull. West coast of North America- • • 84G
GG4. l.tiriis (Icldicarcmis, Ord. The Ring-billed Gull. Arctic America; Texas to La-
brador; western rivers; northwest coast 846

66.5. Larus sucklcyt, Lawr. -Buckley's Gull. Pacific coast, Puget's Sound 848

GGG. Blasipus hcennanni, (Cass.) Bon. The White-headed Gull. Coast of California- 848

GG7. Cliri>u-oce2)hahi.s africiUa, hiwi). The Laughing Gull. Texas to Massachusetts •-■ ■ 850
G68. Chroivtxvphalus/ranklinii, (Rich.) Bruch. Franklin's Rosy Gull. Missouri river;

interior of fur countries 951

GGO. Chroicoceplialus cucuUatus, (Licht.) Bruch. The Hooded Gull. Panama, Louisiana 851
GTO. Chroicoceplialus 2)hikidelp]iia, (Ord,) Lawrence. Bonaparte's Gull. Texas to Nova
Scotia; Mississippi river: fur countries. Pacific coast of North

America 852

G71. Chrokocephalus minutus, (Pallas.) Bruch. The Little Gull. Arctic America,?

Europe -^ 853

G72. Rissa tridactyla, (Linn.) Bonap. The Kittiwake Gull. Fur countries, Labrador;

southern coast in winter 854

673. Rissa septentrionalis, Lawr. The North Pacific Kittiwake. Pacific coast of North

America, Puget's Sound 854

674. Rissa irevirostris, Brandt. The Short-billed Kittiwake. Northwest coast of

North America 855

675. Rissa nivca, (Pallas,) Bruch. The Yellow-billed Gull. Russian America 855

676. Fagopkila churnea, (Gm.) Kaup. The Ivory Gull. Coasts of arctic America,

Labrador, Newfoundland - • • - 856

677. Fagophila hrachytarsi, Hollb. The Short-legged Gull. Greenland 856

678. Rhodostcilda rosea, (Jard.) The Wedge-tailed Gull. Arctic seas 857

679. Crcagrus furcatus, {"l^ehunx,) Bon. The swallow-tailed GuU. California 857

680. Xema sahinii, (Sabine,) Bon. The Fork-tailed Gull. Nova Scotia, northward;

arctic seas 857

681. Sterna aranea, Wils. The Marsh Tern. Coast of the United States, as far north

as Connecticut 859

682. Sterna caspia, FiiUas. The Caspian Tern. Coast of New Jersey, nortlnvard 859

683. Sterna regia, Gambel. The Royal Tern. Atlantic coast of the southern and mid-

dle States, and California 859

684. Sterna elcgans, Gambel. The Elegant Tern. Coast of South California 860

685. Sterna acuflavida, Cabot. Cabot's Tern. Texas to Florida 860

686. Sterna haveUi, Aud. Havell's Tern. Texas to South Carolina 861

687. Sterna trttdeaidi, Aud. Trudeau's Tern. Coasts of New Jersey and Long Island- 861

688. Sterna fdiginosa, Gmelin. The Sooty Tern. Texas to Florida 861

689. Sterna icdsoni, Bon. Wilson's Tern. Texas to Labrador 861

LIV LIST OF SPECIES.

Page.
(lOO. Sterna innrnuira, Naiini. The Arctic Teni. Coa»t of the New Enghiiul States tn

the Arctic seas; fur countries 862

091. Stvnui /orsfcri, Nutt. Porsters Tern. Louisiana to Fh)ridu; New York: fur

countries, and California 862

602. Sfcrnn paradiwa, Biiinu. The Roseate Tern. Florida to New Y<n-k 863

693. Sfenia pik-ci, Lawr. Tlie Slender-billed Tern. Coast of California 863

694. Sterna frenafa, Gainlieh The Least Tern. Texas t(j Labrador; western rivers • ■ 864

695. Ify(lru<-lH-ll,ln,i iihnuhfc, (Wils.) The Short-tailed Teni. Texas to tlie New England

States: Mississippi rivers and tributaries; fur countries 864

696. Aitons .slnUdns, (Linn.) Leach. Noddy Tern. Texas to Florida 865

697. R/ijjnc/iKjis nhjra, Linn. Black Skimmer. From Texas to New Jersey 866

698. Coh/iiihiis tor(j>'(ih(s; Bruunich. Loon : Northern Diver. Northern regions of

ucuthern hemisphere 888

699. C<>l//iii/)>i.s arciiciis, Linn. Black-throated Diver. Arctic regions of northern hemis-

phere 888

'('00. Colyiiibn.s pudjirns. Lawrence. Pacific Diver. Pacific coast of United States ■ • • ■ 889

701. Cohjmbus sepientriomih'.s, Iauu. l{cd-throatcd Diver. Northern hemisphere 890

702. Podireps i/risrli/cKi, (Bodd. ) Gray. Red-necked Grebe. Northern liemisphere.

Aiiieiican bird perhaps distinct 892

'0)0. Foilivcjj.'i crtsldtiis, (hum.) Lath. Crested Grebe. Northern hemisphere. Per-
haps a second species on Pacific coast, (P. moparl.J 893

704. Podkeps Of (identd !)■'<, h-Awv. Western Grebe. Pacific coast i>f United States ■•■ • 894

705. Podirejjfi chirlcii. Lawr. Clark's Grebe. New Mexico and California 895

im. Podicepa cornntns^ (Q,\\\.) Latham. Horned Grebe. North America 895

707. Pijdiwps rcdi/oruirus, B.KQ\-m;\m\. California Grebe. Western North America- • ■ 896

708. Po'licejjs miritus. (Linn.) Lath. Lared Grebe. Northern Kuroi)e: accidentaW?)

in North America 897

709. Podjiliinhiis pndkeps, (Linn. ) Lawr. North America 898

710. Aim (Clicn<iloprx)hHpcnnis. Linn. (h-eatAuk. Arctic Seas; south to Newfoundland. 900

711. AkafW(iiu<nn<i)tord(i^ Linn. Ray.or-billod Auk. ArcticSeas; soutli to Now Jersey • 901
713. Mormon (Land,, I rirrhoto, (I'allas,) Bon. Tufted Bullin. North I'arlli.' O.-ean :

Arctic Seas, south to California 902

713. 3lornmn ( Frutvrcnla I wrnknkdd, Naumann. Tlie Horned Pulfin. Northern Seas- 902

814. Mormon (Frofen-uldj (/kiciulis, Leach. Sea Parrot: Pullin. Northern Seas 903

715. Mormon rFratrrcKhi) arcfko, (Linn,) lUiger. Pullin. Nin-tli Atlantic 903

716. Sd'lniidin-rldii'i lidirodmio . ((iniclin, ) Cassin. North i'acilic 904

717. Cerorhino w.monndo. ( I'allas,) Cassin. North Pacilic Coasts: south to California - 905

718. Ccror/nno .vM-klnji. Cassin. I'ugct Sound ''66

719. Phokrk {Slnu.rlnjnrhns) rrklolclhis. {V:\\h\r^,)\\o\i. Coasts of North Pacific 906

720. t'hiikris ( TnlnrknniJnis) Irlrmnh,. (I'allas, ) Steiihens. Coasts of N.umIi I'acilie ■ • !)07

721. I'hnlrrk {TutnrhniHiiliiis) r,n,ilnrl„ii;<<i. ( Le))erhi II. ) Cassiii. Coasts of Xort li .\ iiicrica, 908

722. I'hdirris (rVre, ■„///</) inirmnros. Ih-aiidl. Coasts of North I'acific 908

723. I'lndcris {(Jkn-onia) piisiUius, Pallas. Asiatic coast of North I'acilic: .Vmericaii do- 909

724. rii/rliorlnnnplins oknikm, (Pallas,) Brandt. American Coastof North I'acilic, south

to California ''1**

LIST OF SPECIES. LV

Page.

725. Ombrla psitfaciiUi, (Pallas.) Escliseli. Coast of Nortli Paiifu- '.HO

7'2fi. f^n'n / Fn'd I iiri/lh', (Liiinanis, ) Latliaiii. Giiillomot. Art-tie ami Nortlicni Soas.

Soutli to New Jersey iUl

'tl'. Una (UrIaJ vJnmUi, (Pallas,) Cassin. Coasts of North Pacific 1(12

728. Una (Una) mrbo, Pallas. Northern cdasts of Nortli Paeific ill."!

"■21». Uiid {Cataractes) lomvia, lin'innieli. Foolisii Guillemot. Arctic Seas ami Xmili

Atlantic 91:!

7;^0. Un'a {Cafaracies) riiu/cia, Briinnicli. Murre. Arctic and Nurtiicrn Seas; sontli

to California iiU

7;{1. Una (Catarartfs) arm. Pallas. Tiiiciv-bilicd (InilliMiiiit. .\rrtir Seas and Xnrtli

Atlantic ; sontii to New Jersey !H.')

~'^'l. Jirarli)irl,ii)ttj)li"-s- (AjMhapton) iiKiniioratus, (Gmelin.) iirandt. .Marlili'd Guiilenidt.

American coasts of North Pacific. California 91.')

733. limchyrlinmphus (Apohapfon) inrntijclii. IJrandt. .Vleutian Islands 1)17

734. Brachi/rhamphvfi {Apohapton) hrachypterxK. lirandt. Unalaschka !)17

735. Brorln/rliamphus {Apobcipton) kiHUtzh'. Brandt. Kamtsi-liatlqi: North Pacifir !)17

736. rir<irh>irliiiiitpliii.'<[S)jnf/iUhorli<ini/iliiifi)an(iqi(nfi, (Gmelin,) Brandt. Gray-headed Ank.

Northwestern coast, America i) U;

7,'i7. liidchiirhamphm (Apohapton) femminH-ii. Brandt. Coast of Noitli Pacific: Piit;et's

sound i)l(i

738. Mcrqiihis nlh'. (Linnajus, ) ^'ieillot. Sea Dove. Dove-kie. Arctic Seas and

North Atlantic ; south to New Jersey i)l8

The following birds are enumerated in the preceding' list which are not legitimately entitled
to a place in the fauna of North America, (exclusive of Mexico.) Some of them have been
described in the report for the purpose of comparison with closely allied species of the United
States ; others are mentioned because introduced by previous writers, though probal)ly on
erroneous data. Future investigations will doubtless result in tlie removal of others from the
list now retained there:

No. 4. Cathartes burrovianus, (JnnHin. Mexico.

G3. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyucha, Bon. Mexico.

71. *Campephilus imperialis, Gray. Mexico.

Dryotomus lineatus.(') Mexico ; South America.

129. *Tyrannus melancholicus, Vieill. South Mexico.

132. Myiarchus cooperi, Baird. iLexico.

171. *Geothlypis velatus, CaJi. Southern West Indies and Scnith America.

216. Cardellina rubra, Bonap. Mexico.

■ 219. Setophaga miniata, Siv. Mexico.

224. Euphonia elegantissima, Gray. Mexico.

244. *Vireo virescens, VieiU.Q) South America. (?)

292. Parus meridionalis, Sdater. South Mexico.

297. Psaltriparus melanotus, Bon. Guatemala.

298. Carpodacus hfemorrhous, Sdaier. Mexico.
311. *Chrysomitris stanleyi, Bonap. South America.

^ No Nortli Aniericnn specimens seeu.

LVI LIST OP SPECIES.

312. *Chrysomitris yanelli, Bonap. South America.
350. Junco cinereiis, Sdatcr. Mexico.
405. Trupialis militaris, Bon. South America.
408. *Icterus vulgaris, Daud.(^) South America.
410. Icterus melanocephalus, Gray. Mexico.
404. Butorides brunnescens, Baird. Cuba.
498. *Ibis rubra, i.(') West Indies, Cuba, and South America.
514. *Haematopus ater, VieiU. South America.
Total of species, 23 ; of which one is not mentioned in the list, leaving 22. Of the 23
species, nine marked with an asterisk are given by Mr. Audubon.

The following species, claiming to be actually inhabitants of North America, have not been
described from the specimens, none having been procurable for tlie purpose. Of several of
them no specimens are known in any collection :

Haliaelitus washingtonii. Thalassidroma hornbyi.

Regulus cuvierii. melania.

Dendroica montana. Larus chalcopterus.

carbonata. Rissa brevirostris.

Myiodioctes minutus. nivea.

bonapartii. Pagophila brachytarsi.

jEgiothus canescens. Rhodostethia rosea.

Leucosticte griseinucha. Creagrus furcatus.

arctous. Xema sabinni.

Lagopus americanus. Cliroicocephalus minutus. (')

Chloephaga canagica. Podiceps auritus.(')

Polysticta stelleri.(') Sagmatorliina labradoria.

Oidemia bimaculata. Brachyrliamphus kittlitzii.

Somateria v-nigra. wrangelii.

Grarulus pcrspicillatus. brachypterus.

cincinnatus. Total — 31 species.

The following species are probal)ly accidental visitors only, and are not yet entitled to a
Iiernianent place in our fauna :

Milvulus tyrannus. • Heliornis surinamonsis.(2)

Saxicola oenanthe. Mareca penelopc.

Chrysomitris magellanicus. Ncttion crecca.

Philomachus puguax. Erismatura dominica.

Crex pratensis. Mergellus albellus. — Total, 10 species.

SUMMARY.

Species enumci'ated in the list 738

Of these, extralimital 22

Total ol' North American species(^) ■■ 71G

North American birds given by Wilson in 1814 283

North American birds given by licmaparte, 1R3K 471

North American birds given by Audubon in 1844 50G

1 No North American gpccimen seen. " Not cmiincriited in the list.

■" Of these no siiecioionB nt all, of 28 Bpi^tics, were to be procnreil hi this coimlry for ixiuniimtion, uiiil extralimitiil ones
only of 3 others. Many supposed species are referred to in different parts of the report ; some of which may prove gemiine.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

The classification of birds, both in reference to tlie higher groups and to their subdivisons, is
a subject which has engaged the attention of a large number of naturalists, although until
within a comparatively short time there has not been any very great difference in the systems
adopted by the leading writers on general ornithology. The more commonly received basis has
been the character of the bill and the shape and general structure of the feet, as expressed in
the terms Raptores, Insessores, Scansores, liasores, Cursores, Grallatorcs, and Natatores of most
authors ; the Insessores again divided into Fissirostres, Tenuiroslres, Dentirostres , and Coniros-
tres, and, according to some systems, including, also, the Scansores as a subdivision, instead of
that group being of higher independent rank.

Within a few years, however, a great change has taken place in the methods of ornithological
classification^ and most continental authorities have abandoned the old arrangement of the non-
rapacious land birds, as based on the shape and character of the bill, and substituted a much
more natural system. The principal agents in thi.s reform have been Nitzsch, ^ Andreas Wagner,
Sundevall/ Keyserling and Blasius,^ J. Miiller,'' Cabanis,^ Bonaparte/ Keichenbach,'' Hart-
laub, Burmeister^ ' and several other systematic writers, all contributing more or less to the
final result. Tlie most important step was the discovery announced by Miiller in reference
to the presence or absence of certain peculiar vocal muscles, which proved the key-note to
an entirely new arrangement. In addition to this there has been latterly taken into
account the number of primary quills, (or quills on the first joint of the wing,) whether ten or
nine, and if ten whether the first be about as long as the second, about half as long, or very
rudimentary ; also the character of the feet, whether the toes be three anterior and one pos-
terior, or two anterior and two posterior, (and if so, whether the inner or the outer anterior
toe be reversible,) or four more or less anterior. Particular reference is also made to the
peculiarities of the scales on the legs, the position of the hind toe in relation to the plane of
the others, the extent of feathering on the legs, the amount of webbing between the toes, the
number of tail feathers, &c.

In the following report I have followed very closely the outlines given by Oabanis, in the
" Ornithologische Notizen," already quoted, although obliged, in most cases, to construct the

^ System der Ptcrylographie, vcrfasst von Herm. Burmeister. Halle, 1840.
» Konglig. Vetensk. Akad. Handlingar, 1835 and 1843. Stockholm.
" Wirbelthiere Europas. Braunschweig, 1842.

■* TJeber die bisher nnbekannten typische Verschiedenheiten der Stimmorgane der Passerinen. Abhandl. K. Akademie
der Wissengchaften zu Berlin, for 1845, 321. Berlin, 1847.

« OrnithologiEcbe Notizen, I, II, in Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 1847.

« Conspectus generum avium, Leyden, 1850 and 1857, and various papers since 1850, in Comptes Eendus, and elsewhere.

'■ Avium systema naturale, and Handbuch der speciellen Ornlthologie.

8 Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens ; Dritter Theil. (Vbgel.) Berlin, 1856.

lb

Z U. S. p. E. R. KXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

characters of many of the subdivisions for myself. In the discussion of the higher groups I
have however derived invaluable assistance from the work of Burmeister. I have also made
constant use of the diagnoses of Keyserling and Blasius, which are pre-eminent for acuteness
and precision.

The following synopsis of the orders of birds, taken partly from Keyserling and Blasius,
will serve to illustrate the characteristics of the higher groups in American Ornithology.

A. — Hind toe on the same level with the anterior ones.
«. — Posterior face or the sides of the tarsus more or less reticulated, granulated, or with
scales more numerous or smaller than in front ; sometimes naked. Anterior face of the tarsus
never in one unbroken plate. Larynx without complex vocal muscles.

Order I. — Raptores. Base of the upper mandible with a soft skin or cere. Upper man-
dible compressed ; its point curving down over that of the lower, forming a strong,
sharp hook. Claws generally retractile. Toes never two behind. Birds usually of
large size, and of powerful frame, embracing the so-called birds of prey.
Order II. — Scansores. Toes in pairs ; two in front and two behind, the outer anterior
being usually directed backwards, (the inner in Trogonidae.) Tail feathers eight to
twelve.
Order III. — Strisores. Toes either three anterior and one behind, (or lateral) or four
anterior ; the hinder one is, however, usually versatile, or capable of direction more or
less laterally forward. Tail feathers never more than ten. Primaries always ten, the
first long.
Order IV. — Clamatores. Toes, three anterior and one posterior, (not versatile.) Pri-
maries always ten, the first nearly as long as the second. Tail feathers usually
twelve.
h. — Anterior face'of the tarsus in one continuous plate, or divided transversely into large
quadrate scales. Plates on either the posterior serface of the tarsus or the sides, without sub-
divisions, never both divided together ; when divided the divisions correspond with the anterior
ones. Larynx with peculiar complex singing muscles.

Order V. — Oscines. Toes, three anterior, one posterior. Primaries either nine only, or
if ten the first usually short or spurious.

B. — Hind toe raised above the level of the rest.

Order VI. — Rasores. Nostrils arched over by an incumbent thick, fleshy valve. Bill

not longer than the head, obtuse anteriorly. Nails broad, obtusely rounded.
Order VII. — Grallatores. Legs lengthened, adapted for walking, naked above the knee.
Nostrils naked. Thighs usually quite free from the body. Toes not connected by a
membrane, or for a short distance only; sometimes witli a lobed margin.
Order VIII. — Natatores. Adapted for swimming. Legs generally short. Toes united
by a continuous membrane. Thighs mostly buried in the muscles of the body.
Fuller cxi)lanations of the characters of these orders will be found under their proper heads
in the following pages.

ORDER I.

RAPTOKES.

The peculiarities already given of the order Raptores are sufficient to define it among the
others mentioned, although many additional features might he named. The order emhraces
three families, which are characterized by Keyserling and Blasius as follows :

A. — Diurnal birds of prey.

Eyes lateral, with lashes, surrounded by a naked or woolly orbital circle ; the feathers above,
below, and behind the eyes directed backwards, as on the rest of the head ; anterior to the eye
the lore imperfectly clothed with a radiating star of bristles, or with scale-like feathers. The
inner toe without the nail, shorter, or as long as the outer. Nostrils opening in the cere.

VuLTURiDAE. Bill Contracted or indented on the anterior border of the cere, so that the culmen
Is bow shaped, or ascending anterior to it. Eyes lying on a level with the sides of the head.
Head sparsely covered with downy feathers only, or partially naked. Claws weak, rather
slender, and onlj' moderately curved ; the tarsi and bases of the toes reticulated.

Falconidae. The bill not contracted, ^or the culmen ascending anterior to the cere. Eyes
sunken. The head completely covered with compact, perfect feathers. Claws strong.

B. — Nocturnal birds of pret.

Strigidae. Eyes directed forwards ; more or less completely surrounded by a crown of radiating
bristly feathers. Lores and base of bill densely covered with bristly feathers directed forwards.
The nostrils opening on the anterior edge of the cere. The inner toe without its claw longer
than the outer, which is versatile. A crown of peculiarly formed feathers on the side of the head,
and above the throat. Head fully feathered. Plumage very soft and downy.

The different families of Baptorea have much the same character throughout the world, with
the exception of the VuUuridae, in which the species of America or Cathariinae, are distinguish-
able from the old world Vulturinae by narrow, elongated, and perforate nostrils, those of oppo-
site sides not separated by a partition ; the toes are longer, with a greater extent of web between
the three anterior ones ; the neck shows single patches of perfectly naked skin. The tail con-
sists of but twelve feathers, &c. (Burmeister.)

Nors. — The following article on the rapacious birds has been prepared by Mr. John Cassin, of Philadelphia. — S. F. B.

4

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family VULTURIDAE. The Vultures.

CATIIARTES, Illiger.
CATHAKTES AUKA. (Linnaeus.)

The Turkey Buzzard.— The Turkey Vulture.

VuUur aura, Linn, Syst. Nat. I, 122. (1766.)
Calharles septmtrionalia, De Wied, Hoise, I, 162. (1839.)
FioniES. — Catesby, Nat. Hist, Carolina I, pi. G ; Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. 1, pi. 2 ; Wilson Am. Orn. IX, pi. 75, fig. 1 ;
Aud. B. of Am. pi. 151 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 2.

Entire plumage brownish black, darkest on the back and tail above, and with a purplish lustre, many feathers having
pale borders. Bill yellowish ; head and netk in living bird bright red.

Plumage commencing on the neck with a circular ruiif of projecting feathers. Head and upper part of neck naked, or
with a few scattering hair-like feathers, and with the skin wrinkled. Nostrils large, oval, communicating with each other ;
tail rai her long, rounded.

Total length about 30 inches, wing 23, tail 12 inches.

Hah. All of North America, except the Arctic regions. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Mus. Aca<l. Philadelphia.

Specimens from the States and Territories on the Pacific are quite identical with the common
bird of the States on the Atlantic. On the Pacific, and throughout a vast extent of the central
parts of this republic^ the summer range of this vulture extends northwardly into the British
possessions, though in the northeastern States it is rarely seen north of New York. This
apparent difi'erence of locality, though at present impossible to be accounted for, may be
regarded as fully established by recent observation in the western Territories.

The turkey vulture is, however, well known to be much more of a southern than a northern
species. In the present collection, specimens are from California and Nebraska ; and it appears
to have been observed in abundance in New Mexico by the surveying party in charge of Captain
John Pope, U. S. Army, all the specimens obtained by which are labelled as collected at the
junction of the Pecos and Delaware rivers. New Mexico, June, 1855.

List of specimens.

a

s
a

3825
8498
4G03

4983

4981
8497
8499
I

Locality.

Eutaw, Alabama

Bois de Sioux, Minnesota.
Cedar island, Missouri rivei
Mouth of Delaware creek,

Texas

Moutli of Uclawaro creek,

Texas

Matamoras, Mexico

Fort Steilacooin, W. T —
Pttaluina, California

When collected

Feb., 1853.

May 14, 1856.
June 14, 1855.
June 14, 1865.

January, 1856.

Whence obtained.

Prof. A. Winchell
Governor Stevens
Lt. G. K. Warren..

Captain J. Pope

Captain J. Pope

Lieut. Couch

Govirnor Stevens. .
E. Samuels

17

98

99

102

Collected by —

Dr. Suckley

Dr. Ilayden

Dr. Bcrlandicre
Dr. Suckley ...

Measurements

26.50

27.00

o .3

O ..3
^ 4>

72.0(1

69.00

S -3

20. 50

21.00

^Cathartet, Illiger, riodromns, p. 236. 1811.

BIRDS — VULTURIDAE — CATHARTES ATRATUS. 5

CATHARTES CALIFORNIANUS, Shaw

The California Valtnrc.

Vultiir mli/ornumun, SiiAW, Nut. Misc. IX, 1, pi. 301 (1779).
Vulliir eolumhiamu, Ord, Guthrie's Geog. II, 315 (ISliJ).
Cathttrta mlturinia, Timm. Pla. col. I, pl. 31 (1820).
FIOCBES. — Aud. B. of Am. pl. 411, Oct. cd. I, pi. 1 ; Gbat, Gen. of Birds, I, pi. 2.

The Inrpost rnpnciou.'i bird of North America. Head and neck bare, with a semicircular spot of short black feathers at
the base of the upper mandible, and a few straggling, short, or hair-like feathers on other parts of the head. Plumage
commencing on the neck, near the body, with a ruff of long lanceolate feathers continued on the breast.

Entire plumage black, lustrous on the upper parts, duller below ; secondary quills with a grayish tinge ; greater wing
coverts tipped with white, forming a transverse band on the wing. Bill yellowish white ; iris carmine ; head and neck in
living bird oiangc yellow and red.

Total length 45 to 50 inches, wing 30 to 35, tail 15 to 18 inches.

Hab. Western North America. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

This large vulture is inferior in size only to the gigantic condor of the mountains of South
America. It appears to be restricted to the countries west of the Rocky Mountains, where it is
occasionally observed in abundance, especially in the vicinity of the rivers. It is represented,
however, as more cautious in its disposition than the smaller vultures of North America, though
much resembling them in its habits.

A single specimen in the National Museum was collected at the mouth of the Columbia river
by J. K. Townsend.

CATHARTES ATRATUS, Bar tram.

Tbe Blnck Vultiire»T]io Carrion Crotv

Fultur alratus, Bartram, Travels, p. 289. (1791.)
Fullur uruhu, Vieili.ot, Ois. d'Am. Septent. I, 53. (1807.)
Figures.— Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. I, pl. 2 ; Wilson Am. Orn. IX, pl. 75, fig. 2 ; Aud. B. of Am. pl. 106 : Oct. ed. I, pl. 3.

Entire plumage deep uniform black, frequently with a bluish gloss on the back and wings. Shafts of quills white above and
below, quills on their under surface pale, in some specimens nearly white. Head and neck brownish or bluish black ; bill dark,
yellowish at the end.

Plumage commencing higher on the back of the neck than on its sides or in front Head and naked portion of the neck warted
or corrugated, and wilh a few hair-like feathers ; bill rather long ; nostrils largo and communicating with each other ; tail rather
short, truncate or even at the end, legs rather long.

Total length, about 23 inches ; wing, 16| inches ; tail, 8| inches.

Hab. Southern North America, Central America, Noithern South America, Chile. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and
Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

Abundant in the Southern States and gregarious at all seasons, congregating in large
numbers in the cities, where they are of great service in the destruction of all descriptions of
waste or dead animal substances. Found also in Central and Northern South America. On
the western coast of North America the occurrence of this vulture is doubtful, and no specimens
are in the collections of the surveying and exploring expeditions. The specimens in the
National Museum are from the Southern Atlantic States.

6 U, 8. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

CATHARTES BURRO VIANUS, Gas sin.

Biirrongli*s ViUtiu'e.

Cathartes burrovianus, Casiin, Proc. Acad. Pliilada. II, 212. (1845.)
The smallest of all vultures. Resembling C. ouco, but smaller and without a ruff on the neck, as in that species. Plumage
on the neck ascending behmd, as in C. atralus, but rather short, wings long, tail rounded, rather long.

Entire plumage deep uniform black, deeper and more uniform than in C. aura, shafts of quills white, head and neck red.

Total length, about 22 inches ; wing, 18 mches ; tail 8j inches.

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz ; Mazatlan, Lower California. Spec, in Mas. Acad. Philadelphia.

This little vulture, the smallest of the entire group of vultures, is an inhabitant of the coasts
of Mexico and Lower California, of the former both on the Pacific ocean and the Gulf of Mexico,
and very likely extends its range along the shores of the Pacific into the territory of the
United States. It can readily be distinguished by its small size, and the ascending feathers on
the back of the neck, totally unlike the rufi" of C. aura, which, in general aspect, it resembles.

The above four species are all the vultures ascertained to inhabit the United States. In
addition to them, it is quite likely that the king vulture of South America, Sarcoramphus
papa,, may venture occasionally into the States on the southern frontier, being known to appear
at times in Mexico. The sacred vulture of Bartram, Sarcorhamphus sacer, is a species described
by that author, in the last century, as abundant in Florida, but has not been observed or
identified anywhere since his time. This has tended to throw a doubt on its existence, but
recent information renders it probable that this, or at least a species different from the vultures
just described, is found about Lake Okechobee, in Southern Florida, where it is called king
buzzard. The verification of this statement by actual specimens would be one of the most
important discoveries yet to be made in North American ornithology. The following is
Bartram's description :

" Bill long and straight almost to the point, where it is hooked or bent suddenly down, and sharp ; the head and neck bare
of feathers nearly down to the stomach, when the feathers begin to cover the skin, and soon become long and of a soft te.xture,
forming a ruff or tippet, in which the bird, by contracting his neck, can hide that as well as his head ; the bare skin on the neck
appears loose and wrinkled, which is of a bright yellow color, intermixed with coral red ; the hinder part of the neck is nearly
covered with short stiff hair; and the skin of this part of the neck is of a dense purple color, gradually becoming red as i
approaches the yellow of the sides and fore part. The crown of the head is red ; there are lobed lappets of a reddish orange
color, which lay on the base of the upper mandible. The plumage of the bird is generally white or cream color, except llie quill
feathers of the wings and two or three rows of the coverts, which are beautiful dark brown ; the tail, which is rather large and
white, is tipped with this dark brown or black ; the legs and feet of a clear white ; the eye is encircled with a gold colored iris,
the pupil black." — Bartram, Travels in Florida, l(C. 1791, p. 150.

BIRDS — PALCONIDAK — FALCO ANATUM. 7

Family FALCOXIDAE- The Falcons.
Sub-family FALCONINAE.

FALCO, Linnaeus.

Faleo, LixNAECs, Syst. Nat. I, 124, (17GG.)

General form robust and compact. Bill short, curved strongly from the base to the point, which ia very sharp, and near
which is a distinct and generally prominent loolh ; nostrils circular, with a central tubercle. Wings long, pointed, furmcd for
vigorous, rapid, and long-continued flight ; tail rather long and wide ; tarsi short, robust, covered with circular or hc.\agonal
acalis ; middle too long ; claws large, strong, curved, and very sharp.

This genus, as restricted, contains species found in all parts of the world, and easily distin-
guished from all other birds of this group by the prominent tooth in the upper mandible.
They are justly regarded by naturalists as the typical or most highly or completely organized
of rapacious birds. They are remarkable for exceedingly rapid flight, and great boldness in
the attack and capture of small quadrupeds and birds, on which they subsist.

Sub-genus Falco.

FALCO ANATUM, Bonaparte.

The Duck Hawk.

Faleo anatum, Bonap. Comp. List, p. 4- (1838.)

" Falco peregrinus," Wilson, Audubon and other authors.

FiccRES.— Wils. Am. Orn. IX, pi. 76; Aud. B. of Am. pi. 16: Oct. ed. I, pi. 20; Lembeye B. of Cuba, pi. l,fig. 2;
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi. 3, fig. 8.

Jldult. — Frontal band white. Entire upper parts bluish cinereous, with transverse bands of brownish black, lighter on the
rump. Under parts yellowish white, with cordate and circular spotj of black on the breast and abdomen, and transverse bands
of black on the sides, under tail coverts and tibice ; quills and tail brownish black, the latter with transverse bars of pale
cinereous. Cheeks with a patch of black ; bill light blue ; legs and toes yellow. Sexes alike.

Younger. — Entire upper parts brownish black, frontal spot obscure, largo space on the cheeks black. Under parts dull
yellowish white, darker than in adult, and with longiludinal stripes of brownish black ; tarsi and toes bluish lead color.

Total length lb to 20 inches, wing 14 to 15, tail 7 to 8 inches.

Hab. North America, west of the Rocky mountains. Specimens in National Musuem, Washington, and Museum Academy,
Philadelphia.

One specimen of this kind only is in the collections made by the expeditions, the results of
which are embraced in the present report.

This species is apparently restricted to that portion of North America east of the Rocky
mountains, being replaced in the western countries of our continent by the smaller Falco
nigriceps. We have never seen the present bird from any locality on the western coast of the
United States, though on the eastern it ranges throughout the extent of the coast from Green-
land to Cuba.

The specimen now before us is of especial interest, having been obtained at the most western
locality yet ascertained for this species, and demonstrating a vast range of longitude, in local-
ities which it never before was known to inhabit. It was obtained on the Vermilion river, in
•N^ebraska T rritory, by Lieutenant Warren's expedition.

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of e^ecimens.

6

S

Locality. '

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

5166

Mouth of Vermilion river, Upper
Missouri

October 25, 1856.

Lieut. G. K. Warren

Dr. F. V. Hayden

FALCO NIGRICEPS, Cassin.

Falco nigriceps, Cassin, B. of Cal. and Te.xas I, p. 87. (1853.)— Ib. in Gilligg' U. S. Astron. Exped. II, 1855
pi. xiv.

Resembling the preceding, but smaller and with the bill disproportionately weaker. Mull. — Frontal band white, narrow
Head and neck above black tinged with cinereous ; other upper parts bluish cinereous, with transverse bands of brownish
black. Quills brownish black ; tail bluish cinereous, with transverse bands of black. Under parts reddish white, with circula
spots and transverse bands of black. Cheeks with a large space of black.

Younger. — Upper plumage dark brown ; tail above brown, barred wi rufous on the inner webs of the feathers. Under part
Aull reddish yellow, paler on the throat, and with broad longitudinal/ tripes of black ; flanks and under wing coverts with
transverse bars and circular spots of reddish white. Bill bluish, legs and toes yellow.

Total length 15 to 17 inches, wing 11 to 12, tail 6 to G}u inches.

Hab. Western North and South America. Specimens in National Museum, Washington, and Museum Academy'
Philadelphia.

Like its relative of the eastern States of the Union, F. anatum, this species does not appear
to he ahundant on the western coast ; or if so, like its eastern congener, it is not easily obtained.
Three specimens only are in the collections made by the expeditions.

This is one of the rather numerous species which bear more or less intimate relationship to
the Falco peregrinus of tlie old world, and to Falco anatum of the United States. It is
uniformly smaller than both, though most resembling the former, especially specimens from
Asia. This bird is as yet known only as an inhabitant of the western countries of the continent
of America from Oregon to Chi e.

List of specimens.

6

13
§

1

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

u

M

a

a

"3
a
'Eo

5

Collected by—

Measurements.

1

!

1

■a
a
o

.2 .

J.

■s 1

4307
8501
8600

Pugefs Sound, W. T

Shoalwater Bay, W. T....

Bodega, California

Chile

Sept. 26, 1854.
Mar. 21, 1854.
Jan., 1855

Dr. Suckley

183

63

Geo. Gibbs...
Dr. Cooper ...
T. A. Szabo...

16.60
17.50

39.00

Governor Stevens

30.50

Lieut. Gilliss

BIRDS FALCONINAE — KALCO COLUMBARIUS. 9

Sub-Genus Hypotiiorcliis.
FALCO COLUMBARIUS, Linnaeus.

Pigeon Hawk.

FakocolunAariiis, LiXN. Syst. Nat 1,128, (176G.)
FaUo inUrmiitua, DAirmN.Tmito d'Orn. II, Ul, (1800.)
Faleo temrrarius, Ali)iBON,Orn. Biog. I, 381, (1831.)
FaUo Auduboni, Rlacewaix, Researches, Zool. 1834.

Fiomra — Catesby's Carolina, pi. 3 ; Vieill. Oia. d'Am., Sept. pi. 11 ; AVilson Am. Orn. II, pi. 15, fig. 3 ; Swains. Fuiin.
Bor. Am. Birds, pi 25 ; Aud. B. of Am., pi. 75, 92, oct. ed. I, pi. 21 ; De Kay Nat. Hist., N.Y., Birds, pi. 4, fig. 9.

Adult Male. Entire upper parts bluish slate color, every fciither with a, black Iongitu<linal line ; forehead and throat
white, other under part.-; pale yellowish or reildish wliite ; every feather with a longitudinal line of brownish black ; tibiiB
light ferruginous, with lines of black. (Juills black, tipped with ashy white ; tail light bluish ashy, tipped with white and
with a wide subterminal band of black, and with several other transverse narrower bands of black ; inner webs nearly white ;
cere and legs yellow ; bill blue.

Youngfr. Entire upper plumage dusky brown, quite light in some specimens, and with a tinge of ashy ; head above, with
narrow stripes of dark brown and ferruginous, and in some specimens many irrugular spots and edgings of the latter color
on the other upper part*. Forehead and entire under parts dull white, the latter with longitudinal stripes of light brown ;
sides and flanks light brown, with pairs of circular spots of white ; tibi« dull wliite, with dashes of brown ; tail pale brown,
with about six transverse bands of white. Cere and legs greenish yellow.

Yuung. Upper plumage brownish black, white of the forehead and under parts more deeply tinged with reddish yellow ;
dark stripes wider than in preceding ; sides and flanks with wide transverse bands of brownish black, and with circular
spots of yellowish white. Qui31s black; tail brownish black, tipped with wliite, and with about four bands of white ; cero
and feet greenish yellow.

Total length. Female, 12 to 14 inches; wing, 8 to 9 inches ; tail, 5 to 5J inches. Male, total length, 10 to 11 inches;
wing, 74 to 8 inches ; tail, 5 inches. •

IIiJi Temperate North America, Mexico, Central America, Northern South America. Spec, in Nat. Mus. , Washington,
and Mus. Acad. , Philadalphia.

Specimens in the present collection show that this little hawk inhabits the entire coast of the
possessions of the United States on the Pacific ocean. Being, also, one of the most abundant
species of its family in the States on the Atlantic, its locality may he stated as the whole of
temperate North America.

This bird presents the usual variations in plumage which prevail in nearly all tlie birds of
the family Falconidfe, and render the determining of species frequently perplexing and difficult.
There are, however, three well-defined stages exhibited in a large number of specimens now
before me, including the specimens in the present collection, as given above, and others from
various parts of the United States. Of these the adult is easily distinguished, and is very
nearly as figured by Audubon, under the name Falco temerarius, but of the other two pluma"-es
we cannot at present determine which is the more mature. One of the latter is dull brown, as
figured in Fauna Boreali Americana, as above, and the other much darker and nearly black, as
in the plates of Wilson Am. Orn., and Aud. B. of Am., as above cited.

The darkest colored specimens that we have ever seen are in this collection, and so difierent
from the adult as to readily suggest doubts of their specific identity. Both males and females
are clear brownish black, and in one specimen, a male obtained by Dr. Cooper, at Shoal water
bay, "Washington Territory, the tail is without a vestige of the spots u.sually to be noticed, and
there are very few on the primaries. This is probably the youngest plumage.

Another plumage is uniformly dull and frequently pale brown above, with nearly every
2b

10

U. R. P. K. R, EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

feather edged with rufous. This stage is represented in Swainson's plate in Fauna Boreali —
Amf ricana. The adult has the upper parts entirely light bluish slate color ; nearly every feather
■with a black central line, and is even lighter colored and of more delicate and handsome shades
than as given by Audubon. Between these well-defined and easily recognized stages there are
other intermediate plumages impossible to describe, except in general terms.

List of specimens.

a

Locality.

When collected.

Whence and how
obtained.

.a

a

•n
0

Collected by—

Measurements.

.0

s

a
§

3
6

Point of bill to end
of tail.

Between the tips 0
outstretched wings.

Wing from carpal
joint.

6909

9

c?

9

9
c?

Nelson river, H. B

D. Gunn

5170

Mouth Vermilion, on Mo..
do do

Tamaulipas, Mexico

Oct. 25, 1856
do

Dr. Hayden

do

12.75
11.75
12.00

26.75
23. 75
25.00

9.00

5171
4130

Lt. Conch . ...

....

8.00
8.50

5505

El Paso, Texas

Major Emory

J H Clark

4476

Puget's Sound, W. T

4459

Cape Flattery, W. T

4477

Shoalwater Bay, W. T

Dr. Coooer .

5831

Fort Steilacoom, W. T. .

do do

do do

do do

do do

do do

San Francisco, Cal

Oct. 1, 1856
Sept. 1, 1856

do

do

do

do

Dr. Suckley

do

do

Dr. Potts

598
548
549
646
547

5829

58J8

12.00
13.00
13.50

25.50
26.13
26.25

6833

5832

4588

4500

6876

California ...

do

Dr. Heerman . . .

5483

Petaluma, Cal

E Samuels

4475

4616

Colorado river, Cal

Major Emory

J. Gould

63

A. Schott

■

7998

Mexico

FALCO AURANTIUS, Gm.

FjUco aurantim, Gm., Syst. Nat. I, 283. (1788.)
Fako Tufi/jularvs, Daudin, Trait d'Orn. II. 131. (1800.)
Falco thoracicus, Donova.n, Naturalists' Kepobitory, II, (not paged, 1824.)
Falco cucullatiu, Swainso.n, Cab. Cy. p. 340. (1838.)
Falco ddrolmcus, Tisiminck.
FiQuaxs. — Temm. PI. Col. 348 ; Donovan, Nat. Rep. II, pi. 45.

About the size of, or rather smaller tlmn F. columliaritts. Entire upper parts bluish slate color, many feathers having darker
centres, and concealed transverse bands of black, lliroat, neck before, and breast yellowish white ; body beneath, black, with
numerous transverse narrow bonds of white ; abdomen, tibiic, and under tail coverts dark rufous. Under wing coverts black,
with numerous transverse bands and circular spots of white ; quills ashy black, with tr.ansvcrso liaiids of white on tlioir inner
webs ; tail black, the two middle feathers tinged with ashy, narrowly tipped with wliite, and with about seven irregular
transverse bands of white ; bill horn color ; legs yellow.

Total length — male— 9J to 10 inches, wing 7J to 8, tail 4 to 4J inches. Female larger.

Hab. Mexico, Texas, South America. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

BIRDS FALCONINAE — FALCO FEMORAUS.

11

This hanilsome little hawk was noticed by Lieutenant Conch in the Htate of New Leon,
Mexico, on the Rio Grande, and undoubtedly is properly to be regarded as a bird of Texas.
It is well known as a South American species, and is dift'used over a vast extent of the continent
of America, having very probably for the most northerly limit of its range the State just
mentioned.

The specimen brought by Lieutenant Couch is in quite mature plumage, and is now in the
National Museum.

List of specimens.

•a

Locality.

Whence and how obtained.

z

a

"a
a

O

Nature of specimen.

Measurements.

J
i

a

\

§ a

"5 .2

■•3 -g
S -g

1 -

Wing from carpal
joint.

4129

(?

New Leon, Mejuco

Lieutenant Conch .....

Ub

Eyes, brown ; feet, orange ;

23.00

7.75

FALCO FEMORALIS, Temminck.

Fako fmonlu, Tbmm, PI. col. L (liv. 21.)
Fako thoracicia, (III.) Light. Verz. p. 62, (1823.)

Larger than the preceding, but somewhat resembling it in color. Head above, and entire upper parts light cinereous ;
darker, and with transverse bars of white on the upper tail coverts ; front and line over the eye to the back of the neck
white, tinged with orange on the latter ; a wide band under and behind the eye, and another short band running down-
ward* from the base of the under mandible, dark cinereous. Throat and breast very pale yellowish white ; a wide band
across the body, beneath black, with narrow transverse stripes of white ; abdomen, tibifc, and under tail coverts light
rufous. Under wing coverts pale yellowish white, spotted with black ; primaries ashy black, with numerous transverse
bands of white on their inner webs ; secondaries light cinereous, tipped with white ; two middle feathers of the tail light
cinereous, with transverse bands of ashy white ; other feathers of the tail brownish black, tipped with white, and having
aboat eight transverse bands of white. Bill yellow at base, tipped with light bluish horn color ; legs yellow.

Total length about 15 inches, wing lOJ, tail 7J inches.

Hab. New Mexico, Mexico, South America. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

A fine specimen of this species is in the collection made by Dr. A. L. Heermann while
attached to the party in charge of Lieutenant J. Gr. Parke. It is in mature plumage, and is
strictly identical with South American specimens.

This bird was obtained in New Mexico. It is a common species of South America.

12

U. S. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sub-Genus Gennaia.
FALCO POLYAGRUS, Gas sin.

Falco polyagria, Cassin, B. of Cal. and Texas, I, p. 88. (1853.)
Figures. — Cassln, B. of Cal. and Texas, I, pi. 16.

Narrow frontal band, line over the eye and entire under parts white ; stripe from the corner of the mouth running
downwards, dark brown ; breast and abdomen with longitudinal stripes and spots of brown, which color forms a large and
•Conspicuous spot on the flank. Upper parts brown, paler on the rump ; tail above pale grayish brown, narrowly tipped
with white, and with transverse bands of white ; quills dark greyish brown ; edge of wing at the shoulder and below
white, spotted with brown. Bill bluish ; under mandible yellow at base ; space around the eye bare, with a narrow edging
of brown on the first phimage arotmd it, the brown of the bank extending somewhat on to the breast at the wing.

Younger. Frontal band nearly obsolete ; upper parts uniform pale brown, with narrow rufous stripes on the head ; under
arts white, tinged with dull yellow, nearly every feather having a longitudinal stripe of dark brown ; large spaces on the
flanks brown ; tarsi and toes lead colored.

Total length 18 to 20 inches, wing 13 to U, tail 7i to 8 inches.

Hab. Western Nortli America. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

This is exclusively a species of Western North America, but extending its range east of the
Rocky mountains, several specimens having been obtained during the exploration of the upper
Missouri and Yellow Stone rivers by the party commanded by Lieutenant G. K. Warren,
United States army. A specimen of this species has, also, been recently procured in western
Illinois by Mr. J. D. Sergeant, of Philadelphia.

Adults of both sexes are very similar, in fact not differing except in size, and are almost pre.
cisely as described and figured by us as above.

It is possible that tliis may be thespecices described as Falco mexicanua in. 1850 by Schlegel,
but I have been unable to make a reference to his article.

List of specimens.

i

g

03

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

1
E

3
B

"3

a

Nature of speci-
men.

Collected by—

Measurements.

a

•a

B
V

o

11
o o

s.

1 a

I'

1

S °
£ S

bo

1

5169

Sept. 10,1856....
Sept. 16, 1856....
Oct. 17,1856....
Aug. 20, 1857

Dr. Unyden —

do

do

19.00
18.25
19.00

45.50

13.50

SI68

9
Q
S
o

9
..„..

do

do

Iris dark brown

5167

1

S951

N. I'liittc, NclmiKka

Lieut. Bryan

Dr. T. C. Henry.. ..

439

w. a. Wooii...

•

8S02

Fort Thornc, New Mexico

1

8503

Winter, 1853- '54 .

Lieut. Whipple...

Dr. Suckley

Lieut. Trowbridge .
F.. gamueln

38
143

Kcnnerly and
Molllmusen..

Fort Datlcft, Oregon Territory

85M

14. so

43£1

nm

Jan., 185G

83

BIRDS — FALCONINAE FALCO SPARVERIUS 13

Sub-Genus Hierofalco.
FALCO CANDICANS, Gmelin.

FaUo candicans, Gm. SyBt NaU I. 275. (1788.)
fa/co prof Fi/anJici«, DiUDiN, Traito d'Orn. II, 107. (1800.)
FaUofuseus, F.tuRicirs, Kauiia Groonlanilica, p. 5G. (1780).'
Faleo aiclicus, IIolboll, Label in Acad. Mus. Pliiladclpliia.
Jidull. — Entirely white-, upper parts with irregular confluent transverse bands, and large ■ubtorminal hastate or sagittal h ot
of ashy brown; under parts with a few longitudinal narrow stripes of brown. Primary quills white, with their tips brownish
black ; tail while, with transverse bands of brownish black on the outer webs of the e.vternal feathers.

loutig-. — Upper parts witli tlie brown predominating and of a lighter shade than in llie adult, and more or less barred and
spotted with white. Under parts white, tinged with ashy, with longitudinal stiipes of brown, especially on the abdomen
Quills and tail ashy brown, with transverse bands of dull white.
Total length about 24 inches, wing 16, tail 10 inches.
Hab. Xorthern North America, Greenland. Spec, in Mus. Acad. Philad.

A very handsome falcon, almost entirely pure white in its adult plumage. This bird and
the succeeding have been demonstrated by Mr. Holboll and other Danish naturalists to be
resident species in Greenland, and inhabit also other countries of the northern regions of the
continent of America.

FALCO ISLANDICUS, Gmelin.

The Ger Falcon. The Iceland Falcon.

FalcB iilandicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 275. (1788.)

Fako lalandus, Fabricics, Faun. Groenl., p. 58. (1780).'

%idvilt. — Bjitirely white; upper parts with regular transverse and very distinct bands of brown, becoming somewhat crescent,
shaped on the scapulars and rump, and slightly acuminate on the shafts of the feathers. Quills white, brownish black at their
tips ; tail white, with about twelve transverse narrow bands of brow . Under parts with a few longitudinal lines of dark
brown.

young-. — Upper plumage brown, with transverse bands of dull white. Under parts dull white, with numerous circular and
irregular shaped spots of dark brown, largest on the sides, and disposed to form transverse bands. Quills and tail dar rown
with transverse bands of ashy white.

Total length about 24 inches, wing 16U', tail 10 inches.

Hab. Northern North America, Greenland. Spec, in Mus. Acad. Philad.

Nearly allied to the preceding, and only to be distinguished from it by the different shape
and pattern of the darker markings on the upper parts of the body. Like the preceding too,
it inhabits Greenland ; and specimens that we have seen from that country cannot be distin-
guished from the well known bird of Iceland and northern Europe.

Sub-Genus Tinnimciilus.
FALCO SPARVERIUS, Linnaeus.

The Sparrow Hawk.

Fdco sparvtriua, LiNX. Syst. Nat. I, 128. (1766.)
Fako dominictnsia, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 285. (1788.)

Falco gracilis, cinnamominus and iiobeltintts, Sw. Cab. Cy. p. 281. (183 .)
Figures.— Vieill. Ois. d'Am., Sept., pi. 12, 13; Catesby's Carolina, pi. 5; Wilson Am. Oni. II, pi. IG, fig. 1, and IV,
pi. 32, fig. 2; Aud. B. of Am., pi. 42, Oct. ed. I, pi. 22; Rich, and Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. Birds, pi. 24 ; De Kay, Nat
Hist. New York, Birds, pl. 7, fig. 16.

.IduU. — Smaller than any of the preceding. Frontal band and space, including the eyes and throat, white, spot on the.
neck behind, two others on each side of the neck, and line running downwards from before the eye, black. Spot on the top of

14

U. S, p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

the head, the neck behind, back, rump, and tail light rufous or cinnamon color. Under parts generally a paler shade of the
same rufous as the back, frequently nearly white, but sometimes as dark as the upper parts, and always with more or less
numerous circular or oblong spots of black. Quills brownish black, with white bars on their inner webs. Tail tipped with
white, frequently tinned with rufous and with a broad subterminal band of black, outer frequently white, tinged with ashy and
barred with black. Bill light blue, legs yellow. Back generally with transverse stripes of black, but frequently with very
few, or entirely without ; rufous spot on the head, variable in size, and sometimes wanting.

Younger mah, — Upper parts as above ; wing coverts, and tail ferruginous red, with numerous transverse bands of brownish
black. Under parts with numerous longitudinal stripes, and on the sides with transverse bands of brownish black, external
feathers of the tail palest, broad subterminal band on the tail obscure or wanting.

Young. — All the rufous parts of the plumage with wider transverse bands of brownish black; wing coverts dark bluish
cinereous, with large circular spots of black ; under parts with longitudinal stripes, and large circular spots of black.

Total length 11 to 12 inches, wing 7 to 7|, tail 5 to 5^ inches.

H b. The entire continent of America. Specimens in Nat. Museum, Washington, and Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

List of specimens.

1

a
a

M
OQ

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence.

a

s
o

Is
c

^Mi

O

Collected by—

Measurements.

i

S

e

O

1
1

T3
C
4>
C

<- %-
o o

5

o

ll
It

a.

H a
c

Remarks.

6492

Q
..„..

S
..„.

9

Q
<S

..„..
S

s
s

"s"

Mar. 20, 1857
1857

6916

Nelson river, H. B

8521

Aug. 31, 1853

Dr. Suckley . ....

10.75
10.38

32.50
21.50

7.50
7.50

5172

5178

...,do

do

do..

do

10.13

22.00

7.38

6177

Forty miles up the Yellow

July 10, 18,i6
May 30, 1856

do

do

Farm Island, Neb

do

do

10.75

23.00

8.00

6953

Lieut. Br>an

337

4

42

19

6

19

103

389

W. S. Wood

Feb. 12, 1855
April 6, 1855

9. SO

11.00

21.00
23.00

6.00
8.00

Eyes light gray...
Eyes black

5024
4570

Fifty miles from Indianola,

do

Major Emory

do

■Lieut. Beckwith

A. Schott

8518

San EUzario, Texas

Dec. 9,1854

Dr. Konncrly

Mr. Kreulzfeld

10.50

21.00

8.00

8515

July 14, 1856
Aug. 11, 1K)7
April 24, 1S55
Aug. 14, 1856
Oct. 22, 1855

July 28, 1856

W. S. Wood

10.50

20.00

Black Hills, Neb

do

Capt. Pope

do

5027

Fort ('lark, Texas

North Platte, Neb

■W. S. Wood

10.50
10.00

18., 10
92.00

5025

Capt. Pope

162
168

7..™

Eyes brown ; feet
and gums yellow.

W. S. Wood

8519
6879
45&')
8516
5488
4353
4938
6877
6880
8517

Fort Thorn. N. M

Fort Stoilacoom, W. T . . .
do

April — , 1856

346

Dr Polls

Jan. -, 1855

Lieut. Trowbridge ...

153

21.58

7.58

July 4,1853

do. . . ..

do

flamn 105. N. M

Jan. 23, 1854

Lieut. Whipple

J. PoUh

59

Kunnerly and Miill-

4420
7999

Gualnmain

J. Gould

1

BIRDS — ACCIPITRINAK — ASTl'R ATRICAPILLUS.

Sul)-Faniily ACCIPITRINAE.

TlIK HAWKS.

Form rather long and slender, tail and legs long, wings rather short, bill short, hooked,
upper mandible lobed, but not toothed. Very active and vigilant and swift of flight, pursuing
their prey, which consists of birds and small quadrupeds, into the woods and forests.

ASTUR, Lac.

.Islur, Lacepcde, Mem. Inst. Ill, p. 506.
Tlio largest birda of this suh-ramily. General form strong, but rather long and slender; wing rather short ; tail long and
Lroid ; tarsi long, covered in front with rather wide transverse scales ; toes and claws moderate, the latter fully curved, sharp.
Bill shorl, curved ; nostrils large, ovate, inserted in the cere. This genus contains about twelve species of all countries.

ASTUR ATRICAPILLUS, Wilson.

The Goshawk.

Falco alricapillui, Wilson, Am. Orn. VI. 80. (1812.)
Falco regalis, Temm. pi. col. 1. (liv. 84, about 1827.)
Dctdation pictum, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. I, 67. (1831.)
FicrREs. — Wilson Am. Orn. VI, pi. 52, fig. 3 ; Rich, and Sw. Faun. Bor. Am. Birds, pi. 26 ; Jard. and Solby, 111. Orn.
pi. 121; Aud. B. of Am. pi. 141, Oct. ed. I, pi. 23; Temm. pi. col. 495.

.Idult- — Head above, neck behind, and stripe from behind the eye, black, generally more or less tinged with ashy. Other
upper parts dark ashy bluish or slate color, with the shafts of the feathers black, and frequently with the feathers narrowly
edged with black, presenting a squamatc or scale-like appearance. A conspicuous stripe over the eye, and an obscure and
partially •■oncealcd occipital and nuchal band, white. Entire under parts mottled with white and light ashy brown. Every
feather with a longitudinal line of dark brown on its shaft, and with numerous irregular and imperfect transverse lines or
narrow stripes of light ashy brown, more distinct and regular on the abdomen and tibia;. Quills brown, with bands of a deeper
hade of the same color, and of ashy white on their inner webs. Tail same color as other upper parts ; under surface very pale,
nearly white, an having about four obscure bands of a deeper shade of ashy brown, and narrowly tipped with white ; under tail
covert while.

young'. — Entire upper parts, includmg head, dark brown, with the feathers, especially on the head and neck, behind, edged
and spoiled with light reddish, or nearly white. Tail light ashy, with about five wide and conspicuous bands of ashy brown,
and narrowly tipped with ashy white ; quills brown, with wide bars of a darker shade of the same color, and wide bands of
'eddish while on their inner webs. Under parts while, genearlly tinged with yellowish and frequently with reddish, every
feather with a longituoinal stripe, terminating in an ovate spot of brown. Sides and tibise frequently with circular and lanceohite
spots, and irregular bands of the same color, the latter (libice) generally very conspicuously marked in this manner. Lfnder
tail coverts while, with a few large lanceolate spots of brown.

Total length, female, 22 to 24 inches, wing about 14, tail lOj to 11 inches. Male, about 20 inches, wing 12J, tail 9' inches.

Hab. Korth America, chiefly in the northwestern portions.

All the specimens of this fine species in the collections of the expeditions are from Oregon
and Washington Territory, and are of both adults and young birds. It is apparently more
abundant in northwestern America than it is known to be in any other portion of the United
States.

The adult of this species is well known, and is represented in all the plates cited above. It
is one of the most strongly marked and easily recognized of American hawks.

Though confounded with the European goshawk (Aslur 2^cihimha7-ius) by Audubon, the
present species is strongly marked^, and easily distinguished. The transverse bands on the

16

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

under surface of the body in the present bird never assume that degree of regularity which is
commonly met with in the European bird, and it is in other respects quite distinct^ as pointed
out by the distinguislnd naturalists who have described it, Wilson and Temminck.

List of specimens.

3

d
o

a

3

O

6906
6846
5839
8508
8S09
4365
4518
8507

Locality.

When collected.

Nelson river, H. B...
Port Townsend.W. T.
FortSteilacoom.W. T.
do do

.do.

.do.

do do

ShoalwaterBay.W. T.
Dalles, 0. T

Jan., 1857.
Aug., 1856 ,

Mar. 25, 1856.

Jan. 0, 1855
Mar. s 1854.

Whence obtained.

D. Gunn ...
Dr. Suckley.
do

Governor Stevens .

Dr. Suckley ,

Dr. Potts- ,

Dr. Cooper

Governor Stevens .

a

a

528
101
306

120
141

Collected by —

Measurements.

Dr. Suckley.

Dr. Suckley.

22.00
22.60

(4

40.00
38.00

ACCIPITER, Br isson.

.iccipiter, Buisson, Cm. I, 310, (1760.)
General form more slender and smaller than .islur, but otherwise similar. Wings short, tail long, tarsi long and slender,
frequently with the scales in front nearly obsolete. Contains about twenty species of all countries, several of which intimately
resemble each other. Colors in North American species very similar to each other, especially in adult specimens, though they
differ materially in size.

ACCIPITER COOPERII, Bonaparte.

Cooper's Hawk.

Falco Conperii, Bonap. Am. Dm. 11, I. (1828.)
Falco Slanlrii, Aw., Orn. Biog. 1, 186. (1831.)
Figures.— Bonap. Am. Orn. I, fig. 1 ; Aud. E. of Am. pi. 36, 141, fig. 3, ct. ed. 1, pi. 24.

^qHult. Head above brownish black, mixed with white on the occiput, other upper parts dark ashy brown, with the shafts of

the feathers brownish black ; an obscure rufous collar on the neck behind. Throat and under tail coverts while, the former with
lines of dark brown, other under parts transversely barred with light rufous and white. Quills ashy brown, with darker bnnda,
and white irregular markings on their inner webs ; tail dark cinereous, lipped wilh white, and with four wide bands of brownish

black.

Young. Head and neck behind yellowish white, tinged with rufous, and with longitudinal stripes and oblong spo of brown;

other upper parts light amber brown, with large partially concealed spoUand bars of white; upper tail coverts tipped with white;
under purls white, with narrow longitudinal stripes of light brown, tail as in adult ; bill blucish horn-color ; tarsi yellow.

/>imfnjions.— Female, total length 18 to 20 inches, wing 10 to 11, tail 8J inches ; male, 16 to 18 inclics, wing 9J to 10, tail

8 inches.

77a6.— All of temperate North America. Chile (Gay). Spec, in Nat. Mua., Waslnngtoii and Mu». Acad. Philadelphia.

This specieF, rather common on the coast of the Athmtic, is apparently not ho uLundant in
the western countries of the United States. Three specimens only arc in the present collection,

BIRDS — ACCiriTRlNAK — ACCIPITER MEXICANU8.

17

two of which are from Wasliington Territory, and one from California. These being, however,
in young plumage, may be regarded as very probably showing conclusively that this bird is
resident in tliose localities, and is also, in all probability, tiiroughout tlio tciniienite regions of
North America. Some authors even, though probably erroneously, assign it to South America
also.

List of specimeiis.

E

a e>

O a:

Locality.

When collected.

Whence and how
obtained.

Collected by-

J3

a

a
a

Measurements.

O .5

bo

a

5792
6578
6846
8511
8512
4352
6876
4619

Society Hill, S. C

Republican fork, K. T .
Fort Steilacoom, W. T .

do do

Yakima river, W. T...

Presidio, Cal

Sacramento valley, Cal.
Colorado river, Cal

April 30, 1855.
Aug. 17,1850.
Sept. 1856.
Oct. 10, 1856.
Sept. 10,1856.

M. A. Curtis.
Lieut. Bryan.
Dr. Suckley .
do

383

540
585

W. S. Wood...

18.25
19.00

25.00
30.00

Oct. 28, 1854.

Gov. Stevens I 585 Dr. Cooper

Lieut. Trowbridge.' '

Lieut. Williamson. ' Dr. Heermann

Major Emory ' 53 | A. Schott

18.00

31.00

ACCIPITER MEXICANUS, Swain son.

Jlecipiter Mexieanus, Swains. Faun. Bor. Amer. Birds, p. 45, (1831.)

(Not figured.)

Intermediate between ,iccipiUr Cooperi and ^Iccipiter fuscus in size, and much resembling both in colors. Form slender and
long, wings short, tail long, legs rather long, slender.

Mtill. — Head above bluish black ; other upper parts dark brownish black, with a tinge of cinereous, darkest on the back;
thmatand other under tail coverts white ; other under parts fine light rufous, darkest on the tibice, and spotted and barred
transversely with white, which bars and spots are nearly obsolete on the breast and tibite ; longitudinal dark lines on the sliafis
of the feathers (conspicuous on the under parts in A. Cooptri) only on the breast ; quills dark brown, with their outer edges
cinereous, and with bands of dark brown and white on their inner webs ; tail dark cinereous, tipped with white, and having
four wide bands of brownish black ; bill bluish black ; cere and larsi yellow, iris yellow.

Young. — Entire upper parts dark brown, every feather on the head above and neck behind edged with yellowish red, which
color predominates on t>.ose parts in some specimens ; under parts white, more or less tinged with dull yellow, every feather
having a narrow longitudinal stripe of brown, and frequently a transverse band of the same near the base of the feather. The
stripes often assume a falchion or imperfectly sagittate shape on the flanks. Under wing coverts yellowish white, with ovate
and cordate spots of brown ; tail as in adult ; upper tail coverts frequently lipped with white ; iris, cere, and tarsi, light
yellow.

Dimtnsions. — Male, total length, 15 to 16 inches ; wing 9, tail 8 inches. Female, total length, 17 to 18 inches ; wing 9J to 10,
tail 9 inches.

A western species, but not so exclusively so as has been supposed. In the present collection
specimens are from New Mexico and the Yellow Stone river, as well as from Oregon and Cali-
fornia, as will be seen in the localities given below.

This bird bears an extraordinary resemblance to both Accipiter Cooperi and Accipiterfuscus,
and, in fact, specimens occasionally occur which cannot be distinguished without difficulty.
3b

18

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AKT> SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The young male oi' A. Cooperi may be mistaken for the ymiiig female of the present bird. The
three American species of Accipiter, however, may be said to be so much alike in color as to
almost represent different sizes of one species. It is a group in which size is a specific character.

List of specimens.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence and how
obtained.

J3

B

B

■1

o

Remarks.

Collected by—

Measurements.

3
C

V

3

?
1

o

ii
I

it

1 =

•3

E-
g

E s

i :=,

bo

s

6165

..„..

Mouth of Yellow Stone river

Mouth of White Earth river

Fort Berthohi, Nebraska

Aug. 18, 1856..,.

Sept. 6, 1856

Sept. 16, 1856...,
Aug. 14,1856

5)64
5163

do

do

Iris light yellow
do

do

do

W. S. Wood . . .

17.00

30.26
529.25

10,25
9.0O

5579

Bridger's Pass, Nebraska

6849

5841

Oct. 4, 1856

Dr. Suckley

574
538
53S

5846

5847

4590

6848

..„..

Feb., 1855

Lieut. Trowbridge.

T. A. Szabo ...

6874

Dr. Heermann.

ACCIPITER FUSCUS, Gmelin.

Sharp-shinned UaAvk.

Falcofuscus et duHus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 280, 281, (1788.)
Jlccipiter slriatus, ViEiLL. Ois. d'Am. Sept. I, 42, (1807.)

Falco velox et pennnylvanicus, Wilson Am. Orn. V, 116, and VI, p. 13, (1812.)
Sparvius lintatus, Vieill. Ency. Meth. Ill, 1266, (1823.)
J^isus Malfini, Lesson. Traito d'Orn. I, 58, (1831.)
PiGCREs. — Temm. pi. coL 67 ; Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. pi. 14 ; Wilson Am. Orn. V, pi. 45, fig. 1, and VI, pi. 46, fig. 1 ;
Aud. B. of Amer. pi. 374, Oct. cd. I, pi. 25.

,3iult. — Small, tail rather long ; legs and toes slender ; entire upper parts brownish black, tinged with ashy; occiput mixed
with white ; throat and under tail coverts white, the former with lines of black on the shafts of the feathers ; other under parts
fine light rufous, deepest on the tibiic, and with transverse bands of white ; shafts of the feathers with lines of dark brown ; tail
ashy brown, tipped with wliilo, and with about four bands of browni.sh black ; quills brownish black, with bands of a darker shade,
and of white on their inner webs; secondaries and tertiaries with large partially concealeil sjtuts of white.

Young'. — Entire upper parts dull umber brown, tinged with ashy; neck behind mixed with white ; greater wing coverts and
shorter quills, with largo partially concealed spots of white ; under parts white, with longitudinal stripes and circular and ovato
spots of reddish brown, changing into IransvcrBe bands on the flanks and tiblic ; under tail coverts white ; bill dark bluish horn-
color ; cere and tarsi yellow.

Total length, female, 12 to 14 inches ; wing 7^ to 8, tail G.J to 7 inches. Male, 10 to 11 inches ; wing 6 to 6^, tail 5 to 5; inches.

Hab. — Throughout North America and Mexico. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington and Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

Apparently, this handsome little hawk inhahits the whole of North America, from Mexico to
the confines of the frigid zone. Numerous specimens, from various localities, arc in the collec-
tions of tlie expeditions.

This little hawk, wlien in adult plumage, much rescmhlea Accipiter nisus of Europe ; hut the
young are quite different, as is the case with nearly all the species of this family inhabiting
North America, which resemble species of the Old World.

BIRDS — BUTEONINAE — BITTEO SWAINSONI.

19

List of specimens.

1

M

Local iiy.

When collcclcd.

Whence ADd how uU-
tnincU.

£

C

S

a

:&

o

Collected liy —

Moaiuromenu.

i

E

a
e

6

1
2

11

2 °

a

I

H

•1*

s -

SJ7J

Aug. — , 1855
Oct, — , 1856

Not. a, 1857

8. F. Baird

6990

7599 ;

6908

Umnge, N. J

Wanhinpton, D. C

Cape rioHdn, Fla

VV. Ilution

G. Wllrdeninnn

11.50

21 50

69o;

9
9?

Q?

do

6854

Black Uillfl, Neb 1 Anr'- ll.lftfi?

387
262
Mi
513
541
94

W. S.Wood

5584

5845

Bridgcr'd Va^s, Neb

Aug. 14, 1856
Aug. — , 1856
Sept. —,1856
rfo

do

do

11.00
13.00
13.00
13.50
11.50

18.15
23.00

S843

An

do

do

25.00

S844

0? ' do

25.. ^U

8514

(J 1 ShoahTaUT bay, W. T ' Scpl. 23, 1854

San Fraiicijico, Cal I Winter 1853-54

21.50

4198

R. D. Cuttii

4513
6887

do '

rT

do

8513

Camp Yuma, Cal ••..

Dec. —,1854

23

A. Schott

Sub-Family BUTEONINAE— T h e Buzzards.

General form heavy, flight vigorous and long continued, but not so rapid as in the preceding sub-families. Subsist mainly on
small quadrupeds and reptiles.

BUTEO, Cuvier.

Buleo, CnviER, Regno Animal I, 323, (1817.)

Bill short, wide at base ; edges of upper mandible lobed ; nostrils large, ovate ; wings long, wide, fourth and fiflh quills usually
longest ; tail moderate, rather wide ; tarsi moderate, robust, with transverse scales before and behind, laterally witli small circular
and hexagonal scales ; toes moderate, or rather short ; claws strong. Contains about thirty species, inhabiting all countries.

Sub-Genus Buteo.

BUTEO SWAINSONI, Bonaparte.

Swainson's Bnzzard.

Buteo Sirainsowi, Bokap. Comp. List, p. 3, (1838.)

"Buleo vulgaris," Rich & Sw. Faun. Bor. Am. Birds, p. 47.

The obtaining of thi.s species is one of the most interesting results in ornithology attained by
the surveying and exploring expeditions. Previously it was entirely unknown to American
naturalists, who for the greater part followed the errors of European ornithologists in mistaking
for it quite a distinct and very different bird, (Buteo montanus, Nuttall.) It possesses additional
interest, too, in being more nearly related to a generic form of the Old World (typical Buteo)
than any bird hitherto discovered inhabiting the continent of America.

All the specimens in the present collection are apparently of mature size, and the plumage is

20 U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GESEEAL EEPOET.

invariably one or the other of the three stages described below. The tail is never red, but
uniformly ashy brown, with transverse dark bars.

The first and apparently most adult female is as follows :

Bill wide at base, compressed towards the tip ; edge of upper mandible lobed ; cere large ;
wing long, third quill longest ; tail moderate, rather wide^ even at the tip ; tarsus feathered in
front for nearly half its length, naked behind, bare portion in front having about twelve trans-
verse scales ; toes rather short ; claws strong.

Entire upper parts dark brown, nearly black in the middle of many feathers, paler on the
edges ; quills brownish black, with wide transverse bands of cinereous on their inner webs,
becoming paler and nearly pure white towards the base of the quill ; tail brown, tinged with
ashy, and having about 10 to 12 narrow transverse bands of a darker shade of brown, the sub-
terminal of which is widest ; tip edged with white.

Throat white, with longitudinal lines of dark brown ; neck before and breast ashy broion,
nearly the same color as the tail ; some of the feathers edged with reddish ; other under parts
white, nearly pure on the under tail coverts, and with transverse irregular bars of rufous on
the tibice and flanks, and of darker brownish rufous on the abdomen ; under wing coverts
white, with a few spots and transverse stripes of brown ; bill dark slate color ; tarsi, toes, and
cere, yellow.

The color of the abdomen, tibias, and inferior tail and wing coverts is very liable to vary in
specimens having the preceding plumage. Other specimens, precisely as just described in
other resi^ects, have these parts with the rufous color predominating, and with more numerous
transverse, irregular, and imperfect bars of a darker shade of rufous, and with some broken
bars and arrow-heads of dark brown. Shafts of tail feathers and quills dark above, white
beneath.

The second plumage is, apparently, that of the younger female. The upper parts are as
decribcd above, but darker ; throat white, tinged with yellowish, and with the dark lines
scarcely discernible ; breast dark broivn, nearly black ; other under parts pale rufous, with
numerous transverse bars of a darker shade of rufous and of dark brown, the latter more
numerous than in the preceding. Specimens with the breast of this color vary mainly in the
more or less numerous dark brown transverse stripes of the abdomen and flanks.

The third plumage prevails only in specimens labelled as males.

The ui)per jjarts are as first above described, though rather lighter, and with some feathers,
especially on the back, edged with rufous ; tail above rather lighter, and more strongly tinged
with cinereous ; throat white, with lines of dark brown ; neck before and breast liyJd rufous,
some of the feathers with lines on the shafts of ashy brown ; other under jjarts white, nearly
pure and unspotted on the lower part of the abdomen and under tail coverts, tinged and
irregularly barred with pale rufous on the flanks, tibire, and upper part of the abdomen ; under
wing coverts nearly pure wliite. This plumage apj)areiitly varies but little, and only in the
greater or less number of the stripes of ruibus on the abdomeu. The bird in this plumage is
represented in the plate of Fauna Boreali Americana, cited above and in our plate.

Dimensions. — Female, total length, about 21^ inches ; wing IG, tail 8J inches ; tarsus 2J
inches. Male, total length, about TJi, wing 15^, tail 8 inches.

In all these specimens the color of the neck before and of the breast may be regarded as
forming a wide, uninterrupted transverse belt or band, and is a very conspicuous and apparently
constant character. The difierence in the color of this belt or band is, as will be observed from

BIKD8 BUTEONINAE — BUTEO BAIKDIl.

21

the descriptions given above, the principal difl'erence between the specimens before us, and is
very probably dependent on age, and perhaps sex.

Tiiis handsome and interesting species appears to be exclusively an inhabitant of western and
nortliern North America.

The plates represent this bird in the first and third iilumages described above.

List of specimens.

5154
5IS6
5155 ,
5157
8540
853!l
8541
4984 i

MouUi ot Yellow Slone hvcr.
Moulh of White Earth river .

Knife river, Missouri

Heart river, Nebnutka

July 14, 1856 Lieut. Warren.

Sept. 6, 1856 do

Sept. 10, 1856 do

Sept. 21, 1856 do

Cochetope Pa^s ' Lieut. Beckwith.

do do

San Luis valley do

Peeos river, Texas Captain Pope ....

Remarks.

Measurements.

Collected by-

1

24
35
13

Gums and feet
yellow

Dr. Hayden....| 20.63

do 19.50

do 21.35

21.25

Kreutzfeldt

do

do

S B

23.50

48.51
4B.5i
50 01
51.2

15.50
15.50
16.00
15.50

16.50

BUTEO BAIRDII, Hoy.

Baird'sBuzzard.

Butco Bairdii, Hot, Proc. Acad. Philad. VI, 451, (1853.)
Cassin. B. of Cal. and Texas, pi. 41.

Entire upper parts dark brown, with a purplish bronzed lustre, especially on the wings ; plumage of the head and neck behind
edged and tipped with yellowish white ; upper tail coverts yellowish white, with transverse bars of brown ; tail above brownish
cinereous, with about ten narrow bands of brownish black, and tipped with white ; under pans pale yellowish white, or fawn
color, with a few ovate and sagittate spots of dark brown ; a stripe of dark brown running downwards on each side from the
corners of the mouth ; cere, legs, and irides yellow.

Older 1 — Upper parts very dark brown, or nearly black, with a purplish lustre ; under parts with almost every feather having
a large spot of brownish black, which color predominates on the breast, presentin^r a nearly uniforn color with the upper parts ;
throat with narrow stripes of the sarue color; flanks and inferior wing coverts with circular and oval spots of white ; tibice dark
brown, with transverse bars and circular and oval spots of reddish white ; upper tail coverts reiidish white, with their outer
edges brown, and with transverse stripes of the same ; under tail coverts yellowish white, with transverse stripes of brown ;
forehead white ; cheeks yellowish white ; stripes from the corners of the mouth wide and conspicuous.

Total length, 18 to 20 inches ; wing 15, tail 8 inches.

Hah. — Northern and western North America. Spec, in Mus. Acad. Philadelphia and Nat. Mus. Washington.

In the plumage, first described above, this bird bear.s some resemblance to the young of Buteo
Uneaius, but has a much more mature appearance, and is easily distinguished by its smaller
size. It resembles also in colors only the young oi Buteo pennsylvanicus, but is much larger.
Though discovered in the State of Wisconsin, specimens from various western localities are in
the collections of the expeditions.

Specimens recently collected by Lieutenant Warren show that the upper figure of our plate,
as cited above, really represents the young plumage. Lieutenant Warren's specimens are
scarcely fully fledged, and yet agree precisely with this figure.

22

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

6

0
OS

M

Locality.

Wlien collected.

Whence obtained.

u

.a

s

s
ta

"3
a

o

Collected by—

Measurements.

-a

a
1

a

s

II

o o

a
*o

-♦J

3 m

O he

a XI
SJ -2

1 "

1
a

6152
5151

9

9

Little Missouri river..

do do

Loup Fork, of Platte..
Sau Luis valley, Upper

Sept. 12, 1856
do

1857

Lieut. Warren

do

Dr. Hay den...

do

do

22.00
20.50

52.00
46.00

16.50
15.75

8542

Lieut. Beckwitii

8

Mr. Kreutzfeldt

'

BUTEO CALUKUS, Gas sin.

Red-tailed Black Hawk.

Buteo calurus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. VII, p. 281, (1855.)

Similar in general form to Buteo vulgaris and Buteo augur. Bill rather strong ; edges of the upper mandible with distinct
rounded lobes ; wings long, fourth and fifth quills longest ; tail moderate, or rather short ; tarsi feathered in front for nearly
half their length ; naked behind, naked portion in front having about ten transverse scales ; claws large, strong, fully curved.

Tail bright rufous above, white at base, with about eight to ten irregular and imperfect narrow bands and one wide sub-
terminal band of brownish black, and narrowly tipped with reddish white ; beneath silky reddish white.

Entire plumage above and below brownish black, deeper and clearer on the back and abdomen, and paler on the throat and
breast. Plumage of the upper parts with concealed transverse bands of white at the base of the feathers, and of the under parts
with circular spots and transverse bands of the same also at the base of the feathers ; quills brownish black, with a largo portion
of their inner webs white, banded and mottled with pale ashy brown ; under tail coverts transversely barred with brownish
black and pale rufous.

Total length, female, about 21 inches ; wing 16i, tail 9 inches. Male rather smaller.

This remarkable buzzard bears a greater resemblance to Buteo augur, Eiippell, an African
species, than to any other with which we are acquainted. It resembles no other American
species except Buteo insignatus, Cassin, but is much larger, and presents other strong points of
diiference. To a casual observer this bird would present somewhat the appearance of the black
hawk of the United States, Arehibuteo sanctijohannis, with the tail attached of the common
red-tailed buzzard, Buteo horealis, a combination hitherto (juite unknown in the American
falconidas, but which does exist in the African Buteo augur.

This species was described by us, as above, from a single specimen in the collection brought
by the party in charge of Captain John Pope, United States army, which was obtained by T.
Charlton Henry, M. D., United States army, in the vicinity of Fort Webster, New Mexico.
This able and zealous naturalist is the discover of tliia curious Sjiecies, and has added a large
amount of infi)rniati()n to tlie knowledge of the ornithology of western Nortli America. To the
collections of this gentleman we shall have frequent occasions to iillude.

One other specimen is in the present collection, and was obtained by Mr. E. Samuels at Peta-
luma, Sonora county, California, who found it breeding, and had the good fortune to obtain the
eggs. These have recently been described by Dr. Thomas M. iJrewer, in his very valuable work
on North American Oology, now in the course of publication by the Smithsonian Institution.

BIRDS — RUTEONINAE — BUTEO INSIGXATUS.

23

Linl of upL'cimcns.

s

B

9

a
a

g-

f^

"2

S

'i

3

H

6

&

5481

<?

8527

Locality.

Petaluma, Californin

Fort Webster, New Mexico .

Meaguremcnt8.

When collected.

Whence and how obtained.

Dr. Henry.

•a
a

I

s

•5.3

s

u i

35

•J-s

1.1

•s-s

g-g

■is.S.

a

%1

to

&

(S"

'$

April 25,1856 E.Samuels 21.00 48.00

10.49

Sub-Genus Leucopternis.
BUTEO mSIGNATUS, Gas sin.

Bulto inaignatMS, Cassin, B. of Cal. and Texa.>i, p. 102, (1854,) pi. 31.

.Idull male. — Under coverts of the wings and tail white ; the former striped longitudinally with pale rufous, and the latter
transversely with reddish brown ; edges of wings at the shoulder nearly pure white ; tibia; rufous irregularly barred with brow n ;
throat and a few feathers of the forehead white, each feather having a line of dark brown, or nearly black.

Entire other plumage above and below dark brown, every feather having a darker, or nearly black, central line. Quills
above brown, with a slight purple lustre ; beneath pale cinereous, with their shails white, and with irregular transverse bands
of white. Tail above dark brown, with an ashy or hoary tinge, and having about ten transverse bands of a darker shade of the
same color ; beneath nearly while, with conspicuous transverse bands of brown, the widest of which is subterininal ; tip paler,
or nearly white ; bill dark ; cere, tarsi, and toes, yellow.

Female, nearly adult. — Like the preceding, but with the upper plumage darker, and the entire under parts dark rufous chest-
nut ; darker on the breast, quite uniform en the flanks and abdomen, and every feather having the shaft darker brown, nearly
black. Throat, forehead, under wing coverts, and under tail coverts white. Tail as in the preceding.

Young. — Under parts reddish white ; every feather with a large terminal oblong spot of dark brown, and on the abdomen
and tibia; with numerous transverse stripes of the same color.

Entire upper parts dark brown ; on the back of the head and neck white at base, and edged with reddish ; scapulars and
greater coverts of the wing with large partially concealed rufous spots. Under wing coverts pale reddish white, with large
brown spots ; under tail coverts very pale reddish white, with a few stripes and lines of brown.

Dimensions. — Male adult, total length about 17 inches ; wing 14 j, tail Tj inches. Female, total length about lOj inches;
wing 16, tail 9 inches.

The preceding are the three stages of plumage which characterize specimens brought by
the expeditions. The first is precisely identical with that originally described by us, as above
cited, which was obtained in the vicinity of Montreal, Canada.

The second specimen, above described, was obtained on the North Platte river by the party
commanded by Lieutenant F. T. Bryan, United States army, while engaged in surveying a
route for a wagon road to Bridger's Pass, in the Eocky mountains. In this specimen the under
parts of the body are chestnut rufous, as described above, in which respect it differs from the
presumed and probable adult.

24

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

M
s

a
a

to
o

1

a

X

locality.

Wlien collected.

Whence obtained.

a

s

1
5b

•c

O

Collected by —

6955
6871

c?

Medicine Bow creek, Nebraska

July 26, 1856

Lieut. Bryan

TJent. Williamson

333

W. S. Wood

Dr. Heermann

1

BUTEO HAKLANI, Audubon.
Harlan's Buzzard; The Black Warrior.

Falco Harlani, Add. Orn. Biog. I, 441, (1831, plate published 1830.)

"Buteo Borealis," Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. Accipitres, p. 34.

Buteo Harlani, Ann. Lawrence, Annals N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. V, p. 220.

Figure.— Aud. B. sf Am., pi. 86, Oct. ed. I, pi. 8.

Adult.— Ahoal the size of, or ratlier smaller than, Buteo borealis. Robust ; bill rather short, strong ; edges of upper mandible
lobed ; wing rather long ; tail moderate ; legs strong ; tarsus feathered in front below the joint, naked behind, in front having
about nine or ten transverse scales, and about fifteen behind ; claws very strong, sharp, fully curved. Entire plumage
brownisli black, with a purplish lustre on the back and wing coverts. Front white, and all the feathers of the liead above and
occiput white at base, easily observed on the latter. Quills brownish black, with transverse bands of a lighter shade, and wilh
a portion of their inner webs ashy white, giving a nearly uniform ashy white color to the under surface of the wing -, under wing
coverts brownish black. Tail mottled with brownish black, ashy and white, the former predominating, a rather wide subter-
minal band of brownish black above and below, which are tinges of briglit rufous ; tip paler ; under surface of the tail ashy
white, slightly mottled with ashy brown. Bill dark bluish ; legs greenish yellow.

Young. Entire upper parts light brown, dull fulvous, and white ; tips of the feathers generally with a large ovoid spot of

brown, bordered with dull fulvous, and white at base, the fulvous and white predominating on tlie head and wing coverts ;
rump with nearly regular transverse bands of brown and reddish fulvous ; quills dark brown ; under surface (of quills) white ;
under wing coverts white, spotted with brown, and rufous or reddish fulvous ; tail light ashy, tinged with reddish, and with
about si.x or seven irregular and imperfect narrow bands of brownish black, all of which are edged with dark reddish fulvous ;
tip white. Under parts white, nearly pure on tlic tliroat and breast, wilh ovate and sagittate large spots on the neck before
sides and abdomen ; tibiffi and under tail coverts witli nearly regular bands of brown and pale reddisb ; under surface of the tail
ashy white. Bill dark bluish ; legs greenish yellow.

Total length (adult) about 21 inches ; wing 16, tail 9l.< inches.

In the collection brought by the surveying parly under the command of Captain John Pope,
United States army, are two specimens of the bird wliicli we suppose to be Buteo Harlani.
These were obtained near Fort Thorne, New Mexico, by T. Charlton Henry, M. D., United
States army, and, with that described, as above cited, by Mr. George N. Lawrence, are the
only ones yet detected within the limits of the United States. We have seen other specimens
of the same species from Mexico. One of the present specimens, like that of Mr. Lawrence, is
adult in black plumage ; the other is very probably the young, and in plumage totally different,
as described above.

This bird comes very near the description by Mr. Audubon in his Ornithological Biography,
I, p. 441, and is the same species decided by Mr. Lawrence to be tiie Buteo Harlani of that
author, and first announced by him as a species of western Nortli America in tlie Annals of the
New York Lyceum of Natural History, as above cited. In both size and colors, our i)resent

BIRDS — BUTEONINAE — BUTEO BOREALIS, 25

adult specimen agrees sufficiently well with Mr. Audubon's description, though a measurement
given in the latter — "tarsus IJ inches" — is very probably a misprint, though copied into his
octavo edition. A Butco, with the tarsus of this length, would be about the shortest legged
species known, and rather deviating from the requirements of the genus. In the present bird
the tarsus measures about three inches.

The bird now before us being much like the figure and description given by Mr. Audubon as
pointed out by Mr. Lawrence, we have no scruple in assenting to such designation as applied
to it. The proper identification of the species though can be made only from the original
specimen in the Britisli Museum. To Mr. Lawrence we are also indebted for the recognition of
the young bird of this species, described above, in the collection of the expeditions.

The specimens in the collection of Captain Pope's party were obtained by Dr. Henry in New
Mexico, as above stated. Those described by Mr. Lawrence were from California.

Sub-Genus Poecilopternis.

BUTEO BOREALIS, Graelin.

The Red-tailed Hawk.

Talto bmali), Ltverianxa, and jamaictnsis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 266, (1788.)
Falco aquUinui, Bartram, Trav. p. 290, (1791.)
Buteo fcrrugincicaudiis, ViEiLL. Ois. d'Am. Sept. I, 32, (1807.)
.iccipiltr rufica\ulv.s, Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. I, 43, (1807.)
Buleofultvn and amcricantu, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. IV, 472, 477, (1816 )

FiccREs.— Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. I, pi. 6, 14 ; Wilson Am. Orn. VI, pi. 52, figs. 1, 2 ; Audubon B. of Am., pi. 51, Oct.
ed. I, pi. 7 -, Gosse B. of Jamaica^ pi. 3 ; Lembeye B. of Cuba, pi. 1.

.4du/(. — Tail bright rufous, narrowly tipped with white and having a subterminal band of black. Entire upper parts dark
umber brown, lighter and with fulvous edgings on the head and neck ; upper tail coverts yellowish white, with rufous and
brown spots and bands. Throat white, with narrow longitudinal stripes of brown, other under parts pale yellowish white with
longitudinal lines and spots of reddish brown tinged with fulvous, most numerous on the breast, and forming an irregular band
across the abdomen ; under tail coverts and tibiae generally clear yellowish white unspotted, but the latter frequently spotted and
transversely barred with light rufous. Under surface of tail silvery white.

Young. — Tail usually ashy brown, with numerous bands of a darker shade of the same color and narrowly tipped with
white, upper tail coverts white with bands of dark brown ; other upper parts dark umber brown, many feathers edged with dull
white and with partially concealed spots of white. Entire under parts white, sides of the breast with large ovate spots of
brownish black, and a wide irregular band on the abdomen composed of spots of the same color. Under tail coverts and tibiae
with irregular transverse stripes and sagittate spots of dark brown.

Total length. — Female, 22 to 24 inches ; wing, 15 to 16 inches ; tail, 8| inches. Male, 19 to 21 inches ; wing, 14 inches ;
tail, 7^ to 8 inches.

Hob. — Eastern North America, fur countries, (Swainson,) Cuba, (Lembeye,) Jamaica, (Gosse.)

The range of this well known bird covers an extent of longitude from the Atlantic ocean to
the base of the Rocky mountains, and in latitude its locality may be said to be from the West
India islands northward to the confines of the frigid zone. In the countries on the Pacific it is
supplanted by the nearly allied species immediately succeeding, (Buieo montanus.)

In the collections made by the surveying and exploring expeditions, there are specimens of
this bird from the Yellow Stone river, Nebraska Territory, and others from the Pecos river,
Texas. Specimens in immature plumage are also in Dr. T. Charlton Henry's collection made
at Fort Fillmore, New Mexico.

4 b

26

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Measurements.

M

-c

"3

1

Locality.

When collected.

Whence and how
obtained.

Collected by —

a

o
.♦J

1

a

2l

■■3 ^

2 -9

■n

•3

*5; *t!
o o

s 1

1

'be

to

.g

6

£

8

s.

OJ 00

^

5153

80 miles above mouth

of Yellowstone

Aug. 11, 1866

Lt. G. K. Warren

-.--

Dr. Hay den

22.50

49.25

14.75

5159

<?

Eau fjui Court, Neb..

Oct. 20, 1856

do

....

do

23.00

48.00

16.23

6158

<?

Fort Randall, Neb...

Oct. 11, 1856

do

do

22.00

49.50

16.00

?? 4617

Jamacha Ranch, Cal..

Maj. Emory

7
14

A. Schott.

?? 8530

Santa Isabel, Cal

BUTEO MONTANUS, Nut tall.

The Western Red-tailed Hawk.

Buleo montanus, Nutt. Manual Orn. U. S. I, 112, (1840.)

Falco buteo, (Linn.) Acd. Orn. Biog. IV, 508.

Falco buteo, (Linn.) Rich, and Sw. Faun. Bor. Am. Birds.

Buteo borealis, (Gm.) Gray, Gen. I, p. 11.

" Buleo Swainsonii, (Bp.)" Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 19.

Buteo Swainsonii, Bonap. Cassin B. of Gal. and Texas, 1, p. 98

FiGnREs. — Aud. R. of Am,, pi. 372, Oct. ed., I, pi

Mult female. — Throat and neck before dark brown mixed with white ; the brown color more extended and with tlie abdomen,
tibiee and under tail coverts much more tinged with rufous than in B. horealis. Tibite distinctly barred transversely with
rufous. Size rather larger. General appearance similar to Buteo borealis, hut rather larger, and with tlie wings longer ;
throat and neck before brown ; breast and abdomen while, willi a very pale fulvous or rufous tinge ; sides with numerous nar-
row lanceolate and oblong spots of dark brown and rufous ; abdomen with a broad transverse band composed of spots of the
same description. Tibial feathers pale rufous, with numerous transverse bands of a darker shade of the same color. Under
wing coverts pale yellowish white, with brown spots. Tail above bright rufous narrowly tipped with white, with a subterminal
band of black, and a few indications of transverse stripes near the shafts of the feathers. Upper parts of tlic body dark umber
brown, with partially concealed ashy white and pale fulvous spots and transverse bands, especially on the scapulars and shorter
quills. Upper tail coverts reddish white, with transverse bands of dark brown. Bill dark bluish ; tarsi and toes yellow.

This plumage can only bo distinguished from B. borealis by its larger size, the greater extent of the dark color of the throat,
and the prevalence of the rufous color of the abdomen and tibite. In some specimens, however, the abdomen is nearly pure
white. Another plumage of this bird, apparently adult, of both sexes is as follows, and is the most easily recognized of any
stage :

JIdult male and female. — Like the preceding, but with the under parts pale rufous, lighter on the breast, some feathers,
especially on the abdomen, having longitudinal lines and spots of dork brown. Tibite rufous, with transyerso bars of a darker
shade of the same color. Tail bright rufous; tip paler, with a subterminal band of black. This second plumage, described
above, we have never seen in Hutro borealis.

Young. — Upper parts dark brown, edged and spotted with white tinged with rufous. Under parts white, with largo ovate
and sagittate spots of dark brown more numerous on the abdomen. Tibial plumes and under tail coverts white, with transverse
bars and spots of dark brown. Tail above ashy brown, with transverse bands of dark brown, nearly black. Bill dark bluish
black, or slate color ; tarsi and toes dull greenisli.

BIRDS — BUTEONINAE — BUTEO MONTANUS.

27

Inthii plumage, which is evidently that of the yotinf; bird, the dark spots of the under parts are usually much larger and
mott) numoroua than in the young of BuCeo boreatit, in which wo have noror seen tho tiliiu3 and under tail coverts so strongly
barred as in tho present bird.

Dimttuions. — Adult female, total length 23 to 35 inches, wing 16J to 17, tail 9 to 10 inches. Male, total length 19 to 22
inches, wing 15 to 16, tail S}., to 9 inches.

This is a species much rosembling and nearly related to tho red-tailed buzzard (Buteo borealis)
of the States on the Atlantic, and in the examination of collections like the present made during
journeys across the continent, it is not without difficulty that a distinct range of locality can be
assigned to the two species. The most strongly characterized specimens of the bird now before
us are from tho countries west of the Rocky mountains, but it is evident from specimens in this
collection that this species is not restricted to those regions. It not only inhabits the moun-
tains, but extends into the countries at their eastern base.

Of this rather difficult and obscure species, we have in the present collection no less than
thirty specimens, which, with several others from the collection of the Philadelphia Academy,
make a series probably representing all the stages of plumage dependent on age, sex, or season.
This series admits of division into the three stages above described.

Our comparisons are made with a series of twenty-eight specimens of Buteo horecdis from
various parts of the United States east of the Rocky mountains ; generally, however, from the
vicinity of Philadelphia. The present species appears to be the larger, averaging in total length
about 24 inches in adult females, which, so far as can be determined from prepared specimens,
is nearly two inches greater than the average of the same sex of Buteo borealis. Tlie wing is
about 1^ inches longer. There are in the entire series of both species now before us not more
than three specimens that we have any difficulty in assigning to one species or the other,
though specimens of both constantly occur which cannot be recognized without difficulty, unless
series are at hand for comparison.

List of specimens.

3.

O

3

S636

sea*

4S81
8U1
8»S
4372
8535
8534
4416
4631
4611
8536
8533
8549
£957
6956
4986
4985
8533

Locality.

Fort Steilacoom, W. T.
do

.do.,
.do.,
.do.,

.do..

Shoalwater bay, W. T .
Takima river, W. T....

Fort Dalles, O. T

Sanu Clara, Cal

California

Laguna

Camp 149, N.M

Camp 114, N.M

Sorlli Plaue

do

Pecos river, Texas

do

Devil's river, Teias . . .

Wben collected.

Aug.
Sept.

8, IMfi
— , 1856

Ocl. — , 1854
March 21, 1854
Aug. 4, 1853
Dec. — , 1854

Nov. 33,1854
March 16, 1854
Feb. 6, 1854
Aug. 1, 1857
do

Whence and how ob-
tained.

Dr. G. Suckley

do

Dr. Pott

Gov. 1. 1. Stevens.
Dr. Suckley

.do..

Gov. Stevens ...,

do

Dr. Suckley

Dr. Cooper

Major Emory...

do

Lieut. Whipple.
do

-,1855

Lieut. Dryan ..

do ,

Capt. Pope

do

Major Emory.

99
536

14
185

71
371
369

Collected by —

Dr. Suckley.

Dr. Cooper .
do

A. Schott

do

Dr. Kenncrly .
do

W. S. Wood.
do

1 Dr. Kennerly .

Measurements.

23.50
24.50

23,00
24.00
!£2.00

22.50
25.00

53.00
51.00

49.00
54.00
48.00

54.50
53.00

16.75

18.00
17.50

28

U, S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

BUTEO LINEATUS, Gmelin

The Red Shouldered Hawk ; The Winter Falcon.

Fttlct lintatua and hyemalis, Gm. Sytt. Nat. I, 268, 274, (1788.)
Falco buteoides, Nutt. Man. I, 100, (1st edition, 1832.)

Figures.— Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept., pi. 5 ; Wilson Am. Orn., pi. 53, fig. 3 ; Aud. B. uf Am., pi. 56, 71 ; Oct. ed. I, pi. 9 ;
Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi. 6, fig. 13.

Adult. — Wing coTerts from its flexure to the body fine bright rufous ; breast and other lower parts of the body paler orange
rufous, many feathers, with transverse bars and spots of white, which predominate on the abdomen and under tail coverts.
Entire upper parts brown ; on the head mixed with rufous, and with white spots on the wing coverts and shorter quills and
rump. Quills brownish black, with white spots on their outer webs, and with bars of a lighter shade of brown and of white on
their inner webs ; tail brownish black, with about five transverse bands of white and tipped with white.

Young. — Entire under parts yellowish white, with longitudinal stripes and oblong spots of dark brown ; throat dark brown.
Upper parts lighter ashy brown, with many partially concealed spots and bars of white ; quills dark brown, with wide transverse
bars of rufous and white on both webs. Tail ashy brown, with numerous bands pale brownish and rufous white ; tail beneath
silvery white.

Total length, female, 21 to 23 inches, wing 14, tail 9 inches. Male, 18 to 20 inches, wing 12, tail 8 inches.

Hab. Eastern and northern North America.

This is one of the most ahundant of the rapacious birds of the eastern and southern States on
the Atlantic, and appears to he restricted to the countries east of the Eocky mountains. It
presents considerable variation in plumage, the young, as described above, bearing very little
resemblance to the adult. The latter is much the more frequently met with, and is Falco
hyemalis of authors.

In western North America this bird is replaced by the succeeding species, from which it can
be easily recognized in the adult by the different shade of color of the under parts, and by the
different markings of the young.

List of specimens.

1
§

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Measurements.

1

a
3

6

a

to
o o

1

O bo

a A
t &

1 "

•3
S

* .2.

Remarks.

8629
8630
8631
4978

9
S

Cape Florida ' Nov. 10, 1857

Indian Key, Fla Aug. 31, 1857

do do

Ft. Chadbourne, Tex.

G. Wurdemann..

do

Dr. Swift

17.75
17.50
17.50
18.00

40.00
37.00
37.00
38.00

12.00
11.20
11.10
11.60

Iris, light brown ; legs
and feet, green

BUTEO ELEGANS, Cassin.

BvXto tltgans, CAasm, Proc. Acad. Philada. VII, 281, (1855.)

Generally resembling liulto lintalui Bill rather slender ; edges of the upper mandible with a rounded lobe ; wing moderate,
fourth quill longest, first quill short ; tail moderate wide, rounded at tip. Tarsus foathorod in front slightly below the joint ;
naked behind ; in front presenting about twelve transverse scales.

Jidull female. — Resembling the adult of Buleo linealus, but with the breast dark rufous unspotted, (nearly brick rod,) and
other under parts, including the under tail coverts, of the same color, with numerous nearly regular transverse bars of reddish

BIRDS — BUTEOMNAE — BUTEO PENNSYLVANICUS.

29

white. Under wing coverts dark rufous, transversely barred witli reddish wliitc. Tliroat hrowiiish black, with a few white
feathera. Feathers ot'the breast having dark linos on their shafts. Upper parts dark brown; on the hcn^ and back edged with
ruluus ; upper coverts o( the tail narrowly tipped with white. Shoulders dark rufous, every feather having a narrow central
stripe of dark brown ; superior coverts of the wing dark brown ; edged on their inner webs with rufous, and with transverse
stripes partially concealed, and with circular spots of white, and tipped with the same. Quills brownish black ; primaries and
secondaries with numerous irregular transverse bands of while, running obliquely on their inner webs ; all the quills tipped
with white. Tail brownish black ; white at base, with four transverse bands of white, and tipped with the Bame. Bill bluish
black ; tarsi and cere yellow.

Ytung female. — Under parts yellowish white ; every feather with wide irregular and confluent bands of dark brown, and at
its end a large arrow head of the same color. These bands and sagittate spots giving the predominating color to the breast and
sides, but less numerous on the abdomen and under tail coverts. Tibial feathers and under coverts of the wings and tail tinged
with pale rufous ; shoulders with a few rufous feathers. Throat dark brown, with longitudinal narrow stripes of white. Upper
parts dull brown ; many feathers edged with reddish white, especially on the back and wing coverts. Quills brownish black,
with their inner webs barred with white. Tail brown, tinged with ashy, with about ten to twelve transverse narrow bars of a
darker shade of the same coloi-, and tipped with white.

Young male. — Similar to the last described, but with the sagittate spots on the under parts more elongated, and the upper
parts and shoulders strongly tinged with rufous. Under wing coverts and tibiiD dark rufous.

Dimensions. — Adult female, total length, about 20 inches ; wing, 13 ; tail, 9 inches. Young male, ISj^; wing, 12)-^; tail, 8 inches.

This very handsome bird is nearly related to Buteo lineatus, as stated above ; but all the
epecimens constantly present differences. In the adult of the present species the under parts
are of a much darker red and more uniformly presented than in Buteo lineatus, in which those
parts are orange red, and the abdomen and under tail coverts nearly white.

The young bird of the present species is strongly characterized by the large sagittate spots of
the under parts, which we have never seen in the young of Buteo lineatus.

The plate represents the adult and young of this handsome hawk. Plate II is the fully
mature plumage, and Plate III the young in the plumage invariably presented in all the speci-
mens in the collections of the expeditions.

List of specimens.

.o

B

a
a

o

Locality.

When collected.

4520
8524
4618

° Santa Clara, California

Camp on Little Colorado, N. Mexico

Santa Isabel , California

Nov. 17, 1853
Oct. 29, 1854

Whence and how
obtained.

Dr. Cooper

Lieut. Whipple.
Major Emory

32
23

Collected by —

Kennerly, and .

MoUhauBen

A. Schott

BUTEO PENNSYLVANICUS, Wilson.

The Broad-winged Hawk.

Falco pennsyhanicus, Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 92, (1812.)

Falco latissimus, Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 92, (1812, copies printed later than those containing the preceding name.)

Sparvixu plalypterus, ViEiLL. Ency. Meth. Ill, 1273, (1823.)

FaUo WiUonii, Bonap. Jour. Acad. Philad. Ill, 348, (1824.)

FiouBEs.— Wilson Am. Om. VI, pi. 54, fig. 1 ; Aud. B. of Am., pi. 91, Oct. ed. 1, pi. 10 ; Nat. Hist. New York, Birds,
Pl 5, fig. 11.

Smaller than either of the preceding. ^dtUl. — Entire upper parts umber brown, feathers on the occiput and back of the neck

so

U. S p. K, R KXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

white at their bases. Throat wliite, with longitudinal lines of brown, and with a patch of brown on each side running from the
base of the lower mandible ; breast with a wide band composed of large cordate and sagittate spots, and transverse bands of
reddish ferruginous tinged with ashy ; other under parts white, with numerous sagittate spots of reddish on the flanks, abdomen,
and tibite. In some specimens the ferruginous color predominates on all the under parts, except the under tail coverts, and all
the feathers have large circular or ovate spots of white on both edges, under tail coverts white. Quills brownish black, widely
bordered with white on their inner webs ; tail dark brown, narrowly tipped with white, and with one wide band of white and
several narrower bands near the base.

Young. — Upper parts dull umber brown, many feathers edged with fulvous and ashy white ; upper tail coverts spotted with
white. Under parts white, generally tinged with yellowish, and having longitudinal stripes and oblong and lanceolate spots of
brownish black ; a stripe of dark brown on each side of the neck from the base of the under mandible. Tail brown, with several
bands of a darker shade of the same color, and of white on the inner webs and narrowly tipped with white.

Total length, female, 17 to 18 inches ; wing, 11 ; tail, 6^ to 7 inches. Male, total length, 16 to 16| inches; wing, 10 inches;
tail 6 to 6j inches.

Hah. — Eastern North America. Spec, in Nat. Mua, Washington, and Mus. Acad., Philadelphia.

In adult plumage this is a very handsome little hawk, and quite different in its color from
any other American species. It appears to be restricted to the States on the Atlantic slope,
more abundant in the north.

List of specimens.

i

1

1
g

03

•

Locality.

When collected.

■
Whence obtained.

d
!zi

1

6

Collected by —

Measurements.

3

1

to

a

1*
6 .2.

6574
3844

^

Saranac lake, N. Y.
Prairie Mer Rouge,
Louisiana.

August, 1855 —

BUTEO OXYPTERUS, Cassin.

Buteo oxypterus, Cassin., Proc. Acad. Philad. VII, p. S82, (1855.)

About the size of Buteo pennsylvanicus, Wilsoa Bill rather long and compressed, edge of upper mandible slightly waved in
its outline, but scarcely lobed ; wing long, pointed, third quill longest ; tail moderate or rather short ; legs rather long, tarsus
feathered in front for about one-third of its length, naked behind, naked portion in front having about fourteen narrow trans-
verse scales ; claws large, strong, fully curved.

Young bird. — Sex unknown. Entiro plumage above dark brown, nearly black on the back. Featliors of the head white at base,
and edged laterally with the same ; upper plumage with partially concealed spots and transverse bands of white. Quills nearly
black, with the inner webs dark cinereous barred with brown^ tail above ashy brown, white at base and having about ten trans-
verse bands of dark brown, outer feathers ashy white on their inner webs; tail beneath silky, ashy white, with a bronzed
yellowish olive lustre.

Behind and under the eye a stripe of rufous brown. Under parts pale yellowish white ; throat with lines and narrow stripes
of brownish black, and on other under parts every feather with a large lanceolate, cordate, or circular spot of dark brown, some
feathers on the flanks and sides having also some irregular bands of the same color. Nearly all the feathers on the under parts
with lines of dark brown on their shafts. Quills, with their inner webs on the under surface grayish or dark ashy, and near the
shafts with a bronzed olive lustre ; shafts white, (on the under surface.) Inferior coverts of the wing white, with sngittato spots
of dark brown. Tibial feathers yellowish white tinged with rufous, and having irregular transverse bars of dark brown.

Dimentiona. — Total length (sex unknown) about IG inches ; wing, 13j inches ; tail, 7 inches.

The adult of this bird is unknown, and the only specimen that wo have ever seen is that now
described. It is about the size of Buteo pennsylvanicus, and bears some resemblance to the
young of that species, but has the wingg and legs much longer and the bill also longer. The
colorfl, too, are different, and in the present bird the dark cinereous of the inner webs of the

BIRDS — BLTtONINAE — BUTEO COOPERI.

31

quills and the bronzed or silky olive lustre of their inferior surfaces are quite remarkable. The
exposed edges and ends of some of the secondaries in the present specimen hav^ a distinct purple
lustre. On examination and comparison with some black species from Mexico, we are not
without a 8u.'»picion that the adult of this bird is of that color.

The only specimen of this species is in the collection made by T. Charlton Henry, M. D.,
United States army, at Fort Fillmore, New Mexico, and is that which is represented in our plate.

List of specimens.

6

i,

i

H

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

"3

.a

*n
o

Collected by-

Measurements.

i

o

1

be

a

a

1 -
-5 .2.

8550

Fort Fillmore, N. M

T)r Hunrv __ __

i

Sub-Genus Tachytxiorchis.
BUTEO COOPERI, Cassin.

Butto Cooptri, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. VIII, 253, (1856.) •

About the size of Buleo borealis, but bolongine to the same group aa Buteo erythronotus of South America, ^genus Tachytri-
orchis, Kaup, as restricted by Bonaparte, Conspectus Avium, p. 17.)

Bill strong; edges of upper mandible lobed ; wings long; quills very wide and strong, fourth (juill longest; tail moderate ;
legs rather long, tarsus feathered in front slightly below the joint, behind and remaining portion in front naked, with about 13
transverse scales in front and II to 13 behind, the latter running into a circular or hexagonal form towards the joint with the
tibia ; claws long, rather slender, very sharp, and strongly curved.

Tail white at its base ; external feathers, with their outer webs cinereaus and their inner webs white, mottled with cinereous ;
other feathers of the tail mottled and striped longitudinally with while, bright rufous, dark brown, and cinereous, darker on the
outer web. The rufous color most conspicuous on the iwo mi(]dle feathers a^d on the outer webs of others. A subterminal
transverse band of dark brown, lipped with reddish and white.

Head above and neck behind having the feathers white at base, tipped and with longitudinal stripes of brownish black ; oack
and rump brownish black tinged with cinereous ; upper tail coverts white, transversely barred with dark brown and tinged with
rufous ; wing coverts and quills brownish cinereous, lighter on the quills ; coverts with concealed spots of white at their bases ;
inner webs of quills white, mottled, and irregularly banded with light ashy ; exposed ends of quills light, nearly white. Under
parts white, with narrow stripes of dark brown on the throat, neck and flanks ; (breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts pure
white.) A large spot of brownish black on the under wing coverts next to the upper edge of the wing ; other under wing coverts
white, with a few spots of dark brown. Tibial plumes tinged with reddish yellow. Bill dark bluish ; tarsi and toes yellow.

Total length, about 21 j inches ; wing, 15 inches ; tail, 9 inches.

This is the only species yet discovered within the limits of the United States which belongs to
the group above indicated, the species of which, as restricted, are principally South American,
and are, for the most part, of light colors, as in the present bird. The present bird may be easily
distinguished from any other North American Buteo by its light colors.

One specimen only is in the collection, and was obtained at Santa Clara, California, by J. G.
Cooper, M. D. It is not in adult plumage, but is very probably sufficiently mature to indicate
the adult plumage, except the colors of the tail. The latter is quite remarkable and peculiar in
its colors, which are disposed in irregular longitudinal stripes, as above described.

This bird is one of the most interesting and valuable of the ornithological discoveries made by
the exploring and surveying expeditions. It is well represented in the plate cited above, but
necessaril}' the figure is much reduced, and is made from the only specimen that has ever come
under our notice.

32

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY GKNEKAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

I

o
o

□

s

00

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

1

a
■c

O

Collected by-

Measurements.

3

bb

a

a

8525

Santa Clara, Cal...

October, 1856...

ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm.

JrcAi6uleo, Brefcm, Isis, 1828, p. 1269.

Tarsi densely feathered to the toes, but more or less naked behind and then covered with scales. Wings long and wide ; toes
short ; claws moderate ; tail rather short, wide. Other characters very similar to those of Butto.

This genus contains six or seven species, inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America, all
birds of heavy, though robust, organization, subsisting mainly on small quadrupeds and
reptiles. The species of this genus are easily recognized by their having the tarsi feathered.

ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS, Gmelin.

Rongh-Iegged Hawk.

faJco lagofus, GM..Syst. Nat. I, p. 260, (1788 )
Falco plumipes, Daodin, Traite d'Orn. II, p. 163.
Falco pennalw, Cutier, Reg. An. I, p. 323,( 817.)
.^rchibuteo alticeps, Brehm, Vog Deutsch. I, . 40.
.irchib-uteo planiceps, Brehm, Vog. Deutsch. I, p. 40.

Figures. Naumann, Vog. Deutsch. I, pi. 34, (adult and young.) Brehm, Vog. Deutsch. pi. IV, fig. 2, (adult.) Reichenbacb,

Deutschland's Fauna, Birds, pi. XIII, fig. 51, (adult.) Korner, Skandinaviska Foglar, pi. V, fig. 15, (adult.) Gould, B. of Eur.
I, pi. 15, (young.) Selby 111. pi. VII, (young.) Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, pi. XXXIII, fig. 1, (young.) Aud. B. of Am. pi. 422,
fig. 2, (adult.')

Tarsus densely feathered in front to the toes, naked behind ; wing long ; tail rather short.

.Siult. Head above yellowish white, with longitudinal stripes of brown tinged with reddish, especially on the occiput. Back,

scapular, and shorter quills pale cinereous, with partially concealed transverse bands of white and dark brown, the latter
frequently predominating and giving the color on the back ; rump dark umber brown ; longer quills, and wing covferts umber
brown ; primaries edged externally with ashy, and with a large space on their inner webs at their base, white, with a silky lustre.
Under parts white ; throat with longitudinal stripes of dark brown ; breast with large spots and concealed stripes of reddish
brown ; abdomen, with numerous transverse narrow bands of brownish black, most conspicuous on the flanks and tinged with
ashy ; tibiae and tarsi baired transversely with white and dark brown, and tinged with reddish ; under tail coverts white.
Upper tail coverts white at base and tipped with brownish black ; tail white at base, with a wide subterminal band of black and
about two other bands of black alternatinif with others of light cinereous. Cere and toes yellow. Under wing coverts whilo^
with spots of brownish black, and on the longer coverts with a large space of ashy brown.

young.— Upper parts light umber brown, many feathers, especially on the head and neck behind, edged with yellowish white
and pale reddish. A wide transverse band or belt on the abdomen brownish black ; other under parts yellowish white, with a
few longitudinal lines and spots of brownish black. Quills ashy brown, with a largo basal portion of their inner webs white ;
Uil at its base white, with a subterminal band of light umber brown, tip white ; tibiio and tarsi pale reddish yellow, with longi-
tudinal stripes and spots of dark brown.

Total length, female, 21 to 23 inches ; wing, IC to 17 inches ; tail, 9 inches. Male, total length, 19 to 21 inches ; wing, l.l

to 16 inches ; tail, 8 to 8J inches.

Hab.—M\ of temperate North America and Europe. Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philadelphia, and Nat. Mut Washington.

BlUnS — Diri'EONINAE — ARCIIIBUTEO SANCri-JOHANNlS.

33

This is one of the few North American birds which appear to be absolutely identical with a
species of Europe. lu both mhilt aiul young plumage, as described above, there are no cliar-
acters whatever, so far as wo can see, by which this bird can bo distinguished from A. lagopus
of Europe, and this identity is even more perfect in R[)eciinens from western Nortli America.

We regard the plumage first described above as undoubtedly the adult of this specieSj though
it has never been given as such by any American author. It corresponds jirecisely, so far as we
can see, with specimens from Europe in that stage of plumage well understood to be the adult of
A. lagopus by all the German ornithologists, tliough apjiarently unknown to those of nioro
southern and western Europe, and is figured in their works above cited. The regarding of this
species as the young of A. sancti-joliannis, which has been done to some extent by American
naturalists, is assuredly erroneous.

The figure in Audubon's plate, cited above, (B. of Am., pi. 422, fig. 2,) may be regarded as
very probably representing the adult of this bird, though so distorted in drawing and exagge-
rated in color as to be very difficult of recognition. Tlie best figure that we have seen of the
adult is that in Nauman's work, above cited. The young is well represented by various
authors, American and European^ as given above.

List of specimens.

c

S

c

(9
K

Localily.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

o
y:

"a
c
'u

■c
o

Collected by—

Measurements.

i

Length.
Kitent

i

Remarks ,

6fir.3

Fori SteUacooni, W. T

Shoalwaicr bay, W. T

Oct. 20,
Oct. 31,

1856
1851

Dr. Suckley

Gov. Stevens?

Lieut. Trowbridge..
Lieut. Wliippin

Dr. Henry

581

109
i!5

•

21.50 52.50
22.00 52.00

16.50

Irids yellowish (fray ;
legs and cere yellow;
bill hlaek

&''>19

Hill slate

8545

a^;'>

Near ZuBi, N. M

Nov. 9,

lt!53

Kcnncrly and Mull-

8544

Fort Fillmore, N. M

Capt. Pope

1

ARCHIBUTEO SANCTI-JOHANNIS, G m e 1 i n .

The Black Hawk.

Falco sancii-johannis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. 273, (1788.)
Faico spadiceus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. 273, (1783.)
Falco nora-lerrm, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. 274, (1768.)
Falco ni^ec, WiLsox, Am. Orn. VI, p. 82, (1812.)
BuUo atcr, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. IV, p. 482, (181G.)

Figures.— Wilson Am. Orn. VI, pi. 53, figs. 1,2; Aud. E. of Am. pi. 422, fig. 1 ; pi. 16G, (young.')

Jldult. — Ejitire plumage glossy black in many specimens with a brown tinge ; forehead, throat, and large partially concealed
spot on occiput, white. Tail with one transverse well defined band of white, and irregularly marked towards the base with the
same color. Quills with their inner webs white, readily seen from below. Cere and toes yellow. Tarsi densely feathered in
front ; naked behind. Other specimens are entirely dark chocolate brown, with the head more or less striped vvitli yellowish
white and reddish yellow. Tail with several transverse bands of white, more or less imperfect and irregular.

Young. — Tipper parts light umber brown, with the feathers more or less edged with dull white and reddish yellow. Abdomen
with a broad transverse band of brownish black ; other under parts pale yellowish white, with longitudinal stripes of brownish
black, frequently giving the predominating color on the breast aud sides ; wings and tail brown, tinged with cinereous, the

5 b

34 U. £. p. B. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

former marked wilh wliite on their inner webs, tlio latter while at its bise. Tarsi and tibite palo reddish yellow, spotted with
brown.

Total length, frmale, 22 to 24 inches; wing 17 to I7i, tail 9 inches. Male 20 to 22 inches ; wing 16 to 16^, tail 8 to 8^ inches.

Hab. — Eastern and northern North America. Spec, in Nat. Mus., Washington, and Mus. Acad., Philadelphia.

One of the most abundant of the birds of this family in the eastern States, and in adult
plumage very easily recognized, but very variable in colors of plumage. The dark brown or
chocolate colored plumage is frequently to be met with, and in that stage this bird appears to
be Falco spadiceus, Gmelin. In young plumage, as described above, and especially with the
wide abdominal band well defined, this bird much resembles the young of Archibuteo lagopus,
as described immediately preceding, from which it can be distinguished by its larger size and
the much more numerous dark spots on the under parts in the present bird.

AKCHIBUTEO FEREUGINEUS, Lichtenstein.

California Squirrel Hawk.

BuUo ferriigineus, LiniT. Trans. Acad. Berlin, 1838, p. 428.
Archibuteo regalis, G. R. Gray, Gen. Birds, I, pi. 6, (plate only.)
Buteo Californicus, Hutchins' California Magazine, March, 18.57.

Figures ^Gray, Genera of Birds, I, pi. 6 ; Cassin, E. of Cal. and Texas, I, pi. 26.

.5rfu/(.— Larger than either of the two preceding ; bill wide at base ; wings long ; tarsi feathered in front to the toes ; naked
and scaled behind. Tibia; and tarsi bright ferruginous, with transverse narrow stripes of black. Entire upper parts dark brown
and light rufous, the latter predominating on the rinnp and wing coverts ; quills ashy brown, with the greater part of their
inner webs white ; tail above reddish white, mottled with ashy brown ; beneath pale yellowisli white. Under parts of the body
white, with narrow longitudinal lines and lanceolate spots on the breast of reddish brown, and narrow irregular transverse lines
of the same color and of black on the abdomen ; flanks and axillary feathers fine bright ferruginous.

Young. — Entire upper parts dark umber brown, slightly mixed with fulvous ; upper tail coverts white, spotted with brown ;
under parts pure white, with a few longitudinal lines of brown on the breast, and sagittate spots of the same color on the sides
and abaomen, larger and more numerous on tlie flanks ; tibiED white ; tarsi dark brown, mixed with white ; under wing coverts
and edges of wings white.

Total length, female, 23 to 25 inches ; wing 17 to IT^o, tail 9 inches.

Hab Western North America. .Spec, in Nat. Mus., Washington, and Mus. Acad., Philadelphia.

This is one of the most handsome of the American Falconidaj, and, though known in Europe
for the last twenty years, was unknown to the naturalists of this country until brought to their
notice by Mr. Edward M. Kern, who was attached to Colonel Fremont's expeditions. It is one
of the largest of its group, somewhat exceeding in size both Arcldbuteo sancti-johannis anA lagopus.

As usual in this family, the adult and young of the present species are quite different, and
in well characterized specimens might readily be regarded as different. Both are described
and figured by us, as above.

This bird is apparently exclusively western^ but not restricted to the countries west of the
Eocky mountains. In the present collection specimens are from Nebraska and New Mexico,
as well as from California.

Birds- buteoninae — asiukina nitida.
List of specimens.

35

Ul

o

a

Szi

•a

•

S

s

M

6

£

6852

o

6883

9

8543

o

9122

5577

<?

4544

9

Locniity.

Wlien collected. , Whence obtiiined.

o

o

Bodega, Cal February, 1855.. Lieut. Trowbridge

Los Angeles valley, Lt. R. S. William-

Califomia. I son.

Fort Fillmore, N. M^ Dr. Henry

Fort Uavig, Texas.' Nov., 1854 ! Maj. W. H. Emory.!

1854.

Platte river i Sept. 16, 1856

Little Mo. river, Oct. 12, 1855...
Nebraska.

Lieut. Bryan..
Lieut. Warren.

338

Measurements.

Collected by-

T. A. Szabo

Dr. Heermann

a
S

M

Dr. Kennerly

W. S. Wood

22 54

21.00 52 00
25.00 61.25

17

ASTURINA, Vieill.

.islurina, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 24, (1816.)

Size. — Smaller than in tlie preceding two genera. General form compact, and adapted to greater activity of kabits and
swifter fligbt. Bill rather thick, strong ; cere lirgc, extending somewhat into the feathers of the forehead ; wings moderate,
tliird and fourth quills longest ; tail rather long ; legs rather long ; claws strong, fully curved. This genus contains a few
species, all ot which are South American.

ASTURINA NITIDA, Latham.

Falco nilidui, Lath. Ind. Orn. I, 41.

.'hturina cinerea, Vikill. Anal., p. 68, (1816.)

Jilur striolatus, Cuv. Rig. An. I, 333.

FiccRES.— Temm. PI. Col. 87, 294 ; Vieill. Gal. I, pi. .

Jidull. — Upper parts light cinereous ; darker, and sometimes nearly black on the rump ; upper tail coverts white ; quills ashy
brown, with obscure dark bands, and widely edged with white on their inner webs ; tail brownish black, with about three
transverse bands of white. Under parts with numerous narrow transverse bands of cinereous and white, the former predomi-
nating and darker on the breast ; under tail coverts white ; cere and legs yellow.

Young. — Entire upper parts umber brown ; darker on the rump, and much mixed with white on the head ; upper tail coverts
white; tail light brown, with about eight bands of brownish black. Under parts while, with longitudinal stripes of umber
brown ; under wing and tail coverts white ; cere and legs yellow.

Total length, female, about 18 inches ; wing 10, tail 1\ inches. Male smaller.

Hab. — Northern Mexico and South America.

This handsome hawk was found in the State of New Leon, one of the most northern provinces
of Mexico, by Lieutenant D. N. Couch, United States army, and very probably extendn its range
northward into the territory of the United States. It is a well known species of South America.

List of specimens.

6

i

§

M

eg

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

d

•3

'3)

•c
o

Collected by —

Measurements.

6

.a

a
3

G

1

a

4128

9

New Leon, Mexico.

1853

Lt. D. N. Couch...

17.25

34 00

10.50

36

U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sub-Family MILVINAE.— The Kites.

Size various, usually medium or small. General form usually rather slender and not strong ; wings and tail ufually long ; bill
short, weak, hooked, and acute ; tarsi and toes usually slender and not strong, sometimes short. The birds of this group habitually
feed on reptiles and other small animals, and arc deficient in the strength and courage of tho other groups of the falcons.

NAUCLERUS, Vigors.

JVaiic/enM, Vigors, Zool. Jour. II, j). 3e6, (1825.)

Wings and tail very lon(r,the former pointed, the latter deeply forked. Bill short, but moderately strong; tarsi short ; toes short.
Contains three species — two American and one African.

NAUCLEEUS FCECATUS, Linnaeus.

Tiie Swallow- tailed Hawk.

Fulco furcatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 129, (176G.)

FiGCEEs.— Catcsby Nat. Hist. Carolina, Birds, pi. 4 ; Buffon PI. Enl. 72 ; Wilson Am. Orn. VI, pi. 51, fig. 3 ; Aud. B. of
Am. pi. 72. Oct. cd. I, pi. 18 ; Gould E. of Eur. I, pi. 30 ; De Kay Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi. 7, fig. 15.

Wings and tail long, the latter deeply forked. Head and neck, under wing coverts, secondary quills at their bases, and entire
under parts, white. Back, wings, and tail black, with a metallic lustre ; purple on the back and wing coverts ; green and blue
on other parts. Tarsi and toes greenish blue ; bill horn color.

Total length, female, 23 to 25 inches ; wing, 16 to 17J inches ; tail, 14 inches. Male rather smaller.

Hub. — Southern States on the Atlantic, and centrally northward to AVisconsin. Texas, (Mr. Audubon,) Wisconsin, (Dr. Hoy,)
Pennsylvania, (Mr. Kridor.) Accidental in Europe. Spec, in Nat. Mus., Washington, and Mus. Acad., Philadelphia.

The most handsome of the North American hirds of this group^ and possessing very graceful
flight. It is ahundant in the southern States, and occasionally strays as far north as the
vicinity of Philadelpliia, a very fine specimen having been obtained this year (1857) near that
city by Mr. John Krider.

List of specimens.

d

i

•c

§

Locality.

When collecteil.

Whence obtained.

d

Collected by-

Measurements.

J

i

a

3754

Prairie Mer Rouge,
Louisiana.

ELANUS, Savigny.

Elanus, Savicnt, Nat. Hist. Egypt I, p. 97, (1809.)

Wingfl long, pointed ; tail moderate, cmarginaled ; tarsi short. Bill nhort, compressod, hooked. Sizo medium or small, and
general furin adapted to the capturo of roplileu, iuaouUi, and oilier doiuncoloBii animals.

BIRDS — BUTEOKINAE — ICTINIA MISSISSIPPIENSIS.

37

ELANUS LEUCURUS, V i e i 1 1 o t .

The White-tailed Ilawk; the Black>shoultlcred Ilunk.

Milvut Uucui-us, ViEiLL. Nouv. Diet. XX, 563, (1818.)

Faleo diipar, Tehminck, PI. Col. I, (liv. 54, about 1824.)

" Faleo melanoplents, Dai'UIN.'' Boiiap. Jour. Acad. Philada. V, 28.

" Faleo dispar, Tkmm." Auil. Orn. Biog. IV, 'Ml.

FiciREs.— Boiiap. Am. Orii. 11, pi. 11, fig. 1 ; Tomin. PI. Col. 319 ; And. B. of Am. pi. 352 ; Oct. ud. I, pi. IG ; Gay, Nat.
Hist. Chili, Orn. pi. 2.

.IJull. — Head and tail and ontiro under parts wliito. Upper parts fmo light cinereous; lessor wing coverts glossy black,
which forms a largo oblong patch from the shoulder ; inferior wing coverts white, with a smaller black patch. Middle feathers
of the tail light ashy, uniform with other upper parts ; bill dark ; tarsi and toes yellow.

Total length, female, ISj to 17 inches ; wing, 12 inches ; tail, 7^ inches. Male smaller.

Ilab. — Soutliern and western States and South America. Spec, in Nat. Mus., Washington, and Mus. Acad., Philadelphia.

Of this rery handsome liawk four .sjjociinens are in the collection, two of which are from the
neighborhood of San Francisco, California. These specimens are labelled as having been
collected in the winter of 1853-'54, which fact, with others of a similar character which have
come to our knowledge, show that this bird is one of several now known to inhabit a much
more northern range of locality on the Pacific than on the Atlantic coast of the United States.
Though found in all the States on the southern confines of the United States, the white-tailed
hawk has rarely, we believe, been observed north of South Carolina.

List of specimens.

\

•a
§

■1

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

o
"A

'd

a
o

Collected by —

Meaeuremeats.

"A
O

J3

a
3

a

X

tib

a

4199

San Francisco, Cal.
Santa Clara Cal

Winter 1854-'55-

R. D. Cutis

5895

Dr. Cooper .......

6866

Tulare valley, Cal..

ICTINIA, Yieillot.

Ictinia, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 24, (1816.)

General form short and compact. Bill short, tip emarginaled ; wings long, pointed ; tail rather short, emarginalcd ; tarsi
short. Contains two species only — one of North and the other of South America.

ICTINIA MISSISSIPPIENSIS, Wilson.

Blississippi Kite.

Faleo missiisippienMs, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, p. 80, (1811.)

Faleo ophiopbagus, ViEiLL. Nouv. Diet. XI, 103, (1817.) '

" lelinia plumbea, Gm." Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 108.

Figures.— Wilson Am. Orn. Ill, pi. 25, 6g. 1 ; Aud. B. of Am., pi. 117 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 17.

Mult. — Upper parts of body dark lead color, nearly black on the rump ; head and under parts cinereous, darkest on the
abdomen ; quills and tail brownish black, the latter with a bluish or purplish lustre ; tips of secondary quills ashy white ; a
longitudinal stripe on each web of the primaries, chestnut rufous.

Young. — Upper parts brownish black mixed with dull rufous and white ; head and under parts dull yellowish wiiito, with
longitudinal stripes of reddish brown, darker and more numerous on the head, lighter and frequently clear rufous on the abdomen.

Total length, female, about 15 inches ; wing, 11 to llj inches ; tail, Gj inches. Male, total length, about 14 inches ; wing,
II inches ; tail, 6 inches.

Hab — Southern Slates, Texas, and New Me.xico, (Woodhouse.)

38 U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

Only inhabits the southern States of North America, and probably Mexico and Central
America. In the southern division of this continent this bird is represented by another species
with which it has been confounded.

ROSTRHAMUS, Lesson.

Roslrhamus, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. I, p. 55, (1831.)

Bill long, very slender, hooked and sharp at the tip ; wings long, pointed ; tail rather long, emarginated ; tarsi and toes
rather long ; claws very long, slender, acute. The present is the only species.

EOSTRllAMUS SOCIABILIS, Vie il lot.

Herpelatheres socittbilis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XVIII, 318, (1817.)
Cymindis Uucopygius, Spix, Av. Bras. 1, p. 7, (1824.)
Roslrhamus niger, Lesson, Traite, I, 56, Q831.)
Falco liainatuSt Illiger.

Figures.— Temm. PI. Col. 61, 231 ; Spix. Av. Bras. 1, pi, 2.

^^dult. — Tail at base and under tail coverts white, all other parts black. Naked space before the eye yellow ; bill and claws
black ; feet yellow. Quills and tail black, the latter narrowly tipped with ashy white.

Younger. — Throat and line over and behind the eye dull yellowish white ; all other parts brownish black, mixed with dull
yellowish white on the under parts.

Young. — Front stripe behind the eye and throat dull reddish white ; upper parts brown ; many feathers edged with pale
ferruginous ; under parts yellowish, with longitudinal stripes of black ; tail at the tip and at base and under tail coverts dull
yellowish white ; tarsi yellowish green.

Total length, female, about 16 inches ; wing, 14 inches ; tail, 7| inches. Male rather smaller.

Hob. — Florida, (Mr. Edward Harris, Dr. Heermann.) Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philada.

This is a well known South American bird, first ascertained to inhabit Florida by Mr.
Edward Harris, and subsequently by Dr. Heermann and Mr. Krider. It is remarkable for its
very slender and hooked bill, unlike that of any other falcon, and can very easily be identified
by that character.

This bird undoubtedly breeds in Florida, as young specimens were obtained by Mr. Harris.
It has not been ascertained to inhabit any other jiart of the United States.

CIRCUS, Lacepede.

Circus, Lacepede, Mem. d'lnst. Paris, III, CXI, 506, (1803.)

Face partially encircled by a ring or ruff of short projecting feathers, as in the owls. Head rather large ; bill short, com-
pressed, curved from the base ; nostrils large ; wings long, pointed ; tail rather long, wide ; tarsi long and slender ; toes mod-
erate ; claws rather slender and v/ea.k.

This genus embraces about fifteen species, inhabiting all parte of the world, some of which
much resemble each other. One species only is known to inhabit North America.

CIRCUS HUDSONIUS, L i n n le u s .

The Harrier— The Marsh Hawk.

Falco hudsonius, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 128, (I76fi.)

falco uliginosus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 278, (1788.)

Falco uropogiatus, Daudin, Traite d'Orn. II, JIG, (1800.)

*' Falco u(iginosi(s," Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, G7.

" Falco cyaneus," Aududok, Orn. Diog. IV, 396.

BIRDS — BUTEONINAE — CIRCt'S HUPSONIUS. 39

PiODRBS.— Vieill. Oi». d'Am. Sept. pi. 9 ; Wilson Am. Orn. VI, pi. 51, fig. 2 ; Bonap. Am. Orii. II, pi. 12 ; Aud. li. of Am.
pi. 35G ; Oct ed I, pi. 2G ; Sw. A. Ilicli. Kami. Hor. Aiii. Birds, pi. 29.

.■iJutl. — Form rather loiifj and slender ; tarsi lonj; ; rutl" (inito distinct on tlio neck in front. Kntiro upper parts, lii'ad and
breast, pale bUiisli cinereous ; on the liack of the head mi.xcd witli dark fulvous ; upper tail coverts wliito. Under parts white,
with small cordate or hastate spots of light lorruginous ; quills brownish black, with their outer webs tinged with ashy, and a
largo portion of their inner webs white ; tail light cinereous, nearly white on the inner wobs of the foathors, and with obscure
transverse bands of brown ; under surface silky white ; under wing covcrLs white.

louTi'fr. — Kntirc upper parts dull umber brown, many foalhors edged with dull rufous, especially on the neck ; under parts
dull reddish white, with longitudinal stripes of brown, must numerous on the throat and neck before ; tibiiD tinged with reddish ;
upper tail coverts white.

Voun? — Entire upper parts dark umber brown ; upper tail coverts white. Under parts rufous, with longitudinal stripes of
brown on the breast and sides ; tail reddish brown, with about three wide bands of dark fulvous, paler on the inner webs.
Tarsi and toes yellow.

Total length, female, 19 to 21 inches ; wing 15 J, tail 10 inches. Male, total length I G to 18 inches ; wing 14 J, tail 8 J to 9 inches-

Hab. — All of North America and Cuba, (Mr. Lombeye.)

Of thi.s species, well known as one of the most common hawks inhabiting the States of the
Atlantic, there are no less than fifty specimens in the collections made by the surveying and
exploring expeditions. These were obtained, as will be seen below, at various points in the
western States and Territories of the republic, and other localities in North America, and show
conclusively that this species is equally abundant on the coasts of the Pacific as on those of the
Atlantic ocean. It inhabits also, very probably, the entire intermediate country, and may,
therefore, be regarded as diffused over the whole of North America from Mexico to the Arctic
regions.

Specimens from all parts of the United States are precisely the same specifically, and con-
stantly present the entirely different colors of the adult and young bird.s. Several fine speci-
mens of the former are in the present collection, all of which have the under parts nearly pure
white, with more or less cordate and sagittate spots of reddish fulvous, varying considerably in
size and number. One specimen, No. 5161, has those spots so large and numerous on the
breast and sides that they give the predominating color to those parts. This specimen was
obtained at Fort Randall, on the Missouri river, in October, 185G, by Lieutenant G. K. Warren,
United States army, and is marked as a female. The flanks and under tail coverts have also
large cordate sjjots of the same color.

40

U. S p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

o

6

i

00

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

d

•a

■I

Collected by — •

Measurements.

3

3

a

to

1

8633

c??

Cape Florida

G. Wiirdemann

20.70
20

43.
45.1

14 26

8634

do

do

15.

4429

E. C. Bidwell

6911

Selkirk Settlement.

D. Gunn

6862

16

Dr. G. Suckley

5162

<?

Running Water,Mo.

Oct. 20, 1856...

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Hay den

17.50

38.45

13.50

5160

3
9

Cedar island, Mo ..
Fort Randall, Neb.
Mouth White river,
Nebraska.

Oct 15, 1856 ..

do

do

5161

do.- .

do

19.13

42.80

14.45

4502

6958

c?

Med. Bow mount-
ains, Nebraska.

July 27, 1857...

Lieut. Bryau

W. S. Wood ...

6962

(?

South Platte, Neb.

JulyT, 1857

do

284

do

6960

c?
9
3

do

Pole creek. Neb

do

do

do

254
256
162

..do ...

6961

do

5586

July 26, 1856...

do

20.

37.

5585

S

Bridger's Pass

August, 1850 ...

do

275

do

20.25

30.

5588

9

Right fork Laramie
river.

August 4, 1856..

'"

208

^'°

19.50

38.

6860

Fort Conrad, N. M.

October, 1853...

Lieut. Whipple

Dr. Keunerly

4126

Brownsville, Texas.

Matamoi'as, Texas

Lieut Couch

412.')

. . - . . do

5548

San Elizario, Texas.

December, 1854.

Major Emory

4

Dr. Kennerly

19.

42.00

14.00

4990

Sept. 7, 1854...-

Captain Pope

150

19.

40.

13.50

creek.

6858

Mimbres to Rio

Dr. Henry

Grande.

C859

E. G. Beckwith

4

Mr. Kreutzfeldt.

6861

9
3

3

9

Fort Steilixcoom

August, 1850 ...
August 22, 1855-

Dr. Suckley

do -..-.-

551

21.

47.

4373

Ft. Dalles, Oregon.
Bode'^a Cal

157

18.60

42.76

13.75

6861

Lieut. Trowbridge-
R. D Cutts

T. A. Szabo

6869

San Francisco, Cal.

6868

Lieut. WillLamson -

BlliUS — AQUILINAE — AljUII.A CANADENSIS.

41

Sub-Family AQUILINAE.— T h e Eagles.

Size large, and all parts very strongly organized. Bill large, compressed, straight at base,
curved and acute at tip ; wings long, pointed ; tail ample, generally rounded ; tarsi moderate,
very strong ; claws curved, very sharj) and strong. There are about seventy species of eagles,
of all countries.

AQUILA, Moehring.

^quUa, Moehring, Av. Gen. p. 49, (1753.)

General form large and very strong, and adapted to long continued and swift flight. Bill Iiirgo, strong, compressed, and
hooked at the tip ; wings long, pointed ; tarsi rather short, very strong, feathered to the toes ; claws sharp, strong, curved.
This genus includes about twenty species, whi:h are regarded as the true eagles.

AQUILA CANADENSIS, Linnaeus.
The Golden Eagle ; The Ring Tailed Eagle.

Falco canadensis, Li.vK. Syst. Nat. I, 125, (1766.)

Fako niger, Gm. Syst Nat. I, 259, (1788?)

.iquila nobilis, Pallas, Zoog. Ross. As. I, 338, (1811?)

FiccRES.— Wilson Am. Orn. pi. 55, fig, 1 ; Aud. B. of Am. pi. 181 ; Oct. ed. I, pi. 12.

^duU. — Large ; tarsi densely feathered to the toes. Head and neck behind light brownish fulvous, varying: in shade in
different specimens, frequently light orange fulvous, generally darker. Tail at base white, which color frequently occupies the
greater part of the tail ; other terminal portion glossy black. All other parts rich purplish brown, frequently very dark, and
nearly clear black on the under parts of the body. Primaries shining black ; secondaries purplish brown ; tibite and tarsi
brownish fulvous, generally mixed with dark ashy ; cere and toes yellow.

Younger. — Entire plumage lighter, and mixed with dull fulvous ; under parts of the body nearly uniform with the upper
parts

Total length, female, 33 to 40 inches, wing about 25, tail about 15 inches. Male, total length 30 to 35 inches, wing 20 to
23, Uil 12 to 14 inches.

Ilab. — All of North America. Spec, in Nat. Mus., Washington, and Mus. Acad., Philadelphia.

The golden eagle, or ring tailed eagle, as it is more commonly called, inhabits the whole of
North America. It has usually been regarded as the same as the European, but presents points
of difference, which are very probably sufficient to warraut the original distinctive appellation
given by Linnaeus.

lAst of specimens.

6

i
1

M

V

CD

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

6

o

Collected by —

Measurements.

i

6

i

a

a
S

1

9124

9

Fort Thorn, N. M .
Washington, D. C .

Dec. 26, 1857...

91211

Benjamin Cross....

36.25

86.00

25.00

6 b

J- Weight 9 pounds.

42 U. 8. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

IIALIAETUS, Savigny.

IJaliathis, Savignt, Hist. N.it. d'E^rypt, I, p. 85, (1809.)

Size large ; tarsi shurt, naked, or feathered for a short distance be'ow the joint of the tibia and tarsus, and with the toes
covered wilii scales ; toes rather long ; claws very strong, curved, very sliarp. Kill large, ve- y strong, cnniprcssed ; innrginof
upper niandil>le slightly lobeii ; wings loi g, pointed ; tail moderate. General form very robust and powerful ; flight very
rapid and long coutiimed.

This genus contains ten or twelve species only, inhabiting various parts of the world, all of
which subsist more or less on fishes, and are designated fishing or sea eagles.

HALTAETUS PELAGICUS, Pallas.

The Northern Sea Eagle.

.Iquila pelttgictt, Pall. Zoog. Ross. As. I, p. 343, (1811.)
Falco imperator, Kittlitz, Kupf. N.-it. Vog. I, p. 3, (1832.)
Falco leucoplerus, Temm. PI. Col. 1, (not paged.)

Figures.— Temm. PI. Col. I, pi. 489 ; Cassin E. of Cal. and Texas 1, pl. 6.

The largest of all the eagles. Wings rather shorter than usual in this genus ; tail wedge shaped, and containing fourteen
feathers ^dult. — Large frontal space ; greater wing coverts ; abdomen and tail white. All other parts of the plumage dark
brown, or brownish black ; hill and legs yellow.

Younger. — Tail white, more or less marked with brownish black ; quills black ; secondaries and tertiaries white at their bases ;
bill and feet yellow. All other parts dull brownish black, lighter on the head and neck.

Total length, female, about 4.5 inches, wing 26 inches, tail 16 inches.

Hail. — Russian American islands, (Pallas,) Japan, (Temminck &. Schlegel.) Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philadelphia.

The largest of the eagles. This enormous and powerful bird inhabits the Russian American
islands and the coasts of the two continents at Behring's straits, and very probably extends its
range southward. It is strictly a fishing eagle, mainly deriving its subsistance from the sea,
but occasionally capturing birds and quadrupeds. It is stated by Pallas to rear its young in
northeastern Asia.

HALIAETUS WASHINGTONII, Audubon.

The Washington Eagle.

Falco yVashinglonii , Add. Orn. Biog. I, 58, (1831.)

Falco Wasldngtoniana, Aon. Loudon's Mag. I, p. 115, (1828.)

Figures — Aud. B. of Am. pl. 11, (published 1827,) Oct. ed. I, pl. 13.

Rather larger than //. leucocephalus ; bill shorter, and more abruptly curved j wings long. Entire plumage dark brown,
mixed with dull fulvous ; quills nearly black ; tail dark brown, more or less mottled with white, especially at the base. Bill
dark ; tarsi yellow.

Total length about 43 inches, wing 32, tail 15 inches. " Extent of wings 10 feet 2 inches," (Audubon.)

Ilab. — Kentucky. Throughout North America? Spec, in Mus. Acad., Philad..'

This eagle is stated by Mr. Audubon to have been discovered by himself in Kentucky, and a
figure of the first, and apparently the only, specimen that ever came into his postession is given
in his plate, cited above. In t^iis figure the transverse scales on tlie front of the tarsi are repre-
sented in a manner which has never been observed since in any Norlh American cngle. 'Ihese
are continued (in tlie jihite alluded to) without interruption to the toes — a character quite
uniiNual in any rapacious bird.

There are, however, very probably two R])ccie8 of wliite headed eagles inhabiting North
America, one of which is, we suspect, the bird now under consideration. The larger has the

BIRDS AQl'ILINAE — HALIAETIIS Lia COCEIHALUS. 43

bill much the shorter, and very nearly as represented in Aiuliibun's plate. In fact, we have
seen several specimens, always of lar;j;o size, which have agreed precisely with his figure in ail
respects, except the scales of the tarsi.

Several specimens of the larger bird are now before us, all of wliich were obtained in New
Jersey, and are described above. It is, we suspect, a more southern bird than the common
white headed eagle.

HALIAETUS ALBICILLA, Linnious.

The Gray Sea Eagle ; The European Sea Eagle.

Vuttur albieilla, Likn. Syst. Nat. 1, 123, (I7GG.)

Falco ossifraga et mtlanattos, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 124, (17GG.)

Ilaliattus groenlaniliciu, Hreiim, Viig. Deutscli. I, 16, (1831.)

FicDRts.— Selby 111. Brit. Orn. pi. 3 ; Gould B. of Eur. I, pi. 10.

Large; wings long; tail ratlior short, ^dult. — Tail white ; head and nock pale yellowish brown, in some specimens very
light ; all other parts of the plumage dark umber brown ; quills nearly black ; bill, feet, and irides yellow.

Young(r. — Bill brownish black ; entire plumage dark brown, with the tail mottled with white, much varying in extent;
throat paler, frequently nearly white ; irides brown.

Total length, female, 35 to 40 inches ; wing, 25 to 28 inches ; tail, 12 to 15 inches. Male, total length, 31 lo 34 inches;
wing, 22 to 25 inches ; tail, lU to 13 inches.

Hab. — Greenland. Europe. Spec. Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

This eagle, which is common on the coasts of Europe, and rears its young in cliffs on the sea
shore, we give as an inliabitant of Greenland. It has never been noticed in any more southern
locality on the continent of America. "Wo have had no sufficient opportunity of examining
specimens ; in fact, have seen but a single one represented to be from that country, which was,
unfortunately, that of a young bird.

HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, Linnaeus.

The Bald Eagle; The M'hitt-headed Eagle.

Falco hucoctphttlus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 124, (17CG.)
Falco pygargus, Daudin, Traile d'Orn. II, 62, (1800.)
Falco ossifragus, Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 16, (1813)

Figures.— Catesby's Carolina I, pi. 1 ; Vieill. Ois. O'Am Sep!. 1, pi. 3 ; Wilson Am. Orn IV, pi. 36, VII, ])I. 55 ; Aud.
B. of Am., pi. 31, 126 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 14.

Large, but smaller than either of the preceding eagles. Bill large, strong, straight at base, rather abruptly hooked ; wings
long ; tarsi rather short.

.Idull. — H 'ad, tail, and its upper and under coverts white. Entire other plumage brownish black, generally with the edges
of the feathers paler ; bill, feet, and irides yellow.

Younger. — Entire plumage, including head and tail, dark brown ; paler on the throat ; edges of the feathers paler or fulvous,
especially on the under parts ; tail more or less mottled with white, which color in more advanced age extends over a large
portion of the tail, especially on the inner webs. Bill brownish black ; irides brown.

Total length, female, about 35 to 40 inches ; wing, 23 to 25 inches ; tail, 14 to 15 inches. Male, 30 to 34 inches ; wing, 20
to 32 inches ; tail, 13 to 14 inch ^.

Hal). — All nf temperate North Ameiica, Accidental in Europe. Greenland. Iceland. Spec, in Mus. Acad. Philada. and
Nat. Mus. Washington.

This is one of the most handsome birds of the family of eagles and is the best known,
especially as it has received the high honor of having been adoj)ted as the heraldic rej)resen-
tative of the great confederacy of the United States. This eagle possesses extraordinary swift-

44

U. S. P K. R. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

ness and vigor of flight, and is essentially a fisherman, thougli not at all exclusively so,
preying for much the greater part on living animals. It inhabits all parts of the United
States, and is apparently common at more northern localities on the Pacific than on the
Atlantic ocean.

List of specimens.

6

1
X

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

a
'Sd

•c

o

Collected by—

Measurements.

1

J3
bo

a

bb

a

9125

Q
9

Got. 1. 1. Stevens .
do.

58
63

9126

do

Dr. Cooper

43.50
37.00

88.00
87.50

24.75

9130

do

PANDION, Savigny.

Pandion, Savigny, Hist. Nat. d'Egypt, I, p. 95, (1809.)

Wings very long ; general form heavy and not adapted to vigorous nor swift flight like the preceding eagles. Bill short,
curved from the base, compressed ; tarsi very thick and strong, and covered with small circular scales; claws large, curved,
very sharp ; toes beneath very rough ; tail moderate or rather short.

This genus contains three or four species only, nearly allied to each other, and inhabiting all
temperate regions of the world.

PANDION CAROLINENSIS, Gmelin.

The Fish Hawk; The American Osprey.

Falco carolinensw, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 263, C1788.)
^quila piscalrix, ViEiLL. Gis. d'Am. Sept. I, 29, (1807.)
Pandion americanus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. I, 33, (1825.)
Falco haliaetus, Link. Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 14.
Falco haliaetus, Linn. Acd. Orn. Biog. I, 415.

Figures.— Catesby's Carolina, I, pi. 2 ; Vieill. Ois. d'Am Sept. I, pi. 4 ; Wilson Am. Orn. V, 37 ; Aud. B. of Am. pi. 81 :
Oct. ed. I, pi. 15 ; Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi. 8, fig. 18.

Wings long ; legs, toes, and claws very robust and strong. JidiUt. — Head and entire under parts white ■, stripe through the
eye, top of the head, and upper parts of the body, wings and tail, deep umber brown, tail having about eight bands of blackish
brown ; breast with numerous cordate and circular spots of pale yellowish brown ; bill and claws bluish black ; tarsi and toes
greenish yellow.

Young. — Similar to the adult, but with the upper plumage edged and tipped witli pale brownish nearly white. Spots on
breast more numerous and darker colored.

Total length, female, about 25 inches ; wing, 21 inches ; tail, lOj inches. Male rather smaller.

Uab. — Throughout temperate North America.

Apparently nearly as abundant on the Pacific as on the Atlantic coast of the United States,
but evidently migrating in the summer further north on the former than on the latter. This
occurs, however, in numerous species of birds.

One specimen, obtained by George Suckley, M. D., at Fort Steilacoom, Puget Sound,
Washington Territory, is that of a young bird, and is of especial interest, showing that this
species rears its young and is quite at home at the latitude of that locality. There are no

BIRDS — AQUILINAE — POLYBORUS TIIARITS.

45

appreciable specific differences between specimens from all parts of North America, and we may
be allowed to add, very slight between those of this country and of Europe and Asia.

List of specimens.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

1
O

Collected by —

Measurements.

i

5

1

1

4366

s

Ft. Stcilacoom, W.T
do

May, 1855

Oct. 2, 1866

Mr. Geo. Gibbs

Dr. Geo. Siickley..
Lieut. Williameon .

181
589

23 00

Ri. '.(X

6837

22.25 64.60 i in 50

6872

4616

Colorado river, Cal.

6844

Ft. Fillmore, N. M.

Dr. Henry,

1

POLYBORUS, Vieillot.

Polxjhorua, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 22, (1816.)

Smaller than in either of the preceding genera of eagles. Bill rather long, compressed ; cere large ; wings long, pointed ;
tail moderate or rather long ; tarsi long, rather slender ; claws long, rather weak, and but slightly curved ; space in front of
and below the eye naked.

Two species only form this genus, both of which, in their habits and manners, show an
approximation to the vultures^ They are well known birds of South America.

POLYBORUS THARUS, Molina.

The Caracara Eagle ; The Mexican Eagle.

Faho Iharus, MoL. Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chill, (1732.)

Fako ckeriicay, Jac<icin, Beyt. Gesch. der Vog. p. 17, (1784.)

Falco brasiliensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 262, (1788.)

Falco plancus, Aiiller, Cimelia Physica.

Polyborus vulgaris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. V, 257, (1816.)

FiGCRES.— Vieill. Gal. I, pi, 7 ; Swains. Zool. 111. I, pi, 2 ; Gay's Chili, Orn.pl. 1 ; Aud. B. of Am. pi. 161 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 4.

Legs rather long, occipital feathers somewhat elongated. Jidull. — Head and body above and wide belt on the abdomen and
tibiiE brownish black ; neck, breast, upper and under tail coverts yellowish white, on the breast with narrow transverse bauds
of black. Tail white at base, with numerous transverse bands of black and widely tipped with black ; bill bluish tipped with
yellowish white ; legs yellow.

Younger. — Head and body above dull brown, darker on the head, and many feathers having paler edgings ; under parts dark
brown, with longitudinal stripes of dull yellowish white ; throat dull white ; tail for the greater part and its coverts above and
below white with numerous transverse bands of ashy brown, and lipped with brownish black.

Total length, female, about 25 inches ; wing, 17 inches ; tail, 10 inches.

Hai.— Soutliern North America. Florida. Texas. Mexico. Spec, in Nat. MuB. Washington, and Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

One of the most abundant of the rapacious birds of South America. It is of frequent
occurrence also in Mexico and Texas, and is found also in Florida. This bird is more sluggish
in its habits than is usual in this family, aud may belong more properly to the family of
vultures. It subsists mainly on dead animals, and walks on the ground with facility.

46

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

6

a

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

d

"3
fl

o

Collected by—

Measurements.

1

a

1-1

Extent.
Wing.

4248

Calcasieu , La

Monterey, Mexico.
Texas

1854

G. Wurdemann ,--

4122=

Lieut. U. N. Couch.

23.50

47.25

15 50

9136

A. Schott

9137

New Mexico

Dr. T. 0. Henry...

7994

Mexico

Sept., 1836

J. Gould

J. Taylor

1

1

' Iris, light brown ; bill, blue ; feet, yellow.

CRAXIREX, Gould.

Craxirex, Godld, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 22, (1841.)

Size smaller than the preceding; legs long ; tarsi and toes strong. Bill rather long, abruptly curved at the tip ; edges of
upper mandible festooned ; wings and tail long. Tarsi with wide transverse scales in front j claws moderate.

CRAXIREX UNICINCTUS, Te rami nek.

Harris' Buzzard. •

Fttlco unicmcfus, Temm. PI. Col. I, (not paged, liv. 53 about 1827.)

Buteo Harrisii, Auoubon, Dm. B og. V, 30, (1839.)

Polyborus taeninrus, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana?

Craxirex galapngoensis, Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 23?

Figures.— Temm. PI. Col. 313 | Aud. B of Am. pi. 392 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 5 ; Tschudi, FaunaPer. Cm. pi. 1? ; Voy. Beagle,
Birds, pi. 2?

Jldult. — Shoulders, wing coverts, and tibia? reddish rhestnut ; upper and under tail coverts white, tail white at base and
tipped with wliite, presenting the appearance of a very wide band between of brownish black with a violet tinge. Body above
and below dark brown, in some specimens nearly black on tiic under parts.

Younger. — Upper parts dull umber brown, much mixed with fulvous ; shoulders chestnut red, spotted with dark brown;
entire under parts yellowish wliite, with large oblong and circular spots of brown ; upper and under tail coverts white ; tail
brown, with many b tnds of a deeper shade of the same color, and with the inner webs yellowish and reddish white ; base and
tip of tail yellowish white.

Total leng:h, female, 22 to 24 inches ; wing, 15 inches ; tail, 10 inches. Male, total length, 20 inches ; wing, 13 to 14
inches ; tail, 9 to '.li inches.

//aft.— Southern States, Mexico, South America. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Mus. Acad. Philada.

The observations of naturalists attached to the late expeditions demonstrate this bird to be of
common occurrence in Texas, on the Rio Grande. It is a dull and heavy bird in its habits,
and subsists for tlie greater jiart on dead animals.

This bird appears to belong to the genus Craxirex, as given by Mr. Gould, if not identical
with his species.

BIRDS — STRIOINAE — SVUl \ PllA IINCOLA.

47

List of specimens.

o

Sex and age.

U>a\lity.

Wlu'ii collected.

Whence olitiiined.

o

y.

•a
•c

o

Collected liy —

MeasurementB.

i

5
^
^

a

is

4123

......

Brownsville, Texas.
Oyster Point.Texas.
New Mexico

Lit'iit. Coucli......

9135

Sept., 1S53

Feb. 27, 1854...

Miiior Kmorv

1

9134

Lieut. Whipple

179

Kenncrly and
Mollhausen.

Family S T 11 1 G ID A E . T h e 0 ^v• 1 s.

Form usioallj short and heavVi with the head disproportionately large, and frequently furnished wilh erectile tufts of feathers
resembling the ears of quadrupeds. General organization adapted to vigorous and noiseless but not rapid Higlit, and to the
capture of animals in the morning and evening twilight.

Eyes usually very large, directed forwards, and in the f>reater number of species formed for seeing by twilight, or in the
night. Bill rather strong, curved, nearly concealed by projecting bristle-like feathers ; wings generally loni; ; outer edges of
primary quills fringed ; legs generally rather shorl, and in all species, except in one Asiatic genus, (A'eiuya,) more or less
featliered, generally densely. Caviiy of the ear very large. Face encircled by a more or less perfect disc of short rigid feathers,
which, with the large eyes, gives to those birds an entirely peculiar and frequently cat-like expression. Female larg3r than
the male

There are about one hundred and fifty species of owls, which are found in all jiarts of the
world, of which about forty are inhabitants of the continent of America and its islands. The
larger species subsist on small quadrupeds and birds, but much the majority almost exclusively
prey on insects. Though much the larger number are nocturnal, a few species are strictly
diurnal, and in their habits seem to approach the birds of the preceding family.

Sub-Family STRIGINAE.— T y pi c a 1 Owls.

Size medium, never very large. Head large ; facial disc perfect ; bill rather long ; eyes
rather small for this family ; legs rather long, fully feathered to the toes.

STRIX, Linnaeus.

Sirix, LiNKAECS, I, p. 131, (176G.)

Head large, without ear tufts ; eyes rather small ; facial disc perfect, and very conspicuous ; wings long ; tarsi long ; tail
rather short ; toes and claws rather long. This genus contains about twelve species of all parts of the world.

STRIX PRATINCOLA, Bonaparte.

The Barn Owl.

Sirix pralincola, Bonap. Comp. List, p. 7, (1838.)

Sirix Americana, Aud. Orn. Biog. 11, p. 431, (1834, not of Gmelin 1788.)

Figures.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, pi. 50, fig. 2 ; Aud. E. of Am., pi. 171 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 34 ; Nat. Hist. New York, Birds,
pi. 13, 6g.28.

48

U. S P E. R EXP. AND BUKVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Entire upper parts pale fawn color, or tawny brownish yellow, frequently very pale, nearly every feather with a small sub-
terminal black spot succeeded by another of white. Under parts generally pale fawn color, but frequently pure white, with
email lanceolate and circular spots of brownish black ; under coverts of wings and tail white ; quills fawn colored ; primaries
with about five irregular transverse bars of brownish black ; tail with about four or five bands of dark brown. Pace white ;
spots of dark chestnut brown around the eyes. Irides brownish black ; bill, toes, and claws light yellowish.

Total length, female, 16 inches, wing 13, tail 5k inches.. Male rather smaller.

Hab. — Throughout temperate North America. Spec, in Nat. Mus., Washington.

All the specimens in the present collection are from California. They exhibit the variety in
shades of color, especially on the under parts of the body, wliich is usually to be observed in
this species ; some specimens having these parts perfectly white, and others different shades of
pale buff or fawn color. There is, however, no American species of this family more easily
recognized.

Some specimens from the western countries of North America which have come under our
notice have the greater portion of the quills very jiale colored, occasionally nearly white ; and
these specimens have, too, usually the under parts white. This is the case with specimens No.
4349 in Lieutenant Trowbridge's collection, and No. 6885 in that of Lieutenant Williamson.

This bird, in the plumage just referred to, approximates quite closely to Strixfurcata, (Tem-
minck PL Col, 432,) a species from the West India islands, and cannot readily be distinguished
from it by any character, except a greater degree of whiteness in the West India bird. The
two species, if such they are, will, however, bear careful comparison.

List of specimens.

o

.3

o

4349
4194
4133

6884
4626
4910
6885
5036
8701
9132
8063

s

3

Locality.

Presidio, Cal

San Francisco, Cal.
Monterey, Mexico .
Tejon valley, Cal..
San Miguel, Cal ...

San Diego, Cal

Tejon valley, Cal ..
Dofia Ana, N. M...

Texas

Texas

Mexico

When collected.

Winter 1853-54.

Nov. 9,1855..

Sept., 1856.

Whence obtained.

Lieut. Trowbridge .

E. D. Cutts

Lieut. Couch

Lt. R.S.Williamson.
do

Dr. J. F. Hammond.
Lt.R. S.Williamson.

Capt. J. Pope

Maj. W. H. Emory.

do

John Gould

170

Collected by —

Dr. Heermann .

Dr. Heermann.

A. Schott ..
J. H. Clark.
John Taylor

Measurements.

17.00

16.75

15.50

35.00

44.25

45.00

12.75

14.00'

Sub-Family BUJ30NINAE.— The Horned Owls

Head large, with erectile and prominent ear tufts. Eyes large ; facial disc not complete-
above the eyes and bill ; legs, feet, and claws usually very strong.

This division contains numerous species, some of which are very large, but the greater
number as medium sized or small. They inhabit all parts of the world, except Australia.

BIRDS — STRIGINAF, — RtlRO VIRGINIANUS. 49

BUBO, Cuvier.

Bubo,Cv\irK, Rigne Animal, 1, p. 331, (1817.)

Sue large ; general form very robust and powerful. Head largo, with conspicuous oar tufls ; oyeii very largo ; wings long;
tail sliori ; logs and toes very strong, densely feathered ; claws very strong ; bill ratliar short, strong, curvud, covered at base by
projecting fcatbers.

This genus includes the large horned owls, or cat owls, as they are sometimes called. These
birds are most numerous in Asia and Africa, and there are in all countries about fifteen species.

BUBO VIRGINIANUS, Gmelin.

The Great Homed Owl.

Strix rirginiana, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. 287, (1788.)

Slrii pylhaults, Bartram, Travels, p. 289, (1791.)

Bubo /uJoiiciann, Dacdin, Traite d'Orn. H, p. 210, (1800.)

Bubo pinicola, Vieill Ois. d'Am. Sept. I, p. 51, (1807.)

Btibo arclicus, Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. Birds, p. 86, (1831.)

Bubo rub-arcticits, Hot, Proc. .4cad. Philada. VI, p. 211, (1852.)

Bubo septentrionalis, Brebm, Vog. Deutsclil. p. 120, (1831?)

Strix scandiaca, LiNS. Syst. Nat. I, p. 132, (1766) >

Sirix magellanicus, Gu. Syst. Nat. I, p. 286, (1788) .'

Strix nocurutu, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. VII, p. 44, (1817) .'

FicDRES.— Edward's Birds II, pi. 60; Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. I, pi. 19 ; Wilson Am. Orn. VII, pi. 50, fig. 1 ; Aud. B. of
Am. pi. 61 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 39 ; jNat. Hist. New York, pi. 10, fig. 22 ; Fauna Bor. Am. Birds, pi. 30.

JIdult. — Large and very strongly organized ; ear tufls large, erectile ; bill strong, fully curved : wing rather long ; third quill
usually longest ; tail short; legs and toes very robust, and densely covered with short downy feathers ; claws very strong,
sharp, curved. Very variable in plumage, from nearly white to dark brown ; usually with the upper parts dark brown, every
feather mottled and with irregular transverse lines of pale ashy and reddish fulvous, the latter being the color of all the plumago
at the bases of the feathers. Ear tufts dark brown, nearly black, edged on their inner webs with dark fulvous ; a black spot
above the eye ; radiating feathers behind the eye, varying in color from nearly white to dark reddish fulvous, usually the latter ;
feathers of the facial disc tipped with black. Throat and neck before white ; breast with wide longitudinal stripes of black ;
other under parts variegated with white and fulvous, and every feather having transverse narrow lines of dark brown. Middle
of the abdomen frequently, but not always, white. Legs and toes varying from white to dark fulvous, usually pale fulvous ;
in most specimens unspotted, but frequently, and probably always in fully mature specimens, with transvere narrow bars of
dark brown. Quills brown, with wide tran.sverse bands of cinereous, and usually tinged on the inner webs with pale fulvous ;
tail the same, with the fulvous predominating on the outer feathers ; iris yellow ; bill and claws bluish black.

Dimtftstooj.— Female, length 21 to 25 inches, wing 14J to 16, tail 10 inches. Male, 18 to 21 inches, wing 14 to 15, tail 9
inches. The smallest specimen of the variety Pacificus.

Hob. — The whole of North America, and probably South America.

Variety. — Bubo virginianus atlanticus, Cassin, B. of Cal. and Texas, I, p. 178.

Dark colored, as described above. Feathers of the face behind the eye always bright reddish fulvous, and the entire plumage
more marked with that color than in the other varieties below.

This variety is found throughout the temperate regions of North America, and we have never
known any other to be noticed in the States on the Atlantic ocean, though the variety Arcticus
may occur. This is the true B. virginianus of authors, and is figured by Wilson, Audubon,
and others.

Variety. — Bubo virginianus ■pacificus, Cassin, B. of Cal. and Texas, I, p. 178.

Dark colored, as above. Feathers of the face behind the eye ashy, generally, however, tinged with fulvous. General color
less tinged with fulvous than in the preceding variety, and frequently much paler, and api>roxiinating to the variety arclicus.

7b

50 U. 8. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

This variety appears to be restricted to western North America, and is represented by the
majority of the specimens in the present collection. So far as can be determined from prepared
skins, the average of these specimens would be rather smaller than in the preceding, but there
are some quite as large as we have ever seen of that variety. This variety can readily be
distinguished from the preceding by the facial disk being ashy, instead of fulvous.

Variety. — Bubo virginianus arcticus, Cassin.

Bubo arclicus, Swainson, Faun. Bor. Am. Birds, p. 86. (183L)
Bubo sub-arcticus. Hot, Proc. Acad. Phila., VI. p. 211. (1852.)
Bubo septentrionalis, Brehm?
Strix scandiaca, Linnaeus?
Figure. — Faun. Bor. Am. Birds, pi. 30.

Light colored, frequently nearly white. General plumage of a predominating pale yellowish white, or cream color, of
various shades, from nearly pure white to nearly the color of the two preceding varieties. Under parts generally lighter than
the upper, and always throughout the plumage marked and barred with brown, frequently pale and indistinct, but in the same
general manner as in the preceding. Tarsi and toes generally very light, frequently nearly pure white. Size generally about
the same as that of variety atlanticus, and the plumage with more or less of the same reddish fulvous at the bases of the feathers.
Feathers of the face pure white, or pale cream color, sometimes tinged with fulvous and cinereous.

This variety appears to inhabit the northern and western countries of North America, and
probably occasionally all other parts of that portion of the continent. Mr. Hwainson's figure,
above cited, represents an unusually white specimen, though we have seen such, and from that
shade to but slightly lighter than the common variety. So far as we regard ourselves compe-
tent to judge, this variety is better entitled to be regarded as a distinct species than aay other.

Variety. — Bubo virginianus magellanicus, Cassin.

Strix magellanicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. 286. (1788.)
Strix nacurutu, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. VII, I, p. 44. (1817.)
Bubo (udoiucionus, Dacdin, Traite d'Orn. II, p. 210.
Figure.— Buffon PI Enl. 385.

Very variable in color, but generally darker than either of the preceding ; plumage at base fulvous. Feathers of the face
usually pale cinereous, more or less tinged with fulvous ; size about the same as the preceding, or rather larger.

This variety inhabits, apparently, South America, and perhaps Mexico, and the extreme
south of the United States. Of this we have seen specimens darker than of either of the
preceding varieties, and more resembling Mr. Audubon's figures than are usually met with in
northern localities.

This fine species is either subject to considerable variety in the color of its plumage, or there
are several species, some of which have been named by naturalists, as cited above, in our syno-
nymes. But with no less than thirty specimens now before us, from nearly all parts of North
America, we confess ourselves (juite unable to detect characters sufficient to distinguish more
than one species. We have, therefore, to regard them all as Bubo virginianus, and to attribute
the differences in their colors to variety only, either local or caused by accidental circumstances.
With but a single well characterized specimen each of perhaps four varieties, tlic inducement would
be strong to regard them as distinct species, so different are their colors ; but with an extended
series, like the present, all the characters exist in such various degrees of modification, and are
so blended that it is to us quite impossible. We have designated the varieties of this species
in Birds of California and Texas, I, p. 178, and have no reason to change our views from the
examination of the present collection, except that these varieties are evidently not to be regarded

BIRDS — STRIOINAE — SCOPS ASIO.

51

as at all strictly geographical, nor not so much so as intimated in our notice of them alluded to
above. We have, for instance, in this collection the variety Bubo vlnjinianits allanticius, from
Bodega, California, (in the collection made by the party commanded by Lieutenant W. P.
Trowbridge, United States army,) and the variety arcticus, from various localities in California
and New Mexico. The variety atlanticm, from California, we cannot distinguish from the
common bird of the States on the Atlantic seaboard.

List of specimens.

d

i

•a

B
M

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

o

o
c

§

Collected by—

McasurcmcnU.

as
1

c

a

V
H

Cd

Remarks.

9ISS

3
o

Q
9
S
Q

9
<?
c?

(?
9

Gov. M. Stevens..
do

135
136
535

Var. paciflcus

do

9161

do

Do

sen

do

August, 1B56

Dr. Geo. Suckley ..

do

9159

do

4SI3

Lt. R,S. Williamson
Ll.W. P. Trowbridge
Lt-R.S. Williamson
John Gould

do

Bodeffa. Cal

January, 1853

do

5006

Dr. Heermann

Var. atlaiiticua

8006

4613

Colorado river, Cal

March 31, 1865

A. Schott

4423

Var. pacificu:!

Lt. A. W. WJiipple.
do

46

Kenn. &M«1I

Do

9154

No. 98

Iris chrome yellow;

var. arcticus

Var. arcticus

5181

Lt. G. K. Warren . .
Lt. G. K. Warren

Dr. Hayden

20.25
21.25
19.00

47.04
51.50
48.00

14.00
14.75
15.00

5180

ticus

do do

5589
9157

Medicine Bow Creek ....

Devil's rivtr, Tcxaa

Mirabr«s to Rio Grande ..
6th camp, Little Colorado

Aug. 35, 1856
Novemb'r,l854

Dec'r 15, 1853

Lt. F. T. Bryan ,...
Major Emory

299
3

W.S.Wood

Dr. Kennerly

do do

9173

9158

Lt. Whipple

37

Kenn. & Moll. . .

4137

18.00

35.00

9.25

SeplV, 1836

8007

SCOPS, Savigny.

Sationt, Nat. Hist. Egypt, I, p. 105, (1809.)

Size small ; ear tufts conspicuous. Head large ; facial disc imperfect in front and about tho eyes ; bill sliort, nearly covered
by projecting feathers ; wings long ; tail rather short, and frequently curved inwards ; tarsi rather long, more or less fully
covered with short feathers; toes long, generally partially covered with hair like feathers ; head large.

General form short and compact. This genus contains twenty-five to thirty species of small
owls, inhabiting all parts of the world except Australia.

SCOPS ASIO, Liuu.

The Mottled Owl ; the Screech Owl.

Sirtx asio, Linn. Syst. Nat I, p. 132, (1766.)

Sirix naei'ia, G.M. Syst. Nat. I, p. 289, (1788.)

JJuAo striatus, Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. I, p. 54, (1808.)

FiGORES.— Catesby's Nat. Hist. Carolina I, pi. 7 ; Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. I, pi. 21 ; Temm. pi. col. 80 ; Wilson Am. Dm.
pi. 19, fig. 1, pi. 42, fig. 1 ; Aud. B. of Am. pi. 97 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 40 ; Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi. 12, figs. 25, 26.

Short and compact ; ear tufts prominent ; tail short ; tarsi rather long.

Adult. — Upper parts pale ashy brown with longitudinal lines of brownish black, and mottled irregularly with the same, and

52

U S p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAL RtPORT.

with cinereous. Under parts ashy white with longitudinal stripes of brownish black, and with transverse lines of the same
color ; face, throat and tarsi, ashy white, irregularly lined and mottled with pale brownish ; quills brown with transverse bands,
nearly white on the outer webs ; tail pale ashy brown with about ten transverse narrow bands of pale cinereous ; under wing
coverts white, the larger tipped with black ; bill and claws light horn color ; iridcs yellow.

Younger. — Entire upper parts pale brownish red, with longitudinal lines of brownish black, especially on the head and
scapulars ; face, throat, under wing coverts and tarsi, reddish white ; quills reddish brown ; tail rufous, with bands of brown,
darker on the inner webs.

I'oung- — Entire plumage transversely striped with ashy white and pale brown ; wings and tail pale rufous.

Total length 9' to 10 inches, wing 7, tail 3| inches. Sexes nearly alike in size and color.

Hab. — The whole of temperate North America, Greenland, (Fabpcius.) Spec, in Nat. Mas. Washington, and Mus. Acad.
Philadelphia.

This is the most abundant of the owls inhabiting the States on the Atlantic, and appears to
inhabit the entire territory of the United States and the more northern countries of this continent
within the temperate zone. In the present collections we find the first specimens that we have
ever seen from western North America. One specimen (No. 4530) from Washington Territory,
and others from California, in tlie collections made by Mr. Cutts and Mr. Samuels, (Nos. 4195,
5847,) are in the mottled or adult plumage; and one from Sacramento Valley, in Lieutenant
Williamson's collection, is in the red, or that of the immature bird. These specimens differ in
no respect from those of the eastern States.

The two stages of plumage described above have been regarded as characterizing distinct
species, and they do present a problem scarcely to be considered as fully solved. This bird
pairs, and rears young, while in the red plumage ; and it is not unusual to find a mottled male
and red female associated, or the reverse. The two stages of plumage, or varieties, are very
similar to those of the Symium aluco of Europe, and of which there are other instances in this
family of birds.

Unlike nearly all other rapacious birds, this owl holds its place throughout the country,
notwithstanding the destruction of the forest, or the denseness of the population ; and, though
well known to our rural population, and scarcely regarded favorably, is seldom molested. Its
food is principally insects.

List of specimens.

6

a

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

d
iz;

■3

a

:&

c
o

Nature of speci-
men.

Measurements.

'A

i

t
a

•♦3

a

•A
W

bo

.g

E5

4630

......

Mottled

9.00

20.50

6 50

6487

Petaluma, Cal

E. Samuels

4196

San I'rancisco

M J{. D. Cutts

Mottled

6887

Sacramento valley.

Lieut. Williamson .

Red

SCOPS McCALLII, Cassin.

The Western Mottled Owl.

Scofi McCttllii, CiesiN, B, of Cal. and Texas, I, p. 180. (1854.)

In form and general characters much resembling Scops asio, but smaller ; form, stout and short ; wing rather long, with the
fourth quill longest ; tail short, slightly curved inwards ; tarsi rather long, fully covered ; toes partially covered, with long
hair-like featburs.

.Sdiilt Aaby brown ; darker on the upper parts, and every feather with a longitudinal stripe of brownish black, and with

BIRDS — STRIOINAE — OTUS WILSONIANUS.

53

numerous irregular tran»Tor»o linos and points of Iho same. Under parts pnlc-r or a«liy white, with longitudinal stripes of
brownish black, and with irregular lines of tlio same ; flanks and sides, liiigud with pule fulvous. Quills brown, with several
transverse bands of pale roddisli white, assuming the form of quadrangular spots on tho outer webs, and pale reddish ashy on
the inner webs. Tail ashy brown, with about ton narrow transversa bands on all, except the two central feathers, well defined
on the outer wobs ; scapular feathers and some of tho greater coverts of tho wings edged with white ; bill greenish horn color ;
tip yellowish ; irides yellow.

Young. — Entire plumage rufous ; darker on tho head, with longitudinal stripes of brownish black ; middle of tho abdomen,
and under tail coverts white ; tarsi rufous.

Dimennoiu. — Total length 7J to 8 inches, wing 6, tail 3 inches.

Hab. — Western and Southern North America.

This species is not only related to the common Scops asio of North America, hut also to Scops
chdtba of South America, and other species of thi.s continent. From S. asio, it can readily he
distinguished hy its smaller size and the different shade of color and style of markings, being
darker above, and having the transverse lines on the under surface better defined and more
numerous

In the present collection are two specimens only of this interesting species, both from Texas,
and in mottled plumage. In the collection made by the Mexican Boundary Commission there
is a specimen of this bird in red plumage, like that of S. asio, and is that above described.

A red specimen from Florida we doubtfully refer to the same species.

List of specimens.

6

i

•a
§

M

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

o
S5
"3

•c

o

Collected by —

MeasurementB.

1

i

a

2^

a

6857

G". Wurdemftnn . .

9171

Texas.

Sept. 9, 1853 ...
Feb. 10, 1854...

A. Schott

9147

Camp 118

Lieut. A. Whipple.

Kennerly&MoU.

8.

18.50

6.00

OTUS, Cuvier.

Olva, CoviER, Regne Animal, I, p. 327. (1817.)
General form longer and more slender than in the preceding genera. Head moderate ; ear tufts long, erectile ; bill rather
short, curved from the base ; facial disc more perfect than in the preceding. Wings long ; tail moderate ; tarsi and toes covered
with short feathers ; claws long, curved. Eyes rather small, and surrounded by radiating feathers.

This genus contains ten or twelve species of various countries ; all of which are more hand-
some birds than are usually met with in this family.

OTUS WILSONIANUS, Lesson.

The Long-Eared Owl.

Olut WiUonianua, Lesson, Traite d'Om. I, p. 110. (1831.)

Oruj .^mericonuj, Bonap. Comp. List, p. 7. (1838.)

Strix Jlnuricana, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. 288. (1788.')

Strix ftrigrinator, Bartram, Travels, p. 289. (1790.')
FicDRES — Wilson Am. Orn. VI, pi. 51, fig. 1 ; Aud. B. of Am., pi. 383 : Oct ed. I, pi. 37 : Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi.
11, fig. 24.
Ear tufts long and conspicuous ; eyes rather small ; wings long ; tarsi and toes densely feathered. Upper parts mottled with

54

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

brownish black, fulvous, and ashy white ; the former predominating. Breast pale fulyous, with longitudinal stripes of brownish
black ; abdomen white ; every feather with a wide longitudinal stripe, and with transverse stripes of brownish black ; legs and
toes pale fulvous, usually unspotted, but frequently with irregular narrow transverse stripes of dark brown. Eye nearly
encircled with black ; other feathers of the face ashy white, with minute lines of black ; ear tufts brownish black, edged with
fulvous and ashy white ; quills pale fulvous at their bases, with irregular transverse bands of brown ; inferior coverts of the
wing pale fulvous, frequently nearly white ; the larger widely tipped with black ; tail brown, with several irregular trans-
verse bands of ashy fulvous, which are mottled, as on the quills ; bill and claws dark ; irides yellow.

Total length, female, about fifteen inches ; wing 11 to llj ; tail 6 inches. Male, rather smaller.

Hab. — The whole of temperate North America. Spec, in Nat. Mus., Washington, and Mus. Acad., Philada.

One of the most numerous of the owls of the Atlantic States, and not much less so on the
Pacific. It bears a strong resemblance to the European Ofus vulgaris, with which it has been
considered identical by some American authors. We find nothing unusual in the specimens of
the present collection, all being quite identical with the well known bird of the eastern States.

List of specimens.

9143

9144
9145

9142
8243

4S36
4538
4537
6916

8635

Locality.

John Day's river, W. T .

Bodega, Cal

, do

Fort Fillmore, N. M

Cochetope pass, R. M. . . .
Rio Grande valley

Camp 107, New Mexico .

Fort Benton

100 miles E. Ft. Kearney.

White river. Neb

do

Fort Pierre

Selkirk settlement, H.B.T

Racine, Wis

Cape Florida

When collected.

Nov'r 12, 1853

Jan'y 28, 1854

Oct'r 28, 1857

Oct'r 8, 1855
do

Oct'r 21, 1855

Whence obtained.

Gov. 1. 1. Stevens.
Ll.W. P. Trowbridge

do

Dr. T C. Henry.
Capt. Beckwith.
do

Lt. Whipple

Gov. Stevens

Wm. M. Magraw. .

Lt. Warren.,..

do

do

Donald Gunn ,.

R. Kennicott. ..

G. Wurdeman.

Collected by-

Dr. Suckley.

Measurements.

Kennerly andMiiU-

hausen

Dr. Suckley

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Hayden.
,. ...do

Remarks.

Eye with orange bor-
der

Eyes yellow.

Iris yellow ; bill bluish;
feet gray

BRACHYOTUS, Gould.

Braehyoius, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, p. 10.
Ear tufts very short and inconspicuous. General form rather strong ; wings long ; tail moderate ; legs rather long, which,
with the toes, are fully covered with short feathers ; claws long, very sharp, and rather slender. Head moderate ; eyes rather
small, surrounded by radiating feathers ; facial disc imperfect on the forehead and above the eyes ; tail moderate.

This genus contains four or five species only, the two best known of which are the European
Bracliyotus palustris and the succeeding.

BRACHYOTUS CASSINII, Brewer.

The Short £ared Owl.

Brachyotm Cassinii, Brewer, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H.

Strix brachyotus, Forbteb, Phil. Trans. London, LXII, p. 384, (1772.)

Brachyotua paluslria amerieanua, Bonap. Consp. Av. p. 51, (1849.)

FioiREs.— Wilson Am. Cm. IV, |.l. 33, fig. 3 ; Aud B. of Am. pi. 410 : Oct. cd. I, pi .38; Nat. Hist. New York, Birds,
pi. 12, fi(f. 27.

HIRDS — SYRNINAE — SYRNUIM.

55

Ear tufU very short. Entire plurnn^ bulT or pale fulvous ; every feather on the upper parts with a wide longitudinal stripe
of darit brown, which color prcdominalcs on the back. Under parts paler, frfiiuontly nearly white on llio abdomen, with
longitudinal stripes of brownish black most numerous on the breast ; very narrow and less numerous on the abdomen and tlanks ;
legs and toes usually of a deeper shade of the same color as the abdomen. Quills ])alo reddish fulvous at their bases; brown at
their ends, with wide irregular bands and largo spots of reddish fulvous ; tail pale reddish fulvous, with about five irregular
transverse bands of dark brown, which color predominates on the two central feathers ; under tail coverts usually nearly white.
Throat white ; eyes enclosed by large spots of brownish black ; ear tufls brown, edged with fulvous ; bill and claws dark ; irides
yellow.

Total length, female, about 15 inches ; wing, 13 ; tail 6 inches. Male, rather smaller.

Hah. — The whole of temperate North America, Greenland, (Ilollboll,) Cuba, (Lomboyo.) Spec, in Nat. Mus., Washington,
and Mus. Acad., Philadelphia.

This owl is of frequent occurrence in the Atlantic States, especially in the winter ; and at
that season appears to prefer meadows and marshes in the vicinity of rivers, or other streams
of water. In tlie present collection the specimens tend to demonstrate tliat it is equally
abundant on the Pacific, and we detect no differences in specimens from the opposite coasts of
our continent.

List of specimens.

i

2

5

i

g

M
&

Localily.

6
2

"3
c

s

Measurements.

Wben collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

a

3

s

M

U3

C

Remarks.

4539 ^
«34 g
43>» 9
8791 i

White river, N.T

Grindstone creek, N. T...
Fort Kearney, Neb

Oct'r 9, 18M
February, 1855

Lt. G. K. Warren . .

1
Or. Uaydcn 15.50

42.25

Dr. Win. Hammond
Wni. F. Magraw....
Lt. Trowbridge . . .
do

1

N. fork Plane river

August20,1857
Deceinb'r,1854
January, 1855

164

Dr. Cooper , 14.00

41.50

12.00

9140

Q

n

9139

do

Suisun valley, Cal

Petaluma, Cal

do ,

do

6888, ^
M8S 1 rs

Lt. R. S. Williamson

M. P.. S.imiip1n

IG.OO

39.00

12.00

V

Sub-Family SYRNINAE.— T h e Gray Owls.

Head large, with very small and concealed car tufts, or entirely without. Facial disc nearly
perfect ; eyes small for the family of owls ; wings rather short, or not so long as in the pre-
ceding ; tarsi and toes generally fully feathered. This group contains some of the largest of
owls ; generally, however, the size is medium, and frequently small.

SYRNIUxM, Savigny.

Si/rnium, Savicnt, Nat. Hist. Egypt, I, p. 112, (1809.)

Size usually largo ; head large, without ear tufis ; eyes rather small ; facial disc somewhat imperfect in front. Bill strong,
curved from its base ; wings moderate, somewhat rounded ; fourth and fifth quills longest ; tail rather long, wide, and usually
rounded at the end ; legs moderate, or rather long, which, with the toes, are densely covered with short feathers ; claws long,
strong, very sharp.

Species of this genus inhabit principally the northern parts of the world, and are generally
characterized by the prevalence of gray or cinereous of various shades in their plumage.

56

U S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

SYRNIUM CINEREUM, Gmelin.

The Great Gray Owl.

Strix cinerea, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. 291, (1788.)
Slrix acclamator, Babtram, Travels, p. 289, (1790.)

Figures Fauna Bor. Am., pi. 31 ; Aud. B. of Am. pi. 351 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 35; Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi. 13, fig. 29.

The largest owl of North America. Head very large ; eyes small ; tail rather long. Upper parts smoky, or ashy brown,
mottled and transversely barred with ashy white ; under parts ashy white, with numerous longitudinal stripes of dark ashy
brown predominating on tlie breast, and with transverse stripes of the same on the abdomen, legs, and under tail coverts.
Quills brown, with about five wide irregular bands of ashy white ; tailbrown, with five or six wide irregular bands of ashy white,
mottled with dark brown. Feathers of the disc on the neck tipped with white ; eye nearly encircled by a black spot ; radiating
feathers around the eye, with regular transverse narrow bars of dark brown and ashy white ; bill pale yellow, claws pale
yellowish white, darker at their tips.

Total length, 25 to 30 inches ; wing 18 ; tail 12 to 15 inches.

Hab. — Northern North America. Resident in the vicinity of Montreal, (Dr. A. Hall.) Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and
Mug. Acad. Philadelphia.

In the western countries of North America the range of this large owl is not well determined,
hut the prohahility is, that it wanders in the winter over nearly the whole of North America.
It appears to he a constant resident of Canada and other provinces of British America, and has
occasionally been noticed as far south as New Jersey. In the present collection, a single
specimen is from Washington Territory. This is the largest owl yet discovered in North
America, and is one of the largest birds of this family.

List of specimens.

a
g

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

o
'A

"3
a

•a-

•c

o

Collected by—

Measurements.

3
6

ji

"5)

a

a

M

a

91380
6917

Shoalwater bay.W.T
Selkirk Settlement,
H. B.

June 10, 1854...

Gov I. I. Stevens.
Mr. D. Gunn .

80

Dr. Cooper

25

56.00

•Iris, yellow.

SYRNIUM NEBULOSUM, Forster.

The Darred Owl.

Strix nebulosa, Forster, Trans. Philos. Soc. London, LXII, pp. 386, 434, (1772.)
Slrix tarius. Barton, Frag. Nat. Hist. Penna. p. 11, (1799.)

FiODRES.— Vicill. Ois. d'Am. Sept pi. 17 ; Wilson Am. Orn. IV, pi. 33, fig. 2 ; Aud. B. of Am. pi. 46 : Oct. ed I, pi. 36 ;
Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi. 10, fig. 21 ; Gould B. of Eur. I, pi. 46.

Smaller than the preceding ; head large, without ear tufts ; tail ratlior long. Upper parts light ashy brown, frequently tinged
with dull yellow, with transverse narrow bands of white, most numerous on the head and neck behind, broader on the back.
Breast with transverse bands of brown and white ; abdomen ashy white, with longitudinal stripes of l)rown ; tarsi and toes ashy
white, tinged with fulvous, generally without spots, but frequently mottled and banded with dark brown. Quills brown with
six or seven transverse bars nearly pure white on tlie outer webs, and asliy fulvous on the inner webs ; tail light brown, with
about five bands of white, generally tinged with reddish yellow. Discal feathers tipped with white ; face ashy white, with linos
of brown, and a spot of black in front of the eye ; throat dark brown ; claws horn color ; bill pale yellow ; irides bluish black.

Sexes alike.
Total length about 20 inches ; wing 13 to 14 ; tail 9 inches. Soxes nearly of the same size.
iioi.— Eastern North America. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

HIRDS — SYRNINAK — NYCTAl.K AI.IilKKONS.

57

Though of frequent occurrence in the States on the Atlantic, this species has not yet been
ob-served in the countries west of the Rocky mountains. The only specimen in the present
collection is from the Territory of Nebraska, and is of especial interest as demonstrating the
most western locality yet determined for this bird.

List of specimens.

£

s

Si

Locality.

Wben collected.

Whvacc obtained.

Collected by—

McaiiUrenicntA.

5

1

M

u

UcumrkB.

4607

Q
9

Lt. 0. K. Warron ..
Wm. M. Magraiv . . .

Uarket

90

Dr. Hayden

Dr. Cooper

19.00
17.00

■10.75
45.50

13.50

8686

liidep«Ddcnce, Mo

WuihingtoD

June 38, ieS7
January, 18S5

13.00 Iris brown, hill and

43S7

1

1

NYCTALE, Brehm.

J^yclttU, Brehm, Isis, 1828, p. 1371.

Size small. Head with very small ear tufls, only observable when erected ; eyes small ; bill moderate or not very strong ;
facial disc nearly perfect. Wings rather long ; tail sliort ; legs and toes densely feathered.

Contains five species of small and quite peculiar owls, four of which are American and one
European.

NYCTALE RICHARDSONI, Bonaparte.

Ayc/a/e Richardioni, Bosap. Comp. List, p. 7, (1838.)

" S/rix TVn^madni, Gm." Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, p. 559, and other American authors.

Figures. — Fauna Boreali .Imericana, Birds, pi. 32 ; Add. B. of Am. pi. 380 : Oct ed. I, pi. 32.

The largest of this genus, wings long. Upper parts pale reddish brown tinged with olive, and with partially concealed spots
of white, roost numerous on the bead and neck behind, scapulars, and rump. Head in front with numerous spots of white ; face
white, with a spot of black in front of the eye ; throat with brown stripes. Under parts ashy white, with longitudinal stripes of
pale reddish brown ; legs and toes pale yellowish, nearly white, sometimes barred and spotted with brown. Quills brown, with
small spots of white on their outer edges and large spots of the same on their inner webs ; tail brown, every feather with about
ten pairs of white spots ; bill light yellowish horn color ; irides yellow.

Total length about lOi inches ; wing, 7i inches ; tail, 44 inches.

Hab. — Northern North America, Canada, (Dr. Hall,) Wisconsin, (Dr. Hoy.) Spec, in Mus Acad. Philada. and Nat. Mus
Washington.

Entirely a northern species, common at Hudson bay, but of rare occurrence within the limits
of the United States. The only notice of it as a western species is by Dr. Townsend, who gives
it as a bird of Oregon

This species is nearly related to the European Nyctcde funerea, and both have been called
Strix lengmahni by various authors.

NYCTALE ALBIFRONS, Shaw.

S(riar alhifrons, Shaw, Nat Misc. V. (not paged, 1794.)
S(rix/ron(a/i3, Lichtenstei.v, Trans. Acad. Berlin, 1838, p. 430.
Xyctale A'irHonrfii, Hot, Proc. Acad. Philada. VI, p. 210, (1852.)

FiccREi— Shaw Xat. Misc. V, pi. 171 ; Cassin B. of Cal. and Texas, I, pi. 11.

Small, wing rather long ; tail short Head, upper portion of breast, and entire upper parts dark chocolate brown ; forehead
and e}"ebrow8 white. Throat and a line on each side running downwards from the base of the under mandible white ; other

8 b

58

U. S. p. K. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — '/OOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

under parts of the body reddish ochre yellow. Quills dark brown, with small spots of white on their outer edges and large spots
of the same on their inner webs ; tail dark brown, with two transverse bands of white, and narrowly tipped with the same ; bill
and claws dark ; irides yellow.

Total length about 8 inches ; wing, 5i inches ; tail, 3 inches.

Hab. — Nortliern North America, Wisconsin, (Dr. Hoy,) Canada, (Dr. Hall,) Western, (Prof. Lichtenstein.) Spec, in Mus.
Acad. Philadelphia, and Nat. Mus. Washington.

This is a species lost sight of by naturalists for upwards of half a century, and until brought,
to light through the researches of Dr. Hoy, of Racine, Wisconsin, who is the only naturalist by
whom it has been obtained within the limits of the United States. It has been noticed also by
Dr. A. Hall in the vicinity of Montreal, Canada. It is given by Professor Lichtenstein in the
Transactions of the Berlin Academy, as above cited, as a bird of California ; but he regards it
as identical with N. acadica, and with reference to locality may allude only to the latter species.

This bird is about the size of Nyctale acadica, but is quite distinct, and, in fact, bears but little
lesemblance to that species. We have no doubt that it is tbe ime Strix a?6i/Vons, Shaw, as
above cited. It is i)robably a northern and northwestern species.

NYCTALE ACADICA, Gmelin.

Saw-whet Owl.

Slrix acadica, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. 29B, (1788.)

Slrix acadiensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. I, pi. 65, (1790.)

" Strix passerina, Linn." Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, p. (56.

Strix dalhousiei, Hall, MSS. Macgillivray ed. of Cuvier's Reg. An. Birds pi. 8, fig. 3, name on plate, (Edinburg, 1839.)

Figures.— Lath. Gen. Syn. I, pi. 5, fig. 2 ; Wilson Am. Orn. IV, pi. 34, fig. 1 ; Aud. B. of Am. pi. 199 : Oct cd. 1, pi. 33 ;
Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi. 11, fig. 23.

Small, wings long, tail short. Upper parts reddish brown tinged with olive ; head in front with fine lines of white, and on
the neck behind, rump, and scapulars with large partially concealed iipots of while. Face ashy white ; throat while ; under
parts ashy white, with longitudinal stripes of pale reddish brown ; under coverts of wings and tail white. Quills brown, with
small spots of white on their outer edges, and large spots of the same on their inner webs ; tail brown, every feather with about
three pairs of spdls of white ; bill and claws dark ; irides yellow.

Total length about 7f. to 8 inches ; wing, 5i inches ; tail, 2J to 3 inches ; sexes nearly the same size and alike in colors.

//a').— The whole of temperate North America. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

This is tbe smallest owl found in the eastern and middle States of North America, and is
probably an iiiliabitant of the entire temperate regions of this division of the continent. Speci-
mens in the present collection are from Texas and from Washington Territory. We have
known it to be found also in California, where very probably it is of as frequent occurrence as at
the same latitude on the Atlantic.

List of specimens.

s

i

M

Locniity.

When collocted.

Whence obtajticd.

d

"a

a

1

Collccti-d by—

Meosuruments.

s

&

1

•i

i

Rcinnrks.

Fort Vancouver, W. T. . .
ITortDalleiijO. T

Fcb'ry 3, 1M4
Doc'r 7, 1M3

Oov. 1. I. BicVem.
do

96

Irisyellow

0151

do

e.5o

S0.50

,,. do

5039

BIRDS — ATHENINAK — ATHENE nVPUG.T.A. 59

Sub-Family ATHENINAE— T h e IJiicl Owls.

Size small ; facial disc very imperfect, or nearly obsolete; tarsi generally partially or but
thinly covered with feathers ; head without ear tufts. The birds of this group are generally
smair, and are not so nocturnal in their liabits as those of the preceding divisions.

ATHENE, Boie.

.Ilhtne, Boie, Uis, 1822, p. 549.
Small ; head moderate, without ear tufts ; wings rather long ; tail rather short ; facial disc nearly obsoleto. Bill short ; legs
rather long, thinly covered with short feathers ; toes naked, or with a few hair-like feathers. This genus contains about forty
gpccics of small owls inhabiting all parts of the world.

ATHENE HYPUGJ^A, Bonaparte.

The Burrowing Owl.

Sirix hypugan, Bonap. Am. Orn., 1, p. 72. (1825.)
.Ilhene socialis, G.\>ibel, Proc. Acad. Philada. Ill, p. 47. (1846.)
Figures. — Bonap. Am. Orn. I, pi. 7, fig. 2 ; Aud. B. of Am., pi. 432, fig. 1 : Oct. ed. 1, p. 31, (upper figure.)

Tarsi long, slender, thinly covered in front only with short feathers, generally with its lower halfnearly bare, and frequently
almost entirely naked, and with small circular scales laterally and posteriorly ; toes with a few hairs.

Jldull. — Upper parts light ashy brown, with numerous partially concealed circular, cordate, and ovate spots of (*ull white,
wh'ch spots are enclosed with a narrow edge of dark brown. Throat white ; a transverse band of dark brown and reddish
while on the neck in front, succeeded by a large patch of white ; breast light brown, with large spots of white, like the upper
parts ; abdomen yellowish, with transverse narrow bands of reddish brown ; under tail coverls, feathers of the tibia and tarsus,
and under wing coverts yellowish white. Quills I ght brown, with semi-circular spots of reddish white on their outer webs,
and with oval or irregular spots of the same on their inner webs. Tail light brown, with about five or six irregular transverse
bands of yellowish white. Bill dark blueish at base, yellow at tip and on the ridge of the upper mandible. This is the most
mature plumage, and is that represented in Audubon's figure cited above. The most usual plumage is, however, as follows :

.Idull. — Upper parts like the preceding, but lighter colored, and much more tinged with dull yellow, having generally a faded
or bleached appearance. White spots more numerous and irregular in shape, and frequently giving the predominating color
to the head. Rump and tail strongly tinged with reddish. Under parts like the preceding, but lighter, and with the reddish
brown of the abdomen assuming the form of semi circular or hastate spots. This plumage has very nearly the same claracters
as the preceding, but is lighter and haa a faded appearance, and is much the most frequently met with in sj ecimens. This
plumage is not figured.

Another plumage is : Upper parts much less tinged with yellow or reddish, being nearly light grayish brown; white spots
very irregular in shape. Abdomen nearly pure white, or tinged with yellowish, with traces only or but few spots of r«:ddish
brown. This plumage is given in Bonaparte's plate, cited above ; but it is unusual for the abdomen to be so nearly pure white
and unspotted as represented.

Total length, female, (of skin,) about 91 inches, wing 7, tail 33 inches. Male, total length, about 9 inches, wing 6|, tail
3 inches.

Hab. — From the Mississippi river to the Rocky mountains. Mexico. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Mus. Acad.
Philadelphia.

In this species the feathers on the tarsus are restricted to a narrow longitudinal band or stripe
in front, generally quite imperfect in the lower half, leaving that portion nearly bare to the
toes, though it is quite unusual to find the tarsus so entirely uncovered, as represented in
Audubon's figure cited above. This bird is rather smaller than the succeeding, and has the
tarsus shorter as well as much less feathered. It inhabits tlie countries east of the Rocky
mountains, while the next species appears to be formed exclusively west of the same range.
The two species are not difficult to distinguish, on comparison.

60

U. S. p. R. E. EXP, AND SUEVEVS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

o

ts

%

-3

S

a

Si

m

9166

4631

5183

(?

51 K

Q

5184

<^

5390

9

5391

^

9063

f?

9067

o^

9066

Of?

8767

9164

9

5038

4976

4136

9167

Locality.

Fort Benton.

Fort Pieire ..

ilo

do

.do..

Plane river

do

Running Water

Loup Fork

do

35 miles west of Fort
Kearney.

Fort Davis

Pecos river

FortTliorn

El Paso

Fort Cliadboume, Texas..

Tamaulipas. Mexico

Miinbrea to Rio Grande . .

When collected

Sept. 31), 1853
April 5, 1855
June 25, 1856
June — , 1856
do.. ...,

Aug. 14, 1857
Aug. 4, 1857

Aug. 3, 1857

Whence obtained.

Gov. Stevens

Col. A. Vaughan. .
I.t. G. K. Warren .
do

.do.

Lt. F. T.Bryan...

, do

Lt. G. K. Warren .

do

do

Wni. M. Magraw. .

Col. Graham

Capt. 3. Pope

Dr. T. C. Henry...
Col. J. D. Graham.
Dr. Swift, U. S. A.

Lt. Couch

Dr. Henry

Collected by-

Dr. Suckley.
Dr. Hayden.
do

do ,

do

W. S. Wood.,
do

Dr. Hayden...
do

do

Dr. Cooper. .

J. H. Clark .

Measurements.

9.20
9.00
9.00
9.50

9.50
9.00
9.00
9.00

23.00

23.50
22.50

6.35

6.50
6.50

24.50
23.25
22.25
23.50

7.25
6.75
6.00
6.75

Iris yellow.

do....

do

Iris light yellow .
do

do....

Iris yellow ;
ish

bill gray-

ATHENE CUNICULAEIA, Molina.

Burrowing Owl.

Slrix ninicularia, Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, (1782.)
Strix califurnica, AtiD. li. of Am. pi. 432, fig. 2, (name on plato.)
.Ilhenc palaronica, Peale, Zool. U. S. Ex. Exp. Vincennes, Birds, p. 78. (1848.)
Figures.— Aud. B of Am. pi. 432, fig. 2 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 31, (lower figure.)

Resembling the preceding, but larger ; tarsus longer, and more fully feathered in front to the toes. Varieties of plumage the
same, but that first described most usually mot with and more common than in the preceding.

Mutt. — Upper parts light ashy brown, with large spots of dull white enclosed in edgings of brownish black. Throat white ; a
transverse band of brownish black and reddish white feathers across tho neck in front, succeeded by a largo patch of white.
Brca.st light brown, with large spots of white like the upper parts ; abdomen yellowish white, with hastate or crescent-shaped
spots of reddish brown disposed to form transverse bands ; under tail coverts, tibite, and tarsus, and under wing coverts
yellowish white ; quills and tail light brown, with spots of reddish white, edged (the spots) with brownish black ; tail wi'.h
about six transverse bands or pairs of spots of reddish white, enclosed or edged with dark brown. This is the plumage repre-
sented in Audubon's plate above cited, and is more commonly met with than tlie same plumage in the preceding species. It is
very probably the mature plumage. Another plumage is : Adult.' Like that just described, but much lighter, and tinged with
dull yellow, or ochre, having a faded or bleached appearance.' This plumage is not so frequent as in tho preceding species.
Another plumage is : Younger? Upper parts light greyish brown, with white spots very irregular in shape and confused, and
frequently predominating on the head. Abdomen nearly imspotted, yellowish white, or with traces only of spots or bands.

Total length, female, about l(l| inches ; wing, 7 to 7j inches ; tail, 3j to 4 inches. Male rather smaller.

7/06. — North America, west of the Rocky mountains. South America. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington and Mus. Acad.
Philadelphia.

This owl may be immediately (listinf^iUHlied from the preceding by the more full featliering
of the tar.sns, generally einitimied withmit interrujitioii to tlie toes. Tiie tarHUs is al.so longer,
and in size the present bird is rather the larger. All these characters are well given in
Audubon's plate, cited above, though it is not very common to (iud the present bird with the

niRDS ATIIENINAi: — GLArCIDIlTM.

61

tarsus Ro completely covereil, nor the preceding with it so hare as represented, in his figures,
which appear, however, to be intended to represent the two species here described.

After careful examination and comjiarison of the specimens in the present collection witli
others from various parts of western South America, we can detect no differences whatever, all
of them being apparently quite identical. The inspection of specimens of the present bird
may liave induced the Triiice Bonaparte to alter his views respecting the distinctness of the
North American from the South American bird, wliieh lie docs in Annals of the New York
Lyceum of Natural History, 11, p. 435, (182G,) when he declares his conviction of their
identity, and proposes to withdriiw liis proposed name, Slrix hypugcea. This name is, however,
applicable to the preceding species, which is distinct, though never before so given by any
American author.

Our friend, Colonel George A. McCall, late inspector general in the United States army, has
constantly assured us, for several years past, that the two species given above were distinct, and
readily distinguished from each other, and he designated the characters of each, and the
difl'erence in their localities. In the present large collection we find the views of this very
accurate naturalist confirmed in the most conclusive manner.

List of specimens.

6

i

M

Locality. 1

\

When collected.

Whence obtained.

i

"a

Collected by—

Meatiurcmenls.

as

■3

i

s

K

u

i

Rcniarks,

4306
4397

Fort Dalloii, Oregon

Jo

Dr. Gen. Sucltley...
An

160

9.75

26 00
24.00

7.75
7.27

<?
1.

.L

do

79

4190

Mr R. T). rilKs

1

Lt. R.S. Williamson

nr .I.fi.roniwr

<;fxi);

5897

do

' do

9168

Marcb4, 1834 I.t. A. Whinnln

191

KennerlyandMoIl-

4G37

4911

Dr J. F. Hiimmond.
do

10.00
10.00

25.00
23.50

7.(10
6.75

4912

do

4350

do

4614

do

A. Schoit

do

do

do

9169

do

Nov'r 9, 1854

do

5

do 1

9168

1

GLAUCIDIUM, Boie.

Glaucidiunt, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 970.

Size very small ; head moderate, without ear-tufts ; wings moderate, or rather short ; tail short ; facial disk nearly obsolete ;
bill short, rather wide, strong ; tarsi fully feathered ; claws rather long, curved, very sharp.

This genus contains a few sjiecies only, amongst which are the smallest of known owls.

62

U. S. P R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

GLAUCIDIUM GNOMA, Wagler.

The Pigmy Owl.

Olauciilium ^noma, Wagler, Isis, XXV, p. 275, (1832.)

" Strix passerinoitles, Temm ," AuD. Orn. Biog. V. p. 271.

" Strix infuscata, Temm.," Cassin, B. of Cul. & Te.\as, I, p. 189.

Glaucidium Co/t/ornicum, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1857, p. 4.

FiGtTBEs. — Aud. B. of Am., pi. 432, figs. 4, 5 : octavo edition, I, pi. 30.

Tile smailest owl l^nown to inliabit Nortli America. Wing ratiier siiort ; fourth quill longest ; tail rather long; tarsi densely
feathered ; toes partially covered with hairs. Spot before the eye, and extending over it, white. Entii-e upper parts brownish
olive, wilh small circular spots of dull white or pale rufous numerous on the head, and largest on the scapulars. An irregular
and partially concealed band of white on the neck behind, succeeded by another of black. Throat white ; a band of brownish
olive across the neck and breast ; other under parts white, with longitudinal stripes of dark olive brown ; quills dark brown,
with small spots of dull white on their outer webs, and large circular or oval spots of white on iheir inner webs ; tail dark
brown, wilh about six or seven pairs of circular or oval epots of white on every feather ; larger on the inner webs. Under wing
coverts white, with black spots disposed to form a longitudinal or oblique stripe; bill light greenish yellow ; claws light horn
color ; irides yellow. Sexes nearly alike ; female with rather larger and more numerous spots of white on the upper parts.

Dimensions. — Female, total length about 7 inches ; wing 3J ; tail 3 inches. Male, total length about 6j inches ; wing 3'^ ;
tail 2 J inches.

Hab. — Oregon, California, Mexico. Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, and Acad. Sci. Philadelphia.

All the specimens of this rare and curious little owl are from Oregon and Washington Terri-
tories, and it does not appear to have heen noticed in California by either of the surveying
parties. It has, however, jjreviously been obtained in that State, and is also very probably an
inhabitant of Mexico.

In our synopsis of North American owls, (in Birds of California and Texas, I, p. 175,)
■we have noticed this bird, under the name of Glaucidium infmcatum, regarding it as the Strix
infuscata, Temminck. At the suggestion of Mr. Piiilip Lutley Sclater, a distinguished orni-
thologist, of London, who alludes to this species in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
London, 1857, p. 4, we find his conclusion quite correct, tliat the two names Slrix infuscata and
Strix j>asserinoides were applied by Temminck to the same species, which is South American.
The name given by Wagler, however, we regard as undoubtedly applicable to this bird, and
give it accordingly as Glaucidium gnoma, (Wagler,) which had previously cited as a synonyms
in our synopsis alluded to above.

This species very much resembles the South American owl, above alluded to. It appears to
bo, however, lighter colored, and, perliaps, rather smaller. In the present bird the spots on the
upjier parts of the plumage are suuiller and more inclined to be circular, and a black stripe is
quite distinct on the under coverts of the wing, which we have found but very obscurely indi-
cated in either of numerous specimens of G. ivfuscatum, (or G. passerinoides ,) now before us.
For the present, we regard the northern and the southern as distinct, but nearly related, species.

This little owl appears to be exclusively western and southern.

List of specimens.

c

i

When collected.

VVIicnct- obtained.

d
"a

t£

8

Cdllccied by—

McMurcmcnts.

1

c

(3

1

Locality.

1

,3

?

S

KeniiirkM.

43MS

<?

9
Q

S
So

Fort Stoilaconrii, \V. T

Dr. Geo. Siicklcy...

530

111

34

5855

7.50
7.50

14.00
14.00

3.80

VIG2

Gov. Stevens

Lt. K. S. Williamson
Julm Gould

Dr. Cooper

Dr. J. S. Newberry.

Irifl yellow ; bill and
feet jtnlr yellow....

4515

8003

BIKDS — NYCTKININAE — NYCTEA NIVKA. 63

Sub-Fa.uily N VCTi:iNINAE— T he Day Owls.

General form corujiact and robust. Head moderate, without ear tufts; wings and tail rather
Ions: ; tarsi strong, which, with the toes, are more densely covered than in any otlier division
of tliis tiimily.

This division embraces two species only, which inhabit the arctic regions of both continents,
migrating southward in the winter.

NYCTEA, Stephens.

Ayc'toi SxErnENS, Cont. of Slmw's Zool. XIII, p. G-2, (182G.)

Large ; head rather large, without ear tiifU ; no facial disc ; legs ralher short, and with the toes covered densely with long
hair-like feathers, nearly concealing the claws. Bill short, nearly concealed by projecting feathers, very strong ; wings long ;
tail moderate, or rather long, wide ; claws strong, fully curved. Contains one species only.

NYCTEA NIVEA, Daudin.

The Suowy Owl; The White Owl.

Sirix nireo, Daud. Traite d'Orn. II, p. 190, (1800.)

SiTix nyclea, Linn. Syst Nat. I, p. 132, (176G.)

Slrix Candida, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp. p. 14, (1801.)

Sirix frtniiiea, Shaw, Gen. Zool. Vll, p. 251, (1«09.)

Slrix arclica, Bartram, Travels, p. 2e9, (1791, but not of Sparrman, 1789.)

FiccREs.— Wilson Am. Orn. iV, pi. 32, fig. 1 ; Aud. B. of Am., pi. 121: oct ed. I, pi. 28 ; Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi.
9, fig. 20 ; Gould a of Eur. I, pi. 43.

Bill nearly concealed by projecting plumes; eyes large. Entire plumage white, frequently with a few spots, or imperfect
bands, only on the upper parts, dark brown, and on the under parts, with a kw irregular and imperfect bars of the same ; quills
and tail wilh a few spots or traces of bands of the same dark brown. Tlie prevalence of the dark brown color varies much in
ditferent specimens ; frequently both upper and under parts are very distmctly banded transversely, and sometimes this color
predominates on the back. Plumage of the legs and toes, pure snowy white ; bill and claws dark horn color ; irides yellow.

Total length, 24 to 27 mchcs ; wing 16 to 17 ; tail 10 inches.

Jlab. — Northern regions of both continents, migrating southward in the winter. Resident in Canada, (Dr. A. Hull,)
Greenland, (Holboll,) South Carolina, Kentucky, (Audubon,) Bermuda, (Jardinc.) Spec, in Nat. Mus. Washington, arid
Mus. Acad. Philadelphia.

The large size aud wliite j)luniage of this owl render it a conspicuous species when met with
in the woods, or during its winter wanderings, and also when prepared for the museum. It is
an abundant species in the northern regious, and has been observed at the highest nortliern
latitude yet attained by voyagers. In the winter it migrates over nearly the whole of Europe
and North America, and is frequently to be met with in the Northern and Middle United States
varying greatly in numbers in ditferent years. According to Dr. A. Hall, of Montreal, Canada^
this fine species is resident in that province, making its nest on the ground.

This bird presents considerable variety of plumage, according to the greater or less number
of the dark transverse bands wiiich are present, to more or less extent, in the majority of
specimens, sometimes prevailing on the upper parts of the body. Frequently, however, these
bands are so few and indistinct that the bird is almost pure and snowy white. Audubon's plate
represents this owl unusually dark; Wilson's figure is, in plumage, more usually met with
and is more truthful.

64

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

SURNIA, Dumeril.

Surnia, Di'MERil, Zoologie Analytiqiie, p. 34, (1806.)

General form rather long, but robust ; size, medium. Head moderate, without car tyfts ; facial disc obsolete ; bill moderate,
curved from the base, covered with projecting plumes ; wings long ; tail long, wide, graduated ; legs rather short, and with the
toes densely feathered ; contains one species only, which inhabits the arctic regions of both continents.

SURNIA ULULA, Linnaeus.
The Hawk Owl ; The Day Owl.

Strix uUdit, Liv-J. Syst. Nat. I, p. 13.3. (1VG6.,
Strix kudsonia, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. 295. (1788.)
Strix doliala, Pallas, Zoog. Ross. As. I, p. 316. (1811.)
" Sirixfunerea, Linn." — Aubcbon.
Figures.— Wilson Am. Cm. VI, pi. 50, fig. 6 ; Aud. B. of Am., pi. 378 : Oct. ed. I, pi. 27 ; Nat. Hist. New York, Birds, pi.
9, fig. 19 ; Gould B. of Eur. I, pi.

Wings rather long ; first three quills incised on their inner webs ; tail long, with its central feathers about two inches
longer than the outer ; tarsi and toes densely feathered. Upper parts fuliginous brown, with numerous partially concealed
circular spots of white on the neck behind scapulars and wing coverts. Face grayish white ; throat white, with longitudinal
stripes of dark brown ; a large brown spot on each side of the breast ; other under parts with transverse lines or stripes of pale
ashy brown ; quills and tail brown, with transverse bands of white ; bill pale yellowish -, irides yellow. Color of upper parts
darker on the head, and the white markings more or less numerous in different specimens.

Total length, female, 16 to 17 inches ; wing 9, tail 7 inches. Male rather smaller.

Hab. — Northern regions of both continents ; Canada, (Dr. Hall;) Wisconsin, (Dr. Hoy;) Massaclmsetts, (Dr. Brewer.)
Spec, in Nat. Mas., Washington, and Mus. Acad., Philadelphia.

This. bird inhabits the arctic regions, and has been noticed as far north as explorers or
navigators have penetrated, migrating more southwardly in the winter season. It does not,
however, wander so extensively as the snowy owl, (Nycteanivea,) and is rarely seen as far south
as Pennsylvania. From the western countries of North America we have never seen this species.

This remarkable bird partakes of the general appearance and habits also of both an owl and
a falcon, and is represented as being, to a considerable extent, diurnal in its habits, venturing
abroad boldly by daylight. Specimens from northern America and from northern Europe and
Asia are quite identical.

List of specimens.

6

=2

Locality. When collected.

Whence obtained.

"a
a
'5b

•c
o

CollccleJ by-

Measurements.

3

a

a

to

.g

6912

Nelson river, H.B.T

D Qunn .....

6913

....do

69U

do i

do

8000

John Gould

7084

1

The preceding descriptions embrace all the owls known to inhabit North America, and with
this family we close the order of rapacious birds.

ORDER II.

SCANSORES.

The essential peculiarities of the Scansores, as already stated, are to be found in the arrange-
ment of the toes in pairs, (called zyfjodactyle,) two of them anterior and two posterior, although
one of the latter is sometimes wanting. If we include the parrots among the other zygodactyle
birds, there will be found two types of bill : one simple, as in the woodpeckers, the other, as in
the parrots, with a soft skin at the base similar to the cere of the Baptores. The tail usually
consists of twelve feathers, although but ten occur in some forms and eight in others. The
primaries are always ten in number.

There is considerable diversity in the scutellation of the feet and legs. In the parrots, the
whole tarsus is covered with small reticulated plates ; in the other families, however, the
anterior half of the tarsus is usually provided with a series of large transverse scutellae, the
sides and posterior edge with smaller ones, either reticulated, polygonal, or quadrate.

The vocal muscles are but little developed in the Scansores, and the voice, in consequence, is
harsh and without melody.

The North American Scansores are divisible into four families, having the following characters,
as given by Burmeister :

PsiTTACiDAE or Parrots. — Bill high, thick, and arched, the tip hooked, and the base with a soft
skin or cere, as in the hawks. The tarsi covered with small granulated plates. Tail feathers
twelve.

Trogonidae or Trogons. — Bill short, broad, and encompassed at the base by long, stiff bristles.
Feet very small ; the tarsi with broad plates ; the inner anterior toe turned backwards. Tail
with twelve feathers.

CucuLlDAE or Cuckoos. — Bill thin, usually slender, and rather long; the tip more or less
decurved ; the base usually without rictal bristles. Tarsi usually rather long, clothed with
broad plates anteriorly. The tail feathers usually ten, sometimes eight or twelve, all long.

PiciDAE or Woodpeckers. — Bill straight, rigid, and chisel-shajjcd at the tip, the base without
rictal bristles. The feet are stout, and clothed anteriorly with broad plates. Tail feathers
twelve ; the exterior very small and concealed.

9b

66 U S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family PSITTACIDAE. The Parrots.

The family of parrots is one so strongly marked as to be familiar to every one. The peculi-
arities belonging to it are very many, and the differences from other forms so great as almost to
warrant its erection into a distinct order, as has been done by Bonaparte, who, in addition,
places it at the head of his system, separated from the typical Scansores by the rapacious birds.

The parrots are very extensively distributed throughout the warmer portions of America,
although the United States includes but a single species, as far as known. A second species,
Ithynchopsiita pachyrhyncha,^ inhabits the table land of Mexico, and probably extends to within
a hundred miles of our frontier. The other Mexican species, according to Sclater, (Pr. Zool.
Soc. 1857, 230,) are Ara milltaris, Conurus petzii and astec, Pionus senilis, Psittacula lineolata,
and Cltrysotis autumnalis, viridigenalis, and ochroptera. Some of these may extend their range
northward, and even occasionally occur within our limits.

CONURUS, Kuhl.

Conurus, Kchl, Consp. Psittac. 4, 1830. — Ib. Nova Acta K. L. C. Acad. X, 1830.

Tail long, conical, and pointed ; bill stout; cheeks feathered, but in some species leaving a naked ring round the eye; cere
feathered to the base of the bill.

The preceding diagnosis, though not very full, will serve to indicate the essential character-
istics of the genus among the American forms with long pointed tails, the most prominent
feature consisting in the densely feathered, not naked, cheeks. But one species belongs to the
United States, though, as already stated, two others are found in Mexico, and many more in
South and Central America.

1 The following description of this species, taken from Swainson, will serve to identify it, if ever captured within our limits :

EHYNCHOPSITTA PACHYRHYNCHA, Bon.
Thick-billed Parrot.

Macrocercus pachyrhynchtis, Sw. Syn. Birds Mex. in Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 439, No. 79.
Rhynchopsilla pachijrhyncha, Eon. Tableau des Perroquots, Rev. et Mag. deZool. 1854, 149.
Psittacua pascha, Wacler, Isis, 1831, 524.

Sp. Ch. — Green front ; eyebrows and ridge of shoulders red ; cheeks plumed ; tail feathers broad and obtuse. Wing 10
inches ; middle tail feathers 5.25 ; curve of upper mandible 2.00 ; depth of under mandible 1 inch. Hub. — Table lands of Mex.
Siv. Syn. Uirds Mex. in Philos. Mag. 1827.

A specimen of this species is in the collection of the Pliiladelpliia Academy of Natural Sciences, labelled Rio Grande, Texas,
J. W. Audubon. If really taken within the limits of the United States, it is probably of very rare occurrence.

HIRDS — PSITTACIDAE — C0NURU8 CAR0LI>fEN8IS. 67

CONURUS CAROLTNENSIS, K u li 1 .

Pnmkect ; Carolina Parrot.

Psillnea rnrolintnsh, Bruson, Oriiitli. II, 176i, IStl.

Psillacus caroliiKnsis, Linn. Sysl. Nnt. I, 1758,97; 17GG, 141, (iicc Scopoli.)— Wilson, Am. Urn. Ill, ltfll,89

pi. xxvi, fig. 1.— AcD. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 135, pi. 26.
Conurus carotintiisis, Kuhl, Nova Acta K. L. C. 1830. — Bon. List. 1833. — Pr. Max. Cabanis Journ. fiir Orn.

V, March, 1857,97.
Centnrus caroUnensis, Am. .Syn. 1839, 189.— Id. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 306, pi. 278.
Psillaeus ludcticianus, Gm. Syst. I, 1788, 347.

Carolina parrot, Catesbt, Car. I, tab. xi. — Latham, Syn. I, 227. — Pennant, II, 242.
Orange-headed parrot , Latham, Syn. I, 304.

Sr. Cn. — Head and neck all round gamboge yellow; the foreliead, from above the eyeii, with the sides of the head, pale
brick red. Body generally and tail green, with a yellowish tinge beneath. Outer webg of primaries bluish green, yellow at
the base; secondary coverts edged with yellowish. Edge of wing yellow, tinged with red; tibiae yellow. Bill white. Legs
flesh color. Length about 13 inches ; wing 7.50; tail 7.10. Young with head and neck green.

Hab. — Southern and southwestern States, as far west as the Missouri.

In the specimens before me I have been unable to detect any difference between the sexes ;
the young I have not had the opportunity of examining, but Audubon states that the head and
neck are green.

The description by Linnaeus of Psittacus carolinensis presents nothing characteristic of this
species, being based on a defective figure of Catesby. Brisson's indication is, however^ unmis-
takable. The P. pertinax of Linna3U8 has usually been considered as the young of the Carolina
parrot, but it proves to be a distinct South American species, without any red on the head.

This species on the Atlantic slope has been seen, at rare intervals, as far north as Pennsyl-
vania, though rare at the present day even in Soutli Carolina. Westward they occur high up
on the Missouri, though none have been collected or seen by any recent expeditions much west
of that river. Barton, in his Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania, page 6, says
that a very large flock was met with in January, 1780, about twenty-five miles northwest of
Albanj', and caused great terror in the minds of the Dutch settlers, who imagined that they
portended the destruction of the world.

68

a. S. p. E. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

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UIKUS — TROGONIDAK — TROGON MEXICANU8. 69

Family TROGONIDAE. TheTrogons.

In continuation of the diagnosis already given of this family, it may he stated that the bill is
much shorter than the head, broadly triangular, with the tip hooked and dentate. Nasal fossae
concealed ; the base of both mandibles with long, stift' bristles directed forwards ; the eyelids,
also, with similar bristles. Wings short, rounded ; the quills falcate, much graduated. Tail
elongated ; the feathers broad. Legs very feeble ; the tarsus short, and hidden in the plumage.
The inner anterior toe is versatile, or directed backwards, instead of the outer, as in all other
Scansores.

'i'ROGON, Moehring.

Trogon " Moehring, Genera Avium, 1752."

Bill broad, both mandibles with the cutting edge serrated ; plumage soft and lax, the upper tail coverts not reaching beyond
the middle of the tail and but little beyond the tip of the folded wing. The wing coverts are short ; the lateral tail feathers gradu-
ated. Anterior toes united beyond the first joint.

The genus Trogon, as above characterized, is distinguished from Calurus (PJiaromacrus) by
the short upper tail coverts, which do not project in a long train far beyond the true tail. The
even tail feathers distinguish it from Temnunis, its other American ally.

TROGON MEXICANUS, Swain son.

Mexican Trogon.

Trogon mexieanus, Swaikson, Syn. Birds Mejc. Taylor's Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 440. — Waclf.r, Isis, 1831, 524. —
Gould, Mon. Trogonidae, 1838 ; pi. i, adult male, and pi. ii, female and young male.

Sp. Ch. — Golden green above and on the neck all around. Forehead, chin, and side of head, black. Under parts carmine red ;
a narrow pectoral collar and the edges of the wings white. Outer tail feathers white, their middle portion dotted or barred with
black. Middle feathers coppery, with or without a terminal bar of black.

Length, 10 75 ; wing, 5.25 ; tail, C.75. Hab. — Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande.

4338. — The entire upper parts of this species, with the neck and upper part of the breast,
are of a rich lustrous metallic golden green, with occasional coppery reflections, especially on
the scapulars. The forehead, sides of the head around the eyes, the chin, and upper part of the
throat, are dull black, with perhaps a bluish shade. The wing coverts are finely mottled black
and white ; the quills are brown, with the outer webs edged with white. The entire under
parts are of a rich carmine red; the feathers with concealed white just below the red; a narrow
white collar separates the green of the breast from the carmine. The outer three tail feathers
are white for most of their length, and dusky towards the base, especially on the inner webs.
For about the terminal inch the white is pure, elsewhere it is finely dotted with black. Tlie
two middle feathers are greenish coppery, abruptly lipped for about an inch witli black ; the
remaining ones are similar, but with more of a violet tinge. A second specimen (4339) has
rather more white on the breast. The middle tail feathers lack the terminal band of black.
The external tail feathers, (except the second,) instead of being finely mottled, are barred
transversely with black.

The feathers on the rump of this and probably other species of IVogon have the shafts

70

U. S. p. R. K. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL KEPORT.

thickened and stiffened so as even to be spinous, this character perceptible in the feathers on
the back, though diminishing towards the head.

According to Goukl, fully adult specimens of this species have the three outer tail feathers
entirely black, with white tips, the narrow bars being characteristic of immaturity, as are also a
greater distinctness of the freckles on tlie wing and the white edgings to the primaries not
found in the adult.

In the female the green tints are said to be replaced by brownish, as also the upper part of
the carmine ; the hinder portion of the under parts is as in the male. The white pectoral
crescent is also indicated by grayish.

The Trogon elegans is somewhat similar to this species, but has a longer tail.

In the monograph of Trocjonidae, Gould figures his Trogon ambiguus from northern Mexico,
distinguished by the finer mottling on the wing and the replacing of the narrow bars on the
tail feathers by black dottings. This is precisely the character of No. 4338, which would,
therefore, if distinct, bear this name. As, however, the other characters are so similar, it
would seem as if the ambiguus were merely another stage of plumage of T. mexicanus. A speci-
men labelled Trogcn amhiguus, in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, differs, however,
in having a much greener gloss to the feathers of the body. The black of the forehead extends
further on the crown. The middle tail feathers are more green than coppery ; the carmine of
the belly is less intense. The mottling of the wings and tail is much the same.

List of specimens.

Caul.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence ob-
tained.

Grig.

No.

L'gth.

Ex-
tent.

Wing.

Tail.

Tar-
sus.

Mid'le
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

Remarks.

4338

3

Boquillo, New

Leon, Mex.
do

April, 1853

Lt. Couch ...

138

10.75

11.50
11.23
12.00

16.25
14.25

5.25

5.10
5.00
5.00

Fresh

do

6 75

.61

.90

.26

.65

.85

bill ycl'w.
Dry skin.

4339

do

do

April, 1853

Lt. Couch . . .

145

do

6.75

.60

.70

Dry skin.

BIRDS CUCULIDAE — CROTOPIIAGA RUGIROSTRIS. 71

Family CUCULIDAE. The Cuckoos.

Bill compressed, gently curved, eomotimes attenuated, and generally lengthened. A ftw bristles at the haim of the bill or
none. Tarsi longtbonod ; toes rather short. Tail long and soft, of 8 to 12 feathers.

The preceding diagnosis covers a great variety of forms, although those found within tin-
United States embrace but three genera, which may be indicated as ioHows, each forming the
type of a sub- family :

A. Tail feathers eight ; face naked.

Crotopiiaga. — Bill shorter than the head. Very high, and much compressed.

B. Tail feathers ten ; face covered with feathers.

Gkococcyx. — Bill longer than the head. Loral feathers stiff, bristly. Tarsi much longer

than the toes. Live on the ground.
CoccTGUS. — Bill not as long as the head. Loral feathers soft. Tarsi shorter than the

toes. Live on trees.

CROTOPIIAGA, LinnjEus.

Crotophaga, Linn.eus, Systema Naturie, 1756.

Bill as long as the head, very much compressed; the culinen elevated into a liigh crest, extending above the level of the
forehead. Nostrils cxposrd, elongated- Point of bill niiu-h decurved. Wings lengthened, extending beyond the base of the
tail, the fourth or fifth quill longest. Tail lengthened, of eight graduated feathers. Toes long, with well developed claws.

The feathers in this genus are entirely black ; those on the head and neck with a peculiar
stiffened, metallic or scale-like border. The species are not numerous^ and are entirely confined
to America.

For a number of years the occurrence of specimens of Crotophaga at variotis points on our
sea border has been recorded, but the genus has never been formally introduced into our fauna.
There is, however, no reason to doubt its existence as a regular summer visitor on the keys
and shores of Florida, as well as at various points on the Gulf of Mexico. In the following
pages I describe two species, and it is quite possible that others may occasionally occur within
our limits.

CROTOPHAGA RUGIROSTRIS, S w .

Ani ; Black Parrot, (Florida.)

Crotophaga rugirostra, Sw. 2}4 Cent, in Anini. in Menag. 1S38, 321, fig. 65, h. (bill ;)— " Jaroine & Selby, III

Cm. pi. 41."
Crotophaga rvgiroslris, Burmeister, Thiere Bras. II, Vdgcl, 1856, 255.

Bill with faint wrinkles transverse to the culmen, which is gently decurved from a point above, or a little posterior to the
nostrils. The highest portion of the crest obtusely angular, rounded ; no portion parallel to the commissure. Nostrils situated
nearly in the middle of the lower half of the lateral outline of the upper mandible. Color black, with bluish reflections above.
Pointed feathers of the head and neck with a bronzed metallic border. Length about 15 inches ; wing, 6 ; tail, 8.

Hob. — Florida to Brazil.

Bill at the nostrils nearly twice as high as broad; the nostrils elliptical, a little oblique,
situated in the middle of the lower half of the upper mandible. Gonys nearly straight. In-
dications of faint transverse wrinkles along the upper portion of the In'll, nearly perpendicular
to the culmen. Legs stout ; tarsus longer than middle toe, with seven broad scutellae anteriorly

72

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

extending round to the middle of each side ; the remaining or posterior portion of each side
with a series of quadrangular plates, corresponding nearly to the anterior ones, the series
meeting hehind in a sharp ridge. The wings reach over the basal third of the tail. The
primary quills are broad and acute^ the fourth longest ; the first about equal to the tertials.
The tail is -graduated, the outer about one and a half inch shorter than the middle ones.

The color generally is black, with steel blue reflections above, changing sometimes into
violet ; duller beneath. The pointed feathers of the head, neck, and breast, with a bronzy
metallic border, appearing also to some extent on the wing coverts and upper part of back.

The determination of the species of Groioplmga is a matter of much difficulty, owing to their
close relationship and the uncertainty as to the permanency of the characters usually assigned.
The present bird, however, agrees most closely with the C. rugirostra of Swainson, in having
indication of transverse wrinklings or grooves, although much less than those given in the
description of this author. It is much smaller than C. major, and lacks the peculiar concavity
of the culmen on the anterior extremity of the vertical crest, which, besides, is distinct only on
the posterior half of the bill.' C. major likewise has a long sulcus from the nostril nearly to the
tip of the bill, which is but little decurved. The entire absence of longitudinal grooves along the
side of the crest distinguishes it from C. sulcirostris. In this latter species, also, the nostrils are
situated high up, their upper edge on a line midway between the culmen and commissure. In
C. rugirostris and ani they are considerably below this level, or on the inferior third of the side
of the bill.

The differences between C. rugirostris and ani are more difiScult of expression. The bill of the
latter is, however, entirely smooth, and the profile of the crest is more abrupt. Thus a line
from the highest point of the culmen, perpendicular to the culmen, falls considerably anterior
to the nostrils, while in C. rugirostris this line would fall through, or a little behind, the nostrils.

The C. rugirostris of Swainson has usually been considered as the same with C. casasii of
Lesson. A specimen of the latter, in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, is, however,
very different in a much lower bill, with scarcely any crest. The size is much less.

The 0. rugirostris probably occurs in other parts of the United States besides Florida. It is
an inhabitant of the West Indies, and appears to extend as fiar south as Brazil.

List of specimens.

"a

5

•A

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

c

o
•g 1

1

V

o

el .

■s %

O

n

<

Specimen
measured.

Remarks.

8839
do

(?

Tortugas, Florida.
do

June ai, 1857

G.WUrdemann...
...do

13.20
15.00

18.00

6.04
6.00

8.30

1.48

1.30

0.36

1.30

1.10

Skin

Fresll . . .

CROTOPHAGA ANI, L.

Ani.

Crotophagtt ani, L. Syst. Nat. I, 17GG, 154.— Burmeisteb, Thiere Bras. Vogel, 1856, 254.
Bill smooth ; the culmen abruptly decurved ; the highest point anterior to the nostrils. The highest portion of the crcsj
nearly straight, and parallel with the comniis.sure. Length, 12 inches ; wing, G.IO ; tail, 7.75.
Ilab. Maritime parts of the southeastern United States, and south to Brazil.

A Croiophaga, killed near Pliiladelphia, and now in tlie collection of the Philadelphia
Academy, appears to be a typical C. ani (as described by Burmeister) in the smoothness of the

BIRDS — CUCDLIDAK — GEOCOCCYX CAL1F0HN1CU8.

73

bill and other peculiarities. It is ilecideilly smaller t'Aanriujirostris, the culuien straight at its
highest point, the anterior extremities of this nearly straight portion anterior to the nostril.
The colors are, however, almost j)reci8ely the same with those of rtujirostris. Length, 12
inches: wing, fi.lO; tail, 7.75; tarsus, 1.25; chord of culmen, 1.15.

GEOCOCCYX, Wagler.

Gcoeoccyx, Waglcr, Isia, 1S31, 534.

Ltptosloma, SwAiKaoN, Classification Birds, II, 1837, 335.

Bill long and strong, sliglilly compressed, and at least as long as the head ; head crested ; loral feathers, and those at base
of bill stiHened and bristly. Nostrils elongated, linear. A naked colored skin around and boliiiid the eye; the eyelids
ciliated. Tarsi longer than the toes ; very stout. Wings very short and concave ; the tertials as long as tho priniries. Tail
'onger than the head and body ; composed of ten narrow, much graduated feathers.

This remarkable genus is represented in the United States by a single species known as the
Paisano, Chapparal Cock, or sometimes Road Runner, on account of its frequenting public
highways. Its very long legs enable it to run with very great rapidity, faster even than a
very fleet horse. A second species occurs iu Mexico, the G. affinis of Hartlaub. This is
smaller and differently proportioned, as shown by the following table of measurement :

Comparative measuremenls of species.

Canlogue
number.

Species.

Locality. [ Sei.

Lengtta.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above-

Along
gape.

Specimsn
measured.

8187
9081

0. calilbmianus San Diego ^

25.00
19.30

6.50
5.70

12.55
11.50

2.60
1.80

1.70
1.53

.45
.41

2.00
1.60

2.61

1.93

Skin

Skin

GEOCOCCYX CALIFORNIANUS.

Paisano; Road Runner; Chapparal Cock.

Saurothera califomiana, " Lesson, Coraplem. Buff. VI, 1829, 420.— la. Ann. du Mus, 1835, 121, PI. ix."

Gcoeoccyx varUgata, Wagler, Isis, V, 1831,524.

Saurolhera boltae, (Blaintille,) Lesson, Traite d'Orn. I, 1831, 145.

Diplopterus rialicus, (Licht.) Boie, Isis, ltt31, 541. (No description.)

Geococcyx tiaticus, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1844, 215.— M 'Call, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, July, 1847, 234— Bon. Consp.
1850, 97.— Ib. Consp. Zygod. in Aten. Ital. 1854, 5.— Heermann, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. 2d seriesi
II, 1853, 270.— Newberry, Zool. Cal. and Oregon Route, 91, P. R. R. Rep. VI, 1857.

Saurothtra marginala, Kaup, Isis, 1832, 991 ; tab. x.xvi. (Fig. of head and foot.)

Leplosloma longicauda, Swaixson, Birds, II, 1837, 325.— Gambel, Pr. A. N. S. I, 1843, 263.

Gcoeoccyx mcxicanus, Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. 2d series, I, 1849, 215, (not of Gmelin.)— Cassin, 111. I, 1855, 213 ;
pi. x.xxvi.

Sp. Ch. — Tail very long; the lateral feathers much shortest. An erectile crest on the head. A bare skin around and
behind the eye. Legs very long and stout.

All the feathers of the upper parts and wings of a dull metallic olivaceous green, broadly edged with white near the end.
There is, however, a tinge of black in the green along the line of white, which lUelf is suffused witli brown. On the neck the
black preponderates. The sides and under surface of the neck have the white feathers streaked centrally with black, next to
which is a brownish suffusion. The remaining under parts are whitish, immaculate. Primary quills tipped with white, and
with a median band across the outer webs. Central tail feathers olive brown ; remaining ones clear dark green, all edged, and
(except the central two,) broadly tipped with white. Top of the head dark blackish blue. Length 20 to 23 inches. Wing
about GL Tail, 12 to 13.

//a6.— .Middle Texas, New Mexico, and California to Central Mexico. Seen as fiir north as Fort Reading, California, and
Fort Chadbourne, Texas.

10 b

74 U. S. p. R, R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

This species, in addition to the names cited above, is also sometimes called Correo camino.
It is common in Texas and California, and always excites attention by its large size and peculiar
habits. In a very large series of this species I find great variations in size, although but little
in color. As a general rule, however, skins from California are considerably larger than those
from Northern Mexico and Texas.

The difference between this species and G. qffinis of Hartlaub are very appreciable. The latter
is decidedly smaller ; the bill is much smaller, shorter, and both culmen and commissure are
curved almost from the base of the bill, instead of straight nearly to the tip. The culmen ia
shorter than the head instead of longer, and the nostril is opposite the middle of the commissure
instead of decidedly posterior to the same point. The tarsi are only about two inches long ; the
culmen 1.30 inches. The tertials and outer surface of the wings are glossed with coppery violet
instead of green ; the lateral tail feathers with green instead of blue. The under parts are
nearly uniform brownish yellow or whitish, the sides of the breast alone with a few sharply
defined, longitudinal streaks of black, instead of brownish cinnamon ; breast feathers edged
with hoary white, and much streaked centrally, though narrowly, with black ; the belly dirty
white. The length is about 18 inches ; the wing 5.50 ; the tail 9.75.

If Hartlaub's quotation of 1829, as the date of the Saurothera cali/orniana, Lesson, be correct,
this name will take precedence among the more modern ones. Should this not be the case, then
the next in order will probably be that of Wagler. I am unable to say what the relationships
of G^. ■yfiZox of Karwinski, (Miinchner Gelehrte Anzeigen, III, 1836, 95,) may be, not having
this volume at hand for reference.

The Phasianus mexicanus of Gmelin, I, 1788, 741, based on the Hoitlallotl of Hernandez,
(Nova Anim. 1690, app. 25,) in all probability refers to a species of Geococcyx, but it is entirely
impossible to say which. Hernandez was most likely to have met with the southern species, or
qffinis. Still, in the entire impossibility of ever coming to a decision, either in reference to
Phasianus mexicanus, or Upupa mexicana of Gmelin, it seems much better to drop the consid-
eration of these names and to confine investigations to more modern authors.

BIRDS CUCULIDAE — COCX^YGUS.

75

List of apecimens.

Catal.
No.

Srx.

Locality.

When collect- Whence obtained,
ed.

OriK'l
No.

Collected by-

Lcngtli.

Eitent.

Wing.

Reinarkii.

«T3 .

JDr. Swift, U.S. A..

«1M

A068

Rio Graiiilc, N -w Mex. .
Crushing of Pecos

do

Sap. 30, IBM
Aug. 30,1856

Aug. 4,1855
Oct. 20,1855

Captain Pope

do

119

116
148

93.su

24.25
23.

20.

21.
20.

7.

7.
6.50

Ilillljglit brown witli dark

sues

.

ridge and lipi ; eycM light
brown, with light blue
iria ! (pupil); feet, light
blue ; guniB, pink.

S07D

do

do

tips ; feet, whitiHh blue ;
eyes, light brown; gums,
pale blue.

6176

RinKS^Id BarrackSjTex.

gums, white.

6177

do

4053

Tamaulipa^, Mexico ....
do

March, 1853
do

LieuuCoucli

do

87
79

65
54

20.
20.

18.

18.

6.
6.25

«>S4

Eyes, brownish gray; bill,
slate; feet, lead colored.

6178

Lieut. Whipple. ...
Guptain Pope

Lieut. Wliipple

Dr. Hcnr>', U.S. A

S067

DoBa AoB, HewMei...

Fort Conrad ....do

Fort Thorn do

Not. 22,1855
October, 1853

20.

20.

7.50

Eyes brown, with yellow

61ffi

iris ; feet and gtuns, pale
blue.

6178

61ts3

Little Colorado river

Fort Yuma, California

Nov. 2,1853

Lieut. Whipple

Major Emory

Dr. J. F. Ilamniond

33
40

22.

18.

8.

4576

Mr. Schotl ...

4914

61g7

do

A. Cassidy

6168

do

Dr.W.S.KlricUS.A.

6185

9

LosAngclos, California.
Tejon valley do

6186

do

do

4565

S946

4487

Calavenu co do ... .

COCCYGUS, Vieillot.

Couyzus, Vieillot, Analyse, 1816.

Erythrophrys, Swainsok, Class. Birds, II, 1837, 322.

Head without crest; feathers about base of bill soft; bill nearly as long as the head, decurved, slender, and attenuated
towards the end. Nostrils linear. Wings lengthened, reaching the middle of tlie tail ; the tertials short. Tail of ten graduated
feathers. Feet weak ; tarsi shorter than the middle toe.

The species of Coccygvs are readily distinguished from those of Geococcyx by their arboreal
habits, confining themselves mainly to trees, instead of living habitually on the ground. The
plumage is soft, fine, and compact.

The American cuckoos difler from the European cuckoos, (Cuculus,) by having lengthened
naked tarsi, instead of very short feathered ones. The nostrils are elongated, too, instead of
rounded. The habits of the two are entirely different, the American species rearing their own
young, instead of laying the eggs in the nests of other birds, like the European cuckoo and the
American cowbird (Molothrus pecoris).

76

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The following synopsis will serve to distinguish the North American species of Coccygus, all
of them being of a light greenish color, tinged with ashy towards the head :

A. Beneath nearly pure white.

Under mandible yellow. Tail feathers black, broadly and conspicuously tipped with
white ; of which color also is the outer web of outer feather. All the quills with the
concealed portion orange cinnamon G. americanus.

Under mandible black. Tail feathers beneath greyish, narrowly and indistinctly
tipped with white ; the outer web of outer feathers not white, nor the concealed
portion of the quills orange cinnamon C. erylhrophthalmus,

B. Beneath strongly tinged with yellowish cinnamon.

Tail feathers black, broadly tipped with white, the outer not margined externally. An
elongated patch of brown behind the eye. Under mandible yellow, except at tip.

C. seniculus.

The following table exhibits the comparative proportions of the three species :

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

TaU.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

5623

Republican river.
do

<?

12.00
12.00
11.40
10.50
12.37
11.66
12.00
12.00
11.30
12.04

16.50

do

S.90
5.15
5.44
5.75
5.60
5.50
5.60
5.12
5.00

6.64

1.06

0.98

0.30

1.00

1.20

Skin

1541

Carlisle, Pa

do

C?

16.50

do

5.64

0.90

1.00

0.46

1.06

1.24

Skin ....

8981

Platte river

do

(?

16.25
16.00

do

...do do

... do do

6.70

0.96

0.96

0.28

1.00

1.13

.Skin ....

8979

do

9

do

do

6.70
6.24
6.88

0.96
0.90
1.00

0.96
1.00
1,00

0.30
0.30
0.30

1.00
1.00
1.10

1.20
1.12
1.20

391

...do do

c?

Skin

1854

COCCYGUS AMERICANUS, Bonap.

yellow-biUed Cuckoo.

Cuculus americanus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 170, 10.

Coccyzus americanm, Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 47.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, IV — Aod. Orn. Biog. I, 183i2, 18, V:

520, pi. 2.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 293, pi. 275.
Erythrophrys americanus, Sw. Birds, II, 1837. — Bon. List, 1838.
Cureus americanus, Bon. List Eur. Birds, 1842.
r Cuculus dominiccnsis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 170, 13.

> Cuculus dominicus, LATHiH, Syst. I, 1790, 221, (considered distinct by Bonaparte.)
Cuculus carolinensis, (Brisson,) Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 13, pi. xxviii.
Cuculus cinerosus, Temminck, Man. IV, 1835, 277.
Coccyzus jiyrrhopterus, ViEiLi.. Diet.

Sp. Cii. — Upper mandible and tip of lower, black ; rest of lower mandible and cutting edges of the upper yellow. Upper parts
of a metallic grcenisli olive, sliglilly tinged willi asli towards the bill ; bciiciitli white. Tail feathers, (except the median,
which are like the back,) black, tipped with white for about an inch on the outer feathers, the external one with the outer edge
almost entirely white. Quills orange cinnamon ; the terminal portion and a gloss on the outer webs olive ; iris brown. Length
12 inches ; wing 5.9.') ; tail 6.35.

Hah. — Eastern United States to the Missouri plains.

This species is easily known by the yellow under mandible, the black under surface of the tail
feathers with the broad and well defined black tip, and the bright orange brown of the covered

BIRDS — CUCILIDAE — COCCYGUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS.

77

portions of the quills. The bill is considerably stouter tlmii in C. erythrophthalmus. There

is no difference between the sexes, except that of size. It goes as far north in summer as

Labrador, according to Mr. Audubon, and stragglers have been occasionally taken in Europe.

AltliiHigh Townsend says it occurs west of the Rocky mountains, it has not been collected by

any of the recent expeditions.

List of specimens .

Cual.
No.

8u.

LMaliiy.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orij.
Mo.

OUected by—

Length.

stretch
of wings

Wing.

Remarks.

1541

s

9
Q

9

9
9

9
9

9

Carlisle, pa

Mnv 17 1«44

8. F. Baird '

11. S5
12.00
11.17

16.50
17.25
16.00

5.67
5.83
5.50

1651

do 1 July 27, 1844

do Julv 3. 1K^^

do 1

1614

do

6537

April 26, ll«7
Jiinn an. 18.Vi

5G23

Republican, K. T

Lieut. Bryan, U.S.A..
do

49
52

W. S. Wood

12.00
11.50
12.00

11.00
12.00

11.09
13.25
12.00
11.25
10.75
11.50

16.50
16.50
16.50

15.50
16.50

17.25
19.50
16.50
16.25
14.75
16.75

8.35

5694

Clear criek, K. T Julv 1. IR.Vi

86

Elk Horn river

Lieut. G. K. Warren.
do

Dr. Ilayden

An

6.50

5.50
5.75

5.75
5.75
6.50
6 00
5.75
5.75

8980

Fifty miles above mouth

8985

Loup Fork, on Platte riv..' July 3, 1856
FiAy miles above mouth
of Piano river Julv 2.1856

do

do

do

do

' do

do

1 do

An

6987

8983

Loup Fork, Platte valley .

July 8, 1856

6980

8329

Independence, Missouri..

do

do

June 3, 1857
May 29, 1857
May 27, 1857

Wm. F. Hagraw

do

do

83
41
18

8233

do

do

6315

COCCYGUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, Bon.

Black-billed Cnckoo.

Ciiculus erytlirophlhalmus, Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 16 ; pi. x.\viii.

Coccyzxis erytltrophlhalmus, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, 48. — Ib. Consp. 1850, IV. — Aro. Orn. Biog. I. 1832, 170:

V. 523, pi. 32.— Ib. Birds America, IV, 1842, 300 ; pi. 276,
Eryihrophrys erylhrophlhalmus, Bon. List, 1838.
Coccyzus dominictu (Lath.) Nctt. Man. I, 1832, 556, (not of Latham, which belongs rather to C. americanus, on

account of the red qnills and white edge of outer tail feather.)

Sp. Ch. — Bill entirely black. Upper parts generally of a metallic greenish olive, ashy towards the base of the bill •
beneath pure white, with a brownish yellow tinge on the throat. Inner webs of the quills tinged with cinnamon. Under
surface of all the tail feathers hoary ash gray. All, except the central on either side, suffused with darker to the short bluish-
white, and not well defined tip. A naked, red skin round the eye. Length about 12 inches ; wing, 5 ; tail, 6.50.

Hob. — United States to the Missouri plains.

This species differs from the C. americanus in the black bill, and the absence of black on the tail
feathers, the white tips of which are much shorter and less abruptly defined. One specimen
(5253) from the Upper Missouri has a much stronger tinge of yellowish cinnamon on the inner
webs of the quills than the others. The sexes are quite similar.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

No.

391

:?

2660

9

6149

5233

9

5233

<?

8980

9

8979

2

8981

S

8982

Q

Locality.

I When collected.

Carlisle, Pa May 18, 1841

do May 13,1846

Liehlning lake, M. T

■Moreau river, Nebraska Territory,

Fort Lookout... . ....do

50 miles above mouth of Platte...

do do I

Fremont, on Platte July 1,1857

Loup Fork August 5, 1857

June 4, 1853
July 3, 1856
May 16, 1856

Whence obtained. Collected by-

Length.

S. F.Baird

do

Gov. Stevens

Lt. Warren Dr. Hayden.

.do .
.do .
.do .
.do .
.do .

.do .
.do .
.do.
.do .
.do .

13.

14.50

10.75

12.

11.00

12.00

12.35

12.00

Extent.

16.00
16.50
14.26
16.25
15.50
16.00
16.25
16.35

Wing.

Remarks.

No label..

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6.00 Iris, yellow

Eyes, brown .

do

do

do

do

78

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

COCCYGUS MINOR, Cab.

3IangTove Cuckoo.

? Cuculus minor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 411.

9Coccyzns minor, Gundlach, Cab. Journal furOrn. 1856, 104, (Cuba.)

Cuculus siniculus. Lath. Ind. I, 1790, 219.

Coccyzus seniculus, Nctt. Man. I, 1832, 558.— Add . Cm. Biog. II, 1834, 390 ; pi. 169.— Ib. Birds America, IV,

1842, 303 ; pi. 277.— Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 281.— Bon. Conspectus, 1850, III.
Erythrophrys senictthis, Bok. List, 1838.

Sp. Ch. — Lower mandible yellow, except at the tip. Body above olivaceous, strongly tinged witb asby towards and on the
head. Beneath pale yellowish brown, darkest on the legs and abdomen, becoming lighter to the bill. An elongated spot of
dark plumbeous behind the eye. Inner edges of the quills and under wing coverts like the belly. Tail feathers, except the
central, black, with a sharply defined tip of white for about an inch, this color not extending on the outer web of the quill.
Length, about 12 inches ; wing, about 5i.

Hab.— Florida Keys to West Indies.

This species is readily distingui.shable by its fulvous under parts and dark ear coverts. It
has the yellow bill and dark tail, with broad white tips, of G. americanus, although the white
does not extend along the outer web of the feathers.

According to Mr. Audubon, this species is a regular summer visitor to Key West and the
other Florida Keys.

List of specimens.

Catalogue No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

1854

Florida ^ --

S. F. Baird

E. Harris

BIRDS — PICIDAE. 79

Family PICIDAE. The Woodpeckers.

The diagnosis already given of the Picidae will readily serve to distiuguish the I'auiily among
the Scansores, although some characteristic features may he properly dwelt upon in more detail.
The wedge-shaped liill is pre-eminently calculated for cutting into bark or wood in search of
food or the construction of a nesting place. The wings are long ; the primaries ten in number,
the first very short ; tlie secondaries vary from U to 12. The tail feathers in the typical sub-
families are excessively rigid and cuneate, especially tlie middle ones; the outer one on each
side is very short and soft, or without stiflened shaft. It lies concealed between the second (now
outer) feather and the third.

The tarsi are covered anteriorly with large plates, posteriorly with small ones, mor.e or less
reticulated or polygonal. The claws are high, strong, much curved and very sliarp. The
tongue is elongated and acute, with short spines or barbs on each side near the point, and
capable of great protrusion.

The Picidae embrace three distinct forms, which constitute as many sub-ftimilies, namely,
the Picinae, the Yungi7iae, and the Picumninae. Of tliese the Yunginae have no representatives
in America. The Picumninae have soft tail feathers, or without a stiffened shaft, as in the true
woodpeckers, and do not occur in the United States.

Sub-Family PICINAE.

Although all the woodpeckers have a certain resemblance to each other, and agree more or
less in habits, there are distinctions among them which serve readily for division into sub-
genera, genera, or even higher groups. Thus the difference between the ivory-billed woodpecker
and the common flicker, which may be taken as representing the extremes of the scale in
North American species, will be palpable to any observer.

In the woodpeckers inhabiting the United States there are three distinct groups, which may
be taken with some authors as so many sub-families ; or if, with Bonaparte, we unite all
the Picidae with stiffened, acuminate, and pointed tails into a sub-family Picinae, they will
constitute so many separate sections. They may be severally characterized as follows :

Picinae or Piceae. — Bill more or less long ; the outlines above and below nearly straight ; the
ends truncated ; a prominent ridge on the side of the mandible springing from the middle of
the base, or a little below, and running out either on the commissure, or extending parallel to
and a little above it, to the end, sometimes obliterated or confluent with the lateral bevel of
the bill. Nostrils considerably overhung by the lateral ridge, more or less linear, and con-
cealed by thick bushy tufts of feathers at the base of the bill. Outer posterior toe generally
longer than the anterior.

Melanerpinae or Ceniureae. — Bill rather long ; the outlines, that of the culmen especially,
decidedly curved. The lateral ridge much nearest the culmen, and, though quite distinct at
the base, disappearing beibre coming to the lower edge of the mandible ; not overhanging the
nostrils, which are broadly oval, rounded anteriorly, and not concealed by the bristly feathers
at the base. Outer pair of toes nearly equal ; the anterior rather longer.

GoLAPTiNAE or Colapteae. — Bill much depressed, and the upper outline much curved to the
acutely pointed (not truncate) tip. The commissure considerably curved. Bill without any
ridges. The nostrils broadly oval, and much exposed. Anterior outer toe longest.

80 U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The preceding diagnosis will serve to distinguish the three groups sufficiently for our present
purposes, the bill being stronger in the Ficinae and best fitted for cutting into trees by its
more perfect wedge shape, with strengthening ridges, as well as by the lateral bevelling of
both mandibles, which are nearly equal in thickness at the base, and with their outlines nearly
straight. The lateral ridge is prominent, extending to the edge or end of the bill, and over-
hangs the nostrils, which are narrow and hidden. The 3Ielanerpinae and the Colaptinae have
the upper mandible more curved, (the commissure likewise ;J the lower mandible smaller and
weaker ; the bill with little or no lateral bevelling. The nostrils are broadly oval and exposed.
In the Melanerpinae , however, there is a distinct lateral ridge visible for a short distance from
the base of the bill ; while in the other there is no ridge at all, and the mandible is greatly
curved.

Section Piceae.

With the common characters, as already given, there are several well marked generic groups
in this section of woodpeckers which may be arranged for the United States species, as follows :
A. Posterior outer toe longer than the anterior outer one.

a. Lateral ridge starting above the middle of the base of the bill and extending to the tip.

1. Oampephilus. — Lateral ridge above the middle of the lateral profile of the bill
when opposite the end of the nostrils, which are ovate, and rounded anteriorly.
Bill much depressed, very long, gonys very long. Posterior outer toe consider-
ably longer than the anterior. Primaries long, attenuated towards the tip.
Spurious quill nearly half the second.

2. Picus. — Lateral ridge in the middle of the lateral profile opposite the end of
the nostrils, which are ovate and sharp pointed anteriorly. Bill moderate,
nearly as broad as high. Outer hind toe moderately longer than the outer fore
toe. Primaries broad to the tip and rounded. Spurious primary not one-third
the second quill.

3. PicoiDES. — Lateral ridge below the middle of the profile, opposite the end of
the ovate acute nostrils, which it greatly overhangs. Bill greatly depressed.
Inner hind toe wanting, leaving only three toes. Tufts of nasal bristles very
full and long.

h. Lateral ridge starting below the middle of the base of the bill, and running as a
distinct ridge into the edge of the commissure at about its middle ; the terminal half
of the mandible rounded on the sides, although the truncate tip is distinctly bevelled
laterally.

4. Sphyrapicus. — Nostrils considerably overhung by the lateral ridge, very small,
linear. Gonys as long as the culmen, from the nostrils. Tips of tail feathers
elongated and linear, not cuneate. Wings very long ; exposed portion of
spurious primary about one- fourth that of second quill.

B. Posterior outer toe considerably shorter than the anterior outer one.

5. Hylatomos. — Bill depressed. Lateral ridge above the middle of tlie lateral
profile near the base. Nostrils elliptical, wide, and rounded anteriorly. Tail
as in Picus. Color, black.

The arrangement in the preceding diagnosis is perhaps not perfectly natural, aithougli suffi-
ciently so for our present purpose. Thus, Uylatvmus, in having the lateral ridge extending to

BIRDS— PICIDAE — CAMPEPHILUS PRINCIPALIS. 81

the end of the bill, is like Picus, but the nostrils are broader, more open, and not acute ante-
riorly. The tail feathers of Sphyrapicus dift'er greatly from those of the others in being abruptly
acuMiinate, the points elongated, narrow, and nearly linear, instead of being gently cuneate at

the ends.

CAMI'EPIIILUS, Gray.

CamptphUu$, Grat, List of Gronera ? 1840, (typ. C. princifalis.)
Mtgapicus, Maliierbe, Mem. Ac. de Mctz, 18-t9, 317.

Bill considerably longer than the head, much depressed, or broader than high at the base.
Incoming somewhat compressed near the middle and gradually bevelled off at tlie tip. Culmen
very sligiitly curved, gonys as concave, the curve scarcely appreciable ; commissure straight.
Culmen with a parallel ridge on each side, starting a little above the centre of the basal outline
of the bill, the ridge projecting outwards and downwards, and a slight concavity between it and
the acute ridge of the culmen. Gonys considerably more than half the commissure. Nostrils
oval below the lateral ridge near the base of the bill ; concealed by the bristly feathers directed
forward. Similar feathers are seen at the sides, and base beneath the lower jaw.

Feet large ; outer hind toe much longest ; claw of inuer fore toe reaching to middle of outer
fore claw ; inner hind toe scarcely more than half the outer one ; its claw reaching as far as the
base of the inner anterior claw, considerably more than half the outer anterior toe. Tarsus
rather shorter than the inner fore toe. Tail long, cuneate. Wings long and pointed, the third,
fourth, and fifth quills longest. Color continuous black, relieved by white patches. Head with
a pointed crest.

This genus embraces the largest known species of woodpecker, and is confined to America.
The two usually assigned to the United States may readily be distinguished by the following
diagnosis :

Common characters. — Bill ivory white. Body entirely black. A scapular stripe and under
wing coverts white. Crest scarlet in the male.

A white stripe on each side of the neck. Bristly feathers at the base of the bill

wbite principaiis.

No white stripe on the sides of the neck. More white on the wings. Bristly feathers
at the base of the bill black imperialis.

CAMPEPHILUS PRINCIPALIS, Gray.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker.

Picus principalii, Usu. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 173.— Wilson, Am . Orn. IV, 18)1,20; pi. xxxix, f. C— Wagler,
Syst-Avium, 1827, No. 1.— Add. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 341 : V, 525 ; pi. 66.— Ib. Birds America,
IV, 1842,214; pi. 256.

Dendrocopus princijtalis , Bos . List, 1838.

Campephilus principalis, Grat, List Genera, 1840.

Dryolomus {JVegapicus) prituipal's, Bo.v. Con, Zyg. Aten. Ital. 1854, 7.

Dryocopus principalis, Box. Consp. 1850, 132.

inii/e-6il(ed woodpecker, Cateset, Car. I, 16.— Pennant, Latham. ,

Sp. Ch. — Fourth and fifth quills equal ; third a little shorter. Bill horn white. Body entirely of a glossy blue black,
(glossed with green below ;) a white stripe beginning half an inch posterior to the commissure, and passing down the sides
of the neck. Under wing coverts, and the entire exposed portion of the secondary quills, with ends of the inner primaries,
bristles, and a short stripe at the base of the bill, white. Crest scarlet. Length, 21 inches ; wing, 10.

Female similar, without any red on the head, and with two spots of white on the end of the outer tail feather.

Hob. — Southern Atlantic and Gulf States.

11 b

82

U. S. p. R. K EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

In the male the entire crown (with its elongated feathers) is black. The scarlet commences
just above the middle of the eye, and, passing backwards a short distance, widens behind and
bends down as far as the level of the under edge of the lower jaw. The feathers, which spring
from the back of the head, are much elongated above ; considerably longer than those of the
crown.

List of specimens.

Catalogue No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

1830

Q
c?

Southern Stfttes -_

S. F. Baird

J. Fairie

CAMPEPHILUS IMPERIALIS.

Imperial Woodpecker.

Picm impenalif, Gould, Pr. Comm. Sc. Zool. Soc. II, 1832, 140.— Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 313.— Ib. Birds Am,

IV, 1842, 213, (no fig.)— Nottall, Man. I, 2d ed., 1840, 667.
Dnjocopus imperialis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 132.

Megapicus imperialii, Bonap. Consp. Zygod. Aten. Ital. May, 1854, 7.
Dryotomus imperialii, Cassi.v, Illust. 1, 1855, 285 ; pi. -xli.x.

Sp. Ch. — Entirely blacli ; a short scapular stripe, the whole of the tertiaries, secondaries, and the inner primaries, and the
under wing coverts, white. A broad depressed nuchal crest ; red in the male. Bill ivory white ; its bristly feathers black.
Length about 24 inches ; wing, 13.25 ; tail, 9.50.

Hah. — Chiefiy Central America and southwestern Mexico.

This species, in form and general appearance, is very similar to the ivory bill woodpecker.
The bill^ feet, wings, and tail are much the same. The principal difference, besides the much
greater size, is in the absence of the white line on the side of the neck of P. principalis, which
starts just behind the commissure, and runs into the scapular stripe common to both. The
bristly feathers along the base of the bill are black, instead of white.

The feathers of the crown are black ; the posterior ones elongated, but not reaching back as
far as the elongated depressed occipital crest of scarlet. Tliis color commences just above the
middle of the eye, (the eyelid being black, however,) and widens behind, so as to embrace the
entire back of the head. These feathers are, however, all white just below the scarlet.

I have followed Audubon and Cassin in assigning this species to the United States, but it has
really no claim to being considered as one of our birds, no specimen liaving been actually taken
in our limits, nor probably coming within hundreds of .miles of our southern border. The P.
lineatus given by Audubon I have omitted entirely, as being still less entitled to a place.

Aleasurements.

Locality.

Sex.

Point of bill
to end of tail.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Remarks.

Mexico^

<?

23.50

1.3. 20 9. 30

2.00

2.38

.88

3. GO

3.70

Mounted.

^ From specimen in Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

BIROS — PICIDAE — PICUS. 83

PICUS, Linnaeus.

Picua, LisN. Syel. Nat. 1748.

Bill equal to the head, or a little longer ; the latenil ridges conspicuoua, starting about the
middle of tlie ba.se of the bill ; the basal elongated oval nostril.s nearer the comtnissure ; the
ridges of the culmen and gonys acute, and very nearly straight, or slightly convex towards the
tip ; the bill but little broader than high at the base, becoming compressed considerably before
the middle. Feet much as in Campephilus ; the outer posterior toe longest ; the outer anterior
about intermediate between it and the inner anterior ; the inner posterior reaching to the base
of the claw of the inner anterior. Tarsus about equal to the inner anterior toe ; shorter than
the two other long toes. Wings rather long, reaching to the middle of the tail, rather rounded ;
the fourth and fifth quills longest ; the quills rather broad and rounded.

In the genus Picus, as characterized above, are contained several subdivisions more or less
entitled to distinct rank, and corresponding with peculiar patterns of coloration. Thus, taking
the P. villosus as the type, P. borealis has proportionally much longer primaries ; the spurious
primary smaller ; the bill is considerably more attenuated, and even concave in its lateral
outlines. The wings are still longer in P. albolarvatus.

The species may be arranged as follows :

A. Black above, and white beneath. Two white stripes on the side of the head, with black
ear covers. Wings spotted with white.

TRicnopicus, Bp. — Middle of back streaked longitudinally with white. Beneath white,
without spots. A narrow red nuchal band.

1, Outer tail feathers pure luhite. Length about 10 inches.

Wing coverts and innermost secondaries conspicuously spotted with
white P- villosus.

Wing coverts and innermost secondaries nearly uniform black, without
spots P. harrisii.

2. Outer tail feather white, loilh black transverse bands. Length about 6^ inches.

Wing coverts conspicuously spotted with white P. pubescens.

Wing coverts and innermost secondaries nearly uniform black.. P. gairdneri.
Dyctiopicus, Bp. — Middle of back banded transversely with white and black. Beneath
white, with black spots on the side.

Entire crown and nape cf male red, spotted with white. Feathers at the

base of hill brown P- scalnris.

Crown black ; nape red ; both spotted with white. Feathers at base of
bill white P- nuttalli.

B. Black above and white beneath. Sides of body with black spots ; sides of head black,
with a white auricular patch. Wings lengthened.

Phrenopicl's, Bp. — Back banded transversely with white.

A narrow lateral line of red above the auricular patch P borealis.

C. Xekopiccs, Baird. — Entirely black, with white head. Wings lengtliened.

A white pati-h at the ba.se of the hmger primaries P. albolarvatus.

The following table will serve to exhibit the comparative measurements of the different species
of Picus found in the United States.

84

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex &
age.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

Picus villosus,... ....

do

Carlisle, Pa

do

9

8.56
9.00
7.04
8.50
V.2S
9.28
8.76
8.73
8.20
9,28
9.50
8.76
6.14
6.75
6.00
6.15
6.00
5.74
5.86
6.75
7.20
7.92
8.00
6.64
6.26
6.24
6.20
8.58

4.52
4.16
4.24
4.50
4.06
4.66
4.34
5.10
4.86
5.00

3.72

0.68

0.98

0.40

1.18

1.18

Skin

do

15.00

Fresh.

do

do

oS

2.90

0.84

0.88

0.34

1.00

1.00

Skin

14.80

2803

Picus (audubouii)....

Picus (phillipsii)

Picus (martinae). ...

Picus harrisii

do

do

Louisiana?

Massachusetts . ..

S
S

2.78
3.74
3.88
4.14
4.06
3.60

0.84
0.94
0 86
0.90

0.84
0.98

0.84
1.00
0.96
1.00
0.84
1.04

0.34
0.40
0.38
0.40
0.34
0.40

0.96
1.26
1.12
1.40
1.12
1.40

0,96
1.30
1.12
1.40
1.14
1.40

Skin

Skin

6079
6078
6087

Liltlp Colorado . .

Skin

Vancouver

do .

3

Skin

do
6690

876

do
1391

dn

do

Picus pubescens

do

do

16.50

Steilacoom

Carlisle, Pa

do

Q

5.00
3.86
3.75
a. 74
3.80
3.74
3.68
3.86

3.64

2.88

0.90
0.62

0.92
0.70

0.40
0.30

1.28
0.72

1.28
0.74

Skin

Skin

12.25

Fresh.. ..

do

(?

2.74

0.64

0.72

0.28

0.72

0.74

Skin

12.25

3905

Picus gairdncri

do

do

California

Sacramento val..
Shoalwater bay..
do

9

c?

c?
9

9

2.80
2.76
2.. 54

0.68
0.68
0.64

0.74
0.62

0.74

0.28
0.28
0.33

0.70
0.70
0.74

0.70
0.72
0.76

Skin

Skin

6101
do

Skin

11.50

Fresh.

4.56
4.70
4.14
3.94
4.10
3.90
3.78
5.14

3.40
3.58

0.74
0.80

0.84
0,88

0.34
0.36

0.90
0.90

0.98

1.00

•

Skin

3057
do
4482

do

do

Picus nuttallii

do

Picus scalaris

de ..

do

do

Santa Clara, Cal..
Petalunia

15.00

3.08
2.90
2.74
2.72
4.24

0.70
0.72
0.70
0.50
0.86

0.80
0.74
0.84
0.50
0.86

0.32

o.:)2

0.34
0.32

0.40

0.98

0.90

0,98

0.84

1.16

0.98
0.90
1.00
0.86
1.06

Skin

Skin

Skin

9933

do

9
9

Skin

Picus albolarvatus

Spokaii river

PICUS VILLOSUS, Linnajus.

Hairy Woodpecker; Sapsuckcr
Variety major. — Northern and Western regions.

? Picus leucomelaa, Bodd.\ert, Tabl. PI. F.nl. 1783, (No. 345, f. 1,) (Gray.)
? Picus canadensis, Gmei.in, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 437.

? Latham, Ind. Orn. I, 1790,231.

Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 188 ; pi. 417.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 177.— Ib. Birds America, IV, 1842, 235;
pi. 258.— BoNAp. Consp. 1850, 137.— Ib. Aton. Ital. 1854, 8.
Picks villosus, Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383.
Picus ( Dendrocopu.i) villosus, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 305.
Picus pitillipsii, AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 186 ; pi. 417.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 177.— Ib. Birds Amcr. IV, 1842, 238 ; pi.

259, (immature, with yellow crown.) — Nctt. Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 686. ,
Picus septentrionalis, Ndttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 684.

Variety medius. — Middle States.

Picus riHosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 175.— Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 64 : pi. c.vx.— Wilson, Am. Orn.
I, 18(IH, 1.50 ; pi. ix.— Waoler, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 22.— Am.. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 164 ; pi. 416.—
Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 244 ; pi. 262.— Bonap Conspectin, IH.'iO, 1.37.

Picus leucomelanus, Waci.er, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 18, (young male in summer.)

Picus martinae, At:i>. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 181 ; pi. 417.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 178.— Ib. liirds Amor. IV, 1842, 24(1 ; pi.

260, (young male, with red feathers on ciown.)

Picus rubricapillus, Nutt. .Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, G85, (same as preceding.)
Hairy woodpecker, Pennant, Latham.

BIRDS — PICIDAK — PICl'S VILLOSITS, 85

Variety minor. — Soutliern States.

Pinu <redn*oii»i, Swaisson, F. H. A. 1831, ;«»;.— TRtnr.Aii, J. A. N. Sc. Pli. VU, 1837, 404, (very young iiinlo,
witli crown spotted with yellow.) — Arn. Orii. Biog. V, 1839, 11)4 ; |)l. 417. — In. Birds Anier. IV,
1848, 259 ; pi. a65.-NoTT. Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, GH4.

Sr. Cii. .Xbove black, with a white band down the middle of the back. All the larger wing coverts and the quills with

conspicuous spots of white. Two white stripes on each side of the head ; the upper scarcely confluent behind, the lower not at
all so ; two black stripes conllucnt with the black of the nape. Beneath white. Three outer tail feathers with the exposed
portions white. Length 8 to 11 inches.

Male, with a nuchal scarlet crest covering the white, and interrupted in the middle. Immature bird with more or less of the
crown spotted with red or yellow, or both.

Ilab. — North America, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains.

In this species the upper parts are of a glossy hlack ; the feathers on the middle line of the
back white, usually with a little black on the outer edge. This white stripe thus produced
extends from the upper part of the back to the rump ; the upper tail coverts and tail feathers
black. The under parts are nearly pure white. The scapulars are black ; all the exposed
larger wing coverts, however, have each a rounded spot of white. Tlie outer webs of all the
quills have luimerous spots of white, except the first, which is unspotted, and the second, wliich
has only one spot at the base ; the remaining primaries have six each, except the third and the
three innermost, which have five. The secondaries have four on their exposed portions. The
inner webs of the quills are similarly spotted.

In the male there is a rather narrow nuchal band of scarlet interrupted a little in the middle.
This is about a quarter of an inch long ; all the feathers belonging to it, brown at the base,
white in the middle, and scarlet at the end. The white is continuous with a broad patch on
each side the crown, commencing a little above the anterior can thus of the eye, (rarely con-
tinuous with the brownish white bristly feathers at the base of the bill, the shafts of which are
tipped with black.) This white stripe then curves around the occiput to the nape (tiie two
almost meeting behind) and is seen through the red. In the female, where the red is wanting,
the white is very conspicuous, sometimes appearing almost continuous across the nape. A
second white stripe begins at the commissure, and passing a short distance below the eye, down
on the side of the neck, widens in curving round on its back and lower part. The two stripes
of opposite sides are separated iu the lower neck or upper part of the back by a considerable
interval of black.

These two white stripes of nearly equal width on the side of the head leave two black ones —
the upper one rather wider, the lower narrower than the wliite. The upper passes from the
forehead through the eye, involving considerably more of the lower eyelid than the upper, and
widening behind, passes round into the black of the back of the neck. The lower stripe
proceeds from the commissure downwards along the side of the throat, and widens considerably
on the sides of the lower neck, sending a short branch on to the side of the breast. The sides
of the body under the wings are, however, white, as are the under coverts, except a few black
blotches.

The three outer tail feathers appear entirely white. There is, however, a very small blotch
at the extreme base of the inner web of the first, which in the second is perhaps an inch long,
and on the third leaves only an inch of the end white, witli an area extending obliquely from
this white across the outer web to the base. The other feathers arc black.

As already stated, the female differs in the absence of the red crest.

86 U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The bill of the young bird differs considerably from that of the adult. Instead of being
nearly straight in its upper and lower outlines, with the tip compressed, truncate, and wedge-
shaped, it is shorter, sometimes considerably broader, and with the outlines, the upper especi-
ally, much curved to a terminal sharp point, instead of wedge. In the immature male (and
female also, probably) the entire crown from the base of the bill to the occiput, has the feathers
sometimes spotted with white, and tipped with orange red or yellow. Sometimes only the
posterior half of the crown is so marked, thus indicating a nearer approach to maturity. The
peculiar spotting is like that of Picus scalaris or nuttalli. The white is sometimes almost
wanting. The shade of red varies with specimens from carmine to orange yellow, sometimes
more decidedly yellow. This is the case in the original of Picus auduhonii of Trudeau, now
before me, (2803,) which, besides this character, has every other feature of a young bird, as
shown by the curved broad bill, the loose, woolly texture of the feathers, &c. It is a little
smaller than corresponding specimens from Pennsylvania, a difference perfectly intelligible, in
view of its more southern locality, (Louisiana.) No. 1562, from Carlisle, however, is scarcely
larger.

Specimens vary a little in having the white streak above the eye continuous with the whitish
on each side of the base of the^ill. The white of the head and under parts is sometimes more
extensive, and brighter.

As a general rule the specimens of this species from the far west and north are appreciably
larger than those from the more eastern States, in which again southern specimens are con-
siderably smaller. I can deteet no other difference, except size, in the Picus canadensis, as
established by Mr. Audubon. With his typical specimens before me, I find them not even as
large as the majority of the western skins ; and while Mr. Audubon describes his male Picus cana-
densis as measuring 10.50 inches, the wing 5.08, the tail 3.50, the specimen given in the P.
Bor. Amer., from a still more northern locality, measured 11 inches, the wings 5.38, tail 4.25,
and in no other way different either from them or Pennsylvania ones. It is to the larger variety
from Canada that both Picus phiUipsii and Picus martinae belong. With the original specimens
of Mr. Aububon before me, I find every characteristic of the young bird in the soft bones, the
woolly, soft feathers of the under parts, &c. In the "P. phiUipsii" the characters are precisely
as in the young males described from Carlisle. The top of the head is irregularly spotted with
orange red in one specimen, and orange yellow in the supposed female. In '^ Picus martinae,"
again, there is rather more of a dull orange yellow patch on the crown, the feathers, even the
black ones, spotted with white, as in 1562 from Carlisle. The immaturity of the red or yellow
markings in all these specimens is clearly shown by their lacking the symmetry seen in known
adults, the outlines being all irregular and the colors more or less interrupted and unsymmetrical
in places. In one specimen from Carlisle, nearly adult, (2423,) the top of the head or crown is
spotted with yellow, the occiput with red.

It may be assumed as a general principle, in reference to the black spotted woodpeckers of
North America belonging to the restricted genus Picus, that whenever the crown is si)otted
with red or yellow either partly or entirely, the specimen is immature, and may probably be of
either sex, while the red is found only in the adult male, and confined to an occijjital line.
The only exceptions arc in Picus scalaris, where the entire upper part of the head is red spotted,
and P. nutUdlii, wliere the jiosterior half is tlius marked. In tlie young of this last species,
however, tlie anterior lialf of the liead above is similarly spotted with red.

BIRDS — PICIDAK — PICUS UARKISII.

87

List of specimens.

Caul
No.

97W

am

3800

3794

9793
1583
1613
I'M

lias

884

183

1606

9423

806
1563
9603
6075
5880

6551
6553
4638
5927
5<£28
&S6
8393
8a05
8806

^ex and

■fO-

9?

c?
c?
o

9

S

o

o9

9
o S

9
9

9
(?

9

t7

Locilily.

Toronto, C. \V.

do

MajvacliusfttB .

When collect-
ed.

Whence obtained.

.do .

do

, do

Carliale, Pa.

do

do

do

do

do

do

,. ...do

do

Lnuiiiidn.i?

Ft.LpavenworthjK.T,
FanRilcy,K. T

do

do

Sioux river, \. T..

Vnn Lookout, N. T...
do

Ponder river, !*. T. ..

IndepcndPnce, Mo...

Black HillH, Nebraska
do

June 34, 1844
January, 1845
July 23,184.1
Dec. 3,1649
June 5,1839
June 10,1844
Sept. 3,1845

Oct. 17,1842
May 23,1844

Nov. 27,1854
, 1856

1857

do .

May 3,
July,

uo

Aug. 3,
May 36,
Oct. 1,
Sept. 7.

1856
1856

1856
18.'>7

1857
1857

8. F. Baird

.do .
.do .
.do .
.do .
.do .
do .
.do .
.do .
.do ,

.do .
.do .

Orig'l
No.

l^ieut. Couch

Dr. Hammond and

J. X. DcVcsey.
Dr.W. A. Hammond

do

Lieut. Warren

do

do

do

\\\ M. Magraw

Lieut. Warreo

do

I

Oollected by —

J. J. Audubon.

.do .
.do .

do

T. M. Brewer.

Dr. Haydcn .

do ....

do....

do ....

Dr. J. G.Cooper
Dr. Hayden .
do ....

Length. Extent.

9.17 I 16.50
14.75
15.
15.17

9.
9.33

8.93

9.
8.50

15.
14.83

9.25
9.00
10.00

14.50

14.00
16.25
17.00

VVInj.

4.83
4.67
4.. 18
4.43

4.58
4.50

Roniarkl.

Original of P. mariinae,

Aud.

do do

Original of P. phUtiiMij

Aud.
Original of P.canuientUy

Aud.
do do.. ..

Crown spotted yellow,
occiput with red

Crown, yellow fipotted...
Original, P. auduboniit..

5.25

4.75
5.25
5.25

riCUS HARRISII, Aud.

Harris' Woodpecker.

Picua harrisii, Acd. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 191 ; pi. 417.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 178.— In. Birds America, IV, 1842, &49 ;

pi. 2C1, (dark-bellied variety .)—Nuttall, Man. 1, 2d ed. 1840, 627.
?Picuf inomalus, Light. (Bon. Consp.)
Pieus (Trickopicxis) harrisii, Br. Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ital. 1854, 8.

Sp. Cii. — Size and appearance of P. villosus. Above black, a white stripe down the back. The only white spots on the
surface of the folded wings, are seen on the outer webs of the primaries and outer secondaries, (none on tcrtials.) Beneath
whitish, with faint streaks on the side of the body. Two white and two black stripes on each side of the head ; the latter
confluent with the black of the neck, the upper white .stripe nearly confluent. Three outer tail feathers with the exposed
portions white. Length, 9| inches ; wing, 5 inches. Male, with a nuchal scarlet crest covering the white of the back of the head.

Size and general appearance that of the hairy woodpecker, Picus villosus.

Hab. — From the Pacific coast to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains.

Fourth quill longest ; fifth but little shorter. Upper parts black ; the feathers down the
middle of the back brownish white ; the outer web mostly black. Rump, upper tail coverts,
tail above, scapulars, wing coverts, and tertiary quills black, the larger coverts with only an
occasional white spot. The top of the head is black ; the bristly feathers at the base of the bill
yellowish or brownish white. A white band commencing above the eye and passing round

88 U. S P R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

along the side of the head to the nape, where those of opposite sides are confluent, (sometimes
interrupted.) In the male there is a scarlet band on the nape about four-tenths of an inch long,
formed by tips of this color to the feathers composing the white band. A light stripe starts from
the commissure under the eye, and passing downwards, inclines and curves round towards the
back of the neck, where, however, those of opposite sides are separated by an interval half the
width of the head. A black stripe is encircled between these two white ones, confluent with
the black of the nape, and another passes back from the lower mandible along the sides of the
throat and neck, diverging below and confluent with black on the upper part of the back. The
under parts are smoky brown, with perhaps a lilac tinge. A few feathers on the side of the
breast anteriorly are streaked with black, as also are the central lines of a few feathers on the
flanks. There are but few spots visible on the wings, these being only seen on the exposed
webs of the primary and secondary feathers. The first spurious feather is unspotted ; the
second has one spot at the base of the outer web, not exposed, and two on the inner ; the third
has three external and three or four internal ; the fourth and fifth four external ; the seconda-
ries have about three external. In all the primaries the terminal half of the inner web is
unspotted. The three external tail feathers are mostly white, the first entirely so, except at
the extreme base ; the second black on the basal half; the third with the inner web black, with
a terminal spot, and the tip whitish.

In the specimens before me there are apparently two series, one larger, with the white parts
throughout tinged with smoke brown ; the flanks faintly streaked wit^i black ; the white spots
on the wings a little smaller. This is most abundant in Washington and Oregon Territories,
and is the typical P. Jiarrisii. The other has the white quite pure, the spots on the wing
larger, the streaks on the feathers less distinct. These are most abundant in southern Cali-
fornia and in New Mexico. The specimens before me, however, exhibit every gradation
between the two, and I can find no characters to distinguish the species. The color of the
white, too, may have something to do with the character of the trees inhabited.

The smallest specimens I have seen are from Fort Thorn, New Mexico. In some specimens
the nuchal white and red are more decidedly confluent than in others.

This species represents the P. villosus in the west, and closely resembles it. It may, however,
be readily distinguished by the much greater predominance of black above. Thus it is only
occasionally that a greater wing covert is s])otted, instead of having a white spot on every one.
The tertiaries, too, are unspotted, and the longest primaries have only four spots externally
instead of six. There is less white on the third tail feather. Both have the same tendency to
obsolete streaks on the sides of the belly ; and the markings about the head appear precisely
the same.

The young of this species exhibit the same differences from the adult as described under P.
villosus. The feathers of the crown almost to the bp.se of the bill, apparently in both sexes, are
tipped with scarlet, with a white spot at the base of the red. In this stage of plumage the bird
might readily be mistaken for a different species, as has been the case witli corresponding stages
of P. villosus.

UIRDS — PICIDAE — PICUS PUUESCliNS.

89

List of specimens.

Calal.
No.

8ci. Locality.

When col' Whence obtained.

Iccled. 1

t

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wing«.

Wing.

Ueinurkii.

5G60

1

April — , 1855

Dr. J. G Cooper

i

C089

9

9
Q
Q

Dr. Buckley

do

85

96

233

236

215

332

280

15

18

6

::::::::::::::::::i::::::::

60tW

do

6091

(lo

Feb. -, 18J6

do

10.00

15.50

"

1

6093

do

Mar. — , 1856
May 1, 1656
Mar. — , lt56
Ool. 27, 1853
Nov. 1, 1853
Dec. 10, 1853
July — , 1853
Sept. 9,1854

Sept. 27, 1834
Sept. — , 1851
.Mar. 10, 1855
Jan. 27, 1856
Aug. — , 1856
Nov. — , 1855

1 do

6094

do

... . do

9.10

15.62

6U95

do

6084

Spokane river, W. T . . .
do

Gov. Stevens

do

6085

do

6087

Vancouver, W. T

do

. do

9.50

16.50

6086

do

6068

Shoalwatcr bay, W. T. . .

Dr. J. 0. Cooper...
S. F. Baird

92

9.75

16.00

Irialinicl: hill black:

1869

J. K. Townscnd .

feel bluish.

6083

Dr. Suckley

do

144
149

202

9.87

16.00
16.00

5.00

4575

V

9
9
9

d"

s
<?

9

e
<?

s

9
9

do

10.00

5.00

Iri-s brown

4597

8t. Helens, O.T

Fetaluina Cal

do

5498

5961

S.inta Clara, Cal

Tulare valley, Cal

i

608a

Lieut. Williamson..
An

6081

Tejnn valley, Cal

do '

4589

Santa Isabel, Cut

do

Xov. 26, 1S34 Major Emory

17
17

35

145

6080

do

6079

Little Colorado River,

1
Dec. 8, 1853 ^Licut. Whipple ....
Oct. 15,1855 Cnnlnin Poni!

Eyes black

Eyes black; feet dark
gray; gums yellow.

5071

Fori Fillmore, Tei

10.50

15.00

5.00

6076

Dr. Henn', U. S- A .
do

6077

do

6078

do

do

8489

Ft. Massacbuseits, N. M.

Dr. D. C. Peters. ,

PICUS PUBESCEXS, L.

Downy Woodpecker; Sapsncker.

Picixs pubtsctns, L. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 15. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, lc07, 65 ; pi. cxxi. — Wilso.v, Am. Orn. 1,
1808, 153 ; pi. ix.— Wagler, Syst. Avium, 18:27, No. 23.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 81 : V, 539 ;
pi. 112.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 249 ; pi. 263.

Picua (Dendrocopus) pubescens, Sw. F. B. A. 11, 1831, 3U7.

Pictu (Trichopicus) pubescens, Bonap. Consp. Zyg. Aten. and Cal. 1854, 8.

■Picus medianus, Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 30*.

Picks nifruiiona/is, Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 308. (Small southern race.)

Picus Ueoniii, J OSES, Ann. N. Y. Lye. IV, 1848,489 ; pi. xviii. (Georgia. Three toed variety. Type of Tridaclylia, Bp.)

Sp. Ch. — A minaturc of P. tillosus. Above black, with a white band down the back. Two white stripes on the side of the
head ; the lower of opposite sides always separated •, the upper sometimes confluent on the nape. Two stripes of black on the
side of the head, the lower not runnintt into the forehead. Beneath white ; wing much spotted with white ; the larger coverts
with two series each ; tertiaries or inner secondaries all banded with white. Two outer tail|feathers while, with two bands of
black at end ; third white at tip and externally. Length about 6' inches ; wing 3J. Male with red, terminating the white
feathers on the nape.

Hab. — Eastern United Slates, towards the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains.

Third and fourth quills equal and longest, second a little shorter, and then the third. Upi^er
parts black, the middle of the back as far as the rump with a broad stripe of white, the feathers
12 b

90 U. S. r. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

along the central line being white, more or less edged externally with black. The scapulars
are unspotted, but all the greater coverts have about two spots of white, sometimes two on the
outer and one on the inner webs. All the quills except the spurious primary are spotted with
white on both webs. A series of four white bands is seen over the outer webs of the secondaries
•when the wing is folded, (one of them at the end.) There is a white band above the eye, and
another below, with two black stripes, all much as in P. villosus, the black confluent with the
black of the neck, the white interrupted behind, the upper white stripe sometimes extending to
the whitish feathers of the base of the bill. In the male the posterior portion of the upper
white stripe on the occiput is tipped with scarlet, producing a band about a quarter of an inch
long. The under parts are dirty white. The black of the neck comes a little forward in front
of the wing, producing a black patch on the side of the breast. The first and second tail
feathers are white, their extreme base and the two bands near the end black, the anterior of
these bands interrupted in the middle, the inner portion wanting in the second. The third
feather has the terminal half-inch, and the posterior half of the outer web white, with a round
black spot on the inner web, near the end. The fourth feather is black, with a narrow white
edge externally towards the end. The female differs in the absence of the red band.

The young male has the entire crown spotted with red of varying tint, which is never
perfectly continuous ; the red is sometimes wanting anteriorly, and sometimes the red is also
spotted with white. There is usually more or less of obscure black spots or streaks on the
under parts. The young also have the same curvature of bill, and other characteristics of
immaturity, as described in P. villosus.

In some specimens (as in 8G0) the white stripe above the eye extends forward, and involves
the entire space anterior to the eye. There is little difference in the amount of black on the
outer tail feathers. Sometimes the white on the side of the crown is confluent behind, as also
the crimson in the male ; in others, again, both are distinctly separated by black. One speci-
men from Ohio (G698) has the bristly feathers of the bill, with the chin and throat, tinged with
reddish. Western specimens are not appreciably different.

This species is much smaller than P. villosus. The essential differences in coloration are
found in the bands of black on the outer tail feathers, and in having two series of white spots
on the larger wing coverts, instead of one. There is less black in front of the eye ; in fact, the
lower white stripe extends upwards generally to the antero-inferior corner of the eye, so as to
cut off the black behind it from that anterior to it. The wing is spotted near its anterior edge,
the amount of white proportionally greater.

The Picus lecontii of Dr. Jones appears to be precisely like P. pubescens, except that it has
but three toes. It is very probable that this is merely an accidental feature in one specimen,
one toe on each foot not having been developed. Only one specimen of the supposed species
has been seen or obtained ; this was taken near the seacoast of Georgia. The size is rather less
than specimens of P. pubescens from Pennsylvania, as was to be expected, from tlie more
southern habitat. The missing toe is the short inner posterior one.

UIRD8 — PICIDAE — PICUS GAIBDNEKI.

91

List of specimens.

Ciiul.
No.

Locdiiy.

Wbru collect-
ed.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Colii-clcd by—

Length.

Ellenl.

Wing

Ruinarka.

164

0,^

<?

9

Q

Q

9
S
9

9

OaHi^Us PenuAylvnntn. . . .
do

July, 1839
June 19,1844
Mar. 11,1844
Nov. 25,lftia
Nov. 17, ISliJ
June 18,1844

6.50
6.67
6.75
6.25

12.
19.25
I2.2.'>
11.07

3.7S
3.88
3.75
3.67

MIO

do

1^1

do

lo

676

do

do

860

do

do ...

Boston

do

lew

do

6 67

11.75

3.67

1588

T. .M. Brewer

1564

do

do

i

7IM8

Si. Louis, Missouri

Fort Lfavenw.irtli, K.T..

S.nllcnck, K.T

Fort Rilrv, K. T

May e, I8.-J7
Nov. 97,18,'i4
May 29,1857

Lieut. Bryan

Lieut. Coueli

Lieut. Bryan

43

W. S. Wood

12
111

7019

W. S. Wood

S876

1

GTiSO

do

do

■1639

Plane river, K. *!'

do

April 36, 185S
do

Lieut. Warren

Dr. F. V. Haydcn..
do

6.87
6 50
6.87
6.5U

11. SO
12.95
11.75
13.00

3.62
3.62
3.62
3.75

4640

do

4641

Bonliorame island, N. T . '

do

do

Eyes, black

8333

ludepcndeucp, Missouri . .

June 8,1638

W. M.Magraw

Dr. J. G. Cooper...

PICUS GAIRDNERI, Aud.

Gairdner's 'Woodpecker.

Pictis gairdnen, Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 317.— Ib. Syn. 18,19, 180.— Ib. Birds Amer IV, 1842, 952, (not figured.)
/'icns mtridionalis, Nutt. Man. I, 2d cd. , 1840, 690, (not of Swaiuson )
Sp. Ch. — Very similar in size and color to P. pubesctns ; darker. Larger wing coverts, and more exposed tertials, either pure
black, or with but occasional spots on the outer web in the latter. Back with a white median stripe. Side of head with two
white and two black stripes. Two outer tail feathers white, with two bands of black at the end. Length 6J inches ; wing 3J,
generally rather less. Male with a scarlet occipital band.

Ilab — With P. harrisii, from Pacific coast to eastern base of Rocky mountains.

This species, which is about the size of P. pubescens, and represents it on the western half of
the continent, is very similar in color and pattern of markings, with certain exceptions hereafter
to be pointed out. The upper parts are black, with a white stripe down the middle of the back.
A white stripe commencing above the eye margins the crown, and passes round on the nape,
sometimes apparently confluent. There is a second white stripe from the forehead below the
eye and down on the side of the neck. As in pubescens, this reaches upwards to the edge of
the eye. A distinct white stripe passes from the lower jaw down on the sides of the neck. The
under parts are smoky brownish white, with obsolete short streaks and spots on the sides of the
body and abdomen. The wing coverts are almost unspotted ; sometimes they are perfectly black,
at others there is an occasional, mostly concealed spot. The innermost or exposed tertiaries are
sometimes perfectly black, (4374,) usually, however, there are a few spots on them. There are
five rows on the outer webs of the longer primaries. The two outer tail feathers are white,
with the extreme base and two continuous transverse bar.s at the end black. The third is
obliquely white at the tip and along the terminal portion of the outer web. The white tip has
a black spot, and there is a round white spot on the inner web anterior to the white tip.

The male has the occiput crimson, this color terminating the white feathers ; the color some-
times continuous, sometimes interrupted.

There are the same series in specimens of Picus cjairdneri that were indicated under P. harrisii.
Thus the more northern, from Washington Territory and Oregon, have the under parts more

92

V. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

brown, with faint black streaks, the white spots above smaller, and less numerous. In speci-
mens from California and further east the white is purer, the spots more conspicuous.

This species differs chiefly from F. pubescens in the considerably smaller size of the spots on
the wing, and their restricted number. Thus there are none on the wing coverts except very
occasionally, chiefly in the concealed portion. The most exposed tertiaries are entirely black,
or with oiae or two spots on the outer webs only, instead of having two or three conspicuous
white bands, or double series of spots. The lowermost black stripe on the cheek is generally
better defined ; the bristly feathers at the base of the bill browner ; the black bands on the tail
feathers more distinct.

A specimen from Sacramento valley, (0098,) labelled F. meridionalis, by Dr. Heermann, is
exactly intermediate between F. pubescens and gardneri, with less white on the wing than the
one, and more on the other.

The almost perfect parallelism, with appreciable differences, between the markings of the
northwestern and southeastern varieties of Ficus harrisii and gairdneri, and their relationship
to the eastern F. villosus and pubescens, is a remarkable fact in American ornithology, and
may possibly indicate the necessity either of dividing the dark ones into a Pacific and Rocky
mountain series, or of considering all as varieties of two species, a larger and smaller, changing
their character with longitudinal distribution. Many other supposed species are involved in
the same consideration ; but a larger number of sjjecimens, in better condition than those before
me, and from localities of more equable distribution over the continent, will be necessary to
settle the question in the jiresent instance.

List of specimens.

Ciitill.

Sbx.

No.

6101

^

6100

r?

4574

<?

609y

9

4593

9

4594

Q'

4S95

f?

4596

Q

4598

r?

5499

r?

6098

6097

f?

3905

9

3898

a

5022

9

823-2

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Shoalwaterbay, W. T Oct. 9,1854

Steilacooni.W. T... Oct. —,1855

Fon Dalles, 0. T Feb. —, 1855

do Nov. 10, 1834

Si. Helen's, O. T

do .

do Jan. 27, 18.'.0

do

do Jan. 27, 1R>6

Petaluma, Cal

Sacramento, Cal .'

San Francisco

California

do

Laramie river, K. T Aug. — , 18.56

P.irtLammio Oct. 28,1857

Whence obtained.

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Suckley

do

do

do

do

dn

do

lo

K. Samuels

Lieut. Williamson.

R. D. Cutts

Dr. Heermann . .

do

Lieut. Bryan ...
W. M. Magtaw .

Orig.

No.

103
132
154
145
207
204
206
203
205
162

209
214

Collected by —

Dr. Cooper .

Dr. Suckley.,

Dr. Heermann.

W. S. Wood .
Dr. Cooper ..

Length.

Stretch ! Wing,
of wings.

7.00
7.00
6.75
6.75
6.75
6.50

B.37
7.25

12.00
12.37
12.12
12.12
12.12
12.00

4.00
3.87
3.70
3.75
3.75
3.75

-l.-lll

12.75 4.111

Remarks

Iris rt-ddiiih brown

i*. nicriWtoMa/i*,
Heermann

niRDs— riciDAE— ncus nuttalli. 93

PICUS NUTTALLI, GambeL

Xiittall's AVoodppckor.

Picus nullalli, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. I, April, 1843, 259, (Los Angeles, Cal.)

Pifiij scalttris, (Wacl.) Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. Pli , 2(1 ser. I, Dec. 1847, 55 ; pi. 9, f. 2, 3, (not of Waglcr.)

Picus iri/joiiii, Maliierue, Rev. Zool. 1849, 529. — Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 138.

Picua {Trickopicia) xcilsonii, Bonap. Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ilal. 1854, 8.

Sp. Cii. — Back black, banded transTerscIy with while ; not, however, as far forward as tlie neck. Crown l>Iack, with
whit« spots. Occiput and nape crimson. Tufts of lealhcrs at the base of the bill white. Sides of tho head black with two
white stripes, one above tlio eye and passing down on tho side of the neck, the other below and interrupted by tho black.
Under parts smoky yellowish white, spotted on the sides of the head with black. Predominant character of the three outer tail
feathers white, with three, two, or one spots on the outer web near the end. Length about 7 inches ; wing, 45. Female with
the top of the head uniform black.

Ilab. — Coast region of California.

Thiril, fuurth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest ; second intermediate between the
seventh and eighth. General color above black, barred transversely with white on the back,
rump, and flanks ; the upper surface of tail and tail coverts, and a broad patch on the upper
part of the back about half an inch long, pure black. The white bands measure about .12ths
of an inch, the black about twice as much. Tiie top of the head is black, each leather with a
short streak of white; on the extreme occiput and the nape is a transverse patch of crimson,
each feather having a white spot just below the crimson. The crimson patch is usually as far
from the base of the bill above, as this is from its point. The sides of the head may be described
as black ; a white stripe commences on the upper edge of the eye, and passing backwards
margins the crimson, and extends on down the side of the neck to a patch of white, apparently
connected with its fellow on the opposite side by white spots. Another narrow white stripe
commences at the nostrils, (the bristles of which are whitish,) and passes as far as the occiput,
where it ceases in the middle of the black of the cheeks. There are thus two white streaks on
the side of the head bordering a black one passing tlirough the eye. The under parts generally
are white, with a dirty yellow tinge. The sides of the breast and body are faintly streaked with
black ; the flanks barred with the same. The under coverts are barred with black.

The three outer tail feathers are yellowish white, with two or three interrupted bars of black
on the posterior fourth. The other feathers are black.

The female has the crown entirely black, witliout red or white spots. In one specimen only,
(4471,) possibly a young male, the black of the crown is spotted with white. In another,
(6116,) doubtless a young male, the whole crown is red, spotted with white.

One specimen (5400,) from Petaluma, has the black of the back and sides of the head much
more intense, encroaching very greath' on the white markings, which are much reduced. The
spots on the sides of the breast are also larger and darker.

Specimens vary a good deal in the length of the wing.

This species has some resemblance to Picus borealis, in the transverse white bands on the
back and the black spots of the breast. The latter is, however, much larger; the sides of the
head white, with a black stripe from the bill, the crown pure black, with only a slight trace of
crimson on the side of the occiput.

The immature bird, apparently of both sexes, has the feathers of the crown tipped with red,
as in most young woodpeckers, with or without white at the base of the red. In this stage of
plumage it has much resemblance to Picus scalaris, but is otherwise distinct. The light

94

U. S. p. K. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

yellowish or whitish color of the bristly frontal feathers, in marked contrast with the forehead,
instead of a smoky brown, will readily distinguish them, independently of the loose downy
texture of the belly feathers, so characteristic of young woodpeckers.

This species was first described by Dr. Gambel as P. tiuttalli, who subsequently referred it
erroneously to P. scalaris. It appears to be confined to the region in California west of the
coast range, and extending at least as far south as San Diego. In this distribution it rep_
resents the P. borealis of the South Atlantic States.

List of specvnens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

3337

(?

3338

9

4482

c?

5965

9

6116

S

5400

9

6117

9

4472

(?

4471

9

Locality.

California

d')

Santa Clara, ' .'al.
do

San Francisco

Petaluma, Cal

Bodega, Cal.

Yrclia, Cal

Umpqua river, 0. T.

VVhen collected.

Nov. — , 1855
do

May — , 1856
Jan. — , 1855
Aug. — , 1855
do

Whence obtained.

Collecteil by —

Dr. Wilson ...

do

Dr. J. G. Cooper
do

Dr. Gambc! .

R. D. Cutis

E. Samuels .-

Lieut. Trowbridge .
Lieut. Williamson .
, do

Mr. Szibo

Dr. Newberry.
do

PICUS SCALARIS, Wagler.

Picus scaiaris, Wagler, Isis, 1829, V, 511. (Mexico.)— Bonap. Consp. 1850, 138.

Picus (Dyctioincus) scularis, Bos. Consp. Zysod. Alen. Ital. 1854, 8.

Picus gracili". Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, 90. (Me.\ico.)

Picus parous, Cabot, Boston Jour. N. H. V, 1845, 90. (Sisal, Yucatan.)

Sp. Ch. — Back banded transversely witii black and white to the neck. Crown crimson spotted with white, from tiie bill to
the nape ; tuft of feathers at the base of the bill brown. A white stripe above the eye, continued on the side of the neck ;
another under the eye, interrupted by the black of the side of the head. Under parts smoky brownish white, spotted on the
Bides of the breast, and banded on the ilank with black. Predominating color of the three outer tail feathers black, with white
bands chiefly on the outer webs. Length about 6i inches ; v/ing 4j. Female without red on the head.
Hab. — Rocky mountains and its slopes, south of 35th parallel, to Yucatan.

This species is among the smallest of all tlie North American species, and has been but
recently introduced into the fauna of the United States. The wings are long, reaching as far
as the short feathers of the tail. The third and fourth quills are longest, the second and then
the fifth a little shorter. The upper parts generally arc black, on the back, rumj), and exposed
feathers of the wings, banded narrowly and transversely witli white; the primaries spotted witli
the same on both webs. Tlie upper tail coverts and two inner tail feathers on either side are
black. The white bands of the back extend all the way up to the neck, without any interscapular
interruption. Tiie under jjarts arc of a pale smoky brownish white, almost with a lilac tinge ;
on tlie sides of the breast and belly are a few scattereil sliort, but elongated spots. Tlio posterior
part of the sides under the wing and the under tail coverts are obscurely banded transversely
with black. Tlie top of llic liead, extending from the very base of tlie bill to a short, broad
nuchal crest, is crimson in the male, each featlier with a white spot between the crimson and

BIRDS — riCIDAK — riCUS SCALARIS.

95

the dark brown of the base of the feather. In the female the top of the head is uniformly black,
witli n tinge of brownish anteriorly. The side of the head is black, witli two white stripes, the
latter color prodouiinaliiii.C. One white stripe begins above the eye, and, margining the crown,
])asse8 into a white patch on the lower i)art of the side of tiie neck. A second stripe begins at
the posterior portion of the upper mandible, and, passing backwards under the eye, appears to
stop short in the black. The tuft of feathers and bristles over the nostrils, are dirty brown,
scarcely difl'erent from the feathers of tlie crown.

The predominant character of all the tail feathers is black, of which color are the bases of all.
The outer featlier has four white bands on tlie inner web, and a fifth and sixth basal ones on
the outer. The second featlier has the same number on the outer web, (six,) besides a wliite
tip, but only three on the inner on the terminal half. The third has five white spots (jn the
outer web, with a trace of a second one at the end of the inner.

Tliere is a little variation in the size of dift'erent specimens of this species, but no other of
importance. The black spots of the breast are sometimes darker, and more abundant.

This species is closely related to the Pictis nuttalli, but may be readily distinguished. Both
have the back banded transversely with black and white, and the breast spotted, the pattern of
stripes on the side of the head similar, &c. The Pivus scalaris is, however, smaller ; the entire
top of the head is crimson, instead of the jjosterior half only ; the tufts of feathers at the base of
the bill are brown, scarcely diflerent from that whicli suffuses the forehead, instead of being
clear yellowish white in marked contrast. The white bands of the back come up to the neck,
instead of ceasing on the upper part of the back. The white of the side of the head is in much
greater proportion. The under parts are browner, the spots smaller. The predominating char-
acter of the outer tail feathers is black, with six white bands on the outer webs of the first and
second, dividing them nearly equally, and five on the third, and four, three, and one band or
spot respectively on the inner webs of the first, second, and third. In F. nuttalli these feathers
are nearly all white ; the outer webs of the first, second, and third feathers respectively with
three, two, and one black bar towards the end.

This species is confined to the central portions of the western country, from the Eio Grande
to the Colorado, southward along the highlands of Mexico to Yucatan.

List of specimens.

Caul.

Sex.

No.

4317

9

6106

Q

0107

(?

«94

9

4605

C?

6115

Q

6106

a

6110

C?

61U

3

6113

9

6103

a

6104

9

6105

3

4040

9

4039

S

Locality.

Chiliuabua, Mex. ..
Boca Grande, Mex.

E-^pia, Mex

Colorado river, Cal.

Gila river, \. M

Colorado river, Cal.
Rio Grande, Mex..

do

Rio Grande, Texas.
San Pedro, Texas..

Texas

Texas

Tamaulipas, Mex..
Xew Leon, Hex....

\ew Leon, 5Iex.

When col-
lected.

Oct. 16,1854

Dec. 24, 1854
Feb. 15, 1834

Sept. 10, 1853

Whence obtained.

1. Potts

Major Emory ....

do

do

do

Lieut. Whipple ..
Dr. T. C. Henry .

Capt. J.Pope

Major Emory . , , .

do

do

Lieut. Parke

Lieut. Couch

do

do.

Grig.
No.

35
53
40
54
165

27

19

Collected by-

Dr. Kenncriy .

do

A. Schott

, do

Dr. Kenncriy .

J. H.Clark....

do

, do

Dr. Hcennann .

Length.

Stretch Wing
of wings.

6.50
6.50

7.25

12.00

13.00 I 4.00

11.50 I 4.00

13.25

6.00

12.00

4.00

3.75

6.50 12.00

4.00

4.00

A brown variety.

do

do

Eyes dark purple,
bill slate, feet
lead color

do

96

U. S. r. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY-^GENERAL REPORT.

PIOUS BOREALIS, Vie ill.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

Plcus borealis, Vieillot, Oss. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 66 ; pi. 122.— Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX, 1817, 174.
Picus querulus, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 103; pi. -xv, f. 1.— Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 21.— 1b. Isis, 1839,

510.- AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 12 ; pi. 3S9.— Ib. Birds America, IV, 1842, 254 ; pi. 264.— Bp. Consp. 1850,

137.
Picus {Phrenopicus) querulus, Bp. Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ital. 1854, 8.
Picus leucotis, Illiger, (fide Lichtenstein in letter to Wagler ; perhaps only a catalogue name.) — Licht. Verzeich.

1823, 12, No. 81.
Picus'vieiUotii, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1S27, No. 20.

Sp. Cii. — Fourth quill longest. Upper parts, with top and sides of the head, black. Back, rump, and scapulars
banded transversely with white; webs of quills spotted with white. Bristles of bill, under parts generally, and a silky patch on
the side of the head, white. Sides of breast streaked with black. First and second outer tail feathers white, barred with
black. Outer web of the third mostly white. A short, very inconspicuous narrow streak of silky scarlet on the side of the
head a short distance behind the eye, along the junction of the white and black ; this is wanting in the female. Length about
7i- inches : wing, 4j.

Hab. — Southern States.

This species is chiefly confined to the southern Atlantic States, heing rarely seen as far north
as Pennsylvania.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

No.

1878

5

511

c?

3057

9

2392

Q

Locality.

Southern States S,

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

.do.

Liberty county, Ga.
Savannah, Ga

F. Baird .
....do....

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1846

-do.

-do I Jos. Leconte.

8.00

15.00

4.58

PICUS ALBOLARVATUS.

M'hite-headed Woodpecker.

Leuconerpes albolarvalus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct. 1850, 106. California.

Metanerpes albolaivatus, Cassin, Jour. A. N. Sc, 2d series, II, Jan. 1853, 257 ; pi. 22.— Newberrv, Zool. Cal.

and Orcg. Route, 9, Rep. P. R. R. VI, 1857.
Leuconerpes albolarvalus, Bonaf. Consp. Zyg. At. Ital. 1854, Id.
Picus {Xenopicus) albolarvalus, Bairu.

Sp. Cii. — Fourth and fifth quills equal and longest. Entirely bluish black, e.vccpting the head and outer edges, with
the entire basal portion, of the primaries, which are white. Length about 9 inches ; wing, 5^. Male with a narrow line of red
on the nape.

Jlab. Cascade mountains of Oregon and soutluvard into California.

This woodpecker is more simple in its colors than any otlier North American species. The
sixth quill is a little shorter than the fifth ; the third again a little less. The second is inter-
mediate between the seventh and eight. There is no white on the first primary, except on the
extreme and concealed basal portion. The white on the outer webs does not extend to within
an inch of the end. There is no white whatever on the tail. On the side of the head the

HlRDS — PICIDAE — PICOIDES.

97

black of the occiput appears to extend to the eye in an angle. The white of the head scarcely
extends down on the neck.

The P. albolarvaius was first dc.'icribod by Mr. Cassin from specimens collected in California
by J. G. Bell. It is an exceedingly rare species, not more than three or four skins being known
to exist in collections.

List of specimens.

Cntai. No. ' Sex.

Locality.

'When collected.

6041
4474

g ? Spokan river, W. T .

! Qf

Cascade mountains, 0. T., fifty
miles south of Columbia river.

Sept. 28, 1853
Sept. 28, 1855

Whence obtained. lOrig. No.

Gov. Stevens ,

Lieut. WilliamBon.

10

Collected by—

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Newberry.

PICOIDES, Lacep.

Picoides, Lacep. Mom. Inst. 1799.

Tridaclylia, Stej-ii. Shaw, (len.Zool. 1815. ^

.'Iptcmus, Sw. F. B. A. 11, 1831, 311.

Bill about as long as the head, very much depressed at the base ; the oiillinca nearly straight ; tlie lateral ridge at its base
much nearer the commissure than the culmcn, so as to bring the large rather linear nostrils closeto the edge of tlie commissure.
The gonys very long, equal to tlie distance from the nostrils to tlie tip of the bill. Feet with only three toes; the outer
l&teral a little longer than the inner, but slightly exceeded by the hind toe, which is about equal to the tarsus. Wings very
long, reaching beyond the middle of the tail ; 4th and 5th quills longest. Color black, with a broad patch of yellow on tho
crown ; transversely banded on the sides. Quills with round spots.

The peculiarities of this genus consist in the absence of the inner hind toe and the great
depression of the bill.

The American species oi Picoides (and to a considerable extent the European) agree in being
black above and white beneath ; the crown with a square yellow patch ; a white stripe behind
the eye, and another from the loral region beneath the eye ; the quills (but not the coverts)
spotted with white ; the sides banded transversely with black. The diagnostic characters
(including the European species) are as follows :

A. Middle of back not varied with white.

Back uniformly black P. arcticus.

B. Middle of back varied with white.

Back with transverse bands of white. White stripes on side of head narrow, incon-
spicuous. Crissum but slightly banded with black. Two inner tail feathers

hlack P. hirsutus.

Back streaked longitudinally with white. Sides banded with black. Crissum pure white.

Two inner tail feathers black P. dorsalis.

Back streaked longitudinally with white, the sides with black. White lines on the side
of head very conspicuous. Three inner tail feathers black. Crissum much varied

with black P. iridaclylus.

13 b

98

U. S. p. K. B. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species. Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Eitent.

Wing.

TaiL

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

483

PicoideS) arcticus . . . i Canada

Q

9.50
9.90
7.58
6.74
9.

15 75

5.06
4.84
4-20
4.80
5.

3.78
3.70
3.50
3.50

0.96
0.90
0.80
0.80

0.84
0.92
0.74
0.72

0.40
0.40
0.40
0.42

1.34
1.34
1.10
1.20

1.40
1.34
1.26
1.20

Skin ....

6934

do Red river, Ark

liirsutus.. Hudson's B.iy

Skin

9972

Skin

8809

do

do , do

PICOIDES ARCTICUS.

Black Backed Three-toed Woodpecker.

Picus {.Ipternus) nrclicw, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831,313.

^pternus arcticus, Bp. List, 1838. — In. Consp. 1850, 139. — Newbefrt, Zool. Cal. and Greg. Route, 91 ; Rep.

P. R. R. Surv. VI, 1857.
Picus arclicus, Aud. Syn. 1839, 182.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 266; pi. 268.— Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed ,

1840, 691.
Picus tridactylus, Bon. Am. Dm. II, 1828, 14 ; pl.xiv, f. 2.— Aud. Cm. Biog. II, 1834, 198 ; pi. 132.

Sp. Ch. — Above entirely uniform glossy bluish black ; a square patch on the middle of the crown, saSron yellow, and a
kv/ white spots on the outer edges of both webs of the primary and secondary quills. Beneath white, on the sides of tho
breast longitudinally striped, and on tho sides of the belly and on the flanks and tibial region banded transyersely with black.
A narrow concealed white line from the eye a short distance backwards, and a white stripe from the extreme forehead (meet-
ing anteriorly) under the eye, and down the sides of the neck. Bristly feathers of the base of tho bill brown. Exposed
portion of two outer tail feathers (1st and 2d) white.

L ength, about 9J inches ; wing, 5 ; tail, 3.85. Female, without yellow on tho head.

Hub. — Northern portions of the United States to the Arctic regions, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

This species differs from the other American three-toed woodpeckers chiefly in having the
hack entirely hlack. The white line from the eye is usually almost imperceptible, if not
wanting entirely.

List of specimens.

Catal, No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

Collected by—

4473

9
<?

9

Cascade mountains, 0. T

New York

Summer of '55.

Lieut. Williamson - - . -

Dr. J. S. Newberry

483

S. F. Baird

6934

Selkirk settlement II B. T..

7973

Hudson's bay

J. Gould

84
84 A

7974

do

do

PICOIUES HIRSUTUS.

Banded Three-toed Woodpecker.

Picui /lirju/us, Vikill. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 6H ; pi. cxxiv.- Waoler, Syst, Av. 1827, No. 102, (mixed up with
undnlalus.) Ann. Orn. Hiog. V, 1839, 184 ; pi. 417.— In. Bird* Am. IV, 1842, pi. 269.— Nutt. Man.
I, 2d ed. 1840, C22.

JlpUrnus lursulu$, Bon. Lint. 1838.— Ib. Consp, 1850, 129,

Picus {Jlplernus) Iridaclytus, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 311 ; pi. Ivi.

.Iplemvs nmeriranus, Siv Clan. Birds, II, 1837, 306,

DIRDS — PICIDAE — PIC0IDE8 lIipSUTUS.

99

Sf. Cii — Black above ; the back with IrnnsTereo bnnda of while to Ihn nim|). A wliito line from buhind the pyo, widening
on the iiajHi, and a broader one under the ejr from tlic loral region, but nut extending on the forehead ; occiput and BidcB of
head uniforn black. Quills apoltcd on both webs with white. Under parts white ; the sides banded transversely with black.
Top ufllie head spotted with white ; the crown of the male with a yellow patch.

Length, about 9 inches ; wing, 4.45 ; tail, 3.35.

JIttb. — .Arctic regions of North .America.

General color black above, white beneath. The crown with a patch of orange yellow forming
the tips of the feathers. The entire top of the head spotted with brownish white, which in the
colored portion of the crown is at the base of the yellow. There is a narrow line of white
(scarcely appreciable) from the upper border of the eye, and anotlier broader one parallel to it
from the loral region below the eye, but not extending on the forehead. Tlie frontal bristly
feathers are smoky brown or black, much like the forehead. They are very full, reaching over
half the culmen. The whole back from near the nape to the rump is distinctly banded trans-
versely with white, and there is a tendency to a white patch on the nape, although the occiput
is black. Both webs of all the quills are spotted with white ; the spots on the external webs
small and circular, extending to the tips, those on the inner larger and transverse, and more
confined to the basal portion. The exposed inner webs of tertials or inner secondaries show
these transverse bands quite distinctly. The under parts, as .stated, are white ; the sides of
the body banded transversely with black to the tail. There are indications of black bands
also on the under tail coverts. The two outer tail feathers are white, the bases obliquely black ;
the third feather is black, with the tip obliquely white. The remaining feathers are black.

A specimen from New Caledonia, in the collection of the National Institute, differs in having
the white stripes on the side of the head more distinct ; the lower one narrow, and not diifused
over the side of the lower jaw. In both, there is a distinct maxillary black stripe. In the New
Caledonia specimen the outer three tail feathers (including the rudimentary one) are white,
banded with black towards the base ; the median ones black, with faint round spots of white.

This species is readily distinguishable from P. ardicus by having the back banded trans-
versely with white to the rump, (but exclusive of the tail coverts,) instead of being uniformly
black. There is also more of the white spotting on the inner webs of inner secondaries. There
is a narrow, scarcely appreciable line of white in both behind the eye, but it extends much further
back in hirsutua. The lower white stripe is better defined in arcticus, and extends forward on
the forehead across the bases of the bristly tufts, (but without meeting on the median line.)
This character is not appreciable in hirsutus.

The female is said to be similar to the male, but wants the yellow patch on the crown, which,
however, is spotted with white.

I have not at hand any good specimen of P. tridactylus of Europe, and am unable to state
with precision in what the distinctions consist. From the indications of descriptions, however,
the differences appear to be that in P. tridactylus the white stripes on the side of the head are
broader, and embrace between them a narrow black malar stripe, instead of being very narrow,
inconspicuous, and less distinct behind. The middle of the back is white, and with the sides
streaked, not banded, with black; the under tail coverts are thickly banded with black. There
is more black on the tail, the three innermost feathers on either side being entirely black, and
the fourth (from inside) with a little white only at the end ; while in hirsutus the two inner
only are black, the fourth nearly white.

The specimen described was received from Mr. John Gould, and once formed part of the

100

U. S. p. K. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

collection of the London Zoological Society ; and it is probably the original of the description
and figure of Mr. Audubon, his specimens having been borrowed from the society.

It is with great uncertainty that I admit the name of Vieillot as the proper one for this
species. His description and figure apply almost equally well to this and the true P.
trida.ctylus of Europe. No mention is made of any white on the back, and but for the amount
of white on the side of the head the description would answer almost as well to P. arclicus.
Vieillot evidently considers the bird described as P. hirsutus as th'e only one inhabiting northern
Europe and America, and the question can only be settled by knowing exactly what locality
furnished the specimen used in his article.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

J.ocality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Remarks.

7972

J. Gould

Supposed type of Au-
dubon's figures.

New Caledonia

National Institute

Dr. Leib

PICOIDES DORSALIS, Baird.

striped Three-toed Woodpecker.

Black above, white beneath. Crown with a patcli of yellow. Back streaked longitudinally with white; upper tail covers
spotted with the same. Innermost tail feather black ; next one with a white spot ; third considerably marked with white.
Quills spotted with white. Under tail coverts uniform white ; sides of body banded transversely with black.

Length 9 inches ; wing, 5 inches ; tail, 3.55 inches.

Hab. — Laramie peak, Rocky Mountains.

The only specimen of this species which has hitherto fallen under my notice is in very bad
condition, having been shot in the moulting season and at the same time much mutilated.
There is, however, no doubt of its specific distinction from any other known American species,
although it may be difficult to express all its characters.

The upper parts generally are black, but there is a longitudinal stripe of white down the
middle of the back as in Picus villosus and puhescens. This white in the central feathers
occupies the whole of the feather beyond the downy base ; in the adjacent ones, however, it
forms an elongated terminal patch on the end of the inner web, the remainder being black. It
is impossible to say how far forward the white extends, but probably as lar as the nape. The
upper tail coverts have each a white spot at their tips. The wings are black; the quills with a
series of small subcircular white spots on the edges of the outer webs to the tips, (six or seven
on the primaries.) The inner webs are marked on their edges with larger and more transverse
white blotches, commencing at their bases, but not reaching the tips. On the innermost secon-
daries these bands are very distinct, and the terminal ones extend nearly to the outer edge of
the feathers.

Tliere is a patch of gamboge yellow on the crown ; the rest of the head is black, with a
distinct white stripe beneath the eye from the angle of the mouth, and extending forward across
the bases of the bristly nasal tufts. Its backward extension cannot be ascertained, nor whether
there is a second white stripe from behind the eye. Tiie bristly featiiers of the nostrils are
black, somewhat streaked with white ; they do not reach to the middle of the culmen.

BIRDS — nCIDAE — 6PHYRAPICUS. 1 '"> I

The uniler parts are white ; the sides along the wings and under wing coverts banded trans-
versely with black. The under tail coverts are white without any bands. The two outer
(stiff) tail feathers are white, the basal portion black. There is ;i black spot in the white of
the inner, and a white one in the black of the second stiff feather. The next feather is black,
spotted terminally with white on the edges ; the next black with a single terminal spot. The
middle feather entirely black.

Tills species requires no comparison with P. arcticus, which has the entire back uniformly
black. It differs from P. hirsutus in having the middle of the back streaked longitudinally witli
white, instead of banded transversely ; the upper tail coverts spotted with white. Tlie white
bands on the inner edges of the inner secondaries are broader, and extend nearly to the outer
web instead of being confined to the inner. The under tail coverts are pure white instead of
banded with black, and the markings of the tail are somewhat different. The size is rather
larger ; the bill longer and narrower.

This species differs from P. tridadylus of Europe in the pure white under tail coverts, and
the more distinctly longitudinal patch of white on the back. The two middle tail feathers on
either side only are black, (and, in fact, the second has a white spot,) while the others are much
variegated with white. The exposed portions of the outer feathers are entirely white, instead
of being conspicuously banded with black. The sides are banded, not streaked, with black.

In the Conspectus Volucrum Zygodactylorum of Bonaparte, mention is made of Picoides
crissoleucos of Brandt, " Kamtschatkensis, Bp.," which may possibly be the present species,
especially as it agrees in the white crissum. I have not been able, however, to find the
original description, nor have I at present access to the figures of Reichenbacli in Icones avium.
It is, however, hardly likely that a summer bird, found breeding as far south as the parallel of
42° in the Eocky mountains, should occur also in Kamtschatka.'

List of specimens.

Cllt:il.

No.

Sci.

Locjliiy.

When collected.

i

Whence obtaincil.

Cullecled by —

Length.

Eilcnt.

Wing.

R mjrkd.

6809

C?

Laramie Peak

August 35, 1857

Lt. G. K. Warreu . .

Dr. F. V. Haydcn..

9.0U

15.75

5.00

Iris,

SPHYRAPICUS, Baird.

Pilumnus, Bon. Consp. Zygod. Ateneo Italiano, May, 1854. (P. thyroideus.)

Bill as in Picus, but the lateral ridge, which is very prominent, running out distinctly to the commissure at about its middle,
beyond which the bill is rounded without any angles at all. The culmen and gonys are very nearly straight, but slightly
convex, the bill tapering rapidly to a point ; the lateral outline concave to very near the slightly bevelled tip. Outer pair of
toes longest ; the hinder exterior rather longest ; the inner posterior toe very short ; less than the inner anterior without its
claw. Wings long and pointed ; the fourth longest. Tail feathers very broad, abruptly acuminate, with a very long linear
point.

This genus is very remarkable in the prominence of the lateral ridge, and its termination in
the middle of the commissure, with the narrowness and low situation of the nostrils. I do not
feel exactly satisfied with the position of P. luilliamsoni in the genus, as, although the bill is

^ As these sheets are passing through the press, 1 find that P. crissokucus has the under parts entirely white, without bands
or streaks. The under wing coverts even are white, wliile in all the other species they are spotted with bljck. Reichenbach,
Handbuch, VI, 1855, 362.

102

U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

the same, the outer anterior toe appears decidedly longer than the posterior. The specimen is,
however, in such a defective state of preservation as to render it almost impossible to ascertain
its true characters.

Ficus thyroideus, upon which Pilumnus was founded^ differs a little from P. varius in a
longer, more attenuated, and slenderer bill ; more curved culmen ; and less prominent lateral
ridge. The outer toes too are more nearly even.

The genus Pilumnus, originally established by Bonaparte, is used in the Crustacea, and
cannot, of course, be again employed. In supplying a new name, I consider the old Picas
varius as the type instead of thyroideus, which may possibly constitute the type of a distinct
genus. Eeichenbach takes Mr. Cassin quite severely to task for not recognizing a Colaptes in
his Picus thyroideus. There is, however, nothing of the peculiar features of Colaptes in the bill,
and but little in the coloration. In the latter respect it is more like Centurus, but still suffi-
ciently different to justify Bonaparte in combining it with the Picus varius and ruber.

The species of Sphyrapicus, in respect to coloration, are divisible into two sections, the one
with 8. varius as the type, the other embracing only 8. thyroideus. The following diagnosis
will serve readily to distinguish them. All have the central line of the belly yellow, and the
upper tail coverts white.

A. No transverse bars on the body. Middle of the back longitudinally spotted with whitish.
Upper tail coverts, outer half of middle and greater wing coverts, and line from the nostrils
(including the nasal feathers) under the eye, white ; middle line of the belly yellow.

Crown red, bordered all around with black. A post-ocular white stripe ; chin and throat
broadly red ; a patch of black on the breast ; outer and inner tail feathers varied with
white 8. varius.

Head, neck, and sides of breast and body black. A post-ocular white stripe ; nar-
row line of chin and throat red. Tail feathers entirely black. Back scarcely
spotted 8. williamsonii.

Head, neck, and breast red. No post-ocular white stripe. Innermost tail feathers only
varied with white 8. ruber.

B. Everywhere, except on the head and neck, upper tail coverts and middle line of belly,
transversely banded with black and whitish. No white (or red?) on the head.

Head and neck light brown; a large black pectoral patch 8. thyroideus.

Comparative measurements.

Ciiul.
No.

Ppecicfl.

Localily.

8ex.

Length.

Strctcli
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

2107

Carlisle, Pa

9

7.64
8.50
7.44
7.52
8.35
7. OS

14.75
15.25

15.25

15.25

4.90
5.00
4 86
4.80
4.84
5.0C
4.78
4.T4
4.86
4.03
5.00
5.B4
5.36
4.3J
4.50

3.50

O.BO

0.84

0.34

1.00

1.00

Skin

do.

782

do

do

Fresh

I,

3.14
3.24

0.86
0.78

0.80
0.84

0.34

o..ia

1.00
0.96

1.04
1.04

Skin

do

do

do

do

do

c?

Skin

do.

do

Fori Thorn, N. M

Frcj^h

3.56
3.42
3.48
3.44
3.76

0.90
0.84
0.60
0.68
0.B4

0.84
0.86
0.90
0.88
0,88

0.32
0.31
0.36
0.38
0.30

0.94
0.90
0.96
1.00

0.98

0.98
0.96
0.96
1.06

0.98

Skin

5621

7 40

Skin

6038

Sacr.'inKtrito val., Gal.
Cnlitbniin

<?

8.00
7.98
7.64

Skin

38»8

8804
dn.
9344
3903
6807
do

do

S. willinmionii ....

do

do

8. thyroidL'uii

do

do

Skin

Laramie Peak

(?

Q
Q
Q

Skin

Freth

Klamath lake, 0. T. .

Calironiia

Laramio Peak

do ....

7.60
8.80
7.10
8.75

3.30
4.06
3.41

0.88
0.84
0.84

0.8S 0.40
0.66 0.30
0.84 0.34

1.06
1.20
0.90

1.04
1.20
0.96

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fresh

1

BIRDS — PICIDAE — 8PHTRAPICD8 VAHIUS. 103

SrilYRAriCUS VARIUS, lUird.

Yellow-bellied Wood pecker.

Picut rariuj, L. Syal. Nat. I, 17G6, 17(i. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. 11, 1807, 63; pi. cxviii, Rxix. — Wii.so.v, Am. Orn. I,
1808, 147; pi. ix, f. 2.— Waui.er, Syst. Av. I8i7, No. IG — Auu. Orn. Biog. II, lb34, .519 : V. 537 ;
pi. 190.— Id. liirds Amcr. IV, I84i, 2G3; pi. 2G7.— Bon. List. 1838.— In. Consp. 11:50, l?a

Pietu {Dendrocopus) rarius, Sw. F. 13. A. II, 1831, 309.

Pilumnut varixu, Bon. Congp. Zjgod. Aten. ItaL 1854, 8.

.'PiciuoJre/Aorox, Letsoy.Traito d'OrnillioIogie, I, 1831, 229.— Ib. Pcchebak, Ucv. Zool. VII, 185.">, 21. (Rcforeit
to i'iciu fori 111.)

Yelttnt-btllied xeoodpickcr, Pennant, Latham.

Sp. Cn. — Fourlli quill longest; lliird a little shorter; fourth considerably shorter. General color above black, much
variegated with while. Feathers of the back and rump brownish while, spotted with black. Crown scarlo', bordered by black on
the sides of the head and nape. A streak from above the eye, and another from the bristles of the bill, passing below the eye,
and into the yellowish of the belly, and a stripe along the edges of the wing coverts white. A triangular broad patch of scarlet
ou the chin, bordered on each side by black stripes from the lower mandible, which meet behind, and extend into a large
quadrate spot on the breast. Rest of ui..ler parts yellowish whito, streaked on the sides with black. Inner web of inner tail
feather white, spotted with black. Outer feathers black, edged and spoiled with white. Length 8.25 inches ; wing about 4.75 ;
tail 3.30. Female with the red of the throat replaced by white. Young male without black on the breast, or rod on top of
the head.

Hab. — Atlantic ocean to the eastern slopes of Rocky mountains ; Greenland.

Variety nucAa/ij.^Tho black occipital transverse band succeeded by a nuchal one of scarlet, instead of brownish white
(New Mexico.)

The brownish white stripes behind the eye are confluent on the nape, and are separated by a
black occipital band from the red of the top of head. It then may be traced downwards in two
branches over the scapular region, and meeting on the rump. The feathers involved are
whitish, with spots and transverse bands of black. The feathers of the middle of the back are
somewhat similar, but with more black. The white of the wing coverts is confined to the
outermost middle and greater ones. All the quills are spotted with white on the edges of both
webs, quite conspicuously so on the inner edges of innermost secondaries. The under tail
coverts are whitish, with concealed V-shaped bands of brown. The rump feathers are white,
the lateral ones with outer edges marked with black. The three outer tail feathers (not
counting the spurious one) are black, terminally edged and spotted with white ; the fourth has
a small white spot ; the fifth or innermost is as described. The white cheek stripe extends
along the whole neck, and runs into the yellow of the sides and belly.

There is a very curious variety of this species, which I have only seen from the southern
Rocky mountains, in which the nuchal brownish white band formed by the confluence of the
two post ocular stripes is red, like the crown, and separated from it by the black occipital baud.
The yellow bordering the black pectoral patch is also tinged with red. I have never seen more
than a trace of this in eastern specimens, as in 4G32 and 2101. The name of nuchalis may be
applied to this variety.

There is an occasional variation in the markings of the tail feathers. Thus in No. T82, from
Carlisle, the innermost one is entirely black, while in 4631, from the upper Missouri, the outer
web of the same feather has nearly, and in 2107, from Carlisle, it has quite, as much white as
the inner web. The outer webs do not appear to vary so much.

With the great variations with age and sex exhibited by this species, it i.s a little remarkable
that it has so few synonyms. The Picus atrothorax of Lesson, among these, was first shown to
belong to S. variiis, by Pucheran, in his critical studies of the types of French zoologists
contained in the Paris Museum of Natural History.

104

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

This species is found throughout the eastern portion of North America, from the Atlantic
coast to the eastern slope of the Kocky mountains. The Fort Yuma specimen, (6040,) if no
mistake has been made in the locality, is the only far western point on record. The variety
nuchalis has hitherto only been noticed from New Mexico.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Se..

No.

6935

O

1334

9

2076

S

1342

Q

2598

Q

B107

Q

1332

S

782

(?

1333

S

2101

(?

4635

s

4633

3

4631

9

4633

9

4634

(?

4636

rT

4637

C?

5621

9

8807

9

6042

6046

9

Locality.

Selkirk settlement, HB.T

Racine, Wis

Carlisle, Pennsylvania —

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do ,

Mouth of Platte rivcr,N.T
80 mis. ab. Council Bluffs

Big Sioux river, N . T

do

do

Above Council Blutfs

do

Medicine Bow river, K. T.

Laramie Peak

Mirabre^ river, New Mex
? Fort Yuma, Calitnrnia .

When collected. Whence obtained.

April 5,1844
April —,1845
April 10,1844
May 8,1846
April 15,1845
M.iy 5,1644
October 7, 1842
April 5, 1844
April 12, 1845
April 26,1856
April 29, 1856
May 3, 1856

do

do

May 17, — -
Ausust 9,1856
August 24, 1857

Donald Gunn

Dr. Hoy

S. F. Baird

do ..

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Lt. C. K. Warren..

do

do

do

do

do

do

Lieut. Bryan

Lieut. Warren

Dr.T.C.Henry,U-.S.A.
Lieut. Williamson. .

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Dr. Hayden.

do....

do....

W. S. Wood.
Dr. Ilayden . .

Dr. Hcennann .

Length.

8.33
8.25
8.33
8.33
8.50
8.25
8.67

7.37
7.75
8.37
7.32
7.62
7.75
7.87
8.75

Extent.

15.33
15.25
15.50
15.25
14.75
15.75
15.75

14.

13.

15.25 •

14.75

14.

14.

13,87

15.2'J

Wing.

4.92

4.83

5.

5.

5.

5.

5.

4.87

4.75

5.

5.

5.

4.75

5.

4.50

Remarks.

Ins, light gray.

SPHYRAPICUS EUBER, Baird.

Red-breasted Woodpecker.

Picus ruhtr, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 429.— Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 151.— Aud. Cm. Biog. V, 1839, 179 ; pi.

416.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 261 ; pi. 266.
Mdancrjies rnbtr. Rich. List, Pr. Br. Assoc, for 183.5.— Bonap. List, 1638.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 115.
I'llmnnusruber, BoN. Consp. Zyg. Aten. Ital. 1854, 8.
Picus Jlaviveiitris, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 18U7, G7.

gp. Ch. Fourth quill longest; third intermediate between fourth and fifth. Bill brown wa.t color. Head and neck all

round and breast carmine red. Above black, central line of back from nape to rump spotted with whitish ; rump, wing coverts,
and inner web of the inner tail feathers white, the latter with a series of round black spots. Belly sulphur yellow, streaked with
brown on the sides. Narrow space around and a liUle in front of the cyo black. A narrow yellowish stripe from the nostrils, a
Bhort distance below and behind the eye. Length about 8.50 inches ; wing, 5 inches ; tail, 3.4U inches.

Hab. — Pacific slope of the United States.

The red of the breast and belly extends over half the distance from chin to end of lower tail
coverts. The tail feathers are immaculate black, except as described. All the wing quills
have both webs spotted with white. The white of the upper tail coverts is streaked with
black. The white 8i)ot8 on the back are elongated, mostly on the end of the inner webs of the
feathers, and are tinged with red.

Specimens vary considerably in size ; one (5959) from Olympia is much larger than the rest,
measuring 9^ inches ; the wing over 6 inches. The colors arc unusually bright and pure, but
no other difference is noticeable.

BIRDS PICIDAE — SPHYRAPICUS WILLIAMSONII. 105

The shmlc of red sometimes varies to a more purplisli tinge. The white on the wing is
confined to the outermost middle and greater coverts ; the quills spotted on both webs except
the innermost and outermost ones. The under wing coverts are white, slightly spotted (not
banded) with black.

List of specimens.

ClUI.
No.

Sel.

Locality,

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Strelcli

OfwiUgrt.

Wing.

RcniarkH.

S95S

C?

Olyiiipin, W. T

Mar. — , 1655
Oct. — , 1854

Oct. 28, 1635
do

Dr. J. G.Cooper

6040

Slioalwaier bay, W. T . . . .

9.25

15.75

5.37

Iris, Mil, and
pale brown .

feet

9796

S. F. Daird

do

S797

do

do

1938

Q

do

San Francisco, Cal

July 8,1835
1853

lo

do

38*6

6038

Lieut. Williamson ....
do

6039

do

do

SPHYRAPICUS WILLIAMSONII, Baird.

Williamson's Woodpecker.

Picus iriiltanuonii, Newberrt, ZooI. California and Oregon Route, 89 : P. R. K. Rcpts. VI, 18.')7 ; pi. xxxiv,

fig. 1.
Mtlanerpa rvbTigviaria, Sclater, Annals and Mag. N. H. 3d series, I, Feb. 1858, 127.

Sp. Ch. — Black ; middle line of belly yellow ; central lino of chin and tliroat above red. A large patch on tlio wing, rump,
and upper tail coverts, a line from the forehead beneath the eye, and another from its iipper border, white. Tail entirely black.
Exposed surface of wing without any white, except on the outer primaries. Female with the chin white instead of red. Length
9 inches ; wing, 5 inches ; tail, 4.70 inches.

Hab. — Rocky mountains to the Cascade mountains.

Head and neck all round, sides of breast and body, upper parts generally, wings, and tail
glossy greenish black. A well defined white stripe from the nostrils, (including the bristly
nasal feathers,) passing backwards under the eye; another nearly ijarallel starting at the upper
part of the eye, and nearly meeting its fellow on the occiput. Chin and throat red along their
central line. A large patch on the wing, including the exposed portions of the middle and
greater coverts, white, although the anterior lesser coverts are black. Tlie inner face of the
wings is white, banded transversely with white ; the sides of body behind and under tail
coverts white, with broadly V-shaped bands of black, which color on the latter occupies the
whole central portion of the feathers. Rump and upper tail coverts pure white ; back with a
few indistinct and concealed spots of the same. Quills black; the margins of exterior primaries
spotted with white, the inner margins only of the remaining quills, with similar but larger and
more transverse blotches. Middle of the body, from the breast to the vent, sulj^hur yellow.
Female similar, but with the chin white instead of red.

This beautiful species of woodpecker was first collected by Dr. Newberry, August 23, 1855,
on the shores of Klamath lake, southern Oregon. The specimen — a female — was badly shot,
and thrown into alcohol, which extracted the yellow color of the belly, leaving it a dull white.
In this state it was figured and published in Ur. Newberry's report, in 1857, made to Lieutenant
Abbot. A male in good plumage was, however, taken by Dr. Hayden, on the 24th of August,
1857, on Laramie Peak.
14 b

106

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SUEVETS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Mr. Thomas Bridges more recently collected a male specimen in northern California, and
sent it to London, where it was described by Mr. Sclater, in February, 1858, as quoted above.
As Dr. Newberry's report and plate were published in 1857, and the species there named P.
williamsonii by him, he has, of course, the priority.

This one species is so entirely different from any other American bird as to require no special
comparison. It has as yet only been found in the Eocky mountains, about latitude 40°, and
westward.

List of specimens.

Caul.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of winga.

Wing.

Remarks.

9344

Q

Shores of Klamath lake, 0. T .

Aug. 23, 1855
Aug. 24, 1851

Lieut. Williamson..
Lieut. Warren

Dr. J. S. Newberry.
Dr. Hayden

8804

9.00

15.25

5.00

alcohol.

SPHYRAPICUS THYROIDEUS, Baird.

Brown-headed Woodpecker.

Picus ihyroidtua, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Dec. 1851, 349, (California.)— Heermann, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. 2(1 eer. H,

1853, 270.
Melanerpes thyroideus, Cassin, III. I, 1854, 201 ; pi. xx.\ii.
Pilumnus thyroideus, Bon. Consp. Zygod. Aten. Ital. 1854, 8.
.'? Picus nataliae, Malherbe, Cab. Journ. f. Ornith. 1854, 171.

Sp. Ch. — About the size of P. varius. Head dark ashy brown ; rest of body apparently encircled by narrow transverse and
continuous bands crossing the wings, of black and brownish white, except a large, round, black patch on the breast ; and the
central line of the body from the crest to the vent, which is the color of roll sulphur. No rod on the head. Female with
rather duller color. Length about 9 inches ; wing, 5 inches ; tail, 4.10 inches.

Hat. — Cascade and Coast ranges of California and Oregon.

This species, but recently added to our Fauna, is quite different in its colors from the other
North American species. In addition to the characters already assigned, the crown of the head
is obscurely streaked or spotted with black. The transverse and well defined narrow bands on
the back, breast, and sides of the body are very peculiar. The rump and upper tail coverts are
•white, with a few spots of black ; the under coverts are barred with black. The tail feathers
are black, the inner and outer barred transversely with white on both webs, the shafts, however,
entirely black. The quills are all spotted with white on both webs.

The sexes of the sjsecimens collected liave not been indicated sufficiently to show whether the
absence of red about the head in all of them aiiijlies to the male as well as the female.

List of specimens.

OtUl.
No.

Bex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wingH.

Wing.

Rt?nmrka.

3903

9

California

Dr llfiTinnnn

t047

Rio Orandc.N. M

Dr. Ilcnry.U. 8. A

U.OO

19.00

s.as

8803

Laramie peak

Au(.94,ieS7

BIRDS — PICIDAE — HYLATOMUS PILEATUS.

107

II YL ATOM US, Baird.

Dryolomus, Maliierbe, Mem. Ac. Molz, 1849, 329. (Not of Swainsoii, IS'.U.)
Dryopietu, BoNAr. Consp. Zygod. in Atcn. Ital. May, 1854. (Not of Mallierbo.)

Rill a liltlo loiigpr lliat the head ; considt'rably depressed, or bronJor than liigh at tlie base. Shaped much as In Campephilus,
except shorter, and without the brislly feathers directed forwards at the base of the lower jaw. Gonys about half the length of
the coniniissuro. Tarsus shorter than any too, except the inner posterior. Outer posterior too shorter than the outer anterior,
and a little longoc than Uio inner anterior. Inner posterior very short; not half the outer anterior; about half the inner
anterior one.

Tail long, graduated ; the longer feathers much incurved at the tip. Wing longer than tho tail, reaching to the middle of
the exposed surface of tail ; considerably graduated, though pointed ; the fourth and tiftli quills longest.

Color uniform black, with white patches on the side of the head. Head with pointed crest

This genus is very similar to Campephilus, but differs chiefly in the less development of the
outer hind toe, which is about exactly intermediate between the outer and inner anterior, the
outer largest ; instead of being longest, and having the outer anterior intermediate between it
and the inner. The bill is shorter ; the gonys fully half tlic length of the commissure.

HYLATOMUS PILEATUS, Baird.

Black Wood Cock; Log Cock.

Piciu pi/ea/ws, Linn. Syst Nat. I, 176G, 173.— Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 58 ; pi. ex.— Wilson, Am. Orn.

IV, 1811, 27 ; pi. xxix, f 2.— Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, No. S.— Add. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 74 : V,

533 ; pi. 111.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 266 ; pi. 257.
Piciis (Dryotomvs) pilealus, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 304.
Dryolomus pileatMS, Bp. List. 1838.
Dryocopus pileatus, EoNAP. Consp. Av. 1850, 132.
Dryopicus piteatut, Bon. Consp. Zyg. Aton. Ital. 1
PiltaUd woodpecker, Pennant. — Latham.

Sp. Ch. — Fourth and fifth qnills equal and longest ; third intermediate between sixth and seventh. Bill blue black. Genera|
color of body, wings, and tail dull greenish black. A narrow white streak from just above tho eye to the occiput ; a wider one
from the nostril feathers (inclusive) under the eye and along tho side of the head and neck ; sides of the breast, (concealed by
the wing,) axillaries, and under wing coverts, and concealed bases of all tlie quills, with chin and beneath the head, white,
tinged with sulphur yellow. Entire crown from the base of the bill to a well developed occipital crest, as also a patch on the
ramus of the lower jaw, scarlet red. A few fair t white crescents on the sides of the body and on the abdomen. Length, about
18 inches ; wing, 9!.

Female without the red on the cheek, and the anterior half of that on the top of tho head replaced by black.

Hob. — North America from Atlantic to Pacific.

Specimens of this species from the southern States are considerably smaller than Pennsylvania
and Oregon ones. The wing of a male (4925) from the St. John's river, Florida, is nearly an
inch shorter than the northern average. There is no appreciable difference in western and

eastern ones.

List of specimens.

Caial.
No.

Sex.

Localiiy.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
ofwingd.

Wing.

Hemarks.

6931

Q
3

3
3
3
3
Q
3

Nelson river, H. B. T

CarUalCj Pa

May -, 1839
Oct. 26, 1844

174

17.67
17.50

28.83
24.00

9.25
8.50

1723

4925

8t. John's river Fla

5600

Kansas

W. S. Wood

8379

Independence, Mo

June 20, 1657

W. M. Magraw

18.00

28.00

9.25

Iris yellow...

613-2

4793

May 9, 1335
April— ,1854
May — , 1855

95
57
381

6130

Fort Sleilacoom, W. T . . .
do

Gov. Stevens

6131

18.00

29.00

108

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Section Centureae.

The United States genera of this section are very similar to each other, and may be most
easily distinguished by color, as follows :

Centukus. — Back and wings banded transversely with black and white. Crown more or less
red ; rest of head with under parts greyish, and with red or yellow tinge on the middle of the
abdomen. Eump white.

Melanekpes. — Upper parts uniform black, without bands, with or without a white rump ;
variable beneath, but without transverse bands.

CENTURUS, Swain 3 on.

Centurus, Sw. Class. Birds, II, 1837, 310, (type C. carolinus.)
Zehrapicus, Malh. Mem. Acad. Metz, 1849, 360, (type C carolinua.)

Bill about the length of the head, or a little longer ; decidedly compressed, except at the
extreme base. A lateral ridge starting a little below the culmen at the base of the bill, and
angular for half the length of the bill, then becoming obsolete, though traceable nearly to the
tip. Culmen considerably curved from the base ; gonys nearly straight. Nostrils very broad,
elliptical ; situated about midway on the side of the mandible, near the base ; partly concealed.
Outer pairs of toes unequal ; the anterior toe longest. Wings long, broad ; third to fifth
primaries equal and longest. Tail feathers rather narrow, stiffened.

The species are all banded above transversely with black and white. The rump white. The
head and under parts are brown. The belly with a red or yellow tinge.

The species of Centurus may be arranged as follows :

A. Middle of belly red.

Crown, nape, and behind the auriculars red. Forehead white, tinged with red. C, carolinus.

B. Middle of belly yellow ; a square patch of red in the middle of the crown.

Forehead yellow ; nuchal collar orange yellow ; a white band between the red of the
crown and the yellow front. Eump white. Middle tail feathers black. — C.fiaviventris.

Entire upper parts of head and nape light brownish, except on the crown ; forehead
rather purer. Kump banded with black. Middle tail feathers varied with white and
black , G. uropygialis.

Comparative measurements.

Caul.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Longtli.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Dill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
mcnsnred.

865
do.

Centurus carolinus. . .
do

Carlisle, Pa

do

,

8.84
9.7.5
8.60
8.14
9.00
8.22
8.90
9.00
9.20

e.iG

8.50
R.84
10.06
0.04
9.0d

17.00

l.'i.SO

5.20
5.18
5.00
5.24
5.02
5.00
5.12
6.00
5.40
4.82
4.90
5.20
6.08
4.84
4.70

3.74

0.84

0.94

0.44

1.28

1.34

Skin

6118

do

Leavenworth

San Antonio, Tex..

Mexico

Rincs^ild Barracks..
Mnt;iitior:i.-4, Mcx...
do

3.70
3.56
3.52
3.20
3.38

0.80
0.90
0.90
0.94
0.88

0.94
1.00
1.04
1.02
0.94

0.44
0.42
0.42
0.38
0.38

1.16
1.44
1,.10
1.26
1.30

1.20
1.46
1.32
1.32
1.33

6131
SOU

Oentunis flavivcntris.
do

Skin

6134

do

Skin .

4038

do

do.

do

1396
6139

Centurus flaviventris
Centurus uropygialis .
do

do

9

3.78
3.66
3.54
3.78
4.10
4.00
3.T3

0.80
0.80
0.88
0.82
1.00
0.90
0.00

1.08
0.99
0.94
1.04
1.10
0.00
1.13

0.40

o.:n

0.40
0.40

o..ia
o,.ia

0.40

1.33
1.14
1.18
1.30
1.40
1.10
1.40

1.30
1.14
1.18
1.32
1.4B
1.10
1.40

Skin

Skin

4568

do

Skin

6138

do

to

9

Skin

8087
9086

Centurus striiitus ....
do

St. Domingo

In

Shin

Hkin

9083

Centurus radlolatua . .

Skin

IJIRPS — PICIDAE CENTDRUS CAR0LINU8. lO'J

CENTURUS CAROLINUS, Bon.

Itfd-bc-llicd Woodpecker

Pitus carolinus, Lis-v. Sjst. Nnt. I, ITCfi, 174.-Wilsos-, Am. Orn. 1, 1808, 113 ; pi. vii, f. a.-Auu. Orn. Biog.

V, 1839, IK) ; pi. 415.— Ib. Birds Amcr. IV, 1842, 27(1 ; pi. 270.
Ctnlurus carolintis, Sw. Bp. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus, av. 1850, 119.
Cfn/unu carolinensis, Sw. Birds, II, 1837, 310 ; (error.)
Pieua griuus, Vieili.. Ois. Am. Sept. 11, 1807, 52 ; pi. cxvi.
? Picus erythrauclien, Waglir, Syst. Avium, 1827
PUuastbra, Bodd.ert, Tabl. pi. eiil. (Gray, genera.)

Sp. Cii.— Third, fourth, and fiflli quills nearly equal, and longest ; second and seventh about equal. Top of the held and
napo crimson rod. Forehead whitish, strongly tinged with light red, a shade of which is also seen on the cheek, still
stronger on the middle of the belly. Under parts brownish white, with a faint wash of yellowisli on the belly. Back, rump,
and wing coverts banded black and white ; upper tail covert white, with occasional blotches. Tail feathers black ; first trans-
versely banded with while ; second less so ; all the rest with whitish tips. Inner feathers banded with white on the inner web ;
the outer web with a stripe of white along the middle. Length 9? inches ; wing about 5.

Female with the crown ashy ; forehead pale red ; napo bright red.

Hab. — North America, from Atlantic coast to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains.

The quills are all tipped and edged with white, and have a white spot near their hase. The
white hands on the back are about one-tenth of an inch wide ; the black nearly twice as large.
The under tail coverts are white, streaked with black. The red of the crown becomes rather
lighter on the nape, where there is sometimes a slight indication of yellowish.

Specimens vary in the depth of color of the red on the belly and its extent. The chin is
sometimes tinged with red.

A specimen from Fort Thorn does not differ appreciably, except in being a little smaller, and
the belly of rather a brighter red. All the western I have seen have the belly more red than
eastern ones.

I do not find any difference in eastern and Missouri specimens, except that none before me
from Pennsylvania show so much red as do western ones.

A skin from Amelia island, (4924) Florida, is considerably smaller than more northern ones,
the wing measuring barely 5 inches. It differs a little in having the white bands above nar-
rower than usual, the black ones being at least three times the white instead of only twice. I
am unable to detect any other difference however. Occasionally the breast is tinged with
reddish.

Centurus imhelegans, a small species of red bellied woodpecker from Mexico and Lower
California, (1257) is quite a miniature of O. carolinus, the wing measuring only 4^ inches, the
body about 8. The band across the base of the bill is of a purer white ; the white bands of
the back narrower ; the rump and upper tail coverts more spotted ; the white stripe on the
outer web of the inner tail feather broken up into blotches. The tibial feathers and under tail
coverts are strongly banded transversely. The fourth quill is longest ; the third and fifth a
little shorter.

no

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Caul .
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When collect- 1 Whence obtained,
ed.

Orig'l

No.

Collected by—

Length .

E.ttent.

Wing.

Remarks.

663

9

"'T'

Carlisle, Pennsylvania..
do

Nov. 22,1842
Oct. 19,1842
July 4,1845

S. F. Baird

9.75
9.67
10.25

17.
17.
17.

5.17
5.33
5.33

813

do

2362

do

do.

S80S

2801

do

1 iln

6328

,1857

4924

,i<i

9.

16.

7050

May 13,1857 Lieut. Bryan

Oct. 21,1854 ! Lieut. Couch

71
1
7
3
S

23

W. S. Wood

6118

9

S

.......

Ft. LeavcnwortlijK. T..

St. Josephs, Mo

Independence, Mo

do

4623

16.50
17.25
15.50

5.62
5.50
5.25

Eyes, brownish red.

8!!)0

May 26,1856
do

W. M. Magraw

do

Dr. J. G. Cooper. .
do

10.75
10.

^89

do

463)

Nemaha Reserve, N. T.

Fort Riley, K. T

do

April 23, 1856

,1856

. do

Lieut. Warren

5684

5885

do

do

5620

do

June 13,1656
April 26, 1856
do

Lieut. Bryan

.... do

9
43

50

W. S. Wood

4621

S
9

Platte river, N. T

do

Dr. Hayden

do

10.12

8.87

15.75
16.

5.25
5.12

4622

do

6119

Dr. Henrj-, U. S. A.

6120

"-

CENTURUS FLAVIVENTRIS, Swain son.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

Centurm favivcntris, Swainson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, (2; centenaries) 354.

Centurus elegans, Lawrekce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, May, 1851, 116.

Ceniurus santacruzil, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1851, 123, (not of Bonap.)

gp. Ch. — Fourth and fifth quills nearly equal ; third a little shorter ; longer than the fourth. Back banded transvorrely with
black and white ; rump and upper tail coverts pure white. Crown with a sub-quadrate spot of crimson, about half an inch wide
and long, and separated from the gamboge yellow at the base of the bill by dirty white ; from the orbit and occiput by brownish
ash. Nape half way round the neck orange yellow. Under part generally, and sides of head dirty white. Middle of belly
gamboge yellow. Tail feathers all entirely black, except the outer, which has some obscure bars of white. Length about 9J
inches ; wing 5.

Female without the red of the crown.

Hab. — Rio Grande region of the United States, south into Mexico.

This species is nearly as large as the C. carolinus, although differing appreciably in the color
of the crown and nape, the yellow nape, yellow belly, immaculate inner tail feathers, &c. The
bands on the back are of the same size and general character as in C. carolinus ; tlie back has,
however, a browniHli yellow wash. The orange yellow of the nape is about half an inch long.
Along the base of the upper mandible the color is gamboge yellow. The under tail coverts are
■white with V shaped marks of black.

In the young male the occiput as well as nape are gamboge yellow ; the feathers of the
under parts faintly streaked with black. The iris is red.

Specimens of a Lower California or Mexican Centurus, in the Smithsonian collection, at one
time supposed to be C. Jlaviventris, have the wing considerably longer, (5^ inches) ; the iburth
and fifth quills longest ; the third but little less. Tlie white transvcr.se marks on the back are
much narrower. The entire crown is crimson red, bordered laterully and behind with orango
yellow ; the white band separating the red of the crown from the yellow of the bill is purer

BIRDS — PICIDAE — CENTURUS UROPYGIAUS.

Ill

and better defineil. The white of the under parts is of a more smoky tinge, with a general
jellowish shade. The gamboge of the abdomen is darker. The tibia is finely biineil trans-
versely with black. The rump and upper coverts are white, the inner web of the inner featlier
barred witli white. The I'omale is similar, but lacks tlie anterior half of the criiuson of the
crown.

A skin (No. 9085) labelled Centurus hi/popolius, (Wagl.) by Verreaux, agrees perfectly with
the present species. It is, however, very distinct from the true hypopolius of Wagler in the
original description in Isis.

List of specimens.

Catid.
No.

8U.

Localiiy.

Whtn col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Strotcli
of wing!*.

Win;.

Ucmarkfl.

(lai

3

Lieut. J. 0. Pnrke....

Dr. Ileermann

1

3708

6125

A. Scliott

61-J6

do

do

do

1

61^

do

J. H. Clarke

do

lo.as

17.50

5.50

6lil3

do

July 5,1853
July 15, 1853
Mar. 1, IB53

do

6194

do '

do

do

4036

9

Uauunoras, Maiico

de

9.00
9.50

15.50
16.50

5.00
5 00

Eyea red, bill

Blale,leg3 lead

do

4037

do

color.

9085

Meiico

Verreaux

CENTURUS UEOPYGI ALIS, B a i r d .

Gila Woodpecker.

Ctnturus wopygialis, Baird, Pr. A. N. Sa Ph. VII, June, 1854, 120. (Bill Williams' river, N. M.)
Cenlurua hypopolius, (Bp.) Pccheras, Rev. et Mag. J853, 163. (iVot I'icus {Centurus) hypopolius, Wagler.)
Zebrapicus kaupii, Maluerbe, 1855.= — (Sclater in leUer.)
Centurus sulfureiventer, Reichenbach, Handbuch, vi, Picinae, Oct. 1854, 410, figs. 4411, 4412.

Sp. Cu. — Third, fourth, and fifth quills longest, and about equal. Back, rump, and upper tail coverts transversely barred
with black and white, purest on the two latter. Head and neck all round pale dirty brown, or brownish ash, darkest above. A
small sub-quadrate patch of red on the middle of the crown, separated from the bill by dirty white. Middle of the abdomen
gamboge yellow ; under tail coverts and anal region strongly barred witii black. First and second outer tail featiiers banded
black and white, as is also the inner web of the inner tail feather ; the outer web of the latter with a white stripe. Length,
about 9 inches ; wing, 5.

Female with the head uniform brownish a.sli, without any red or yellow.

Hab. — Lover Colorado river of the West.

This very distinct species combines the peculiar characteristics of both C. earolinus and
Jlaviventris. The tail is marked almost precisely like the former, except that the first and second
outer feathers are banded across with black and white, instead of this being confined to the
outer, and less distinct. It differs in the yellow belly and restricted small patch on the crown.
It agrees vrith flavivejilris in the color of the abdomen and in the small quadrate patch of red
on the crown ; it differs, however, in lacking the orange yellow patch on the nape and the
gamboge band before the eyes. The rump and upi^er coverts are banded white and black, not
pure white ; the innermost tail feather is banded and streaked with white, not uniform black.
The region about the thighs and arms is much more strongly barred. The head and under
parts are more smoky brown in tinge. The bill is considerably more slender.

Specimens do not vary much. Sometimes there is a smoky brown wash on the baiik. In one
female from the Gila river the head is considerably lighter, with a tinge of yellow.

112

U. S. p. E, E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

I am informed Ly Mr. Sclater, by letter, that Malherbe has recently described this species as
Zebrapicus kaiipi. I have not been able to find this description, but it is subseciuent to my
own. It is again indicated by Pucheran as Centurus hypopolins of Wagler ; but a comparison
■with the description in Isis shows that this is not the case, as there is nothing corresponding to
the black superciliary streak there indicated.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex and

Locality.

When coUect-jWhence obtain-

)
Orign'i; Collected by —

Length.

Kemarks.

No.

age.

ed, ed.

No.

o 9

Bill Williams' Fork, N. M

Feb. 16,1854; Lt. Whipple...
Feb. 13, I854' do

171

Dr. Kennerly

MiiUhausen

9.50

do

99

9.50

Eyes, black..

6127

Gila river do

.... Lt. Parke

Dr. Heermann.*.

EyeB, brown.

4568

Maj. Emory...

do

22

A. Schott

6129

do

MELANERPES, Sw inson.

Melanerpes, Swainson, F. B. A. II, 1831, (type M. erythrocephalus.)
Melampicos, (section 3,) Malherbe, Mem. Ac. Metz, 1849, 365.

Bill about equal to the head ; broader than high at the base, but becoming compressed imme-
diately anterior to the commencement of the gonys. Culmen and gonys with a moderately
decided angular ridgo ; both decidedly curved from the very base. A rather prominent acute
ridge commences at the base of the mandible, a little below the ridge of the culmen, and pro-
ceeds but a short distance anterior to the nostrils, (about one-third of the way,) when it sinks
down, and the bill is then smooth. The lateral outlines are gently concave from the basal
two thirds ; then gently convex to the tip, which does not exhibit any abrupt bevelling.
Nostrils open, broadly oval ; not concealed by the feathers^ nor entirely basal. The outer pair
of toes equal. Wings long, broad ; third and fourth quills longest. Tail feathers broad.
The species all have the back black, without any spots or streaks anywhere.
The species of Melanerpes found in the United States all differ from each other very much in
color — thus, while the M. torquatus has a much more compressed and curved bill than M. erythro-
cephabis, the wings are much longer, reaching to within half an inch of the end of the tail ;
the entire under plumage has the fibrils stiffened and sejiarated, except at the base— a feature
I have never seen in other species. 31. formicivorus agrees again with torquatus in length of
•wing, but the bill is even stouter than tliat of erythrocephalus.
The species may be distinguished as follows :

Head and neck all round red ; rump and belly white ; a broad white band across the

middle of the wing 31. erythrocephalus.

Crown red. Forehead and rump white. No white on the wings. Sides uf head, chin,
and a broad pectoral band black. A collar on the throat, passing up in front of the

eyes into the frontal band wliite, tinged with sulphur yellow 31. formicivorus.

Above greenish black. Forepart and sides of the heiul, witli belly, red; breast hoary
gray, extending round on the back of the neck 31. torquatus.

BIRDS — P1CIDA1-: — MELANEKPES ERYTIIKOCKPllALrS.

113

Comparative measurements of species.

Caial. Specie*.
No. '

Locality.

8«x.

LengUi.

Slroicll
ofwlngs.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsua.

Middle
loe.

Iiji claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Spccimi-n
nieasured.

883 Mrllnerpes er)'Uiroceptaalu>.

Carlisle

do

9

8.6-2
V.IS
9.46
8. S3
8.60
9.48
10.00

17.50

5.54
5.50
5.64
5.48
5.70
6.72
6.64

3.63

0.84

0.90

0.38

1. 12 l.U

Skin

PreHh

S615 do

Fori Riley

ralitbrnia

Pt'laluiua

Tulorc valley ..
Caliromia

<?
9
C?
<?
9

3.58
3.64
4.10
4.52
4.68

0.94 1.00
0.90 0.94
0.88 1 0.98

0.96 1 i.oa

0.98 1 10

0.31
0.34
0.38
0.40
0.42

1.20
1.19
1.22
1.20
1.16

1.20
1.19
1.24
1.28
1.22

SIM MelinerpcB rormicimrus. ..
649S do

Skin

Skin

6138 .Melonerpe^ lorquatus

3134 do

Skin

1

MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS, Swain son.

Red-headed Woodpecker.

Picus erylhrocephalus, Link. Syst. Nat. I, ITGfi, 174. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 60 ; pi. cxii, cxiii. —
Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1810, 142 ; pi. ix, fig. 1.— Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 14.— Id. Isis,
1829, 518, (young.)— Aid. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 141 : V, 536, pi 27.— Ib. Birds America,
IV, 1842,274; pi. 271.

Melantrpa erylhrocephalus, Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 316.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 115.— Gambel, J.
Ac Nat. Sc. Ph. 2d ser. I, 1847, 55.

Picus obscunis, Gm. I, 1788, 429, (young.)

Red-headed woodpecker, Pennant, Kalm, Latham.

White-rumped woodpecker, Latham.

Sp. Ch — Head and neck all round crimson red, margined by a narrow crescent of black on the upper part of the breast.
Back, primary quilU, and tail bluish black. Under parts generally, a broad band across the middle of the wing, and the rump
white. The female is not different. Length about 9 J inches ; wing, 5^.

Hah. — North America, from the Atlantic coast to the eastern slope of the Rocky mountains. (Coast of California, Gambel.)

The crimson feathers on the head and neck all round have the same bristly texture as
described under M. torquatus. The red descends much lower below than above ; its posterior
outline well defined and semi-circular. The white on the wing involves the whole of the
secondaries and tertiaries, except the extreme base ; the shafts are black. There is a yellowish
tinge to the white on the middle of the belly, and the exterior tail feathers are tipped with
whitish. The inside of the wing is white.

I can detect no difference in western specimens. Occasionally the secondaries and tertiaries are
blotched or barred with black near the end, (587.) Immature specimens almost always have this
character. The young lack the red of the head, which is replaced by brown obscurely spotted
and streaked. Dr. Gambel speaks of this species as common in oak timber near the Mission
of San Gabriel, California, but none have been noticed west of the mountains by any one else.

15 b

114

U S p. R, R EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by-

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

3108

9

Q

Q

o 9

""q"

""s"

Q
c?

April 15, 1845
Dec. 3, 1842
Feb. la, 1842
May 24, 1843
1854

883

„,, do

do

9.67

17.50

5.50

589

do

do

1018

do

. ... do

8.83

17.00

5.33

4398

G. WUrdemann

7051

St. Louis, Mo

Independence, Mo

Fort Riley, K.T

do

May 8, 1857
June 3, 1857
June 19, 1856
June 16, 1856
June 20, 1856
June 13, 1856
June 20, 1856
1857

Lieut. Bryan

W. M. Magraw ....

Lieut. Br>'an

do

do

14
49
32
11
37
3
36

TV. S.Wood

8326

Dr. J.G.Cooper

VV. S. Wood

9.00

17.50

5.50

5A10

5613

S6I4

do ;

do

96 IS

do

5616

do

do

6549

do

5881

do

Dr. Hammond and
J. X. de Vesey

c?
c?

Q
(?
9
9

a

o

d

o
9

Fort Lookout, N. T

Fremont on Platte

Nemaha river, N. T

do

May 31, 1856
July I, 1857
April 23, 1856
do

5339

Dr. Hayden

do

do

9.75
9.60

17.50
17.00

6.00
5.75

8808

do

do

21

4625

4627

do

do

do

9.35
9.00
9.87
6.00
9.62

18.12
17.00
17.00
17.25
18 00

5.75
5.50
5.87
5.25
5.37

Eyes dark

do

4638
4629

do

do

do

do

do

do. ...

do

do

do

4630

Eyes dark

5330

Above Yellowstone R., NT
do

July 25, 1856
do

do

do

5831

6036

Milk river, N.T

do

Aug. 25, 1853
do

6037

do

do

5617

Black Hills, N.T

Aug. 3, 1856
Aug. 12, 1656

Lieut. Bryan

do

197
353

W. S. Wood

5618

North Platte river

do

MELANERPES FORMICIVORUS, Bo nap.

California Woodpecker.

Picus formicivorus, Swainson, Birds Mex. in Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 439, (Mexico.) — Vigors, ZooI. Blossom, 1839, 23,

(Monterey.)— NuTTALL, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840.
Melanerpei formicivorus, Ep. Conspectus, 1850, 115. — IIeermann, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. 2d series, II, 1853, 270. —

Ca6sin, lllust. II, 1853, 11 ; pi. ii.— Newberry, Zool. Cal. & Oregon Route, 90 ; P. R.

R. Surv. VI, 1857.
Picvs melanopogon, Temminck, PI. Color. IV, (1829?) pi. 451 — Wagler, Isis, 1829, v, 515.
? Melampicus Jlavigula, Maliierbe, Rov. ct Mag. Zool. 1849, 542.

Sp. Cii. — Fourth quill longest, third a little shorter. Above and on the anterior half of the body glossy bluish or greenish
black ; the top of the head and a short occipital crest red. A white patch on the forehfud, connected with i broad crescentic
collai on the upper part of the neck by a narrow isthmus, while tinged with sulphur yellow. Helly, rump, bases of primaries,
and inner edges of the outer quills, white. Tail feathers uniform black.

Female with the red confined to the occipital crest, the rest replaced by greenish black ; the three patches white, black, and
red, very sharply defined. Length about 9 inches ; wing about 5.

Ilttb. — Coast region of California and south ; in northern Mexico, eastward almost to the Gulf of Mexico ; also on Upper Riu
Grande.

In most specimens one or two red feathers may be detected in the black of the breast just
behind the Bulphur yollow crescent. The wliitc of the breast in streaked witli black ; the
posterior portion of the black of the breast and anterior belly streaked with white. The white
of the wing only shows externally as a patch at the base of the primaries.

BIRDS — riCin.NK — MKLAKF.RPKS TORQl'ATUS.

115

Specimens vary in the gloss on the black of the upper parts, which is sometimes green,
sometimes bluish.

The young male is exactly like tlie adult ; the only evidence of immaturity being in the
shorter aud more curved bill, as well ns the smaller size.

Specimens from New Leon are much smaller than those from California, as shown by a male,
(4033,) in which the wing is half an inch shorter than in California specimens. Many speci-
mens have a few red tipped feathers in the posterior edge of the pectoral collar, but it is not
found in all. Specimens from the Coppermines are about the size of Californian.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

9
<J

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orign'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Extent.

Wing.

44G4

Umpqua valley, 0. T.

, 1855

do

Lt Williamson.

Dr. Newberry.

4463

do.

5495

Petaluma, Cal

do

do

May —,1856
July —,1856
do

E. Samuels

do

do

R. D Cutts .

156

157

66

5496

5497

6153

4211

do

Winter '53-'54

Nov. — , 1855

do

do

5955

Santa Clara, Cal

do

5956

do

6150

9
(?
c?

do .

Dr. Hcermann .
do

6151

... . do

do

6152

do

do

4955

4606

Santa Isabel, Cal

Los Nogales, Mexico .

Dec. 26, 1854
June — , 1856

Mr. Schott

6147

do

do

Dr. Kennerly .
Mr Clark

6149

6148

...do. .

. do .

: do

6145

<?

Fort Thorn, New Hex.

New Leon, Mexico

do

Dr S C Henrv

4033

,1853

Lt. Couch

do

162
196

8.75

16.

5.25

4034

MELANERPES TORQUATUS, Bonap.

Lewis's Woodpecker.

Piev3 torquaius, Wilson, Am. Om. Ill, 1811, 31 ; pi. x.\.— Wacler, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 82.— Add. Orn. Bio?.

V, 1839, 176 ; pi. 416.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 280 ; pi. 273.
JVelanerpes lorquatus, Bp. Consp. 1850, 115.— Heermann. J. A. N. Sc. Phil. 2d ser. II, 1853, 270.— Newberry,

Zool. Cal. & Or. Route, 90 -, in P. R. R. Surv. VI, 1857.
Pievi monlanus, Ord, in Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. II, 1815, 316.
Pieus Itaisii, Urapiez. (Gray.)

Sp. Ch.— Feathers on the under parts bristle-like. Fourth quill longest ; then third and fifth. Above dark flossy green.
Breast, lower part of the neck and a narrow collar all round hoary grayish while. Around the base of the bill and sides of
the head to behind the eyes, dark crimson. Bellv blood red, streaked finely with hoary whitish. Wings and tail entirely uniform
dark glossy green. Female with the markings more obscure. Length about 10 J inches ; wing 6^.

Hab. — Western America from Black hills to Pacific.

J16

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SUKVKYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

This species diifers in one respect from any other of our North American woodpeckers in the
peculiar character of the feathers of the under surface. The fibres of the feathers are longer
than usual, and remarkably stiff. Those on the terminal third of each feather are of the usual
character at the base, or provided with fibrillae, those of opposite sides interlocking as in feathers
generally. The terminal portion, however, of the stem of the fibre is much enlarged, and ex-
panded laterally to twice or more the diameter at the root, and converted into quite a stiff
bristle, nearly smooth, or with very slight indications in places of the fibrillae. It is this por-
tion of the feather that is colored.

In addition to the characters given in the above diagnosis it may be stated that the narrow
collar around the lower neck is composed of hoary white feathers of the same texture as those
on the belly. On the sides of the neck and throat a black suffusion separates the crimson from
the hoary. This is seldom as pure as on the nape, appearing as if soiled with brownish. On
the upper part of the belly the bright blood red is confined to the central bristly fibres of each
feather, the lateral ones being of a roseate hoary, and imparting the streaked character referred
to ; posteriorly the red predominates. The anal region, the under tail coverts, the tibia, and
the sides of body and under surface of the wing are pure greenish black. The red and hoary
are, therefore, entirely superficial when the wing is closed.

In one specimen there is an occasional feather on the back of a violet tinge. One specimen
(6144) has the red of the belly of an orange red shade, this varying, in fact, to a considerable
degree with different specimens.

A young specimen (5619) lacks the hoary collar entirely, and the red around the bill is
replaced by black. The under parts are dirty grayish, obscurely blotched with greenish brown.
There are scattered indications of red.

List of specimens.

Catal. Sei.
No.

6133
6134
6135
S954
5953
59S2
4376
4377
1909
9795
4213
3933
6138
6139
S619
4668
8811
8812
88IS
8814
6813
8610

9

Locality.

9

Fort Sleilacooin, W. T. .

do

do

do

do

do ,

Fort DallfB, O. T

, do

Col. river

Rocky mount.iins

San FVa^ci^co

Culifornin

Tulare valley, Gal

FortTlioni.N. M

Pole Creek, N. T

Cheyenne livcr, Neb.,

Laramie peak

do

di

do

do

.do

When eol-
lecled.

Mar. — , 185C

May — , 1855

Jan. 9, 1855
do

Sept. 22, 1834
July 9, 1834
Winter, 53, '51

Aug. 2, 1856
Mar. 12, 1855
Aug. 24, 1857

do ..

do ..

do ..

do . ,

do .,

Whenee obtained.

Dr. Sutkley

do

, do

Dr. J. G. Cooper...

do

dn

Dr. Buckley

do

S. F. Baird

do

R. D. Cults

Dr. Hcermann

Lieut. Williamson.

Dr. Henry, U. S. A.

Lieut. Bryan

Dr. llayden

Lieut. Warren

......do

.do .
.do .
.do .
.do .

Orig.
No.

243
83
84

Collected by—

J. K. Townsend.
do

Ur. lleerinann ,

W. S. Wood .

Dr. HHydcn .

, do ....

do ....

do ....

do ....

do ....

Length.

Stretch
o!" wings.

10.50

11.25

10.25
11.25

io.r.o

11.50
10.75

20.00

22.25
20.50
20.50
21.00
20.00
21.50

Wing.

6.75

7.75
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.25

Iris reddish brown

BIRDS — nCIDAK — COLAFTES,

117

Section Colapteae.

This section, formerly embracing but one genus additional to Colaptes, has recently liad
three more added to it, by Bonaparte. The only United States representative, however, is
Colaptes.

COLAPTES, Swain son.

Colaptes, SwAiKsoN, Zool. Jour. Ill, Doc. 1827, 353. (typo C. auralus.)
Geopicos, Maluerbe, Mora. Acad. Melz, 1849, 358. (G. campcslris.)

Bill slender, depressed at the base, then compressed. Culmen much curved ; f!:onys straight,
both with acute ridges, and coming to quite a sharp point with the commi.ssure at the end ; the
bill, consequently, not truncate at the end. No ridges on the bill. Nostrils basal, median,
oval, and exposed. Gonys very short ; about half tlie culmen. Feet large ; the anterior
outer toe considerably longer than the posterior. Tail long, exceeding the secondaries, the
feathers suddenly acuminate, with elongated points.

The only two well defined species found within the limits of the United States are readily
characterized. They have, as the common character of Colaptes: the back transversely banded
with black and brownish ; the head and neck all round nearly uniform grayish or brownish,
with a short maxillary stripe, and with or without a nuchal patch ; a black crescent on the
breast, and the belly marked with round black spots. The most conspicuous features are as
follows :

1. Maxillary stripe black ; a scarlet nuchal crescent ; shafts, and the under surfaces of
wing and tail feathers yellow C. auratus.

2. Maxillary stripe red ; no nuchal crescent ; shafts, and the under surfaces of wing and
tail feathers brownish orange red C. mexicanus.

A hybrid between the two occurs on the upper Missouri.

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Extent.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen mea-
sured.

18«i6

Colaptes mexicanus..

do

do

Columbia river

Ft. Vancouver, N. T.
do

9

12.50
12.90
13.75
12.50
13.

23.25
21.

6.60
6.50

5.22
5.90

1.12
1.12

1.20
1.16

O.SO
0.50

1.60
1.68

1.64
1.68

Skin

6166

Skin

do.

ffil8
do.

do

do

Ft. Laramie ...

do

9

6.26
6.50
5.96
6.10
6.08
6.06

4.94

1.14

0.44

1.46

1.54

Skin,(legs br'kn.)
Fresh

9399

Colaptes mexicanoides

Colaptes auratus

do

5.38
5.20

1.10
1.01

1.16
1.12

0.46
0.33

1.64
1.42

1.64
1.46

1^1

Cailisle

C?

10.96

13.50

11.50

11.

10.30

11.80

13.05

19.50
16.

19.50

Skin

do.

do

SCOI

do

South Platte, Mo. . .
do

<?

4.66

1.04

1.20

0.42

1.48

1.48

Skin

do

4569

Colaptes chrysoidea ?.

Colaptes ajTcsii

do

United States and
Mei. boundary sur.
Farm Island, near

Fott Pierre.
do

<?

5.38
6.28
6.50

4.14
5.26

1.02
1.10

1.16
1.28

0.38
0.44

1.42
1.52

1.44
1.60

5214

Skin

do.

118 U- S. p. R. R EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

COLAPTES AURATUS, Swainson.

Flicker; Yellow Shafted Woodpecker; High Holder.

Cuculus auralus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, IT.'iS, I, 113.

Picits auratus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, ed. xii, 1766, 174.— Forster, Pliil. Trans. LXII, 1772, ."iSS.— Vieillot, Ois

Am. Sept. II, 1807, 66; pi. cxxiii— Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1810, 4.5; pi. iii, f. ].— Wagler, Syst.

Av. 18i>7,No. 84.— AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 191: V, 540 ; pi. 37.— In. Birds Amer. IV, 1842,

282 ; pi. 273.
Colaptcs auratus, Sw. Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 353.— Is. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 314.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus,

1850, 113.

Sp. Ch. — Shafts and under surfaces of wing and tail feathers gamboge yellow. A black patch on each side of the cheek. A
red crescent on the nape. Throat and stripe beneath the eye pale lilac brown. Back glossed with olivaceous green. Female
witliout the black check patch.

Length, 12| inches ; wing, 6.

Additional Characters. — A crescenlic patch on the breast and rounded spots on the belly black. Back and wing covcrls
with interrupted transverse bands of black . Neck above and on sides ashy.

Hob. — Eastern North America to the eastern slopes of Rocky mountains ; Greenland, (Reinhardt.)

In this species the bill is slightly curved ; a little broader than deep. The first quill is very
short ; the third, fourth, and fifth about equal, and longest ; the second intermediate between
the seventh and eighth.

The prevailing color of the back of this species is a light olivaceous brown, with a very slight
tinge of green ; each feather with a crescentic band of black near the end ; sometimes with
more. Tlie top of the head and the upper part of the neck half way round are bluish ash ; the
former with a tinge of reddish brown, increasing to the base of the bill. The neck, throat, and
sides of the breast are of a pale purplish brown ; the sides of the head from the nostrils to
around the eye, and including the ear coverts, are similar, with, perhaps, more of a cinnamon
tinge. There is a black patch or whisker on the cheek, commencing at the base of the lower
mandible, and of that width, and enlarging as it extends backwards to its truncated posterior
extremity, which is nearly twice as high as anteriorly. There is a carmine red crescentic collar
on tlie nape, (in the ash color described,) the branches coming round to such an extent on the
side of the head that the eye (in the prepared skin) appears to be intermediate between it and
the nostrils. The rump is pure white ; the tail coverts barred transversely with white and
black. The lower parts are yellowish white, tinged with brownish ; each feather with a nearly
circular spot of black near the end ; these spots larger posteriorly and on the tail coverts.

The under surfaces and shafts of the wing and tail feathers are bright gamboge yellow ; the
shafts above yellow on the upper surface. On the outer edges of the secondary quills are some
spots of the color of the back, forming a series of bars ; the primaries with only faint traces of
the same. The quills are margined near the basal portion of their edges with pale buff yellow,
of which color are tlie under wing coverts. The upper surfaces and tips of the tail feathers are
black ; the rest of the under surfaces gamboge yellow. The exfernal tail feather has a few
indentations of paler yellow on the outer edge, and all (excepting the central) are slightly
tipped with tlie same.

The female is almost precisely similar, except in lacking the black cheek patches ; this is,
however, obscurely indicated. The red nuchal band is persistent.

Specimens vary in size of body and bill, size and exact shape of the spots on the under parts,
which are sometimes larger or smaller, sometimes sliglitly transverse, circular, or somewhat

BIRDS — PICIDAE — COLAPTES AURATUS.

11?

loDgitutlinal. Western specimens are rather paler above ; occasionally purer asli on the head.
All, too, have the proportions of the quills a little different. Tluis, in one the fourtli and iifth
quills are equal ; the third «liortor thiiu the sixtli ; the fifth is, liowcvcr, in most a little lonj^er.
One specimen from Selkirk Settlement has the belly tinged with pule sulpiiur yellow ; the back
with a stronger shade of olivaceous green.

This species in general pattern of coloration resembles the C. inexicanus, although the colors
are very different. Thus the shafts of the quills, with, their under surfaces, are gamboge
yellow, instead of orange red. There is a conspicuous nuchal crescent of crimson wanting, or
but slightly indicated in mcx!camis. The cheek patch is pure black, widening and abruptly trun-
cate behind, instead of bright crimson, pointed or rounded behind. The shade of the upper parts
is olivaceous green, instead of purplish brown. The top of the head and nape are more ashy.
The chin, throat, neck, and sides of the head are pale purplish or lilac brown, instead of bluish
ash ; the space above, below, and around the eye of the same color, instead of having reddish
brown above and ashy below. The third quill is longest, the fourth and fifth but little shorter,
instead of having the fifth longest ; the third shorter than the fourth also.

The young of this species is sufficiently like the adult to be readily recognizable. Sometimes
the entire crown is faintly tipped with red, as customary in young woodpeckers.

Inst of specimens.

Oaul.
No.

Ski.

Locality.

VVhencoU Whence obtained,
lected.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

6932

Q
Q
S
Q

o
o

Nelson river, H. B. T

6933

do

1341

Carlisle Pa

April 10, 1844
April 3, 1845
July 12, 18-14

S. F. Baird

12.50
12.00
11.67

19.50
19.75
19.00

6.08
6.17
6.50

9051

do

do

do

1627

do

4435

E. C. Bidtvcll

4620

Fon Lcavenwortli, K. T..
do

April 21, 1856

Lieut. Warren. ...

2

Dr. Hayden

11.50

16.50

9.00

6158

5605

o

o <?

<?

9
9
c?

o 9

(?

9

c?

9

o
<? o
9 o
<? o
9 o
9 o

o
9 o

Kansas

Lieut. F.T.Bryan.
do

33

W. S. Wood

5606

Fort Riley, Kansas

do

do

June 19, 1836
1856

do

Eyes blue black.

6553

Dr. Hammond and

1856

6554

do

S609

115 miles W. of Ft. Riley.

South Platte river

South Platte, Neb

Platte river, Kan

July 3, 1856
July 8, 1856

do

July M, 1856

Lieut. Bryan

do

do

62

78

77

105

8

W. S. Wood

5608

do

5604

do

5607

do

do

4619

Lieut. Warren

do

S22I

Fort Lookout

Independence, Mo

do

do

June la, 1858
June 3, 1857
June 17, 1857
July 1,1857
1857

12.00
12.00
12.00
10.25
11.00
10.75
10.50
10.50
11.10
11.25
10.50

17.50
19.00
18. .50
17.50
18.00
18.60
18.60
16.50
18.00
18.50
17 50

6.00
6.00
6.75
5.25
5.00
5.75
5.50
4.50
5.50
5.50
5.50

6330

W. M.Magraiv

do

53
73
111

8346

do

do

8401

do

8868

50 miles ab. mo. of Platte.

Fremont on Platte

do

Loup Fork

do

do

Dr. Hayden

do

do

8866

July 1,1857

do

July

July

July 27, 1857
July 28, 1857

do

do

do

do

do

8867

8862

do

do

8861

8864

do

8865

do

do

do

120 U. S p. R. R. EXP. AKD SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

COLAPTES MEXICANUS, S w a i n s o n .

Red-shafted Flicker.

Colaptes meiiconiis, Sw. Syn. Mex. birds, in Philos. Mag. I, 1627, 440.— Ib. F. Bor. Am. II, 1631, 315.—

Newberht, Zool. Cal. &Or. Route, 91 ; P. R. H. Rep. VI, 1857.
Pkus mexicanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 174 ; pi. 416.— Ib. Birds America, IV, 1842, 295 ; pi. 274.
Colaptes collars, ViGons Zool. Jour. IV, Jan. 1829, 353.— Ib. Zool. Beechey's Voy. 1839, 24; pi. ix.
Picks rubricatus, Waclf.r, Isis, 1829, v. May, 516. " (Liclilenstein Mus. Berol.)"
Colaptes rubrictttus, Bon. Pr. Zool. Soc. V, 1837, 108.— Ib, List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 114.
?Picns cq/er, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 431.— Lath. Index Ornitli. II, 1790, 242.
? Pkus lathami, Wagler, Syst. 1827, No. 85 (Cape of Good Hope ?)

gp Ch. Shafts and under surfaces of wing and tail feathers orange red. A red patch on each side the cheek ; nape without

red crescent ; sometimes very faint indications laterally. Throat and stripe beneath the eye bluish ash. Back glossed with
purplish brown. Female without the red cheek patch. Length about 13 inches ; wing over 6| inches.

Additional Characters.— Spots on the belly, a crescent on the breast, and interrupted transverse bands on the back, black.
liab. — Western N. America from the Black Hills to Pacific.

In describing this species I have taken as types a very fine pair collected on the Coliimhia
river, by Mr. Townsend, in October, 1834. In size these skins considerably exceed specimens of
C. auratus. The bill is moderately long, a little broader than high, and gently curved. The
•wings are long, but do not reach the middle of the tail. The first quill is very short ; the fifth
longest ; the fourth but little shorter ; the third intermediate between the fifth and sixth.

The prevailing color of the back, scapulars, and wings is brownish ash, each feather with
one, two, or three bars of black. These are sub-crescentic, or nearly straight, short and wide,
extending across the feather. The entire head and neck all round may be described as j)lumbe-
ous ash, glossed with dull cinnamon brown above, darkest towards the base of the bill. There
is a decided tinge of cinnamon in an obscure stripe passing from the base of the upper mandible
above, and a little behind the eye, and involving the lower eyelid. There is a very distinct
whisker-like stripe of bright crimson or carmine red passing from the base of the lower mandible,
over and to the posterior extremity of the jaw bone, truncate and rounded behind. This is
never mixed with black. There is a large, broad crescentic spot of velvet black on the upper
part of the breast. The under parts generally are of a dull brownish white, (palest along the
median line,) each feather with a circular sharply defined spot .15 to .20 of an inch in diameter.
On the flanks these spots become larger, more transverse, and sub-cordate, several on a feather ;
on the tail coverts they are more like transverse bars.

The rump is pure white, (in this one specimen with a few short streaks of black on the
middle of some of the feathers ; in most specimens, however, the rump is immaculate.) The
upper tail coverts are white and black in transverse bands, the adjacent black bands sometimes
confluent along the midrib so as to interrupt the enclosed white band.

The shafts and under surfaces of all the quills, both of wing and tail, are of a bright orange
red, the shafts alone of this color on the upper surface in the wing ; in the tail the shafts are
black above, except at the base. The wing quills are dark brown, (except in the outer primaries,)
spotted with series of blotches like the color of the back, producing bauds. The inner webs are
similarly spotted, except that here they are more confluent and bave an orange tinge. Tlie longer
])rimaries are narrowly tipped with brownish wliite. Tlie tail fcatliers are black on their upper
surface and extremity, the first and second only with a few slight indentations of whitish. The
exposed under surface of the outer feather is orange, tipped with black.

BIRDS — PlCIltAE — COLAPTES JJEXICANUS. 121

The female is similar in every way, perhaps a little smaller, but lacks the red moustache.
This is, however, indicated by a brown tinge over an area corresponding with that of the red
of the male.

In the present specimen (188fi) there is a slight indication of an interrupted nuchal red liainl,
as in the common Flicker, in some crimson fibres to some of the feathers about as far behind tlie
eye as this is from the bill. A large proportion of males before me exhibit the same character-
istic, some more, some less, although it generally recjuires careful examination for its detection.
It may possibly be a characteristic of the not fully mature bird, although it occurs in two out
of three male specimens.

There is a little variation in the size of the pectoral crescent and spots ; the latter are some-
times rounded or oblong cordate, instead of circular. The bill varies as much as three or four
tenths of an inch. The rump, usually immaculate, sometimes has a few black streaks. The
extent of the red whisker varies a little. In skins from Oregon and Washington the color of
the back is as described ; in those from California and New Mexico it is of a grayer cast. There
is little, if any, variation in the shade of red in the whiskers and quill feathers.

There is some difference in size of this species, not only in the same locality, but, as a general
rule, the more southern specimens are smaller.

This species is distinct from the C. tnexicanoides of Lafresnaye, though somewhat resembling it.
This is, however, a smaller bird ; the red of the cheeks deeper ; the whole upper part of head
and neck uniform reddish cinnamon without any ash, in marked contrast to that on the sides of
the head. The back is strongly glossed with reddish brown, and the black transverse bars are
much more distinct, closer and broader.

16 b

122

U. S. p. E. K, EXP. AND .SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Wbeii collected.

Whence obtained.!

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Extent.

21.00
19.00
20.75

Wing.

Remarks.

s

3

Q

Q

..„..

Q

<S
Q
9
(?

c?
c?
c?

9

c?

9
3
9
9
..„..

(?
9
9
c?
9

a

9

(?

9

Straits of Fuca, W. T..

April —,1855
do

13.00

12.75
13.00

dn

5950

do

do

do

(l(j

do

6167

Fort Steilacoom, W. T. .

ilo

do

do

Feb. 15,1854
Jan. 15,ia')4
March— ,1856
May 10,1856
May 13,1860
Jan. 9,1854
do

Gov. Stevens

do

Dr. Buckley

do

37

15

242

386

388

Dr. Suckley

do

13.00

17.75

7. '

6168

do

6170

12.50
13.25
13.25
13.25

19.75
21.
21.
23.25

d(

Fort Vancouver, W. T..
tlo

Dr. Cooper

do

6166

do

Oct. 18,18:14
.. .. do

do

do

do

44.i4

Lt. Williani'^on.

Jan. —,1855
Winter of 1853
do

4209

San Francisco, Cal

..., do

4210

do „.,

3902

6162

6163

do

do

do

6160

Lt. Whipple

Dr. T. C .Henry..

180

Dr.Kennerly

11.

18.50

7.

Young

6172

Fort Tliorn, N. M

5072
5073

Fort Fillmore, N. M....

do

do

El Paso, N.M

Oct. 17,1855
Nov. 27, 1855
Oct. 17,1855

Capt. J. Pope

do

. . . ilo

146
168
147
28
16

14.

12.50

13.50

18.
22.

20.

6.
7.
6.00

Gums light blue

do

5074

Eyes brown, feet gray.

6161

6159

San Elizario, Texa.s. ....
Sallillo, Mexico

Repulilicaii F'k 01' Platte

river.
Republican F'k of Platte.

Kansas.

Dec. -,185-1
May — , 1853

October 1,1856

Sept. 24,1856

Sept. 11,1857
do

MaJ. Emory

Dr. Kennerly. ...

11.
11.

18.

18.

6.
6.

4041

Eyes deep crimson, bill
dark slate, feel lead.

5601

Lt. r. T. Bry.ln...
Lt. F.T. Bryan...
W. M. Magraw.

366
350

W. S. Wood

560*^

W. S. Wood ...

Dr. Cooper

do

12.25
13.00
13.00

20.50
21.00
21.00

6.75
7.00
6.50

6217

do

do

do

6218

do

do

io

COL APTES HYBEIDUS, B a i r d .

Colaptes ayresii, Ano. Birds Am. VII, 1843, 348 ; pi. 494.

? Ueopicus chnjsoides, Malhekue, Rev. et. Mug. Zuul. IV, I85'i, 553. (Diflcr.s from C. rmcadi.'i in wanting red iiapo )

Sp Ch. — Yellow sli.'iftH or feathers on wing and tail combined witli red or red spotted clicek patches. Orange shafts coinhlned
with a well defined nuchal red crescent. Ash colored throat combined with black cheek patch, or yellow shafts. Shafts and
feathers intermediate between gamboge yellow and dark orange red.

By tlie above name 1 intend to cover a remarkable .series of woudpecker.s I'roiu tlie upjier
Missouri and Yellowstone, combining the characteristics of the Colaptes auratus and mexicanus
in i)roportions varying with almost each individual, and leading irresistibly to the conclusion
that they are descendants of originals of the species mentioned above, mi.\ed up by inter-
breeding of successive geueratlDiis, to a degree unparalleled in the annals of ornitli(dogy. 1
have, in tlie two preceediug articles, gone into much detail in respect to the characters of
ColaptnH auratus and mexicanus, and under the first named liead have shown the jiartieular
point of difl'erence.

BTRnS PICIDAK COLAPTES IIYHRTOUS. TJS

The first striking deviation from the cliaracters of the C. auralus is seen in the variety de-
scribed by Audubon as Colaplcs ayresii. Here (5214, Fort Pierre) tlie fj;eneral characters
are those of anratiix, the lihvc or pur[ilish brown throat, the ashy head, the olivaceous green
shade of the back, the gamboge yellow quills, &c. The cheek patch, however, is bright car-
mine red, and the nuchal crescent of much less extent, though quite conspicuous. The fourth
quill is longest ; the fifth and third successively a little shorter. There are, however, faint
indications of black spots in the red of the cheeks.

A previous stage, however, is indicated in 5224, from Wliite Earth river, where the only
aberration from the C. aiiratus is seen in a faint indication of red in the .upper part of the
black check patch. The fourth quill is longest ; the third and sixtli about equal. No. 5603,
from the Little Blue, lias the black and red of the cheek patch so nearly intermixed as to render
it ditlicult to say which color predominates, the feathers being black, witli red tips.

Anotlier variety, but little difi'erent, consists in having a bluish ash on the throat and under
the eye as in C. mexicanus, instead of lilac brown. Tiiere is only a trace of red on tlie nape.
(6158, Jlilk river. Neb.)

In 4639, from Fort Pierre, the nuchal crescent is large, the cheek patch red and black. The
api)roach to C. mexicamts is shown by the yellow of the quills having an orange tinge almost
intermediate between the two. The throat and under the eye are ash color, not lilac brown.
Other specimens of the same general character have the shafts either more yellow or more
orange.

The variety nearest the C. mexicanus is seen in some specimens, as (5213) from the Yellow-
stone, where the shafts and quills are of nearly the typical orange, the cheek patches red. The
back is, however, that of the C. auratus ; the nape has a very distinct band of red ; the red of
the cheeks has a few specks of black. No. 5212 has more black in the cheek patch, and the
whole top of the head tinged with red.

To illustrate more fully this combination of characters of the two species in the numerous
specimens before me, I have prepared the following tables, the first serying as a key to the
second. Thus, by a I refer, in the second fable, to the peculiarities of cheek patches; by h to
those of the shafts, &c. Where a letter is found in the column of either species opposite a
particular specimen it shows that this has the particular character of the species. Wliere
the letters occur in both columns it shows that both characters co-exist in the specimen. Where
figures are combined with the letters it indicates the proportion. Thus 1 a under G. auratus,
and 3 a under C. mexicanus, show that the specimen has three times as much red in the cheek
patches as black.

In a large number of young Flickers, from the upper Missouri, (as 5215, 5216, 5217, 5218,
5220, 5222, 5223) the character of C. mexicanus is seen in the entire absence of red on the
nape. The cheek patches promise to be black ; the shafts mostly yellowish ; some with orange
tinge. In a similar series from Kansas and the Platte (5605 and 5609) the nuchal band and
black cheek patch, with the yellow shafts, are very distinct.

Malherbe describes a Colaptes chrysoides from America as similar to 0. auratus, but smaller,
and without a nuchal red collar. This is the characteristic of many immature birds of tlie
hybridus type from the upper Missouri, and Malherbe's species differs but little from these. If
from a remote locality, however, it may be distinct, and it is not improbable that the bird de-
scribed in the next article belonsrs to it.

124

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVKYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.
CHARACTERS OF SPECIES.

C. auratus.

C. mexicanus.

a Cheek patches

Black - --

Red

h Shafts

c. Throat and beneath eye

d. Nape _ -

e. Color of back, with shade of

Olivaceous iireen

Purplish brown _ - .

NUMBER AND LOCALITY OF SPECIMENS.

C. auratus.

O. mexicanue.

8863. Loup fork.

Ga. b. c. d. e ..

a. b. c. d. e

b. c. 2d. e

6. e

5224. White Earth river, Nebraska. 5225. Fort Pierre

5S03. Little Blue river, Nebraska

5214. Near Fort Pierre

6158. Milk river, Nebraska

46.S8. Fort Pierre, female, ashy throat ' a'.h.d.e

5212. Yellowstone I a. b. d. e.

ft

5213. Yellowstone j d. e

6211. Fort Union | a. d. e...

8258. Fort Laramie I c. d

5601. Fort Laramie.. c

a*.d

a*, c. d

a b. c

a 5b. c

a°. h. c

a. b. c. 2d. .
a. b. e

a. b. c. d. e.

' The slighest possible trace of black on the cheeks.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

I^ocality.

When col-
lected.

■Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings'.

Wing.

4638

Q
S
Q
3
S
OS

oS
o
o

9

s

9
9
S
3
3
Q
o

""3"

""3
9
3

Yellow jrrcilQinintiting on shafts.
Fifty miles west of Fort Pierre, Nebraska.

April 10, 1855
do

4C39

4641

April 18, 1855
May 30, 1856
do

do

do

5314

Fort Pierre

Near Fort Pifrre

do

13.12
13.60

19.50

19.50

6.. SO

52!5

do

, . do

6.25

5222

July 4, 1856
,,, . do

do

do

5223

do do

. ..do ....

do . .

5220

do do

do

do

... do ....

9215

Aug. 1,1856
July 23, 1856
Aug. 19, 1856
Aug. 22, 1856
Aug. 23, 1856
Aug. 19,1856
Sept. 6, 1850
Aug. 31, 1853
July 7, 1856
July 27, 1857
July 2, 1857

Sept. 1, 18f)7
Oct. 1, 1850
April 10, 1855
J. ly 19, 1856
July 28,1856
July 25, 1856

do

5316

Fort Union

do ....

do

13.00

20.50

6 00

KIT

Yellowstone river

do

do

S218

do

do

do

5219

do

.. ..do .

do

5217

do

do

.... do

12.25
12.00

20.13
20.50

6.35

5324

do

do

7.00

6158

Milk river, Ni-liraska

5603

Lieut. Drynn

73

W. S. Wood

8863

Dr. 1 nyden

do

12. UO

11.10

20.50
17.75

6 50

8869

Fifty mileH above moutt) of Platte

Orange predominating on iha/ts.
Fort Laramie

do

5.50

8338

W M. Miipr.'iw

5601

Lieut. Bryan

366

4640

5211

Fort Union, Nebraska

do

12.50
13.37
IJ.OD

20.00
30.12
3.08

6.37

.1213

Ycllow»tonc

do

do

do

6.37

5313

... .do ...

do

6.37

BIRDS — PICIDAK — COLAP'lES ClIItYSOIDES. 125

COLAPTES CHRYSOIUES.

Geopietu ekrytoidts, Maliierbe, Rcv.ot. Mag. Zool. IV, 185'.}, TiSS.

An iiumatiiro Colapfes (4569) with yellow shafts, no nuchal collar, and ash colored throat,
was collected somewhere on the Mexican houndary line, by Mr. Schott. The precise locality is
not known, and the sjiocimen is not perfect enough to show whether it is a distinct species or a
hybrid. It is niucli smaller than the corresponding age of C. auratus, the wing measuring but
h\ inches. The probabilities are that it is a permanent and jierhaps distinct species. It may
possibly be the C. chrysoides of Malberbe, agreeing with this in the absence of a red nape.
There is a slight tinge of orange in the yellow of the shafts.

Note. — The preceeding pages embrace all the Scanaores usually assigned to North America,
either as good and distinct species or as synonymes. The only ones not given are : 1st, the
Picus leucurus, Hartlaub, Naumania, H, 1854, 55. This is a species with entirely white tail,
said to have been discovered by Prince Paul of Wurttemberg, in the Rocky mountains. Nothing
further is mentioned concerning it than the color of the tail, as stated in a note from the Prince.
2d, the Dnjolomus ddatlri of Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, XXVIII, 1854. This, though
assigned to California, appears to be really Central American. 3d, Picus lineatus. This is
given by Mr. Audubon as sent from the Columbia river by Dr. Gairdncr, but there is no evi-
dence that such was really the case, or that it ever comes within many hundred miles of our line.
Campejjhilus tmpericdis, although given in the preceding pages, has really no claim to a place
in our fauna.

ORDER II .

INSESSORES.'

In accordance with the views of many systematic writers, it may perhaps he as well to retain
an order Insessores, and to place in it the Strisores, Clamatores, and Oscines as sub-orders. The
characters of the order will then consist chiefly in the possession of tliree toes in front and one
behind, (or at least never with two toes directed backwards,) as in Scansores. The claws are
not retractile, nor the bill with a cere, as in the Raptores ; nor is the hind toe situated appreci-
ably above the plane of the others, as in Jiasores, Grallatores, and Natatores.

The hind toe of the Insessores corresponds to the thumb or inner toe of the mammals, and is
usually quite short. The joints of the anterior toes generally follow the law of number charac-
teristic of birds, namely, two to the hinder, three to the inner, four to the middle, and five to
the outer toes ; but a deviation is seen in some Strisores where there are sometimes but three
joints each to the anterior toes, and sometimes only four in the outer. The tarsi are generally
covered anteriorly with plates, and furnished behind with granulations or small scales, or else
with two long plates covering the sides, the latter feature especially characteristic of the
Oscines, or singing birds ; in the latter alone is the tarsus sometimes covered anteriorly with
a single plate. Sometimes the tarsus is entirely or partly naked, or destitute of plates altogether.

The carpal joint or the hand part of the wing is in most Insessores furnished with ten quills^
(primaries,) although the first quill is sometimes very short or even entirely wanting, as in
many Oscines. The fore arm has from six (in the humming birds) to thirteen quills, the
average being eight or nine.

There are certain peculiarities in the arrangement of the wing coverts of the different sub-
orders of Insessores, constituting important distinctive features. Some of these will be hereafter
referred to.

The tail of the Insessores exhibits considerable differences. The number of feathers is usually
twelve ; sometimes ten only, as in the Strisores.

The difi'erent groups of the order Insessores are subject to considerable variations in respect to
the structure of the lower larynx attached to the trachea or wind 2)ipe just anterior to its division
into the two bronchial tubes. Cuvier long since showed that the true singing birds had the
larynx provided with a peculiar ajjparatus for the purpose of effecting a modulation of the
voice, composed of five pairs of muscles, of which other birds were destitute in greater part
or entirely. The characteristic of the groups Strisores, Clamatores, and Oscines, and of their
sub-divisions, as will be shown hereafter, depend very much on these peculiarities of the larynx.

The tongue of the Insessores vaiies to a considerable degree. In the humming birds it is
thread-like and bifurcated. In most other insessorial or perching birds it is long or short, flat,

' Tlio following remarkson the general cliarac rs of tlio Insessores are derived cliielly from BurmeiRter's'l'liicro llrasilicns,
Vogel, page 305.

UIRDS — INSESSORES. 127

and triangular, the posterior extremity bilobed, the anterior usnaliy witli the tip iiorny,
serrated, or with fibres ; more rarely smooth. These furnish important characteristics for the
division into families and even genera, the variations being quite considerable.

In dividing the Jnsessores into iSlnsores, Clamdtorcs and Oscines, I have followed Cabanis
instead of Burmeister, who makes Clautalores and Oscines the sub-orders, and gives Slrisores
and Tracheophones as tribes of the former. The Slrisores of Burmeister are not exactly coequal
with those of Cabanis, as they embrace the Halcedinidae and Prionitidae, which by Cabanis
are placed among the Clamalores. I am not able to say which classification is the more
natural ; that of Cabanis, however, answers all my present purposes, besides having been in
my mind while preparing the present report, and before becoming acquainted with Burmeister's
valuable work.

SUB-ORDER

STRISORES.

The essential characters of this sub-order are presented in the general table at the beginning
of the report. Cabanis divides the Strisores into the Macrochires, including the Trochilidae,
the Cypselidae, and the Caprimulgidae, and into the Amphibolae, embracing Ojnsthocomidae and
Musophagidae. The first division is well represented in the United States, the second not at all.
A more recent article by Burmeister includes the Halcyonidae and Prionitidae with the Slrisores,
taking them from the Clamafores, where Cabanis placed them. A division of the American
forms might then be made into Macrochires, with the wings long and pointed, the fore arm
shortened ; and into Orthochires, with the wings moderate and the fore arm rather long. They
agree in having the muscles of the lower larynx thin, flat, or entirely wanting, the voice
incapable of modulation, &c. As, however, the precise limits and characteristics, external
and internal, of these families have not yet been fully settled, I prefer to use Cabanis' arrange-
ment for the present, at least, and with him shall consider the Anisndactyli as Clamatores
rather than Strisores.

Of the three families of Macrochires, the Trochilidae are easily recognized by the long,
subulate, very slender, and acute bill, but little cleft at the base, and the peculiar tongue, as
well as by the excessively diminutive size and gorgeously metallic plumage. The remaining
families agree in having the bill very short, triangular, and weak ; the gape very long and
wide, extending to beneath the eyes, and the culmen much shorter than half the gajie ; the
nostrils opening upwards ; the outer toe usually with an incomplete number of joints. The
Cypselidae, however, have the plumage compact, the bill entirely without bristles, the middle
toe scarcely longer than the lateral, the claw without any serration, the anterior toes all cleft
to the base, the fore arm short, the colors uniform, &c. In the Caprimulgidae the plumage
is soft, loose, and downy, as in the owls ; the bill with bristles, even around the nostrils ; the
middle toe considerably longer than the lateral, and the claw serrated, or at least much
extended, on its inner edge ; the toes with a web at the base, the fore arm long, and the colors
mottled.

The following schemes of the families are taken from Burmeister ; the common characters of
the Macrochires being : wings long and pointed, the arm portion more or less shortened, the
middle and outer toes not closely united :

A. Bill long and thin. Tongue long, divided, thread-like.

Trocuilidae. — Secondaries six in number.

B. Bill short, and very broad at the base. Tongue short, flat, three-sided. Secondaries
more than six.

Cypselidae. — Plumage unicolor. Fore arm short.

Caprimulgidae. — Plumage spotted and marbled. Fore arm moderately long.

lURDS TROCIIIMIUE. 129

Family TROCHTLTDAE- The Humming Birds.

There is no group of birds so interesting to the ornithologist or to the casual observer as the
huiuiuing birds, at once the smallest in size, the most gorgeously beautiful in color, and almost the
most abundant in species of any single family of birds. They are strictly confined to the con-
tiiii-nt and i.-lamls of America, and are most abundant in the Central American States, though
single species range almost to the Arctic regions on the north and to Patagonia on tiii' south,
as well as from the seacoast to the frozen summits of the Andes. The number of known species
considerably exceeds 300, and new ones are being con.stantly brought to light ; so that an
estimate of 400 species is, perhaps, not too large. Many are very limited in their range ; some
confined to j)articular islands, even though of small dimensions.

The bill of the humming bird is awl-shaped or subulate, thin, and sharp pointed ; straight
or curved ; sometimes as long as the head ; sometimes much longer. The mandibles are exca-
vated to the tip for the lodgment of the tongue, and form a tube by the close apposition of their
cutting edges. There is no indication of stiff bristly feathers at the base of the mouth. The
tongue has some reseniblance to that of the woodpeckers in the elongation of the cornua
backwards, so as to pass round the back of the skull, and then anteriorly to the base of the bill.
The tongue itself is of very peculiar structure, consisting anteriorly of two hollow threads
closed at the ends and imited behind. The food of the humming bird consists almost entirely
of insects, which are captured by protruding the tongue into flowers of various shapes without
opening the bill very wide.

The wings of the humming birds are long and falcate ; the shafts very strong ; the primaries
usually ten in number, the first always longest ; there are six secondaries. The tail has but
ten feathers. The feet are small ; the claws very sharp and strong.*

The species now known to inhabit the United States, though few, are yet nearly twice as
many as given by Mr. Audubon. It is probable that additional ones will hereafter be detected,
particularly on our southern borders.

The difi'erent authors who have made a speciality of the humming birds have named a great
many sub-families and genera, but there has as yet been no published systematic description of
the higher groups. It is probable that the North American species belong to two different
sub-families — the Lamponiithinae and the Trochilinae — and to at least four genera ; but the
precise character and limits of these I am unable to give. The following remarks, however,
may serve to sketch out the characters of the North American species :

A. Edges of mandible serrated near the end. Throat without metallic scale-like feathers.

La.\ipornis. — Bill depressed, slightly curved. Tail broad, slightly emarginate ; the
outer feather as broad as the rest. Wings reaching the tip of tail. No metallic
feathers on the throat.

B. Edges of mandible nearly even towards the tip, without distinct serrations. Throat with
metallic scale-like feathers.

Trochilus. — Feathers of throat but little elongated laterally. Lateral tail feathers but
little narrower than the others, and lanceolate acute. Tail forked.

'^Most of the above general remarks are borrowed from Burmeisler, (Thiere Brasiliens, Vogel, 311.) to which I would refer
for an oxcelleot article on the structure and habits of bumming birds.

17 b

130

U S p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENEliAL REPORT.

Selasphorus. — Feathers of the throat much elongated laterally into a ruff. Lateral tail
feathers much narrower than the middle ones, and linear in shape, or with the sides
parallel to the end, which is rounded. Tail graduated or cuneate. Outer primary
attenuated at the tip. Crown without red metallic scales.
Atthis. — Similar to the last, but the top of the head with metallic scales like the throat.
The outer primary not attenuated. Tail emarginated or deeply forked.
The following table exhibits the comparative measurements of the different North American
species of humming bird :

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sei.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

TaU.

Tarsus.

BUI

above.

Specimen
measured.

Remarks,

523
2697

Lainpornis mango

do

Trochilus colubris

do

do

Trochilus alexandri

Selasphoru!^ rutus

do

South America

do

3
Q

s

Q
S

c?

o 3

4.52
4.46
3.14
3.26
3.75
3.32
3.46
3 54
3.24
3.24
3.32

4.17

2.50
2.61
1.56
1.74
1.83
1.64
1.54
1.78
1.60
1.53
1.94

1.70
1.72
1.26
1.16

0.90
0.92
0.70
0.80

Skin . ...

Skin

1843

Skin

do

FortTcjon, Cal

Columbia, river

do

Fresh

Orig. 563

1.14
1.32
1.24
1.32
1.24
1.44

0.83
0.68
0.80
0.70
0.76
0.80

Skin

1943

Skin

6058
6057
9007

do

do

Selasphorus platycercus

Steilacoom, W. T

San Francisco, Cal

Skin

Skin

Orig. 197
6086
5501

6osa

Skin

Skin

Bill broken

3
3
9
3
9
3

3.64
3.60
3.84
3.15
3.05
3.30

1.92
1.96
1.96
1.76
1.80
1.78

1.46
1.50
1.31
1.06

0.15

0.80
0.82
0.83
0.70
0.73
0.72

Petaluma, Cal

do

Skin . . .

Skin

6074
7967

do

do

do

LAMPORNIS, Swain son.

Lampornis, Swaikson, Zoological Journal, 1827, 358.

The single species of this genus assigned to the United States is readily distinguished by its
generic characters from any other belonging to the same region.

LAMPORNIS MANGO, Swain son.

Black-throated Humming Uird.

Trochihts mango, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 171. — Audubon, Cm. Biog. II, 1834,486 ; pi. 184. — Ib. Birds America,

IV, 1842, 18C-, pi. 251.
Lampornis mango, Swainson, ZooI. Journal, 1827, 358.

Above and on the sides metallic green and golden. Beneath oiiaquo velvety liluisli black, tliis color narrowed on the breast
by the encroachment of the green of the sides. Upper surface of wings and tail purplish black ; the latter with greenish
reflections. All the tail feathers except the innermost purplish violet, abruptly margined with blackish. .\ tufl of downy
white feathers under the wings, and around the tibia.

Female (juite similar, the black of the under parts replaced by while, with a narrow stripe of black down the midule of the
hroat and belly. Length 4 50 inches ; wing 2. CO ; tail 1.70.

The female of this species is quite similar to the male, except as described. The tail is

BIRDS — TROCHILIDAE TROCnri-FS COLtlBRIS. 1 31

much the same, except that the feathers are nithcr narrower, and less rounded at. the tip. They
are also margined more broadly witli black.

The claim of the Maugo humming bird to a place in the fauna of the United States repts on
the capture of a specimen at Key West, Florida, by Dr. Strobel, many years ago. The speci-
mens described here are from South America.

TROCHILUS, Linnaeus.

Trachilus, Linkaeus, Systeina Naturae ,1748. (Agassiz.)

I have nothing to add to the diagno.sis of the genus TrocJiilus already given on a preceding
page, except to remark that in the North American species the female has the outer tail feathers
lanceolate, as in the male, though much broader. The outer feathers are broad to the terminal
third, where they become rapidly pointed, the tip only somewhat rounded ; the sides of this
attenuated portion (one or other, or both) broadly and concavely emarginated, which dis-
tinguishes them from the females of Selasphorus and AftJiis, in which the tail is broadly linear
to near the end, which is much rounded without any distinct concavity.

The following diagnosis will serve to distinguish the species found in the United States.
Common Cuaracters. — Above and on the sides metallic green. A ruff of metallic feathers
from the bill to the breast, behind which is a whitish collar, confluent with a narrow abdominal
stripe ; a white spot behind the eye. Tail feathers without light margins.

Tail deeply forked, (.30 of an inch.) Throat bright coppery red from the chin. Tail

of female rounded, emarginated T. colubris.

Larger. Tail slightly forked, (.10 of an inch.) Throat gorget with violet, steel green,
or blue reflections behind ; anteriorly opaque velvety black. Tail of female graduated ;
not emarginated T. Alexandri.

TROCHILUS COLUBRIS, Linnaeus.

Rnby-throated Uamming Bird.

Trochilua colubris, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 191.— Wilson. Am. Orn. II, 1810, 26 ; pi. x.— Acd. Orn. Biog. I, 1832,

248 i pi. 47.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 190 ; pi. 253.
Oniismya colubris, Deville, Rev. et. Mag. Zool. May, 1852, (habits.)

Sp. Cii. — Tail in the male deeply forked ; the feathers all narrow lanceolate-acuto. In the female slightly rounded and
emarginate ; the feathers broader, though pointed. Male, uniform metallic green above ; a ruby red gorget with no conspicuoua
ruff; a white collar on the throat ; sides of body greenish j^tail feathers uniformly brownish violet. Female, without the red on
the throat ; the tail is rounded and emarginate, the inner feathers shorter than the outer ; the tail feathers banded with black,
and the outer tipped with white ; no rufous nor cinnamon on the tail in either sex. Length 3.25 ; wing 1.60 ; tail 1.25 ; bill .65,

Hab. — Extern North America to the high central plains ; south to Brazil.

The bill of this species is slightly depressed, subcylindrical, very little decurved, and conically
pointed at the end. Measured along the gape it is about half as long as the wing, which is
falcate. In the male the uuter tail feathers are all a little curved, the concavity inward ; the
feathers are narrow and lanceolate-pointed, especially the exterior, which is only .16 of an inch
wide ; the others are successively a little broader. The tail is rather deeply forked ; the
exterior s very little shorter than the second ; the rest becoming rapidly shorter. The longest

132

U S p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

tail feather exceeds the shortest by about .21 of an inch. The innermost tail feather is
very broad; a little longer than the lower coverts.

In the female the tail feathers are still more curved, and considerably broader, and more
rounded at the end, but still decidedly lanceolate, not linear. The tail, instead of being deeply
forked, is only slightly emarginated ; the outer feather rather shorter than the second. The
greatest width of the outer feather is about .26 of an inch.

In the male the entire upper parts, (including the crown,) with the sides of the body along
the wings, are of a rich metallic green. The metallic scale-like feathers of the chin and throat
are of a bright ruby red. These extend from the base of the bill (where the color is quite dull)
over the throat, the posterior lateral ones not projecting more than .15 of an inch behind the
middle ones. Immediately posterior to the metallic gorget is a collar of dirty white, which is
continued along the median line, where it is tinged with brown, to the tail coverts, the centres
of which show a little metallic green, and the exterior a little pale rufous. There is a rather
purer white around the legs, and a very indistinct spot of the same just behind the eye. The
tail feathers are uniform brownish purple ; the wings are similar, with less purple.

The adult female is similar to the male in the colors of the back and wings, with the white
spot behind the eye. The entire under parts are of a dirty white, tinged with brownish on the
throat and sides. The outer three tail feathers on either side have their central third of a
purplish black ; the terminal portion white. The fourth feather is black at the end, with a
very slight white tip. In all, the basal half of the upper surface (and of the lower in the
fourth) is green like the back. The innermost has an indistinct subterminal bar of blackish.
There is no rufous on any part of the tail feathers in either male or female.

The young male is like the female beneath, except that the throat feathers are spotted in the
centre, and some show a trace of the metallic red. The tail is mostly like the male.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

997
1168
1296
1100
2713
1297
1101
6968
5040
3962
3963
5041
7985

Sex.

Q

<?

9

(?

locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
do--

Washington
do

-do.

.do.

do

Salt creek, K. T

Indianola

BrownBvillc, Texas. .
Santa Catarina, Mux.
Devil's river, Texas-
Guatemala

When collected.

May 20, 1843
Aug. — , 1843

1843

1843

1843

1843

1843

May 25, 1857
Feb. 12, 1855

May 1, 1855

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

do

J. K. Townsend.
do

-do.
-do-

-do-

Lieut. Bryan.
Capt. Pope ..
Lieut Couch .
do

Capt. Pope.
J. Gould ..

Orig.
No.

104

179

Collected by —

W. S. Wood ,

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

3.75
3.67

4.33
4.25

Wing.

1.83
1.67

BIHDS — TROCUILIDAE — SELASPIIORUS. 133

TROCHILUS ALEXANDIU, Bourc. & Mulsant.

Blnck-chinneil Iluininiii'^ Bird.

TVocAi/uj alexandri, BomciER k Mri.sAXT, Ann. <lc la Soc. li'Agric. de Lyonii, IX, 1R4G, 330. — IIeermakm, Jour. A.
N. Sc. Phila. ad ser. II, 1853, 2C9.— Cassis-, 111. N. Am. Birds, I, v, 1854, 141 ; pi. xxli.— Gould,
Mun. Trochilidaa, xir, Sep. 1857. Plate.

8r. Cii. — Very similar lo Trochilus calubris. Tail slightly forked; the chin and upper part of the throat opaque velvety
black, without metallic reflections, which are confined to the posterior border of the gorget, and are violet, changing to steel
blue or green, instead of coppery red.

Female without the metallic scales ; the tail feathers tipped with white ; the tail graduated, not emarginat d ; the innermost
feather among the longest. Length of male 3.30 ; wing 1.70 ; tail 1.2G ; bill .75.

Hob. — Coast of California, soutliward.

This species is very similar in color to the common ruby-throated humming bird of the
eastern United States, and represents it on the west coast. Tlie upper parts and sides are of the
same metallic golden green, the gorget of much the same extent, bordered behind by whitish,
which (less pure) extends alon^ the middle of the belly, and involving the crissum, the leathers
of which are greenish in the cei.tre. There is the same white spot behind the eye. T. alexandri
is, however, rather the larger ol the two ; the bill nearly one-tenth of an inch longer. The tail
is much less deeply forked, in fact the outer feather is a little shorter than the second, and the
innermost broad green one only about .10 of an inch shorter than the longest, instead of
about .30. There is a tinge of metallic green to the tips of the tail feathers much less distinct
in T. coluhris. The whitish collar behind the metallic feathers of the throat, usually considered
as a specific character, I find to be shared almost equally well by T. colubris. The chief distinc-
tions between the two species are to be found in the violet steel blue or steel green reflections of
the hinder part of the gorget, varying with the situation of the featliers and the specimen, as
distinguished from the bright fiery or coppery red of the other. The chin and upper part of
the throat extending beneath the eyes are opaque velvety or greenish black, without metallic
lustre, while in T. colubris it is only the extreme chin which is thus dull in appearance.

It is exceedingly difficult to distinguish the female of this species from that of T. colubris.
The size is rather larger, and the tail rounded, without any emargination ; the middle feathers
being .15 of an inch longer than the lateral ones, instead of actually shorter. The color is
much the same.

In both species the outer tail eathers, though broader than in the male, are quite acutely
pointed on the terminal third, one side or the other of which is slightly concave, instead of
being linear to near the end, and rounded without any concavity, as in Selasphorus and Atthis.

The preceding description of this species is taken from specimens belonging to the very
extensive collection of birds of the vicinity of Fort Tejon, made by Mr. John Xantus de Vesey.

SELASPHORUS, Swain son.

Stlasphonu, Swaihsok, Faun. Bor. Amer. II, 1831.

After separating the North American species usually called Selasphorus, with red metallic
scales on the crown, and the outer primary not attenuated at the top, there remainbut two belong-
ing to the restricted genus. Even in these there are some difi'erences of form, but they may be
considered in the present instance as specific characters.

134 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Tail strongly cuneate, the middle feather much longest and very hroad ; the outer very
narrow, one-fifth the width of the middle. Body chiefly cinnamon colored ; throat feathers a
coppery red ; top of head, and an occasional gloss on the back, green ^S". rufus.

Tail rounded ; the middle feather a little shorter than the next one ; the outer rather broad,
more than one-half the width of the middle one. Above, and on the sides below, green.
Throat feathers purple. Edges of some tail feathers cinnamon brown S. plaiycercus.

SELASPHORUS EUFUS, Swainson.

Red-backed Hamming Bird.

Trochilv^ rvfus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 497.— Acd. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 55,5 ; pi. 372.
Selasphorus rufus, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 324.— Ib. Aud. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 200 ; pi. 254.
? Trochilus ruber, L.— Orn, I, 1788, 499. (Fide Bonaparte.)
Trochilus collaris, Lath. (Bonaparte.)
Trochilus sitkensis, Rathke. (Bonapaite.)
Ornysmia sasin , Lesson. (Bonaparte.)

Sp. Ch. — Tail strongly cuneato and wedge-shaped. Upper parts, lower tail coverts, and breast cinnamon. A trace of
metallic green on the crown, which sometimes extends over the back ; never on the belly. Throat coppery red, with a well
developed rufT of the same ; below this a white collar. Tail feathers cinnamon, edged or streaked at the end with purplish brown.

Female with the rufous of the back covered or replaced with. green ; less cinnamon on the breast. Traces only of metallic
feathers on the throat. Tail rufous, banded with black and tipped with wliite ; middle feathers glossed with green at the end.
Tail still cuneate. Length of male, 3-50 ; wing, 1.55 ; tail, 1.30.

Hub. — West coast of North America, and across from Gulf of California to the Upper Rio Grande Valley.

This species is about the size of the common ruby- throated humming bird, which it resembles
also in many respects. The bill is rather narrower. The wings are long and falcate ; the two
first primaries elongated and acutely lanceolate, but not attenuated as abruptly as in platycercus ;
the third is also acute. In most of the other species the first quill is much more linear than the
second, and less acute than in this.

The tail is strongly cuneate ; the outer feather .40 of an inch shorter than the middle, which
projects .14 of an inch beyond the rest. The outer feather is very narrow, not exceeding .11 of
an inch in width ; the rest widen and lengthen rapidly to the central one, wliich is very broad,
(.35 of an inch ;) the central feathers are all ovate acuminate.

In the female the primaries are less acutely falcate than in the male. The tail also, tliough
cuneate, is less acutely so than in the male ; the outer feathers broader and less acutely pointed.
In the male, in its highest plumage, the entire upper parts, excepting the crown and the wing,
(but including the tail,) the sides of the body under the wings, and a broad band across the
breast and abdomen, witli the lower wing coverts, cinnamon brown, rather paler bencatli. The
crown is obscurely golden green, not well defined. The entire throat, including a short ruff on
the side of the neck, (about .40 of an inch long,) is metallic red, of the same shade as in the
ruby-throal, although with brassy reflections in some lights. The sides of the neck beneath the
ruff, the upper part of the breast, the anal region, and a small spot behind the eye are dull
white. The wings are violaceous brown, their coverts metallic green. Tlie tail feathers are
cinnamon, with the outer webs near the tips violaceous brown ; this gradually becoming central
instead of on the outer side.

In some specimens, probably immature, the back shows spots of metallic green, while in
others (as 605'J) it is entirely covered with this color, except on the tail.

The female is entirely of a metallic green above, with, however, more or less of a cinnamon

BIRDS — TROCII I LIDAK — SELASPH0RU8 PLATYCERCU8.

135

shade on the covered edges of the feathers on the lower part of the back and rump. Tlie sides
of the body along the wings and the under tail coverts are pale cinnamon ; the throat with
occasional spots of green and metallic red ; the rest of the under surface dull white tinged with
brown across tlie breast. Tlie tail feathers are cinnamon at the base, then violaceous black ; all
are tipped with white, except the middle one, on either side, which is golden green to near the
black tip. There is also an indication of green between the black and cinnamon of the other
feathers.

In both male and female tlierc is a concealed tuft of white feathers near the insertion of tlie lesr
This species is entirely dissimilar from any otlier North American humming bird, and is
perhaps the only one without indication of metallic green on the belly. The rufous feathers of
both sexes readily distinguish it from any other North American species. There is, however,
a closely allied South Jlexican species, Sdasphorus scintilla of (Jould, from Veragua, (Proceed-
ings Zool. Soc. 1850, 162,) which is very similar, differing chiefly in the smaller size.

I cannot discover in the Trochilus ruber of Linnaeus the exclusive characters of the present

species.

List of specimens.

CaUl.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orign'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Extent.

6058

9

s

3
S

c?

9

c?

o 6

S

9

a
s

9

Steilacoom, W. T

do

April 26,1856

Dr. Suckley

do

332

6059

6060

do

do

6061

do

do

do

do

do

April 21,1856
AprU 28,1856

do

do

do

do

... do

333

6062

6063

do

331
330

311

3.87
3.87
3.92

3. 94

6064

4. 69

6065

4 25

1943

Columbia river

do

May 29, 1835
do

J. K. Townscnd .
...do_,

2896

1198

do

do

1268

California

8. F. Baird

6057

San Francisco

Winter '53-' 54

R. D. Cutts

Fort Tejon, Cal

J. X. DeVesey. .

6067

El Paso, Texas

J. H. Clark

7981

Mexico

J. Gould-...

.

SELASPHORUS PLATYCERCUS, Gould.

Broad-tailed Unmming Bird.

Trochilus plalycernis, Sw. Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 441, (Mexico.)

Selasphorus plalycercus, Gould, Men. Troehilid. or Hununing Birds, iii. May, 1852.

Omismia tricolor, Lesson, Colibris, 125, (no date) ; pi. xiv, (Brazil.)— Ib. Trochilidees, 1831, 15G ; pi. Ix, (Mexico.)

Jardine, Nat. Lib. II, 77; pi. xiii.
Omismya montana, Lessok, Troehilid. 1831, IGl ; pi. Ixiii, adult, and 163 ; pi. ixiv, young, (Mexico.)

Sp. Ch.— Outer primaries greatly attenuated at tlie end. Outer tail feathers nearly linear, but wiaening a little from the
base ; its width .20 of an inch. Tail slightly graduated and emarginate. Male above and on the sides metallic green ; chin and
throat light reddish purple, behind which, and along the belly to the tail, is a good deal of white. Wings and tail dusky
purplish ; the tail feathers, excepting the internal and external ones, edged towards the base with light cinnamon.

Length, 3.50 ; wing, 1.92 ; tail, 1.40. Bill, gape, .80.

Hoi.— Mexico, as far north as El Paso, Texas, hitherto the only known locality in the United States.

136

U. S. P K. R. KXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

In this species the metallic scales of the throat exteud about as far back as in the Trochilus
coluhris. The tail feathers are all broad ; the outer one is rounded at the end and widens from
the base ; the next succeeding feathers have the edges parallel at the base, and the tips rather
acute. The innermost feather is a little shorter than the longest (by about .05 of an inch) ;
the outermost about .15 shorter ; and the tail is thus moderately graduated and slightly
emarginate.

The general appearance of this bird is not unlike that of the common ruby-throated T.
coluhris, although the two are distinguishable by generic peculiarities. 8. platycercus is the
larger bird, although the bill, if anything, is a little smaller. The graduated tail, with the
broad, rounded, almost oblanceolate outer feather, is, however, in strong contrast to the deeply
forked tail, with the acutely tapering outer tail feather of T. coluhris.

A remarkable peculiarity in this species (shared by C. rufus) is seen in the outermost primary.
This is narrower and more linear than in most of our other species, as well as straighter or less
falcate. The terminal half inch is abruptly attenuated and linear, so as not to exceed .03 of an
inch in width.

The green of the throat in this species is purer and less mixed with golden than in the T.
coluhris. The throat has a violet jiurple reflection instead of a fiery copper red. The crissum
and breast are of a purer white. All the tail feathers, except the innermost, (which is like the
back,) have a cinnamon edging on the inner edge, except at the extreme tip ; this is seen on
both webs of all, except the first, where it is confined to the inner. This border is very
conspicuous on the outer edge of the fourth feather.

I have no female of this species before me, but a specimen in the collection of the Philadelphia
Academy, supposed to belong here, has no rufous on the tail.

In comparing specimens in the Philadelphia Academy, as well as that from El Paso, with
Gould's figure, this is seen to indicate a much larger bird, (nearly 4^ inches long,) with longer
tail and broader feathers, the external more pointed. Whether this would indicate the fact of
a confounding of two species I am unprepared to say. His figure of the female shows very
distinctly a rufous margin to the tail feathers.

For the determination of this species, now for the first time introduced into the fauna of the
United States, I am indebted to Mr. John Gould, who identified it when examining the speci-
mens of Humming Birds preserved in the Smithsonian Institution.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

No.

6066

(?

9007

3

Locality.

When collected.

El Paso, Texas .
Mexico

1851

Whence obtained.

Mnj. W. H. Emory .
Verreaux

Original
No.

Collected by-

J. H. Clark.

.34873

ATTIIIS, Reichenbach.

Jllthis, Reichenbach, Cab. Journal fiir Orn. Extralioft fiir 1853, 1854. App. B. (named only.)

I am not sure that tlie diagnosis given of tliis genus is that of its founder, but it will answer
to separate a well marked form from the other North American species. It is most like Selas-
plu/ru8, and its species have usually been placed in tliis genus ; it difi'ers, however, in the

BIRDS — TROCIULIDAE — ATTHI8 ANNA. 137

absence of attenuated tips to the jnimaries, and in the presence of metallic scales on the whole
top of the head simihir in texture and color to those on the throat. The two North American
species are quite similar, though different in size. The characters are as follows :
Green above and on the sides beneath, as well as on the middle of under tail coverts.

Large. Metallic scales of tlie head uniform purplish red. Tail quite deeply forked, outer

feather about half as wide as the inner A. anna.

Smallest North American species. Metallic scales of the head purplish violet, with steel
reflections. Tail emarginated onlv. Outer feather about one-fourth as wide as the
middle A. cosiae.

ATTHIS ANNA, Ileichenbach.

Anna Humming liird.

Omismya anna, Lessov, Oisoaux Mouches, 1830, (?) pi. cjtxiv.

Trochiliu anna, Jaruise, Nat. Lib. Humming Birds, I, 93 ; pi. vi.— AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 428; pi. 428 — Ib.

Birds America, IV, 1842, 188 ; pi. 252.
Calliphlox anna, Gaubel, Pr. A. N. Sc Phil. Ill, 1846, 3.— Is. Journ. 2d ser. I, 1847, 32.
Trochiltis {.lllhis) anna, Reiciiendach, Cab. Jour. Exlrahcft for 1853, 1854, app. 12.
Trochilus icUroceplialus, Nittail, Manual, I, 2d cd., 1840, 712. (Male with forehead covered with yellow pollTi.)

Sp. Ch. — Tail deeply forked ; external feather narrow, linear. Top of the head, throat, and a moderate ruff metallic red,
with purple reflections. Rest of upper parts and a band across the breast green. Tail feathers purplish brown, darkest
centrally. In the female the tail is slightly rounded, not emareinato ; the scales of the head and throat are wanting. Tail
birred with black, and tipped with white.

Length, about 3. GO inches; wing, 2.00 ; tail, 1.45.

IJab. — Coast region of California.

This species is considerably larger than the ruby-throated humming bird, but the bill is of
much the same shape. The wings are long and considerably falcated ; the first primary much
the most so ; its sides are nearly parallel to the end, which is rounded or obtusely pointed.
The tail in the male is decidedly forked. The second feather is a little longer than the
first, and is about 0.16 of an inch longer than the third, and about 0.32 longer than the fourth.
The fifth feather (resembling an upper tail covert) is a little longer than the fourth, (by about
0.03.) The exterior feather is narrow and linear to the end, which is rounded ; it is about 0.12
of an inch wide. The next feather is one-half wider ; the others increasing still more. The
feathers are all rather blunt at the end, or obtusely acute, with the point rounded.

In the female the tail feathers are all broader, the outer one especially, although still with
parallel sides ; the tail itself is slightly rounded, all the feathers being of nearly the same
length, except the lateral, which is about 0.10 of an inch shorter.

In this species the top of the head, the chin, and throat, with a conspicuous, though obtuse,
ruff on each side of the throat, (about 0.40 of an inch long,) are of a rich purplish red, with an
occasional violaceous shade, and on some scales of the top of the head and in the ruff, with steel
blue reflections. The remaining upper parts, except the wings, are metallic green, glossed
with gold. The under parts are similar, except that the color is not so continuous, much mo;e
80, however, than in the other American species ; even the centres of the under tail coverts are
green. The lower part of the throat just behind the collar is dirty whitish. The wings and
tail feathers are purplish brown ; the latter darkest centrally, with an occasional gloss of green.
The central feather on either side is golden green, like the back.

The female is entirely metallic green above, with a tinge of dull brownish grey on the head.
Beneath spotted with green, except on the throat, which is brownish white ; the feathers with

18 b

]38

U. S p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

darker centres. The tail feathers are black in their middle portion and tipped with white,
this decreasing until there is none in the median ones.

Two males, apparently not quite mature, (3942, 6050,) have the ruff shorter ; the scale
feathers dimmer and more of an orange red. They are also rather smaller than the others.

Sometimes the metallic scales encroach on the sides of the head, so as apparently to cover
them. There is, however, always a narrow plain line behind the eye. The ruff varies consid-
erably in length with the specimen. There is no trace of cinnamon or rufous on any of the
feathers in either sex.

The only North American species to which the male of this bird bears any resemblance is the
A. costae, which has the same metallic crown and other generic features. The latter, however,
is much smaller ; has the metallic reflections varied chiefly violet, instead of nearly uniform
purplish red. The tail is much less deeply forked, the depth being only about 0.10 of an inch,
instead of 0.32 ; tlie outer feather is much narrower. The females of the two, however, appear
to be distinguishable only by their relative size. The absence of rufous and the rounded, not
graduated, tail always separates the female of anna from that of ^S". ru/us. The larger size is the
chief distinction from the female A. costae, while the size and less acutely pointed outer tail
feathers distinguish it from the female T. coluhris.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex and

No.

age.

5501

<?

6051

s

6052

o S

6054

Q

6050

S

3942

Locality.

Petaluma, California.
San Francisco

-do.

.do.

Cosumnes river, California.
Fort Tejon, California

When collected.

Winter of '53 -'54

do

do

1857

Whence obtained.

Orign'l
No,

E. Samuflo ; 282

K. D Cutts !

.do.

.do.

Lt. Williamson

John Xantus de Vosey

Collected by-

Dr. Hecrmann .

ATTHIS COSTAE, Eeichenbach.

OrnismyacosJae, BoDRCiER, Rev. Zool. Oct. 1839,994. (liower California.) — Id. Ann. Sc. Phys. ct d'Hist. Nat.

de Lyon, 1840, 225 ; tab. ii. — Prevost &. Des Mcrs, Voyage de la Venus, Zool. I, 1855, 194.

Atlas, tab. ii, f. 1, 2.
Selasphorus cosine, Bon. Conspectus Avium, I, 1850, 82.
Jlttliis cosine, IIeiciie><dacii, Cab. Jour, fiir Orn. Extraheft, 1853, 1854.
Cnbjpte cosine, Gould, Mon. Humming Birds.

Sp. On. — Tail very slightly cmarginatcd and rounJed ; exterior feather very narrow, and linear. A very long ruff on each
side of tlio throat. Head above and below, with tlio ruff, covered with mctiillic red, purple, violet, and alcol green. Remaining
upper parts and sides of the body green. Throat under and between tlio ruffd, side of head behind the eye, anal region and
under tail coverts whitish. Female with the tail rounded, scarcely cmarginale ; barred with black, and tipped with white_
The metallic colors of the head wanting.

Length, 3.20 inches; wing, 1.75; tail, 1.10; bill, .68.

Hah. — Southern California and Colorado Basin, (Monterey, Neboux.)

or this beautiful humming bird only a single pair has hitherto been collected by any of the
expeditions, and these arc not sufficiently perfect to furnish a satisfactory description. The size
is about that of the common ruby-throated humming bird. The bill is, however, longer and
more slender every way. The wings are falcate ; the first quill especially curved, although its
outlines are parallel to near the tip, which is not acuminsitc. In the male the tail is slightly

BraDS TROCHILIDAE — ATTHIS COSTAK.

139

emarginatcd ; the first or outer feather very little shorter than the second and third, which are
about equal. The middle feathers are about 0.12 of an inch shorter than the second. The outer
feather is very narrow and linear, about 0.00 wide ; the next is twice as wide ; all are rather
linear rounded, or but little acute at tlie end. In the female the tail is rounded. Tiie feathers
broader.

The top of the head and the occiput of this species, with the throat and a long ruflf on each
side, about 0.60 of an inch long, are covered with brilliant metallic scales, having various
reflections of light luirplo, violet, and steel blue and green, the steel green predominating on
the points of the rnfl'. The rest of the ujiper parts, with the wing coverts, and the sides of the
body and breast, are metallic green. The throat behind the scales and between the ruffs, the
sides of the head behind tlie eye, the upper part of the breast, the middle of the belly, the
space around the legs, the vent and under tail coverts^ are whitish ; the latter with some green
spots. The wings and tail feathers are brown ; the latter darker towards the end. The central
ones are green on their upper surface.

The female is green above and on the sides of the body. The under parts are whitish, with
brownish spots on the throat. The top of the head is likewise tinged with brown. The
tail feathers are black in the middle, all tipped with white^ though the amount of white rapidly
decreases from the exterior to the centre.

This species is readily distinguished from the others belonging to the fauna of the United
States, excepting A. anna, by the metallic scales of the tip of the head. It is much smaller
than the last mentioned species ; the ruff is much longer, and with the other scales on the head
of a different color, being purplish violet, not purple red, and the former sj^ecies being destitute
of the metallic green reflections. The white behind the eye and bordering the ruff is much
less distinct in anna.

The female of this species differs much from the male in the absence of the metallic scales on
the head and throat. It has a close resemblance to the female T. colubris, although the bill is
smaller and narrower. The tail feathers are narrower, more linear, and less acutely pointed
at the tip. The black on the outer tail feathers, instead of extending very nearly to the base,
is confined to the terminal half, the basal portion being green. All the tail feathers are
terminated by white, although that on the fourth and fifth is very narrow. In T. colubris this
color is confined to the three outer ones. Tho much smaller size alone appears to distinguish
it from the female of ^. anna.

The specimen (6073) from New Mexico is decidedly difierent from others I have seen from

California and Guatemala, in the great length of the ruff, which reaches back 1.6C of an inch

from the base of the bill, instead of 1.45 or 1.50 ; the tij^s j)Osteriorly having steel blue and green

reflections, instead of being uniform purplish violet. This may, however, be indicative of a

greater degree of maturity.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

Locality.

When colIect«d.

Whence obtained.

Orign'l

Collected by—

No.

No.

6073

c?

Bill WUIiams' river, camp U7, N.M

Fubniaiya,1854

Lieut. Whipple

79

Dr. Kennerly and

607i

9

do do

Fort Teion Califomi-i

'"'

do

J v "np VpRpv

80

H. B. Miiilhausen

7977

J. Gould

140 U. S. p. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family CYPSELIDAE. The Swifts.

Bill very small, without notch, triangular, much broader than high ; the culmen not one-siith the gape. Anterior toes cleft
to the base, each with three joints, (in tlie typical species,) and covered with skin ; the middle claw without any serrations ; the
lateral toes nearly equal to the middle. Bill witliout bristles, but with minute feathers extending along the under margin of the
nostrils. Nostrils elongated, superior, and very close together. Plumage compact. Primaries ten elongated, falcate.

The Cypselidae, or Swifts, are swallow-like birds, generally of rather dull plum ge and small
size. They were formerly associated with the true swallows en account of their small, deeply
cleft hill, short feet, and long wings. Ti ey are, however, very different in all the essentials of
structure, belonging indeed to a different order, or sub-order. The bill is much smaller and
shorter ; the edges greatly inflected ; the nostrils superior, instead of lateral, and without
bristles. The wing is more falcate, with ten primaries instead of nine. The tail has ten
feathers instead of twelve. The feet are weaker, without distinct scutellae ; the hind toe is
more or less versatile, the anterior toes usually lack the normal number of joints, and there are
other features which clearly justify the wide separation here given, especially the difference in
the vocal organs.

There are some forms of Cypselidae in which the usual proportional length of toes and number of
their joints is as in other birds ; nearly all the typical Old World genera, however, agree with the
diagnosis above given. It is exceedingly probable, however, that the American genera have all
the normal number of joints to the anterior toes, (3, 4, 5,) Panyptila, probably, not even form-
ing an exception ; in this case they will be widely separated from the great majority at least, of
the Old World species, which have 3, 3, 3. It may therefore be proper, on account of these
and other differences, to divide the family into Cypselinae, confined to the Old World, and
Chaeturinae, American and Asiatic.

The American Cypselidae are readily distinguished by characters of the legs, and including
the Old World Cypselus, which has no true representative in this country, convenient diagnoses
of the genera will be as follows, without reference to other features :

A. Legs very thick, more or less feathered. Tail forked. Second primary longest. Ilind
toe not posterior.

Cypselus. — Hind toe directed entirely forward. Legs feathered to the base of the toes.
Pantptila. — Hind toe directed laterally. Legs feathered to the base of the claws.

B. Legs slender : naked. Hind toe directed backwards ; first primary longest.

Nephocaeies. — Tail forked ; soft.

Chaetura. — Tail even, the" shafts stiffened and projecting as spinous points.

PANYPTILA, Cabanis.

Panyptila, Cabanis, Wiegm. Arcliiv, 1847, i, 345. — Burmehter, Thiore Uras. Viigel, I, )85G, 368.
Paeudoprocne, Strehbll, lais, 1848, 357.

Tail half as long as the wings, moderately forked ; the feathers rather lanceolate, rounded at lip, the shafts stifTened but not
projecting. First primary shorter than the second. Tarsi, toes, and claws very thick and stout ; the former shorter than the
middle too and claw, which Is rather longer than the lateral one ; middle claw longer than its digit. Mind toe very short ; half
versatile, or inserted on the side of the tarsus. Tarsi and toes feathered to the claws, except on the under surfaces.

The North American representative of this genus, with a general rescinbhuice to Cijpsdiis
apus in form, is quite dilferent in tlie structure of the feet These are stouter and shorter,
feathered to the very claws, instead of to the toes only, and the posterior or inferior surface of

BIRDS CVP8ELIPAE — PANTPTILA MELANOLEUCA. 141

the tarsus is naked. The greatest diflerence is in the hind toe, which, instead of heing slender
and entirely anterior like the rest, is lateral, and very short and thick. The tail feathers are
much more rigid, the fork not so deep, the outer feather equal to, or a little shorter than, the
second, instead of being considerably longer. The second quill is longest in both. The bills
of both are quite similar.

The feathered legs readily distinguish the genus from the other American swifts.

There appears to be a tendency on the inner toe to a more naked condition than in the other.i.

According to Burmeister, the numerical proportion of the joints of the anterior toes in this
genus is the same as in most birds, namely, 3, 4, 5, instead of 3, 3, 3. This statement I havo
not yet been able to veri.'y in the case of the North American species.

The South American species of this genus, as P. cayanensis, appear to he slenderer in form
than P. melanoleuca , and the tail more deeply forked, approaching in this respect to Hirundo
rufa. The feet, however, are very similar.

PANYPTILA MELANOLEUCA, B a i r d .

M'hite-throatcd Swift.

Cx/pselui mtlanoltucus, Baikd, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, June, 1854,118. (San Francisco mountains, N. M.) —
Cassi-j, Illust. I, 1855, 248.

Sp. Ch. — Wings very long ; tail forked ; tarsi and feet covered with feathers. Black all over, except the chin, throat, middle
of the belly as far as the vent, a patch on each side of the rump, the edge of the outer primary, and hlotchcs on the inner webs
of the median tail feathers, near the base, which are white, as is also a band across the ends of the secondaries. Length 5.5U ;
wing 5.50 ; tail 2.70.

llab. — Colorado Basin, New Mexico.

The bill of this species is very small and short, though deep and much curved from the base.
In shape and size it is somewhat similar to that of Chaetura pelascjia. The wings are very long
and falcate, extending more than an inch beyond the tail. This excessive development is,
however, almost entirely in the primaries, which measure nearly four times the secondaries,
starting at the carpal joint. The second quill is longest, the first intermediate between this
and the third ; the remaining primaries decrease rapidly to the last, are elongated acute, with
the points but little rounded. The tail is composed of ten feathers ; it is acutely and quite
deeply forked, the feathers all lanceolate acute, with much stiffer shafts than in the swallows.
The outer feather is a very little shorter than the second, which is longest. The greatest depth
of the fork is about half an inch.

The tarsi and toes are very thick and strong, though short. The anterior faces of both are
covered with broad black feathers. The toes are much united anteriorly, Tlie claws are all
thick and much curved.

The prevailing color of the upper parts is of a sooty black, darker than in Chaetura pelasgia ;
the head is brownish, however, and almost exactly as in the last mentioned species. The whole
under parts as far as the breast, and a median line extending to the arms, are white, as is also
a patch on each side of the rump, mostly concealed by tlie wings. The remaining under parts,
including the lower coverts, are black like the back. The tail feathers, except the outer, have
an elongated and obscure spot of whitish on the inner web near the base, otherwise they are in
color like the back. The quills are rather more brown. The ends of the secondary quill.s are
white, forming a conspicuous transverse band. The outer web of the outer primary is also
narrowly edged with white.

142

U. S, p. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

List of specimens.

i

"a

a

K

Locality.

VVIien col-
lected.

Wlience ob-
tained.

c

1

Colk-cted by—

1.^

c

1

3

&

6
o

•a

■3

6

a

5*
5

"a

i

be

o

Is

£■ E

Remarks.

6017

c?

Camp 123, Bill Williams'

river, N. M,
New Mexico

Feb. 16, 1854

Lt. Whipple....
Lt J. G. Parke.

169

Kennerly and
Miillhausen.
Dr. Heermann .

....5,25
5.505.50

Fresh .
Skin...

Eyes black.

6018

•? 70

0 40

0.58

0.28

0.24

0.65

NEPHOCAETES, Baird.

Ch. — Tail rallier less than half the wings ; quite deeply forked ; the featliers obtusely acuminate ; tlie shafts scarcely stiffened .
First quill longest. Tarsi and toes completely bare, and covered with naked skin, without distinct indications of scutellae.
Tarsus rather longer than middls toe ; the three anterior toes about equal, with moderately stout claws. Claw of middle toe
much shorter than its digit. Hind toe not versatile, but truly posterior and opposite, with its claw, rather longer than the
middle toe without it. Toes all slender ; claws moderate. Nostrils widely ovate, the feathers margining its entire lower edge.

This genus is widely different from Cypselus in the slender and elongated toes and tarsi,
•which are completely bare of feathers. The hind toe is elongated and usually posterior, as in
the Oscines, instead of being directed forward and by the side of the others. The tail feathers
are less deeply forked, the lateral being much less lanceolate and elongated. The bill is more
decurved. The anterior toes probably have 3, 4, 5 joints, as in most birds.

The affinities of this genus to Chaetura, as restricted, are very close, the feet being very
similar. The shafts of the tail feathers, however, are only a little stiffened, and not mucronate.
The tail also is deeply forked ; not even nor rounded. The larger Acanthyli of the older authors
are still more like the present species in generic peculiarities. The tail, however, though some-
times forked, has the feathers more or less mucronate ; the legs stouter. The genus Pallene,
in which they have been placed, is pre-occupied according to Gray. Cypselus senex of Tem-
minck, from Brazil, is very closely allied, the tail feathers not being mucronate. The tail is,
however, even or slightly rounded, instead of forked. A genus Pallenis established for this
species by Eeichenbach might, without much violence, be made to include N. niger; but as this
name is pre-occupied for another genus, there seems nothing left but to establish a new one.

The genus Macropteryx of Swainson has naked feet, but the tarsi are excessively short and
thick ; much shorter than any of the toes, even without the claws. The lower part of the
tibia is partly denuded. The tail is very deeply forked, the outer feather having almost the
extension of Eirundo rufa, and extending beyond the tips of the wings. It probably belongs
to the section of Cypselidae with three joints to each of the anterior toes.

NEPHOCAETES NIGER, Baird.

Northern Swift.

7 Hirundo nigra, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 1025.

Cypselus niger, Gosse, liirda Jamaica, 1847, G3. — Id. Illusttations Birds Jamaica. — Gundlach and Lawiienck,

AnnalH New York Lyceum, VI, 1858, 2GH.
Cypselus borealis, Kennerlv, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pliila. IX, Nov. 1857, 202.
Hirundo apus dominicensis, Brissok., II, 17G0, 514 ; pi. xlvi, fig. 3.

Si'. Cii. — Wing the length of the body. General color rather lustrous dark sooty brown, with a greenish gloss, bcroniing
a very little lighter from the breast anteriorly below, but rather more so on the neck and head above. The feathers on the top
of the head edged with light gray, which forms a continuouB wash on each side the forehead anterior to tlio usual liliick cres-
cent in front of llie cyo. Some feathers of the under i)arts behind narrowly edged with gray. Bill and feci black. Length
f..75 ; wing 6.75 ; tail 3.00 ; depth of fork .ii.

Hub. — Northwentcrn America to West India islands.

BIRDS CYPSELIDAE — XEPHOCAETES NIGER.

143

The coloration of this hird is so simple that there is little to be added in this respect to tho
preceeding description, while the peculiarities of form are suflicieiitl}' well expressed by the
generic indications already given. Tho appearance of the bird is that of a large chimney bird,
{Chaetura pdasgia.) The color is much darker, however, nor is there the decided whitening
on the chin and throat. The top of the head is similar, but rathiT lighter, with tlie gray on
the sides of the forehead more distinct. In both, as in all swifts, there is a dusky crescent
anterior to the eye fjrmed of feathers standing nearly erect.

This remarkable swift was first indicated as North American by Dr. Kennerly, in the pro-
ceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, where it is described as Cypselus horealis. It was ob-
tained in the northern part of Puget's Sound, at Simiahmoo bay, the locality of the main camp
of the Northwest Boundary Survey. A large flock was sten one day sailing about the camp,
but, owing to the height at which the birds flew, only one specimen could be procured.

It seems very remarkable that so large a swift could have remained unnoticed in North
America until the present day ; but there is good reason to believe that additional species of
Cypselidae will yet be discovered in the far west, (among them the one with white rump, Acan-
thylis saxatilis, seen by Dr. Woodhouse at Inscription rock, New Mexico.) It is possible that
it may prove to be the Hirundo niger of Gmelin ; but this, as well as the liirundo apus domini-
censis of Brisson, applies as well to Progne as to any swift, and at any rate would answer for
several known species. The Cypselus niger of Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 63, referred to the
Hirundo niger of Gmelin is quite similar to the N. horealis, but, judging from the description,
is smaller, has the tail differently shaped, and the colors are somewhat dillerent. If really
the same it would be somewhat remarkable to find a species to range from almost the north-
western corner of North America to the West India and eastern South America islands, and
never observed east of the Rocky mountains.'

List of specimens.

2

a

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

g

o
.= ex

i *

3

1

i
1

6

o

_o
3

a

a .

o

o
>
o

f

3

i

3"

Cfi

§

■<

11
ft

s

Simiahmoo bay,W. T.
do

July, 1857
.... do

A. Campbell

do

Dr. Kennerly.
do

6.75
6.60

6.50

17.00

6.75
6.75

5.90

do.

3.00
2.90

.59
.54

.65
.61

.25
.24

.30
.29

.70
.57

Skin.

<?

Cuba

Borrowed from G.
N. Lawrence ..

Dr. Gundlach..

Skin.

' Note. — Since writing the preceding article I have received from Mr. Lawrence a skin collected in Cuba, by Dr. Gundlacli,
which is exactly like Dr. Kenncrly's bird, except in being smaller, (the wing nearly an inch shorter) and the tail feathers more
rounded. The dilference in size is easily explained by the difference of latitude, and I see no reason for separating them. This
extends the known range of the species very largely, and shows an unusual line of geographical distribution. I have not
learned whether Dr. Gundlacli's bird is a summer or a winter visitor in Cuba.

The ideniification of the species, however, with Hirundo niger of Gmelin, I still consider as very doubtful, though the proba-
bilities are increased by the similarity of tho two specimens. For the present, however, I think it may be best to take the
name of Gmelin, leaving .yepliocaeUs horealis to bo restored hereafter, if necessary.

144

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEVS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

CHAETURA, Stephens.

Cliaelura, Stephens, ShawVGcn. Zool. Birds, XIII, ii, 1825, 7G, (type, C-petasgia.)
^canthylis, Bo:e, Isis, 1826, 971, (.4. spinicauda.) ,

Ch — Tail very short, scarcely more tlian two-fifths the wings ; slightly rounded j the shafts stiffened and extending some
distance beyond the feathers in a rigid spine. First primary longest. Legs covered by a naked skin, without scutellae or
feathers. Tarsus longer than middle toe. Lateral toes equal, nearly as long as the middle. Hind toe scarcely versatile, or
quite posterior ; with the claw, less than the middle anterii r without it. Toes slender ; claws moderate. Feathers of the base
of the bill not extending beyond the beginning of the nostrils.

The spinous processes to the nearly even tail readily distinguish this genus from any other of
the North American Cypselidae. The two North American species differ chiefly in size.

I have restored the generic name of Chaetura to this species as being prior to Acantliylis.
There is, indeed, a genus Chaelurus of earlier date in botany, but for all the practical purposes
of synonymy the two names are perfectly distinct ; more so, in fact, than Picus and Pica,
which belong to the same class instead of to different kingdoms.

CHAETURA PELASGIA, Stephens.

Chimney Swallow.

Hirxmdo ptlasgia, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 345.— Wils. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 48 ; pi. xxxix, fig. 1.

Cypsdus pdasgia, Aun. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 329 : V, 419 ; pi. 158.

Chaetura pelasgia, Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool. Birds, XIII, ii, 1825,76. — Is. Birds America I, 1840, 164 ; pi. 44.

Jcanthylis pdasgia, "Temm."— Bon. Consp. 1850, 64.— Cassin, 111. I, 1855, 241.

Hemiprocne pelasgia, Strecbel, Isis, 1848, 363.

^culeated sioaltow, Penn. Arc. Zool. II, 1785, 432.

Sp. Ch. — Tail slightly rounded, of a sooty brown all over, except on the throat, which becomes considerably lighter from the
breast to the bill. Above with a greenish tinge ; the rump a little paler. Length, 5.25 inches ; wing, 5.10 ; tail, 2.15.
Hab. — Eastern United Slates to slopes of Rocky mountains.'

The western range of the chimney bird is not well ascertained, the only specimens brought in
by the expeditions being one from Bijoux Hill, Nebraska, and several from Independence.

List of specimens.

i

5

i

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

o
z

5

Collected by—

5

o

bi)

I

B

o
5

>
o

.o
a

t

r

be

c
o

Specimen
measured

lOlO
6485

Q
3

May 3-2, 1843

8. F. Baird

0. Drexler

Lt. G. K. Wn:rcr
W. M. Magraiv..
do

•i 05

12.50
12.50

i 17

Prenh.*.,

Philadelphia

1

4 75

j.ia

3.17

2.S0

0.55|0.:jO

o.so

0.21

0.67

Skin ....

4781
7K8
8317

BijouxHtll, N. T

Independence, Mo. ......

May 15, 1856

34

Dr. Hnydcn '-l R7

Mar. 29, 1837

do

5.00

12.25

3.25

• Iris dnrk brown.

BIRDS CYPSF.LIDAE — CHAETl'RA VAITXII.

145

ClIAETURA VAUXII, DeKay.

Orcgou Swilt.

Cypsrius raiixii, Tow.vsEso, J. A N. Sc. VIII, 1839, US, (Col. river.)— Ib. Narrative, 1839.
Chatlura rauxii, DeKay, N. Y. ZooI. U, 1844, 3G.

Jcanlhvlu raiijrii, Bonap. Comples Reiidus, XXVIII, 1854 ; notes Delattre, 90.— Cassin, III. 1, 1855, 250. —
Newberry, ZooI. Cal. and Or. Route, 78 ; P. H. R. Surv. VI, 1857.

Sr. Ch — Light sooty brown ; rump and under parts paler ; lightest on tlie chin and throat. Lengtli, 4.50 inches; wing,
4.75; Uil, 1.90.

Hob. — Parific coast, from Pugcl's Sound to California.

This species bears a very close resemLlance to the common chimney birds of the eastern
States, being only readily distinguishable by its much smaller size, less than 4^ inches instead
of o-j. The wing, too, is nearly an inch shorter. The tarsus and the middle toe, however,
seem absolutely longer. The rump is a little paler than in C. pelasgia, as well as the under
parts, where the chin and throat are lighter, almost dirty white, and gradually becoming a
little darker behind, although even the hinder part of the belly is much lighter than the back,
instead of being of the same color with it.

This species, though probably not rare on the western coast, has only been collected by J. K.
Townsend (his specimen in the Phila. Academy) and by Dr. Kennerly of American explorers.
Delattre, however, brought it from California. It is very closely allied to several small South
American species, and may have been described under another if not a prior name.

List of specimens.

a
2

1 i

5 m

Localiiy.

When col-
leeicd.

Wlience ob-
tained.

i

«
c
'5d
'C

o

Collected by— _•

M

c

'5

4>
O

u

■3

i

CS

o

2 =

i

a

a

i
g

s
o

<

Specimen
inca:urcd.

8411 9

Siiuialimoo bay, VV. T

do

Oregon. (Specimen of J. K.
Townsend.)

July 5,1657
do

A. Campbell...
do

10

Dr. Kennerly... 4.60

do 4.40

4.15

10.75

4.50
4.70
4.75

l."0
1.90

.50
Ail

.61

.25

.20
.20

.5C

.51

Skin

19 b

146 U S p. R K. EXr. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family C A P R I M U L G I D A E . The Goat-suckers.
Sub-Family CAPRIMULGINAE.

Ch. — Bill very short, triangular, the culmen less than one-sixth the gape. The anterior toes united at the base by a
membrane The inrer anterior toe with three joints, the others with four ; all with distinct scutellae above. The toe much
elongated, its middle claw pectinated on the inner edge. Hind toe directed a little more than half forwards. Tarsi partly
'eathered superiorly. The bill more or less bristled ; the nostrils separated, rather nearer the commissure than the culmen.
PI mage soft, lax, and owl-like.

The Caprimulgidae have quite a close resemblance to the owls in the color and texture of the
plumage, as ■well as in the broad head, although, of course,' readily distinguishable by unmis-
takable characters. The closest relationships are to the Cypselidae. The jsrimary quills aro
ten in number, the secondaries eleven or twelve. The latter are much longer than in the
Cypselidae, covering more than half the primaries. The middle toe is much longer than in the
Cypselidae, and its claw is usually provided -with a comb-like edge on one side. The anterior
toes are united by a membrane, the inner and middle usually more so than the middle and outer.
The inner toe is small, and the outer is usually so, having generally only four joints instead of
the normal five. The tarsi are covered with short scales anteriorly, their upper portion
generally clothed with feathers.

The Cajirimulgidae are divided into two sub-families, the Steatorninae and Caprimulginae, the
former having the inner edge of the middle anterior claw exjjanded, but not pectinated. A
third sub-family Podagerinae is sometimes added. The Caprimulginae alone are represented in
the United States, and by two genera, Antrostomus and Chordeiles, which may readily be
distinguished as follows :

AxTROSTOMDS. — Bill with conspicuous bristles. Wings short, rounded; tail broad, graduated;
plumage very lax.

CnoRDEiLES. — Bill without bristles ; wings very long and pointed ; tail narrow, forked ;
plumage compact.

ANTROSTOMUS, Gould.

Antrostomus, Gould, Icones Avium, 1838, (Agassiz.)

Cn. — Bill remarkably small, with tubulnr nostrils, and the gape with long stiff', sometimes pectinated, bristles. Wings
long, somewhat rounded, second quill longest, the primaries emurginated. Tail rounded. Plumage loose and soft.

The present genus embraces the North American analogues of the European goat-suckers —
namely, the chuck-will's widow and the two species of whippoorwill. Of these, the former, or
A. carolinensis, is much the largest, with the long stiff bristles of the bill provided with lateral
filaments ; these are wanting in the A. vociferus and A. nultalli. In voci/erus, which is much,
the larger of the two last, the throat has a narrow white collar, and the lower terminal half of the
tail is white; the head longitudinally streaked. In nutialli the throat has a large white patch ;
the under surface of the tail a small one, and the crown is banded transversely, not longitudinally.

BIRDS — CAPRIMULGIDAE — ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS.

M7

Comparative measurevienU of species.

Otit 1 Specie*.
No. 1

Loraliiy.

Sox.

Length.

Extcni.

Wing.

Toll.

Taraua.

Middle
coo.

lid claw.

niii

above.

AInnjt
gape.

8|ii'cinien
muamircd.

6493
8636
do.

Anlromanius earalinennis.
do do

"

Turlugna, Fl,i

Cnpc Fluritlii

ilo

9
Q

<?

9

11.63
11.04
12.
9.30
9.75
9.S4
7.20
7.10

as.

19.33

8.60
8.30
8. Ml
6.34
6.41
6.22
5.78
5.62

6.38
5.84

0.68
0.76

1.03
1.00

0.30
0.30

O.SO
U.44

1.72
1.72

Skin

Skin

Frei.ll

9144
do.

Aiitroalnmus vociferua Carlisli', I'enn

5.08

O.liS 0.84

O.fM

0.41

1.24

Skin

Kri'hlj

6963
M91
do.

do do

AnlrosloniUD iiuttnlli

do do

81. LoiiiA, Mo

l^i>t:ililiiia, Cal

Vellowslone

S.OO
3.84
3.70

0.60
0.76
0.70

0.90 0.26
0.84 O.SO
0.90 0.36

0.44
0.44
0.40

1.16
1.10
1.12

E<kin

Skin

Skin

ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS,

Chuck-will's Widow.

Caprimulgm carolinensis, Gmelix, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 1028— AnD. Orn. Eiog. I, 1832, 273; pi. lii, &. V, 1839,

401.— 1b. Birds Amer. I, 1840, 151 ; pi. 11.
.Introstomtu carolinemis, Gould, Iconcs Avium, 1838? — Cassis, J. -A. N. Sc. II, 1852, 119. — Ib. Illiist. N. Am.

Birds, 1, 1855, 23G.
Caitrimitlf^u.i nc/ii.i, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 57; pi. x.xv, (Q.)
CaprimtUgus brachijplerus, Stepueks, Shaw's Zool. X, i, 1825.' 150.
Sbort-tcinged goal-sucker, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 1785, 434.

Sp. Cu — Bristles of the bill with lateral filaments. Wing nearly nine inches long. Top of the head reddish brown, longi-
tudinally streaked with black. The prevailing shade above and below pale rufous. Terminal two-thirds of the tail feathers
(except the four central,) rufous white ; outer webs of all mottled, however, nearly to the tips. Female without the white patch
on the tail. Length, 12 inches ; wing, 8.50.

//o6.— South Atlantic and Gulf States.

This is the largest of the North American species, and is distinguished from the others
by having very strong bristles along the base of the bill, each with lateral filaments. The
tail is but slightly rounded ; the exterior feathers only about a quai ter of an inch shorter
than the middle ones. The wing is long ; the second quill longest. The tip of the third
nearly intermediate between the first and second.

This species is said by Audubon to occur in Texas, but no specimens have been collected west
of the Missouri by any of the expeditions.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

loaility.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Specimen
measured.

Remarks.

2383

2382

s
s
s

Savannah, Ga

do

St. John's river,Fla.

fortugas, Fla

Cape Florida

do

1845

1845

S. F. Baird

do

12.00

26.00

7.25

Fresh

Light pur-
ple legs.

4916

6493

1857

do

8636

Oct. 30, 1857..
Oct. 9,1857..

do

do

12.00
11.00

25.00
23.00

8.50
8.00

Fresh

8637

148 U, S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS.

Whippoorwill.

Caprimulgns vociferus, Wilsos, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 71 ; pi. xli, f. 1, 2, 3.— Ann. Orn. Bioj. I, 1832, 443 : V,

405 ; pi. 85.— Ib. Birds Am. I, 1840, 155 ; pi. 42.
Jlntrostomus vociferus, Bonap. List, 1838.— Cassin, J. A. N. Sc. II, 1852, 122— In, 111. I, 18.15, 936.
Caprimulgus virginiaruis, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 55 ; pi. xxv.
" Caprimulgus clamalor, V'ieillot, Nouv. Diet. X, 1817, 234," (Cassin.)

Sp. Ch — Bristles without lateral filaments. Wing about 6| inches long. Top of the head ashy brown, longitudinally
streaked with black. Terminal half of the tail featliers (except the four central) dirty white on both outer and inner webs.
Length, 10 inches ; wing, 6.50.

Female without white on the tail.

Hab. — Eastern United States to the plains.

In this species the bristles at the base of the bill, though stiff and long, are without the
lateral filaments of the chuck-will's widow. The wings are rather short ; the second quill
longest ; the first intermediate between the third and fourth. The tail is rounded ; the outer
feathers about half an inch shorter than the middle ones.

The colors of this species are very difficult to describe, although there is quite a similarity to
those of u4. carolinensis, from which its greatly inferior size will at once distinguish it. The
top of the head is an ashy gray, finely mottled, witlt a broad median stripe of black ; all the
feathers with a narrow stripe of the same along their centres. The back and rump are some-
what similar, though of a difi"erent shade. There is a collar of white on the under side of the
neck, posterior to which the upper part of the breast is finely mottled, somewhat as on the top
of the head. The belly is dirty white, with indistinct transverse bands and mottlings of brown.
The wings are brown ; eacli quill with a series of round rufous spots on botli webs, quite con-
spicuous on the outer side of the primaries when the wings are folded. The terminal half of
the outer three tail feathers is of a dirty white.

The female is smaller ; the collar on the throat is tinged with fulvous. The conspicuous
white patch of the tail is wanting, the tips only of the outer three feathers being of a pale
brownish fulvous.

There is a prevalent impression among the unlearned in many parts of the country that the
whippoorwill and the night hawk are identical. They are, however, widely difi'ereut, both
generically and specifically, as will be evident to any one on a comparison of specimens. Thus
in the whippoorwill the mouth is margined by enormous stiff bristles more than an inch long ;
the wings are short, not reaching the end of the tail, which is very broad and rounded. There
are bars of rufous spots on the wing quills, but no white whatever. The tail is white beneath
for its terminal half. In the night hawk (Chordeiles popelue) the bristles of the bill are
scarcely appreciable ; the wings aie sharp jjointed, longer than the tail, uniformly brown, with
a broad spot of white across the middle of the long quills, ami without any rufous spots. The
tail is rather narrow, forked, or emarginate, and with only a small square blotch of white near
the end. The most striking feature next to the difference of the bristles of the bill is, perhaps,
the absence of the white wing spot of the one and its presence in the other — characters I'ound in
both sexes.

The precise range of this species to the westward is not ascertained. On the upper Missouri
and westward it is replaced by the.^ . nuttalli.

The first name of Vieillot for this 8])ecie8, although actually prior to that of Wilson, cannot be
made use of, as it heads a description and figure relating to both Antrostomns and ChordcUes.

BIRDS — CAPRIMULGIDEA — ANTROSTOMUS NUTTALLI.

119

List of specimens.

Caul.

Sax.

No.

1410

c?

9144

<^

9439

9

6963

9

83»

s

c?

Locallly.

VVIion col-

Wlu-iico ubmlned.

Carlliilo, Pa

, do

Jo

St I.nuU. Mo

Indi'poixli'ncc, Mo.
Racine, Wis

May 1,1844 S. F. Dnird

April 26, IMS do

Sipl. 6, 1845 do

May 8,1857 Nicut. Bo'an

June SO, 1857 Win. M. Mogmw
R. Keiinieoll ,

Orig'l
No.

86

Colleetcd by —

W. S. Wood .
Dr. Cooper . .
Dr. Hoy

I Lultglh.

9.83

Slrclch
ofwingd.

19.25
19.25
18.75

18.75

VVinij.

Specimen
iiieoiiurcd.

6.42 Fresh .
6.42 Fresh ,
6.95 ! Fresh .

6 50 ' Fresh .

ANTROSTOMUS NUTTALLI, C a s s i n .

Nuttnll's AVhippoorwilK

C aprimulgvs uutlalli. Aid. Birds America, VII, 1843 ; pi. 495 appendi.x.

Jn«rertomi« nuilalli, Cassik, J. A. N. Sc. Pliila. 2d scries, II, 1652, 123.— Ib. 111. I, 1855, 237.— Newberry, ZooI.
Cal. and Oregon Route, 77 ; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, iv.

Sp. Cii. — Bristles without lateral filaments ; wing about 55 inches ; top of the liead hoary gray, with narrow transverse, not
longitudinal bands. Tail nearly black on the terminal half, the extreme tip only (in the three outer feathers of each side)
being white f.^r nearly an inch. Length 8.00 ; wing 5.50.

Uab. — High central plains to the Pacific coast.

I regret that the materials before me are not such as to admit of a satisfactory description,
especially as in the wide range of localities there are indications of differences which may even
be of specific value. I shall, therefore, be obliged to copy from Audubon the description of the
species as obtained in its original locality — the upper Missouri.'

This species is said to have a note somewhat similar to tliat of the whippoorwill, excejit that
the first syllable is omitted^ leaving the sound something like that of " poor-will."

The much smaller size of the A. nuttalli will at once distinguish it from the A. vociferus.
The colors, too, are very different. The general hue is much lighter. The top of the head
lacks the median stripe. The white patch of the throat is much larger. The white of the tail
is confined to a space of less than one inch at the end, &c.

1 The following is the original description of the species by Audubon :

Caprimulgus nuttalli. Add. Birds America, VI, pi. 495, 2 cd.

Malt. — Bill black ; iris dark hazel ; feet reddish purple ; scales and claws darker ; general color of upper parts dark brownish
gray, lighter on the head and medial tail feathers, which extend | inch beyond the others, all which are minutely streaked and
sprinkled with brownish black and ash gray. Quills and coverts dull cinnamon color, spotted in bars with brownish black ; tips
of former mottled with light and dark brown ; three lateral tail feathers barred with dark brown and cinnamon, and tipped
with white. Throat brown, annulated with black ; a band of white across fore neck ; beneath the latter black, mixed with
bars of light yellowish grjy and black lines. Under tail coverts dull yellow. Length, 7.25 ; wing, 5.75 ; bill, edge, .19;
second and third quills nearly equal. Tail to end of upper feathers, 3.50 ; tarsus, .63 ; middle toe, .63 ; claw, .25 ; strongly
pectinated.

150

U. S. p. n. K. KXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Calal.
No

Sex.' Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Specimen ' Remarks,
measured. 1

8876

<?

Blackhilts

Sept. 7,1857
Aug, 8, 1856

Lt. G. K.Warren.
do

Dr. Haydcn

do

7.12

17.12

4.50?

5.70

5.60

5.90

5.80

Fresll....

Iris brown

S200

Yellow Slone river

Gooa

Q

Rio Mimbres, N. M

Mr. Clark

6003

do

6000

Atauani river. W. T

Aug. 30. 1853
....do

Gov. I. I. Stevens.

do

E, Samuels

5
6

590

Dr. J. G. Cooper..

6001

do '.

do

Body lost

5491

(?

Felaluma, Cal

6.10

5.50

5.80

5912

Santa Clara, Cal

Nov. — , 1853

8.00

17.50

3711

black, feet gray.

6004

Colorado river, N. M. ..
Gamp 130, N. M

Feb. 23, 1854
... do

Lt. Whipple

do

179

"\"'

177

5.90

do.

F.vP«hlji*'lt

CHOKDEILES, Swaiason.

SwAiNsoN, Fauna Bor. Amer. II, 1831, 490.

Ch. Bill very small, the gape with very short feeble bristles. Wings very long and pointed, with the first quill nearly or

quite equal to the second, and the primaries not emarginated on the inner edge. Tail long ; slightly forked in the North American
species ; plumage>ather compact.

The described North American species of this genus are three in number, tlie smaller readily
distinguishable by the rounded rufous spots on the webs of the quills, (C texensis.) The others
are larger and more closely related.

Comparative measurements of species.

6

Species.

Locality.

H

i

c

o

■= &,

ho

s

t

t

i

•5

s

1 .

O

3 «

i

-■a

CQ

1

c

3

Specimen

measured .

Remarks.

Chordeilee virginianus .

Carlisle, Pa

do

S

8.70
9.50
8.66
9.50
9.10
9.25

24.50
23.60
22.25

8.10
8.30
7.80
8.16
7.56
7.75
7.80
7.54
7.67
6.90

6.50
7.00
7.00

4.72

0.62

0.80

0.28

0.34

0.98

Skin ....

1605
do.

1522
do.

5Q01
do.

6698

Fresh ...

Q

4.60

0.60

0.74

0.24

0.26

0.94

Skin....

do ..

Fresh . . .

Above Fort Pierre.,
do

S

4.58

0.52

0.68

0.20

0.80

Skin....
Fresh . . .

Point of bill broken.

CIiord<:iles linnryi

Chordeilcs tcxcnsia ....

Kio Grande valley..

El Paso, Texas

do

Q
o

5.18
4.84

0.54
0.50

0.70
0.68

0.20
0.20

0.28
0.24

1.08
0.62

Skin ...
Skiu ....

8.30

7.87
8.30

8.30
8.22
8.75

19 12
19.00

6010
do.

4578
do.

6011

3957
do.

Fresh . . .

Colorado river, Cal.

Eagle pass, Texas..
Sla, Calarlna, Mex.

4.60

4.16
4.30

0.52

O.SS
e.52

0.64

0.74
0.74

0.18

0.19
0.22

0.22

0.26
0.24

0.84

0.70
0.80

Skin....

Head off ; (very

poor specimen.)
do

Skin

Fresh . . .

niKDS — CAPRIMUIGIDAE— CnOKDEILES POPETUE. 151

CHORDEILES POPETUE.

NiRht Ilnwk; Bull lint.

ra;>riniiWfii> poprlur, Vieii.lot, Ois. Am. Si-pt. I, ISO", 5G ; pi. xxW . (Q).— Bos'Ar. Obs. Wilson, 182.1, 177, from
J. A.N.Sc. Pliila. VI.

Ca;iri(Fiii/g-|ij amcriea»us, Wilson, V, lf"12, Gij ; pi. cxI. f. 1, 2.

CkordciUs amcricanus, De Kat, N. Y. ZooI. 11, 1844, 34 ; pi. xxvii.

Caprimulgtu rirginianiu, Brisson, II, 1760,477. (In part only .)— Bonap. Synopsis, G2. — AoD. Orn. liiog. II,
1834,273; pi. 147.

Caprimulgus (ChorJtilts) rii-^i>iiuiiii5, Siv. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 62.

Chordcilts rii^iuoniM, Ron. List. 1838.— Aud. Birds Am. I, 1840, 159 ; pi. 43.— Cassis-, 111. I, 1855, 238.— New-
berry, Zool. Cal. and Oregon Route, 79; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, 1857.

Long-tringed gottl-sueker, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 1785, 337.

Sp. Cii. — Mttlo, above greenish black, with but little mottling on the head and back. Wing coverts varied with grayish ;
scapulars with yellowish rufous. A nuchal hand of fine gray mottling, behind which is another coarser one of rufous spots.
A white V-shaped mark on the throat ; behind this a collar of pale rufous blotches, and another on the breast of grayish
mottling. Under parts banded transversely with dull yellowish or reddish white and brown. Wing (jiiills i|iiite uniformly
brown. The five outer primaries with Q white blotch midway between the tip and carpal joint, not extending on the outer web
of the outer quill. Tail with a terminal white patch.

Female, without the caudal white patch, the white of the throat mixed with reddish. Lengtli of male, 9.50 ; v.ing, 8.20.

llab. — >forth America generally.

Specimen from Pennsyvania, (1605.) — Wings long and acutely jiointed ; within an inch
as long (measured from the carpal joint) as the body itself. First quill longest, the rest
successively shorter. Tail acutely emarginate ; the first outer feather very little longer than the
second ; the remaining ones successively shorter, until the two middle ones are about three
quarters of an inch shorter than the exterior. Bill short ; the bristles simple.

The prevailing color of the upper parts of this species is a lustrous greenish black, with a
little mottling of pale rusty on the head, back, and scapulars, and of gray on the wing coverts.
At first sight the crown seems to have but little mottling, this being apparently confined to
a median line of yellowish rusty edging to the feathers. On raising the ends of these, however,
they are found to be more blotched towards their bases. On the nape the blotches are more
terminal and of a grayish color, forming an indistinct transverse band. Here they are quite
small, and confined to the exterior or extremity of the feathers. Immediately succeeding tliis,
however, is a second indistinct transverse band in which the blotches are much larger, occupy-
ing the median line of the feather, and of a more rusty hue. On the middle of the back again
the blotches are even grayer and less conspicuous than on the nape, while the blotches on the
scapulars are larger and more rusty. The wing coverts are finely mottled with grayish,
especially the innermost ones. The primary coverts have comparatively few blotches.

The sides of the head and lower jaw are like the top, only more blotched, and with yellowish
rusty. There is a pure white V-shaped mark on the throat, commencing about a quarter of an
inch behind the base of the lower mandible, the acute angle anterior, the branches curving
back on each side to a point beneath and posterior to the eye. The angle of this mark is filled
up with rusty-tipped black feathers. Behind it on the upper part of the breast, and extending
to the tail, the feathers begin to be banded transversely several times on their terminal half
with dark brown and dirty yellowish white, much less conspicuous on the upper part of the
breast and lower throat, where the predominant color of the feathers is dark brown, with the
ends grayish.

The quills are throughout of a uniform dark brown, with an obscure lightening on the inner
edges of the innermost primaries towards the ends. The ends of the secondaries are quite

152 U. S. P R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

white, forming a conspicuous band. There is, however, one very decided mark in a white
patch on the five outer primaries situated about half way between the carpal joint and the tip
of the wing. This commences on the inner vane of the first primary, without involving or
crossing the rib, along which it extends for less than half an inch, widening inwards to three
quarters of an inch on tlie inner edge. On the second primary there is a white blotch on the
outer vane, ojiposite the large spot on the inner, which involves the rib. ■ The third, fourth,
and fifth primaries have the blotch passing continuously across from inner to outer edge of the
quill.

The tail feathers are dark brown, with about eight or ten transverse and rather irregular
bands of mottling, which below are nearly white, above of a light brownish gray. The termi-
nal blotch on all but the two inner feathers (one on each side) is white on both surfaces, larger
and more quadrate, and scarcely reaches to the outer edges of the feathers.

The female is similar in general characteristics, except that the V-shaped mark on the
throat is yellowish rusty instead of white, the white patch on the wing rather less conspicuous,
and the quadrate terminal white spots on the end of the four exterior tail feathers (on either
side) are wanting. There is also appreciably more rusty in all the grayish or light tints.

In a large series of skins before me I find considerable geographical difierences when com-
pared with the typical Pennsylvania specimens. Thus, in skins from tlie upper Missouri and
Platte, as also irom Bridger's Pass, (5594,) the general colors are lighter, owing to the much
greater amount of grayish mottling on the back and the wing coverts, as well as the scapulars.
The color of the upper parts, in fact, exhibits but little of that decided impression of black pre-
viously described. The white spot in the middle of the wing is considerably larger, and in
most cases crosses the midrib to the outer edge of the first primary. The lieet appear shorter ;
the wings and tail about the same length. All the eastern specimens before me agree in their
dark colors. Specimens from Steilacoom are as dark, however, as those from Pennsylvania, and
not distinguishable from them. The same may be said of a pair from the Cosumnes river,
California.

Still another series, chiefly from southern Texas and New Mexico, is characterized by a great
preponderance of pale rufous spotting on the back. The characters in this respect are much as
in C. texensis, almost every featlier on the back having a reddish spot. The size is rather less
than in more northern S2)ecimen8. There is, however, so imperceptible a gradation into the
lighter northern series, and from this into the dark eastern ones, that I confess my inability to
define any permanent specific differences. The skin described as C. henryi belongs to the
most ruiuus type, and may possibly be distinct. "With reference to the others, however, I feel
in very great doubt.

It is much to be regretted that the name of Vieillot should be of so barbarous a character,
since it is the first one that can be used. The Caprimulgus virginianus of Brisson includes
both this and Antroslomus voiiferus, and cannot be retained, and with it fall the names of
Gmelin and others based upon it. The mistake was first committed by Catesby, whose figure
is an unnatural association of the two species.

In two specimens (8224, 8225,) from Fort Laramie, collected by Doctor Cooper, the wing and
tail feathers are not iully grown out ; but independently of this, the size appears much less
than in any others from the same latitude, smaller even than in C. texensis. Tlie middle toe
and claw measure but .60 of an inch. The color is very gray, without any conspicuous rufous
mottling.

Hinns — CAPRIMl'LGIDAE — CIIORDEILES IlENRYI.

153

As a summary of the whole subject, I am inclined to think tluit all the varieties described

belong to one species, varying somewhat with the locality, those from tlie Atlantic and, peihaps.

Pacific regions being darkest, without much mottling ; those from the interior province, or from

the Missouri to the Rocky Mountains, being much more varied, with a tendency to pale grayish

tints in northern localities, and reddish in more southern, the latter of smaller size. In this

generalizitioa I would scarcely except the C. henryi. The C. texensia is, hpwever, quite

diflereut.

List of specimens.

CumI
No.

4S99
IJU
I60S
6964
SSKi
7i99
6006
6007
6006

S»S

xsa

9901

sao3

S9D3
&SIM

8877

8878

?6013

Bex.

Locality.

Wtieii colluded.

Msy 16,11^16
June 10, 184-1
May 13, 1857

—,1857

Dark variety.

Calcajtieu, La

Carlisle, Pa

do

St. Lnuiii

Kajisaa

Indept'Ddencc, Mo

Fort Slcilacoani, VV. T.
CoMUmnes river, Cal , . .
Tulare rollcy, OdI

PaU variety.

Fort Riley

70 milo west of Ft. Riley. June M. 1856
8S milcii west or Ft. Riley. June 30, 1866
40 miles above Ft. Pierre.. June 30,1856

do do I May 30,1856

do do I do

Bridgcr'9 Fa.4s ' Auguat 13, 1856

Fort Laramie 8epu 16, 1857

.... do do

Black HUIa.> (Camp4).... SopC 7,lf57

LoupPork July 24,1857

Loe Nogalea, Sonora ' June — ,1855

Whence obtained.

G. Wurdeman

S. F. Baird

do

Lt. Bryan, U.S.A..

do

W. M. Hagraw

Dr. Suckley .U.S.A. .

Lt. Williamson

, do

Dr. \V..\, Hammond

Lt. F. T. Bryan

do

Orig'l
No.

Lt. Warren, U.S.A.

do

do

Lt. F. T. Bryan..
W. M. Magraw..
, do

Lt. Warren...

. ...do

.Major Emory .

360
208

83

Collected by —

W. 8. Wood .

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

Dr. Heennann.
do

Length

9.50
9.50

10.00

W.8. Wood

do

Dr. P. v. Haydcn..

9.

9.25

9.25

9.25

9.50

8.40

8.50

W.S.Wood...
Dr. Cooper ....

do

Dr. Hayden 9.25

9.25

Dr. Kennerly

Extent.

25.67
24.50

24.35

22.

22.25

23.25

23.

21.

21.50

20.75

23.00

22.25

Wing.

8.17
8.33

8.00
8.25
8.20
7.50
7.70

7.70

8.

7.25

8.25

8.25

8.25

7.00

7.25

7.50

7.40

Voniig.

Byes black.
Iria brown.

Not full grown.
do

CHORDEILES HENRYI, Cass in.

Western Night-IIawk.

ChorieiUs henryi, Cassin, Illustrations,*!, Jan. 1855, 333.

Sp. Cs. — Female similar to C. virginianus, but the upper parts much more mottled and more rufous.
Hab. — Rocky Mountains of New Mexico.

The specimens hitherto collected of this species are not sufficiently perfect to admit of a
satisfactory description. The characteristics can only be given by comparison with C. virginianus,
as already described.

The skin upon which this species was based by Mr. Cassin is a female in very poor condition
(6690,) and much stretched, which may account for its having been described as larger than
C. virginianus. This is scarcely the case, as shown by the comparative measurements of the
two. There is no undoubted specimen of the male bird in the collection before me from Texas,
the only large one, with a decidedly white patch on the throat, lacking the white marks on the
end of the tail.

This species is conspicuously different from Pennsylvania specimens of C. virginianus in the

very great amount of mottling on the upper parts, which exhibit nothing of the dark tones

prevailing in the last mentioned skins. The predominent tint of the mottling is a yellowish

rusty, brightest, and the blotches largest, on the scapulars. The under parts are yellowish

20 b

154

U. S. P R. R. KXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

white, transversely barred with dark brown. The V-shaped mark on the throat is of a rusty
tinge, and .much obscured by having its feathers tipped or spotted at the end with dark brown.
The white patch on the wing is situated nearer the carpal joint than the tip of the primary, and
is rather restricted, not crossing to the outer web of the first and second primaries. It extends
only over the five outer quills. The tail has about ten transverse bands which are conspicuously
yellowish rusty above.

This typical specimen has the second quill rather longest, and all the primaries tipped with
pale rusty, an evident indication of immaturity. In other specimens, apparently the same, the
first quill is longest, the primaries without any paler tips, and the V-shaped mark on the throat
not obscured by the dusky blotches.

As already stated, no undoubted males referable to this species are in the collection before
me, none having the white marks on the tail.

Compared with female specimens of C. virginianus, the upper parts exhibit much more rufous
•mottling above, thus excluding almost entirely the dusky shades. The coverts are tipped with
a much more extended and continuous shade of pale brownish yellow. The white spot of the
wing is smaller and nearer the carpal joint. The tail is much lighter, the dark transverse bars
narrower. The toes and middle claw are shorter, (possibly not fully grown.)

I am by no means satisfied as to the right of this specimen to specific distinction from C

virginianus, as it is decidedly immature and is very similar in many respects to rufous varieties

of the latter species. It is barely possible that these varieties may also belong to C. henryi ; if

so, however, lam at present unable to define the two species in any satisfactory manner. A

larger collection, in better condition, may hereafter throw some light on the subject not now

attainable.

List of specimens.

Catal.
Ko.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

6698

1853

_

8.00

4977

Fort Chatlbourne Tex

Dr. Swift

8.00

5046

July 11, 1855
May 9, 1855

107 9.60

23.60

8.00

5045

do

do

Dr. T. C. Henry

73

-6005

8.40

1

CHORDEILES TEXENSIS, Lawrence.

Texas Night-IIawk.

CAordeilfs 6ro:i(ianus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, V, May 1851, 114, (Texas,) (not of Gm.

Cassin, 111. 1,1855, 238.
Chordiiles sapiti, Bov. Conspectus Avium, I, 1840, 63.
Chordtites iexensis, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, Dec. 1856, 167.

Sp. Ch Much smallT tlian C. virginianus, but similar. White on the wing extending over only four outer primaries, the

bases of which, a« well as the remaining ones, with other quills, liavo round rufous spots on botli webs. Under tail covcrls and
abdomen willi a strong yellowish rufous tinge. Female more rufous and without the whitespot of the tail. Lcngtli 8.7J; wing 7.

llab. — Rio Graude Valley and south ; west to Gulf of California.

This species in many respects resembles C. virginianus, but some of its markings and its
much smaller size will at once serve to distinguish the two.

Selecting a specimen (3957) from Santa Caterina, Mexico, as a type, the prevailing color

BIRDS CAPRIMULGIDAE — CHORDEILES TEXEN818.

155

above may be described as a mixed gray, yellowish rusty, black, and brown in varied mottlings.
The top of the head is rather uniformly brown, with a few mottlings of grayish rusty, although
the concealed portion of the feathers is much vari<'d. On the nape is a finely mottled collar of
grayish and black, not very conspicuously defined, and rather interrupted on the median line.
A similar collar is seen on the fore part of the breast. The midiUe of the back and the rump-
exhibit a coarser mottling of the same without any rul'ous. Tlie scapulars and wing coverts are
beautifully variegated, much as in some of the waders, the pattern very irregular and scarcely
capable of definition. There are, however, a good many large round spots of pale yellowish
rusty, very conspicuous among the other markings. There is quite a large blotch of white on
the wing, situated considerably nearer the tip than the carpal joint. It only involves four
primaries and extends across both outer and inner webs. The four first primaries anterior to
the white blotches, and the remaining ones, nearly from their tips, exhibit a series of large
round rufous spots not seen in the other Nortii American species. The other wing quills have
also similar markings. There is a large V-shaped white mark on the throat, as in C. virginianus,
though rather larger proportionally. Posterior to this there are some rather conspicuous
blotches of rufous, behind which is the obscure finely mottled collar of gray and brown already
referred to. The breast and remaining under parts are dull white transversely banded with
brown, with a strong tinge of yellowish rufous on the abdomen, about the vent, and on the
under tail coverts. The tail is dark brown with about eight transverse bars of lighter ; the
last are white and extending across both vanes ; the others less continuous, and yellowish rufous
beneath as well as above, especially on the inner vane.

There is some variation in diflerent specimens, especially as to the intensity of the rufous
tints. The Santa Caterina specimen is larger than those from the lower Rio Grande; while
No. 6010, from El Paso, is considerably larger than either, the wing measuring 7^ inches.
There is, however, no other appreciable difference.

The females differ, as far as indicated by the specimens before me, chiefly in lacking the white
spot on the tail. The throat spot is rather smaller, but is almost pure white. The rufous
markings are rather deeper.

This species is readily distinguished from C virginianus by its much smaller size, four prima-
ries crossed with white, instead of five, the round rufous spots on the wing quills, the rufous
tinge on the abdomen, and other characters. It, however, seems to present parallel variations
of color and size with those described under C virginianus.

I am unable to say whether the subject of the present article be really distinct or not from 0.
sapiti, of Bonaj>arte, and C. hrcmlianus , of Gmelin. As Mr. Lawrence has given it a new name,
1 have adopted it provisionally, leaving the final decision to be made by some one having the
proper materials before him.

List of specimens.

Caul.

No.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obuined. Orig'l
i No.

39.il Santa Catahna, Mexico. .. Aug. —, 1853 Lieut. Couch, U. S. A..' 188

6C09 Hin;c(old barrackc, Texas. July —, 1653 Major Buiory, U. S. A

6910 Eagle PaM, Texas ^ do 1

601-2 do I do ' 6

6010 El Paso, Texas ... do

4578? Colorado river, California do

Collected by — | Length. Stretch
of wings.

J. H. Clark .
A. ScliQtt...

do. ...

J. H. Clark .
A. Scbon...

8.75

19.00

Wing.

7.0C I Eyes blue black; bill
blark ; (eel purple.

6.80 I

6 70 i

6.80 I

7.70 I

6.90

SUB-ORDER

CLAMATORES.

In the present state of our knowledge of the subject, it is a matter of some uncertainty
whether the North American Anisodactyle birds, viz : the Alcedinidae and Prionifidne, belong
more naturally to the Strisores or to the Clomatores of Cabanis' arrangement, {Slrisores and
Tracheophones of Burmeister.) However, although in some respects of closer affinities to the
former, I propose to keep them with the Clamatores, in accordance with the views of Cabanis.
They may be grouped as Anisodactyli, in distinction from the remaining families of the
sub-order, or Tracheophones, although neither of these names is to be taken in the extended
signification given it by Miiller and others, but merely as having provisional reference to the
North American species alone.

The muscles of the lower larynx, in some families, are weak and simple as in the Strisores ;
in others again they form a powerful flesliy body, which covers the first bronchial ring. These
birds have a harsh voice, capable of but little modulation.

The following schedule will be sufficient to indicate the general characters of the different
families of this sub-order found in North America, although there are many others from other
parts of the world not taken into account :

ANISODACTYLI.

Outer toe much longer than the inner ; united for half its length to the middle so as to
have a common sole to this extent. Sole of the hind toe widened and continuous
internally with that of the inner toe. Tail usually with twelve feathers, sometimes
with ten.

Alcedinidae. — Tongue small, rudimentary. Tarsi very short. Edge of bill plain.
Prionitidae. — Tongue of normal size. Tarsi rather long. Cutting edge of bill
dentated.

TRACHEOPHONES.

Feet and wings much as in the lowest Oscines. Lateral toes usually nearly equal. Tail
generally of twelve feathers.

CoLOPTERiDAE. — Tarsus more or less enveloped by scutellae. Posterior portion of
the tarsus with small plates, sometimes partly naked. Wings sometimes with
peculiarly abbreviated priniuries. Bill sliort, conical, and usually dciiressed,
the tip sometimes abruptly hooked.

BIKDS iXCEDlNlDAE.

157

Family ALCEDINIDAE

Kingfishers,

Head Urge ; bill long, strong, straight, anil sub-pyrnmiilal, usually longer than the head. Tongue very small. Wings
short ; legs small ; the outer and middle toes united to tlieir middle. Toes with the usual number of joints, (3, 3, 4, 5.)

The gape of the bill in the kingfishers is large, reaching to beneath the eyes. The third
primary is generally longest ; the first decidedly shorter ; the secondaries vary from twelve to
fifteen in number, all nearly equal. The secondaries cover at least three quarters of the wing.
The tail ia short, the ft athers twelve in number ; they are rather narrow ; the outer usually
■horter. The lower part of the tibia is bare, leaving the joint and the tarsus uncovered. Tho
tarsus is covered anteriorly with plates ; behind it is shagreen-like or granulated. The hind
toe is connected with the inner, so as to form with it and the others a regular sole, which
extends unbroken beneath the middle and outer as far as the latter are united. The inner toe
is much shorter than the outer. The claws are sharp ; the middle expanded on its inner edge,
but not pectinated.

The North American species of kingfisher belong to the sub-family Cerylinne, characterized
by the crested head, and the plumage varying with sex and age. The single genus Ccryle
includes two types, Megaceryle and Chloroceryle.

CERYLE, Boie.

CtryU, BoiB, Isis, 1838, 316, type C. rudisf
Ispida, Sw. Birds, II, 1837, 336, (type C. alcyon.)

Sp. Ch. — Bill long, straight, and strong, the culmen slightly advancing on the forehead and sloping to the acute tip ; the sides
much compres5ed ; the lateral margins rather dilated at the base, and straight to the tip ; the gonys long and ascending. Tail
'ather long and broad. Tarsi short and stout.

This genus is distinguished from the typical Alcedo (confined to the Old World) by the longer
tail, an indented groove on each side the culmen, inner toe much longer than the hinder instead
of equal, &c.

The two species of North American kingfishers belong to two different genera of modern
systematists, the one to Megaceryle, Reich, the other to Chloroceryle, Kaup. The characters of
these sub-gem ra are as follows :

Meq.aceryle, Reichenbach. — Bill very stout and thick. Tarsus about equal to the hind
toe ; much shorter than the inner anterior ; scarcely as long as the lower jaw is deep.
Plumage without metallic gloss ; the occipital feathers much elongated, linear, and

distinct 3f. alcyon.

CuLOROCERYLE, Kaup. — Size smaller and shape more slender than in preceding. Bill
long, thin. Tarsi longer than hind toe; almost or quite as long as the inner anterior.
Plumage with a green metallic gloss above ; the occiput with a cre.it of rather short,
indistinct feathers C. americana.

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

Species.

1 Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsos.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
along.

BUI
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

1640

Ceryle alcyon

do

O

11.38
13.85
13 00
13.36

sa.oo
ia.oo

6.16
6.15
6.S0
6.44
6.75
6.18
6.35
3.42
3.30
3.50
3.42

4.24

0.42

0.84

0.28

2.30

2.60

do.

do

617

do

do .. .

9

4.00
4.72
4.25
4.09

0.40
0.42
0.40
0.40

0.97

o.tw

1.05
0.90

0.34
0.30
0.40
0.30

2.16
3.30
2.40
2.42

3.85
3.52
3.00
2.54

Skin

8410
(l»l

do

do

do

do

.1 Siniiahmoo, W. T..
. Bodega, Cal

Skin

Skin ....

do.

. Cape Florida, Fla..
do

S

11.18
13.25
8.04

30.00

Skin

Fresh ....

6194
7103

Ceo'lc americana..

do

do

. Nuecee,Te<aa

. WcBlem Texas . .
do

- 9

2.83
2.60

0.38
0.38

0.70
0.68

0.38
9.36

1.72

1.82

Skin

Skin

do.

8.S0
7.80

12.00

7S»7

do

3.48

0.38

0.68

0.34

1.9S

1.98

158

U. 8 P. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

CEKYLE ALCYON, Boie.

Belted Kingfisher.

Mcedo alcyon, Linnaecs, Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 180. — Wilsok, Am. Orn III, 1811, 59.— Audubon, Orn. Biog. I, 1831,

394 ; pi. 77 Ib. Birds America.

Ceryle alcyon, Boie, Isis, 1828, 316.— Cassin, Ulust. I, 1855, 254.— Brewer, N Am. Oology, I, 1857, 110 ; pi. iv,

fig. 52. (Egg.)
Megaceryk alcyon, Reichenb. Handb. Sp. Orn. I, II, 185], 25 ; pi. 412, fig. 3108- '9.
bpida tudoviciana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat I, 1788, 452.
"Mcedo jaguacate, Dumont, Diet. Sc. Nat. I, 1816, 455," (Cassin.)
" JHcedo guacu, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XI.K, 1818, 406," (Cassin.)

Sp. Ch. — Head with a long crest. Above blue, without metallic lustre. Beneath, with a concealed band across the occiput,
and a spot anterior to the eye, pure white. A band across the breast, and the sides of the body under the wings, like the back.
Primaries white on the basal half, the terminal unspotted. Tail with transverse bands and spots of white.

Young with the sides of body and a transverse band across the belly below the pectoral one, light chestnut ; the pectoral
band more or less tinged with the same. Length of adult about 12J inches ; wing, 6 or more.

Hab. — The entire continent of North America.

The above diagnosis will serve to identify the present species sufficiently for all practical
purposes. The length of the bill and the other dimensions vary quite considerably, and, as a
general rule, specimens from the Pacific coast are appreciably larger than eastern ones, tliough I
have been unable to detect any difl'erence of coloration. Mr. Bell, of New York, says that the
difference in size between living birds of New York and California is very striking. The
comparative table of measurements will serve to illustrate these differences.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
No.

8ex and
age.

Locality.

Wllen col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

6929
6936
617
1640
1641
6530
5234
4657
5867

o
o
o

(?

9
S

9

do

April K, 1842
July 18, 1844
do

S. F. Baird

12.75
13.25
12.25

22.00
22.00
20.75

do

6.17
5.92

do

do

YclIowslonL' river, N.T.

July 25, 1856

Lieut. G. K.Warren
Col. A. VauKliim...

do

Port. Rilev K. T

Dr. Hammond & J.
Xantu» de Veeey.

Lieut. F. T. Bryan

do

Bryan's fork, 115 miles
wc^t of Fori Riley, K.T.
1118 niilos west of Fort

Riley.K.T

do

July 3,1856

July 2, IS.W
June 16, 1856

5625

63
17

W. S. Wood...

do

do

11.00

11.00
11.00

5626

5627
5043
5044
3960

9932
4465
8199
6193
6190
6191
6169
45S7

do

Ojodel Cuerpo, N. M ..
Tamaulipus, Mexico . ..

Russian America

8i'pl. 30, 1856
Mar.—, 1853

Aug. 17, 1841

do

14.50
12.25

21. .')0
19.75

6.75
6.00

EycH very dark brown;
bill slnie; tcet dove
color.

S. F. Baird

WoHneBJcneky .

Lieut. Trowbridge .

Fort Steilacuum

do

Feb IS IH.M

38
16

Dr. Siicklcy ...
do ....

11.50

19.00

6.75

Jan. 20, 1854
Jan. , 1055

do

T. A. Sznbo....

do

1 do...,

A. OaitNldy

A. ttchott

12.00

BIRDS — ALCEDINmAE^-CERYLE AMERICANA. 159

CERYLE AMERICANA, Boie.

Texas Kingfislicr.

.Itctio amtricana, Guelin, Syst. Nat. I, 176d, 451.

Ccrylt americana, Boie, liiis, 18*^1^, 316. — Lawrence, Annals, N. Y. Lyceum, V, 1851, 118. (First introduction

into the fauna of United Stales.) — Cassin, Illustrations, I, 1855, 255. — Brewer, N. Am. Oology,

I, 18.57, 3 ; ,.1. iv, f. 53, (ICgg.)
Chlorocerylt aiwHcano, Reichenb. Ilandb. Sp. Orn. I, it, 1851, 27 ; pi. 413, f. 3112— '15.
Mctda tiridis, Vieillot, Nout. Diet. XIX, 1818, 413, (Cassin.)

Sp. Cii.^llcad slightly crested. Upper parts with a pectoral and abdominal band of blotches, glossy green, as also a lino
on each side the throat. Under parts generally, a collar on the back of the neck, and a double scries of spots on the quills, white j
a chestnut band across the breast in some skins. Length, about B inches ; wing, 3^.

Uab. — Rio Grande region of Texas and southward.

This species is very much smaller than the common northern kingfisher, the body scarcely
exceeding in size that of the downy woodpecker.

The third quill is longest ; the second and fourth scarcely shorter. The fifth is intermediate
between the fifth and sixth. The tail is considerably rounded ; tlie lateral feathers about half
an inch shorter than the middle ones.

The general color of the upper parts in this species is a rich glossy or metallic green ; of the
lower, white. The white of the throat is continued across the back of the neck, and enlarges
somewhat on the upper part of the back. There is a transverse band across the upper part of
the breast formed by crescentic spots of green like that of the back ; there is a second transverse
band with the spots more distinct and rounded ; similar spots are seen on tlie side of the body.
There is also a line of green commeucing on each side of the throat below tlie eye, and running
into the pectoral band.

The wing when folded exhibits four transverse rows of spots on the outer webs of the wing
feathers, faint traces of a fifth and sixth being visible on the ends of the primaries. The inner
webs of the quills are similarly spotted. The middle tail feathers are like the back ; the rest
have the extremities green, the basal portion white, with various white blotches elsewhere,
especially on the inner webs. The bill and feet are black. There is a good deal of white on
the basal portion of the dorsal and scapular feathers.

The specimens before me do not exhibit much variation. In the most mature the top of the
head is uniformly green ; in the others it is faintly spotted with whitish. In one specimen
there is an indication of white feathers on the lower eyelid.

There is no appreciable difiierence in color between sexes, as marked on the labels. Two
specimens (7104 and 7102, female) have the bill much shorter than in the adult, the culmen
being not much longer than the head, and the lower mandible yellow at the base and tip,
instead of black. The green of the head above is much duller, and more spotted with brownish
white. I cannot say whether this is indicative of immaturity or of the female.

Of the half dozen specimens before me, only one (7103) has the pectoral chestnut colored
band, described as characteristic of the adult. This is about an inch wide, and replaces the
anterior band of green spots.

A specimen from Guatemala, without chestnut pectoral band, agrees in every respect with
those from Texas.

IGO

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SUKVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sci.

No.

3951

9

6194

Q

5042

7102

9

7103

S

7987

Locality.

New Leon, Mexico. ,

Nueces river, Texas.
DeviPs river, Texas.

Western Texas.

do

Guatemala

When collected.

August— ,1853

May 2,1853

-,1851

.do..

Whence obtained.

Lieut. Couch.

Lieut. J. G. Parke.
Captain J. Pope...

Col. J. D. Orahaui.
do

J. Gould..

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Dr. Heerjuann. ,

J. H. Clark .
do

Length.

7.50

8.75
8. SO

Extent.

12.00
12.00

Wing.

3.50
3.50

Eyes brnwn, bill
black, feet slate
color.

Eyes black, feet
green, gums
white.

BIRDS — PRIONITIDAE — M0M0TU8 CAEKULICEP8. 161

Family P R 1 0 ^' IT I D A E- The Sawbills.

Tlic sawbills or motmots have by most authors been placed as a sub-family with the Corn-
cianae of tlie Coraciadae, but latterly each has been raised to indeiiendent family rank. Witii
somewhat similar characters, the serration, or rather dtntatiou, of the cutting edges of the bill
and the extent effusion of the outer and middle toes at once distinguish the Prionitidae.

The bill is as long as the head ; gently decurved near the tip, but not hooked. The nostrils
arc small, circular, and close to the frontal feathers. The wings are rather short; the inner
secondaries in tlie clo.sed wing reaching the tip of the primaries. Of tiie ten primaries, the
exposed portion of the first is scarcely more than lialf tliat of the fourtli or longest. The
secondaries are ten or twelve in number. The tail consists either of ten or twelve feathers ; the
middle feathers are frequently spatulate, or with a portion of the lateral web wanting. The
feet are large ; the middle and outer toes connate for more than half their length, the tip of the
inner claw reaching to the base of the outer. The toes have the normal number of joints,
(2, 3, 4, 5.) The tarsi are clothed anteriorly with sliort lialf rings ; the sides with a series of
plates, more or less broken up into smaller ones. Tlie middle claw lias its inner face extended
into a sharp but not pectinated edge.

Of the three genera — Crypticus, Momotus, and Hylomanes — constituting this family, only one,
JUomotus, has any representative near or within the borders of the United States.

MOMOTUS, Latham.

-Vomodis, Latuam, Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 110.
Prionilcs, Illioer, Prodromus, 1811, 234.

Bill as long as the head, a little higher than broad ; only moderately broad at the base, and tapering gently to a somewhat
rounded tip. Both mandibles with the cutting edges dentatcd, except at tlie tip and base. Tail very long.

The preceding diagnosis sufficiently expresses the characters of the genus, although som
others might be added. The connate toes and toothed or dentate bill are characters which
belong to the family.

MOMOTUS CAERULICEPS, Gould.

Sawbill.

Momotus caerrdiceps, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1836, 18.— Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857, 253.

Prionites caeruliceps , Bp. Consp. 1850, 165. — Ib. Consp. Vol. Anisod. 1854, 8.

Prionitfs caeruUocephalus, Jard. & Sei.bt, 111. Orn.; pi. 42.

" JVomottis subhutu, Less. Dcsc. Mammif. et Ois. 1847, 265," (fide Sclater.)

Sp. Ch. — General color yellowish green. Top of the head and occipital crest bright blue, encircled with black, of which
color arc also the lores, whiskers, and several elongated narrow feathers on the throat. Length, 15 inches ; wing, 5|.
Hab. — Mexico.

The bill of this species is conical, slightly decurved, the upper edge angular. The cutting
edges of the mandibles are provided with rounded notches, except near the tip, which is
without any notch. The tarsi are rather long ; considerably longer than the middle toe and
claw. The anterior three toes are connate at the base ; the outer and middle united as far as
the penultimate articulation of the latter.

The wings are short, broad, and much rounded when closed ; the secondaries as long as the
21 b

162

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

primaries. The first quill is scarcely more than two-thirds the fourth, (which is longest,) both
measured from the carpal joint. It is more than an inch shorter than the second, which, in
urn, is half an inch shorter than the third. Tiie tail is long, but, in the specimen before
me, too much mutilated to furnish a satisfactory description.

The body generally is green, with a yellowish or, perhaps, fulvous shade, especially on the
anterior half of the body. The lower parts are rather paler. The wings and tail are of a
purer green ; the outer webs of the primaries and the ends of the tail feathers with a bluish
shade. The top of the head, with the short occipital crest, are bright blue, most vivid poste-
riorly ; anteriorly paler, and on the front and above the eye tinged with greenish yellow. The
forehead along the base of the bill, the lores, region around the eye^ and a series of pointed
whisker-like feathers below the eye, are black ; the latter margined above and below by greenish
blue, like that on the top of the head, and separated from it by the color of the back. The
occipital crest is also margined with black. On the middle of the throat are three or four much
elongated compact feathers, which are black, with greenish blue margins near the base. The
inside of the wing, especially the inner webs of the quills, are strongly tinged with yellowish
rufous.

In life the iris was yellow, the bill black, the feet dark chestnut.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Lucalily.

When
collected.

Whence ob-
tained.

Orig'l
No.

Length.

Extent.

Wing.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw.

Bill
above.

Specimen
measured.

Remarks.

4337
Do.

a

Boquillo, New
Leuii, Mexico.

do

Ap'l, 1653

Lt. D.N. Couch
do

141

15.0U
14.20

16.25

5 50
5.35

Fresh

Skin

Eyes yellow,
bill black,
feet dark
chestnut.

1.25

1.00

.40

1.5'J

BIRDS — COLOPTEKIDAK.

1C3

Family CO LO TTE R I D A E . The Flycatchors.

Tliis family, which connects the non-melodious hinls with the Oscines, or true siiijifera,
embraces rather small and even diminutive species, with ;i hill variously shaped, but generally
bent down abruptly at the tip, before which is a slight notch. The small circular nostrils are
situated close to the forehead. The gape is usually provided with stiff bristles, which arc
sometimes highly developed. The wings are of moderate length ; the first primary always
more than one-half the second, usually nearly as long ; some of the primaries often curiously
attenuated, sometimes abbreviated. The feet are rather strong ; the tarsi covered behind with
small jdates, or warts, or granulations in several series, sometimes entirely naked, sometimes
encircled, except on the inner face, by a single series of plates. The tail always has twelve
feathers.

This extensive family contains chiefly genera which have been variously combined with the
singing birds, but have been mainly brought together in their present relationships in conse-
quence of the researches of MuUer and others. It embraces several sub-families, of which,
however, only two have any reference to the fauna of the United States. The characters of tlie
sub-families are given by Burmeister at considerable detail. This author divides the American
forms into Arnpelinae, Piprinae, Tyranninae, Flafyrhynckinae, and Fluvicolinae, to which
Cabanis adds Todinae, Psarinac, Coracininae, and Fhytoiominae. It is not necessary to give
the characters of all these sub-families here, as we have only to do with the Tyranninae and
Psarinae, united into one by Burmeister on account of their close relationship and numerous
common characters, the chief of which are the following :

Common characters. — Bill strong and straight, generally almost as long as the head;
the distance from the nostril to the tip of bill usually not more than that to the anterior
corner of the eye ; bill conical and vaulted, somewhat depressed, the tip abruptly bent
down. Nostrils free, round, and open, nearer the gape" than the culmen, not concealed
by the bristles (usually well developed) which line the rictus and base of the bill.
Wing rather long and acute ; the primaries often attenuated or abbreviated. Tail
usually emarginated ; leg rather strong and high, covered behind with several series
of granulations, or with plates nearly encircling the leg. Basal joints of outer and
middle toes more or less united.

PsARiXAE. — Second primary in the male much shorter than the first and third ;
anterior face of the tarsus with a row of i)lates, which do not extend more than
half round the leg. The posterior half covered with a reticulation of small
plates ; sometimes naked internally.
Tyranninae. — Outer primaries ireqnently attenuated at the tips, but the second
never shorter than both the first and third. Anterior and external face of tarsi
covered with 2)latcs, which completely encircle the bone, except along or near
the central line of the inner face ; the intervening space either naked or with
small plates, only occasionally a separate series on the posterior face of the tarsi.
Toes, especially the inner, cleft to the base.

164 a. S. p. K. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sub-Family PSARINAE.

The characters of this sub- family have already been sufficiently indicated in the preceding
pages to distinguish it among the other Colopteridae. The genera have been variously given
by different authors. Cabanis and Burmeister adopt three, Fsaris, Pacliyrhamphus, and
Batlimidurus, while Sclater, in a recent monograph of the sub-family, (Proceedings Zool. Soc.
1857, 67,) recognizes only the two first as genera, giving Batlimidurus and other groups as
sub-genera. Judging from the North Mexican species before me, however, there appears
abundant reason for keeping Pachyrhamphus and Batlimidurus distinct. These are readily
characterized and distinguished by the slightly rounded tail, with broad feathers of the first men-
tioned genus, the second having the tail much graduated. Both differ from Psaris (or Tityra) in
having the sexes dissimilar ; in having bristles at the base of the bill ; the lores well covered ;
the second abbreviated quill in the male broad and notched at tip, instead of narrow and falcate.

PACHYRHAMPHUS, G. R. Gray.

Pachyrhiini-hus, Spix, Av. Bras. II, 1824, 31. (Pre-occupied in botany.)
Pachyrhamphus, G. R. Gray, List Genera, 1838.

Head crested. Bill a little broader than high just behind the nostrils. Rictus with rather lonij bristles, two-thirds
the length of culmen. Posterior portion of tarsus covered with polygonal plates, largest on the sides ; naked inside at the upper
end. First primary shorter than the sixth ; second (in the male only) about two-thirds as wide as the first ; cmarginated inside
near the end, where it runs out in an acute point. Tail moderately rounded ; the feathers broad.

I have constructed -the generic characters as given above entirely from a single species, P.
aglaiae, but they probably apply equally well to all. The bill is strong ; the culmen distinct ;
the bill moderately broad ; the rictal bristles long. The difference in length between the longest
and shortest tail feather amounts to but about .15 of an inch. The legs do not show the scutella-
tion very clearly, but there appear to be a row of large polygonal scales on each side the posterior
half ol the tarsus, separated by smaller ones behind, these scales inferiorly being granular and
set in naked skin, while the superior jiortion of the inner face of the tarsus ap])ears to be naked.

This genus differs from Psaris or Tityra in the broader bill, bristled rictus, feathered lores,
longer tail, different second primary, &c.

But one species has hitherto been detected near the limits of the United States ; the others
belong to more southern localities.

PACHYKHAMPHUS AGLAIAE, Lafresnaye,

Rose-throated Flycatcher.

Pachyrhamphus aglaiae, Lapresnate, Rev. Zool. 1839, 98.— Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 185G, 297.— Id. 1857, 74.
Psaris a'^laiat, Kaup, Pr. Zool. Soc. I8.')l, 4G.

Sp. Ch. — Fourth quill longest; first about eijual to the tixth. Tail rounded. Head crested. Above dark plumbeous, becoming
lighter to the tail. Top and sides of head with the crest, glossy black ; the forehead tinged with lirowu. lioncath pale ash,
tinged with brownish white on the abdomen and crissum. Chin ashy white. Central region of the throat and forepart of breast
rose color. Checks dark ash, tinged with purple. Scapular feathers white at the base. Wings and tail dark brown, edged
externally like the back ; the outer primaries and secondaries edged with whitish, the former with a white spot at the base.

Length, 7.50 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 3.10.

Uab. — Mexico to Rio Grande.

This species, according to Mr. Sclater, (to whom I am indebted for the identification of the
present specimens,) is closely allied to P.pedorulia of Cayenne and New Grenada, and P.

BIRDS COLOPTERIDAE liATHMIDUKUS MAJOli.

165

roseicoUis of Bolivia. The former, however, is of a nearly uniform sooty hrown above and
below, with a narrow rosy bar on the throat. Tiie latter also is much darker below, being
ashy black (rather lighter than in F. pedoralis) in.stead of rather light ash. The rose color of
the throat, too, appears to be narrower. According to Lafresnaye, the roseicoUis has a longer
bill.

The abbreviated second primary has the sides parallel to near the acutely pointed tip, which
is internally cmarginated. The notch, however, is not so deep as in the figure of P. viridis,
given by Mr. Sclater. It has a slight trace of white on the outer edge.

According to Mr. Sclater, the female is reddish, the wings black internally ; their margins
and the entire tail bright rufous ; the crown black ; the under parts whitish cinnamon ; the
under wing coverts cinnamon. •

The specimens of this species collected by Lieutenant Couch are appreciably larger than
those described by Mr. Sclater from southern Mexico.

List of specimens.

6

1

a
O

i

Locnliiy.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

o

=

0
112

.J

e

X

e

'3

EH

3
1

2

■0

i

3

Bill above.
Along gape.

! 1

Remarks.

s

Lt. D.N. Coucb...
do

6.S8
7.50
7.50

•X fi"

3.12

0.83

0.70

0.24

0.680.84

Skin.

Fresh.

Fresh.

Do.

do

11.003.75
11.00:1.7.5

4025

c?

do

March, 1853

. . do .

Eyes brown.

BATHMIDURUS, Cabanis.

BalAniufurus, Caba.vis, Wicgm. Arcliiv, 1847, i, 243.

Head crested ; bill considerably broader than high just behind the nostrils ; rictal bristles short, not half the length of culmen.
Posterior hall of larsus covered externally and behind with angular plates, internally entirely naked. First quill (in female)
about equal to the fifth. Tail much graduated ; the feathers narrow. Male with abbreviated broad second primary.

There are many features in this genus (as far as I have been able to establish its character on
the female of the single species,) to distinguish it from the preceding. The most conspicuous
of these is the much graduated tail, the outer feathers being .65 of an inch shorter than the
inner three on either side which are nearly equal. The feathers, too, are considerably narrower
than in Pacliyrhamplms. The bill is shorter and considerably broader and more depressed at
the base ; the culmen not quite so acutely marked ; the bristles short. The nostrils are very
small and much concealed. The edge of the first primary in both genera is emarginated near
the end of the inner web ; the first quill is much longer than in the preceding, being equal to
the fifth, instead of shorter than the sixth. The tarsi are quite difierent in the complete naked-
ness of the entire inner face, and almost so on the posterior edge. The outer side behind is covered
with polygonal plates ; the inferior extremity behind with strong granulations.

BATHMIDURUS MAJOR, Cabanis.

Bathmidurus major, Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1847, i, 246.
PsarU marginatus major, Kacp, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1851, 48.
Pachyrhamphus major, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857, 78.

Female. — Above light chestnut brown ; the top of the head glossy black mixed with rufous ; beneath liglrt yellowish brown ;
the middle of the belly tinged with greenish yellow. Quills dark brown, edged on both webs with rufous ; tail feathers mostly
black -, the tips, outer edges, and basal portions rufous ; the middle feathers like the back. Length, 6.25 ; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 2.75.

166

U. S. p. K K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

M^LE. " Above ash ; tlie middle of the back black or mixed with black ; a grayish while collar on the nape. Crown lus-
trous black, with a frontal whitish line. Scapulars white. Wings black, the coverts and secondaries bordered with white.
Beneath white, tinged with ash. Tail black, the lateral feathers broadly tipped witli white. Bill plumbeous black ; feet black.
Length, C,00 ; wing, 3.3U ; tail, 2.40."

The jM-eceding description of the male is taken from Mr. Sdater's article, as I have no speci-
men of that sex before me. The single specimen collected by Lieut?nant Couch, was supposed
for a time to be the female of PacJujrhamphus acjlaiae, even by Mr. Sclater, whose authority on
these birds is so deservedly high. It is, however, generically distinct in many points of
structure.

The lustrous greenisb black feathers of the top of the head are mucli edged with rufous, which
predominates on the forehead. The neck above is much lighter than the back, rump, and tail,
which are light rusty, or, perhaps, chestnut. In the une.xpanded tail no black is visible from
above, except a small dusky speck at the emd of the middle feather. The black of the tail
feathers fades in intensity anteriorly and passes into reddish ; posteriorly, however, it is abruptly
bordered by the yellowish rufous tips, (these on the outer feathers are .70 of an inch long.) The
outer webs of all the feathers are rufous excepting on the third and fourth, where the black extends
nearly across. The inner webs of all the feathers, except the innermost, show much black.
There is a strong tinge of greenish yellow on the throat as well as the belly, but the breast
appears to be of the same light rufous as the sides.

This bird is readily distinguished from the female PacJujrhamphus aglaiae by the black on the
graduated tail feathers.

List of specimens.

a

2
<a
U

9

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

o
Z

■t

o

1

'a

o

-a

i

1 .

c

Bill above.
Along gape.

Specimen
measured.

Remarks.

4U-26
Do.

Boquillo, N. Leon..
do

April—, 1853
do

Lieut. D.N. Couch.
do

150

S.25

7.0U

10.003.25
3.30

i

Fresh . . .

Eyes brown, bill
bluish lead color..

9. Rfi

0 P9

0 75

0.22

0.63 0.80

Sub-Family TYRANNINAE.— Tyrant Flycatchers.

Bill broader than high at the base, much depressed, more or less triangular. Culmtn nearly
as long as the head, or shorter ; straight to near the tip, tlien suddenly bent down into a con-
spicuous hook, with a notch behind it ; tip of lower jaw also notched. Commissure straight to
near the notch ; gonys slightly convex. Nostrils oval or lounded, in the anterior extremity of
the nasal groove, and more or less concealed by long biistles which extend from the posterior
angle of the jaws along the base of tiie bill, becoming smaller, but reaching nearly to tlie median
line of the forehead. These bristles with lateral branches at the base. Similar bristles mixed
in the loral leathers and margining the cliin. Tarsi short, generally less than middle toe, com-
pletely enveloped by a series of large scales wliich meet near the posterior edge of the inner side,
and are separated either by naked skin or by a row of small scales. Sometimes a .second series of
rather large plates is seen on tiie posterior face of the tarsus, tliese, however, usually on tlie ujjper
extremity only. Basal joint of middle toe united almost throughout to that of the outer toe,
but more tham half free on the inner side ; outer lateral toe rather the longer. Wings and tail

BIRDS — COLOPTEEIDAE — TYKANNmAE. 1 G7

variable ; first quill always more than three-fourths the second. The outer primaries sometimes
attenuated near the tip.

The species of tliis sub-family may, for our present purposes, be divided into Tyranni ami
Tyraitnuli. Tlie former are large, generally with bright color, pointed wings, with attenuated
primaries and a colored crest iu the middle of the crown. The others are plainer, smaller,
without crest ; the primaries not attenuated.

The following schedule may serve to illustrate the genera of North American Tyrant fly-
catchers :

Tjrranni.

Size large ; colors generally brilliant ; crown with a brightly colored crest, usually concealed ;
outer primaries abruptly contracted or attenuated near the tip ; ujiper scales of tarsus usually
continuing round on the outside and behind.

MiLVULUS. — Tail excessively forked and lengthened ; more than twice as long as

the wings.
Tyrankus. — Tail moderate ; nearly even or forked ; less than the wings.

Tyrannuli.

Size small ; colors usually plain ; crown witliout any colored crest concealed by the tips of
the feathers ; primaries normal ; scales of the upper part of the tarsus usually continuing
only to the middle of the outer face, and a second series opposite to them behind.

1. Tail lengthened ; about equal to the wings, which reach scarcely to its middle.

Myiarchus. — Tarsus equal t5 the middle toe, which is decidedly longer than the

hinder one. Tail even or rounded.
Sayornis. — Tarsus rather longer than the middle toe, which is scarcely longer than

the hind toe. Tail slightly forked.

2. Tail decidedly shorter than the wings.

CoNTOPUS. — Tarsus shorter than the middle toe ; hind toe much longer than the
lateral. Tail considerably forked. Wings long, pointed ; much longer than
the tail, reaching beyond the middle of the latter ; first quill about equal
to the fourth.

Empidonax. — Tarsus considerably longer than the middle toe ; nearly as long as
the head ; hind toe much longer than lateral. Tail nearly even or rounded ;
but little shorter than the wings ; first primary much shorter than the fourth.

Pyrocepiiauts. — Tarsus but little longer than the middle toe; hind toe not longer
than the lateral. Tail broad, even ; first quill shorter than the .fifth.

MILYULUS, Swain son.

Jililrulus, SwAiKsoN, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 165.

Despotes, Reichekbach, Avium Syst. Naturae, 1850, (in part.)

Sp. Ch. — Bill shorter than the head, and nearly equal to the tarsus. Tail nearly twice as long as the wing, e.tcessively
forked ; the middle' feathers scarcely half the lateral First primary abruptly attenuated at the end, where it is very narrow
and linear. Head with a concealed crest of red.

This group is distinguished from Tyrannus by the very long tail, but the two species assigned
to North America, although agreeing in'"most respects, difi"er in others. Thus, in M. forficatus

168

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

the tail feathers are narrow linear to near the end, where they are slightly spatulate, while in
M. lyrannus they are broader at the base, and taper gently to the end. The legs of M. forjicatua
are larger, and the linear attenuation of the primaries confined to the first one, extending over
an inch.

In M. fyrannus the outer three primaries share a linear attenuation, but this does not amount
to half an inch in length. The colors are very different, M. forficatus being whitish ash above,
the rump black, the tail feathers rose white with black at the tips, the shoulders and belly light
vermilion. M. tyrannus, on the other hand, has a black head and tail, the outer edge of the
latter only white, the back olivaceous, the under parts pure white. The two species diS'er in
some points of structure, and are sepai'ated generically by some authors.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

2965

7374
7375

Milvulus tyrannus

Milvulus forficatus

do

13.86
11.60

12.90

4.46
4.38
4.80

10.00
7.40
8.40

0.68
0.74

0.66
0.7U

0.23
0.34

0.28

0.68 0.84
0.74 0.94
U.74 1.00

San Antonio, Texas....
do

9

3

Dry

Dry

MILVULUS TYRANNUS, Bon.

Fork-tailed Flycatcher.

Miiscicapa tyrannus, Link. Syst Nat. I, 1766, 325.

Milvulus lyrannus, Bonap. Geog. List, 1838.— Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 38.— Ib. Birds Am. I, 1840, 196 : pi. 52.

Despotes lyratmus, Bonap Comptes Rendus, 1854, 87.

Tyrannus savana, Vieillot, OIs. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 72 ; pi. xliii.— Swainson, Mon. Ty. Slirikes ; Quarterly Jour.
XX, Jan. 1826, 282.

JMuscicapa savana, Bonaparte, Amer. Orn. I, 1825, 1 ; pi. i, f. 1.— Audubon, Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 387 ; pi. 168.

Milvulus savanus, Gray, List, 1841.

? Tyrannus violentus,V lEiLh. Encyc. Meth. II, 853. — Burmeister, Tliiere Brasiliens, Vogel, 1856, 467.

? Tyrannus mmciola, Stephens, Shaw Gen. .Zool, Birds XIII, ii, 1826, 133.

Tyrannus milvulus, Nuttall, Man. 2d ed. I, 1840, 307.

Fork-tailed flycatcher. Pennant, Latham.

Txjran a queue fourchue, Buffon, pi. enl. 571.
Sp. Ch.— Outer four primaries abruptly attenuated at the end, the sides of the attenuated portion parallel. Second and third
quills longest ; fourth little shorter, and not much exceeding the first. Tail very deeply forked ; the e.\terniil feather linear,
and twice as long as the head and body alone. Top and sides of the head glossy black. Rump, upper tail coverts, and tail
almost black ; the outer web of outer tail feather yellowish white for more than the basal half; rest of upper parts ash gray.
Under parts generally pure while. Wings dark brown ; the outer primary and tertials edged with white. Crown with a con-
cealed patch of yellow. Length 14 inches ; wing 4.75 ; tail 10 inches ; depth of fork 7 inches.
//a(,._Soulh America. Accidental in the United States.

This species claims a place in the fauna of the United States on account of two specimens
captured in New Jersey, at long intervals, and one or two seen by Mr. Audubon in the south-
west.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

S F H'lird

J. G. Bell

29 G5

BIRDS — TYRANNINAE — MILVULUS FORFICATUS.

169

MILVULUS FORFICATUS, Sw.

Scl5ssor-tail ; Swallow-tailcil Flycatcher.

.Viacicapa fofieala, Gmeum, Syst Nat. I, 178.^, 9.11. — Virili.ot, Ois. Am. Sept I, 1807, 71. — Stephens, in Shaw",
Zool. X, II, 413; pi. iii. — Bonap. Am. Orn, I, 1825, 15 ; pi. ii, f. 1. — Audubon, Oni. Uiog. IV
1838, 426 ; pi. 359, f. 3.
Tijrannus forficaitt). Sat, Lone's Expod. IF, 1823, 224 — Nittall's Manual, 1, 2(1 ed. 18J0, 309.
.ViJrii/u5 /or/if a/iis, " Swains." Rich. List, 1837.— Audiibon, Synopsis, 1839,38.— In. Birds Amor. I, 1840, 197; pi. 53
Tyraniiuj meiieanus, Stephens, Sliaw Gen. Zocl. Birds XIII, ii, 1826, 135.
MouchtTolU a queue fourehut da Mexique, BurroN, Pi. enl. G77.
Bird of Paradiie of the Te»ans.

Sp. Ch. — Wing with the outer primary only abruptly attenuated, and narrowly linear, (for about .85 of an inch) ; the second
but slightly emarginate ; second quill longest ; first and third equal. Tail very deeply forked, the lateral feathers twice as
long as the body, all narrow and linear or sub-spatulate. Tup and sides of the head very pale ash ; the back a little darker,
and faintly tingei! with light brick red ; under parts nearly pure white, tinged towards the tail with light vermilion, rather
more rose on the under wing coverts; a patch on the side of the breast and along the fore arm dark vermilion red. Tail
feathers rosy white, tipped at the end for two or three inches with black. Rump dark brown, turning to black on the coverts.
Wings very dark brown ; the coverts and quills, excepting the primaries, (and including the outer of these) edged with whitish.
Crown with a concealed patch of white, having some orange red in the centre.

Length, 13 inches ; wing, 4.75 ; tail, 8.50 ; depth of fork, 5.80.

Hab. — Central Texaa to Mexico.

This exquisitely beautiful and graceful bird is quite abundant on the prairies of southern
Texas, and is everywhere conspicuous among its kindred species. It is usually known as the
scissor-tail from the habit of closing and opening the long feathers of the tail like the blades
of a pair of scissors. The adult female is very similar^ though rather smaller. The young
is not conspicuously different, only lacking the concealed patch of the head.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

■iex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
oi wings

Wing.

5059

Head of Devil's river.
Ft. Chad bourne, Tex.
do

May 2, 1855

Capt. Pope

Dr. Swift

65

13.50

13.00

5. 00

4974

4975

7374

9

San Antonio Texas

Lt. J.G.Parke..

Dr. Heermann ..

7375

do

do

7381
7376

do

Kftgle pass Texas

July — , 1853

Lt. A.W.Whipple
Mai or Emory .

15

Dr. Kennerly . . .
A. Schott..

14.00

14.00

7377

do

do

do

7382

Q

S
3

Lower Texas

do

12

12

107

29733

J. H. Clark

do

do

11.25
14.00
13.00

14.00
15.00
15.00

4.25

7383
7384

do

do... .

do

4.25
4.25

3997

Tamaulipas, Hex

Mexico

Mar. — , 1853

Lt Couch

M. Verreaux

S F Baird

9097

2964

22 b

170 U. S. P, R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

TYR ANNUS, Cuvier.

Ti/iojDiiis, CuTiER, Le(;ons Anat. Comp. 1799-1800, (Agassiz.)
Tail nearly even, or moderately forked ; rather short erthan the wings ; the feathers broad, and widening somewhat at the
ends. Wings long and pointed ; the outer primaries rather abruptly attenuated near the end, the attenuated portion not
linear, however. Head with a concealed patch of red on the crown.

The species of this genus are especially characterized by their long, attenuated primaries,
their moderately forked or nearly even tail, and Iihe concealed crest in the crown. Their
aflSnities are nearest to Milvulus, from which the tail, shorter than the wings, instead of twice as
long, or more, will always serve as a point of distinction. The attenuation of the primary
differs in being less abrupt and not truly linear, sloping gradually, and not bounded behind by
a notch. I am unable to appreciate any other differences of importance.

The character and extent of the attenuation of the primaries, the depth of the fork of the tail,
with the size of the legs and bill, all vary considerably, and may, perhaps, serve as ground for
further subdivisions. The bill, in particular, varies much in size in the North American species
from that of W. carolinensis, where the culmen is but little more than half the head, to that of
T. dominicensis, where it is decidedly longer than the head, and almost as stout as that of
Sauropliagus, (Genus Melittarchus of Cabanis.)

The North American species of Tyrannus may be arranged by colors, accordingly as they are
white beneath or yellow, in the following manner :

A. — Under parts whitish, without any shade of yellow. A grayish plumbeous pectoral
band.

Tail slightly rounded. Bill much shorter than the head. Above black, shading
into dark plumbeous on the back. Tail abruptly and broadly margined and

tipped with pure white T. carolinensis.

Tail moderately forked. Bill longer than the head. Above gray ; the tail and
wings brownish. The edges and tips of the tail narrowly margined with

soiled white T. dominicensis.

B. — Above ashy olive, becoming purer ash on the head. Tail brown or black. Beneath
yellow ; the chin paler ; the breast strongly shaded with olivaceous or ashy.

a.' — Tail nearly black ; the outer edges of the outer webs of the feathers with the fibres
united closely throughout, and similarly colored with the rest of the feather.

Tail slightly forked ; external feather with the entire outer web and the outer
half of the shaft abruptly yellowish white. Pectoral band pale ashy, lighter

than the back T. verticalis.

Tail nearly even or slightly rounded ; external feather with the shaft brown ; the
outer edge of the outer web only obscurely yellowish white. Throat and breast

broadly tinged with dark ashy olive like the back T. vociferans.

h. — Tail brown, scarcely darker than the wings ; outer edges of the outer webs of the
tail feathers olivaceous like the back, in contrast with the brown ; the fibres loosened
externally ; shafts of tail feathers white beneath.

Tail (juite deejjly forked ; (depth .65 of an inch) ; dark brown ; the posterior upper

tail coverts nearly similar. Wingfeathersedgedwitli yiA\oyf\ah....T.melancholicjis.

Tail moderately forked ; (depth .30 of an incli) ; light brown ; posterior upper

tail coverts scarcely less olivaceous than the back. Wing feathers edged with

grayish white T. couchii.

BIRDS TYRANNINAK — TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS.

171

Comparative measuremenls of the species.

Ciiul.
No.

S|Kcie».

Locality.

Sex.

LengUi.

Extent.

Wing.

Tall.

TorsuH.

Middle
toe.

lUelaw. Uill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
meajturcd.

8905
1513
Du.

Tyrannus carolin«iitis ...

do

do

Primonl, on PI«tto.

Carlisle, Pi

do

9
.„..

9

9
.„..

9

8.00
7.58
8.40
7.80
8.66
8.37
8.90
8.80
8.76
8.90
8.90
9.40
9.00

14.50
14.50

15.08

4.64

4.52

4.15

4.70

4.93

5.

5.30

5.iM

4.90

5.18

4.44

4.94

5.00

3 62
3.66

0.72
0.70

0.66
0.74

0.20 0.74
0.26 1 0 73

0.08
0.94

Dry

Dry

6il8
M4T

Tyrannus dnniiniccii.iiii. ..

Indian Kfy, Fin....
Farm Inland, Neb . .

do

Sleilacooni, W. T..

Tejon valley

Sac valley

4.10
4.10

0.72
0.70

0.76
0.70

0.26 1.14
0.24 ' 0.74

1.38
0.94

Dry

5905 do

73yo T>'niDnua vociferans

T3si9 ! ijo

4 40
4.24

4.08
4.08
4.22
4.58

0.70
0.76
(J. 76
0.78
0.80
0.72

0.70
0.78
0.83
0.76
O.BO
0.74

0.26
0.30

o.eii

0.84

0.93
1.00
1.08
1.00
1.02
1.04

Dry

Dry

0.36 0.88

Dry

Dry

Dry

7939 1 do

Mexico

0.28
0.33
0.30

0.78
0.90
0.98

<?
^

4001
D„.

do

do

Dry

TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS, Baird.

King Bird; Bee Martin.

Lanius tyrannus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 136. This belongs to the Cuban T. matutinus, according to Bonaparte.
Muscicapa tyrannui, (Brisson?) Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808,66; pi. .xiii.— Add. Orn. Biog. 1, 1832,403: V, 183U,

420 ; pi. 79.— Ib. Birds Amer. I, 1840, 204 ; pi. 56.
I^ntiu lyrannus, var. y carotuiensis, 6 liidovicianus, Gmelih, Syst. Nat. I, 1788,302.
Muscicapa rex, Barton, Fragments N. H. Penna. 1799, 18.

Tyronntwpipiri, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 1, 1807, 73 ; pi. xliv. — Cab. Journ. Orn. Ill, 185.5, 478.
Tyrannus intrepiduSfYiEtLi.OT, GalerieOis. I, 1824,214; pi. 133.-Swainson, Mon. Ty. Shrikes Quart. Jour. 1826,274.
.Vuscicapa animosa, LicuT. Vorz. Doubl. 1823, No. 558.
Gobe Mouche dt la Caroline, Bdffon, Ois. V, 281 ; enl. pi. 676.
Tyrannxa leucogaster, Stephens, Shaw Gen.ZooI. XIII, u, 1826, 132.

Sp. On. — Two, sometimes three, outer primaries abruptly attenuated at the end. Second quill longest ; third little shorter ;
first rather longer than fourth, or nearly equal. Tail slightly rounded. Above dark bluish asli. The top and sides of the head
to beneath the eyes bluish black. A concealed crest on the crown, vermilion in the centre, while behind, and before partially
mi.Ted with orange. Lower parts pure white, tinged with pale bluish ash on the sides of the throat and across the breast; sides
of the breast and under the wings similar to, but rather lighter than, the back. A.\illaries pale grayish brown tipped with
lighter. The wings dark brown, darkest towards the ends of the quills ; the greater coverts and quills edged with white, most so
on the tertials ; the lesser coverts edged with paler. Upper tail coverts and upper surface of the tail glossy black, the latter
very dark brown beneath ; all the feathers tipped, and the exterior margined externally with white, forming a conspicuous ter-
minal band about .25 of an inch broad. Length, 8.50 ; wing, 4.65 inches ; tail, 3.70 ; tarsus, .75.

Hob. — Eastern North America to Rocky Mountains. West of this seen only in Washington Territory.

The young of the year is similar ; the colors duller ; the concealed colored patch on the
crown wanting. The tail more rounded ; the primaries not attenuated.

Specimens vary in the amount of wliite margining the wing feathers ; the upper tail coverts
are also margined sometimes with white.

172

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Caial.
No.

1513
S600
1127
6483
6517
6971

5659
5631
8181

7081
S630

8305
5-238
5237
4692
4695
4512
523a
5236
5239
75U4
8798

7501
5034
51^09
7507
75U8

S(;x lltul
ag«.

9
9
O

s

3

Locality.

3

9
(?

9
9

'9
3

Ciirlifle, Pa

do

do

Philailelpliia, Pa...
Key Biscayne, Fla.

St. Lnui.-^, iMo

Iiidepent'ence, Mo.

East of Fort Rilry, K T

.... do do....

Siiawnee reserve, K. T.

Republican river, K. T.
Independence Cr., 130
miles west of Ft. Riley.

Fremont, on PJalte

Farm Island, Mo river

do do....

Upper Missouri

.'....do

I'edar island, Mo. river.
■10 lnili;3 above Ft. Pierrr

do . ..... do

lllaekfoot enunlry

Milk river. Neb

Fort Laraniii!

Neiir :i2"' L wes;, Texas

Indianola, Texas

Fori Steilaeooin

... do .?

do

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

May 15, 1844
May 8, 1846
July 18,1844

April 9, 1844
May 12, 18'')7
June 26, 1857

June 16, 1856
June 17, 18.56
July — , 1857

June 16, IS-'i-

July 4, 1857
July 1, 1857
May 30, 1856
do

.May 12, 1856

do

May — , 1853
May —,1856

do

July — , 18.i5
Aug. 28, 1853
Aug. 27, 1857

Mar. 31, 1857

S. F. B.aird

, do

, do

C. Dresler

G. 'Wurdeniann ....

Lieut. Bryan

Wm. BI. Magraw...

Lieut. Bryan

.... do

Wm. M. Magraw.

Lieut. Brj'an .

do

Lieut. Warren . . . ,

do ,

, do ,

do

do

Col. Vaughan.,..
Lieut. Warren. ..

do

D^ Hayden ....
Gov. S'evens ....
Wm. M. Magraw.

Captain Pope.

.... do

Dr. Cooper

Gov. Stevens ,
do

Orig'l
No.

53
100

65

Collected by-

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

W. S Wood .
Dr. Cooper. ..

W. S. Wood .
do

Dr. Cooper. ,,

D.W. A. Hammond

do ....

Dr. Hayden.
, do ....

o .

do .

do .

.... do .

do .

do .

Dr. Suckley.
Dr. Cooper .

8.41
8.33
8.50

14.50
14. 5U
14.50

8.00
8.50
8.75

8.25
B.23

8.50
8.0(1

Dr. Suckley.
do

8.00
8.00

15.25

14.00
14.75
14.75

13.62
13.75

14.50
14.25

14.. 10
14.00

4 66
4.58
4.50

5.25 Iris brown, bill and
feet-grayish black.

Iris brown, bill and
feet black.

4.87
4.78

4.62
4.73

4.75
4.50

8.75

4..'i0
4.50

Eye black .

Iris brown, bill and
feet grayish black.

TYRANNUS DOMINICENSIS, Rich.

Gray Kins-bird.

Tyramns dnmMansh, Bius.son, Gis. II, 170(1, 394 ; pi. 38, fiz. 9.— Rich. List, 1837.
Laniiia lyrminui, vor 0 d min icnsis, Gmklin, Sjst. Nat. I, 1788, 31)2.

Mufcicrpa dimimceni.is, Audi bon, Orn. Hug II, 1834, 392; pi. 46. — Ib. Birds Amer. I, 1840, 201 ; pi. 55.
Jl/«(i//nic/i"s (/■ muiiVcns'.'i, Cabanis, .louriial I urOriiith. Ill Nov. 1853 478. \

Tyruunus griseus, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept I, 1807, 7G ; pi. xlvi — Swainson, Mom Shrikes Quart. Jour. XX,
182C, 276. — Bp. C .nsp. 1p5ii, :92. (Bonaparte m,il;es two species )

Pp. Cm. — Bill vry 'nrge and sliorl. Tail ronspicuously forked. Wings long- ; the first si.\ quills attenuated alrrnplly, mncli
longer than the seventh. Te'li iIh much developed, nearly inlermediate in length hetween the longest primaries and the shortest
Br-ronriary. A Imve, and iit> the sidi'S nf ttie head and neck, ash grtiy, shaded in places with hrown, which rorn)8 the middle
pfiriion (tfeiich fcalhci . Di.wny portion at ll'e hase of each foiiiher ahovc liirht tisli, then light hrown, tipped and edged with
daike- tish gray . The mottled nppearnnce is caused hv the hrown sliowing from under the feathers ; the ear coverts darker. A
concealed colored patch on the crown, formed by the base of the featlnrs, white before and behind, ornngo in the middle.
Lower part-* grnyish while, linL'cd with ash across the breast, deepest anteriorly. Sides of the breast similar to, but liglili'r than,
the back. Under wing coverts and axillars pale sulphur yelUnv. The winys bro*n, darker to the tips; the secondaries nar-
f'twly, the terliaU more broadly edged with dull white. Kdges of the coverts |>ahT. Alola dark brown. Tail similar in color
to ihe qtiills. Upper lail coverts brown. J'ill and fi-et black. Length, eight inches ; wing, 4.63 ; tail, 4 ; tarsus .76.

Itab. — South Carolina coast, accidental ; Florida Keys and West Indies.

Tliis species, though about the same size as the T. carolinensis, is much more powerfully built,

niRDS — TYRANNINAE — TYRANNUS VERTICALI8.

173

the bill and feet being much stronger, the former considerably longer than the head, and a
large as that of Saurophagits sulphuratus, though less compressed.

Tliis species is a constant summer visitor to tlie maritime portions of Florida, and thence to
the West Indies ; and a jmir has been observed at Charleston, by Mr. Audubon. It is not well
established whetlier our species is to be considered the true rfomim'cewsts or the griseus, if distinct,
as asserted by Bonaparte in his Conspectus Avium. The specimen described is a Florida one.

Cabanis, as quoted above, has instituted a genus MvVittarchus, with magnirostris as typo, for
the tyrants with very large swollen bills, emarginated tails, and less attenuated outer prima-
ries. The gradations, however, in size of bill of the tyrants are so slight, and the other
characters so variable, even in the smaller billed species, that the group seems scarcely of
generic value.

List of specimens.

OataJ.

No.

a...

Locality.

Wben collected. Whence obtained.

Collected by— Length.

Stretch
ofnings.

Wing.

' Remarlcs.

8SI8

Indian Key, Kla

do

May 19,1857 G. WUrdemann...

9.50

IS. 00

4.70

6SI9

Black eyes and tongue

1881

S. F. Baird

S163

do

do

do

TYRANNUS VERTICALIS, Say.

Arkansas Flycatcher.

Tyrannus rerticalis, Sat. Long's Exped. 11, 1823, 60.— Nottai.l, Man. II, 2ii ed. 1840, 3(16.

Jtftiscicfljja ifr/ica(is, BoNAP. Am. Orn. I, 1825, 18; pi. xi.— Aud. Orn. Biogj. IV, 1838, 422; pi. S.^.— Id. Birds
America I, 1840, 199 ; pi. 54.

Sp. Ch. — The four exterior quills attenuated very gently at the end, the first most so ; third and fourth quills longest,
second and fifth successively a little shorter. Tail slightly forked ; bill shorter than the head. Crown, sides of head ab.jvc the
cycu. nape, and sides of neck pale lead color or ash gray ; a concenled crest in the crown, vermilion in the centre, and yellowish
before and behind. Hind neck and back ash gray, strongly tinged with liiht olivaceous green, tlie gray turning to brown on the
rump ; upper tail coverts nearly black, lower dusky ; chhi and part of ear coverts dull white ; throat and upper part of breast
similar t'l the head, but lighter, and hut slightly contrasted with the chin ; rest of lower parts, wilh the under wing coverts and
axitlars, yellow, deepening to gamboge on the belly, tinged with olivaceous on the breast. ^Ving brown, the coverts wilh
indistinct ashy margins ; secondaries and tcrtials edged with whitish ; inner webs of primaries whitish towartis the base. Tail
nearly black above and glossy, duller brownish beneath ; without olivaceous edgings. Exterior fiathcr, with the <iuter web and
the shafl, yellowish white ; inner edge of latter brown. Tips of remaining feathers paler. Bill and feet dark brown.

Female rather smaller and colors less bright. Length of male, 8.25 ; wing about 4.50.

Hab. — Western North America, from the high central plains to the Pacific.

The young bird is, in general, quite similar, with the exception of the usual appearance of
immaturity, the colored patch on the crown wanting. In one specimen the first primary only
is attenuated, in others none are attenuated.

A specimen of this bird, shot at Moorestown, New Jersey, is in the museum of the Philadelphia
Academy, but this locality can only be considered as very exceptional.

174

U. S p. E R EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

1852
5265
S263

5264
5262
5258
5260
5259
5246
5240
5243
5256
5253
5252
5242
5266

5S81
8896
8S99
8898
8797

5633
7082
56K
5634
5056
5057
7385
6906
5907
5905
5908
4378
5506
5507
4214
4470

Sex
Siage.

Locality.

When collected.

Fort Union

Yellowstone river

Yellowstone river, {above
15 miles.)

Knife river, on Mo

Port Lotikout

.do..

Farm Island.
do

.do.,
.do..

.do..

.do.,

Near mouth of Powder
river, Nebraska.

, do do

Loup Fork

.do..

do

Fort Laramie, Neb..

, Neb.

Pole creek,

do

do

do

San Pedro river, Texas...

Crossing of Pecos

.Mimbres to Rio Grande..
Fort Steilacoom, W. T..,

do do

do do

do do

Fort Dalles, Oregon

Fetaluma, California

do do

San Francisco

Denicia, California

FortTejon, California...,

,18"13

Jan. — ,ia56

Sept. 10, ia'>6
June 22. 1856

May — , 1856

, do

May 10,1856
May 3D, 1856
do

May
May
June
May
Aug.

31,1856
29, 1856

2, 1856
30,1856

1,1856

do

Aug. 6,1857
Aug. 16,1857
do

Aug. 27, 1857

July 29, 1856

do

July 28,1856
29,1856
1,1855
1,1855

July

May
Sept.

May 2,1855

, 1853

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

Ll. G. K. Warren.
do

.do..

.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do..

.do..

.do..

.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do..

do

Wm. M. Magraw.,

Lieut. Bryan..

do....

do....

.do..

Orig'I Collected by —

No.

Captain Pope

do

Dr. Henry

Dr. Cooper

do

do

do

Dr. Suckley

EI. Samuels

do

R. D. Cults

Lt. Williamson

JohnXantus deVescy

Length,

70
173

169
177
57
135

162
557
675

J. J. Audubon.
Dr. Haydcn...
do

.do.
.do..

.do.,
.do.,

do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do..

Dr.T. G .Coop

W. S. Wood.,

do

do

.do..

Dr. Newberry.

8.25

8.7.J

8.75

8.75

8.50

8.37

8.75

8.75

8.25

8.75

9.

8.75

8.
8.50

8.75

8.
9.
8.50

8.75
9 50
9.00

15.25.

15.50

13.75

16.50

14 50

14.50

15.37

15.25

15.95

15.25

15.25

15.50

14.50

15.

15.75

15.

15.75

14.75

Wing.

Remarks.

4.75 ' Iris dark brown....

4.50

5.

4.50 Eyes dark..

5.25 Eyes black.
5.

.50

14.
14.50

15.00
15.50
16.

5.50

5.25

4.50

5.25

5.50

5.

4.75

4.75
4.75
4.50
4.50
5,00

5.37

Iris yellow '

Iris gray..

Iris brown, bill and
feet grayish black.

Eyes brown .

TYRANNUS VOCIFERANS, Swain son.

Cassia's Flycatcher.

Tyrannus jioci/erans, Swainson, Mon. Tyrant Shrikes in Quarterly Journal Sc. XX, Jan. 1826, 273. — 1b. Pliilos.

Mag. I, 1827,368.
Tyrannus ca:isinu, Lawrence, Ann N. Y. Lyceum, N. H. V, 1852, 39 ; pi. iii, %. 2, (Texas.)

Sp. Ch. — Bill from tlio forehead about as long as iho head. Tail even or slightly rounded. Outer five primaries attenuated ;
the first four abruptly nnd deeply cmargiiiated ; third quill longest, second and fourth ii little less, first shorter than the sixth,
and half an inch less than the longest Head and neck above and on the sides rather dark bluish ash ; the throat and breast
similar, and only a little paler. Rest of upper parts olive green tinged with gray, mixed with brown on the rump ; the upper
tail coverts and surface of the tail nearly black ; the outer web of the external feather and the tips of all pale brown. The chin
is white, in strong contrast to the dark ash of the throat ; the rest of the under parts bright sulphur yellow, (the sides olivaceous;)
palest on the under tail coverts and inside of wing, A concealed vermilion patch in the crown, bordered by straw yellow.
Wing feathers orown, tinged with olive, becoming paler towards the edge. Length, 8.80 inches ; wing, 5.2.'> ; tail, 4.25.

Hab. — Valley of Gila, eastward to Pocoa river, Texas, and into Mexico, on table lands.

BIRDS TYKANNINAE — TYRANNUS COUCHII.

175

This species bears a close relationship to the T. verlicalis, iilthough the differences are readily-
appreciable on comparison. The bill is rather larger; the legs considerably more so; the quills
are much more abruptly attenuated, and this near the tip, (within half an inch,) instead of
being gradually emarginated. The tail is more even, and in sonic specimens slightly rounded.
In respect to coloration, the ash of the head is considerably darker, that of the throat and breast
much more so, making a very conspicuous contrast with the white of the throat and yellow of
the belly ; the yellow beneath is brighter. The shoulders are more olivaceous. A very appre-
ciable character is seen in the tail. The whole outer web of the external feather, including tho
shaft, in T. verlicalis is purely and abru])tly yellowish white, the extreme tips of all a little
brownish. In the present species the shaft of the outer tail feather is dark brown, its outer
webs and a rather broad band at the end of the other feathers rather light brown, with the
extreme edges only of this color of a rather pure yellowish white.

The identification of Tyrannus vociferans, Sw., with the present species, rather than with
verticalia, is rendered necessary by the statement of the author^ that the bill is larger than that
of the king bird, instead of equal ; the primary quills abruptly pointed, instead of very gradually
attenuated ; the head, neck, and breast pure slate, with the chin white, in decided contrast,
instead of light ash, and the chin scarcely different. The absence of any mention of the white
outer web to the external tail feather is also very conclusive as to the name not being referable
to verticalis. The tail is said to be even. Mr. Swainson's specimen came from Temiscaltepec,
and one from a locality not very remote, presented by Mr. Gould, agrees precisely with skins
from the United States. The only discrepancy in Swainson's description is in speaking of the
tail and covert as deep black, instead of brownish black.

List of specimens.

Catal. gci. 1 Locality. Wbcn collected.

No. !

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by— Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarka.

7389 Q .'Sacramento valley

Lieut. Williamson..

Dr. Heermann

7390 cJ .'FortTejnn

do

do '

•i579 Colorado river, Cal

7204 Los Nogalcs, Me.i[

Jan. — , 1855

do

7387 Fort Thorn, N. M

Dr. T. C. Henr>-

April S3, 1856

Capl. I'opc 1 191

J. Gould 1

9.00

15.00

5.00

Eyes brown,...

7938 Meiico

7939 do

do

TYKANNUS COUCHII, Baird,

Couch's Flycatcher.

Sp. Ch. — Bill as long as the head. Feet stout. Five outer primaries abruptly attenuated at tho end ; the third and fourth
lopgesl ; the first a little longer than the 8i.\th. Tail considerably forked ; (depth of fork about .30 of an inch.) Top and sides
of the head and neck light bluish ash ; rest of upper parts olivaceous green, tinged with ash, less of the olive on the rump ; a
concealed patch of red on the crown. Chin white, passing insensibly into an ashy tinge on the fore part of the breast ; rest of
under parts generally bright yellow, almost gamboge on the belly. The quills and t.'il feathers are of about the same shade of
brown, not at all black ; in fact, the primaries are darkest ; the upper tail coverts are lighter brown than the tail ; the edges of
the wing feathers, e.\cept the primaries, are paler ; of the secondaries and tertials almost white. The tail feathers externally
are like the back ; internally and at the tip they are brownish white. The external web of the outer tail feather is like the
internal, the extreme edge only paler. The shafts of all are white beneath.

Length 9.00 ; wing, 5.00 ; tail, 4.70.

Hoi. — Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande.

176

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

This species, though otherwise similar, is readily distinguished from T. verlicalis and vociferana
by the absence of the very dark brown, almost black, of the tail and its upper coverts, as well
as by the pale external edges to all the tail feathers. The yellow is much brighter ; the chin
and throat with more white, and the ashy tinge on the breast is much lighter than even in T.
verticalis, and does not extend so far down. The inner surface of the wing is very pure yellow.
The red in the crown has more of an orange shade. The bill is much larger and the tail much
more deeply forked than in either of the species mentioned. The shafts of the tail feathers are
white beneath, not brown. The differences from T. melancholicus will be found detailed under
that species.

A Tyrannus sulphuraceus from Cuba and Hayti is indicated in Naumannia by Hartlaub, from
the MSS. of Prince Paul, of Wiirtemberg, and subsequently referred to by Cabanis, in Journal
fiir Ornith. 1855, 479. The T. coucJiii, however, has no white stripe under the eye ; the crest
is not golden yellow ; the tail feathers not pale yellowish beneath, &c.

List of specimens.

Catal. . Sex.
No.

4001

4002
4003

Locality.

New Leon, Mexico .

I San Diego, Mexico. .
...do

Wlien collected.

March—, 1853
April — , 1853

Whence obtained.

I Oiig. Lengtli.
No.

I

Stretch oJ Wing,
wings.

Lt. D. N. Couch 99

......do Ill

.... do 126

9.00
9.50

15.00

S.IO

15.00 I 5.00
15.50 : 5.00

Kemarks.

Eyes dark brown, bill and

feet black

do

do

TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieillot.

Tyrannus melancholicua, Vieili.ot, Nouv. Diet. N. H. XXXV, 1819, 84.— Tschddi, Fauna Per. 1844-'4G, 151.—

BuRM. Th. Bras. Vogel, 1856, 464.
jauscicapadespotes, Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, No. 567, a.
J\Iuscicapafurcala, Spix, Av. Bras. II tab. xix.
Tyrannus crxtddis, Swainson, Mon. Tyrant Shrikes Quart. Jour. XX, Jan. 1826, 275, (Brazil.)

Sp. Ch.— Bill very large. Quills moderately but abrviptly emarginatc and attenuated at the end ; the third and fourth longest ;
tlie first rather sliorter than the sixth. Tail quite deeply forked, (depth of fork half an inch.) Top and sides of the head and
neck litrht bluish ash ; rest of upper parts bright olive ; browner on the upper tail coverts. Chin whitish, passing gradually into
pale ash (considerably lighter than above) on the throat, and on the fore part of breast tinged with olive green ; rest of
lower parts bright gamboge yellow. Wing and tail feathers dark brown ; the tips of the primaries and tail almost black ; all,
e.xcept the primaries, edged with olivaceous gray, which in the secondaries and tertials has a strong tinge of sulphur yellow ;
edge of outer tail feathers pale brown, and narrow tips of all brownish while. Crown with a vermilion patch encircled by
yellow.

Length, 9.00 ; wing, 4.50 ; tail, 4.20.

Hah — Southern Mexico, Central and South America.

I have described this species, although as yet not found near our territory, for the purpose of
aiding in the determination of the species of this most difficult group, by showing the peculiar
characteristics of some closely allied species. It has the general appearance of the three species
just described, but the tail is much more deeply forked than in eitlier verticalis or voci/erans,
although it is almost as black. It differs from both in the laxly fibred olivaceous outer edges
to the tail feathers, instead of a compact uniform brownish black, without any colored margin.
The ash color does not extend so far on the breast, which is more tinged with olive ; the yellow
is more intense ; the light edgings of the wings are olivaceous, instead of grayish white. The
bill is much larger ; the attenuation of the primaries less. In reality, however, nothing more

BIRDS — TYRANNINAE — MYIARCHUS.

177

18 needed to separate it from T. verticcdis than its brown outer margin to the tail, nor from
vou/eratis than its deeply forked tail and paler ash of the throat and olivaceous breast.

Ita resemblance to T. couchil (4003) is much closer. Both have a deep fork to the tail ; bright
gamboge yellow belly ; the bill of nearly the same size ; the shafts of the tail feathers white
beneath, &c. The tail is, however, more deeply forked, and much darker, nearly black ; the
feathers narrower ; the upper tail coverts darker ; the edgings on the wing yellowish, not
grayish white, &c. It is barely possible that the two may be the same, but at present I see
sufficient diUerences to distinguish them.

Among a series of specimens otiierwise quite similar, I find some difference in the depth of
the fork of the tail, which in one is as much as .80 of an inch. The bills vary considerably,
both in size and proportions. All, however, agree well both with the T. melancholicus and T.
crudelis. Should two be distinguished, Swainson's name may be apidied to the more northern
one. In my description I have taken the specimen from Vera Cruz as the type.

List of specimens.

Gital. No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

8101
4524

S. F. Baird

Dec 28 1855

Dr. Suckley

198

8102

S. F. Baird

8103

do

do

8104

do

do -

MYIARCHUS, Cabanis.

Myiarchxts, Cabanis, Fauna Peruana 1844- '6, 152. — BaRMEisTER, Thiere Brasiliens, II, Vogel, 1856, 469.

Tarsus equal to or not longer than the midJle toe, which is decidedly longer than the hinder one. Bill wider at base than
half the culmen. Tail broad, long, even, or slightly rounded, about equal to the wings, which scarcely reach the middle of
the tail ; the first primary shorter than the sixth. Head with elongated lanceolate distinct feathers. Above brownish olive,
throat ash, belly yellow. Tail and wing feathers varied with rufous.

This genus is well marked among the American flycatchers, and constitutes what Bonaparte
called UUimi Tyrannorum sive Tyrannidarum primae. The type is the Muscicapa ferox of
Gmelin, which, as identified by Cabanis and Burmeister as above, appears to resemble our
species very closely. The following analysis exhibits the peculiarities of the latter, including
a closely allied Mexican form :

A. Inner web of tail feathers broadly rufous to the extreme tip. Bill broad ; its width
at base two -thirds the culmen.

Colors darker. Brown stripe along the inside of shafts of tail feathers very
inconspicuous and narrow. Tarsus .84 of an inch M. crinitus.

Colors paler. Brown stripe on inside of shafts of tail feathers very distinct, and on
the outer one broader than the outer web. Tarsus .95 of an inch. ..../If. cooperi.

B. Inner web of tail feathers broadly rufous only to near the tip, which is brown.

Colors pale. Tarsus .90 of an inch. Bill at base little more than one-half the

culmen M. mexicanus.

23 b

178

U. S. p. R R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

C. Inner web of tail feathers entirely brown, with only a narrow edging of rufous.

Outer primary edged with rufous. First primary shorter than secondaries. No
whitish bands on wing M. lawrendi.

Comparative measurements of the species.

1449
do
1426
do
9100
5509
7940

3918

Looae

Species.

Myiarchus criDitus....
....do do ....

...do do ....

do do. .,

Myiarchus cooperi....

Myiarchus mexicanus,
....do do ....

...,do do . ..

Myiarchus lawrencii .

Localiiy.

Carlisle, Pa..,,

do

do

do

Mexico

Pctaluina, Cal .
Mexico

California

New Leon, Mex., San
Dienro

7.80
8.75
7.38
8.75
8.30
7.80

7.64
6.62

13.66
13.25

4.12
4.25
3.90
4.08
4.06
4.00
4.02

3.96

3.28

3.82

4.10
4.24
4.16

4.06

3.50

0.84

0.90
0.95
0.86

0.90

0.74

0.70

0.64

0 70
0.70
0.50

0.70

0.62

0.26
0.24

0.26
0.24
0.20

0.22

0.24

0.72
0.76

0.80
0.76
0.70

0.74

0.66

0.98
1.06

1.12
1.00
0.96

0.92

Specimen
measured.

Dry...
Fresh .
Dry ...
Fresh .
Dry...
Dry ...
Dry...

Dry .

Dry .

Head off; feet
broken.

MYIAKCHUS CRINITUS, Cabanis.

Great Crested Flycatcher.

Musdcapa cnnila, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 325. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 75 ; pi. xiii. — Licht. Vorzeichniss
Uoubl. 1823, No. 559.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 176 : V, 423 ; pi. 129.— Ib. Birds Amer.
1, 1840,209; pi. 57.

Tyrannus crinitus, Swainson, Mon. Tyrant Shrikes in Quarterly Journal, XX. Jan. 1826, 271. — Ncttall, Man. I,
2ded. 1840, 302.

Myiohius erinitus. Gray, Genera, I, 248.

Tyrannula crinita, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 189. — Kaup, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1851,51.

Myiarchus crinitus, Cabanis, Journ. fiir Ornith. Ill, 1855, 479.

Muscicapa ludoviciana, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 934. — Latham Ind.

Tyrannus ludovicianus, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807 ; pi. 45.

** Tyrannus irritabilisy Vieillot."

Muscicapa virginiana crislata, Brisson, II, 1760, 412.

Crested flycatcher, Pennant, Latham.

Figure, Buffon Enl. 569, fig. 1.

Sp Cii. — Head with a depressed crest. Third quill longest ; fourth and second successively but little shorter ; first a little
longer than seventh ; much shorter than sixth. Tail decidedly rounded or even graduated ; the lateral feather about .25 of an
inch shorter. Upper parts dull greenish olive, with the feathers of the crown and to some extent of the back showing their
brown centres; upper tail coverts turning to pale rusty brown. Small feathers at the base of the bill, cores, sides of the head as
high as the upper eyelid, sides of the neck, throat, and forepart of the breast bluish ashy ; the rest of the lower parts, including
axillaries and lower wing coverts, bright sulphur yellow ; a pale ring round the eye. Sides of the breast and body tinged with
olivaceous. The wings brown ; the first and second rows of coverts, with the secondary and Icrtial quills, margined externally
with dull white, or on the latter slightly tinged with olivaceous yellow. Primaries margined externally for more than half their
length from the base with ferruginous ; great portion of the inner webs of all the quills very pale ferruginous. The two middle
tail feathers light brown, shafts paler ; the rest have the outer wob and a narrow line on the inner sides of the shaft brown, pale
olivaceous on the outer edge ; the remainder ferruginous to the very tip. Outer web of exterior feather dull brownish yellow.
Feet black. Bill dark brown above and at the tip below; paler towards the base. Length, 8.75 inches; wing, 4.25; tail,
4.10 ; tarsus, .85.

Hab. — Eastern North America to the Missouri and south to eastern Texas, (not yet observed further west.)

The female appears to have no brown on the inner web of the quills along the sliaft, or else
it is confined chiefly to the outer feathers.

BIRDS — TYRANNINAK — MYIAKCHIIS MEXICANU8.

179

lAst of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sex.

LocaUly.

Wlicn col-
lected.

Whencr ubtuiiied.

Orig'l

No.

Colli'cted by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

J

Mny 4, 1844
May 16, 1844
May 11,1846
May 5, 1844
May 24. 1JM3
.May 3, 1844

8. F. Baircl

8.7.1
9.00
9.00
9.0U
8.08
8.75

13.66
13.50
13.16
13.50
13.41
13.35

4.25

ISMi ^
9634 -^

do

du

4.25

do

do

4 35

S639

o

(?

.„..
<?

do

4.25

do

do

4.00

1436

do

do

4.08

7414

Cleveland OIiio

Or. Kirtland

South Illinois

May 11,1044
May 6, 1857

R Kennicott

6970

33

W. S. Wood

7S39

Dr. J. G. Cooper

do

8.35
8.60

12.50
12.70

4.00

8396

Jo

July 1, 1857

do

108

4.10

7901

7203

da

do

1

MYIARCHUS MEXICANUS, Baird.

Ash-throatcd Flycatcher

Tyrannula mexicana, Kaup, Pr. Zool. Soc. Feb. 1851, 51.

Tyrannula cinerascetu, Lawrence, Annals N. Y. Lye. N. Hist. V, Sept. 1851, 109.

Sp. Cu. — Bill black, the width opposite the nostrils not half the length of culmen. Head crested. Tail even, tlio lateral
feathers slightly shorter. Sec»nd, third, and fourth quills longest ; first rather shorter than the seventh . Above dull greyish
olive ; the centres of the feathers rather darker ; the crown, rump, and upper tail coverts tinged with brownish. The forehead
and sides of the head and neck grayish ash ; the chin, tiiroat, and fore part of the breast ashy white ; the middle, of the breast
white ; the rest of the under parts very pale sulphur yellow ; wings and tail brown. Two bands across the wing, with outer
edges of secondaries and tcrtials dull white ; the outer edges of the primaries light chestnut brown (except towards the tip and
on the outer feather ;) the inner edges tinged with the same. Whole of middle tail feathers, with the outer webs (only) ajid
the ends of the others brown ; the rest of the inner webs reddish chestnut, the outer web of e-xterior feather yellowish white.
Lcs and bill black ; lower mandible brownish at the base. Length about 8 inches ; wing, 4 ; tail, 4.10 ; tarsus, .90.

Hob. — Coast of California, and across by valley of Gila and Rio Grande to northeastern Mexico. Seen as far north in Te.xas
as San Antonio.

In a young specimen the crown is more tinged with brown ; the ujjper tail coverts and the
middle tail feathers are chestnut, and, in fact, all the tail feathers are of this color, except along
both sides of the shaft on the central feathers, and along its outer side in the lateral ones.

The relationships of this species are clearly with 31. crinitus, although the differences are
readily appreciable. The size is much the same ; the bill narrower and blacker ; the tarsi much
longer ; the wings not so much pointed. The colors of the upper parts are quite the same ;
beneath, however, the throat and middle of the fore breast are nearly white (quite white behind)
instead of ash, and the sulphur yellow of the remaining under parts is exceedingly pale, instead
of very intense. The wings are similar, but the chestnut brown of the inner web is deeper and
more abruptly defined in crinitus. In the lateral tail feathers of mexicanus the brown does
not cross the shaft from the outer webs, but is continued rather broadly round the tips ; while
in the other the inner side of the shaft is bordered by brown, but the inner web is chesnut to
the extreme end.

This species is but briefly described by Kaup, as quoted above, still his com2mrisons of size,
&c., with its allies leave no doubt as to the identity with Tyrannula cinerascens of Lawrence. A
Mexican specimen is a little larger than u.sual, but otherwise the same.

180

U. S p. R, E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

OatBl.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

VVbence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

5508

s

3

Pctaluraa, Sonoma Co.,
Cal

E.Samuels

....do

681
663

5509

do

April — , 1856

7207

do

4946
3;^0
7210

""q"

o 3

""q"

c-in Jos^ Cal

A. J. Grayson

2

Lt. R. Williamson..

4608
4588
7308
7211

Colorado bottom, Cal...

G;la river, N. M

Los Nogales, Mex

Mar. 31, 1854
Dec. 31, 1854
June—, 1853

Major Emory

do

38
38

32

A. Schott....

do

J. H. Clark

7213
7212

7940

Major Emory

221

A. Schott

Saltillo, Coahuila, Mox.

May — , 1853

8.00

11.50

3.62

Eyes dark brown, bill

J. Gould

black, feet dark slate.

MYIARCHUS COOPERI, Baird.

Tyrannula cooperi, Kaup, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1851, 51, (not of Nuttall.)

Sp. Ch. — Width of bill above grayisli olive. Throat and upper part of breast light ash gray ; rest of under parts pale sulphur
yellow. Two light-colored bands on the wings ; the primaries, except the first, margined externally and internally with rufous.
Tail feathers rufous, the outer webs, and a stripe on the inner side of the shaft e.xtending in a straight line to the tip, brown.
This inner stripe is a little wider than the outer web on the outer feather, but diminishes somewhat to the central ones.
Length, 8.50 ; wing, 4 ; tail, 3.90 ; tarsus, .95.

Hab. — Mexico.

This species of flycatclier is very similar to M. crinitus, and, in fact, occupies a position inter-
mediate in color between it and mexicanus, though larger, perhaps, than either. The superiority
in size over M. crinitus is chiefly noticeable in the tarsus, which is about .12 of an inch longer,
and in the bill ; the wing is, however, shorter. The third quill is longest ; the second and fourth
but little less ; the first a little longer than the seventh. The coloration is much the same
with mexicanus, being considerably paler and grayer than crinitus. The yellow of the breast is
a little deeper than in mexicanus, and the throat a very little darker. The upper parts are like
mexicanus, and there is a decided pure gray shade on the forehead and on the back of the neck,
and to a less extent on the rump.

This species differs from crinitus, as stated, in the larger bill and tarsi, and shorter wings,
with a much paler tint of coloration. Both have the tail similar in the continuation of the
reddish of the tail to the extreme tip, instead of having this tip brown as in mexicami.fi. The
tail is more nearly evenj however, and the brown stripe on the inside of the shaft is wider than
the outer web on the exterior feather, as wide on the second, and gradually diminishing to tlie
fifth, where it is about one-fourth the width of the outer web. In M. crinitus the brown stripe
on the inner web is scarcely half the width of the outer web, and quite pale. On the fifth
feather it does not cross the shaft at all ; while in some specimens this color is scarcely appreci-
able on the inner webs of any but the exterior i'eathers. The bill is quite black.

From mexicanus this species is distinguished by the larger size and much broader bill

BIRDS TYRANXINAE — MYIARCIIUS LAWRKNX'II. 181

although the tarsi are the same length. The most striking feature is found in the continuation
of the rufous houndary line on the inner wehs of the tail feathers in a straight line to the
extreme tip of the tail, instead of having this to curve abruptly to the inner edge of the feather,
leaving the entire tips brown.

A specimen of this bird, labelled TijrannvJa criniia, (to which, indeed, it bears a close resem-
blance,) was received from Mr. Vcrrcaux. It is probably the sjjecies described by Kaup as
Ti/rannida cooperi, though widely dilferent from the real bird. As, however, the two fall in
diHerent genera, and, especially, as the name of cooperi cannot stand for the other species, I
very gladly retain it tor the present one.

In all three species the outer primaries are without any rufous, thus distinguishing them
from J/, gossii, which has rufous edging to all the })rimaries. 31. stoUdus has the black stripe
on the inside of the shafts of the tail feathers reaching only to the middle of the feathers.

1 am under the impression that Kaup is not the first to apply the name of cooperi to the
present species, and that it is also found in Chile. It is probable that the real olive-sided
flycatcher {T. cooperi, Nuttall,) has not been found in South America.

lAst of specimens.

Catalogue number.

Iiocality.

Whence obtained.

Original number.

9100

Mexico

29827

MYIARCHUS LAWRENCII, Baird.
Itawrence's Flycatcher.

Ttjrannula laicrcncii, GiRADD, Sixteen Sp. Texas Birds, 1841, pi. ii.

Sp. Cii. — First quill shorter than the secondaries. Female — Above olive green; lightest on the rump ; the head dusky.
Throat pale ash ; rest of under parts sulphur yellow. Quills and tail feathers brown, edged externally with brownish rufous ;
internally with paler rufous. Bill dark brown ; feet black. Length, (female) 7 inches ; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 3.50.

Hab. — Xortlieastern Mexico to the Rio Grande.

In this species the wing is short and considerably rounded ; the first quill shorter than the
secondaries ; the second intermediate between fifth and sixth. The tail is slightly emarginated.
There is a wash of rufous on the wing coverts, especially on their edges, but there are no dis-
tinct bands. There is a faint trace of rufous only on the outer first primary, and but little
more on the second ; it is distinct on the outer edges of all the other quills, but turns to yellowish
on the innermost ones. The light reddish bufi" of the inner webs is much more extended
than externally, where the rufous is confined to the extreme edge of the web. Tlie tail feathers
are, for the most part, olive brown ; the edges only rufous, this color only extending to near the
tip ; internally it occupies about one third of the inner vane ; externally it is a mere border.
The outer web of the outer feather is paler than in the rest, but not at all white.

This rare flycatcher is similar in general characters to the 31. crinitus and mexicanus, but
readily distinguishable by strongly marked characters. The size is less, and the first primary
shorter than the secondaries instead of longer. The shades of coloration are those ni crinitus ;
much darker than in mexicanus. It lacks the two white bands of the wings, and the broad
sul{ihur yellow edgings to the innermost quills. All the tail feathers are brown on both webs

182

U. S. p. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

to the tips, with a narrow edging only of reddish, instead, as in both the other species, of
having the entire inner webs of most of these feathers light cinnamon. The bill is shaped as
in crinitus, but the edges are slightly convex instead of straight ; it is broader than in mexi-
canus.

It is probable that the male of this species is somewhat differently colored from the female
described above.

It is not improbable that this bird may belong to the genus Blacicus of Cabanis (Journal fiir
Ornithologie III, Nov. 1855, 480,) characterized as having the wings shorter than in 3Iyiar-
chus ; the bill much depressed, flat, and broad ; the tail somewhat emarginated. In this event,
and should the genus be considered worthy of retention, the present species will be called
Blacicus latvrencii.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Length.

Extent.

Wing.

llcmarks.

10028

9

San Diego, New Leon

Spring of 1853

LI. Couch

110

7.00

10.00

3.50

Eyes brown, bill and feet dark elate.

SAYORNIS, Bonaparte.

Sayornis, Bonap. .'Ateneo italiano, 1854. — Ib. Comptes Rendus, 1854, Notes Cm. Delattrc.
Jlulanax, Cabanis, Journal fur Cm. 1856, 1, (type nigricans.)

Ch. — Head with a blended depressed moderate crest. Tarsus decidedly longer than middle toe, which is scarcely longer
than the hind toe. Bill rather narrow ; width at base about half the culmen. Tail broad, long, slightly forked ; equal to the
wings, which are moderately pointed, and reach to the middle of the tail. First primary shorter than the sixth.

This genus agrees with the preceding in the length of the broad tail, but has a longer tarsus
and a different style of coloration. The species are distinguished as follows :

Sooty black ; belly and edge of the tail pure white S. nigricans.

Brownish olive above ; crown darker ; beneath and edge of tail yellowish.. aS'. fuscus.

Grayish brown ; belly reddish cinnamon S. sayus.

This genus I first find referred to by Bonaparte in the notice of Delattres' collections, in
Comptes rendus, 1854, Avhere he names Sayornis nigricans. I am, however, inclined to believe
that he has given a conspectus of the Tyrants in the Paris Ateneo italiano for 1854, and in it
this gentis.

Cabanis calls the supposed " Tyrannula fusca" of Cuba Aulanax fuscus, and claims the " T.
nigricans" as type if Bonaparte's name be untenable.

Comparative measurements of the species.

Catal ,
No.

72i28
72l»
4005

Species.

SaynrniH sayus . .
Sayornis nigricans
do

do do

7943 do

957 I Sayornis fuscus.

do. I do

1339 do.

do.
2451

..do.
.do.
..do.

Locality.

Tejon valley.. .
Sac. valley. .. .
Cadereita, Mexico

do

Mexico

Carlisle, Tenn.

do

do ....

do

do

Mexico

Length

6.84

6.8a

0.60

e.m

6.40

6.04

7.

6.40

0.75

5.90

6.86

Extent. Wing.

I 4.00

3.64

3.33

11.75 3.25

3.3t2

3.38

11. 3.41

3.28

10.83 3.33

3.30

3.22

3.46
3.54
3.06

3.22
3.24

3.16

3.16
3.30

0.80
0.74
0.C6

0.66
0.70

0.66

0.70
O.UO

Middle Its claw,
toe.

0.64
0.60
0.54

0.22
0.22
0.2U

Bill
above.

0.56
0.60
0.60

I

0.64
O.GO

0.24
0.20

0.51
0.54

0..'-.8
0.56

0.22
0.20

0..50
0.54

Along
gape.

0.82
0.82

o.eo

0.73
0.80

0.74
0.80

Specimen Remarks,
measured.

Dry.
Dry.
Dry.

Fresh.
Dry...
Dry . . .
Krcsli ,
Dry...,
Frctb .
Dry...,
Dry....

Poor spe-
cimen. '

BIRDS — TTRANNINAE — SAYORNIS NIGRICANS.

183

SAYORNIS NIGRICANS, B o n a p .

Itlnck Flycatcher.

Tyrannula nigricans, Swainsoh, Syn. Birds Mex. Taylor's Phil. Mag. I, 18127, 367 — Newderrt, Zuol. Cal. &

Or. Route, Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, iv, 1857, 81.
Muscieapa nigricans. Add. Orn. liiog. V, 1839, 30d ; pi. 474.— Ib. Birds Amor. I, 1840, 218 ; pi. CU.

Tiirawius nigricaru, Nuttall, Man. 1, 2d cd. 1840, 326.

J\Jyiobius nigricans, Gray.

Myiarchus nigricans, Caiianis, Tschudi Fauna Pcruan. 1844- '46, 153, (Peru.)

Sayomis nigricans, Bonap. Comptcs Rciidus XXVllI, 1854, notes Orn. 87.

Julanax nigricniw, Cabanis, Cab. Journal fiir Ornilli. IV, Jan. 1856, 3, (type of genus.)

Muscicapa semi-atra, Vigors, ZooI. Beechey Voy. 1839, 17.

Sp. Ch. — Winps rounded ; second, tliird, and fourth longest ; first rather shorter than sixth. Tarsi with a second row of
scales behind. The head and neck all round, fore part and sides of the breast, dark sooty brown ; the rest of the upper parts
similar, but lighter ; faintly tinged with lead color towards the tail. The middle of the breast, abdomen, and lower tail coverts
white; some of the latter with the shafts and the centre brown. The lower wing coverts grayish brown, edged with white.
Wings dark brown ; the edges of secondary coverts rather ligliter ; of primary covcrls dull white. Edge of the exterior
vane of the first primary and of secondaries, white. Tail dark brown, with the greater part of the outer vane of the exterior
tail feather white ; this color narrowing from the base to the tip. Bill and feet black. The tail rounded ; rather cmarginate ;
feathers broad ; more obliquely truncate than in sayu$. The bill slender ; similar to that of S.fuscus.

Length, nearly 7 inches ; wing, 3.60 ; tail, 3.45.

Hab. — California coast, (Umpqua valley, Oregon, Newberry) and across by valley of Gila and upper Rio Grande toJMew
Leon, and south.

The female appears to differ only in the smaller size. A young bird from San Francisco has
two bands of rusty on the wing ; the shoulders and hinder part of the back tinged with the
same.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
Ko.

sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Wlience obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

7218

..„..

I..

..„..

9
1

San Francisco, Cal

R. D. Cutis

7217

Sacramento valley

Lt. R.S.Williamson.
dn

Dr. Heermann

7919

do

Ho

5911

Santa Clara, Cal

Dr. Cooper

7.00

11.00

39««

do

1 Dr. Heermann

7314

Espla, Mexico

1855

Mar. 19, 1854

Major Emory

Lt. Whipple

Dr. Henry

54
189

Dr. Kennerly

Kennerly and Moll-

6.12

10.00

3.00

Eyes black

Eyes dark brown . . .

7215

Camp 105, Pueblo creek,

New Mexico.
Fort Thorn

7216

4004

Cadcrcita, Mexico

do

Apl. — , 1853
do

Lt. Couch

40U5

do

2963

a. P. Haird

7943

Mexico

J.Gould

9106

Mexico

M. Verreaux

17422

184

D. S. P. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

SAYOENIS FUSCUS, Baird.

Pewee; Phoebe Bird.

JlfuJCtcopo fusca, Gmelin, Syst. Nat I, 1788, 931— Latham, Index Orn. II, 1790, 483— Vieillot, Ois. Am.
Sept. I, 1807, 68; pi. 40— Bovap. Obs. Wilson, 1825, no. 115.— Is. Synopsis, 68.— AnonBON,
Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 122 : V, 1839, 424 ; pi. 120.- Ib. Synopsis, 1839, 43.— Ib. Birds Amer. I,
1840, 223 ; pi. 63.— Giradd, Birds L. Island, 1844, 42.

Tyrannula fusca, Rich. List, 1837. — Bonap. List, 1838.

Tyrannusfuscus, Nhttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 312.

? yiulanax fuscus, Cabanis, Cab. Journ. IV, 1856, 1.

Muscicapa atra, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 946.— Ndttall, Man. I, 1832, 278.

J\Iuscicapa phocbe, Latham, Index Orn. II, 1790, 489.

JHuscicapa nunciola, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 78 ; pi. xiii.

Myiobius nuncioltt, Grat, Genera, I, 248.

Muscicapa carolinensis fusca, Brisson, Orn. II, 1760, 367.

Black-headed flycatcher. Pennant, Arc. Zool. II, 389, 269.

Black-cap flycatcher, Latham, Synopsis, I, 353.

Sp. Ch. — Sides of breast and upper parts dull olive brown, fading slightly toward the tail. Top and sides of head dark brown.
A few dull white feathers on the eyelids. Lower parts dull yellowish white, mixed with brown on the chin, and in some
individuals across the breast. Quills brown, the outer primary, secondaries, and tertials edged with dull white. In some
individuals the greater coverts faintly edged with dull white. Tail brown ; outer edge of lateral feather dull white ; outer
edgesof the rest like the back. Tibiae brown. Bill and feet black. Bill slender, edges nearly straight. Tail rather broad and
slightly forked. Third quill longest; second and fourth nearly equal ; the first shorter than si-xth. Length, 7 inches; wing,
3.42; tail, 3.30.

Hab — Eastern North America.

In autumn and occasionally in early spring the colors are much clearer and brighter. Whole
lower parts sometimes bright sulphur yellow ; above greenish olive ; top and sides of the head
tinged with sooty. In the young of the year the colors are much duller ; all the wing coverts
broadly tipped with light ferruginous, as also the extreme ends of the wings and tail feathers.
The brown is prevalent on the whole throat and breast; the hind part of the back, rump, and
tail strongly ferruginous.

The tail of this species is quite deeply forked, the external feather being from .35 to ,40 of an
inch longer than the middle one.

The general appearance of this species resembles that of the small olive flycatchers, but I do
not observe any generic character in which it differs from nigricans.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Extent.

Wing.

Remarks.

2707
3923
957
1339
1074
6602
4697

7S17
7518
4009

4008
9102

a. F. Baird

do i

Carlinle, reniisylvania.. ,.

do

do

May

April

June

March

May

9,1843
5,1844
19, 1843

—,1844
7, 18J6

7.00
6.75
6.00

11.00
10. B3
11.25

3.41
3.33
350

'"'

do

Washington, D. C

Opposite mouth of Ver-
million.

Dr. llayden....

Dr. J. 0. Cooper
do

7.12

11.00

3.50

!

do

9

Brownsville, Tcxau

TamtulipM, Mexico

Feb.
March

—,1853

Lieut. Couch

do .

32

.1 99
.129926

6.12
6.50

10.50
10.00

3.25
3.13

Eyes d'k red brown,

bill iind feel black.
lo

M. Verreaux

UIRDS — TYEANNINAE — SAVOHNIS SAYUS. 185

S A YORNIS SAYUS, B a i r d .

Say's Flycatcher.

Muscieapa soya, Bonap. Am. Orn. I, 182;'>, 20 ; pi. xi, fig. 3.— Aiu.Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 408; pi. 359.— Ib. Birds

Amcr. 1, 1^40,217; pi. 59.
Tvroniiuj soya, Ncttall, Man. I, 2d cd. 1840, 311.
Myiobiua snya, Grat, Genera, i, 1844-'9, 349.

Ochthoeca saya, Caban'is, Wiegmann Arcliiv, 1847, i, 255, (not type.)
Turannula saya, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850.
,9utanai soi/iis, Caiiasis, Journ. Orn. 185(>, 2.

Tyrannula pallida, Swainson, Syn. Birds Mox. No. 15, in Taylor's Pliil. Mag. I, 1827, 3C7.
Sayomis paUida, Bonap.

Sp. Cu. — Above and on the sides of the head, neck, and breast, grayish brown, darker on the crown ; region about the eye dusky.
The chin, throat, and upper part of the breast, similar to the hack, but rather lighter and tinged witli the color of the rest of the
lower parts, which are pale cinnamon. Under wing coverts pale rusty white. The wings of a rather deeper tint than the back,
Willi tlie exterior vanes and tips of the quills darker. Edges of the greater and secondary coverts, of the outer vane of the outer
primary, and of the secondaries and tertials, dull white. The upper tail coverts and tail nearly black. Edge of outer vane of
exterior tail feather white. Bill dark brown, rather paler beneath. The feet brown. Second, third, and fourth quills nearly
equal ; fifth nearly equal to sixth ; sixth much shorter than the fifth. Tail broad, emarginate. Tarsi with a posterior row of
scales. Length, 7 inches ; wing, 4.30 ; tail, 3.35.

Hab. — Missouri and central high plains westward to the Pacific and south to Mexico.

The young of tte year have the upper parts slightly tinged with ferruginous ; two broad
(ferruginous) hands on the wings formed by the tips of the first and second coverts. The quills
and tail rather darker than in an adult specimen.

The hill of this species is narrow, similar to that of S. fuscus. Legs and feet large, stout ; a
separate row of about eight or ten nearly rectangular scales behind the tarsus, most conspicuous
in a young specimen. Wings long ; tail nearly square, very little emarginate ; the feathers
broad, the edges nearly parallel ; the tip of the outer one obliquely truncated, with the angles
rounded.

A specimen from Califofnia (5510) otherwise similar, has the bill much smaller than the
average, measuring but .43 of an inch from the nostrils, and .75 from the gape.

24 b

186

U. S, p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No,

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1857

0 9

""q"

9

"q"

9

S

""a"

"s"

3

Fort Union, Mex

do

1843

July 18, 1843
Aug. — , 1856
Sept. 11,1856
Si-pt.26, 1856
Sept. 7, 1856
Aug. 15, 1857

Aug. 14, 1857
July 24, 1857
July 16, 1857
July 21, 1857

S. F. Baird

E. Harris., , .

1904

do

5268

Near Fort Union

Knife river, on Missouri

Cannon Ball river

Camp 4, Bl.ick hills

Divide forks, Platte

North Fork, Platte

Mts near Pole creek

Black hills, N.T

Western Texas

5267
5269

do

do

do

do

do

do

7.00
7.00
7.50
7.50

12.00
12.50
13.25
13.25

4.00
4.25
4.12

4.75

Iris brown

8893

8775
8789

Wm. M. Magraw . .
do

148

155
147

308

Dr. Cooper

do

Iris brown, bill and

feet black.

5635

I.t. Bryan

Lt.G. K.Warren..

W. S.Wood

Dr. Hayden

W. S. Wood

7.50
7.00

11.25
12.50

8894

4.00

6969

7229

7230

Capt. Sitgreaves. ..

Lt. Whipple

do

P.. Saniiipl*

88

170

• 56

7228
7S33

Bill Williams Fork

do

Petaluma, Cal

Feb. 10, 1854
Feb. 16, 1854

Kenn. and Mull..
do

7.00
7.00

11.00
13,00

4.00
5.00

Eyes black

5510

7225

7226

Lt. R. S. Williamson
do

7227

do

do

4602

Dec. — , 1854

Major Emory

W_ niittnn _ _

18

3721

Los Angeles, Cal

4904

Feb. 7,1856 Dr. .1. !•_ Hammnnil

7.75
7.50
7.00

13.12
13.37
12.50

4.25
4.25
4,00

Iris color of plumage.
Iris e-olor of plumage.
Eyes dark cliocolale..

4905

do

Feb. 5, 1856
Mar. — , 1855

7331

S

Major Emory

M. Verreaux

55
17416

0r. Kennerly ....

9103

CONTOPUS, Cabanis.

Contopus, Cabanis, Journal fiir Ornithologie, III, Nov. 1855, 479, (Type Muscicapavirens, L.)

Tarsus very short, but stout ; less than the middle toe and scarcely longer than the liinder. Bill quite broad at the base ;
wider than half ihe culmen. Tail moderately forked, much shorter than the wings, (rather more than three-fourths.) Wings
very long and much pointed, reaching beyond tlie middle of the tail ; the first primary about equal to the fourth. All the
primaries slender and rather acute, but not attenuated. Head moderately crested. Color, olive above, pale yellowish bentath,
with a darker patch on the sides of the breast. Under tail coverts streaked.

This genus is pre-eminently characterized among North American flycatchers hy the very
short tarsi, and tlie long and much pointed wings. The species arc as follows :

Length, 7.50 inches ; 'wing, 4.40. A concealed silky white tuft on each side of the rump.
No white around the eye or on the wing coverts C. borealis.

Length, ahout 6 inches ; wing, 3.50. Outer primary edged with whitish. The olive on
the sides of breast paler than on the back, less extended, and separated along the median
line C. virens.

Length, about 6.25 inches ; wing, 3.G5. Outer primary without white edge. Breast olive
brown, scarcely paler than the back, not divided in the middle line C. richardsonii.

BIKDS — TVKANNINAE — C0NT0PU8.

187

Comparative measuremenls of species.

Cmal.
No.

Spt'cii**.

Locality.

8ci.

Leiigtli.

Stretch

ol'will)P<.

\Vln«.

Tail.

Tarvus.

Middle
toe.

Itfl clnw
alune.

BUI
above.

Along
gnpe.

Specimen
nieojsured.

Ma

Contopus boreKlU

do

Carlisle, Fa

do

<?

8.80
7.50
8.66
7.75
S.W
5.83
6.30
6. OS
S.SO
6.16
5.90
6.16
5.80
5.90

13.25
13.00

10.75
10.00

4.96
4.33
4.90

3.30

0.S4

0.64

0.33

0.64

0.90

nry

frosll

7305

do

Shoalwaicr bny,WT

3.08

O.SC

0.64

0.33

0.70

0.94

Dry

Fresh ....

BOSS
6511

Contoptu rlchnrdsonli,.
do

Colorado river, 0. T.

Petaluiiia, Cnl

Plane river

Q
C?

3.36
3.43
a. 5)
3.38
3.38
3.50
3.14
3.17
3.34
3.36

3.64
2.70
3.00
3.76
2.86

0.50
0.50
0.51
0.50
0.50

0.50
0.53
0.46
0.50
0.50

0.16

0.30
0.18
0.16
0.30

0.48
0.50
0.53
0.48
0.48

0.70
0.76
0.76
0.70
0.70

Dry

Dry

9(HI

do

Dry

9105

do

Dry

aa55

Coiitopui virens

do

Carlinle, Fa

do

(?

Dry

Fresh . ...

1633

do

do

9

3.66

0.50

0.46

0.16

0.50

0.70

Diy

. ...do

do

Fresh ....

7247

do

? • Sac. valley

3.76
3.74

0.51
0.50

0.46
0.46

0.20
0.30

0.48
0.48

0.68
0.72

Drv

7944

do

Drv

GENERAL REMARKS.

There is, perhaps, no group in ornithology, certainly none among American birds, the species
and genera of which are so difficult to determine as tliose of the small olivaceous flycatchers.
The variations of size, color, and proportions are generally very slight, (though constant,) and
only to be appreciated after a close examination and actual comparison of specimens, as well as
long familiarity with the subject. Very few of the older authors describe the species so that they
can be recognized at all, and the identification is usually made from statement of locality, habit,
or common name. Wilson was the first to give accurate and intelligible descriptions of the
species inhabiting the United States, and it would have avoided much confusion if they had
been actually the first presented to the world. ,

In comparing the small North American olivaceous flycatchers together, usually known as
species of Tyrannula, I find two well marked groups worthy of generic separation : one with
short legs and pointed wings, the other with longer legs and rounded wings. In this, however,
it becomes a question what is to be done with the old name. The type of Tyrannula, Swainson,
(1827,) is the Mtiscicapa harhata of Gmelin, a species with a yellow spot in the middle of the
crown, and the rump yellow, the bill very broad and with the bristles equalling it in length.'
All these characters, and others, are entirely difl:erent from those attaching to our species, and
the same generic name cannot be used for them without great impropriety.

The same objections apply to Myiobius of Gray, (1838,) this being a simple substitute for the
Tyrannula, supposed to be nullified from its resemblance in sound to Tyrannulus of prior date.
The two names, however, are sufficiently distinct to involve no difficulty in their use.

Reichenbach makes numerous species among the Tyranninae, (Avium Systema Natura3, plates
65, 66, 67,) but, as far as I can judge from his figures, none are applicable here. In the

' Ttbajj.scla barbata, Swaiii.sou.

Mitscuapa barbata, Gm. I, 1788, 933.— Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 488.
Muscipeta barbata, Pr. Max. Beitrage, IH, 934.
Tyrannula harbala, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, Doc. 1827, 359.
Myiobius barbalus, Bprmeister, Thiere Bras. II, I85G, 501.
Plulyrhynchus lanlhopygius, Spix, Av. Bras. II, pi. ix.
Ilab. — Coast region of Brazil, according to Burmeister, from whom most of the preceding synonyms and the indications of tho
species are cited.

188 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

invaluable list of genera and sub-genera of birds, by G. R. Gray, 1855, this section is left
without a name, with Muscicapa nunciola, Wils., ("Tyrannuln/usca") as type, and with Tyran-
nula, Sw., 1831, not of 1827, and Myiobius, Gray, 1847, not 1838, as synonymous. To this
section Cabanis has applied the name of Julanax, but in giving " Tyrannula nigricans" as the
type, his name becomes a synonym of Sayornis, Bonaparte.

It is possible that, if Bonaparte has presented a conspectus of the Tyrants in the Ateneo
italiano or elsewhere, in 1854, or subsequently, he has not overlooked the present groups, but I
am unable to determine this point. It only remains for the jiresent to take the names of
Cabanis, as quoted, namely, Contopus for the short-legged group, with Muscicapa virens, L., as
type, and including also Muscicapa cooperi, Nuttall, Platyrhynchus cinereus, Spix, and Tyran-
nula ardosiaca, of Lafresnaye, and Empidonax for the other one.

CONTOPUS BOKEALIS, Baird.

Olive-sided Flycatcher.

Tyrannus borealis, Sw. & Rich. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 141 ; plate.

JVfi/ioiiius borealis, Gray, Genera, I, 248.

Jtfiiscicapo cooperi, Nuttall, Man. 1,1832, 282.— Add. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 422: V, 1839, 422 ; pi. 174.— Ib. Synopsis,

1839, 41.— Ib. Birds Amer. I, 1840, 212 ; pi. 58.
Tyrannus cooperi, Bonap. List, 1838. — Ncttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 298.
Contopus cooperi, Cabanis, Journal fiir Ornithol. Ill, Nov. 1855, 479.
Muscicapa inornata, Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 282.

Sp. Ch. — Wings long, much pointed ; the second quill longest ; the first longer than the third. Tail deeply forked. Tarsi
short. The upper parts ashy brown, showing darker brown centres of the feathers ; this is eminently the case on the top of the
head ; the sides of the head and neck, of the breast and body resembling the back, but with the edges of the feathers tinged with
grey, leaving a darker central streak. The chin, throat, narrow line down the middle of the breast and body, abdomen, and
lower tail coverts white, or sometimes with a faint tinge of yellow. The lower tail coverts somewhat streaked with brown in
the centre. On each side of the rump, generally concealed by the wings, is an elongated bunch of white silky feathers. The
wings and tail very dark brown, the former with the edges of the secondaries and tertials edged with dull white. The lower
wing coverts and axillaries greyish brown. The tips of the primaries and tail feathers rather paler. Feet and upper mandible
black, lower mandible brown. The young of the year similar, but the color duller; tlie feet light brown. Length, 7.50 ;
wing, 4.33 ; tail, 3.30 ; tarsus, .60.

Hid). — Rare on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. Not observed in the interior, except to the north .
Found in Greenland. (Reinhardt.)

This large and powerful " Tyrannula" is eminent for the length of its wings, which reach
beyond the middle of the tail and the coverts to within a little more than an inch of the tip.
The primaries are considerably attenuated, and a little cut out on the inner web, towards the
end. The longest quill exceeds the secondaries by about 1.80 inches. The depth of fork in the
tail is nearly .30 of an inch.

There is a very narrow edging of whitish to the first primary ; the outer web of the outer
tail feather is pale brownish towards the edge.

Specimens sometimes have a little more yellow beneath than that described. In some western
skins the third quill is a little longer than the fourth.

Hartlaub, in his list of the birds of Chile, quotes a Tyrannula cooperi, supposed to be identical
with the present species. If it be the bird described as Tyrannula cooperi by Kaup, it is totally
distinct and belongs to the genus Myiarchus, which see.

BIRDS — TYRANMNAE — CONTOPUS RICIIARDSONII.

189

List of specimens.

Caial.
No.

Srt uid 1 Locality. When collected
•je. i

W'hcnre obtainril.

Longtli.

Eitont.

Wing.

Kt-ninrkai.

ISM9

8. F. Baird

M9

<S ; Carlisle M.iy 6,1843

do

7.S0

13. as

4.33

S9I0

7.50 19.75

790S

Shtiahvnter Bnv June ,1824

do

7.7S

13.

Iris brown and yellow, bill black.

7906

Fort Tcjooi Cnlifomia

CONTOPUS RICIIARDSONII, Baird. '

Short-legged Pewee.

Tt/ranniifo richardsonii, Swaikson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, I4G ; plate.

Muscicapa richardsonii, Aitd. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 299 ; pi. 434.

Tyrannula phoebt, Bon. List. 1838, 24.

.Vuscicapaphoebe, Audcbon, Synopsis, 1839, 42. — Ib. Birds America, I, 1840, 219 ; pi. 61, (not of Latham.)

Tyrannusphoebe, Ncttall, Man. I, 2(1 ed. 1840, 319.

Tyrannus atriceps, D'Orbigmt, (fide G. R. Gray.)

Sp. Ch.— General appearance of C. virens. Bill broad. Winga very long and much pointed ; considerably e.-cceeding the
tail ; second quill longest ; third a Httle shorter ; first shorter than fourth, and about midway between distance from second to
fifth, (.60 of an inch.) Primaries 1.20 inches longer than secondaries. Tail moderately forked. Above dark olive brown
(the head darker) the entire breast and sides of head, neck, and body of a paler shade of the same, tinging strongly also the
dull whitisli throat and chin. Abdomen and under tail coverts dirty pale yellowish. Quills and tail dark blackish brown ; the
secondaries narrowly, the tertials more broadly edged with whitish. Two quite indistinct bands of brownish white across the
wings. Lower mandible yellow ; the tip brown. Length, G.20 ; wing, 3.65 ; tail, 3.10.

Hab.—lhgh central dry plains to the Pacific ; Rio Grande valley, southward to Mexico ; Labrador, (Audubon.)

This species has a very close relationship to C. virens, agreeing with it in general shape of
■wings and in color. The wings are, however, still longer and more pointed ; the primaries ex-
ceeding the secondaries hy nearly 1.25 inches. The proportions of the quills are nearly the
same in both ; the primaries too are similarly a little emarginated or attenuated towards the
end. The tail is rather more deeply forked ; the feathers broader. The bills are similar ■ the
feet are larger and stouter.

The general colors are almost precisely the same. The outer primary, however, lacks the
decidedly white margin. The under parts are much darker anteriorly, the entire breast being
nearly a uniform olive brown ; but little paler than the back ; the throat, too, in some speci-
mens, being scarcely paler. There is little or none of the pale sulphur yellow of O. virens on the
abdomen, and the under wing coverts and axillaries are much darker olivaceous. In C. virens
the middle lino of the breast is always paler than the sides, or at least the connecting space is
short.

The lower mandible is generally yellow ; in a few specimens, however, it is quite dusky
especially on its terminal half.

The young bird has the darker head and broader light edgings, with the ferruginous tino'e
usually seen in young of the Tyrannulas.

This appears to be the species figured by Audubon as Muscicapa richardsonii, based probably
on Rocky mountain or Columbia river specimens received from Mr. Townsend, (No. 962 2042
&c.) The T. richardsonii of Swainson, however, differs in the proportions of the wings, &c.

190

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

and in some other points appearing more nearly allied to >S^. fuscus. Not to multiply synonyms
unnecessarily, however, I have concluded to adopt the name. The discrepancies in the propor-
tions of the quills may have heen caused by their incomplete growth during the moulting
season. Kichardson's description answers better than the figure, which, witli the other on the
same plate, is wrongly colored. Bonaparte committed a mistake (in which he was followed by
Audubon and Nuttall) in referring this bird to the Muscicapa phoebe of Latham, Index Orn.
II, 1790, 489. This is certainly the S. fuscus, as shown by the references, and the statement
that the outer tail feather has the outer web white, which applies only to fuscus.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

L^allty.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Extent.

Wing.

Remarks.

5272

""c?"'

Blackfoot country

riaite river, (north fork)

July — , 1855
June 2,1854
do

Dr. Hayden

S. F. Baird

23

8041

J. K. Townsend

do

2043

do .

8893
2959i

9

3
o

Loup Fork of Platte....

Aug. 24,—

Lt. a. K. Warren...

Dr. Hayden

6.25

9.50

3.25

7235

Kl Paso, Texas

Col. Graham

Ilr T r. Honi-v

J.H.Clark

6.

10.75

3.50

Eyes dark brown...

7245

Mimbres to Rio (irande.

2962

' S. F. Rnird

15
696

J. K. Townsend

£511

April —,1856

7238

R. D. Cutts

7248

do

7239

do

do.

s

7251

Monterey, Mexico

May — , 1853

Lt. D. N. Couch

M. Verreaui

do

212
29927

6.36

10.50

3.50

Iria light brown....

9105

9098

CONTOPUS VIRENS, Cahanis,
Wood Pewee.

Muscicapa virens, Linn. Syst Nat. 1,1766,327. — Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1,1788,936. Latham, Index Orn. — Licht.

Verz. 1823, 563.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 285.— AuD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 93 : V, 1839, 425 ;

pi. 115.— Ib. Synopsis, 1839, 42.— Ib. Birds Amer. I, 1840, 231; pi. 64.— Gibaud, Birds L.

Island, 1844, 43.
Muscicapa querula, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 68 ; pi. %xx'\x, (not of Wilson.)
Muscicapa rapax, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 81 ; pi. xiii, f. 5.
Tyrannula virens, Rich, App. Back's Voyage. — Bonap. List, 1838.
Myiobius virens, Gray.

Tyrannus virens, Nuttall, Manual, I, 2d ed. 1840, 316.
Contopus virens, Cabanis, Journal i'iir Ornithologio, III, Nov. 1855, 479.

Sp. Cii. — The second quill longest ; the third a little shorter ; the first shorter than the fourth; the latter nearly .40 longer
than the fifth. The primaries more than an inch longer than the secondaries. The upper parts, sides of the head, neck, and
breast, dark olivaceous brown, the latter rather paler, the head daikor. A narrow white ring round the oyo. The lower parts
pale yellowish, deepest on the abdomen ; across the breast tinged wilh ash. This palo ash suinutimes occupies the whole of
the breast, and even occasionally extends up to the chin. It is also sometimes glossed with olivaceous. The wings and tail
dark brown ; generally deeper than in S. fuscus. Two narrow bands across the wing, the outer edge of first primary and of the
secondaries and tertials dull white. The edges of the tail feathers like the hack ; the outer one scarcely lighter. Upper mandible
black, the lower yellow, but brown at the tip. Leng'.h, 6.15 ; wing, 3.50 ; tail, 3.05.

Uab. — Kastcrn North America to the bordrrs of the high central plains ; south to New Granada.

The young of the year lias tlio colors duller, edges of the upper feathers paler, the white
of the wing tinged with ferruginous ; the lower mandible more tinged with black. The bill

BIRDS — TYRANKINAK — EMPIDONAX.

191

of this Rpccies is very broad. The tail is moderately forked ; the featlni s Lroad, with sides nearly
parallel, becoming scarcely dilated from the base to the end. The feet are very short. The
will" is very long and pointi-d, reaching considerably beyond the middle of the tail, and beyond
the tail coverts. The proportions of the quills vary, although the second i.s always a little
longer than the third. The first is generally a little shorter than the fourth ; sometimes about
equal, and .25 of an inch shorter than the second. The under tail coverts are much tinged
with brown in their median region.

In No. 1C32 the first quill is proportionably shorter ; the fourth longer than as described ;
the third quill slightly longest. The relative proportion of the first to the fourth, in fact, varies
a good deal, but the first always considerably exceeds the fifth.

I have seen no specimen of tliis species from the region west of the Missouri plains, except
two in Lieutenant Williamson's collection marked Sacramento valley by Dr. lleermann. All
those of the same type belong to a difl'erent tliough closely allied species, and it is most proba-
ble that some mistake may have occurred in the locality. Dr. lleermann, in his notes on Birds
of California, refers to supposed specimens of Tyrannula virens as being all darker than eastern
ones, evidently having the richardsonii in view.

List of specimens.

Caial.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

2969

o

<?
(?

Q
S

Q
c?

aus

May 11, 1846
May 12, 1846
May 6, 1816

do

6.75
6.91
6.50
9.25
6.16
6.16
6.33
6.66
6.33
6.16
6.16

11.00
11.16
10.66

10.41
10.00
9.66
10.50
10.41
10.58
10.75

3.58
3.M
3..W
3.25
3.41
3.17
3.54
3.50
3.41
3.50
3.50

2657

do

do

2595

-J"

do

do

979

do

2294

May 20, 1845
July 12,1844
May 26, 1845
May 17, 1844
July — , 1844
May 21, 1845
May 18, 1845
July — , 1843

do

1639

do

do

S354

. .. do

do

1540

do

1657

o

(?

c?

9

do ...

do

issia

do

do

2255

do

2711

do

J K. Townscnd

75t)8

do

Win. Ilutton

2394

S

S. F. Baird

6.20

10.2

3.20

May 11,.

7519

6.00
6.00

10.00
9.50

3.50
3.50

7521

do

do

.......

s

Red river,M.T

Aug. — , 1857

Iris very dark.

7246

Lieut. R. S. Williamson.
do

Dr. Hecrmann

7947

,do '

9098

7944

J.Gould

EMPIDONAX, Cab an is.

Empidonax, Cabakis, Journal fiir Ornithologie, III, Nov. 1655, 480, (type Tyrannula pusilla.)
Tyrannula of most autliors.

Cb. — ^Tarsus lengthened, considerably longer than the middle toe, which is decidedly longer than the hind toe. Bill
variable. Tail very slightly forked, even, or rounded ; a little shorter only than the wings, which are considerably rounded ;
the first primary much shorter than the fourth. Head moderately crested. Color olivaceous above, yellowish beneath ; throat
generally gray.

The lengthened tarsi, the short toes, the short and rounded wings, and the plain dull

192 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

olivaceous of the plumage, readily distinguisli the species of this genus from any other North
American flycatchers. The upper plates of the tarsi in a good many species do not encircle the
outside, but meet there a row on the posterior face.

There are no species of North American birds more difficult to distinguish than the small
flycatchers, the characters, though constant, being very slight and almost inappreciable, except
to a very acute observer. For remarks concerning the genus and its affinities, see page 187
preceding.

The following synopsis may aid in distinguishing the species :

A. Outer tail feather never abruptly margined with white externally.

Tarsus moderate; but little longer than the middle toe. Claw of hind toe reaching along
the middle of the central anterior claw.

Above rather pure dark olive, not lighter on the rump. Beneath white,
tinged with sulphur behind, and with olive across the breast. Wing
bands tinged with yellow olive. Second, third, and fourth quills
longest; first between fifth and sixth. Length, 6 inches; wing^ 2.90.

trailli.
Tarsus lengthened ; decidedly longer than the middle toe, which is scarcely, if any,
longer than the hinder one.

Above dull greenish olive, with a strong tinge of brown, becoming decidedly
lighter on the rump. Throat whitish ; a gray olive band across the breast ;
rest of under parts pale yellow.

Length 5.50 inches ; wing, 2.80 ; tail, 2.50. Third and fourth quills
longest ; first shorter than sixth. Culmen .35 of an inch ; under

mandible yellow .pusillus.

Length about 5 inches; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.50. Second and third quills
longest ; first shorter than fifth. Culmen .30 of an inch long ; under

mandible brownish minimus.

Above clear bright olive green, without any brown on the back.

Beneath white, tinged with greenish yellow on the sides and behind.
Wing bands tinged with reddish yellow. Second, third, and fourth
quills much longer than first and fifth. First rather longer than fifth.

Wing, 3 inches ; tail, 2.15 acadicus.

Beneath olivaceous yellow, purest behind ; no white on the under surfaces.
Wing bands greenish white. Length about 5 inches ; wing, 2.80 ; tail,

2.45. First quill much shorter that fifth .Jlaviveniris.

Body olive green above and on the breast ; throat gray ; rest of under
parts sulphur yellow. Wing bands grayish. Length, 5.50; wing,
2.80 ; tail, 2.50. Third quill longest ; first much shorter than fifth.
Bill very slender hammondii.

B. Outer tail feather margined abruptly with white externally. Bill very narrow. Tarsi
unusually long.

Tail even or rounded. Tarsus as long as the head. Lower mandible
whitish; brown at tip. Body above brownish olive. Beneath whitish,
tinged with yellow behind and with olive on the breast. Wing witli
conspicuous whitish bands. Length, 5.75 inches ohscurus.

BIRDS — TYRANNINAE — KSiriDONAX TRAILLII.

193

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

Specie*.

Locality.

Sex.

LengUl.

Exienl.

Wing.

Toil.

Tarsus.

Middle
10«.

luclaw. Bill •
1 above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

3310
do

Empidonax iralllii

CariUle, Pa

do

9

4.94

5.91 8.50

*■»*

5.91 9.33

3.63

3.75

2.86

2.91

2.84

2.78

3.

3.80

3.75

2.56

3.64

2.40

3.50

3.38

0.63

0.56

0.20 ' 0.44

0.64

Drj-

Fresb

Dry

1035
do.

....do do

— do do

do

do

do

2.62

0.64

0.54

0.18

0.46

0.63

693

5.54
5.06
5.50
5.S0
5.75
5.84
5.10
4.46
5.41

8.75
8.

3.68
3.70

0.64
0.64

0.53
0.58

0.20
0.20

0.44
0.50

0.64

0.70

Dry

Dry

7902

EBipidonai pusillua

River Nueces.

10077

FortTejoD, Cat....
do

a

3.56

0.68

0.50

0.16

0.50

0.70

Dry

Fresh

do.

7944

....do do

3.54
3.50
2.40

0.68
0-65
0.60

0.52
0.52
0.44

0.30
0.20
0.18

0.48
0.48
.038

0.C6
0.68
0.54

Dry

Dry

Dry

495

Rocky mountains...

C'arli.sle, Pa

do

9

3363
do.

Empidonax nunimus

1415
do.

...do do

dc do

Empidonax ac idiciu

do

do

Pennsylvania

3

4.HJ J. 66

5.i5 f...- -.'.88
5.50 1 3.00

2.54

0.64

0.54

0.30

0.40

0.56

Dry

79£

3.63
2.62
3.38
3.42
3.18
3.42

0.58
0.60
0.66
0 64
0.65
0.66

0.48
0.50
0.53
0.50
0.50
0 50

0.16 0.43
0.18 1 0.50
0.16 [ 0.40
0.18 > 0.42
0.18 : 0.40
0.18 ' 0.42

0.68
0.66
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.60

Dry

Dry

Dry

Dry

Dry

Dry

Fresh

500

Chester county, Pa..

^

5.48
5.20

3.83
2.70
2.74
3.50
3.76
3.83
2.64
2.78

9099

Empidonax flavivenlris. ,.

do.

3333

Carlisle, Pa

do

9
S

4.34
4.88
5.16
4.86
4.90
5.50
4.90
5.50
5.14
5.37

8.83

9.
8.
8.50

965

do.

do

5930
10079

Empiilonax diflicilis

Empidonax hammondii...

Ft. Sieilacoom,W.T.
Fort Tejon

"a"

3.44
3.50

0.63
0.62

0.50
0.50

....

0.18 1 0.41
0.18 I 0.40

0.58
0.52

Dry

Dry

do.

do

10O8O
do.

....do do

do

do

9

2.74

3.S0

0.64

0.52

0.18 0.43

0.58

Dry

7237
do.

Empidonax obscunis

Bl Paiio, Texas

....do

S

2.83
3.87

2.76

0.12

0.51

0.16 0.46

0.60

Dry

Fresh

EMPIDONAX TRAILLII, Baird.
Traill's Flycatcher.

Miucicapa traillii, Acdcbok, Orn. B\og. I, 1832, 236: V, 1839, 426; pi. 45.— In. Syn. 1839, 43 — Ib. Birds Amer. I

184U, 234 ; pi. 65.
Tyrannula traillii. Rich. List, 1837. — Bo.vap. List, 1838.
Tyrannus Iraillii, Ncttall, .Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 323.

Sp. Ch. — Third quill longest; second scarcely shorter than fourth; first shorter than fifth, about .35 shorter than the
longest. Primaries about .75 of an inch longer than secondaries. Tail even. Upper parts dark olive green ; lighter under the
wings, and duller and more tinged with ash on nape and sides of the neck. Centre of the crown feathers brown. A pale
yellowish white ring (in some specimens altogether white) round the eye. Loral feathers mixed with white. Chin and throat
white ; the breast and sides of throat light ash tinged with olive, its intensity varying in individuals, the former sometimes
faintly tinged with olive. Sides of the breast much like the back. Middle of the belly nearly white ; sides of the belly, abdomen,
and the lower tail coverts sulphur yellow. The quills and tail feathers dark brown, as dark (if not more so) as these parts in
C. t;ir<iu. Two olivaceous yellow white bands on the wing, formed by the tips of the first and second coverts, succeeded by a
brown one ; the edge of the first primary and of secondaries and tertials a little lighter shade of the same. The outer edge of
the tail feathers like the back ; that of the lateral one rather lighter. Bill above dark brown ; dull brownish beneath. Length
nearly 6 inches ; wing, 2.90 ; tail, 2.60.

Hab. — Eastern United Slates and south to Mexico.

The young bird is similar^ but the colors are duller. The marking.s oii the wings are more
ochraceous.

The body in this species is stout ; tail short, very nearly even ; feathers broad, distinctly
25 b

194

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

l^ointed, and acuminate. Diifers from E. minimus in larger size and proportions of the quills.
The middle of the hack is the same color in both, but instead of becoming lighter and tinged
with ash on the rump and upper tail coverts, these parts very rarely differ in color from the
back. The markings on the wings, instead of being dirty white, are decidedly olivaceous
yellow. The yellow of the lower parts is deeper. The tail feathers are rather broad,
acuminate, and pointed ; in minima they are narrow and more rounded. Tho bill is larger
and fuller. The legs are decidedly shorter in proportion.

This species is somewhat like E. acadiciis in the proportions of the quills, but the wing is con-
siderably shorter. The precise differences will be found detailed in the article on acadicus.

The proportions of the quills are generally as detailed under the specific character ; the first
quill .30 of an inch less than the longest, and intermediate between the fourth and fifth ; the
primaries about .70 of an inch longer than the first secondary. In one specimen the second,
third, and fourth are nearly equal ; the other proportions the same.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Scj[.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Original
No.

I

Length.

E.ttent.

Wing.

2968

""s"

Q

New Hampshire

E.Harris .

1026

Carlisle, Peniisvlvania

May 26, 1613
do

S. F. Baird

5.75
5.91
5.83
5.33
5.91

8.75
9.33
8.41
8.00

8.. 10

2.66

1025

do

do

2 91

2345

do

May 26, 1845
May 31,1841
May 21,1845
May 26,1845
do

2.66

433

lo

do !

2310

lo

do

2 75

2347

S
9

do

do

2340

do

do

5.91

8.75

o 75

9104

Mexico

: gqn-jfl

"

EMPIDONAX PUSILLUS, Cabanis.

? Plalyrhynehus pusitlus, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, May, 1827, 366.

Tyrimnula jmsilla, Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 144 -, pi.— Rich. App. Back's Voyagp, 1834-'36, 144.— Gambel, Pr. A.

N. Sc. Ill, 1847, 156.
Muscicapa pusilla, AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 288 ; pi. 434.— In. Birds Ainer. I, 1840, 236 ; pi. 66.
Tyrannus pusUltt, Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840.

Sp. Oh. — Second, third, and fourth quills longest ; first shorter than tlio si.xtli. Bill ratlicr broad ; yellow beneath. Tail
even. Tarsi rather long. Above dirty olive brown, paler and more tinged with brown towards tliu tail. Throat and breast
white, tinged with grayish olive on the sides, shading across the breast ; belly and under tail coverts very palo snljduir yellow.
Wings with two dirty narrow brownish white bands slightly tinged with olive ; tho secondaries and tertials narrowly and incon-
spicuously margined with the same. First primary faintly edged with whitish ; tho outer web of first tail fcatlier paler than tho
inner, but not white Under wing coverts reddish ochraceous yellow. A whitish ring round the eye. Length, 5.50 inches ;
wing, 2.80; tail, 2.75.

Wii. — High central plains to tho Pacific. Fur countries. Southward into Mexico.

In examining carefully a large collection of skins of tho small American flycatchers, 1 liave
found it necessary to separate a western series intermediate between E. IrailUi and minimus,
typical specimens of the two latter species being witliout any representatives from the region
beyond the Missouri plains. Althougli the differences are quite appreciable in tho comparison,
I yet find it exceedingly difficult to characterize a s])ccics so as to carry tlie same impression of
diversity to others as I have experienced myself. 'J'he bird is uboiit tlie size of h'. traillli, or a
little less, but has more the colors of minimus. It agrees with tlie latter in becoming lighter

TUROS — TYRANNINAK — EMriDONAX MINIMUS.

195

towards the rump, but this and the upper tail coverts and, indeed, the upper parts generally,
are of a soiled brownish tinge, taking considerably from the purity of the olive. The under
wing coverts have also a decided shade of brownish ochraceous in the yellow. There is much
less white in the wing. The tail feathers are narrow and rounded as in 7nin{mus. The quills
are broad and rounded ; the second, third, and fourth about equal ; the fifth nearly intermediate
between the fourth and sixth ; the first shorter than the sixth ; the primaries are about .65
longer than the first secondary. The legs are of about the same length as in minimus. The
bill is much larger than in minimus, the ridge of the lower mandible measuring .35 of an inch
instead of .30 ; the color yellow instead of brownish.

From (raillii it differs in the brownish tinge of the under wing coverts, the browner upper
parts, aud the less amount of white on the wings ; the first primary .shorter than the sixth
instead of the fifth. The tarsi are longer ; the bill appears rather longer.

This species appears to agree rather bett«r than any beibre me with the Tyrannula pusiUa of
Swainson, in F. Bor. Am., and I have accordingly adopted the name. His figure difiers
materially from the description, and is certainly improperly colored, as is also that of
richardsonii of the same plate. In some respects E. minimus, Baird, agrees with T. ptmlla of
Swainson, but a female of the species I here describe would answer quite as well in general, and
if, in the present monograph, I have succeeded in fixing the species of small Tyrannulas with
any degree of precision, it may be best to assign the synonymy as I have done. It is not likely
that the E. pusilla of Cabanis belongs here.

Young birds have a good deal of reddish brown on the rump and upper tail coverts, and two
bands of the same across the wings. The inner wing coverts are as in the adult.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Seiand
age.

Locality.

Wlien collected.

I
Wbence obtained. Original

No.

Collected by— Length.

Extent.

Wing.

7ii3

August 1, 1856

Dr. Sucklcy i 510

do 503

-iM

do

724i2

do

' do ! 105

10076

O

""a"

, 1857 J. Xantus de Vescy 277

do B23

10077

do

7314

June — , 1855
June — , 1853
May — , 1855

7i5J

Rio Nasos, Durango

Rocky mouQtains

5.50

7.23.'

3.00'

4!t5

S. F. Baird

1 t

EMPIDONAX MINIMUS, Baird.

Least Flycatcher.

T'l/i'annuJa mmimo, Wm. M. and S. F. Baird, Pr. A. N. So. I, July 1843, 234.— Ib. Sillim. Am. Jour. Sc. July, 1844.—
Audubon, Birds Ainer. VII, 1844, 343 ; pi. 491 .

Sp. Ch. — Second quill longest ; third and fourth but little shorter ; fifth a little less ; first intermediate between fifth and sixth.
Tail even. Above olive brown, darker on the head, becoming paler on the rump and upper tail coverts. The middle of the
back most strongly olivaceous. The napo (in some individuals) and sides of the head tinged with ash. A ring round the eye
and some of the loral feathers white ; the chin and throat white. The sides of the throat and across the breast dull ash, the
color on the latter sometimes nearly obsolete ; sides of the breast similar to the back, but of a lighter tint ; middle of the belly
very pale yellowish white, turning to pale sulphur yellow on the sides of the belly, abdomen, and lower tail coverls. Wings
brown ; two narrow white bands on wing formed by the tips of the first and second coverts, succeeded by one of brown. The
edge of the first primary, and of the secondaries and tertials, white. Tail rather lighter brown, edged externally like the back.
Feathers narrow, not acuminate, with the ends rather blunt. In autumn the white parts are strongly tinged with yellow.
Length, about 5 inches ; wing, 2.65 ; tail, 2. .50.

Hub. — Eastern United States to Missouri plains.

196

U, S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

As stated under the head of E. traillii, E. minimus differs from it in its smaller size, and more
ashy tinge on the sides of the head, the nape, and rump. The tail feathers are narrower, more
rounded at the end, and less acuminate. The tarsi are one-tenth of an inch longer, though
the bird is considerably smaller ; the chxws also are larger. The second, third, and fourth
quills are generally nearly equal, the latter always considerably exceeding the first, as does the
fifth also ; in trailli the fifth is usually nearly the length of the first, or hut slightly different
from it.

One of the most appreciable differences between the two species lies in the two bands of the
wing. These, with the other edgings of the wings in minimus, are dirty grayish white ; in
traillii they are strongly tinged with grayish olive. Both have the outer primary edged with
yellowish white, and the first tail feather with its outer web paler brownish than elsewhere,
hut not approaching to white.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

\Vlien collected. [ Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

2709

S

Philadelphia

R.F. Rnird^^-

2450

Carlisle, Pa

Sept. 10, 1845
May 17, 1845
April 23, 1845
May 3, 1847
May 1, 1844
Sept. 16, 1842
May 8, 1844
May 5, 1846
May 12, 1845
May 26, 1845
April 29, 1845
April 23, 1845
May 11, 1846
May 12, 1846
do

do

5.33
5.33
5.50
6.50
5.58
5.25
5.41
5.41
5.58
5.16
5.60
5 50
5.33
5.33
5.50
5.41

8 25
8.25
8.25
8.50
8.58
8.00
3.50
8.00
7.83
7.41
8.25
8.41
8.25
8.16
8.00
8.00

2.50

2274

do

do

do

2.58

2132

do

2.58

3371

S

do

do

do

2.75

1415

do

2.66

726

do

1486

9

do

do

do

do

do

3.66

2.^63

do ........

2.50

2254

do

2.41

2348

do

2.33

2163

do

do

2.58

2133

do

do

2.50

2624

do

do

2.68

2650

do

do

2.50

2649

do

do

2.50

1672

<?
3
Q
S
S
9

do

Cleveland, Ohio

Aug. 12, 1844

do

2.41

7415

Dr Kirtland

Chicago, 111

May 2, 1855

Racine, Wis

Northwestern Univ.

7415

Cleveland, Ohio

6270
4700
4699
4701
4702

Near Powder river

Eiiu qui court

do

do

Aug. 4, 1856
May 15, 1856

do

do

May 6, 1856
May 11, 1866

Lt. Warren

do

do

do

Dr. Hayden

do

do

5.00
5.50
5.26
6.25
6.37
4.87

7.75
8.25
7.62
8.60
8.00
7.50

2.50
2.76
2.75
2.75
2.62

4698

Nebraska

2.76

BIRDS — TYRANNINAE — KMPIDONAX ACADICUS.

197

EMPIDONAX ACADICUS, B a i r d .

Sinnll Grccn-crestcil Flycatcher.

7.V\ucieapa ocorfico, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 947.— L\tii.\m, Index Orn. U, 1790, 469.— Vieiu.ot, Ois. Am.

Sept. I, 1807, 71, (from Latliam) — Aidubon, Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 256: V, 1839, 429 ; pi.

144 —In. Birds Amcr. I, 1840, 221 ; pi. 62.— Nottall, Man. I, 1832,208.— Giracd, Birds L.

Island, 1844, 40.
Muscicapa qutntla, WiLsos, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 77 ; pi. xiii, f. 3, (not of Vieillot.)
" Platiirhiinckus riresetns, Vieillot."
Tyrannula acadica, Richardson, -Bon. List.
Tyrannus acadica, Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 320.

Sp. Cii.— The second and third quills are longest, and about equal ; the fourth a litllo shorter ; the first about equal to the
fifth, and about 35 less than the longest. Tail oven. The upper parts, with sides of the head and neck, olive green ; the crown
very little if any darker. A yellowish white ring round the eye. The sides of the body under the wings like the back, but
fainter olive ; a tinge of the same across the breast ; the chin, throat, and middle of the belly white ; the abdomen, lower tail
and wing coverts, and sides of the body not covered by the wings pale greenish yellow. Edges of the first primary, seconda-
ries, and tertials margined with dull yellowish white, most broadly on the latter. Two transverse bands of pale yellowish
across the wings formed by the tips of the secondary and primary coverts, succeeded by a brown one. Tail light brown, mar-
gined externally like the back. Upper mandible light brown above ; pale yellow beneath. In autumn the lower parts are
more yellow. Length, .5.65 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 2.75.

Hab. — Extern United States to the Mississippi.

In this species the wing is rather long and quite acute, reaching about to the middle of the
tail ; the primaries about .90 of an inch .shorter than the secondaries. The proportions do not
vary much from that described, although the third quill is sometimes longest. The tail is
almost exactly even, a little rounded on the sides. The tarsi are rather long, exceeding the
middle toe.

There is generally a tinge of reddish in the yellow bands of the wings, although most marked
in autumn specimens. The under wing coverts are pale sulphur yellow, and the tertials and
secondaries have the basal portion of the inner web entirely sulphur yellow. The yellow edges
to the lesser quills do not extend as far as the wing coverts, but leave a well defined band of
brown just below the yellowish.

This species is very similar to E. traiUii, but the upper parts are of a brighter and more
uniform olive green, much like that of Vireo olivaceus. The feathers of the crown lack the
darker centre. There is less of the olivaceous ash across the breast. The bands across the
wing are brighter yellow. There is much more yellow at the base of the lesser quills. The
wings are longer, both proportionally and absolutely. The primaries exceed the secondaries by
nearly an inch, instead of by only about .70 ; the proportions of the quills are much the same.

List of specimens.

Catal. Sex and
No. age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1824 1 1 Philadelphia

1089 ' L.....do Spring of 1843

1225

S. F. Baird .
do....

.do.

-do.

500
7589
2395
2396
7416 !

3

Q
o Q

<?

Chester county. Pa.. 1841

Washington, D. C... AprU 29, 1845

Savannah, Ga 1845

do I 1845

Cleveland, Ohio

-do.

Wm. Hutton

S. F. Baird

do

Dr. J. P. Kirtland.

J. Lcconte.
do...

5.60
5.90

8.50
9.00

2.70
2.90

198 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

EMPIDONAX FLAVIVENTRIS, B a i r d .

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

Tyrannulajlaviventris, Wm. M. and S. F. Baird, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc.Phila. I, July, 1843, 283— Ib. Am. Journ. Science,

April, 1844.— Audubon, Birds Amer. VII, 1844, 341 ; pi 490.
Tyrannulapusilla, (Swainson) Reimhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. for 1853 1854,82. — GLOCER,|Cab. Jour. 1854, 426.
Empidonax hypoxanthus, Baird, '(Provisional name for eastern specimens.)
Empiilonax dijficilisy Baird, (Provisional name for western.)

Sp. Ch. — Second, third, and fourth quills nearly equal ; first intermediate between fifch and sixth. Tail nearly even, slightly
rounded. Tarsi long. Above bright olive green ; (very similar to the back of Ftreo novehoracensis ;) crown rather darker.
A broad yellow ring round the eye The sides of the head, neck, breast and body, and a band across the breast like the back,
but lighter ; the rest of the lower parts bright sulphur yellow ; no wlilte or ashy anywhere on the body. Quills dark brown ;
two bands on the wing formed by the tips of the primary and secondary coverts, the outer edge of the first primary and of the
secondaries and tertials pale yellow, or greenish yellow. The tail feathers brown, with the e.\terior edges like the back. The
bill dark brown above, yellow beneath. The feet black. In the autumn the colors are purer, the yellow is deeper, and the
markings on the wings of an ochry tint. Length, 5.15 inches ; wing, 2.83 ; tail, 2.45.

JIab. — Eastern United States generally. Probably replaced on the Pacific by a closely allied species.

This species is thick set in form ; the wings long, reaching as far as the middle of the tail,
or to the end of the upper coverts. The relative proportions of the second, third, and fourth
quills vary somewhat ; the third is, however, mostly a little the longest. The first is generally
a very little longer than the sixth ; considerably shorter than the fifth ; it is about .40 shorter
than the longest, which exceeds the secondaries by about .65 of an inch. The tail featliers are
rather narrow, and ratlier acute ; the lateral ones a little shortest. The bill is rather broad.

This species is about the size of U. minimus, though rather stouter. The bill is broader ;
the colors are different, minimus not having the bright olive green of tbe back and yellow of
the under parts, even on the throat, which instead is whitish. In respect to color, flaviventris
differs materially from all our North American species.

This species differs from some North American flycatchers in not having the uppermost tarsal
scutellae to envelope the outside of the bone, but reach only half way round, where the edge of
another series is seen opposite the first. The lower scales, however, follow the usual rule.
There is no naked space on the inner face of the tarsus.

Although the specimens from the west coast are not sufficiently perfect to allow of a full
criticism, I am inclined to think that they are really distinct, and' that they will not constitute
almost the single exception to the fact that no flycatcher is common to both east and west
coasts. The colors are lighter, and duller ; the olive more yellowish, and the bands and
edges of the wings narrower and less distinct. The forehead has a peculiar hoary appearance.
The first quill is intermediate between the sixth and seventh, and half an inch less than the
longest ; the second considerably shorter than the fourth. . In Jlavivenlris the first is rather
longer than the sixth ; the second and fourth equal. In view of all these circumstances, there-
fore, it may be well to give it provisionally a new name, and none would be more appropriate
than that of Empidonax difficilis.

Tlie Muscicapa flaviventris of Vieillot (Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 70) is clearly distinct in the
larger size, rufous tinge above, absence of yellowish on the throat and breast, etc. Wliat the
species really is is not well ascertained, nor whether it actually belongs to tliis group. It is
spoken of as inhabiting St. Domingo. Should it prove to be of the same genus the present
species may be called hypoxanthus in allusion to the yellow of the under parts.

BIRDS — TYRANNINAE — EMPIDONAX HAMMONDII.

199

That this species is not the T. pusilla of Swainson is sufficiently evident from the fact that
the bands on the wing in the hitter are said to he grayish wliito, the throat asli gray, a whitisii
ring round tlie eye, &'C.; all tliese parts in Jiaviveiilris being strongly tinged with yellowisli.
The proportions of the quills, too, are diUcrent.

1 have quoted Tyrannula pusilla of Reiulmnlt and (ilogL'r, a species capturni in hsfjl) in the
Godthaab district of Greenland, as coming much nearer to tlie present species tlmn to i^us'dla
of Swainson.

Cmal. Sex.
No.

Locality.

VVIivn collected.

1

I9SI

2972
<2352
S3JI
SM)
24a8
230a

5!»0

7i43

7099

Raynor Sound. Long Inland.

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

WcM Nontifield, Illinois) , ..

Racine, WijJconsin

Fort Sleilacooin

^hoalwater Day

Fort Tejon, California

Coban

Au«. 4, 1831
May 24, 184.1
May 18, 1843
May 18, 1846
May 26, 1845
do

do

Sept. 4, 1845
May — , IM.'i
May 19, 18&S

July 4, 1854

Whence obtained.

Original Lengtli.
No.

S. K. Baird

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

R. Kennicott

do

Dr. Cooper

do

J. Xantus dc Vesey.

,M. Verreaux

32613

S.16
5.50
5.60
5.41
5.54
5.25
5.25

5.60
5.50

Extent.

Wing.

8.83

8.25

9.

8.08

8.58

8.50

8.

2.83
2.50
2.75
2.50
2.75
2.58
2.58

8.50
8.50

Iris Brown.,
Iris brown.

EMPIDONAX HAMMONDII, Baird.

Tyrannula Aaminondit, De Veset, Pr. A. N. Sc. May, 1858.

Sp. Cn. — Tail moderately forked ; the feathers acutely pointed. Third quill longest ; second and then fourth a little shorter.
First much shorter than fifth, a little longer than si.xth. Hill very slender, dark brown. Above dark olive green, consider-
ably darker on the head. Breast and sides of the body light olivo green, the throat grayish white; the rest of under
parts bright sulphur yellow. A whitish ring round the eye. Wings and tail dark brown ; the former with two olivaceous gray
bands across the coverts; the latter with tlie outer edge a little paler than elsewhere, but not at all white. Length, 5.50;
wing, 2.80 ; tail, 2.50 ; tatsus, .G".

llab. — Vicinity of Fort Tejon to Los Angeles.

In this species the olive green on the sides is scarcely distinguishable from that on the back,
although becoming more yello.w on the middle of tlie breast. There is a decided ashy shade on
the whole head. The only light edging to the i^uills is seen on the terminal half of the
secondaries. The upper mandible and feet are black; the tip of the lower (and in one specimen
the whole) dark brown. The fork of the tail measures a quarter of an inch in depth ; the
longest quill exceeds the first by .40.

This species is at once distinguishable from all the North American Tyrannulas, except
dbscurus, by the extreme narrowness of the bill. This is only .25 of an inch wide at the
posterior angle of the mouth, and only .19 at the nostrils. Its colors above are those of
acudicus, while the general efl'ect is much more that of Jlaviventris, although less briglitly
olive. The throat is grayish, not of the same yellow with the belly ; the ring round the eye
white, not yellow ; the olive of the breast much more continuous and distinct ; the bands on
the wings dull grayish instead of clear greenish yellow. The tail, instead of being nearly
even, is quite deeply forked. The bill is scarcely half as wide, and brownish, not yellow,
beneath. The tarsus has the same peculiar scutellation.

Tiie differences from T. obscurus are less easily expressed. It is, however, considerably

200

U. S, p. E. R. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

smaller, and more olivaceous above and below ; tbe tarsi very mucb sborter ; the most tangible
cbaracter is seen in the absence of the white on the outer web of the external tail feather,
which is only a little paler brown than elsewliere.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Grig. No.

7236

9

Moaterey, Cal, _..__ ._...

W. Hutton

10079

Fort Tejon, Cal

803

10080

. do

do

652

EMPIDONAX OBSCURUS, Baird.

?Tyrannultt obscurrt, Swainson, Syn. Mex. Birds, in Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 367.

Sp. Ch. — Bill very narrow. Tarsi long. Second, third, and fourth quills longest ; first shorter than sixth. Tail rounded.
Above dull brownish olive, paler on the rump, tinged with gray on the head. Loral region and space round the eye whitish.
Throat and fore part of the breast grayish white, slightly tinged with olive across the latter ; the rest of the under parts pale
yell )wish. Wings and tail brown ; the former with two conspicuous bands of brownish white ; the outer primary edged, the
secondaries and terlials edged and tipped with the same. The outer web of the external tail feather white, in strong contrast.
Length, 5.75 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.55 ; tarsus, .70.

Hub. — Rocky mountains of Texas.

In this species tbe primaries are about .55 of an inch longer than the secondaries ; the first
quill about .35 of an inch shorter than the longest. There is a decided tendency to grayish
•white edgings to tbe quill and tail feathers.

The most decided cbaracter of this species is seen in the combination of the narrow bill and
tbe white outer margin of tbe external tail feather, together with the long tarsi. The colors
are otherwise much like those of minimus and iraillii ; tbe yellow beneath is, however, more
ochraceous. The bill measured across opposite the middle of the nostrils is less than half its
length from the forehead, instead of being considerably more, as in nearly all the other North
American species, except hammondii.

The only description I can find which applies approximately to this species is that of T.
obscura of Swainson, Syn. birds Mexico, in Philos. Magazine, 1827, No. 10, which is stated to
be: "Above olive gray, beneath yellowish white; wings short, brown, with two whitish bands;
tail brown, even, with a pale yellow margin. Length, 5.25 ; bill nearly .70 ; wings and tail,
2.50 ; tarsi, .GO." Tbe present species agrees in the white margin of the tail, but the under
parts are gray anteriorly; the tail slightly rounded; the wings 2.75 inches; the tarsi .70,
and thus mucb longer ; the bill only .50. Tbe differences of measurement may, liowever,
be more accidental and real, and the smaller size the result of the more southern locality on
the table lands of Mexico. For the present, therefore, I retain the name obscurus, but should
this prove distinct, shall claim that of E. wrighlii, the discoverer, by which I had provisionally
designated it.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

7231
7237

;f 7 MX P,.o.. Ti.vaa

C. Wright

5.75
6. .-J?

8 62
8.60

2.76

3

do

do

do

2.87

BIHDS — TYRANNINAE — PYROCEPHALUS RUBIKEUS. 201

PYROCEPHALUS, Gould.

Pyrocephalua, Gould, Zool.'of Bcngle, 1838, 44.

Ch. — Tarsus modoratc, vory liltio longer than the middle toe ; hind too not longer than the lateral. Bill slender, very
narrow at the base. Tail broad, even, considerably shorter than the wings, (about fuur-fiflhs,) which reach beyond the middle
of the tail. First quill shorter than the tiflh. Head with a conspicuous rounded crest. Sexes dissimilar. Male with the
crown and beneath red ; tail, back, and wings brown.

Tliis genus is shaped something like Saxicola. Its single North American species is readily
distinguished among other flycatchers hy the bright red of the under parts.

PYROCEPHALUS RUBINEUS, Gray.

Red Flycatcher.

" .Vusricopa ruiiiitiis, Bodoaert, Tableau des PI. Enl. BufTon, 1783, 42."

PijTccephalus rubineus. Gray, Genera, 1. 2.50 Lawrekce, Annals N. Y. Lye. V, May, 1851, 115 Cassik, III I, it

1853, 127; pi. xvii."
Muscicapa coronala, Gmelis, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 932.— Wagler, Isis, 1831, 529.
Pyroeephalus nanus, Wooduodse, SItgrcave's Report, 1853, 75.

Sp. Ch. — Head with a full rounded or globular crest. Tail even. Crown and whole under parts briglit carmine red ; rest of
upper parts, including the cheeks as far as the bill, dull dark brown ; the upper tail coverts darker ; the tall almost black >
greater and middle wing coverts and edges of secondaries and tertials dull white towards the edges. Outer web of exterior tail
feather and tips of all the tall feathers whitish.

Female similar, without the crest ; the crown brown, like the back ; the under parts whitish anteriorly, streaked with brown ;
behind white, tinged with red or ochraceous. Length of male, about 5.50 ; wing, 3.25 ; tall, 2.75.

Hab. — Valleys of Rio Grande and Gila southward.

In this species the second, third, and fourth quills are longest ; the first intermediate between
the fifth and sixth. The red tipped feathers are all white in their middle portion. The shade
of red varies with specimens, and in winter the red feathers appear to be tipped with grayish.
The shade of red on the belly of the female varies considerably, sometimes being even of an
ochraceous yellow.

The specimen collected at Quihi, Te.xas, by Dr. Woodhouse, and referred to P. nanus on
account of the very short tail, is moulting, and the tail feathers are not fully grown out.

26 b

202

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

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SUB-ORDER

OSCINES.

Singing Birds.

Ch. — Toes, threo anterior, one behind ; all at the same level, and none versatile, tlio outer anterior never entirely free to
the base. Tail feathers, twelve. Primaries, either nine only, or else the first is spurious or much shorter than the second, making
the tenth. Tail feathers usually twelve. Tarsi feathered to the knee ; the plates on the anterior face either fused into one, or with
diatinct divisions ; the posterior portion of the sides covered by one continuous plate on either side, meeting in a sharp edge behind,
or with only a few divisions inferiorly. Occasionally the hinder side has transverse plates, corresponding in number to the
anterior, but there are then usually none on the sides. Larynx provided with a pecuhar muscular apparatus for singing,
composed of five pairs of muscles.

The preceding diagnosis, mainly derived from Dr. Cabanis, expresses the chief characteristics
of such land birds as are provided witli a peculiar apparatus for producing song. Birds of other
orders may have more or less agreeable notes, but it is among the Oscines that we find tlie
delightful and varied melody we are accustomed to consider as the "singing" of birds. It is,
indeed, seldom, as Cabanis justly remarks, that so great a change has been produced in the sys-
tematic arrangement of a class by the discovery of a single fact, as has been the case in orni-
thology since the announcement that some birds have a peculiar mu.scular vocal apparatus,
denied to others. It is to Cabanis himself, however, that is chiefly due the merit of having been
among the first to discover appreciable external characters corresponding to these anatomical
peculiarities, and of defining the boundaries of the families as rearranged.

The most natural arrangement of the Oscines, or singing birds, is a matter of much uncer-
tainty, and can only be settled by the careful examination, external and internal, of a great
number of types. As the birds of North America lack representatives of many sub-families,
and even of families, I have done little more than to follow Dr. Cabanis in his Ornithologische
Notizen,' and Museum Heineanum, making here and there a slight transposition where it seemed
necessary. The characters of some of the families, and of nearly all the sub-families, I have
been obliged to work out for myself, owing to the very meagre indications given by the above
mentioned author.

According to Cabanis, the fusion of all the scutellae of the tarsus into one continuous envelope
without indications of division, <called "boot" by the German ornithologists,) is to be con-
sidered as indicating the highest type of ornithological structure, and the position of the different
families and genera in the scale, to he mainly regulated by their approach to this character.
With this, however, are to be combined the hints afforded by the greater or less development of
the first primary, the elevation in rank being also, to a considerable degree, proportional to the
tendency to a reduction of this quill in size, and to its gradual suppression entirely.

The families of North American Oscines embrace a large proportion of those that have been
established ; but some have no representatives whatever, such as the typical Mwscicapidae, the
Nedarinidae, the Melliphagidae, the Ploceidae, the Sturnidae, and the Paradiscidae. Many
sub-families are wanting, too, of families which have other representatives.

' Wiegmann's Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte 1847, i, 186,308.

204 U. S. p. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

In preparing the following diagnoses and descriptions of the families, snb-families, and genera
of American Oscines, I have, as already stated, been mainly obliged to make up the characters
for myself by personal examination of the species. Without the time or the immediate oppor-
tunity to extend this criticism to the exotic forms, I have not succeeded as well as I could have
■wished, but it cannot be long before some one will take up the subject on the new basis, and
work out the details into an acceptable system. The work of Burmeister on the birds of Brazil,
containing many original and important remarks on the subject, did not reach me until too late
a period to make the use of it I could have wished, although I have derived many valuable hints
from it.

The following synopsis may serve to facilitate the determination of the families, and a conse-
quent reference to the Jjage where they are described in rather more detail.

A. Primaries, nine. Outer primary nearly as long as, or more than half, the next. Legs
scutellate anteriorly.

a. Commissure straight.

HiRUNDiNiDAE. — Bill Very broad, short, and much depressed ; the culmen less than
half the commissure, which opens to beneath the eye. Rictus smooth. Wings
very long, greatly exceeding the tail ; the first primary longest. Tarsi shorter
than the lateral toes.

Sylvicolidae. — Bill usually slender, conical, elongated, and acute ; or, if broad
and depressed, the culmen more than half the gape or commissure, and the rictus
with bristles. Tarsus always longer than the lateral toes. Wings rather short,
never much longer than the tail. First primary generally shorter than second.

h. Commissure angulated at base.

Fringillidae. — Bill much shorter than the head ; thick, conical, the tip usually

notched, and the rictus with bristles.
IcTERiDAE. — Bill nearly as long as, or longer than, the head, without notch or
bristles.

B. Primaries, ten. First primary very short, (spurious,) the second nearly as long as the
third. Bill, with the culmen gently curved, and the upper mandible notched at tip.

a. Lateral toes about equal. Basal joint of middle toe mostly free internally.

TuRDiDAE. — Tarsi encased in one heavy "boot," without scutellae ; posterior

edge acute ; hind claw curved.
Alaudidae. — Tarsi blunt behind ; scutellate anteriorly and posteriorly, but not
laterally. Spurious primary sometimes wanting. Hind claw long, nearly
straight.
h. Outer lateral toe much longest. Basal joint of middle united throughout.

Certhiadae. — Legs scutellate anteriorly. Hind toe very long. Claw curved.

C. Primaries, ten. The first spurious, sometimes wanting, or less than half the second. Bill,
with both mandibles, abruptly hooked, and conspicuously notched at the tip, with a tooth behind
the notch above.

BoMBYCiLLiDAE. — Bill broad, depressed, weak, moderately hooked. Tarsi shorter

than middle toe.
Laniidae. — Bill narrow, much compressed, and very powerful, strongly hooked.

Tarsus longer than middle toe.

BIRDS — OSCINES. 205

D. Primaries, ten, the first nearly half as long as the second. The hill gently curved and
moderately notclied, or without notch, at the tip.

a. Nostrils uncovered hy bristly feathers.

LiOTKUiiiDAE. — Bill slender, nearly as long as the head, or much longer, gently or
much curved. First quill more than half the second. Basal joint of middle
toe usually free nearly to the base internally, and halfway externally.

b. Nostrils usually covered with bristly feathers.

P.ARiDAE. — i3ase of bill covered with rather broad bristly feathers directed forwards,
with the shaft projecting anteriorly in a simple bristle, or the lateral branches
elongated. Side of tarsi without any groove. Basal joint of middle toe united
to lateral nearly its whole length. Bill mostly without terminal notch. First
primary less than half the second.
CoRViDAE. — Base of bill covered usually with narrow bristly feathers directed for-
wards, with short branches to the very tip. Middle of sides of tarsi with a
groove, usually more or less occupied by a row of small scales. Basal joint
of middle toe united halfway only to the lateral. First primary more than
half the second. Bill mostly notched.
The preceding arrangement is not entirely natural, a less exceptionable order, perhaps, being
that adopted in the succeeding pages, namely, Turdidae, Sylvicolidae , Hirundinidae, Bomhy-
ciUidae, Laniidae, Liotrichidae, CertMadae, Paridae, Alaiididae, Fringillidae, Icteridae, and
Corvidae. It must be always borne in mind that one set of characters alone is rarely sufficient
to establish zoological rank, but rather the varying combination of several sets. The grouping
of the families of Oscines, as of other orders, will vary greatly with any change in the points of
reference adopted. Thus, as to the character of the tarsus, it is very long in Tardus and Saxi-
cola, and in most Liotrichidae ; short in BombyciUidae, and excessively short in the swallows.
The lateral toes are generally nearly equal, but they are very unequal in the Certhiadae. The
basal joint of the middle toe is sometimes nearly free internally, and united externally by the
basal third, as in Turdus, Geothlypis, and the BombyciUidae. In Itegulus, Sialia, and Cinclus,
the union externally is about one-half, while in Myiodioctes and Icteria it is nearly complete.
In Toxostoma, Mimus, and Troglodytes, the union of this basal joint externally is about one-half,
internally about one-third. In Campylorhynchus, Catherpes, and Thryothorus, the union is
nearly two-thirds on both sides. In Salpinctes and Lanius it is nearly complete externally.
In the Certhiadae, Paridae, and, to some extent, in Vireo, the union of this basal joint is almost
complete on both sides.

As already stated, the tarsus is entirely without scutellae in the thrushes or in Turdus,
Begulus, Sialia, Cinclus, &c., as also in Myiadestes. In all tlie others it is scutellate or divided
into broad plates anteriorly ; but in Icteria, Geothlypis, Myiodioctes, and Chamaea, there are no
plates visible on the outer side at all, the division only commencing on the extreme anterior face,
or towards its inner edge. The same is the case in Helmitherus swainsoni, and Seiurus nove-
boracensis, but in S. aurocapillus the plates are more evident. In all the others the scutellae
are well defined externally, near the median line of the outer side. The rest of the surface is
generally undivided, each side being completed by a single plate, the two uniting behind in a
sharp edge. Sometimes there is a tendency to division on the sides of the tarsi below, and in
in Corvidae there is a row of small scales on the middle of one or both sides. In Lanius
horealia and Ampdis garrvlua there is a tendency to scales behind and on the sides, inferiorly,

206 U. S. p. R, R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

below. The peculiar condition of the posterior scutellae in Alaudidae will he found detailed
hereafter. In none of these deviations from the highest character in the exhibition of lateral
or posterior scales, however, is there any approach to the peculiarities of the Tracheophonea,
and the first primary is always either short, spurious, or wanting.

It is unnecessary to follow the bill or the tail through its modifications, as the characters of
both are of secondary importance, and only available for purposes of generic distinction.

BIRDS — TOKDIDAK. 207

Family TUllDIDAE.

Primaries Icn, of which Iho first is always very short, the second nearly equal to the longest, (except in liej^ulinae.) Wings
• thor long. Tarsi usually rather long, without scutellao, or else having thom indistinctly visible at the lower end ulono.
Basal joint of middle toe united by \U basal two-thirds to the outer, and by basal half to the inner toe. Lateral toes about
equal. Bill notched at tip.

The chief characteristics of this family are found in the association of a dentirostral bill, with
legs destitute of scutellae or divided scales anteriorly, together with the very short or spurious
first, and the rather long second primary. The Korth American species all have the tail short
and rather even, or emarginate.

The following is a synopsis of the sub-families :

TuRDiNAE. — Nostrils oval. Bristles along the base of the bill from gape to
nostrils; those of rictus not reaching beyond nostrils. The loral feathers with
bristly points. Second quill longer than sixth. Outer lateral toes longer. Wings
long.
Eegulin.ae. — Nostrils oval. The frontal feathers elongated ; their bristl shafts
with the rictal bristles extending beyond the nostrils, the former scale-
like. Points of loral feathers bristly. Second quill shorter than sixth. Size
very small.
CiNCUNAE. — Nostrils linear. No bristles whatever about the rictus, nor bristly
points to the loral and frontal feathers. Legs longer than head, reaching
beyond the tip of the tail. Body stout ; the wings and tail very short.

Sub-Family TURDINAE.

The family of Turdinae, as constituted in the previous synopsis, entirely excludes the
mocking birds belonging to the genera Mimua, Toxostoma, &c. The true place of the last
mentioned forms is very near the wrens, as insisted upon by Cabanis.

The introduction of Sialia and Saxicola into this sub-family, instead of among the Saxico-
linae, is contrary to the usual custom of ornithologists. I, however, am unable to appreciate
any differences between it and Tardus, otlier than those of generic value, and, at any rate, they
are all sufficiently allied to permit them to be combined.

The genera to be referred to here are Tardus, Saxicola, and Sialia. The chief diagnostic
characteristics of these are as follows :

TuKDUS. — Tarsi long, exceeding the middle toe; wings reaching to the middle of
the tail; which is about four-fifths the length of the wings. Bill stout; its
upper outline convex toward the base. Second quill shorter than fifth.
Saxicola. — Tarsi considerably longer than the middle toe, which reaches nearly
to the tip of the tail. Tail sliort, even; two-thirds as long as the lengthened
wings, which reach beyond the middle of the tail. Second quill longer than
fifth. Bill attenuated ; its upper outline concave towards the base.
Sialia. — Tarsi short; about equal to the middle toe. Wings reaching beyond the
middle of the tail. Bill thickened.

208 U. S. p. B. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

TURDUS, Linna3us.

Turdus, LiNN.Eus, Systema Naturae, 1735. (Type T. riscirorus, fide G. R. Gray.)

Bill ratlier stout ; commissure straight to near the tip, wliich is quite abruptly decurved, and usually distinctly notched;
culmcn gently convex from base. Bill shorter than the head ; both outlines curved. Tarsi longer than the middle toe. Lateral
toes nearly equal ; outer longer. Wings much longer than th3 tail, pointed ; the first quill spurious and very small — not oue-
fourth the length of longest. Tail short, nearly even, or slightly emarginate.

The essential characters of the true thrushes appear to consist in the long tarsi, without
distinct scutellae ; the long pointed wings, with rather short second quill and the spurious
primary ; and the moderately short, even tail. There are, however, several distinct groups
among them, of which these in the followiug synopsis belong to North America.

The Turdus naevius of authors is quite dilFerent from the other species in the more slender
bill, longer gonys, and absence of any notch in the bill. The general appearance is, however,
so thrush-like that I cannot see any reason for transferring it to a separate family, as Bonaparte
has done. The structure of its bill assimilates it to Toxostoma ; but it dilFers in shorter bill,
even tail, booted tarsi, and long wings. The first primary is shorter also, though longer than
in Turdus.

There are few species of North American birds the synonymy of which has been in such a
state of confusion as the small thrushes. Of these there may now be considered as well estab-
lished T. mustdinus , fuscescens, lislulatus, siuainsonii, oliciae, pallasii, and nanus, to wliich may
possibly have to be added T. silens of Swainson, coming between swainsonii and pallasii. In
regard to mustdinus there has been no difficulty, the only synonym of note being melodus of
Wilson. The case is, however, very different with the rest, and a brief sketch of the history
of each species may not be out of place. It will be well to state, as a preliminary, that Turdus
fuscescens and ustulatus have the upper parts throughout of a uniform reddish brown, without
any shade of olive, the throat and breast brownish yellow ; the former species with very
obsolete spots in these regions, lighter than the ground color above ; the latter with the spots
more distinct, and darker than the back. T. siuainsonii has the back uniform olive brown, with
a shade of green ; the breast with distinct nearly black spots ; the sides of head and the breast yel-
lowish red. T. aliciae similar, but the sides of head gray, the breast white. T. pallasii and namts
have the back brown, with a faint tinge of reddish ; but the rump, upper coverts, and tail are
quite foxy, considerably different from the back. The under j)arts are decidedly spotted. T.
nanus is considerably the smaller of the two ; the color beneath purer ; the sides bluish ash, rather
than yellowish biown. T. silens, if really distinct from T'. pallasii, is larger and more oliva-
ceous on the back, with the same contrast of color on the tail. The Turdus fuscescens was
described improperly by Wilson as T. mustelinus. Stephens, in 1817, first detected the error,
and called the species T. fuscescens, which name, however, remained unnoticed until brought
to light by Gray in the Genera of Birds. Bonaparte, in 1824, gave the name of loilsonii, by
which the species has generally been known. Swainson, in the Fauna Boreali Americana,
calls it T. minor after Gmelin, and applies the name loilsonii erroneously to T. siuainsonii.
The Turdus minor of Gmelin, in fact, applies in part to this species, but also includes characters
of J. swainsonii, having been compounded of the descrijitions of the little thrush of Latham and
the little thrush of Pennant. He sui)posed them to be merely two different descriptions of one
species, whereas that of Latham belonged to fuscescens, (" above reddish brown or clay color,
breast yellowish, with dusky spots,") and that of Pennant to 2'. swainsonii, (" above uniform

BIRDS — TUKPIDAE — TDRDUS. 209

brown, breast witli large brown spots.") Tho large brown spots are not found in fuscescens.
Gmelin describes T. minor as "spadicetw!, peclore Jlavicante, maculis atria," (reddish brown, breast
yellowish with black spots.) His name is, therefore, clearly to be set aside in the further discus-
sion of the question.

I have not now the means of verifying the accuracy of the reference of Turdus parvus of
Selgimann to this species, made by me many years ago ; but if correct, then this name may have
to take precedence, unless a true Turdus parvus had been previously described.

Turdus uslulatus of Nuttall has been mentioned alone by him, and has no synonyms, as far
as I can ascertain. By a typographical error the name was printed cestulatus.

By a remarkable oversight the olive-backed thrush, {T. sivainsonii,) though well known to
all of the more recent school of American ornithologists, was not described by either Wilson or
Audubon. It was given by Swainson as Merula ivilsonii, erroneously 8up{)0sing it to be the
species referred to by Bonaparte under this name. His figure of M. solitaria is very probably
this same species. The figure given by Wilson to accompany his description of Turdus solitarius
(pallaaii) unquestionably belongs to T. swainsonii. As pi:eviously stated, the T. minor of Gmelin
applies in part to this species ; that of Vieillot to this species, in conjunction with T. pallasii.

In the latter part of 1843 Mr. Giraud, a leading American ornithologist, and author of
several important works, published the species as Turdus olivaceus ; and Dr. Brewer, without
knowing the fact, gave it the same name in 1844. This has really priority, unless the Turdus
brunneus of Boddaert, based on PI. enlura. 550, fig. 2, be really and incontestibly the present
species, as claimed by Gray in the Genera of Birds. The term olivaceus, however, had pre-
viously been used by Linnjeus and Boddaert, as well as by Lichtenstein and others, in connexion
with thrushes, and cannot be retained, unless these are shown to belong to genera other than
that of the present species. Not having access at present to the Planches enluminees, I am
unable to discuss the value of Boddaert's name.

In Tschudi's Fauna Peruana, jjublished between 1844 and 1846, Cabanis gives accurate
diagnoses of the American thrushes, showing their relations to each other, although in this he
had been anticijjated by Dr. Brewer in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History for July, 1844. He there applies the name of T. swainsonii to the olive-backed species,
which, in tlie present state of our knowledge of the question, must be retained.

The Turdus pallasii of Cabanis — T. solitarius of Wilson — first received a distinctive name in
Wiegmann's Archiv, in 1847. Wilson's name had previously been employed by Linnajus and
others for a different thrush. The species was at first called T. minor by Bonaparte and Audu-
bon, erroneously supposing it to be tlie bird referred to by Gmelin ; in their later works, how-
ever, these authors took Wilson's name. In the article already referred to in Fauna Peruanaj
Cabanis identified this species with Muscicapa guttata of Pallas, which, however, he afterwards
found to be distinct.

The Merula silens of Swainson, if really identical with the present species, will take priority
over Cabanis' name ; but I am inclined to consider it distinct for reasons named elsewhere.

The remaining species was named and described by Audubon as Turdus nanus. In his
article in the Fauna Peruana, Cabanis considered the Turdus aonalaschka of Gmelin and Musci-
capa guttata of Pallas as young birds of the Turdus solitarius of Wilson. The locality —
Russian America — and the small size clearly indicate that the names, if belonging to either,
apply to the dwarf rather than to the hermit thrush. In the Muscicajja guttata of Pallas it is
difiicult to recognize even a young bird of this species — in the " body brown above, spotted
27 b

210 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

with j'ellow ; beneath pale, variegated with black. Tail rufous. Rump rufous yellow, with
transverse brown bands. Wings sparsely dotted. Breast white, with transverse bands of
black. Length to the rump, 3^ inches ; tail, 2 inches 7 lines ; wing, 3 inches 5 lines. Kodiak."
The Tardus aonalaschha of Gmelin, based on a bird the " size of a lark, crown and back brown,
marked with obscure dusky sjiots ; breast yellow, spotted with black ; wing coverts, prime
quills, and tail dusky, edged with testaceous ; hab. Aonalaschka, cabinet of Sir Joseph Banks,"
of Latham and Pennant might possibly refer to a young bird of the present species ; but in the
entire uncertainty in the case, and the possibility of their having some one of the similarly
colored American sparrows before them, it may be best to retain Mr. Audubon's name.

SYNOPSIS OF SUB-GENERA AND SPECIES.

ToRDUS. — Tarsi elongated, considerably longer than the middle toe ; the scutellae not
distinguishable. Tail feathers acuminate. Bill distinctly notched. Above plain olive or
reddish, beneath white ; the breast spotted.

Rufous brown above, much brightest towards the head, becoming olivaceous on the tail ;
pure white beneath, thickly spotted on the whole breast and sides with blackish.

mustelinvs.

Yellowish olive above, becoming decidedly rufous on the rump and tail. Beneath white,

scarcely more yellow anteriorly ; breast with well defined spots like the back. Tibiae

and sides yellowish olive brown .pallasii.

Similar to the last, but smaller ; the under parts purer white ; the tibiae and sides

grayish olive brown nanus.

Similar to pallasii, but larger ; the back greenish, not yellow olive, passing into reddish

on the tail silens.

Above uniform yellowish red ; throat and jugulum decidedly yellowish, the latter with

very obsolete spots fuscescens.

Similar to the last, but more yellow olivaceous above, and the jugulum distinctly marked

with spots like the back ustidalus.

Above greenish olive, not appreciably lighter on the tail. Sides of the head with the
breast and throat strongly tinged with reddish yellow, and a ring of the same round

the eye. Breast with very distinct spots of dark brown swainsonii.

Above greenish olive, not appreciably lighter on the tail. Sides of the head ashy ; ring
round the eye, with the thro.at, and breast white. Breast with very distinct spots

of dark brown, almost black aliciae.

Planisticus. — Body stout ; tarsi not much longer than the middle toe, the scutellae somewhat
visible on the inside below. Tail feathers rather truncate. Bill distinctly notched. Above
plain olive ; throat and chin alone white, streaked with black ; breast rufous.

Above grayish olive ; top of head and the tail blackish. Beneath reddish brown ; the

anal region and crissum, with eyelids, white migratoriua.

IxoREUS. — Bill slender, elongated, nearly as long as the head ; commissure curved ; tip
without any notch. Scutellae not distinguishable. Claws larger than in I'lanislicus. First
primary about one-fourth the longest. Tail feathers acuminate. Throat and under parts
entirely unspotted.

Above dark plumbeous ; beneath reddish brown, with a pectoral band of black ; wings
varied with reddish brown, and a strijte of the same behind the eye naeviua.

BIRDS — TUBDIDAE — TURDUP.

211

Comparative measurements of species.

Caltt.
No.

Specie*.

Locality.

^cx an(!
age.

1

Lcngtti .

Sirotcll
of wings.

Wing.

TaU.

TarsuB.

Middle
too.

llM claw
alono.

niii

above.

Along
gape.

Specinirn inea-
nurrd.

1569
do.
1570

Turdus muilclinu...

CailUlc, Pa

do

<?

7. SO
8.08
7.10
8.08
4.3«
7.14
6.80
7.50
6. SO
6.10
7.16
6.. 56
6..'iO
6.34
6.64
7.50
6.50
7.08
7.20
6.54
7.00
6.06
6.50
6.80

7.00
6.70
7.30

7.80

7.10
7.25
9.04
9.30
9.75
9.30
9.00
8.70

13.41
13.58

11.83

11.50

13.58
11.83

12.50
11.50

11.00

12.35

16.25

14 50

4.06
4.25
4.30
4.41
2.96
4.02
3.80
3.83
3.70
3.64
3.66
3.53
2.56
3.34
4.00
4.35
3.68
3.75
3.70
4.00
4.16
3.60
3 56
3.84

3.06

1.28

1.02

0.34

0.72

1.04

Dry

Crcsh

Jo

do

9

3.30

1.20

0.98

0.34

0.68

0.98

Dry

do.

do

, , do

Fresh

do

Indopendence, Mo..

o

1.40
3.20
3.36

1.14
1.18
1.16

0.90
0.90
0.83

1.98
0.22
0.22

0.50
0.60
0.58

0.68
0.78
0.84

Dry

Tunlus Kilens?

Turdus p:Ula»U

Jo

Dry

au9'j

Carlisle, Pa

Dry

do

, . , do

Fresh

7591
1375

do

Jo

Wasliingloii, D. 0..

Carlisle, Pa

do

"q ■■

2.90
3.02

1.16
1.16

0.88
0.82

0.23
0.22

0.50
0.54

0.80
0.78

Dry

Dry

do

do ,. , ,

Krcsli

8170

do

9

2.90

1.10

0.84

0.24

0.54

0.82

Dry

Fresh

8168

Turdus nanus

Turdus fufceaccns .
... do

Sncramcnlo Valley.

Oartisle, Pa

do

3.90
3.24

1.08
1.31

0.80
0.90

0.22
0.32

0.53
0.60

0.74
0.84

Dry

SH5
do.

Dry

Fresh

969

do

do

9

3.12

1.13

0.78

0.18

0.54

0.80

Dry

do.

do

do

3040

Turdus usiulatus ..
Turdus swainsonii.

3.04
3.16

1.10
1.10

0.98
0.84

0.20
0.22

0.58
0.50

0.82
0.76

Dry

980
do.

Carlisle, Pa

do

$

Dry

981

do

.... do ...

9

2.90

1.04

0.80

0.20

0.52

0.76

Dry

do.

do

Jo

.... do

Fresh

5657

Rep. Fork, 40 miles

west 01* Riley.
do

<?

3.88

1.06

0.84

0.22

0.44

0.74

Dry

Prcsli

do.

do

7948

Jo

3.74
4.14

4.18

4.08
4.25
5.30
5.20
5.41
4.92

d 7rl

2.94
3.20

8.08

3.28

1.04
1.20

1.10

1.18

0.89
0.92

0.90

0 88

0.24
0 24

0.21

0.22

0.52
0.50

0.56

0.50

0.74
0.76

0.78

0.72

Dry

Dry

Dry

Dry

looe-i

10083

Turdus alicia

W. NorUifield,Cook

county, III.
Kt-niucky, opposite

Cairo. III.

c?

4708

do

do.

do

8144
853

Turdus nugraioriua.
do

Sac. Valley

Carlisle, Pa

do

3

4.46

4.70

1.30
1.24

1.30
l.IO

0.33
0.26

0.84
0.78

1.08
1.07

Dry

Dry

do.

do

Fresh

9814

Turdus niE\iU3

do

Simiahmoo, W. T..
do

S

3.90

1.26

1.16

0.28

0.86

1.04

Dry

do.

fresh

8123

9?

4.8S

3.86

1.28

1.16

0.30

0.88

1.16

Dry

212

U. S. p. E. REXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

TURDUS MUSTELINUS, Gmelin.

Wood Thrush.

Turdus mustelinus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 817. — Latham, Ind. Orn. 11, 1790, 331. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept
II, 18U7, 6 ; pi. Ixii.— NuTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 343.— Addcbon, Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 372 : V, 1839,
• 446 ; pi. 73.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 24 ; pi. 144.— Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 270.
Mcrula mtislellna, Rich. List, 1837.
Turdus mclodus, Wilson, Am. Orn. 1, 1808, 35 ; pi. ii.
Tawny thrush, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 337.

Sp. Ch. — Above clear cinnamon brown, on the top of the head becoming more rufous, on the rump and tail olivaceous. The
under parts are clear white, sometimes tinged with buff on the breast or anteriorly, and thickly marked beneath, except on the
chin and throat and about the vent and tail coverts, with sub-triangular, sharply defined spots of blackish. Tlie sides of the
head are dark brown, streaked with white, and there is also a maxillary series of streaks on each side of the throat, the central
portion of which sometimes has indications of small spots. Length, 8.10 inches ; wing, 4.25 ; tail, 3.05 ; tarsus, 1.2G.

Hab. — Eastern United States to Missouri river ; south to Guatemala

This species is quite stout in form ; the tail is even or very slightly rounded laterally ; the
feathers acuminate. The third and lourth quills are longest ; the second rather longer than
the fifth. The legs are yellow ; the hill brown, hut yellow at the base beneath.

A female specimen has nearly the whole lower parts tinged faintly with bufi".

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Lociilily.

When col- Whence obtained.

lected.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

Keinarks.

1569

Q

9
o

Carlisle, Pa

do

May 28, 1844

do

.. do

S. F. Baird

8.08
8. US

13.43
13.25

4.25
4.43

do

7286

.1 P Kirtinnii . _

8390

Independence, Mo.
do. . .

June23,1857 Wm. M. Vlairaw

96
93

7.75

12.50

4.50

Iris brown, bill

8368

do

do

.... do

black, feet gray.

Fori Pierre

May 3,1855

TURDUS PALLASII, Cabanis.

Hermit Thrnsh.

Turdus pallasii, Cabanis, Wicgmann's Archiv, 1847, I, i, 205. — Ib. Museum Heinoanum, 1850-1, 5.

Turdus solilarius, Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 95, (not of Linnaeus. The figure quoted pi. xliii, fig. 2, belongs to

T. swainsonii.) — Audubon, Synopsis, 1839. — Ib. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 29; pi. 146. — Bonaparte,

List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. Av. 1850, 270.— Brewer, I'r. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1844, 191.
Mtrula solilaria, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 184. (The figure pi. xxxv, probably belongs to T. stoainsonii.) —

ViEiLL. Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 7 ; pi. Ixiii, (in part with sit'otiisonii.)
Turdus minor, Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 72. — Is. Synopsis, 1828, 75. — Nuttall, Man. 1, 1830, 346, — AuD.

Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 303 : V, 445 ; pi. 58.
Turdus guttalus, Cabanis, Tschudi Fauna Peruana, 1844, 6, 18T, (not Muscicapa gultala. Pall.)
? Turdus minimus, Seligmann, Samml. II, 177 ; pi. Ixii.

Sp. Ch. — Fourth quill longest ; third and fourth a little shorter ; second about equal to the sixth ; about .30 of an inch shorter
than the longest. Tail slightly eniurg nato. Above light olive brown, with a scarcely perceptible shade of reddish, passing,
however, into decided rufous on the rump, upper tail coverts, and lail, uiid tu a less degree on the outer surface of the wings.
Beneath while, with a scarcely appreciable t-hudu of paic bull across tliu fure part of the bioast, and somet nics on the throat ;
the sides of the throat and the fore part of the breast with rather sharply defiiieJ stibtriungiilur spots o< dark olive bruwii ; the
sides of the breast with paler and less distinct spots of the same. Sides of the body under the wings of a paler shade than the
back. A whitish ring round the oyo ; ear coverts very obscurely streaked with paler. Length, 7.50 inches; wing, 3.84 ; tail,
3.25; tarsus, 1.16; No. 2092.

llab. — Easlorn North America to the Mississippi river.

BIRDS — TURDIDAE — TTIRDIIS NANUS.

213

Specimens vary somewhat in tlic intensity of the colors above, but the upper coverts and tail
are always conspicuously more rufous than the back, especially at the base of the tail. Tliere
is .sometimes a faint indication of two lighter bars on the tips of the wing coverts. fSonu'times
the under covert.s are tinged with buff. A specimen from Washington (75'Jl) has the back
nearly as bright as in T. wilsouii, and the bands on the wing unusually distinct, but the tail is
conspicuously brighter, as usual.

A Ulexican specimen (No. 7950) received from Mr. Gould, compared with Pennsylvania ones,
is a little more olivaceous on the back, although but little more so than is exhibited by skins
from Carlisle. The wing is longer, however, measuring a little over four inches; the tail,
3.40; the tarsus, 1.18. The lateral toes are shorter and more unequal. The third quill is
longer than the fifth ; the second .10 of an inch longer than the sixth. I am not prepared to
say whether this is more than an extreme case of T. 2mUasii. Should this at any time prove a
distinct species from soUtarius, as it certainly is from nanus, it might bear Swainson's name of
T. silens^ as best agreeing with it, in spite of some discrepancies.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

2092

Q
9

Carlisle

....do

do

-...do

Washington, D. C

Rockport, Ohio

April 11, 1845
April 26, 1845
April 20, 1844
April 10, 1840

S F Baird .

7.50
7.25
7.16

11.83
11.50
11.50

3.83

2146

do

3.75

1375

do

3.66

93
7591

7999

....do

37

J. P. Kirtland

TURDUS NANUS, A u d .

Dwarf Thnish.

Turdus nanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 201 ; pi. 419.— Ib. Birds Amcr. Ill, 1841, 32 ; pi. 147, (Columbia river.)—

Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. I, 1843, 262. ,

? Turdus aonalaschka, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 808.
? 7 .Muscicapa gullata, Pallas, Zool. Rosso. As. II, 1811, 465.
? Aonalaschka Thrush, Latham, Synopsis II, i, 1783, 23.— Pens. Arc Zool. II, 1785, 338.

Sp. Cii. — Similar to 7". pallasii, but smaller. The while of the under parts purer ; the sidea glossed with bluish ash instead
of yellowish olive brown. The tail with a purple tinge. Length, 6.50 ; wing, 3.30 ; tail, 2.90 ; tarsus, 1.10.
Ilab. — Pacific coast of North America, and along valley of Gila to El Paso.

This species, if really distinct, is so closely allied to T. 2Mllasii as to render a separation of
the two exceedingly difficult. There is the same shade of olive on the back, passing into reddish
on the upper coverts and tail, and to a less extent on the wings ; the pale buff tinge of the fore
part of breast and sometimes of throat ; the distinctly defined triangular dusky spots on the
sides of the throat and across the breast ; the less distinct and more rounded spots on the sides
of the breast behind. Comparing typical specimens of the eastern series {T. pallasii) and
the western {T. nanus) the differences appear to be as follows :

'■J^trula siltns, Swainsox, Syn. Birds Mex. in Philosophical Magazine I, 1827, 369.— Ib. F. Bor. Amer. II, 1831.
Length, 7 inches ; bill, .75; wings, 3.75; tail, 3 ; tarsi, 1.

214

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The shade of the back is the same, perhaps a little more olive in T, nanus, in which the
centres of the feathers of the crown are a little more dusky. There is also in nanus a slight
purple tinge in the tail. The under parts show a purer white behind, and the sides, axillaries,
and under wing coverts show a bluish gray tinge rather than a pale brownish yellow. The
under tail coverts are pure white, without the usual tinge of buff. There is no essential differ-
ence in the proportion of the quills. The tail may possibly be more rounded in nanus.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Wing.

3895

4483

Santa Clara, Cal

Dr Cooper » . . « .

C.50
7.00

9.25

5943

do

Nov. 1865

do

10.50

8168

9

Sacramento valley

Mimbres to Rio Grande- --

do

Lt. Williamson

Dr. T. C. Henry

8169

8170

May 8, 1851

C. Wright

6. 80

2.56

TURDUS FUSCESCENS, Stephens.

Wilson's Thrush.

Turdus fuscescens, Stephens, Shaw's Zool. Birds, X, i, 1817, 182.— Gray, Genera, 1849.

Turdus vmslelinus, Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 1819, 98 ; pi. 43, (not of Gm.)

Turdus wilsonii, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 73, (not of Swainson.)— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 271.— Nutt. Man. I,

1832, 349.— Ann. Orn. Biog. 11, 1834, 362 : V, 446 ; pi. 1G6.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 27 ; pi.

145.— Brewer, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. I, 1844, 191.— Cabanis, in Tschudi Fauna Peruana, 1844-

'46, 205.
Turdus minor, Gm. I, 1788, 809. (From Pennant and Latham, compounded of this and T. swainsonii.) — D'Orbignt,

De la Sagra's Cuba, Birds, 47 ; pi. v.
Merula minor, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. IT, 1831, 179, (plate that of swainsonii.)
Turdusiliacus carolinensis , Brisson, II, 1760, 212.
? Turdus parvus, (Edw.) Seligmann, Simml. VIII, 1775, pi. ixxxvi.
• lAttk Thrush, Latham, Synopsis II, i, 1783, 20.

Sp. Ch. — Third quill longest ; fourth a little shorter ; second nearly a quarter of an inch longer than the fiflh. Above, and
on sides of head and neck, nearly uniform liglil reddish brown, with a faint tendency to orange on the crown and tail. Beneath,
white ; the fore part of the breast and throat (paler on the chin) tinged with pale brownish yellow, in decided contrast to the
white of the belly. The sides of the throat and the fore part of the breast as colored are marked with small triangular spots of
light brownish, nearly like the back, but not well defmed. There are a few obsolete blotches on the sides of the breast (in the
white) of pale olivaceous ; the sides of the body tinged with the same. Tibiae white. Tiio lower mandible is brownish only
at the tip. The lores are ash colored. Length, 7.50 ; wing, 4.25 ; tail, 3.20 ; tarsus, 1.20.

IJab. — Eastern North America to the Missouri ; north to fur countries.

This species is well distinguished among the American thrushes by the indistinctness of
the spots beneath, and their being confined mainly to the fore part of tlie breast. In some
specimens there is a faint tendency to a more vivid color on tlie rump, but this is usually like
the back, which is very nearly the color of the rump in T. pallasii.

One specimen (6992) is quite remarkable for the shortness of the bill, which only measures
half an inch above instead of .65 of an inch as in other specimens. I am, however, unable to
appreciate any other difference.

BIRDS TURDIDAE TURDUS USTULATU8.

215

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Loaility.

When collected.

Whence obtjiinod.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

txjiigth.

Stretcli
of wings.

Wing.

989

9

Carlisle Pa.

May 18, 1843
April 16, 1845
May — , 1840

S. F. Baird

7.08
7.50

11.83
11.58

3.75

2145

<lo

do

Re<l river, H. B

4. 25

90

D. Guiin

69

6949

6992

St. Louis, Mo

Moutli Vermilion riv.

May 13, 1857

Lt. Bryan

Lt. Warren .

75

......

W. S. Wood

4713

Dr. Hayden

7.25

11.87

4. 00

TURDUS USTULATUS, Nuttall.

Turdtu ustulalus, Nottall, Mau. Orn. I, (2d ed.) 1S40, 400. Columbia river ; (printed ccstulalus by a typographical
error.)

Sp. Cii. — Third and fourtli quills longest ; second intermediate between fourth and fifth. Tail nearly even. Upper parts
uniform reddish brown, with a faint olivaceous tinge. Fore part of tlie breast tinged with brownisli yellow, becoming paler to
Uie chin ; the remaining under parts are white. The sides of the tliroat and the fore part of the breast with small distinct triangular
spots of well defined brown, much darker than the back ; the sides of the breast more obsoletely spotted, and the sides of the
body washed with ohvaceous yellow brown. The tibiae are yellowish brown. Nearly the whole of the lower mandible, except
the rami, is brown. Lengtb, 7.50 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 3.00 ; tarsus, 1.12.

llab. — Coast region of Oregon and Washington Territories.

This species, iu the entire uniformity in color of its upper plumage, is related to T. swain-
sonii and to T. fuscescens. The former, however, has the upper plumage of a perfectly uniform
dull greenish olive, and the spots in the fore breast are larger and better defined. It has much
resemblance to T. fuscescens. The upper parts^ however, show less red, having this of a faint
olive shade. The spots on the sides of the throat and on the breast are darker and well defined
instead of being rather obsolete ; they are decidedly darker than the ground color above instead
of lighter. The spots on the hinder part of the breast, too, are more distinct ; the axillaries
brownish yellow instead of ash. The tibial feathers are yellowish brown instead of whitish
ash, and the sides of the body more yellowish brown. The color of the tibiae is a strong feature.
The bill and feet are shorter. The olivaceous spots on the hind part of the breast extend nearly
to the central line, and are otherwise quite conspicuous, while in fuscescens there is little or
nothing of this.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

2040

Columbia river

Shoalwater bay May 31,1854

do do

FortSteilacoom, W. T ' Ausr. 2. 18.SC

J. K. Townsend ... ..

8171

Gov. Stevens Dr. Connnr

7.- 26
8.00

7.62

11.75

8172
8173

do

Dr Suckley

do

12.25
11.00

21b'

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

TURDUS SWAINSONII, Cab.

Olive-backed Thrush.

Turdus suainsonii, Cab. in Tscliudi F. Peruana, 1844-'46, 168.--Ib. in V. Homeyer's Rliea, II, 149.— Is. Mus. Hein.

1850, 5. (Siberia.)
? Turdus brvnneus, Boddaert, Tab. PI. enl. 1783, according to Gray in Genera. Based on PI. enl. 556, f. 2.
Turdusminor, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 809. (Combined with T. /usccscens.)— Vieillot, Ois. Am Sept. II, 1807, 7 ;

pi. Ixiii. (Mixed with T. pallasii )— Bon. List. 1838.— Is. Conspectus 1850, 271.
? .' Turdus fuscus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 817. (iVIi.xed with T. muslelinus?)
Txirdus solitarius, Wilson, Am, Orn. V, pi. xliii, fig. 2, i,figure only ) — Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, pi. xxxvi, (figure

only.)
Merula wihonii, Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, (not the figure.)
Turdus olivaceus, Giradd, Birds Long Island, 1843- '44, 92, (not of Linn, or Bodd.) — Brewer, Pr. Bost. Soc. N.

H. July, 1844, 191.
Little Thrush, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 1785, 338.

Sp Ch. — Third quill longest ; second and fiaurth but little shorter, and much longer than the fifth ; (by .35 of an inch.)
Upper parts uniform olivaceous, with a decided shade of green. The fore part of breast, the throat and chin, pale brownish
yellow ; rest of lower parts white ; the sides washed with brownish olive. Sides of the tnroat and fore part of the breast with
sub-rounded spots of well defined brown, darker than the back ; the rest of the breast (except medially) with rather less distinct
spots that are more olivaceous. Tibiae yellowish brown. Broad ring round the eye. Loral region, and a general tinge on the
side of the head, clear reddish buff. Length, 7.00 ; wing, 4.15 ; tail, 3.10 ; tarsus, 1.10.

Hab. — Eastern North America to the Black Hills ; south to Mexico and Peru ; north to Greenland. Accidental in Europe
and Siberia.

This species is at once distinguished from the others hy the perfectly uniform and pure dull
olivaceous shade of its upper parts, most strongly marked and appreciable on the rump and tail.
The throat and breast are, perhaps, more reddish than in any of our species, and the tinge in
the marking on the side of the head is very much more decided than in any other. The spots
on the breast larger than in T. ustulalus, and rather more numerous than in pallasii.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
Mo.

981

»80

!SG3

3639

388

666

6993

6994

^7523

«3fH

4334
5847

4707
4710
8818
8-215
7948

Locality.

Carlisle, Peiin.

do

do

lo

do

do

do

St. Louis, Mo..
do

liidependunce, 1
d.

CaloAflieu Tris!^, La

Rep. Fork, 40 iiiiluB weet

of Fori Hilcy.
Opposite mniith Vermilion

Nabradta

Black Hillii

Fort Laramie, Nebraska..
Mexico

When col-
lected.

May 18, 1843
May 3, 1X45
May 18, 1843
Miiy 16, 1845
May 12, 1846
May, 1841
May 13, 1843
May 15, 1857

do

May. 26, 1857

W^heiice obtained.

S. F.Baird

do

do

do

dn

do

do

Lt. F. T. Bryan..

do

Wm. M. Magraw.
do

18.'i4 G. Wurdrmonn.

Jan. 25 Lt. F. T. Bryan.

May 6, 1856

Sept. 18

Sept. 10, 1857

Lt. Warren

do

do

Dr. J. O. Cooper.
John Uould

Oris.
No.

Collected by-

W. S. Wood.

do

Dr. Cooper ..
do

Dr. ilnydcn.

do

do

6.50
7.63

7.25
6.83
6.75
6.50

7.00
7.50

6.75
7.25
7.12
7.37

Stretch
of wings.

11.50
12.08
12.50
12.50
11.91
12.16
12.

11.25
12.25

11.37
11.87
11.12

la.oo

Wing.

3.75
4.08
4.16
4.U8
3.91

3.75
3.75

4.12
4. 25
4.12
4.00

IrU brown ; bill
black and yel.
lowi feet brown.

Iri< light brown.

lURDS — TURDIIUK TURnUS ALICIAK.

217

TURDUS ALICIAK, 15 a i id

(Jmy-clicckcd Tllr^l^h.

Sp. Cii.— Third quill longest; fourlli nearly einml ; second not niucli longer than tiflli. Above nearly pure dark olive green ;
aides of the head nsli gray ; the chin, throat, and under parts, with ring round the eye, while ; iinrost behind. Sidon of throat
and across the breast wiih arrow-slmpcd tpoU ol' dark plumbeous brown. Sides of body and a.xillurios dull grayish olivaceous.
Tibiae plumbeous ; legs brown. Length, nearly 8 inches ; wing, 4.20 ; tail, 3.20 ; tarsus, 1.15.

Ilab. — Missiasippi region to tlic Missouri.

In this species the most striking feature next to the uniformly olivaceous back is the grayish
ashen character of the heail, and the entire ahsence of any huff tinge of the breast and sides of
the neck. These parts are not of as pure white as the belly, having the faintest possible shade
of yellowish red, but it is barely appreciable, nor is it any more distinct in raising the feathers.
There is the faintest possible shade of reddish in the tail and its coverts above, but this is only
to be observed on a close examination.

This species comes much nearest to Tardus siuainsonii , the olive-backed thrusli, agreeing with
it in the dark greenish olive of the upper surface. Tliis, however, is decidedly darker, and
showing a clearer greenish than usual in the other. The absence of any buff on the throat,
breast, and sides of the head, and the predominating ashy shade on the latter, with a white
ring instead of reddish yellow round the eye, are strong points of distinction. The slight tinge
of reddish yellow in the olivaceous of the sides, the inner surface of the wings, and the
axillars of T. swainsonii, are here replaced by grayish olive. The under mandible is blacker,
and the legs are decidedly dusky instead of yellowish. The bill appears more slender, and the
whole bird is larger.

The best specimens of this species before me are from Illinois, but several from the upper
Missouri belonging to Lieutenant Warren's collection agree with them, and I find no difficulty
in distinguishing them at once from any other North American species by more tangible
characters than arre usually to be found in the small American thrushes. It is barely possible that
it may constitute a variety only of T. swainsonii, but if so it is a very strongly marked one.

The description by Calianis of T. swainsonii in Fauna Peruana expressly dwells on the buff
of the sides of the head and the breast, and consecLuently belongs to the preceding species.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

an.

Locality.

When collect- ' Whence obtained,
ed.

Collected bjr—

Extent.

Stretch
of wing.

Wing.

Remarlts.

10064

""s"

$

a

W. Northfield, III

, Alice Kcnnicott

1008J

4708

Upper MUsouri

Lieut. Warren

Dr. F. V. Hayden..
do

7.25
7.62
7.00
7.50

12.25
12.50
12.50
12.62

4.25
4.12
4.00
4.23

4709

Moutb of Vermilion

do

Mav 8. 1856 do

4713

do

4711

Ho

28 b

218 U. S. r. R. R. EXP. AND SXIKVETS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

TUEDUS (PLANESTICUSi) MIGEATORIUS, Linn.

Robin.

Tuidus niigra/oHiis, LiNNAtus, Syst. Nat. I, 17C6, 292.— Forster, Pliilos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 382.— Vieillot, Ois.
Am. Sept. II, 1807, 5; pi. Ix, l.xi.— Wilson, Am. Dm. I, 1808, 35 -, pi. ii.— DonGiixy, Cab.
Nat. Hist. I, 1830, 133 ; pi. xii.— Brehm, Handbuch Vbg. Deutsch. 1831, 388, (European
spec.)— AuDnBON,Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 190 ; pi. 131 —Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 14 ; pi. 142 —
Bonaparte, Conspectus, 1850, 272. — Newberry, Zool. Cal. and Or. Route, 81 ; Rep. P. R.
R. Surv. VI, 1857.

Merula migratoria, Sw. &. Rich, Fauna Bor. Amer. II, 1831, 176.

Planeslicus viigralorius , Bonaparte. (?)

Turdus canadensis, Brisson, Orn. II, 1760,225.

Sp. On. — Third and fourth quills about equal ; fifth a little shorter ; second longer than si.xth. Tail slightly rounded. Above
olive gray ; top and sides of the head black. Chin and throat white, streaked with black. Eyelids, and a spot above the eyo
anteriorly, white. Under parts and inside of the wings, chestnut brown. The under tail coverts and anal region, with tibiae
white, showing the plumbeous inner portions of the feathers. Wings dark brown, the feathers all edged more or less with pale
ash. Tail still darker, the extreme feathers tipped with white. Bill yellow, dusky along the ridge and at the tip. Length,
9 75 ; wing, 5.43 ; tail, 4.75 ; tarsus, 1.25.

Ilab. — Continent of North America to Mexico.

It is very seldom that specimens exhibit the colors exactly as described. Nearly always in
winter, and in most cases at other times, the rufous feathers are margined with whitish, some-
times quite obscuring the color. The black feathers of the head, too, have brownish edgings.
The white spot above the eye sometimes extends forwards towards the nostrils, but is usually
quite restricted. The white patches on the two eyelids are separated from each other, anteriorly
and posteriorly.

Tlie young bird differs in having the back with transverse blackish bars, the underparta
thickly marked with black in transversely elongated blackish spots. The chin and throat are
white, with a maxillary brown streak only. The shafts of the lesser coverts are streaked with
brownish yellow, and the back feathers with white.

Sometimes, especially in winter specimens, the olive gray of the back is much glossed with
yellowish brown. The shade of rufous beneath varies from light cinnamon to dark chestnut.

I have never seen any approach in any of the many west coast specimens before me to the
Turdus rufojmlliatus of Lafresnaye, said to have been collected at Monterey, California, and
Buspect that this locality is erroneou.s, as many of those given for the collections of the " "Voyage
de la Venus" certainly are. It probably was really taken at Acapulco or elsewhere, on the
southern Mexican coast.

■ PlaruaiUv,s, Bonaparte, Comptes Rcndus, 1854, Notes Orn. Uclattrc, 27. According to Gr.iy «jnonymou8 with CkUofsis,
CabaniB, 18.5(1. (.')

UIKDS — TURDIDAE — TUltDUS NAEVIUS.

219

List cf specimens.

Cil*l.
So.

S«xuid
ago.

Locality.

When col-
lecied.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ol" wing)«

Wing.

Iti-ninrkK.

•3l»l

IJAI
I6J4
7&9S
63S3

6.47

Q

O

"q"

""q"

Q
9

April 11,1645
Nov. 10,1649
A|ml 13,1644
July 15,1644

June iM, 1857

S. P. Bnird

10.58
9.75

10.25
9.46

16.23
10.25
16.50
16

5.33
5.63
5.16
5.33

do

do

""

IVasliington. D. 0....

Indept>ndeiict-', Mo. . .

.. .. do. ....

do

do

'

Wui. M. Magrow

87

9

15.25

S.SS

and feet black.

Republican Pork

do

Oct. 20,18.16
Oct. 21,1836

386
390

W. S. Wood

9.30
10 12
9.50
9.12

11.75

9.50
10

do

do

16

16.75

14
15

5.50
5 25

5.75

4705

Blackbird lim

10 miles norlli of Yel-
low Stone.

Mny20

July —,1856

AUB. 3,1866
Mar. 30,1856

do

do

do

1 do

d3d3

2654

199

19

289

238

W. S. Wood

tM92

Fort Mass. N. M

8146

nr niir.Iflf.i< . _

814B

do

rfo

8ISU

J?

o

do

Gov. Stevens

do

8153

Fort Vancouver

Fell. 3,lKi4
Jan. —,1855

Dr. Cooper

10.75

16

8154

5*^

166

4315

San Francisco

SacraiuentoValIcy,Cal

Winter, 1855

6144

8145

Lieut. Williiunson...

8155

Minibres to Rio Grande

7947

1

TURDUS (IXOREUSO NAEVIUS, amelin.

Varied Thrush.

TurdM naevius, G.melik, Syst. Nat. I, 1763, 617.— Vieili.ot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 10 ; pi. Ixvi.— Audubon, Orn.
Biog. IV, 1838, 489 : V, 1639, 284 ; pi. 3G9 and 433.— Ib. ISircIs Amcr. Ill, 1841, 22 ; pi. 143.—
BoN.\p. Conspectus, 1850, 271.— Cabot, Jour. Best. Soc. N. H. Ill, 1848, 17. (Spec, sliot near
Boston.) — Lawrence, Annals N. Y. Eye. V, June, 1852, 221. (Spec, shot near New York.) —
Newberrt, Zool. Cal. and Or. Route, 81 ; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, iv, 1857.

Orjihetis naevius, Rich, List, 1S37.

Ixoreus naevhis, Eonap. Notes Orn. Delattre, in Comptes Rendus, XXVIll, 1854, 269.

Orpheus meruloiiUs, Rich. Fauna Bor. Ainer. II. 1H31, 167 ; pi. xx.wiii.

Sr. Ch. — Fourth <iuill longest ; third and fifth a little shorter ; second much longer than si.\tli. Tail nearly even ; the lateral
feather shorter. Above, rather dark bluish slate ; under parts generally, a patch on the upper eyelids continuous with a stripe
behind it along the side of the head and neck, the lower eyelids, two bands across the wing coverts and the edires of the quills,
in part, rufous orange brown ; middle of belly white. Sides of the head and neck continuous with a broad pectoral transverse
band, black. Most of tail feathers with a terminal patch of brownish white. Kill black. Feet yellow. Female more olivaceous
above ; the white of the abdomen more extended ; the brown beneath paler ; the pectoral band obsolete. Length, 9.75 inches ;
wing, 5.00 ; tail, 3.90 ; Ursus, 155.

Hab. — Pacific coast North America. Accidental on Long Island and near Boston.

This strongly marked species in general appearance bears a close resemblance to the American

robin, but is readily distinguished by its coloration. In addition to the characters already given,

it may be stated that the axillars are plumbeous, with a white patch at the base ; the under

wing coverts plumbeous, but broadly tipped with white. There is also an obscure whitish patch

' Ixoreus, Bonafabte, Notes Orn. Delattre, 1854, 2C. (Comptes Rendus, X.XVIII, 1854.)

220

U. S p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

at the base of the inner webs of all the quills, except the exterior, corresponding and opposite
to orange brown patches on the outer webs. The sides are tinged with plumbeous ; many of
the feathers margined with this color.

List of specimens.

fatal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collect-
ed.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Ri-inarks.

Port Townsetid, W. T....

do

Jan. 8,1857
do ....

Dr. Geo. Suckley ..

597
596
598

5997
5996

do

do. ....

do

5941
5940
5942
8125
8126
8122
1844
1883
4488
3916
8124

9

March, 1R55
., do

do .. ..

do

do

do

do

do

30
14
14

do

do

do

do

do

9.00
9.25
9.00
9.50
9.50

14.75
15.25
12.75
15.00
15.00

Bill black

do

do

Jan. 30, 1854
Jan. 12, 1854

Fort Vancouver

3
9

'"s"

do ,.,,

Jan. 16, 1836

S. P. Baird

do

. . do

do

Cascade mountains, W.J'.

_

Lieut. WillianiBon..
J. Xanlus de Vesey.

Fort Tejon..di

SAXICOLA, Bechstein.

SaxUola, Bechstein, Gemeinniitzige Naturg. 1802. (Agassiz.) (Type S. oenanthc.)

Ch. Commissure slightly curved to the well notched tip. Culmen concave for the basal lialf, then gently decurving.

Gonys straight. Bill slender, attenuated ; more than half the length of head. Tail short, broad, even. Legs considerably
longer than the head ; when outstretched reaching nearly to the lip of tail. Third quill longest ; second but little shorter. Claws
long, slightly curved ; hind toe rather elongated.

The genus Saxicola^ represented in North America by stragglers of a single European species,
is usually placed far apart from Turdus in ornithological systems, and generally in close
association with Sicdia in a sub-family Saxicolinae. As, however, of the numerous other allied
genera of Saxicolinae in the old world, these two are the only ones found in the new, it will
create no confusion to bring them with Turdus into one sub-iamily, Turdinae, in view of their
really close relationships.

SAXICOLA OENANTHE, Bechst.

stone Chat.

Molacilla oenanllu, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17CG.

" Saxicola ncnimihe, Bechst. Gcmein. Natiirg. 1802," and of European writers, as of Bonap. Consp. 1850, 303.
7Saxicola oenantlmdes, Vigors, Zool. Blossom, 1639, 19, (N. W. coast.)— Cassin, Illust. 1, vii, 1854, 208 ; pi. xxxiv.
(Nova Scotia.)
Sp. Cii.— (Description from European specimen.) Forehead, lino over the eye, and under parts generally, white ; the latter
tinged with pale yellowish brown, especially on the breaft and ihroat. A stripe from the bill througli, below, and behind tlio
eye, vfith the wings, upper tail coverts, bill and feet black. Tail while, v/ith an abrupt band of black (about .60 of an inch
long) at the end, tliis color extending further up on the middle feather. Rest of upper parts ash gray ; quills and greater coverls
slightly edged with whitish. Length, fi.OO ; wing, 3.4.'> ; tail, 2.50 ; tarsus, 1 .11.').

//at. — Greenland. Accidental in northern part of North America. Common in Knropc.

The preceding descriiition is taken from u South European skin of this species, which, in all

BIRDS — ti;kuiuai: — si alia.

2-21

probability, is the same with that considered as peculiar to North America under the name of
S. oenanlhoide-i. The diflereuces are, as far as indicated, merely those of size, the skin described
by Mr. Cassin being (l.oO inches long ; the wing 4.12 ; the tail 3.00 ; the tarsus 1.25. This is,
however, by no means an unusual discrepancy in liirds of remote localities, and until better
characters can be assigned there would seem little propriety in making two species.

The Saxicola oenanthe of Europe is recognized as a regular inhabitant of Greenland, and
those ibund on the main land of America in all probability reach it from that country.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

i

I Len th

1

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Kuropi-

. «. 00

3.65

2.50

1.05

0.75

0.20

0.60

0.80

SIALIA, S w a i n s o 11 .

Sialia, Swainsok, Zool. Jour. Ill, Sept. 1827, 173. (S. tcitsonii.)

Cii. — Bill ehort, Btoul, broader than high at the base, then compressed ; sliclitly notched at tlji. Rictus witli short
bristles. Tarsi not longer than the middle too. Claws considerably curved. Wings much longer than the tail ; the first
primary spurious ; not one-fourtli the longest. Tail moderate ; slightly forked.

The species of this genus are all well marked, and adult males are easily distinguishable. In
all, blue forms a prominent feature.

Above uniform dark blue ; beneath brownish red. Abdomen and crissum white.... siaKs.

General color dark blue above and below ; crissum whitish. A broad patch on the

scapular region (on either side) and on the sides of the breast, brownish red. ..viexicana.

EveryAvhere greenish blue, becoming whitish on the abdomen and crissum arciica.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.

No. I

1389
do.

1383
do.

3907
3908
3706
7604

8890
do.

Species.

Locality.

Sialia ^ialis Carlisle, Fenn..

do dn

.do.

,(lo..

do do

Sialia mcxicana California

do do

Sialia macroptcra, (Baird) .. Salt Lake City. ..

Sialia arciica Mimbrci to Rio

Grande.

do ni.ick Hills

do do

Length.

6.16
6.75
6.22
6. SO
6.44
6.40
7.16
6.26

6.80
7.00

Stretch
of wings.

12.50

13.00

13.2.-)

Wing

2.88

2.72

2.80
2.66
3.18
3.04

Tarsus.

0.80
O.tO

0.80
0.76
0.86
0.87

0.78

Middle :its cinw Bill
toe. ' alofic. above.

0.80 0.22 0.44

0.82 I 0.21

0.76
0.78
0.82
0.76

0.22 0.46

0.26 I 0.40

0.18 0.5U

0.22 0.53

0.78 0..a 0.50

Along
gape.

0.76

Specimen
measured.

Dr)-....
Fresh..
Dry. . . .
Fresh .

Dry

Dry....

80 ' Dry..
76 I Dry..

1.74 1 Dry'...

.... Fresh .

* Legs broken ; poor specimen.

222

U. S. p. E R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

SIALIA SIALIS, Baird.

Bine Ilird; Red-breasted Blue Bird.

jMolucilla sialis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. X, I, 1758, 187. — Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, !)89.

Sylvia sialis, Latham, Index Cm. II, 1790, 522.— Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 40 ; pi. ci, cii, ciii, (cf Q O.)—

Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808,56; pi. iii.— Doughty, Cab. N. H. I, 1830,135; pi.

sii.— Ahdubon, Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 84 : V, 1839, 452 ; pi. 113.
Saxicola sialis, Bonap. Sj'nopsis, 1828.
^impclis sialis, NuTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 444.
Iliihecida caroUntnsis catniUa, Brisson, Orn. 111,1760,423. (Speaks of blue spots on tliroat.) — Buffon, Ois. VI,

107; pi. enl. .396, f. 1, 2.
Siulia wilsonii, Swainson, ZooI. Jour. Ill, 1827, 173, — Bonaparte, List, 1838. — Audubon, Synopsis, 1839, 84. — Ib.

Birds Amer. II, 1841, 171 ; pi. 1.34.
Enjlhraca {Sinlia) iritsonii, Sw. & Rich. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 210.

Sp. Ch. — Entire upper parts, including wings and tail, continuous and uniform azure blue ; the cheeks of a duller tint of the
same. Beneath reddish brown ; tlie abdomen, anal region, and under tail coverts white. Bill and feet black. Shafts of the
quills and tail feathers black. Female with the blue lighter, and tinged with brown on the head and back. Length, 6.75 ;
wing, 4.00 ; tail, 2.90.

Hah. — Eastern Norih America to a little west of Missouri river Fort Laramie.

The female is quite similar to the male, only duller ahove ; the blue tinged with brown,
although the wings, tail, and rump are generally light blue. The young male of the year has
the head and interscapular region, with the lesser coverts dull brown, streaked (except the
head) with white. The throat and fore breast are reddish brown, the feathers streaked with
white ; the remaining colors are much as in the adult male, except that the tertials are edged
with brown.

There is much difference in the size and shape of the bill in specimens from the same locality.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex and
age.

739
1285
1309
1389
1283
7409
7408
3819
3865
4930

7616
8391
S636
6960
4723
5988
5290
5289
4732
46S8
3884
8880
88l:Q
7815

<? o

<?
<?
<?

2
c?
9

""s"

s
.......

(?

c?
.......

s
s
<?
s

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
do

.do.

do

Rockport, Ohio

do

Eutaw, Ala

Prairie Mer Roupe, La....

Nassau county, Fla

Racine, Wis

Ft. Leavenworth

Independence, Mo

Ea-slot Fort Uiley, K. T..

Fort Riley, K.T

Bald island, Nel)

Fort Lookout, Neb

.... do

Near nioulli of Powder riv

Nebraska Territory

White river, Nefi

5 miles nbove mo. orplalle.

On L"up Fork, Platte

Near LoU]! Fork, Plane. ..
Texas

When col-
lected.

Sept. 21,1842
Mar. 9,1844
Mar. 25, 1814
Mar. 11,1844
Mar. 7, 1844
Apil 19,1831
April 1,1851
Jan. —,1853

Jan. 20,1855
Jan. 22, IW7
Juno 17,1856

April 24,1850
May 31,1856

Aug. 1,1856
May 16,1856
May 11,1855

July
July

8,1855
3.1855

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird .

do

, do

do

Orig'l
No.

.do..

Dr. Kiriland .
, do

A. Winchell

Jas. Fnirie

G. Wurdeninnn

R. Kennieoll

Lt. Conch

W. M. Ma;,'raw

LI- F. T. Bryan

Dr.W.A.IIunirnoiid
Lt. Warren

.do..

.do.,
.do .
.do..

Col. Vaughan.
Lt. Warren...

do

do

Capt. Pope....

Collected by—

Dr. Cooper , .
W. S. Wood.

Dr. Ilayden.
do

.do.,
.do..
. do. .

.do..

.do..

.do..

6.25
6.M
6.66
6.75
6.50

6.6'J

6.75

6.12

6.75

6.37

7.50

6.75

6.

6.12

12.16

12.

12.50

12.50

12.

IL.'iO

11.50

11. .10

11.87

11.75

12.50

II.

II.

12.12

U.91
3.83
4.08
4.08
3.75

3.75

4.

4.13

4.25

4.

4.50

3.75

4.

4.25

niRnS — TtTPPIPAE — PIAT.TA MEXICANA. 223

RI ALTA MEXICANA, S w iv i n s o n .

Wcstriii Hliif liiril.

Sialia mixicina, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 20;J.

Sialia occidcnlalis, Tokxsend, Jour. Ac. Nat. Sc. VII, ii, 1837, 188. — Ii). Nurralivo, 1839, 343. — AuD. Synopsis,
1S39.— Ib. Birds America, II, 1841, 176; pi. 135.— Nuttall, Man. I, (2(1 cd.,) 1840, 513.—
Newberry, Zool. Cal. & Or. Route, 80; Rep. P. R. R. VI, iv, lfi57.

Sylvia occidtnlalis, Aupibo-s', Orn. Biog. V, lp39, 41 ; pi 393.

Sialia caeruUo-collis, Vigors, Zool. Bcecliey 's Voyage, 1839, 18 ; pi. iii.

Sp. Cii. — Bill slender ; head and neck all round, and upper parts generally briglit azure blue. Interscapular regions, sides
and foro part of the breast, and sides of the belly, dark reddish brown. Rest of under parts (with tail coverts) pale bluish,
tinged with gray about the anal region. Female duller above ; tlie back brownish ; the blue of the throat replaced by ashy
brown, with a shade of blue. Length, G.'>0 ; wing, 4.25 ; tail, 2.90.

Uab. — Pacific coast North America, and along valley of Gila to upper Rio Grande and south.

In perfectly ruature males the Llue of the throat is as hright as that on the crown ; otherwise
it is duller. There is generally a blackish shade on the cheeks. The blue on the belly is
always paler. The reddish brown on the back and breast are in the form of lateral patches,
meeting more or less narrowly on the central line. Sometimes on the middle of the back it
does not meet at all, and at others it is quite broadly continuous ; the latter is most frequently
seen in Rocky mountains specimens. The quills and tail feathers are light blue ; the shafts
black. The exposed tips of the folded quills, however, are black. Bill and feet are black.

The female is much duller in colors ; the blue most conspicuous on the rump, tail, primaries,
and wing coverts. The blue of the head is very dull, and there is a broad scapular and inter-
scapular space strongly overlaid with brownish. The throat and sides of the head are of much
this same color, shading very insensibly into the reddish brown of the brea.st.

The young bird has the tail and wings as in the adult. The head, hack, and breast are dull
brown ; each feather, except on the crown, streaked with white.

The shade of blue in this species is mucli as in the common eastern species — only brighter
and more intense. The bill is more slender, the wings longer ; the combination of the blue of
the under parts with the brown on the hack readily distinguishes it. The females of the two
species are very similar. They may be distinguished by the brown tinge on the back and the
blue on the belly and under tail coverts, with the bluish shade on the throat, as well as by the
slenderer and straighter bill of the western species. The .spotted young can only be dis-
tinguished by the slender bill and bluish belly and under tail coverts.

Specimens from California occasionally have but little brown on the back, but it is almost
always distinctly visible.

224

U. S p. R. R. EXP. AND 5-UKVEVS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

7618

Fort Steilacoom, W. T. . .
do

Apiil 17, 1856

6.75
7.75

13.0
12.50

7631

Gov. Stevens

do

114

77

274

273

Dr.Suckley

do

4.00
4.00

7622

do

7625

do

Dr.Suckley

6.75

7.50

12.00
12.

7636

do

9
<S
9
S

9
..„.

3

Fort Vancouver, W. T. . .

Dec, 1853

1930

2949

do

do

do

5512

Petatuina, Cat

May 9, 1856

E. Samuels

do

772
170

3907

3908

.... do

do

5944

Sanla Clara, Cal ,.

Nov., 1855

Winter of'oSi '6

6.75

12.00

7632

Lt. R. S.Williamson
do

7631

do

Major Emory

do

24
24
151

Arthur Schott

7633

5051

Fort Fillmore, N. Mexico.

Oct. 21, 1855

Captain Pope

7.00

12.50

4.50

Bill and eye
black ; %\xms

yellowish.

7623

5050

Organ Mts., New Mexico.

Mar. 9, 1856

Captain Pope

do

178

7.00

13.00

4.25

Bill, feet, and

7624

eyes black ;
gums bluish.

Camp 110, New Mexico,.

Jan. 31, 1854
do

Lieut. Whipple ....

60

Kenn & Miill

4.00

Eyes black

7635
4020

..„..

Fort Conrad, New Mpxico.

Oct., 1853

May, 1853

Lieut. Whipple

52

75
4.50

6.75

11.50"

Bill & i\. black.

SIALI A ARCTICA, S w a I n s o n .

Rocky Mountain Blue Bird.

Erijlhraca {Sialia) arciica, Swainson, F. Bor. Amer. II, 1831, 209 ; pi. x.x.ri.v.

Erylhraca arctica, Rich. List, lt37.

Sialia urclica, Nuttall, Man. 11, 1832, 573 ; I, 2d ed., 1840, 514.— Bonap. List, 1838.— Aim. Synopsis, 1839, 84.—

Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 178 ; pi. 13G.— McCall, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, June, 1851, 215.
Sylvia arctica, Audcbon, Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 38 ; pi. 373.
Sialia macroptera, Baird, Stansbury Report Exp. Salt Lake, 1852, 314.

Sp. Ch. — Azure blue above and below, brightest above ; the belly and under tail covert.') white : the latter tinged with blue
at the ends. Female showing blue only on the rump, wings, and tail ; a white ring round the eye ; the lores and Bometimes a
narrow front whitish ; elsewhere replaced by brown. Length, G.25 ; wing, 4.3G ; tail, 3.00. (1875.)

Hab. — High dry central plains ; Upper Missouri to Rocky mountains range and south to Mexico. Rare on the coast of
California. . ,

In this species there is none of the reddish hrown of the two otlier American bine birds, the
color throughout being blue, except as mentioned. The shade of blue is much lighter, with
more green in it, or smalts-color, especially on the crown, instead of the purplish blue of tlie
others. The shade on the under parts is paler than above ; it extends entirely along the sides
and to the abdomen.

The female has the abdomen and under coverts like the male ; the remaining under parts,
with the head, neck and back, are liglit brown, althougli a bluish shade is appreciable on

BIRDS ^TURDIDAE — SIALIA ARCTICA.

225

separating the feathers. The quill.s are much edged with paler. The young birds have this
brown streaked with white, except on the crown ; indeed, the under parts may be described
sometiiiK's as whitish, witli narrow browiiisli edgings to tlie feathers on the under parts
anteriorly.

The bill of this species is much stouter than in mexicana, as well as longer than in sialis.
The wings also are longer in proportion, reaching nearly to the end of the tail, which is more
decjily forked than in either of the others. The male birds of the three species are readily dis-
tinguishable ; the i'eraales are all mucli alike. The greener blue, the absence of rufous brown on
either back or belly, and the longer wings, will serve to separate the latter.

In the zoology of Stansbury's report 1 characterize a species under the name of Sialia macrop-
tera on the ground of the unusually long wings, the weak claws, ftnd the different shade of
blue. This specimen (3700, Salt Lake, March 21, 1851) still remains quite unique in these
respects. I am, however, now inclined to consider it as only a larger race, because more
northern, of the S. arctica, strengthening the general proposition of the greater size of resident
winter or summer specimens in northern than southern localities. The weak claws may have
been an individual jieculiarity. All the specimens before me, nearly thirty in number, agree,
with scarcely an exception, in the smaller size and shorter wings.

List of specimens.

Caial.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Wlience obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarka.

ie75

<3
Q
9

Fort Union, Neb

Black Hills

July 1,1843

Sept. 19,

Sept. 13,

Sept. 21,

Sept. 18,

do

888S

Lt. 0. K. Warren ..
do

Dr. flaydeu

do

7.00
7.50
7.00
7.25
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.50
6.50

13.75
13.50
13.. 'iO
13.50
13.25
13.50
13.25
13.50
13.25

4.75
4.25
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50
4.50

8tj88

do

do

8883

do

do

<S

Q

<?

.......

'"q"

S
9
9

......

.......

9

do

do....

6890

Black Hilld

do

do

do

do

do

8684

do

do

do

do

6889
6886

Sept. 22,

Sept. 20,

Sept. 14,

Aug. 3,1656
Aug. 9,1856
July 20,1857
Aug. 6,1856
Aug. 9, 1856
July 27,1857
July 2B,1857
.Mar. 21,1851

do

do

do

do

do

8887

do

do

do

do

564U

Lieut. F. T. Bryan..
do

196
232
298
2.6
235
335
76

W. S. Wood

5636

Medicine Bow creek,Neb

Cheyenne pass

Main Fork, Laramie R..
Medicine Bow creek.. . .
Medicine Bow raountoiii^

Cooper'a creek

Salt Lake City. ....

... do

6990

do

do

5639

do

do

5638

do

, . , . do

6691

(Jo

do

7080

do

37C6

7606

Lieut. Beckwith....
Dr. Peters

20
20

,

8494

Fort Mass. N. M

Near lat. 32° W. Texas.
Mioibres to Rio Qrandc.

Mar. 30,1856

7.25

10.00

Eyes dark

7609

7612

7604

do

,

7605

do

do

7607

75 miles west of Alba-
querque.

Nov. —,1853
Mar. —,1853

Lieut. Wliipple ....

Mnj. Emory

Lieut. Trowbridge..

15

Kenn. and Mi<ll....

76C8

San Dieso. Cal

1

29 b

226

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sub-Family REGULINAE.

REGULUS.' Cuvier.

Regulus, Ct'ViEK, Lei;uii3 d'Anat. Comp. 1799 — 1800, (Agassiz.) (Type Motttcilla regulus, Linn., Regulus cristatus,
Koch.)

Ch. — Bill slender, much shorter than the head, depressed at base, but becoming rapidly compressed ; moderately notched
at lip. Culmen straight to near the tip, then gently curved. Commissure straight ; gonys conve.\. Rictus well provided with
bristles ; nostril covered by a single bristly feather directed forwards. Tarsi elongated, exceeding considerably the middle toe,
and without scutellae. Laieral toes about equal ; hind toe with the claw longer than the middle one, and about half the toe.
Claws all much curved. First primary about one-third aa long as the longest ; second equal to fifth or si-f. Tail shorter than
the wings, moderately forked, the feathers acuminate. Colors olive green above, whitish beneath. Size very small.

I am unable to appreciate any such difference between the cooimon North American Beguli
as to warrant Cabanis in establishing the genus Phyllobasileus for the calendula. The bristly
leather over the nostril is perhaps less compact and close, but it exists in a rudimentary
condition.

Crown in adult plain olivaceous, with a concealed patch of crimson calendula.

Forehead and line over the eye white, bordered inside by black, and within this again is

yellow, embracing a central patch in the crown of orange satrapa.

Forehead and line through the eye black, bordered inside by whitish, and within this
again by black, embracing an orange patch in the centre of the crown euvieri.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal. Species.
No.

Locality.

Sex and

age.

Length

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

TaU.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
nieahiured.

1

Pnrlislp. Pn

c?

4.00
4 50
3.70
4.25
3.64
3.76
4.16
3.76
3.91

7.16
6.83

6.50
7

2.30
2.33
2.22
2.33
2.04
a. 14
2.25

2.:i2

2.37

1.90

0.70

0.50

0.15

0.32

0.44

Dry

do.
S573
do

Fresh

do ! do

O Syrs.

9

""s"

1.84

0.70

O.SO

0.14

0.32

0.42

Dry

Fresh

7180

Regulus tsatrapa

do

do

do

do. ... .

Fort Steilacoom,...

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

An.

1.52
1.90

0.66
0.68

0.46
O.SO

0.14
0.15

0.33
0.32

0.45
0.44

Dry

Dry

867

1.92

0.70

0.54

0.14

0.36

O.SO

do

Fresh

TIEGULUS CALENDULA, Licht.
• Ruby-crowned Wren.

Molacilla calendula, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1706, 337.— Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I,

1788, 994.
Sylvia calendula, Latham, Ind. Cm. II, 1790, 549.- Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 83 ; pi. v, f 3.— Doucutt, Cab. N.

H.II, 183a, 61; pi. vi.
Regulus calendula, Light. Verzeich. 1823, Nos. 408-'9.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 415.— Addubon, Orn. Biog. 11,

1834, 546 ; pi. 195.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 108 ; pi. 133.
Reguloides calendula, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 292.
PhijlMasileus calendula, CAnANis, Mus. Ilein. 1850-'!, 3.3.
Regulus rubineus, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept II, 1807, 49 ; pi. civ, cv.
? Parus griscus, Gmelin, Latham.
Calendula pennsylvanica, Bkisson, III, 1760, 584.

' Cabanis makes a genus Phyllobarileus for our R. calendula, replacing by it Reguloides of Blylh. — (Museum Heinoanum,
1850, 33.)

BIRPS — TIRDIDAE — REGULUS 8ATRAPA.

227

Sp. Cii. Above dark greenish olive, passing into bright olivo green on the rump and outer edges of the wings and tail-
Crown with a largo concealed pateh of scarlet feathers, which are white at the base. The under parts ore grayish white tinged
with pale olive yellow, ospeciully behind. A ring round the eye, two binds on the wing coverts, and the exterior of the inner
tertials white. Young without the red on the crown. Length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.33 ; tail, 1.85.

Ilab. — United States from .Vtlanlic to racifio.

The fomale differs very little in color. It is quite probable that the species does not attain
the red patch in the crown until the second year, as the spring migrations of the species always
embrace a considerable ntiinber with the head perfectly plain.

TJhe autumnal plumage difVers from the vernal in a lighter olive tinge to the feathers of the
back, while the under parts are of a pale brownish yellow, brightest on the belly.

There is a concealed yellowish bar across the quills immediately beneath the tips of the
greater coverts, succeeded by an exposed bar of blackish, more or less conspicuous in different
specimens. There is also some concealed white on the feathers of the rump.

I am unable to perceive any tangible difference between eastern and western specimens.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No

Sex and
age.

Locbliiy.

When col-
lected.

Whence ohtnined.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

I34<(

<?

"q"

o

April 10,1844
Oct. 10,l&t-2
April 15,1&I5
May 3,18«
May 5,1846
April 24,1856
May 4,1856
do

4..i0
4.25
4.63
4.23
4.25
4.00
4.25
4.37
3.75
4.25
4.50
4.50
4.37

7.25
7.33
6.91
6.83
6.83
6.62
7.37
6.75
6.50
6 50
6.75
7.50
7.23

2.33
2.23
2.25
2.25
2.33
3.23
2.37
2.25
2.25

784

do. . .

do

alls

do

do

do

do . ..

959

do

25T3

do

4685

Lt. Warren

Dr. Haydtn

do

Eyes black

4683

do

do

....do

46&I

"q"'

"■>

MouUi of y ermilion

do

...

do

....do

4666

May 5,1856
Mar. 23,1856

7166

7168

. . do

April 8,1856
April 18,1856

do

279
315
314

79
381

164
166

do

do

r •••

7170

7171

s
.......

do

do

do

7173

do

Ft. Vancouver, W. T

May 3,1856
Dec. 29,1853
May 4, 1855
May 6, 1855

... do .

4.37

5.50

7165

Gov. I. I.Stevens...

Dr. Sucklcy

do

4391

4389

dA

4.30

7.00

6921

FortTeion .

J. Xantus de Vescy.

4564

7172

Mar. — , 1853

...do

Jan. 24,1854

Feb. 8,1834

Maj. Emory

63
43
55

73

Dr. Komierly

4.00

6.50

2.25

7174

Boca Grande, Mex

Camp 105, N. M

7177

Lt. Whipple

do

Kennerly & Mull-

Camn 116 N M

7167

. do

Eyes black

REGULUS SATRAPA, L i c h t .

Golden-crested Wren.

Rt^xdM satrapa, Licbtenstein, Verzeich. Doubl. 1823, No. 410. (Quotes Poms salrapa, Illiger, probably a museum
name.)— BovAP. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 291.— Ann. Synopsis, 1839, 82.— Ib. Birds
Amer. II, 1841, 1G5 ; pi. 132.

Syhia regulus, Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 126 ; pi. viii, f. 2. (Not of Latham.)

Regulus crislatus, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 50 ; pi. cvi. (Not of Ray.) Bdnap. Obs. AVilson, 1825.—
Ib. Synopsis, 1828, 91.

JUguUis Iricolor, Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 420.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 476 ; pi. 183.

228

U. S p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sf. Ch. — Above olivo green, brightest on the outer eilses of the wing ; tail feathers tinged with brownish gray towards the
head. Foreliead, a line over the eye and a space beneatii it, white. E.xterior of tiie crown before and laterally black, embracing
a central patch of orange red, encircled by gamboge yellow. A du.«ky space around tlie eye. Wing coverts with two yellowish
white bands, the posterior covering a similar band on the quills, succeeded by a broad dusky one. Under parts dull whitish.
Length under 4 inches ; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.80.

Hab. — Nortliern parts of United States from Atlantic to Pacific ; on west coast only noticed on Puget's Sound.

The black of the head immediately succeeds the white frontal band as one of about the same
width, passing behind on each side. Generally the white line over the eye is separated from
the white forehead by a dusky lore. There is also a dusky space beneath the whitish under ihe
eye. The yellow of the crown generally overlies and conceals the orange. The orange is
wanting in the female. The young birds always appear to have at least the yellow and black
of the crown.

In the specimens before me I am unable to perceive any diiference between eastern and
western specimens. One from Puget's Sound (9819) is smaller, (wing, 2.20,) the crown redder,
and the superciliary stripe more white.

According to Audubon, this species differs from the European H. cristatus in being considerably
longer, with the bill decidedly shorter ; the flame-colored patch on the head more extended ;'
with B. calendula it agrees very well in markings, except in those of the head, which are very
different. It is, however, of decidedly smaller size.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Wlien collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

828

9
9

Oct. 22, 1842
Oct. 29, 1844
Nov. 22, 1842
Jan. — , 1845

S.F. Baird

3.91
4.16
3.91
4.16

6.91
7.00
7.00
6.50

2.25

1736

do

do

do -

do

2.33

867

do

2.33

758

do .

2.25

7564

W. Button

7179

Fort Steilacoom, W. T. . .

do

do

March 24, 1856
March 3, 1856

Dr Suckley

do

do

294
367
289

7186
7184

4.2^
4.50

6.25
6.75

EEGULUS CUVIERI, Audubon.

Cnvier's Golden Crest.

Regulus cuvieri, Audubon, Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 288 ; pi. 55.— Id. Syn. 1839, 82.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 163 ;
pi. 131.— NoTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 416.

Sp. Ch. — Size and general appearance probably that of R. ,wi(rnj)o. A black band on the forehead passing back, through
and behind the eye, separated by a grayish band from another black band on the crown, which embraces in the centre of the
crown an orange patch. Length, 4] inches ; extent of wings, C.

I have introduced the diagnosis of this species from Audubon for the sake of calling
attention to it and of completing the account of the genus. It is only known by the figure and

' Since writing the above, I have received a specimen of tlie European species, and a comparison shows that the wings are
rather longer, but llio bill considerably shorter. The black border to the bright colors of tlie top of the head, both laterally and
i n front, is much more distinct ; indeed it is wanting anteriorly almost entirely in the European bird. There is also less yellow
on the back and rump.

RTRDS — TURPIPAF, — nVDROBATA MEXICANA. 229

description of Audubon, being one of several other species not fouml in the United States by
any one else. It differs mainly from R. salrapa in having two black bands (not one) on the
crown anteriorly, separated by a whitish one ; the extreme forehead being black instead of
white, as in salrapa. The specimen was killed in June, 1812, on the banks of the Scliuylkill
river, in Pennsylvania.

Sub-Family CINCLINAE.

IIYDROBATA, Yieillot.

Hydrobaia, Vieillot, Analyse, 1816, (Ag.)

Cinclus, Bechsteis, Geniein. Naturg. 1802, (Agassiz. Not of Moeliring, 1752.) (Typo Slurnus cinclus, L.)

Cu. — Bill without any bristles at the base; slender, subulate; tlio mandible bent slightly upward; the culmun slightly
concave ts near tlie tip, which is much curved and notched ; the commissural edges of the bill finely nicked . Feet large and
strong, the toes projecting considerably beyond the tail ; the claws large. Lateral toes equal. Tail very short and even ; not
two-thirds the wings, wliich are concave and somewhat falcate. Tlie first primary is more than one-fourth the longest.

The tomia of this genus are nicked on the terminal half, a character I have only noticed in
specimens of the robin, and possibly not permanent in the latter. The slightly upward bend of
the bill, somewhat as in Antlius, renders the culmen concave, and the commissure slightly
convex. The maxilla at base is nearly as high as the mandible ; the whole bill is much
compressed and attenuated. The lateral claws barely reach the base of the middle one, which
is broad ; the inner face extended into a horny lamina, with one or two notches or pectinations
somewhat as in Caprimuhjidae. The stiifened sub-falcate wings are quite remarkable. The
tail is so short that the upper coverts extend nearly to its tip.

If the genera of Moehring are to be retained and used in ornithology, there is no reason why
his Cinclus should not be used for a grallatorial genus, and that of Bechstein be superseded by
Sydrobala of Vieillot. /

HYDROBATA MEXICANA, Baird.

American Dipper; Water Ouzel.

Cinclta^allasii, Bonap. ZooI. Jour. II, Jan. 1827, 62. — Ib. Amer. Orn. II, 1828, 173; pi. xvi, f. 1. (not the Asiatic

pallasii.)
Cinclus mexicanus, Swainson, Syn. Mex. Birds, in Phil. Mag. I. May, 1827, 368.

CincZus amerlcanus, Sw. & Rich. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 173.— Ncttall, Man. II, 1834, 569— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV,
1838, 493: V, 1839,303; pi. 370, 435.— Ib. Synopsis, 1839, 86.— Is. Birds Amer. II, 1841,
182 ; pi. 137— Newberry, Zool. Cal. &. Or. Route 80 ; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, iv, 1857.
Cinclus unicolor, Bonap. List, 1838.
Cinclus marloni, Townsend, Narrative, 1839, 337.
Cinclus townsendii, "Audubon," Townsend, Narr. 1839, 340.

Sp. Ch- — Above dark plumbeous, beneath paler ; head and neck all round a shade of clove or perhaps a light sooty brown ;
less conspicuous beneath . A concealed spot of white above the anterior corner of the eye and indications of tlie same sometimes
on the lower eyelid. Immature specimens usually with the feathers beneath edged with grayish white ; the greater and middle
wing coverts and lesser quills tipped with the same. The colors more uniform. Length, 7.50; wing, 4.00; tail, 2.55.

Hoi. — Rocky mountains from British America to Mexico.

With a large number of specimens of the American Dipper before me, I find considerable
variations, without being at all satisfied of the existence of more than one species. In all, the
•white spot above the eye is evident, though its extent varies. Sometimes the brown of the
head and neck is but slightly difi"erent from the plumbeous of the back.

230

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

One specimen, 4469, differs in a decided tendency to white about the throat and neck ; the
feet are darker, the claws shorter, stouter, and more curved. The specimen is not in suffi-
ciently good order to show whether this whiteness of the throat is characteristic or an indica-
tion of a tendency to albinism. It may be proper to remark, however, that most of the Old
World species are characterized by the white throat.

Skins from Fort Massachusetts differ from the others in having the bill entirely black ; the
other characters are very similar ; the colors generally are purer, the feathers being less edged
with paler.

List of specimens.

6

I

2

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence ob-
tained.

Collected by—

x:

&>
c
a)

"5
ft

Ml
S

h

E

B

o:

o
-3

S

2 »

1

i.

c
o

<

Specimen
mea>ure(l.

2841
2862

S. F. Baird

do

do

9

St. Mary's R. mountains....

do

Oct. 13,1853
do

Gov. Stevens..
do

Dr. Geo. Suckley...
do

8.50

12.50

3.75

7099
4469
8130
84%
8495*
8117

do. ,, ..

Fort Mass. N. M

Mar. 31,1856
Mar. 27,1856

Dr. Peters

do

7.50
8.00
7.0C

11.00

3. 86

2.44

1.18

1.10

0.28

0.74

0.96

Dry

Dr. Henry

3.90

•2.40

1.20

1.10

0.280.76

1.04

Dry

^ Eyes light brown.

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE. 231

Family SYLVICOLIDAE.

Primaries nine; the first quill nearly as long as tlic second or third. Tarsi distinctly scutellate tlie wliolo length ante-
riorly. Bill conical, slender, or depressed, usually half the length of head ; more or less bristled or notched. Nostrils oval or
rounded. Lateral toes nearly or quite equal, and shorter than the middle ; the basal joint of the middle free nearly to its base,
externally; united for about half, internally.

This family is well marked by its scutellate tarsi in front, the absence of any sptirioua or
short first primary, and tlie rather weak, slender, conical, or depressed, sometimes decurved
bill. The base of the bill, witii the nostrils, is not covered in any genera by setae, as in Parus,
Alauda, &c. In many respects there is a close relationship to some Frmgillidae, and there are
some forms, such as the Tanagridae, wliich it is difficult to assign to the one family rather
than to the other. The chief difference, however, is to be found in the longer, slenderer, and
less abruptly conical bill of the Tanayers.

The following synopsis will serve to point out the sub-families of the Sylvicolidae :

MOTACILLINAE. — Bill slcudcr. Culmen slightly concave at base. Legs long; claws but
little curved. Hind toe considerably longer than the middle one; its claw much longer (twice)
than the middle claw; all the claws but slightly curved. Tertials elongated ; much longer
than the secondaries.

Stlvicounak. — Bill rather slender, conical, or depressed. Culmen straight or convex.
Hind toe shorter than the middle ; the claws all much curved. Hind claw not conspicuously
longer than the middle one. When the hind toe is lengthened, it is usually in the digit,
not the claw. Tertials generally not longer than the secondaries.

Tanagrinae. — Bill very stout, conical, as high as broad; or considerably broader than hio-h.
Tarsi short, not exceeding the hind toe. Claws much curved; the hinder scarcely larger than
the middle anterior.

Sub-Family MOTACILLINAE.

Ch. — Bill slender, shorter than the head, notched at tip; rictus without bristles. Basal joint of middle toe entirely free
externally. Tarsi distinctly scutellate, longer than the middle, but nearly equal to the hind toe, which is very long, exceeding
all the others ; the claw slightly curved. Wing very long, pointed. First quill almost the longest ; the tertials considerably
longer than the secondaries. Tail emarginate.

The colors are dull, generally brownish above, whitish beneath ; the breast spotted ; the outer
tail feather white. The species are readily distinguished from the larks (Alaudidae) by the tarsi
being acute behind and destitute of scutellae. The bill is longer, slenderer, and more depressed,
without any setae covering the base.

Anthus. — Bill slender, nearly as long as the head. Toes not reaching the tip of tail. Legs
weak ; hind toe rather shorter than the tarsus, its claw more than half the total length. Tertials
longer than the fifth primary. Tail feathers broad.

Neocorys. — Bill stouter at base and shorter. Toes reaching nearly to tip of tail. Legs stout ;
hind toe as long as tarsus, much longer than in anthua, its claw half the total length. Tertials
rather shorter than the sixth primary. Tail feathers narrow.

232

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGT GENERAL REPORT.

ANTHUS, Bechstein.

Anthus, Bechstein, Geraein. Naturg. Deutschl. 1802, (Agassiz.) Type, Mauda spinoktta.

Ch.— Bill slender, much attenuated, and distinctly notched. A few short bristles at the base. Culmen concave at the base.
Tarsi quite distinctly scutellate ; longer than the middle toe ; inner lateral toe the longer. Hind toe rather shorter than the tarsus,
but longer than the middle toe, owing to the long attenuated and moderately curved hind claw, which is considerably more than
half the total length of the toe. Tail rather long, emarginate. Wmg very long, considerably longer than the lengthened tail,
reaching to its middle. The first primary nearly equal to the longest. The tertials almost as long as the primaries.

Of this genus but one species is well established as belonging to North America. Others
occur in South America, and the rest of the world.

The following table of measurements shows the proportions of the North American species
compared with the allied Neocorys :

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Lncality.

Sex.

Length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus. 1 Middle
toe.

Its claw
atone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

7M6
328

10087
1884

Antbus ludovicianus

do

do

Neocorys spraguei

Tulare Valley, Cal S

(-arlisle, Pa ■ S

6. US
6. 58
6.70
5.44

3.26
3.38
3.30
3.12

2.76
2.88
2.76
2.50

0.84
0.91
0.88
0.89

0.74
0.70
0.76
0.84

0.16
0.18
0.20
0.20

O.Sl
0.51
0.50
0.48

0.68
0.70
0.70
0.66

Dry

Dry

Dry

Fort Union, Neb Q

Dry

ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS, Licht.

Tit liark.

Mauda liidoviciana, Gmeliv, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 79.S.

Jlnthxis ludovicianus, LiciiT. Verz. 1823, 37, no. 421.— Rich. List, 1837.— Bonap. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus,

1850, 249.— AuDDBoN, Synopsis, 1839, 94.— Ib. Birds Amer. HI, 1841, 40; pi. 150.
Mauda rubra, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 794.
Mauda riifa, Wilsok, Am. Orn. V, 1812,89; pi. ixxxix.
Jinihus spinoktta, Bonap. Synopsis, 1828, 90, (not of Linnaeus.) — Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1632, 408 : V, 1839, 449 ;

pi. 80.— NoTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 450.
Alauda pennsylvanica, Brisbon, Orn.

Jlnthus pennsyhanicus. Zander, Cab. Journ. Orn. Extraheft, I, for 1853, 1854, 63.
Anlhus aquaticus, Aid. Name on PI. x, folioed.

.inthus pipiens, Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 408 : V, 1839, 449 ; pi. 80. (Young.')
.Qntlius rubens, Merrem. (Gray.)

gp. Ch. (^Female, in spring.) Above olive brown, each feather slightly darker towards the central portion ; benealh pale

dull buff, or yellowish brown, with a maxillary series of dark brown spots and streaks across the breast and along sides . Ring round
the eye, and superciliary stripe yellowish. Central tail feathers like the back, others dark blackish brown ; the external one
while, except at the base within ; a white spot at the end of the second. Primaries edged with whitish, other quills with
pale brownish. Length, G.50 ; wing, 3.45 ; tail, 2.95.

JIab. — North America generally. Greenland, (Reinhardt.) Accidental in Europe.

I have no authentic male of this species from the Atlantic States before me, but I am inclined
to think that it is not materially different. It may possibly be paler and more streaked. The
second and third quills are longest and equal, the first and fourth little shorter, and about equal
to the tertials. The tail varies somewhat as to the amount of wliitc, in one specimen the second
featlier having nearly as much as the first. Specimens from tlie west appear smaller and paler
than eastern ones, and to have the breast much more streaked, but the materials before me are
not sufficient to determine whether we have more than one species.

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE — NEOCORY8.

233

A specimen (792S) from Shoalwater Bay has a greenish olivaceous gloss, not noticed in others.

Tliis species is closely related to the Anthits spiuolelta and ohscurus of Europe, but, according
to Zander, (Cahauis* Jour, fiir Ornithologie, 1853, Extra Heft, p. G3,) wliile it agrees with the
former in the black bill, it is distinguished from it by a much darker and more olive green color
above, a much greater extent and purity of white in the tail, by the tarsus, one to two lines
shorter, and by a diflerent relative proportion of the primaries. From the latter it is known
by the darker bill, feet, and upper parts generally, and by the pure lustrous white of the tail
feathers. It is smaller than either species, has a proportionally longer tail, yellowish lore,
and a totally different coloration beneath ; the ground color being rusty or reddish yellow, with
dark brown narrow spots across the breast.

The following diagnosis is given by Zander to distinguish the A. ludovicianus from its Euro-
pean analogues :

Sp. Ch. — Bill and foot blackish ; the longest tortial (?) one line shorter than the longest primary. The light marking on the
outer tail feathers shining white ; and on the outermost one, involving the half of the feather, its shall for the most part white.
Body above olivo green, the superciliary stripe yellowish.

List of sptcimens.

Caial.
No.

Sei.

Locality.

When col- Whence obtained,
lected.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

338

9

Carlisle

Washini^ou, D. C

May 8, 1841

S. P. Baird

6.50

11.00

10099

J. C Mcfiiiirp._

Northern III

Marion county, Til

Black UilU

do

10087

April 8

do

6,50
6.00
6.50
6.00
6.50

10.75
10.25
10.50
10.25
10.00

8844

Sept. 16

Oct. 12, 1853
Sept. 12, 11)54
do

i

Dr. Haydcn

Dr.Suckky

Dr. Cooper

do

3.00
3.50

Irtfl whitish gray..

7927

St. Mary's, Rocky Mount's

Shoalwater Bay, W. T

do

1929

do

95
93

rm

do

5514

Q

c?
9

Pelalmna, Cal

7936

' T.iout. VVilliainEnn..

Fort Tejon

J. Xantusde Vesey.

7931

Espia, Mexico

Mar. 1855....

57

7930

{ Dr. T. C. Henry ..

NEOCORYS, Sclater.

Aeocorys, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1857, 5.

Ch. — Bill half as long as the head; the cultnen concave at the base, slightly decurved at the tip. Rictus without
bristles. Legs stout ; tarsi distinctly scutellate, longer than the middle toe. Hind toe very long, equal to the tarsus, much
longer than the middle toe ; its claw but slightly curved, and about half the total length. Inner lateral too rather longer than
outer. Wings much longer than the tail ; first quill longest. Tertials considerably longer than secondaries. Tail rather short,
emarginate.

This genus is closely related to Anthus, but is stouter, with shorter tail, a shorter and stouter
bill, larger feet, &c. The hind toe is much larger, the claw larger and less curved, and occupies
only half instead of more than half the total length.

The coloration is quite similar, but the edges of the feathers above are lighter, the spots or
streaks confined to the breast, and sparser.

The detailed measurements of the single species will be found with dnthibs.
30 b

234

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL, REPORT.

NEOCORYS SPRAGUEI, Sclater.

Missonri Skylark.

Mauda spra^uH, AuD. Birds Atner. VIL 1B43, 335 ; pi. 48G.

Jlgrodoma spraguei, Baird, Stansbury's report G. Salt Lake, 1852, 329. — Bonap, Notes Delattre, 1854.

J^eocorys spragud, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857,5.

Sp. Ch. — Above wood brown, all the feathers edged with paler, especially on the neck, where there is a brownish yellow
tinge. The under parts are dull white, with a collar of sharply defined naTrow brown streaks across the fore part and along
the sides of the breast. Lores and a superciliary line whitish. Tail feathers, except the middle ones, dark brown ; the outer
one white, the second white, with the inner margin brown. The outer primary is edged with white, and there arc two dull
whitish bands across the wings. Bill and feet yellow, the former brown above. Length, (female,) 5.75 ; wing, 3.35 ; tail, 2.50.

Hab. — About Fort Union, Nebraska.

This little known species has the general appearance of a titlark, but is readily distinguished
from Anlhus ludovicianus by the purer white of its under parts ; the much paler margins to the
feathers above, the entirely white external tail feather, the yellow legs and bill, as well as by its
general peculiarities. In its song and general habits it approaches nearer the European sky-
lark than any bird belonging to our fauna.

This species has thus far been seen only in the vicinity of Fort Union.

List of specimens.

Catalogue No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

1854

9

Fort Union, Nebraska

1843

S. F. Baird

J. J. Audubon

Sub-Family SYLVICOLINAE.

The characters of this extensive sub-family are sufficiently exi)ressed in the synopsis on
page 231. The variety of form is very great, but the transitions are so imperceptible as to
render it a matter of much difficulty to define the genera with precision. The entire group
appears to be wanting in the Old World. It may be conveniently divided into the following
sections :

A. — Rictus icith short bristles or none.

Mniotilteae. — Bill notched. Hind toe longer than the lateral ones, its claw shorter than
the digit. Wings pointed. Tail nearly even, spotted.

Geothlypeae. — Bill notched. Legs very stout. Hind toe longer than the lateral; its claw
equaJ to the digit. Tail unspotted.

IcTERiEAE. — Bill without notch, very stout, much compressed. Commissure and culmen both
much curved .

Vermivoreae. — Bill entirely without a notch ; conical, slender, weak, acutely pointed.

Sylvicoleae. — Bill notched. Wings pointed. Hind toe ecpial to the lateral.

B. — Rictus with well developed bristles .
Setopuaoeae. — Bill depressed, broad, notched at tip.

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAK — MNIOTILT ^ VAKIA.

235

Section Mniotilteac.

Gill slightly notched 80ino dialnnco from llio lip. Rictus without bristles, lliud toe ronsiderahly dovclopod, longer than
tJio lateral too; its daw decidedly longer than its digit. First i|uill nearly or nuile us long as the second. Wings long,
pointed ; much longer Ui&n tlio tail, which is nearly even. Tuil feutliers with wlillo spots.

The following genera belong to this Bcction :

Mniotilta. — Bill from the base nearly as long as the skull, compressed. Tarsns rather
short, but little longer than the hind toe, which is very long, its digit nearly twice as long as
tlie claw alone; middle toe (and claw) fully as long as the tarsus.

Parula. — Bill shorter; depressed at base and attenuated at tip; considerably shorter than
the head, or than the middle toe. Hind claw nearly two-thirds its digit; the middle toe and
claw nearly as long as the tarsus.

Protonotakia — Bill conical, compressed towards the end. Measured from the extreme base,
as long as the head, and longer than the middle toe; hind claw but little shorter than its
digit; Ihe middle toe and claw only three-fourths the tarsus.

MNIOTILTA, VieiUot.

Mniotilta, Vieili.ot, Analyse, 181G. (Agassiz.)

Cn. — General form sylvicoline ; bill rather long, compressed, shorter than the head, with very short nctal bristles, and a
shallow notch. Wings considerably longer than the tail, which is slightly rounded ; first quill shorter than second and third.
Tarsi rather short ; toes long, middle one equal to the tarsus ; hind toe nearly as long, the claw considerably shorter than its
digit. Color white, streaked with black.

This genus differs from other sylvicolines in the elongation of the toes, especially the hinder
one, by means of which the species is enabled to move up and down the trunks of trees, like
the true creepers. But one species is recognized as North American, although Nuttall describes
a second.

Measurements of species.

Caial.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex and
age.

Length

Stretch
of wings.

Wii.g.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle

IOC.

[18 claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

7496

Eastern U. States..

Carlisle, Pa

do ...

c??

Q

5.00
4.50
4.66
4.50
4.75

8.U0
8.M

2.88
2.54
2.58
2.63
2.75

2.28
2.12

0.70
0.64

0.64
O.GB

0.16

0.18

0.46
0.46

0.60
0.52

Dry

Ury

Fresh ....

9S6

do

do.

ilo

8S73

do

Florida

do

2.14

0.64

0.68

0.18
• .

0.52 0.64

Dry

do

MNIOTILTA VARIA, Vieillot.

Black and White Creeper.

Mntacilla vuria, LiVN. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 333.

Ctrlhia rnria, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 69.— AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1B32, 452 : V, 1839, 471 ; pi. 90.

Jilniotilla laria, Vieillot, Analyse, 1816. — Ib. Galerie Ois. I, 1834, 276 ; pi. 169. — AnDOBON, Synopsis, 1839, 71.-

Ib. Birds Am. TI, 1841, 105 ; pi. 114.—.' Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 134.
Syirio rari'o, Bon. Synopsis, 1828, 81.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 384.
Sylvicola raria, Ricn. List, lb37.

Ctrthia inaculata, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, IMI, 22 ; pi. xix,
?JHnU>tilta borcalis, Ndttall, Man. I, 2d cd., 1840, 704.

236

U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Cii. — Bill with tile upper mandible considerably decurved, the lower straight. General color of the male black, the
feathers broadly edged with white ; the head all round black, with a median stripe in the crown and neck above, a superciliary
and a nia.xillary one of white. Middle of belly, two conspicuous bands on the wings, outer edges of tertials and inner of all
the wing and tail feathers, and a spot on the inner webs of the outer two tail feathers, white. Rump and upper tail coverts
black, edged externally with white. Female similar ; the under parts white, obsoletely streaked with black on the sides and
under tail coverts. Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.85 ; tail, 2.25.

}Iab. — Eastern North America to Missouri river ; south to Guatemala.

The lores are rather dusky ; the ear coverts black. The black of the chin and throat is con-
tinuous, but is streaked on the breast with white. The greater quills and tail feathers are
edged externally with lead gray.

The colors of this species are something like those of Dendroica nigrescens, although the latter
is much less streaked with black, and the crown is without the median white stripe. The same
character distinguishes it from D. striata, in which the sujierciliary stripe is wanting.

Specimens vary somewhat as to the amount of black on the throat. The bill also varies
materially in length, curvature, and color. I have not been able in a large series of specimens
before me to detect any strong indications of a second species, although some have more or less of
the characters assigned to M. horealis by Mr. Nuttall. A skin, probably female, from Cape Florida,
aas the bill unusually long (.51) and the under mandibles white, except towards the tip. Another
from the same locality has the bill as long, but the under mandible is darker. The specimens
from the north and west seem to have the bill shorter, straighter, and blacker, and the claws,
perhaps, darker, corresponding with what Nuttall calls M. horealis. The only very long billed
specimens are from Florida and the vicinity of Washington. I cannot from the skins before
me give any other characters, although, if there be two species, it will probably be necessary to
consider the shorter billed one as the true M. varia.

List of specimeiis.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwuigs.

Wing.

Remarks.

68

Q
9?

S

<?
S

Carlisle, Pa

May —,1839
May 9,1843
July 18,1844

S. F. Baird

956

do

do

WaBhiiigton, D. C

do

4.66
5.37

8.00
8.33

2.58
2.56

1643

do

7555

Win. Hulton

Sept. —,1857
Sept. 25,1857

April 7, 1857
May 5, 1857
do

do

8673

5.00

8.50

2.50

Dark legs, yellow feet,
upper m'd black.

6504

Key lliscayne, Fla

Mouth of Vennilion....

do ,

do

do

Mouth of Dig Sioux

Nebraska

Guatemala

do

4680

Dr. Hnyden

do

5.37
5.12
5.00
4.62
4.7.5

8.00
8.50
8.50
8.00
8.50

9 75
2.75
2,86
2.75
2.75

4681

do

4677

May 8, 18.57
May 5,1857
May 4,1856
May 1.5,1856

do

do

4679

do

do

do

4676

do

lo

do

4678

do

do

7990

J. Gould

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE — I'AKILA.

237

PARULA, Bonap.

Cklori.i, BoiE, laiB, 1826, 972, (not of Mooliring, l"o2.) Typo, Parus amrricaiws.

Sylricola, Sn ainson, Zoul, Joiirii. Ill, July, 1827, 1G9. (Kotof Humphrey, Mus. Culuniiuiiuni, 1797, fiO ; guiius

oflond mollusks.) Sumo typo.
Panila, Bonap. Gfog. & Corap. List, 1838. Same typo.
Compsolhiypis, Cauanis, Mus. lloiii. 1850-51, 20. Same type.

Cii. — III tlio species oftliis genus the bill is coniciil and acute ; llic culinon very gently curved from tlio base; the comniisHure
sliglitlv concave. The notch when visible is further from the lip than in Dcndroica, but usually is cither obsolete or entirely
wanting. Hristles very short. The tarsi are longer than the middle toe. The tail is nearly even, and considerably sliorter
than the wing.

The genus Sylvicda of Swainson was established on the Parus americanus in 1827, hut both
this nameand Chloris of Boie, 1826, were pre-occupied. Parula of 1838 has been changed by
Gray and Cabauis onaccount of the simihirity in sound to Farulus of Sjjix, 1824 ; but, considering
this diilerence of termination as sufficient lor distinguishing the two names, I do not follow
these authors in dropping the former.

The species of this genus have somewhat the habits of titmice, one only however is found
in the United States. The following synopsis will serve to distinguish them :
Above blue, with a dorsal patch of yellowish green ; yellow beneath.

Patch confined to middle of back. Throat pale yellow, with a brown patch. Rest of

under parts white ; lower eyelid white P. americana.

A small dorsal patch. Under parts reddish yellow. Nojjatch on the eyelid... P. pitiayumi.^

Entire back yellowish green. Throat and breast yellow, with a brown bar across the

former. Tail unspotted. Belly and superciliary stripe white P. mexicana.-

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

gpcciea.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen mea-
sured.

750
do.

Parula americana ....
do

Carlisle, Pa

do

d

4.70
4.75
3.94
4.50
4.80
3.54

7.66
7.50

2.48
2.50
S.38
2.41
2.58

2.02

0.66

0.56

0.16

0.38

0.50

Dry

9160
do.

do

do

do

do

Q

1.90

0.64

0.50

0.14

0.42

0.50

Dry

10155

Parula inexicana

Parula pinayumi ....

9 on

0.60
0.60

0.50
0.44

0.16
0.16

0.44
0.40

0.51
0.50

Dry

Dry

1819

2.02 1 fiR

1

' Pari'la riTiATDMi, Baird.

Sylvia pitiayumi, Vieillot, N'ouv. Diet. II, 1816, 27G.
Compsolhlypis pitiayumi. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 21.
Sylvia lejiusta, Temm. pi. col. 293, f. 1.
Sylvia plumbea, Swainson, Zool. 111. 11. 1821-'2; pi.
Parula brasiliana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 310.

'Parula hexicava, Bonap.

Parula mexicana, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 21.
Compsothlypii mexicana, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 21.

235 U. S. p. 1{. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PAKULA AMERICANA, Bonap.

Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.

I'artis amcricamis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, 1758, 190. — Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 1007. — Lath. liid.Orn. 1[,

1730,57].
Motacilla amcricana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 960.

Sylvia amcricana, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 520.— Bomap. Syn. 1628, 33.— Ann. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 78 ; pi. 15.
Syh'icrla americana. Rich. List, 1837. — AuD. Syn. 1839, 59. — Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 57 ; pi. 91.
Panda amcricana, Bonap. List, 1838. — 1b. Consp. 1850, 310. — Gosse, Jamaica, 1847, 154.
Compsolhlypis amerieann, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 20, (Type.)
Ficedula hidoriciana, Brisson, Orn. Ill, 1760, 500 ; pi. xxvi.
Motacilla ludoviciana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat I, 1788, 983.
Motacilla eques, Eoddaert, Tabl. pi. enl. 1783, (Gray.)
Sylvia torquala, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 38 ; pi. xcix.
Thryotkorus torquala, Stephens, Shaw Zoo!. XIV, i, 1826, 194.
Sylvia pusilla, Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 17 ; pi. xxviii.
Sylvicola pusilla, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 169. (Type of genus.)
EuFFON, PI. enl. 731, f. 1 ; 709, f. 1. (?)

Sp. Ch. — Above blue, the middle of the back with a patch of yellowish green. Beneath yellow anteriorly, white behind.
A reddish brown tinge across the breast. Lores and space round the eye dusky ; a small white spot on either eyelid ; sides of
head and neck like the crown. Two conspicuous white bands on the wings. Outer two tail feathers with a conspicuous spot
of white. Female similar, with less brown on the breast. Length, 4.75; wing, 2.34 ; tail, 1.90.

Hab. — Eastern North America to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala.

Male m spring. — Upper parts, scapulars, sides of the neck and head, edges of the quills
and tail feathers bluish ash. A triangular spot of yellowish green between the wings ; (this
i s slightly tinged in the middle of each feather with reddish brown.) The tips of the bluish
feathers above very faintly tipped with greenish yellow, indicating the changes in the fall.
Lore dusky ; a spot on the upper and under eyelids white. Individuals differ in the coloring
of the throat. In one the chin is yellowish ; across the throat a band of dark reddish brown ;
each feather tipped and edged with yellow. Fore part of the breast lighter reddish brown,
approximating to chestnut, this on a ground of yellow ; sides of the breast also with traces of
this chestnut. In another individual the dusky of the throat is extended more towards the
chin, and more decided. Sides under the wing light bluish ash. Traces of reddish brown under
the edge of the wing when closed. Abdomen, lower coverts, and vent white, with occasional
traces of pale yellow. Two broad bands of white on the wings. Large patch of white on the
inner webs of the outer two feathers near the end ; on the third a white spot on the inner vane,
and the inner edge of this and the two next margined with the same. Feet dusky ; upper
mandible dark brown, lower yellowish.

Female in spring. — Upper parts similar to the male ; white bands on the wings somewhat
narrower.' Two specimens differ in the color beneath. One specimen is very similar to tlio
male, with the dark reddish brown across the throat very decided. Lores also blackish. Tliis
specimen (No. 628) is marked " female ;" it may possibly be male. Another, certainly a
female. No. 338, has the throat, chin, and fore part of breast yellowish, very faintly tinted
with brownish red across the throat. Lores not dusky ; eyelids faintly white. Tail with less
white, and wanting the white sjiot on tlie third leather.

Male in fall.— Similar generally to the male in spring. Chin tinged with brownish ; more

BIRDS — SYLVICOl.IDAE — rROTONOTAKIA CITREA.

239

yellow on the tliroat and fore breiist. Feathers of the head stronf^ly tinged with greenish ;
secondaries, or some of them, edged witli greenish yellow ; sides tinged with hrown.

Female in fall. — Whole ujujer parts light greenish olive, strongly nmrked with yellowish
green between the wings. Throat, chin, and fore part of breast yellow ; across the throat
eliglitly tinged with reddish brown. Lower parts dirty white, passing to pale yellow about the
vent ; edges of secondaries like the head.

lAst of specimens.

Coul. Sex.

No. 1

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

aai9| ^

Carlisle, Pa

May 3, lfrl5
Sept. 23, 1M2
Sept. 10, 1842
April •2», 18J5

4.75
4.75
4.50
4.50

7.43
7.66
6.37
7.50

2.33

2.50

do

do

•>»

do

do

9160 Q
lOIOl , (J
7489

do

2.43

Wa>liinglon,D. C...

J. C. McGuire

Q
(?

<?

9

Cook county, 111

South Illinois

May 14

May 15

do

6974

.May 8, 1857
Sept. 27, 1857

April 10

Lieut. Bryan

46

W. 8. Wood. . .

8649

Upper mandible, black ;
lower, yellow ; legs,
light green.

6497

Key BIscayno, FI.i

Moutli of Platte river . .
Guatemala

do

4S71

April 27, 1850

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Hayden —

4.12

6.62

2.00

7991

J. Gould

PROTONOTARIA, Baird.

The diagnosis of this section will be found in the synopsis of the genera under the head of
MniodUeae. It is well characterized by its long, distinctly notched bill, and long wings, which
are an inch longer than the slightly graduated tail, (the lateral feathers about .12 of an inch
shorter.) The under tail coverts are very long, reaching within half an inch of the tip of the
tail. The tarsi and hind toe are proportionally longer than in the true warblers. The notch
and great size of the bill distinguishes it from the swamp warblers.

The only North American species belonging to the group appears to be the old Sylvia
protonotaria of Gm.

PROTONOTARIA CITREA, Baird.

Prothonotary Warbler.

"Motacilla citrea, Boddaert, Tabl. pi. cnl. 704, f. 2, 178.3," (G. R. Gray.)

Mnioiilla cUrea, Grat, Genera.

Motacilla prolonolarius, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 972.

Sylvia protonotarius, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790,542. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. II, 1807, 27; pi. I.^.xxiii. — Wilson, Ain.

Orn. Ill, 1811, 72 ; pi. xxiv, f 3.— AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 18,S2, 22 : V, 18.S8, 460 ; pi. 3.
Sylvia {Dacnis) prolonolarius, Bon. Obs. Wilg. J. A. N. S. IV, 1825, 196. — AuD. Orn. Biog. pi. 3, name on plate.
Vermivora protonotttrius, Bonap. List, 1838.

J/e/inai'a ;)ro(«io<(/rii<s, AcD. Syn. 1839, 67.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 89; pi. 106.
Hehmtherus proionotariuSf Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 314.
Compsothtypis prolonotarivs, Cab. Mus. Hein, 1850, 20. (Not type.)
Ficedula canadtrais major, Brisson, Ois. Ill, 1760, 308 ; pi. xxvi, f. 1.— Bdffon, V, 316 : VI, 191 ; enl. 704, f. 2.

Sp. Ch. — Bill very largo ; as long as the head. Head and neck all round, with the entire under parts, including the tibiae,
rich yellow, excepting the anal region and under tail coverts, which are while. Back dark olive green, with a tinge of yellow ;

240

U. S. p. R E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

rump, upper tail coverts, wings, and tail above, bluish ash color. Inner margin of quills and the tail feathers (except the
innermost) white, the outer webs and tips like the back. Length, .').40 ; wnig, 2.90 ; tail, 2.25.

}Iab. — Soutli Atlantic and Gulf Stales to mouth of Ohio north, and the Misorui river west. West Indies.

The wings are long and pointed ; the first quill longest ; the tail is moderately rounded.
The outer primary and alula are also edged with white.

The female has the yellow of the head more glossed with olivaceous.

A specimen from South Illinois (10111) has the yellow glossed in patches with red.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sel.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence ob-
tained.

Collected by—

Length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Us claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

192"

S

S. F. Bnird.

2393

do

10112

South Illinois

do

. . do

May 9

AprU 23...
May 15....
1857

N. W. Univ..

do

do

W. M. Magraw

lUlU
10110

do

do

5.30

2.K

2.12

0.72

0.62

0.16

0.56

0.64

Dry

7516

Independence, Mo

Dr. Cooper.....

5.10

2.74

2.04

0.78

0.64

0.20

0.56

0.66

Dry

Section Geothlypeae.

Bill distinctly notched but without bristles. Hind toe considerably longer than the lateral. Legs long and stout, consider-
ably exceeding the middle toe, and as long or decidedly longer than the skull. Under tail coverts long. Legs yellow, tail
unspotted. Color olive above, belly yellow, unspotted.

The North American genera of this section are as follows :

Geothltpis. — Wings rounded, scarcely longer than the considerably graduated tail ; first
quill shorter than fourth.

Oporornis. — Wings pointed, much longer than the nearly even tail. First quill almost
longest.

GEOTHLYPIS, Cab an is.

Trichas, Swainson, Zool. Journ. Ill, July, 1827, 167, (not of Gloger, March, 1B27, equal to Crinigcr, Temm.)
Geothlypis, Cabanis, Wiegmann's Arcliiv, 1847, i, 316, 349.— Ib. Schomburgk'a Beise Guiana, 1848.
Bill sylvicoline, ratlior depressed, and distinctly notched; rictal bristles very short or wanting. Wings short, rounded,

scarcely longer than the tail ; the first quill shorter than the fourth. Tail long; much rounded or graduated. Legs stout;

tarsi elongated as long as the head. Olive green above, belly yellow. Tail feathers immaculate. Legs yellow.

The species of this genus all agree in general external appearance, and are more terrestrial
than other sylvicolines. They constitute two well marked sections, the first having shorter
wings and more graduated tail, (about .40 of an inch,) with longer legs than the second, which
is more like the typical sylvicolas.

According to Cabanis, Gloger used the name Trichas, in March, 182T, for what Temminck
had previously called Crinir/er. As Swainson's name was published in the number of Zoo-
logical Journal for April— July, 1827, it of course loses priority. The date of Gloger's article
I take on the authority of Cabanis, as I have not been able to find it myself.
The following is a synopsis of the species :
A. — Tail graduated. Throat and breast yellow, sides of the head black.

A broad frontal band of black, bordered behind by hoary white ; rest of croWn

like tlieback G. trichas.

A narrow frontal black band, the crown dark ash G. velaius.

niRDR — SYLVICOMDAE — OEOTnLYPIS TRICIIAS.

211

B. — Tail roumled. lleml all ronml ash ; the J'eathers of the chin iiml tliroat black with asliy
margins.
A black patfli on the fore part of breast ; lores dusky ; no white alxmt the

eye (r. 2^hiU((lcljjhi(i..

Fore part of breast like throat ; forehead and lores black ; eyelids with a white
patch G. macgillioraiji.

Comparative measurements of species.

Caial.
N.1.

Species.

Locality.

Sm.

Length.

Stretch

orwiiigd.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

lis claw
nionc.

Dill
above.

Along Siiociinen
gape, measured.

2535
do!

OroililypU irichoa

do

Carli!<lc, Penn

do

C?

4.00
5.50
4 50
5.08
5.22
5.00
5.37
4.96
4.36
4.86
4.80
5.75
4.56
5.33
5.04

7.41
6.63

6.75

8.00
9.60

S.30
2.41
3.10
2.16
2.30
2.16

2.30

0.76

0.70

0.20

0.44

0.60

Dry

Fresh....
Dry

FresJi....

Dry

Dry

Frcsli....

Dry

Dry

Dry

Dry

S%3

do

do

Q

2.10

0.78

0.68

O.IU

0.46

0.54

do.

do

do

7!tt>
7<Jt8

do

do

ll.icine

P'ort Stt- ilacooin . . . .
do

..„.

2.38
2.30

0.78
0.78

0.68
0.68

0.20
0.16

0.40
0.41

0.56
0.52

do.

do

7!«0

10107

GS9

do

do

Geotlilypi:i pliiladelpliin.
do

Tulare valley

WashinglOM, D. C

(?

c?

2.20
2.00
2.38
2.42
2.50
2.30
2.17
2.38

2.24
2.24
2.20
2.28

0.80
0.70
0.86
0.84

0.67
0.60
0.70
0.70

0.18
0.16
0.18
0.18

0.4B
0.42
0.42
0.42

0.54
0.54

1CU7

do

0.66

dn.

do

do

1037

do

do

9

2.M

0.82

0.6(>

0.20

0.41

0.51

Dry

du.

do

do

1861

GeoUilypis maogillivmyi

Coluiiiliia river

S

2.32

0.78

0.66

0.18

0.42

0.56

Dry

GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS, C a b a n i s

Maryland Vellow-throat.

Turi/iis /ric/tiu, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 293.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788.

S^lv\a Irichas, L.itham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. IT, 1807, 28 ; pi. .vNviii & xxix. — Ann. Orn.

Biog. I, 1832, 120 : V, 1838, 403, pi. 23 & 240.
Ficeclula trichax, Brisson, Orn.
Oeollilypis trichas, C.ibanis, Mus. Ilein. 1850, 10.
Ficedula marilandica, Brisson, Orn. Ill, 1760, 500.
Sylvia marilandica, Wilson, Am. Orn. 1, 1808, 88 ; pi. vi, C 1.

Trichas marilandica, Bon. List, 1838.— lis. Consp. 1850, 310.— Atm.Syn. 183!), 65.— Ib. Orn. Biog. II, 1841, 78; pi. 102.
Regulua mystaceus, Stkphens, Shaw, Zool. Birds, XIII, ii, 182G, 232.
Trichas personatus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 167.
Sylvia roscoe, A no. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 124 ; pi. 24. (Young male.)
Trichas roscoe, Nuttall, Man. 1, 2d ed. 1840, 457.
Trichas brachydactyla, Swainson, Anim. in Menag. 1838, 295.
BuFFON, PI. enl. 709, f. 2.

Sp. Cii. — Upper parts olive green, tinged with brown towards the middle of the crown ; chin, throat, and breast as far as the
middle of the body, with the under tail coverts biighl yellow. Belly dull whitish buff. Sides of body strongly tinged with
light olive brown ; under coverts glossed with the same. A band of black on the forehead, (about .20 of an inch wide in the
middle,) passing backward so as to cover the cheek and ear coverts, and extending a little above the oyo ; this band bordered
behind by a sufifuaion of hoary ash, forming a distinct line above the eye, and widening behind the ear coverts into a larger
patch, with a yellow tinge. In winter dress, and in the female, without the black mask, the forehead tinged with brown,
the yellow ofthe tliroat less e.Ytended, the eyelids whitish, and an indistinct superciliary line yclloivish. Length of male,
5.50; wing, 2.40 ; tail 2.20.

Ilab. — North America from Atlantic to Pacific.

The wings of this species are short and much rounded ; they reach a little beyond the basal
third of the tail. Thi.s is considerably {,aadiiated, the outer feather about .40 of an inch
31b

•242

U. S. p. It. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

shorter than the middle ones. The fourth quill is longest ; the first shorter than the fifth.
The legs are long and of a yellow color.

I have not found any specimens of this species agreeing with the Trichas personaius of Swainson
as distinguished from his T. hrachydacfylus. All before me have the short lateral toes dis-
tinguishing the latter species. Should, therefore, there be really two, as suggested by Swainson,
the new one will be that to which he has assigned the name of personaius.

Among the specimens before me are several males in autumnal or winter dress in which the
entire crown is pale reddish olive, except a very narrow black frontlet. The black of the cheeks
is also considerably obscured. This agrees with the Sylvia roscoe of Audubon. There is a
slight trace only of the conspicuous white ring round the eye, shown in the figure of roscoe,
this is characteristic of the female ; nor is the olive of the back so dark.

Specimens from the west appear larger than eastern ones, and the hoary suffusion back' of
the black on the head is more sharply defined and whiter. One skin from Racine has the
belly yellower than usual, and thus more like G. velatns.

This species is readily distinguishable from G. macijllUvrayl and ])hlladeJphia in the adult
dress. The female and immature specimens of the latter may be distinguished by the bright
yellow of the whole under surface of body and tail coverts, and the gray tinge on the neck and
throat without the decided yellow of G. trichas.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

2178
2293
2572
2656
2535
2215

385
2303
1105

703
8G55
7370
7922
5^5
10152
»313

3990
3992
4674
4675
8836
8834
8837
8835
5304
8327

7915
791B
7917
7921
4566
7'JaO

Sex and
age.

C?
<?
C?
C?
(?
(?
Q
Q

Q

s

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Carlisle, Pa.
do

.do..

.do..

.do.,
.do..

s
s

s

9

Washington, D. C...

Cape Florida

Cleveland, Ohio

Racine, Wis

do

West Norlhfield, 111.
Independence, Mo .,

Brownsville, Tex

.do..

Nebraska..,

do

Loup Fork.
do

.do..

do

Blackfool country..
Fort Laramie, Neli.

Fort Steilacooni..
do

Shoalwater hay.

do

Han Jos6, nl . . .
Tulare valli'y...
Fort TcJon,Oal.

.ipril 30, 1845
May 20, 1845
May 4, 1846
May 19, 1816
AprUaO, 1846
April 3, 1846
April 15, 184C
May 21, 1840
July 5, 1843
April 25, 1812

Whence obtained.

M.ay 15, 18.i7
M.iy 27, ie.')7

May 15

May 12

Aug. 6

Aug. 3

.... do

.... do

Aug. 1, 1855
Sept. 17, 1855

April 25, 1856
April 26, 1»,«)
Aug. 30, I US'!
d

Winter .

S. F. Baird.
do....

.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do.,
.dn.,

du

dn

G. Wurdeniann...
Dr. J. P. Kirtliind .

A. C. Barry

Dr. P. It. Hoy

R. Keiinicott

Wni. M. Miigraw. .

I.ieul. Couch ,
, do

Lieut. Warren.

, 10

do

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

.do..

do

do

Wm. M. Magraw,

Dr. Suckley.
do

Oov. StcvcuH

lo

A. J. Grayson

R. a. Wllliainaon...
J. Xantus dc Vesey

327
328
87

Dr. Cooper .

Dr, Hayden.

do

do

.do.,
.do..

Dr. (Joopcr ...

Dr. Cooper.,
lo

Dr. Ileerruann

Length.

4.75
5. 08
5.16
5.08
5.50
5.08
.••lOO
5.08
4.75

5.00

4.50
4.. 50
5.37
4.75
3.25
5.25
5.00
4.75

5.37
5.50

Stretch
of wings.

6.91
6 66
7.08
7.08
7.43
7.05
6.91
6.91
6.50

6.25
6.50
7.00
7.00
7.12
7.00
7.00
6.75

6.75

7. a;

6.75
7.25

Wing

2.25
2.25
2,17
2.17
2.43
2.25

2.16
2.00

2.00
a. 00
2.50

2.25
2,25
2.25
2.25

2.25
2.50

Keinarks

Iris tirnwn ; bill black;
teet tlesh color.

Iris dark brown.

Iris dark brown.
do

Irifl brown ; ten pale
brown.

IIIKDS — SYLVICOUUAE — GEOTIILYI'IS I'lIILAUELPlIIA.

243

GE0TIILYPI8 VELATUS, Cab.

(•ray-hcndcd Witrblcr.

Si//rio retala, Vikillot, Ois. Am. Scj)t. II, 1^07, 2'J ; ()l. lx.\iv.

7'iifAos retata, Swainson, Class. liiids, II, 1837, 217.— Nuttali., Man. I, M ud. 1840, 458.
CcofA/ypu t'<7u(a, Cab . Mua. Hoin. 1850, 16.

Sulria cucutlaltt, Latham, Iiid. Orn. II, 17'J0, 538. (Nol of Wilson.)
" Sylvia caniicn;ii//a, Pn. Maxim."

" Tanagra caniicapitla, Swainson, Zool. 111. Ill, 174."
Sy/ria delajieldii , AnD. Orn. Biog. V, 1833, 307.

Triekas delaficldii, Abd. Syn. 1839, 65.— Ib. Birds Am. II, lB41, 81 ; |.l. 1(13.
' Trichas caniicrphala, Lesson, Rev. Zool. Ill, 1840, 13.

Sp. Cii. — Upper parts and sides dark olive green. Crown aah color. A narrow frontal band passing backwards on tliu ciiecks
and oar coverts, and extending a little above the eye. Beneath bright yellow. Lutigth, 4.75 ; wing, 2.55 ; tail, 2. 10.
Hob, — West Indies and South America. Oregon ?

It is scarcely certain that tlie present species really belongs to the fauna of the United tStates.
Its occurrence in the West Indies (where it really belong.s) and in Oregon, without being
found in any intermediate locality, would seem very improbable. Mr. Audubon received his
specimen (No. 2905 of the accompanying list) from Mr. Townsend who probably procured it
somewhere else than in the assigned locality.'

This species is readily distinguishable from the Geothlypi.'i irichas by its larger size, bright
yellow of the entire under parts, (without any brown,) and the a.shy crown, without any lighter
space separating it from the black of the forehead. The tail is broad and much graduated ;
the lateral feathers .45 of an inch the shortest. The wings are much rounded ; the first quill
shorter than the sixth.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtaincil.

Collected by—

2905

Oregon ? .
Trinidad .
Mexico?-.

S F. Bainl

J. J. Audubon

2367

do

562

do

JohnG. Bell

' Nuttall states that Townsend 's specimen was taken near Fort Vancouver, O. T., not in California, as given by Audubon.

GEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA, B a i r d .

Monniing Warbler.

Sylvia Philadelphia, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 101 ; pi. xiv.— Audi'bon, Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 78, (not figured.)—

N0TTALL, Man. I, 1832, 404.
Trichas Philadelphia, Jard. Wilson, 1832.— Rich. List, 1837.— Bonap. List, 1838.— AonnBON, Synopsis, 1839, 64.—

Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 76; pi. 1(11 — REiNHARnr, Vidcnsk. Mcddcl. for 1853, 1854, 73.

(Greenland.)

Sp. Cii. — Wings but little longer than the tail, reaching but little beyond its base. Head and neck all round with throat and
fore part of breast ash gray, paler beneath. The feathers of the chin, throat, and fore breast in reality black, but with narrow-
ashy margins, more or less concealing the black, except on the breast. Lores and region round the eye dusky, without any
trace of a pale ring. Upper parts and sides of the body clear olive green ; the under parts bright yellow. Tail feathers
uniform olive ; first primary, with the outer half of the outer web, nearly white. Female with the gray of the crown glossed
with olive ; the chin and throat paler centrally, and tinged with fulvous ; a dull whitish ring round the eye. Length, 5.50
inches; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.25.

JJab. — Eastern ^I'orlli America, at' far wcft at Indcpcinkncc Mo. Greunland, Ucinhardt.

244

IT. S P R, K. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

In this species the wings are nhoit and broad ; the tcrtials in the closed wing longer than
the secondaries, and about .45 of an inch shorter than the i>riinaries ; the wing considerably
rounded, the first quill intermediate between the fourth and fifth, the second longest. The tail
is moderately graduated, the lateral leathers .15 of an inch shorter than the middle one.

It is quite possible that in the full plumaged male the entire throat may be black, as there
is a tendency to this in some specimens. A fall male (1697) shows the black only on the fore
breast.

Authors describe the black feathers of the throat as crenulated (margined) with white. 1
have never seen any specimens (out of about twenty) in which these margins were other than
ash color.

The mourning warbler is very similar to the Oporornis cujilis, and is only to be distinguished by
the smaller size, much shorter, and more rounded wings, longer legs, and shorter toes, and other
generic characters. The adult males are easily separated by the decided black of the throat
and absence of white ring round the eye in G. 'pliiladelphia. The females are much more closely
related, both having the pale ring round the eye. The longer and more pointed wings of
CHjilis will distinguish them ; the relations to G. luacgillivrayi will be pointed out under that
species.

A female (2906) has a strong tinge of bufi" yellow on the throat.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

No.

1499

3

1697

S

ion

$

1024

Q

103?

9

2273

Q

427?

9

9

7516

....

Locality.

Carlisle, Fa.

-do-
.do.

.do.

..do..
..do..
..do..

South Illinois

Independence, Mo .

When collected.

May 26, 1844
Sept. 6, 1844
Sept. 24, 1843
May 26, 1843
May 30, 1843
May 17, 1845
May 28, 1841
May 11, 1841

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird
, do...

.do.

.do-

.do.
.do.

.do.

K. Keunicott.
Dr. Cooper

Oris.
No.

45

Length.

Stretch
of wiiiss.

5.50
5.75
5.33
5.25
6.33
5. 16
8.41

.00

7.75
8.00
8.16
7.75
7.06
7.75
7.66

Ci. 00

Wing.

2.41
2.50
2.58
2.41
2.16
2.41

Remarks.

2. 50

Iris and bill brown,
feet pale brown..

GEOTHLYPIS MACGILLIVRAYI, Baird.

MacRillivray's Warbler.

Sylvia macgillirrayi, AunuuuN, Orn. niog. V, 1839, 75 ; pi. 399. {Sylvia jikilaiklfhiu un plate.)

7Vic/in.5 nmi-ffiHifrat/i, Ai'D. Syii. 1K)9, G4.— In. Birds Anier. II, 1H41, 74 ; pi. 100.

Sylvia Inlmioci, Townsend, J. A. N. Se. VIII, 18.39, 149, 159. (Read April, but tlic volimic really not pubiidliril

till 1840.)
Sylvia lolmin, Townseno, Narrative, 1839, .343.
Trichas tolmiad, Nuttali., Man. I, 2d cd., 1840, 4C0.

Sr. On.— Head anil neck all round, throat and fore part of the breast dark ash color ; a narrow frontlet, loral region and space
round the eye (scarcely complete behind) black. The eyelids above and below the eye (not in a continuous ring) white. The
feathers of the chin, throat, and fore breast really black, with ashy gray tips, more or leas concealing tlie black. Rest of ui>pcr
parts dark olive green, (sides under the wings paler ;) of lower, bright yellow. Female with the throat paler and without any
black. Length of male, 5 inches ; wing, 12.45 ; tail, 2.45.

//a/-.— I'aeific coast of North Anioriea, soulh to Gidf of CalilUrnia and across to Monterey, Me.\ico. In Rocky nioiinlains to
Fort Laramie f (Ur. Cooper.)

lilKOS — SYLVICOLIDAK — GF.OTIILYns MACGILI.IVKAVI.

245

In this species the wings are short and rounded, about as long as the tail, and reaching only-
over its basal third. The primaries are about half an inch longer than the tertials, the first
•luill intermediate between the fifth and sixth. Tlie tail feathers arc moderately graduated.

This si)ecies bears a most remarkable resemblance to the T. philaddp/iia, of which it is the
western representative ; the only prominent distinction is in the white spots on the eyelids.
The size and general proportions arc much the same ; but the ash and black of the breast do
not come so far down in the western species, tlie loral region is much l)lacker, and the black
frontlet is wanting in Philadelphia. The bill is more slender, the wings more rounded, the
legs shorter. The females are only distinguishable by the slenderer bill and more rounded
wings of G. mavgiUivrayi, in which the first quill is intermediate between the fifth and sixth,
'instead of being considerably longer than the fifth.

The j)eculiarities of wing will serve to distinguish this species from Oporornis agilis in
autumn and winter. The crown then is probably tinged with olive.

The selection of a specific name for this bird from the two at our command is a matter of
much perplexity. Both were apparently published in 1839, and without indication of the
month. Sir. Townsend's article was read before the Academy at Philadelphia, April 2, 1839,
(Journal VIII, li,) and printed on page 149. The next sheet contains a note dated (September
10, 1839, in which he refers to the article and page of Audubon, and claims priority of pub-
lication for his Narrative of Travels.

A few pages further on, and on the penultimate page (170) of Part I, is an article on
F(digula grisea by Dr. Leib, " read January T, 1840." This evidently shows that the volume
was not issued till 1840, as it could not otherwise have contained a paper read January 7, 1840,
only 21 pages later than where Townsend's species is described.

This clearly settles the question of priority in favor of Vol. V of the Ornithological Biography.
Although Townsend claims precedence of the description in his Narrative, yet as the one work
was published in Edinburgh, and the other in Philadelphia, the former might have been issued
first without the knowledge of the latter. The article in the Journal of Academy does not
quote the Narrative, while that in the Narrative quotes the volume of the Journal, (not the
page, however.) The inference would, therefore, be that the latter appeared first of the two.

Under the circumstances, then, I think it proper to retain the better known name of Audubon,
and accordingly adopt that of G. macgillivrayi.

List of specimens.

Caial.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by Length.

Stretch

of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

7905

s

s
""s"

p

""q"

Fort SteilRcoom, W. T. .
do

May 3,1856
do

Dr. Suckley

do

356
385

7907

5.50
5.2S
5.12

7.50
7.25

7.00

7911

do

Jan. 25, 1855
do

7910

do

do

2907

Columbia river

May — , 1835
do

J. K. Townsend..

1910

do

do

1861

do

May 4, 1836

.... do

4947

San JosC', Caliromia....

A. J. Grayson

3

7912

Minitircs to Rio Gmnde.

Frontera

Fort Laramie

7913

May 5,1852
Au;. 31, 1857
do. ..

Chas Wri'^bt

5.50

7.00
7.62
7.37
7.00
7.25

2.50
2.62
2.50
2.50
2.50

Wm. M.Magr.iw..
... do

179
180
213
205

do

do.... ^ oi;

Iris black, feet giay

Eye brown, feet dull white

39S9

Monterey, Mexico

do

May — , 1853
do

Lient. Couch

do

5.00
5.50

3988

246

U. S. p. K. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

OPORORNIS,' Baird.

Ch. — Bill sylvicolino, rather compressed ; distinctly notched at tip ; rictal bristles very much reduced. Wings elongated,
pointed, much longer than the tail ; the first quill nearly or quite the longest. Tail very slightly rounded ; tail fcutliera
acuminate, pointed ; the under coverts reaching to within less than half an inch of tlieir tip. Tarsi elongated, longer than
the head ; claws large, the hinder one as long as its digit, and longer tlian the lateral toes. Above olive green ; bcncalli
yellow; tail and wings immaculate. Legs yellow.

This group of American warblers is very distinct from any other. The tyj)ical species is
quite similar in color to Geothlyj^is 2)hiladeljohia, but is at once to be distinguished by much
longer wings, more even tail, and larger toes and claws. It is also very similar to Seiurus,
differing chiefly in the longer wings, larger cliws, and absence of spots beneath.

Throat and crown ash color; a white ring round the eye. No blacky on the side of

the head 0. aijilis.

Throat and superciliary stripe yellow ; top of the head and a streak beneath the eye
black O.formosas.

Comparative measurements of species.

C.ilal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

2309
lio.
1239

Opororni3 ngilia

Carlisle, Penn

do . ...

c?

5.20
5.91
5.00
4.76
5.36

9.00

2.86
3.00
2.74
2.86
2.60

2.28

0.80

0.76

0.18

0.48

0.62

Dry

Fresh ....

do

Oporornis formosus

do

2.30
2.20
2.10

0.80
0.82
0.93

0.70
0.72
0.74

0 16
0.18
0.18

0.43
0.40
0.44

0.56
0.54
0.58

Dry

Q

Dry

10153

South Illinois. ...

Dry

OPORORNIS AGILIS, Baird.

Connecticut Warbler.

Sylvia agilis, Wilson, Am. Dm. V, 1813, 64 ; pi. xxxix, f. 4.— Bonap. OIjs. Wils. 182r), no. 163.— Ann. Orn. Biog.

11, 1634,227; pi. 138.
Sylvicola ngilis, Jardine ed. Wilson, 18.32.— Ricii. List, 1837.— Aon. Synopsis, 1839, 63.— Li. Orn. Biog. 11, 1841,

71 ; pi. 99.
Trichus ngilis, Niittall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 403.
THchas tepkrocolis, Nuttali., Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 462, (Chester county, Ponn., adult with whole head ash.)

Sr. Ch.— Upper parts and sides of the body uniform olive green, very slightly tinged with ash on tlio crown. Sides of llie
head ash tinged with dusky beneath the eye. (Entire head sometimes ash.) Chin and throat grayish asli, gradually becoming
darker to the upper part of tlie breast, whore it becomes tinged with dark ash. Sides of tlic neck, breast, and body, olivo, like
the back ; rest of under parts light yellow. A broad continuous white ring round the eye. Wings and tail feathers olive,
(especially the latter,) witliout any trace of bars or spots. Bill brown above. Feet yellow. Length, G inches ; wing, 3 ;
Uil, 2.25.

//ad.— Eastern United States. (Very rarely seen.)

In this species the wings are long and pointed, reaching beyond tlio middle of the tail or
within an inch of the end, (in the fresh specimen.) The primaries are .85 of an inch longer
than the secondaries. The primaries become successively and decidedly shorter than the first,
which is longest. The tail feathers are broad, acuminate, and slightly graduated.

A second specimen (2939) is similar, but dillors in having the crown dark plumbeous ash.
Both of these are spring specimens. In fall, when the species is much more frequently seen,

' The name is used in reference to tlie abundance of 0. ugilis in autumn, compared with its excessive rarity in spring.

RIRPS — SYIA'irnLinAF. — OPOHORNIS roHMOSlTS.

247

the ash of the throat is so strongly tinged with brownish (witli perhaps a tinge of olive) as to
obscure the ash. The crown also is like the back.

The Triclias tephrocolis of Niittall a|ipears to be only an adult in very full [)luma^e, with tlie
entire head above clear bluish ash, (as just referred to in No. 2930,) instead of glossed with
olivaceous, as in most specimens.

List of specimens.

CatiU
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

liCngth.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

2939

"7"

Eliuttim U States

J. J. Audubon

2309

Carlisle, Pa

Philailelpbia, Pa...
South Illinoi.s

May 20, 1815
Oct. 3, 1843
May 15, 1855

S. F. Biiird _

5.91

9.00

3.00

1235

do

N. W. University..

OPORORNIS FORMOSUS, Buird.

Kentucky Warbler.

Sylvia fonnosa, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 85 ; pi. xxv, f. 3.— BoN.tr. 01>s. Wils. 1H25-G, 15G.— Nuttall, Man.

I, 1832, 399.— Audubon, Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 196; pi. 38.
SyhUola fonnosa, Jaudine ed. Wilson, 1832.— Rich. List, 1837.— Ronap. List, 1838.
MyioJioclesfurmosus, Aud. Syn. 1839, 50. — Ib. Birds America, II, 1841, 19; pi. 74. — Bonap. Conspectus, 1850,315.

Sp. Ch. — Upper parts and sides dark olive green. Crown and sides of tlie head, including a triangular patch from behind
the eye down the side of the neck, hiack, the feathers of the crown narrowly lunulatcd at tips with dark ash. A lino from
nostrils over the eye and encircling it (except anteriorly) with the entire under parts, bright yellow. No white on the tail.
Female similar, with less black on the head. Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.95 ; tail, 2.25.

Hab. — Eastern United States as far west as Fort Riley, south to Guatemala.

The wings of this species are long and pointed ; the first three nearly equal and considerably
longer than the rest. The tail is slightly rounded.

List of specimens.

Caul.

No.

Sex.

I/Ocalily.

Wlien col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Keiuarks.

2373
1UIS4
10153
6!I85
"3520

"'q

Union county, III

Souiblll

St. Loiii^, Mo

May 12,

May 15,

M;iy 13,1857

do

Lieut. Bryan

Dr. Cooper

J Dr. llainmoni] &
} Mr. DcVesey.

f CitMiXA

79
25

W S Wood

5.50

8.00

3.00

Iris brown, feet fleet).

7il*S

1

248

U. S. r. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Section Icterieae.
lOTEraA, Vieillot.

hierin, Vikii.i.ot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1790, iii and 85.
l)ill sliortcr tlian the head ; hroad at the hase, hut rapidly becoming compressed or much higlier tlian broad, witli the ridjjo
elevated and sharp from tlie very hase of the bill ; the upper outline much curved throughout ; the cummissuro less curved but
strongly concave ; the gonys nearly straight, the upper edge of the lower jaw as conve.x as the commissure is concave. No
notch in the bill and the rictal bristles small. Tarsi longer than the toes, without scutellae, except faint indications on tho
inner side. Lateral toes about equal ; shorter than the hinder. Wings about equal to the tail, rounded ; the first quill longer
than the secondaries. Tail graduated ; above olive; beneath yellow. Abdomen, eyelids, maxillary patch, and line to tho
bill, white.

The proper jjosition of this genus has always been a matter of much uncertainty, but I see
no reason why it may not legitimately be assigned to the Sylvlcolinae, possessing, as it does, so
many of their characteristics. The bill is stouter and more curved than in the rest, but tho
other characters agree very well. It cannot properly be placed with the vireos and .shrikes on
account of the absence of a spurious primary, as well as of a notch in either mandible.

The two species are best distinguished by the relative length of the tail.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Us claw
alone.

Bill
alMive

Along
gape.

Speelmena mea-
sured.

t602

Icteria longicauda*. . .
do

8.00
7.04
7.50
6.90

9.16

3.14
3.14
3.16

.-i.to

3.35
3.02
3 25

3.92
3.80

1.00
1.04

O.tiO
0.86

0.21
0.20

0.58
0.60

0.74
0.72

Dry

Dry

5530

Pelalutria, Cal

do

3

do.

do

3978

do

New Leon, Mex

do

3

3.70

1.00

0.84

0.24

0.60

0.80

Dry

Frcsli

do.

do

6.75 1 9.75

6.70

7.41 10 00

6.20

7 00 « 511

2260
do.

Icteria viridis

do

Carlisle, Pa

do

3

3 28

1.02

0.80

0.22

0.60

0.76

Dry

Fresh

2312

do

do

9

2.93
3.00

3.1C

1.00

0.84

0.21

0.58

0.68

Dry

Fresh

do.

do

do

' ■

* The original nf Mr. Lawrence's Icteria longicauda.

ICTEKIA VIRIDIS, Bonap.

Yellow Ui'casted Chat.

~Mmciciipa viridis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 936.

Icteria Hindis, BoNAP. Obs. Wilson, 18a6, No. 163.— Ib. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 33L— Niittall, Man. I,
1832, 299.—AUD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834,223: V, 133; pi. 137.— Ib. Syn. 1839, l«3.—li!. Birds Am.
Iv.ttria ilumecola, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 85 ; pi. Iv.
Fi/ira polyglotta, Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808,90.
" Tanagra oliviicca, Desmabest, Tangaras, (r?, not the Q or O.)"
" JImpelis luteus, Sparrmann, Mus. Carls, tab. Ixx," (Bonap.)
7 Icttria vtlasiiuizii, Bonap. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 117.— lit. Consp. 1850, 33L
J\h'rula viHdis carolincnsis^ Brissok, II, 1760, 315.
Yetloxo breasted chat, Catesbt, Carol. I, 1730, tab. 1.
Chaltiring flycatcher, Pennant, II, 388. — Latham, Syn. II, i, 360.

Sp. Ch. — Third and fourth quills longest ; second and fifth little shorter; first nearly equal to tho sixth. Tail graduated.
Upper parts uniform olive green ; under parts, including the inside of wing, gamboge yellow as far as nearly halfway from the
point of the bill to the tip of the tail ; rest of under parts white, tinged with brown on the sides ; the outer side of the tibia
plumbeous ; a s.ight tinge of orange acro.ss tho breast. Forehead and sidos of the head a.sh, the lores and region below the eye
blackish. A while stripe from the nostrils over the eye and involving the upper eyelid; a patch on tho lower lid, and a short
stripe from the Hide of tho lower mandible, and running to a point opposite tho hinder border of the eye, white. Bill black ;
feet brown. Female like tho male, but smaller ; tho markings indistinct ; tho lower mandible not pure black. Length, 7.40 ;
wing, 3.25 ; tail, 3. .30.

Hab. — f;a8tern United .States to the Missouri, soulh to Guatemala.

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE — ICTF.RIA LONGICAUDA.

249

The graduation of the tail in this species amounts to about .40 of an inch or less. There is the
faintest possible trace of a wliitish tip to the inner webs of the hiteral tail feathers.

The female is smaller than the male, tlic marlcinij;s less distinct, and the under mandible,
instead of being entirely bluish black, is brownish white, the edges darker. A specimen from
Guatemala agrees exactly with females from the Atlantic States, except in having tlie lower
mandible rather purer wliite tlian in those before me, but the difference is not very great.
Tliis character of bill corresponds witii that of Tc'cria vdasquezii of Bonaparte, but as the long
tailed western species or race has-tiie bill light colored also in the female and young, it is
difficult to say to which Bonaparte's species should be referred. It is possible that Guatemala
winter specimens belong to J. viridis, and Mexican summer ones to J. longicauda.

List of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

3311

<?

Carlisle, Pa

do

May 23, 1845
May 14, 1845
May 20, 1845
May 23, 1845

1

7.33
7.41

7.08
7.00

10.00
10.00
9.66
9.50

3.08
3.25
3.00
3.00

^60

do

SJ93

9

do

do

Washington, D. C

do

9313

do

7578

\V. Hulton

7535

W.sl Norlhticid, 111

May 17,1855
May 11,1855

R. Kcnnicott

6997

do

do

May — , 1837
Jan. 29,1857
May 28, 1857
June 14, 1856
June 20, 1856
July 16,1857

Lieut. Bryan

\Vm. .M. Mngraw ..
Lieut. Bryan

1U7

W. S. Wood.

8397
6998

..„..
<?

Q
Q

Independence, Mo

Leavenworth, K. T

East of ForiEiley

do

Dr. Cooper ....
W.S.Wood...

7.2U

9.00

3.00

Iris brown, feet lead.. ..

SS47

do

10
34
131

do

5648

do

do

8195
7954

Nemaha river, K. T....

Wm. M. Magraw...

Dr. Cooper ....

7.00

9.00

3.75

Iris brown, bill black and
white, feet lead

ICTERIA LONGICAUDA, Lawrence.

Long-tailed Chat.

Icleria longicauda, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, Ap. 1853, 4.
1 1cttria auricollis, (Licnr. Mus. Bar.) Bonap. Consp. 1850, 331.

St. Ch. — Similar to /. viridis. Fourth quill longest ; third and fifth shorter ; first shorter than the seventh. Above ash
color, tinged with olive on the back and neck ; the outer surface of the wings and tail olive. The under parts as far as the
middle of the belly bright gamboge yellow, with a tinge of orange ; the remaining portions white. The superciliary and
maxillary white stripes extend some distance behind the eye. Outer edge of the first primary white. Length, 7 inches ; wing,
3.20; tail, 3.70.

Hnb. — High central plains of the United States to the Pacific ; south into Mexico.

This Icteria appears to differ in some appreciable points from the common species of the
United States. The upper parts are less olivaceous, the forehead and even the crown decided
ash color, instead of olive. The white marks on the head are more extended, the superciliary
stripe broader and extending a quarter of an inch behind the eye. The maxillary white stripe
is broader, and reaches back to a distance equal to the length of the lower mandible, instead of
little more than half as far. The outer edge of the first primary is pure white instead of
olivaceous. The yellow of the breast is more orange. The proportions of the quills are
different, in having the fourth quill longest, the first shorter than the seventh. The tail also
is nearly half an inch longer.

This description, based on No. 3978, from New Leon, agrees in the main with nearly all the
32 b

250

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

specimens from the Missouri plains and westward. Some of these vary, however, and in most
cases the characters of wing are more like those of /. viridis, from Pennsylvania. Tlie only
constant feature is the greater length of tail in western specimens, which prevails throughout.
If there he a specific difference, it will he hased essentially upon the latter feature, upon which
the Icteria longicauda of Mr. Lawrence was founded. His specimen, now hefore me, has the tail
rather longer than in any other I have seen, measuring 3.90 inches. A California specimen
from Petaluma measures 3. CO, or a little less than in No. 3978. Mr. Lawrence's specimen is
in other respects much like the eastern ones, having less wliite ahout the sides of the head, less
gray on the crown, and less white on the outer margin of first primary than in No. 3975.

The determination of the name of this long-tailed species (if it be really one) of Ickria is a
matter of much uncertainty. There are three from which to choose: / velasquezii of Bonaparte,
1837, auricollis of 1850, and longicauda, Lawrence, of 1853. Neither velasquezii nor anricollis
are described in a way to indicate any material difference from /. viridis. The former is said to
have the under mandible white. If this be found to he a constant character in adult males, it is
probable that none of the specimens in the Smithsonian collection belong to it. The description
.of auricollis, though not distinctive, will answer very well, especially as the white about the
head is mentioned so particularly as to render it probable that it appeared more conspicuous
than in the / viridis, which is really the case in the subject of the present article. As based on
a Mexican specimen, it in all probibility is the same with those from New Leon — 3978 — and
these identical, as far as I can see, with Nebraska and California ones. Still, as Mr. Lawrence's
description is positively applicable to the one bird only, and Bonaparte's answers almost equally
well for both, I j^refer to adopt the name of the former, leaving a further examination of the
type of auricollis in the Berlin Museum to settle the question.

Specimens from Loup Fork, apparently young, (8841-'2,) differ in having the upper parts of
a 'ull brownish yellow, occasionally touched with olivaceous. The under mandibles are whitish.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

VVllcn col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

Remarks.

8602

9

5520

Petalunin, Cal

April — , 1856

E. Samuels

7.50

9.1G

3.16

J. Xantus dc Vesey.
Clias. Wright

8175

May 10, 1852

8174

Fort Thorn, N. M

4725
4724
5307

Nebraska

Mouih VVliite river

Ft. Loukuut, Neb

do

do

do

May 17, 1856

May 21,

May 31,

June 17, 1856
do

Dr. Harden

do

do .... .

7.75
7.25
7.50
7.00
7.25
7.25
7.25

10.00
9.75

10.00
9.50
9.75

10.00
9.5U

3.25
3.25
3.00
3.25
3.25
2.U0
3.25

do

do

Eyes blaclt

5310

do

do

do

5011

do

do

5308

do

do

do

Eyes black

S304.'

..„..

9

S
6

..„..
<?

do

June 21, 1856
Juno 12, 1855
May 12, 1855
June 1, 185C
Aug. 21, 1856

Aug. 5,

do

do

do

do

4648

do

do

do

5306

Little Shycnne

Platte ,

do

7.00

9.62

3.00

Eyes black

5649

Lt. Cryan

292

W. S. Wood ..

Lt. Warren

do

Dr. Haydcn

do

7.00
6.75

9.50
8.12

2.75
3.25

884-2

do

Forks of rimtc Tivi-T....

Aug. 13, 1657

W. M. Magniw

Dr. Swit'i .

151

4971

3978

New Leon, Mex

....do

Mar. — , 1853

6.75
7.25

9.75
9.50

3.25
3.25

3979

do

121
34716

Bill b'k; ft. dark lend.

9109

Mexico

M. Verrcaux

BIRDS SVLVICOLIDAE — HELMITHEEUS.

251

Section Vermivoreae.

Bill entirely without notch, and with ni> riclal hristlcs. Legs variuhlo.

The following genera compose tliis section :

Helmitiiervs. — Bill stout, only moderately acute, nearly as long as tiie head, and on a line
with the forehead. Middle toe as long as the short tarsus. Colors plain ; no white on the tail.

Helmixthopiiag.x. — Bill slender, excessively acute, shorter than the head. Tarsus considerably
longer than the middle toe. Tail feathers sometimes witli a white patch.

Comparative measurements of species.

Oalal.

Species.

Locality.

Sei.

Length. Stretch

.Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle

Us claw

Bill

Along

Specimen

No.

ofwings-

loe.

alone.

above.

gape.

measured.

2148

Helmithcnis vennivonis .

Carlisle, Pa

c?

4.74 '

2.84

2.30

0.72

0.64

0.20

0.56

0.62

Dry

do.

do do

do swainsoni. . .

do

Charleston, 8. 0..

5.41 9 25
5.50

2.92
2.74

Fruah

S9UI

2.24

0.68

0 62

0.20

0.64

0.68

OO'

2^9

Hclminihopha^ solitaria.

Carlisle, Fa

s

4 04

2.38

2.00

0.66

0.53

0.16

0.46

0.30

Dry

408

do do....

do

Q

4.50 ]

2.30

1.96

0.65

0.50

0.16

0.46

0.50

Dry

IOI5fi

do chrjrsopicrus.

Union county, III.

5.08

2.54

2 16

0.70

0.52

0.16

0 46

0.50

Dry

1917

do do

V

4.16

2.34

1.96

0.60

0.48

0.14

0.42

0.50

Dry

Dry

29o:)

do baclininni. . . .

Charleston, S. C.

c?

4.50

2.46

2.06

0.70

0.5U

0.16

0.46

0.50

101 S8

do percgrjnn....

do celata

Cairo, III

^«-

5.06

2.50
2.48

1.83
2.04

0.66
0.72

0.56
■ 0.58

0.14
0.16

0.42
0.40

0.50
0.48

Dry

Dry

■>9i9

Columbia river...

c?

2238

do ruficapjlla

Carlisle, Pa

c?

4.04

2.46

2.00

0.64

0.52

0.16

0.40

0.46

Dry

2237

do do

do

9

4.06

2.31

1.90

0.63

0.54

0.14

0.39

0.44

Dr)'

HKLMITHERUS, Raf.

Htlmilherus, Rafinesque, Journal de Physique, LXXXVIII, 1819, 417. Type Motacilla vtrmivora.
Vermivora, Swainson, Zool. Jour. IV, 1827, 170, (not of Meter, 1822.)
Ilelinaia, Aud. Synopsis, 1839, G6. Type Sylvia sicainsoni, Aud.
Ch. — Bill large and etout, compressed, almost tanagrine ; nearly or quite as long as the head. Culmenvery slightly

curved; gonys straight ; no notch in the bill ; rictal bristles wanting. Tarsi short, but little longer, if any, than the middle
toe. Tail considerably shorter than the wings ; rather rounded. Wings raiher long, the first quill a little shorter than the
second and third.

The birds of this division are very plain in their colors, more so than any other American
■warblers. There are but two species referrible to the genus, of which the H. stvainsoni differs from
the type in having a considerably longer and more compressed bill, tlie ridge of which is com-
pressed, elevated, and appears to extend backwards on the forehead, as well as to be in a straight
line with the upper part of the bead. The wings are longer ; the tail forked, not rounded ; the
feathers narrower and more pointed ; the tarsi shorter than in the type. It is quite possible that
systematic writers may bereai'ter find it necessary to erect this form into a distinct genus or
sub-genus to be called Helinaia.

Synopsis of ike sp)ecies.

Colors plain. Above olivaceous, beneath nearly white. No spots or bands on wing or tail.

Above olive green. Head yellowish, with two black stripes above and one behind the
eye. Tail rounded U. vermivorus.

Above dull olive green, tinged with brown. Stripes on the head somewhat as in the last,
but reddish brown ; the median light stripe on the crown scarcely visible. Tail
slightly forked H. swainsoni.

252

U. S. p. E. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

HELMITHERUS VEEMIVORIJS, B o n a p .

Worm-eating Warbler.

? Motacilla rermhora, Gmelin, Sjst. Nat. I, 1768, 951.

Sylvia vermivora, Latham, Ind. Dm. II, 1790, 499.— Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 74 ; pi. xxir, f. 4.— Bonap. Obs.

Wilson, 1826.— Acd. Orn.Biog. I, 1832, 177 : V, 460 ; pi. .xxxiv.
Sylvia (Dacnis) rermivora, Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 409.
Sylvicola rermivora, Kicii. List, 1837.

Helinaia rermirora, Aid. Sjii. 1839, 66.- Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 86 ; pi. 105.
Helmilhervs vermivorus, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 314.— Cab. Mus Hein. 1850, 20.
Ficedvla pennsylvanica, Brisson, Orn. VI, 1760, app 102.

Vermivora pennsylvanica, " Swainson," Bonap. List, 1838. — Gosse, Birds, Jam. 1847, 150.
Helmilheros migratorius, Rafinesque, Jour, de Phys. LXXXVIII, 1819, 417.— Hartladb, Rev. Zool.'l845, 342.
Vermivora fiUvicapilla, Swainson, Birds, II, 1837, 245.

Sp Ch.— Bill nearly as long as tlie head ; upper parts generally rather clear olive green. Head with four black stripes and
three brownish yellow ones, namely, a black one on each side of the crown and one from behind the eye, (extending, in fact, a
little anterior to it,) a broader median yellow one on the crown, and a superciliary from the bill. Under parts pale brownish
yellow, tinged with buff across the breast, and with olivaceous on the sides. Tail unspotted. Female nearly similar. Length,
5.50 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 2.35.

Hab. — Eastern United States to Missouri river ; south to Guatemala.

The first three quills are about equal and decidedly longer than the fourth. The tail is
slightly rounded. A specimen from Florida is brighter olive above.

List of specimens.

Catal .

No.

2148
358
7565
10IU6
8670

8309
8014

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa...

do

Washington . .

, do

Cape Florida .

Independence. Mo.
Guatemala

When col-
lected.

April 26, 1845
May 12, 1841

Sept. 25, 1857

May 27, 1857

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

do ,

W. Huttou

J. 0. MeGuire . .
G. Wurdemann.

Wm. M. Magraw .
J.Gould ...

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Dr. Cooper.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

5.75

5.75

8.75

Wing.

Remarks.

Upper mandible black-
i:^h, lower black, very
light legs.

Iris brown, bill brown,
feet flesh color.

HELMITHERUS SWAINWONII, Bonap.

Swainson's Warbler.

Sylvia swainsonii, Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 563 : V, 462 ; pi. cxcviii.

Sylvicola smainsonii, Rich. List, 1837.

Vermivora swainsonii, Bonaf. List, 1838.

Helinaia swainsonii, Aud. Syn. 1839, 66. — Ib. Birds Anier. II, 1841, 83; pi. civ, (typo of genus.)

Iltlinltlurut swainsonii, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 314.^Cabanis, Mus. Ilein. 1850, 20.

Sp. Oh. Bill as Ion" as the head. Upper parts dull olive green, tinged with reddish brown on tho wings, and still more on tlio

crown and nape ; a superciliary stripe and the under parts of the body are while, tinged with yellow, but palest on tho tail
coverts ; the sides pale olive brown. There is an obscure indication of a median yellowish stripe on tho forehead. The loreti
are dusky. No spots or bands on wings or tail. Length, 5.60 ; wing, 2.85 ; tail, 2.20.

Hab. — South Atlantic Stales.

The bill of this species is on a line with tlie forehead, the upper outline nearly straight
almost to the tip, the lower quite so. The wings are long, the quills attenuated at tip ; tlu'

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE HELMINTHOPHAGA.

253

first three longest, (first rather shorter,) and abruptly longer than the fourth. The tail is
moderately forked. Tlie tarsi are quite short.

This species is very seldom seen in collections, though prohahly not rare in Georgia and
Florida. It is said to have been shot in Massachusetts, though this seems hardly probable.

List of specimens.

Catalogue number. Locality.

Whence obtained.

Colkcted by—

2901

Charleston, S. C

S. F. Baird

3319

Libeity county, Ga

do

W L Jones

HELMINTHOPHAGA, Cabanis.

Helminlhophaga, Cabanis, iMus. Hein. 1850-1851, 20. Type Sylvia rvficnpilla.

Ch. — Bill elongated, conical, very acute ; the outlines very nearly straight, sometimes slightly decurved ; no trace of notch
at the tip. Wings long and pointed ; the first quill nearly or quite the longest. Tail nearly even or slightly emarginato ;
short and rather slender. Tarsi longer than the middle toe.

The species of this section are well characterized by the attenuation and acuteness of the bill,
and the absence of any notch. There are, however, considerable subordinate difierences in the
different species. In some the bill is larger and more acute than others ; in one species, the
H. peregrina, the wings are unusually lengthened, the tail being only about seven-twelfths as
long.

The following synopsis will serve to distinguish the species. Their measurements will be
found on page 251.

A. — A distinct patch of white on the outer tail feathers ; wings varied with white or yellow.

Olive green above ; forehead, vertex and beneath yellow ; lores black ; wings and tail
blue ; two bands on the wing and crissum white pinus.

Above and on sides of body blue ; forehead, vertex, and a large patch on the wings
yellow. Throat and cheek patch black. Rest of lower parts and maxillary stripe
white chrysoplera.

Above olive green ; throat, fore part of breast, and band across the crown black ; forehead,
lesser wing coverts, chin, and under parts yellow bachmani.

B. — Tail without any conspicuous patch ; wings not varied. Above olive green.

Crown and nape ash, with a concealed patch of brownish orange. A white ring round
the eye. Beneath bright yellow rujicapilla.

Above uniform olive green. Crown with a concealed patch of brownish orange.
Eyelids and obscure superciliary line yellowish. Beneath greenish yellow celafa.

Crown ash gray, without any patch. Beneath olivaceous white, as are also the eyelids
and a superciliary line .peregrina.

254

U. S, p. E. E. EXP. AND SUKVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

HELMINTHOPHAGA PINUS, Baird.

Blue-wingpd Y ellow Warbler.

Certhia pinxis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, I76G, 187.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 478.

Sylvia pinus, Latham, Index Orn. II, 1790, 537. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 44. (Not of Wilson.)

Sylvia soUluria, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 109 ; pi. xv.— Acd. Orn. Biog. 1, 1,832, 102 ; pi. 20.

Sylvia (Dacnis) solilaria, Bonap. Obs. Wils. J. A. N. S. IV, 1826, 490. — Auddbon (name on plate ,) pi. 20. —

NuTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 410.
Syhicola solitaria, Rich. List, 1837.

Vermivora solitaria, "Swainson," Jard. ed. Wilson, 1832. — Bonap. List, 1838.
Helinaia solilaria, AuD. Syn. 1839, 69.— Ib. Birds Amer. 11, 1841, 98 ; pi. 111.
Hdmilheros solitarius, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 315.
Helminthophaga solitaria, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850- '51, 20.

Sp. Ch. — Upper parts and cheeks olive green, brightest on the rump ; the wings, tail, and upper tail coverts, in part, bluish
gray. An intensely black patch from the blue-black bill to the eye, continued a short distance behind it. Crown, except
behind, and the under parts generally, rich orange yellow. The inner wing and under tail coverts white. Eyelids, and a short
line above and behind the eye, brighter yellow. Wing with two white bands. Two outer tail feathers with most of the inner
web, third one with a spot at the end while. Female and young similar, duller, with more olivaceous on the crown.
Length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.10.

Hab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala.

The bill in this species is conical and very acute, shorter than the head. The <irst four quills
are nearly equal and considerably longest. The tail is emarginate and slightly rounded.

This species is somewhat like Froionotaria citrea, though much smaller. The yellow of the
head is limited to the fore part of the crown. The black band to the eye and the white on the
■wing are not found in the other species.

The summer or autumnal plumage of this species agrees quite well with the description of
Sylvia inontana of Wilson, in everything but the streaks on the sides of the body.

As this species is unquestionably Certhia pimis of Linnaeus, it becomes necessary to restore
his specific name, instead of using solitaria of Wilson.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex&

No.

age.

2229

s

408

9

1131

o

6983

S

8015

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by-

Carlisle, Pa.
do

do

St. Louis

Creek Nation.
Guatemala —

May 6, 1845
May 20, 1841
July 22, 1843
May 12, 1857

S. F. Baird.
do....

Lt. Bryiin .

Capt. Sitgrcaves .
J. Gould

61

W. S. Wood..
Dr. Woodhousc

BIRDS— SYLVICOLIDAE — HELMINTHOPHAOA nAClIMANI.

255

HELMIXTIIOPIIAGA CIIRYSOPTERA, Cabanis.

Golden-winged M'nrbler.

Molacilla chnjsoptera, LixNAEDS, Syst. Nat. I, 17fiG, 333.— Gmeliv, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 971.

Sylvia chnjioptera, L.tTH.tM, Inde.\ Orn. II, 1790. — Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 113 -, pi. xv, f. 5. — Uonap. Am Orn.

I, 1805, 12 ; pi. i, f. 3. (9)— Id. Synopsis, 1828, 87.
Sytricola chrys^plera, Richardson', List, 1837.
ymnirora ckrysnplera, (Swain'son) Bokap. List, 1838.

Il'linaia chnj^opUra, AuD. Syn. 1»39, 67.— In. Birds Am. II, 1841, 91 ; pi. 107.
Uelmithfros chnjsoptera, Bovap. Consp. 1850, 315.
Ilelininlliophaga chrysnptera, Cabanis, Mus. Hcin. 1850- '51, 20.
Mitacilla flavifrons, Gmelix, Syst Nat. I, 1788, 97G.
Stjhia fiarifrons, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 527.

Sp. Ch. — Upper parts unirorm bluish gray ; the head above and a large patch on the wings yellow. A broad streak from tlio
bill "through and behind the eye, with the chin, throat, and fore part of llie breast, black. The external edge of the yellow
crown continuous with a broad patch on the side of the occiput above the auriculars, a broad maxillary stripe widening on the
side of the neck, the under parts generally, with most of the inner webs of the outer three tail feathers white ; the sides of the
body pale ash color. Female similar, but duller. Length, about 5 inches ; wing, 2.65 ; tail, 2.25.

Itah. — Eastern United States to the Missouri. Bogota. (Sclater.)

The bill is rather shorter than the head, and black ; the feet brown. The edges of the
secondaries and tertials are olive green. There is a small white patch on the fourth tail feather.
A summer male has the back and belly strongly tinged with olive.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

2365

s

9
S

Carlisle, Pa

Philadelphia

July 8, 1845

S. F. Baird

1242

do

1917

United States

rlo _

6982

St. Louis

Union county, Illinois

May 13, 1857
May 11, 1857

W. S. Wood

10156

N. W. University

Eobt. Kennicott

HELMINTHOPHAGA BACHMANI, Cabanis.

Bachman's Warbler.

Sylvia bachmani, At'DCBOs, Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 483 ; pi. 163.

Sylticolabachmani, Rich. List, 1837.

V'ermimra bachmani, Bonap. List, 1838.

Helinaia bachmani, AcD. Syn. 1839, 68— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 93 ; pi. 103.

Helmilheros bachmani, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 315.

Helminthophaga bachmani, Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn. Ill, 1855, 475. (Cuba.)

Sp. Ch. — Above olive green, as also are tlie sides of the head and neck. Hind head tinged with ash. A broad patch on the
forehead, bordered behind by black ; chin, stripe from this along the side of the throat, and the entire under parts deep yellow
Throat and fore part of breast black. A patch on the inner web of the outer two tail feathers near tlie end white. Length,
4.50; wing, 2.35; tail, 2.05.

Hab. — South Atlantic States. Cuba ; (Cabanis.)

The bill of this species is much attenuated and considerably decurved. The tail is nearly

256

U. S. p. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

even and slightly emarginate. The outer primaries are faintly margined with white,
female is said to have less black on the head and throat.

This species is exceedingly rare^ and very seldom seen in collections.

The

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Colkcted by—

2903

(?

Charleston, S. C

S. F. Baird

HELMINTHOPHAGA EUFICAPILLA, Baird.

Nashville Warbler.

Sylvia rvfictipilla, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 120 ; pi. xxvii, f. 3.— Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 450 ; pi. 89.
Sylvia rubrimpilla, Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 15. (General Index.)— Bon. Obs. 1826, No. 159
Sylvia (Dacnis) rubricapilla, Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 412.
Sylvicola rubricapilla, Rich. List, 1837.

Vermivora rubricapilla, Bonap. List, 1838. — Reinhardt, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 82. (Greenland.)
Helinaia rubricai.illa, Ann. Syn. 1839, 70.— Is. Birds Am. II, 1841, 103 ; pi. 113.
Ihlmitheros rubricapilla, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 315.
Helminlhophaga rubricapilla, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 20.
Sylvia leucogastra, Shaw, Gen. Zool. X, ii, 1817, 622.
" Sylvia nashvillei, Vieillot. " (Gray.)
Sylvia mexicana, Holboll.

Sp. Ch. — Head and neelc above and on sides ash gray, the crown with a patch of concealed dark brownish orange hidden by
ashy tips to the feathers. Upper parts olive green, brightest on the rump. Under parts generally, with the edge of the wing
deep yellow ; the anal region paler ; the sides tinged with olive. A broad yellowish white ring round the eye ; the lores
yellowish ; no superciliary stripe. Tlie inner edges of the tail feathers margined v.ith dull white. Female similar, but duller ;
the under parts paler ; but little trace of the red of the crown. Length, 4.G5 ; wing, 2.42 ; tail, 2.05.

Hab. — Eastern North America to the Missouri ; Greenland. (Reinhardt.)

The bill is very acute ; the wings long and pointed ; the tail emarginate, not rounded.

Id autumn the entire upper parts are olive green, tinged with yellowish on the rump, some-
times with brownish on the head ; the patch on the crown more or less concealed. The female
has the white on the middle of the belly more extended.

This species is distinguished from celata by the ash of the head, and the much purer and
more vivid gamboge (not greenish) yellow of the under parts. Although a smaller bird the
wings are proportionately longer. The continuous yellowish ring round the eye and the
absence of the superciliary stripe distinguish the species from both celata and inreyrina. The
latter, besides being larger, never has any approach to the bright yellow under parts, and more-
over, has no concealed patch on the crown.

BIRDS — SYLVrCOLIDAE — HELMINTnOPHAGA CELATA.

257

List of apecimena.

Cabil
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

StrutcU
of wings.

Wing.

2150

<?
<?

Carlisle Pa -- --

April 26, 1845 ....
Alav 3 1843

S. b" Kaird

4.66
4. 6C
4.58
4.83
4.50

7.50

7.75
7.08
7.50
7.41

2. 41

958

do

do

do

do

2 33

701

Oct. 10, 1842

do

2. 33

16119

Sept. 6 1814 .

do

2. 41

768

lie

Sent 30 1842

do ...

2. 33

2237

Q

c

<?

do

do

Washington, D. C

May 6, 1846 .. ..

do

2457

Sept. 12, 1845

do

7657

W. HutUm

1016"

Cairo, Illinois.... .......

April 29, 1845

do

HELMiNTHOPHAGA CELATA, Baird.

Orange-crowned Warbler.

SyMa celata, Sat, Long's Expod. R. Mu. I, 1823, lfi9.— Bonap. Am. Orn. I, 18Q5, 45 ; pi. v, f. S — Bon. Syn.

1^28, 38— Ndttall, Man. I, 1832, 413, (/Jacnts.)— Aud. Orn. liiog. 11, 1834, 449; pi. 178.
Sylvieola ctlata, Rich. List, 1637.
Cermirora celata, (Jardine,) Bonap. List, 1838.

Helinaiu celata, AvD. Syn. 1839, 69.— Ib. Birds Ain, II, 1841, 1(0; pi. 112.
Ilelmilhcros celata, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 315.

Sr. Ch. — Above olive green, rather brighter on the rump. Beneath entirely greenish yellow, except a little whitish aboat
the anus ; the sides tinged with olivaceous. A concealed patch of pale brownish orange on the crown, hidden by the olivaceous
tips to the feathers. Eyelids and an obscure superciliary line yellowish, a dusky obscure streak through the eye. No while
spots on wings or tail of female, with little or none of the orange on the crown. Length, 4.70 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.00.

//o4.— Mississippi river to the Pacific ; south to northern Mexico.

In some specimens there is a narrow margin of whitish along the inner webs of the tail
feathers. Sometimes, too, (3993,) the outer primary is edged with white. Some specimens
appear to be without the orange crown. Occasionally there is a faint trace of obsolete olivaceous
streaks on the breast.

An immature specimen (10159) from Fort Umpqua, referred to this species, is much duller
in plumage, and shows a trace of two brownish bands on the wings.

33 b

258

TJ. 8. P. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

7935:
4673
4673
7697
a9!)4
3995
3993

7693
7693
7694
7695
7696
2929
1912
4392
10159?
4221

Sex
4 age.

Locality.

Dane county, Wis

Bon Homme Island....
Mouth of Big SioiLX....

W. Te.\a3

Brownsville, Texas

Tamaulipas, Mexico

, do

Fort Stellacoom, W. T.

, do

do

do

, do

Columbia river

do

Fort Dalles, Oregon

Fort Unipqua, Oregon.,

San Francisco, Cal

Fort Tejon

When col-
lected.

May

May 4, 1856

Mar., 1853 .

April 28

Mays

April 11

May 2,1856
April25, 1856
May 15, 1835
May 16, 1835
May 4, 18.W

Winter '53- '4

Whence obtained.

Th. Kumlien...

Lieut. Warren .
do

Captain Pope..

Lieut. Couch ..

do

do

Dr. Suckley.

, do

do

do.. ..

.do..

S. F. Baird

do

Dr. Suckley....

Dr. VoMum

R. D. Cutts

J. X. de Vescy .

Orig'l
No.

50
41

347
362
300
355
316
99
99
163

Collected by —

Dr. Haydcn .
do

J. K. Townsend
do

Length.

5.12

4.62

5.00
5.00

Stretch
of wings.

7.00

7.50

2.50

Wing.

2.50

Eyes dark,bill blue

E)-e3 black ; bill
lead color.

HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGRINA, Cab an is.
Tennessee Warbler.

Sylvia peregrina, Wilson, Am. Cm. HI, 1811,83 ; pi. xxv, f. "J.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, 87.— Aud. Orii. Biog. II,

1834,31*7; pi. 154.
Sylvia {Dacnis) jnregrina, Bonap. Obs. Wils. 1826, No. 155.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 413.
Sylvicola peregrinUf Rich. List, -1837.
Vermivora peregrinaj Bonap. List, 1838.

Helinaia percgHna, Add. Syn. 1839, 68.— 1b. Birds Am. II, 1841, 96 ; pi. 110.
Hehiutliernsperegrina,lio}iKP. Consp. 1850,315.
Hehiinthoplmga pertgrina, C\B. Mus. Hein. 1851,20.
" Sylvia tennessaei, Vieillot," Grat.

Sp. Ch. — Top and sides of the head and nock ash gray; rest of upper parts olive green, brighte.'^t on the rump. Beneath
dull white, faintly tinged in places, especially on the sides, with yellowish olive. Eyelids and a stripe over the eye whitish ; a.
dusky line from the eye to the bill. Outer tail feather with a white spot along the inner edge near the tip. Female with the
ash of the head less conspicuous ; the under parts more tinged with olive yellow. Length, 4,50 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 1.85.

llab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri.

In this species the bill is small and quite acute. The wings are long, reaching beyond the
middle of the tail, which is sliglitly emarginate. The second and third quills are longest ; the
first but little shorter, and longer than the fourth.

It is very seldom that specimens are found with the gray neck and crown, this l)eing gen-
erally, especially in winter dress, oC the same olive as the back, and the greenish yellow of the
under parts much more conspicuous and extended. In this dress it becomes very difficult to
distinguish it from autumnal specimens of H. celata. The under parts of the latter species are,
however, generally of a brighter yellow, cNpecially on the tail coverts, and the wing is consid-
erably shorter ; the superciliary stripe, too, is less distinct.

Specimens from Pennsylvania appear to have the bill larger than more western ones. The
Sjlcia bicolor of Vieillot (Ois. Am, Sept. II, 1807, 32 ; pi. xc, bis) cannot belong to the Sylvia

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE — SEIURDS.

259

peregrtt,a of Wilson, as intimated by Bonaparte, since the former i.s stated to have the upper
parte, including the rump, pale blue. This is never the case in the latter species, where the
rump is always Ljreen. The absence of white bands on the wing shows that it is not S. roerulea
of Wilson. The Ildinaia hrevijiennis of Giraud is quite similar, but has a much shorter wing.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

1

AVhen collected.

Wlience obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

762

9
Q
(?

c?

Carlisle, Pa

Cleveland, Ohio ..

Cairo, Illinois

Fort Union, Neb .

Sept. 23, 1842
May 21, 1841
Oct. 10, 1842

April 22, 1842
1843

S. F. Baird

4.50
4.75
4.83

7.25
7.50
7.75

2.50

412

do

790

do

2.50

7399

Dr Kirtland

N. W. University..
S. F. Baird

liobt. Kcnnicott...

1879

Section Sylvicoleae.

Bill distinctly notched ; rictal bristles short or small, or wanting-. Hind too short, equal to llie lateral ; the claw as long aa
its digit. First quill scarcely shorter than longest.

The following genera compose this section :

Seixjrus. — Legs stout, elongated ; tarsi longer than the skull. Colors olive above ; streaked
beneatii. Tail feathers unspotted. Legs yellow.

Dexdroica. — Legs slender ; tarsi scarcely equal to the skull. Bill variable. Colors of body
brilliant and varied. Tail feathers always with a white patch on the inner web. Legs usually
dusky.

SEIURUS, Swainson.

Stiitrus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 171. (Sufficiently distinct from Sciurus.) Type Motacilla aurocapilla, L.
Henicocichla, Gray, List of Genera, 1840.

Ch. — Bill rather sylvicoline, compressed, witli a distinct notch. Gonys ascending. Rictal bristles very short. Wings mod-
erate, about three-quarters of an inch longer than the tail ; first quill scarcely shorter than the second. Tail slightly rounded ;
feathers acuminate. Tarsi about as long as the skull, considerably exceeding the middle toe. Under tail coverts reaching
within about half an inch of the end of the tail. Color above olivaceous ; beneath whitish, thickly streaked on the breast and
sides. Wings and tail immaculate.

This genus is decidedly sylvicoline in general appearance, although the spots on the breast
resemble somewhat those of the thrushes. The three species may be grouped as follows :

A. Middle of crown brownish orange, bordered by blackish. No white superciliary
streak S. aurocapillus.

B. Crown like the back. A well defined superciliary light stripe.

Thickly streaked beneath, including crissum. Ground color and superciliary
stripe yellowish. Bill small S. novehoracensis.

Sparsely streaked beneath ; throat and crissum immaculate. Ground color and
superciliary stripe white. Bill very large S. ludovicianm.

260

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex and
age.

Lenglli

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

1433
...do..

Sciurus aurocapillus

do

Carlisle, Pa

do

9

5.10
5.75
6.02
5.40
6.16
6.14
5.38
6.33
5.40

9.16
9.75
10.75

2.74
2 75
3.06
2.96
3.08
3.10
3.30
3.25
3.26

2.22

0.91

0.68

0.16

0.48

0.58

Dry

69SS

1502

...do..

do

Soiurus noveboracensis. . .
do

St. Louis

Carlisle, Pa....
do

S
3

2.44
2.36

0.86
0.82

0.71
0.72

0.16
0.19

0.44
0.46

0.54
0.66

Dry

Dry

10169

do

Nortliern III....
Carlisle, Pa....

do

Mexico

'"<?
...^...

2.48
2.38

0.82
0.90

0.66
0.72

0.18
0.16

o.so

0.57

0.b4
0.70

Dry

964
...do..

Stiiurus ludovicianus

do

do

Dry

Fresh ...

9108

a 40

0.90

0.74

0.16

0.56

0.72

Dry

SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS, Swain son

Oven bird ; Golden-crowned Thrush.

Motacilla aurocapilla, Linkaeus, Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 334.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 982.

Tardus aurocapillus, Latham, Ind. Dm. 1, 1790, 328 —Wilson, Am. Cm. II, 1810, 88 ; pi. xiv, f. 2.— Licht. Verzeich.

1823, No. 424.— AuD. Orn. Biog. 11, 1834, 253 : V, 1839, 447 ; pi. cxliii.
Sylvia aurocapillus, Bonap. Obs. Wils. J. A. N. S. IV, 1826, 35.
Sciuras aurocapiHus, SwAiKsoK, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 171.— Ib. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 247.— Bon. List, 1838.—

Ib. Conspectus, 18J0, 306.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 93.— Ib. Birds Araer.
Turdus (Seiurus) aurocapillus, Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 355.
.Accentor aurocapilhis, Rich. List, 1837.
Enicocichla aurocapilla. Gray, List Genera, 1840.
Henicocichla aurocapilla, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 15.
Turdus coronatus, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 8 ; pi. l.xiv.

Sp. Cm. — Above uniform olive green, with a tinge of yellow. Crown with two narrow streaks of black from the bill, enelosing
a median and much broader one of brownish orange. Beneath white; the breast, sides of the body, and a maxillary line
streaked with black. The female and young of the year are not appreciably different. Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 2.40.

Hab, — Eastern North America to the Missouri.

The sides of the head are olivaceous, paler than the back, with a superciliary band of the same
color outside the black. The loral sjiace and a ring round the eye are whitish, the latter with
a little yellow. The feet and maxilla are yellow ; the mandible brownish. The brownish orange
of the crown is usually obscured by olivaceous tips to the feathers, sometimes to such an extent
as to hide it almost entirely from view, (4719.)

A specimen of this species (8387) from Independance is larger with longer wings than any
others in the collection.

BIRDS — SyLVlCOLIDAK — SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS.

261

List of specimens.

Oaial.
No.

S«x ami

Locality.

1

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Longtb.

Strctcb
ofwingw.

Wing.

Remarks.

1419

3
9

o

.......

(?

9

Cailielc. Pa

d

do

May 1, 1844
May 3, 1844
July 94,1843

8. F. Baitd

6.00
5.75

9.50
9.16

3.00
2.16

H33

do

1134

do

7549

Cook county, III

Union county, 111

St. Louifi, Mo

August

May 6

do

699S

May 15,1857
Sept. 24,1857
Sept. 35,1657
Jan. 20,1857

July 3,1856

Mays

May 1 1

Lieut. Br>'an

W. S. Wood • . * •

£685

5.75
6.00
6.50

6.25
6.25
5.87
5.37
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.00

9.50
9.50
10.00

8.75
9.00
9.37
9.50
9.87
9.62
9.00
9.75

3.00
3.00
3.25

2.75
3.00
2.87
3.00
3.25
3.12
3.00
3.12

8666

do

do

E3if7
5S87

9
(?

c?

9
<?
S

s

Independence, Mo. . . .

Medicine river, on Mo..

Vermilion river, Neb. . .

do

do

Wm. M. Mapraw...
Lieut. Warren

83

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Ilaydun —

do

do

Iris brown; bill brown;
feet flesh.

47BO

do

do

4719

4718

May6

Mays

April 27

. do

April 23,1856

do

do

4716

James river, Neb

Moutlior Platte

do

Bald island

do

do

do

do

. ...do

do

do

dp

4717
4714
4715

Eyes blue black

do

SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS, Nuttall.

Water Thrnsh.

Motacilla ncveboraeensis, GMELtK, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 958. '

Syltia noveboraeensis, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 518. — Vieillot, Ois. 11, 1807, 26; pi. Ixxxii. — Bon. Syn.

1828,77.
Turdtu (Seiunu) noveboraeensis, Ndttall, Man. I, 1832, 353.

Seiums noveboraeensis, Bonap. List, 1838. — Ib. Conspectus, 1850,306. — Ano. Syn. 1839, fl3.
Henicocichla noveboraeensis, Cabanis, in Schomburgk's Reiso Guiana, III, 1848, 666, (Caraccas, Ocl.20.) — Ib. Mus.

Hein. 1851, 16.
Mniolilta noveboraeensis, Grat .

.' Sylvia tigrina, var. 0, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 537.

Turdus aqualicus, Wilsonj, Am. Om. Ill, 1811, 66 ; pi. xxii, f. 5.— Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 284; pi. 433.
Turdus aqitalicus, Bonap. Obs. Wilson, J. A. N. S. IV, 1826, 34, (error.)
Sylvia anthoides, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, XI, 1817, 208.

Seiurustenuirostris, Swain-son, Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 369.— Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. I, 1843, 261.
.' Seiunu sulfurascens, D'Orbiont, in De la Sagra Cuba, Ois. 1840, 57 ; pi. vi.

Sp. Ch. — Bill, froin rictus, about the length of the skuU. Above olive brown, with a shade of green ; beneath pale sulphur
yellow, brightest on the abdomen. Region about the base of the lower mandible, and a superciliary line from the base of the
bill to the nape, brownish yellow. A dusky line from the bill through the eye ; chin, and throat finely spotted. All the
remaining under parts and sides of the body, except the abdomen, and including the under tail coverts, conspicuously and thickly
streaked with olivaceous brown, almost black on the breast. Length, 6.15 ; wing, 3.12 ; tail, 2.40. Bill, from rictus, .64.

Hab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri, and south to Guatemala, perhaps to Brazil.

In this species the second and third quills are about equal, and a little longer than the first,
which exceeds the fourth. The tail is slightly rounded, the feathers acuminate-acute. The
feathers of the chin and throat have each a small triangular spot, the middle of the abdomen
being the only immaculate region.

In nearly all specimens there is a trace of a median light stripe on the crown, visible at the
base of the bill ; sometimes this being more or less distinctly traceable half way along the crown.

262

U. S. p. R, E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

(2159.) It is especially noticable in No. 8020, from Guatemala. This is also of an unusually
dark olive above.

The female differs only in being a little smaller, and perhaps in having the spots beneath
more restricted. Autumnal'and winter specimens are decidedly more sulphury yellow beneath,
and the spots less sharply defined. Tliere is little variation in the size of bill and feet in individuals
of the same sex.

It is somewhat a question whether the Semrus sulfurascens of authors be not merely the winter
plumage, as observed in South America. This conclusion can only be avoided by showing that
the sulphur-bellied bird breeds in South America in this plumage.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality. When Whence ubtained.
collected.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

2668

""s"

S
$

9
9
o

"q"

Carlisle, Pa May 14, 1846

do AdI.30. 1846

S. r. Baird.

5.25
6.25
6.25
6.16
5.91
5.50
6.00

9.33
9.66
9.83
9.75
9.41
8.75
9.50

3.00
3.50
3.16
3.08
3.00
2.75
3.00

S531

do

1501

do

May 10, 1844
May 10, 1844
Sept. 8, 1845,
Apl. 28, 1845
1846

do

1503

do

do

2434

do

do

2159

do

do

3317

Liberty county, Ga

Calcasieu Pass, La

do

4304

It54

Sept. 24, 1857
Sept. 25, 1857
Sept. 26, 1857

G. Wurdemann...

8669

do

6.00
6.00
5.25

10.00
9.00
9.50

3.00
3.00
3.00

8668
6667

do

do

do

do

Brown bill, light leet

Light brown legs, black eyes.

7358

""f

10169

West Northfield, III

' R. Kenniroft

4721

Vermilion river

Lieut. Warren,. ..
do

Dr. Hayden..

4818

do

6.12

10.50

3.12

8020

J.Gould

7639 ?

, S. r. Baird

•

SEIURUS LUDOVICIANUS, Bonap.

Large-billed Water Thrush.

.'.' Turius molacilla, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 9 ; pi. Ixv.
Turdus ludovUianus, Aud. Orn. Biog. I, It-SS, 99 ; pi. 19.
Seiurus ludoviciamis, Bonap. List, 1838.

Seiurus motacilla, Bonap. Consp. 18.50, 30G. (Not of Vieillot.)
Henicocicldrt major, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 16. (Xalapa.)

Sp. Cii. — Bill longer than the skull. Upper parts olive brown with a shade of greenish. A conspicuous white superciliary line
from the bill to the nape, involving the upper lid, with a brown one from the bill through the eye, widening behind. Under
parts white, with a very faint shade of pale buff behind, especially on the tail coverts. A dusky iHaxillary line ; the fore part
of breast and sides of body, with arrow shaped streaks of the same color. Chin, throat, belly, and under tail coverts entirely
immaculate. Length, G.33 ; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 2.40 ; bill from rictus, .75.

]jab. Eastern United Slates to the Missouri. South to Mexico.

This species may be readily distinguished from the S. novehoracensis by its larger size,
especially of bill and tarsi, which are very conspicuously larger, the former especially. The
color above is of perhaps a lighter olivaceous. The stripe over the eye, besides being more
conspicuous, is, with the under parts, of a decided white, instead of brownish yellow; the spots
beneath arc paler and much fewer in number ; the chin and tliroat, the middle of the posterior
portion of the breast, the sides of the body behind, and the under tail coverts, being entirely

BIRDS — SYLVICOIJDAE — DENDROICA.

263

immaculate instead of conspicuously spotted. In both species there is a trace towards the base
of the bill of a median light stripe, varying in extent with the specimen.'

The precise name of this large-billed species is a matter of uncertainty. Tlie Tardus mola-
cilla, of Vieillot, has, as its chief distinguishing feature, a white lateral band from the bill
involving the eye, or passing above and below it, and with a dusky island anterior to the eyg.
This is distinctly indicated both in the figure and description, and is so dissimilar in this
respect from specimens of the allied species known in the United States, as to render it almost
necessary to puss by Vieillot's species at ouce. He further mentions that the under jiarts are
whitish anteriorly, reddish posteriorly, and throughout, including the forepart of the throat,
spotted with brown. The size of the bill, as given in this figure, and the under parts agree
best with the slender-hilled species, although differing in the color and character of the eye
stripe ; if a synonym of either species, 1 should rather refer it to the S. noveboracensis.

Tlie description, by Cabanis, of Henicocichla major, from Xalapa, agrees very well with this
species, although I do not exactly comprehend the force of the statement that it has a "broader
whitish eyelid" than the other species ; although he probably refers to tlie superciliary stripe.

There i.s, however, little doubt that the Seiurtis ludovicianus, of Audubon, was based on an
individual of the same species ; although the description is not very minute, yet the yellowish
white colors, instead of pale yellow, the connection of the white su-.erciliary and maxillary
stripes behind the ear coverts, and the greater size, show this, as indicated still more satisfac-
torily by the figure.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sciand
nge.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig. Collected by-
No. 1

Lcnijth.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Itcmarks.

064

C?

9

"q"

Q
S

Carlisle, Pa

Libcriy couniy, Ga.

May 12, 1843
1846

S P. Baird

1

6.40
6.30

10.75
10.16

3.25
3.20

3318

.... do

W.L. Jones.

75ffl

Independence, Mo. .
Tamaulipas, Max..

Spring, 1857
March, 1853

Dr. Cooper

Lieut. Coudi

97

93

34420

5.75
5.75

9.25
10.00

3.75
3.50

Iris brown, bill dark brown.

40SI
S108

feet black.
Eyes dark, bill dark blale,
feet light brown.

'

DENDROICA, Gray.

Syjlmcola, Gray, Genera Birds, 2d ed , 1841, 32. (Not of Humphreys nor Swainson.)

JDendrotca, Gray, Genera Birds, Appendix, 1842, 8.

/{htmampAus,HAaTLAUB, Rev. Zool. 1845, 342. (Notof Rafine.sque, Am. Monthly Mag. 1818 and Jour. dePliys. 1819.)

Ch. — Bill conical, attenuated, depressed at the base, where it is, however, scarcely broader than high, compressed from
the middle. Culmen straight for the basal half, then rather rapidly curving, the lower edge of upper mandible also concave.
Gonys shghtly convex and ascending. A distinct notch near the end of the bill. Bristles, though short, generally quite
distinct at tiic base of the bill. Tarsi long ; decidedly longer than middle toe, which is longer than the hinder one ; the claws
rather small and much curved ; the hind claw nearly as long as its digit. The wings long and pointed ; the second quil
usually a very litile longer than the first. The tail slightly rounded and emarginate.

Colors. — Tail always with a white spot ; its ground color never clear olive green.

The name Sylvicola, which has until recently been assigned to the present genus, cannot longer

' In the present species the bases of the feathers behind the ear coverts arc whilish, thus connecting the superciliary stripe
with tke maxillary white stripe. In norefroracenns the dusky line through the eye is continuous with the olive of the side of the
neck.

254 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

be employed on account of prior use in conchology by Humphreys. In any event, as used
first for what was subsequently called Parula by Bonaparte, it cannot refer to this section.

Gray, in his "Genera," throws all the American warblers under Mnioiilta. This, however,
belongs to a more restricted group with features very distinct from those of the great majority
qf thespecies.

The only selection to be made is between liMmaniphus "Rafinesque" of Hartlaub, 1845,
and Dendroica of Gray. Rafinesque, in Jour, de Physique, makes several generic names
for North American birds, two of which, Helmitheros and Symphemia, as referred to species of
Wilson, are readily identified. It is quite otherwise with Rhiinaw,phus, which has nothing
whatever to do with any known warbler, as may easily be seen by the reference to his article.

The description of Rhimamphus, however, was published in the American Monthly Magazine
prior to its appearance in Journal de Physique,' and in somewhat more detail, and an exami-
nation of the diagnosis^ will sufficiently show that it not only has no relation to the common
D. aestiva, but that the entire paragraph is a pure fabrication, and the Rimamphus citrinus an
entirely imaginary bird. Whatever may be the case elsewhere, North America certainly con-
tains no bird five inches long, with the upper mandible curved, not notched, and the lower
straight, leaving an opening between them ! Neither does the D. aestiva have five raised feathers
on the bend of the wing, with a tail one and a half inches long and a flesh colored bill. The
same article describes one rattlesnake with blue tail, another green above, white beneath ; not
to mention, in other places, a swallow with scarlet head, black and white striped lemmings,
and other wonderful animals, all from Kentucky 1 1

It only remains, therefore, to use the name given by Gray.

In the examination of a full series of American Sylvicolinae, it will be found almost impossible
to divide them into well defined groujis, based on jDeculiarities of structure. The precise extent
and character of the groups will vary with the point in external anatomy selected as the basis
of classification. Thus, we find bills approaching to those of the flycatchers associated with the
long pointed sylvicoline wings ; short wings with sylvicoline bills ; legs sometimes long,
sometimes short, other features remaining the same, &c., &c. In some species the rictal
bristles are distinct, in others they are scarcely appreciable.

In order to facilitate the determination of the species, I have arranged them in sections,
based chiefly on color, with which the other characters range to some extent. Tliere is no very
striking diff'erence in form among the first fifteen species ; B. castanea and icterocephala alone
having much depressed bills, well provided with bristles as in Myiodiodes mitratus, differing,
however, in the shorter tarsi, more even tail, longer wings, and different ground color ; B.
striata, on the other hand, has a narrow bill, and almost no bristles at all ; the legs and wings
long. The D. Jeirtlandii and palmarum agree in having short wings, scarcely longer than the
tail, (.20 of an inch.) The bills, however, are very different, that of the former, being rather

' Journal de PliyBique, LXXXVIII, 1819, 418. Prodrome de 70 Nouveaux Genres d'Animaux dfcouvorls dans I'intcrieur
des Elats-Unis d'Amcrique, duraiit Tannt'o 1818. Par C. S. Rafinesque.

'American Monthly Magazine, IV, Nov. 1818, 39. Further account of discovorieB in Natural History in the western States,
by C. S. RafineBquo.

N. G. Rimamjiltus, a bird. Natural family of Leptoramphous. Bill subulate, mandibles convex, leaving an opening between
tliem; the lower one straight, the upper one longer, curved, and not notched, nostrils naked, Ilimamjihus cidiiitis, (Citron
Open-bill.) General color of a citron yellow, hack rather olivaceous, five brown and raised feathers on the bend of the wings,
quills tipped with brown, bill and feet flesh colored. A beautiful little bird, about five inches long; the tail, which is truncate,
is one inch and a half; the wings are short. It is a native of the south and was (hot near the falls of Ohio, in Indiana, in the
month of July; very Bcarcc. It lives on insects, and darts on tlicni from the trees. It does not siiij;.

BlUnS SYI.VICOT.IPAi: — DENDEOICA. 2G5

broad and depressed at base, tlic latter compressed and attennated. The attenuation of the bill
is much marked in D. iigrina. Here the culmen and commissure are gently decurved ; the
gonys even slightly concave, instead of convex as in all other species. Both mandibles are
exceedingly acute, as in the worm-eutiiig warblers. The wings are long, the first iinill longest.

The Dendroica ivpcrciliosa is quite remaikable for the size of its bill, which, measured from the
extreme base, is as long as the head. It is much compressed, or higher than broad, almost
from the very base. The legs are rather short, though longer than the middle toe. It is not
improbable that this may be the tbrm of Aegllkina, Vieillot.

The Sylvia protonotarias of authors is a peculiarly formed species, characterized by its very
large bill, as long as the head. In many respects the bill resembles that of Helmitherus, but
is less acute, and has a distinct notch. The wings are very long, the first quill longest ; the
folded wing reaches within an inch of the tip of the tail, which is rounded. The lower coverts
are very long, reaching within .30 of an inch of the tijj of the tail, as in Oporornis fonnosus
and agilis, to which there is otherwise quite a resemblance. The tarsi are unusually long,
(.85 of an inch,) much longer than the middle toe. This I have placed under Mniolilteae.

Synopsis of species.

A. Chin, throat, and fore part of the breast black, bordered by lighter ; two white bands on
the wing. Back streaked. Outer tail feathers almost entirely white.

Crown and back olive, forehead, superciliary, and maxillary stripes yellow D. virens.

Top and sides of head yellow ; back ash, conspicuou.sly streaked D. occidenlalis.

Crown blackish ; back olive ; superciliary and maxillary stripe yellow D. iownsenn'ii.

Crown black ; back ash color ; superciliary and maxillary stripe white D. nigrescens.

B. Sides and under parts of the head black.

Abova uniform blue, beneath white ; primaries with a white patch at the base. Outer
tail feathers with a white patch on the inner web D. canadensis.

C. Crown with a central longitudinal yellow patch. (In this group only.)

Throat white ; breast blackish ; the sides and rump with a yellow patch ; white spots of
the tail on the terminal half. Slate blue above. A white superciliary stripe and two
patches on the wing D. coronata.

Similar to the last ; the throat yellow ; no superciliary stripe, and one large white patch
on the wing D. auduhonii .

Throat bright orange ; back black ; a patch on the wing and the outer tail feathers
(except at the tip) white D. blackburniae.

D. Throat and sides chestnut ; back streaked.

Crown chestnut ; sides of head black ; belly white D. castanea.

E. Throat and under parts white. Back streaked with black. Wings with white bands.

Crown yellow, encircled with white ; sides of head black, enclosing a white patch behind ;

sides of body chestnut D. pennsyfoanica.

Blue above and across the breast ; sides of crown and of body streaked with black.

D. cosndea.
Crown black ; cheeks below the eye white ; maxillary stri2)e and streaks on the sides

black D. striata.

34

266 U. S. p. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

F. Throat immaculate j^ellow, cut off from the belly by a series of pectoral streaks. The
sides streaked.

Above olive green ; beneath yellow. Crissum and belly whitish ; two dull white bands
and white edgings on the wings. Pectoral and lateral streaks very faint, the former,
perhaps, wanting .., D. pimis.

Above uniform olive green ; forehead and beneath all yellow, deepest on the throat. Two
white bands on the wings / Breast and belly distinctly streaked with dusky. Two
outer tail feathers white from the terminal half of inner web D. montana.

Yellow, without any white ; the back olivaceous ; the ventral streaks (and sometimes a
tinge on the top of head) brownish red D. aesliva.

Crown uniform blue ; rump yellow ; back and sides of head black ; white spots on the
central third of the tail ; large white patch on the wing ; inferior streaks large, black ;
crissum white D. maculosa.

Wing scarcely longer than tail. Above blue, streaked with black ; inferior streaks black,
small, especially across the breast ; sides of head black ; white tail patch at the end of
the tail ; crissum white D. hirtlandii.

Wing scarcely longer than tail ; crown, sides of head, and inferior streaks rufous ; rump
greenish yellow ; white spot on the end of the tail. A superciliary streak and whole
under parts, including crissum, yellow D. palmarum.

Bill acute and decurved ; olive above, rump and beneath yellow ; crown blackish ; sides
of head chestnut ; breast witti narrow streak of black ; wings longer than tail.

D. tigrina.

G. Throat immaculate yellow, not separated from the belly by pectoral bands or streaks ;
sides streaked with black.

Olive green above and on the sides of body, spotted with black ; rump and, tail lighter ;

beneath dull yellowish, including a line from the lore over the eye ; top of head black ;

a band on wing and the edge of tail whitish D. carbonata.

Belly white ; a yellow superciliary stripe changing behind to white ; crown and sides of

head and neck black ; back uniform slate D. superciliosa.

Belly and throat uniform yellow ; above olivaceous, the back streaked with red ; a yellow

superciliary stripe, and a V-shaped black mark on the sides of the head D. discolor.

As a further analysis of the colors of the species it may be stated, that Section C is the only
one with a central patch of yellow on the crown ; Sections A and B have the throat black ; F
and C in part have it white. It is chestnut brown in D ; orange red in C in part ; yellow with
streaks on the breast in F, and yellow without streaks in G. The entire under parts, excepting
perhaps the crissum, are yellow in members of F and G.

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIPAE — DENDROICA VIBENS.

2G7

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.

1

Specie^.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Slrcich

Wil.R.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle

lui claw

Bill

Along

1
Specimen

No.

of wings

1

toe.

alone.

above.

gape.

measured.

Wl

Dcfidroica vircn»

Carlisle, Pcnn

rf

4.62

3.56

2.24

0.70

0.54

0.15

0.43

O.SO

Dry

do

do

do

S.OO
4.70

e.OD

a 75
3.63

rresli

S5I8

Dciidrolca occidentalls .

Peialuina, C.il

ri"

3.24

0.70

0.58

0.16

0.40

0.50

Dry

do.

do

do

4.66

7.00

2.66

1 I'resI

93?

Delidroica blackbuniiac.
do

s

4.60
S.50
S.30

8.50

3.76
3.83
3.64

2.20

0.71

0.54

0.14

0.42

0.55

fresh

do.

do

493

Df ndroica town^cndii. . .

Norlheni Mexico...

2.K

0.78

0.64

0.18

0.40

0.50

Dry

S909

Oi'lidrojca audubonii. . .

Columbia river....

c?

5.30

3.10

2.47

0.76

0.62

0.16

0.41

0.50

D')

3334

Dcitdroica ciironata . . . .

Carlisle, Pcnn

(?

5.10

2.86

2.46

0.76

0.62

0.19

O.Sd

0.53

Do-

3419

Oendroica cnnndensiA..

do

f?

4.64

3.52

2.16

0.74

0.58

0.16

0.40

0.50

Dry

1908

Oeiidroica uigrcscuDS...

Columbia river

r?

4.68

2.28

2.04

U.U6

0.50

0.16

0.40

0.54

Dry

S^l

Oendroica canianea ....

Carlisle, Penn

r?

4.82

3.98

3.31

0.68

0.58

0.18

0.42

0.56

Dry

7903

do

do

5.10

2.74

2.28

0.68

0.56

0.16

0.38

0.52

Dry

3459

Oendroica pinus

do

r?

5.10

3.94

2.40

0.74

0.70

0.18

0.46

0.60

Dry

3430

do

do

9

4.80

3 78

2.28

0.70

0.66

0.19

0.42

0.56

Dry

3-233

Oendroica pcnnsylvanica

do

(T

4.40

S.54

2.08

0.68

0.54

0.18

0.40

0.54

Dry

976

do

do

9

4.40

2.40

2.14

0.70

0.54

0.16

0.40

0.52

Dry

do.

do

do

5.00
4.60

7.50

3.50
3.40

10163

Soutb Illinois

r?

1.82

0.64

0.52

o.ia

0.40

0.48

Dry

7319

do

Ohio

4.20
6.00

3.54

3.08

1.96
2.32

0.60
0.78

0.50
0.04

0.14
0.19

0.38
0.44

0.50
0.5G

Dry

Dry

10165

Oendroica striata

West North field, III.

f?

1545

do

do

Carli:i:Ie, Penn

4.64
5.75
4.70
5.17
4.56

9.00
8.33

2.86
3.00
3.80
2 92
3.54

3.34

0.74

0.60

0.18

0.44

0.52

Dry

Fresh ....

do.

do

9<8

do

do

9

2.16

0.74

0.62

0.18

0.38

0.53

Ory

do.

do

do

940

Oendroica acstiva

do

f?

3.20

0.72

0.60

0.18

0.46

0.56

Dry

do.

do

do

5.25
4.10
4.91
5.00

8.17-
7.50

2.66
2.36
3.33
2.72

947

do

do

9

1.84

0.68

0.54

0.16

0.40

0.52

Dry

Fresh

do.

do

do

10211

Oendroica erithachortdeF

Carthagena, N. G..

<?

3.32

0.80

0.66

0.18

0.48

0.62

Dry

10213

do

Oendroica maculosa ....

do

9

4.86
4.56

3.46
3.42

2.00
2.10

O.SO
0.68

0.64
0.52

0.18
0.16

0.44
0.40

0.56
0.58

Dry

Dry

2213

Carlisle, Pcnn

do.

do

do

do

do

9

4.75
3.y4

7.75

2.42
2.24

Fresh ....

£!78

1.98

0.66

0.50

0.16

0.38

0.48

Dry

do.

do

do

4.50
5.50

7.17

2.25
2.78

0.56

4383

Oendroica kirllandii....

Cleveland, Ohio....

2.56

3.82

0.60

0.16

0.44

Dry

783

Oendroica palmaruin. ..

Carlisle, Penn

rT

5.22

3,72

3.42

0.78

0.66

0.18

0.42

0.53

Dry

9S!

Oendroica tigrina

do

<?

4.60

2.60

3.06

0.72

0.63

0.18

0.42

0.50

Dry

do.

do

do

5.00
4.10
4.30

8.33

3.66
3.52
3.30

Fresh....

3311

do

do

9

3.04
2.04

0.70
0.70

0.60
0.58

0.16
0.16

0.38
0.41

0.44
0.52

Dry

Dry

1091

Philadelphia

3386

Oendroica pensilis

Savannah, Ga

4.94

2.66

3.24

0.68

0.58

0.16

0.46

0..56

Dry

1098

do...i..

Washington, 0. C.

9?

5.32

2.56

2.30

0.67

0.52

0.16

o.s:

0.68

Dry

DENDROICA VIRENS, B a i r d .

Black-throated Green Warbler.

Molacilla virtns, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 985.

Sylvia tirens, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 537. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 33 ; pi. xciii. — Wilsow, Am.

Orn. II, 1810, 127 ; pi. xxvii, f. 3.— Bonap. Ob.s. Wils. 1826, No. 146.— Nlttall, Man. I, 1832,

376 — AcD. Orn. Bio». IV, 1838, 70 ; pi. 399.
Sylvieola firtns, " Swainso.v," Jard. ed. Wils. 1832.— Bonap. List, 1838.— Aon. Syn. 1839, 55.— In. Birds Amcr.

II, 1841, 42 ; pi. 84 — Reinhardt, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 72, 81.
Wiimanphus vireta, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 19. — Ib. Journ. Orn. Ill, 1855, 474.

Sp. Ch. — Male — Upper parts, exclusive of wing and tail, clear yellow olive green, the feathers of the back with hidden
streaks of black. Forehead and sides of head and neck, including a superciliary stripe, briglit yellow. A dusky olive line
from the bill through the eye, and another bijlow it. Chin, throat, and forj part of breast, extending some distance along on

268

O. S. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

the sides, continuous black ; rest of under parts white, tinged with yellow on the breast and flanks. Wings and tail feathers
darn brown, edged with bluish gray ; two white bands on the wing ; the greitcr part of the three outer tail feathers white.
Female similar, but duller ; the throat yellow ; tlie black of breast much concealed by white edges ; the sides streaked with
black. Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.58; tail, 2.30.

Ilab Eastern United States to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala. Greenland. (Reinliardt.)

Nearly all the feathers of the upper parts show dusky centres. The forehead is yellowish,
the color extending sometimes along the median line of the crown. There is a dusky spot
behind the ear coverts. There is a decided tinge of yellow on the breast just below the black,
and on the sides of the anal region. The upper tail coverts are bluish gray streaked with
brown. The brown of the three outer tail feathers is confined mainly to the inner portion of
the outer web, though extending to the inner web at the tip; the middle tail feathers are brown,
with a narrow internal margin of white. The quills are margined internally with white ; the
lesser coverts are like the back. The bill is black, the feet brown.

The male in autumn is quite similar ; the black of the throat and breast obscured by yellowish
white tips. The female is pale yellowish white beneath, tinged with grayish towards the tail.
There is less white on the tail.

In one specimen of the species the third quill is longest ; next the second ; the first and
fourth about equal ; the tail is slightly rounded and emarginate.

A specimen from China, Tamaulipas, is like Pennsylvania ones, but smaller.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected
by-

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

941

2578
789

3
S

May 5, 1843
May 5, 1846
Oct. 10, 1842
Sept. 16, 1842

S. F. Baird

5.00
5.33
4.75
5.16

8.00
7.83
8.25
8.00

2.16

do

do

do

do

do

Wm Hutton

--

2.50
2.50

724

do

7572

7500

10161

6975

3

Dr. Kirtland

West Northfield, lU

St T,niii<; l\Io

May 13

May 12, 1857
Mar. — , 1853

Lt. Bryan

Lt. Couch

49

W. S. Wood.

3987
8018

China, Tamaulipas, Mex..

J. Gould

-

DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS, Baird.

Western M'arbler,

Sylvia occidcntalis, Townsend, J. A. N. So. VII, ii, 1837, 190. — Ib. Narrative, 1839, 340. — Audubon, Orn. Biog. V,

1839, 55 ; pi. 55.
Syhicola occidmtalis, Bonap. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 308.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 60.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 60 ;

pi. 93.
Mniotilta occidentalU, Grat, Genera.

Sp. Ch. — Crown, with sides of the head and neck, continuous bright yellow, feathers of the former edged narrowly with black ;
rest of upper parts dark brown, edged with bluish gray, so nmch so on the back and rump feathers as to obscure the brown, and
with an olivaceous shade. Chin, throat, and fore part of breast, (ending convexly behind in asubcrescontic outline,) I lack ; rest
of under parts white, faintly streaked on iho sides with black. Two while bands on the wii g, two outer tail feathers, and
the terminal portion of a third, white, the shafts, and an internal streak towards the end, dark brown. Bill jet black ; legs
brown. Length, 4.70 ; wing, 2.70 ; tail, 2.30.

Hab. — Pacific coast.

BIRDS SVLVICOLIDAE — DENDROICA TOWNSENDII.

269

This species resembles somewhat the Dendroka virens, but lacks the continuous olive of the
back and crown, the former being greatly streaked witli black, the latter yellow all iduiul. The
outline black of tlie breast, instead of extending backwards along the sides, is rounded off on
the side, (tlie convexity posterior,) and transverse on the breast.

The female is said to have the yellow of the head less extended ; the throat white, spotted
with black.

List of specimens.

Catal
No.

Si-x.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Length.

Strctcli
of wings

Wing.

5578

c?

Petaluma, Cal

April 1, 1S56 ...

703

4.66

7.00

.2.66

DENDROICA TOWNSENDII, B a i r d .

Syltia to\€nsendii, (" Nuttall,") Tohnsend, J. A. N. Sc. Pli. VII, ii, 1837, I'Jl.— In. Narrative, 1839, 341.—

AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 3G ; pi. 393.
Syhicola lownscndii, Bonap. List, 1838.— Ib. Coiisp. 1850, 308.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 59.— 1b. Birds Am. 11, 184],
59 ; pi. 92.— Nuttall, Man. 1, 2d cd. 1840, 446.

Sp. Ch. — Above bright oHvc green ; the featliers all black in the centre, allowing more or less as streaks, especially on the
crown. Quills, tail, and upper tail coverl fealhers dark brown, e(lg< d with bluish grey ; the wings with two white bands on the
coverts ; the two outer tail feath-rs white, with a brown streak near the end ; a while streak only in the end of the third feather.
Under parts as far as the middle of the body, with the sides of head and neck, including a superciliary stripe and a spot beneath
the eye, yellow ; the median portion of the side of the head, the chin and throat, with streaks on the sides of the breast. Hanks,
and under tail coverts black ; the remainder of the under parts white. Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.G5 ; tail, 2.25.

Hub. — Pacific coast. North America ; south to Mexico and Guatemala.

I have no full plumaged male before me, all being in autumnal dress, the black of the throat
and breast obscured by yellow borders. There is, however, a pure yellow superciliary stripe
from the nostrils to the nuchal region, confluent behind with another from the base of the lower
jaw ; these embrace between them an elongated patch of black from the commissure to behind
the auriculars, broken by a yellow spot beneatli the eye. It is probable tliat the spring male has
the entire crown, as well as the chin and throat, black. The greater and median coverts
exhibit each a broad bar of white, the feathers, however, with a central black streak. The
black appears to be continuous only as far as the breast ; the sides of this streaked only with
this color.

A specimen, probably female, is quite uniform greenish yellow above and dull yellow on the
throat, without any distinct black beneath.

The tail of this species is rounded, emarginate. The second and third quills are equal, and
longest ; the first equal to the fourth.

This species is quite similar in markings to D. virens. It is, however, considerably larger,
has the yellow on the breast much deeper, and lacks that near the lower tail coverts. It has well
defined black markings on the side of the head, instead of obscure olivaceous ones, although the
pattern is the same ; has a black head, and black streaks in the white of the wing coverts. D.
occidentalis is blacker on the back and lacks the dark cheek i^atch, as well as the yellow of the
breast.

270

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Wlien collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

2918

S

Columbia river

Santa Clara, Cal

do

Oct. 2S, 1835

1855

S. F. Baird

4480^

Dr. J G. Cooper . .

4481*

1855

do

492

S. F. Baird

8017

Guatemala - . ...

J. Gould

^Length. 5.25; E.ftent, 8.12.

^Length, 5.12 ; Extent, 7.75. Iris, bill, and feet brown.

DENDKOICA NIGRESCENS, Baird.

Black-throated Gray Warbler.

Syhia nigrescens, Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. Pli. VII, ii, 1837, 191. -Ib. Narrative, 1839, 341.— Aun. Orn. Biog. V,

1839, 57 ; pi. 395.
Vermivora nigrescens, Bonap. List, 1838. — Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 471.

Syloicola nigrescens, AuD. Syn. 1S39, 60.— Ib. Birds Anier. II, 1841, 62 ; pi. 94.— Bonap. Consp. 1850, 308.
Rhimanphus nigrescens, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 20.

Sp. Ch. — Head all round, fore part of the breast, and streaks on the side of the body black ; rest of under parts, a stripe on
the side of the head, bfginning acutely just above the midd'e of the eye, and another parallel to it, beginning at the base of the
under jaw (the stripes of opposite sides confluent on the chin,) and running further back, white. A yellow sppt in front of the
eye Rest of upper parts bluish gray. The interscapular region and upper tail coverts streaked with black. Wing coverts
black, with two narrow white bands ; quills and tail feathers brown, the two outer of the latter white, with the shafts and a
terminal streak brown ; the third brown, with a terminal narrow white streak. Bill black ; feet brown. Length, 4.70 ;
wing, 2.30; tail, 2.10.

Hab. — Pacific coast, United States ; Fort Thorn, New Mexico.

Winter specimens have the black of the crown obscured by gray ; that of the throat by white.
A specimen, supposed to be a female, is smaller, but somewhat similar to this ; the chin and
throat white, with slight indications of black ; more of this on the side of the breast.

This species scarcely needs comparison with any other North American one, except, perhaps,
D. striata, which, however, is entirely distinct ; lacking the black throat, the two white stripes
on the side of the head, the yellow spot in front of the eye, &c.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

7686
7687

....

FortSteilacoom,W.T.i May 6, 1856
do

Dr. Suckley

do

378

74

106

7688

do

do

7691
1908
2915
7690
7689

c?

c?

do May 4, 1856

Columbia river lune IG, 1835

do May 14, 1835

do

5.25

7.12

2.50

S V Tlaird

J. K. Townsend.
do

do . ..

R. S. Williamson.

BIRDS SVl A'ICOLIDAK DENDROICA CANADENSIS. 271

DENDROICA CANADENSIS, Baird.

Black-tlirontcd Blue Warbler.

Molacilla eanadtnsis, LiNVAErs, Syst. Nat. I, 17GG, 33G. — Gmelin, 1, 17P8, 991.

Sijirij canademis, Latham, Index Orn. II, 179U, 539. — Wilsox, .\iii. Orn. II, I8I0, 115 ; pi. xv, f. 7. — Bonap. Obs.

1806, No 145.— NuTT. Man. I, 1832, 398.— Acdubov, Ora Biog II, 1834, 309 ; pl. cxlviii,clv

Sylvicola canadtiuis, "Sivaiksok," Jabd. Ed. Wilson, 1832— Ricii, List, 1837.— Bon. List, 1838 Id. Conap. 1850,

308.— AtTD. Syn. 1839, 61.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 63 ; pi. xcv.
Bliimamphus canadensis. Cab. Journ. Orn. Ill, 1855,473.
Molacilla caeruUscens, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 17^8, 960.

Sylvia cieruUscens, Latham, Index Orn. II, 1790, 520. — Vieillot, Ola Am. Sept. II, 1807, 25 ; pl. Ixxx.
Sylvia pusitla, Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 100 ; pi. xliii, f. 4, (young.)
Sylvia Icucoptera, Wilson, Index and 2d ed. {Hall's cd.) II, 390.
Sylvia paluslris, Steiiiens, Shaw Zool. X, ii, 1317, 722.
" Sylvia mucropus, Vieillot," Gray.
Sylvia sphagnosa, Bonap. Obs. Wils. 1826, No. 164, {female.)- Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 40C.— Acd. Orn. Biog. II,

1834, 279.
Sylvicola pannosa, Gosie, Birds Jam. 1847, 162, {female.)

Sp. Ch. — Above uniform continuous grayish blue, including the outer edges of the quill and tail feathers. A narrow frontal
line, the entire sides of head and neck, chin and throat, lustrous black ; this color extending in a broad lateral stripe to the tail.
Rest of under parts, including the axillary region, while. Wings and tail black above, the former with a conspicuous white
patch formed by the bases of all the primaries, (except the first ;) the inner webs of the secondaries and tertials with similar
patches towards the base and along the inner margin. All the tail feathers, except the innermost, with a white patch on the
inner web near the end. Length, 5.50 ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.25.

Female, olive green above and dull yellow beneath. Sides of head dusky olive, the eyelids and a superciliary stripe
whitish. Traces of the white spot at the base of the primaries and of the tail.

Hab. — Eastern United States to the ^Missouri, south to the West Indies.

The male and female of this beautiful species are very dissimilar, though the species may
always he recognized by the white patch at the base of the primaries, which I do not think
exists in any other Dendroica. The extent of this patch, however, in both male and female,
varies considerably. The colors of the female are strikingly similar to those of the female
Spiza ciris, or Nonpareil.

The autumnal or young male has the back clouded with greenish olive, and the black feathers
of the throat much margined with whitish. There is also a white line over the eye, as in the
female.

A skin (10102) from Washington, in high spring plumage, has the feathers in the middle of
the back bluish black, margined -with blue, giving rise to conspicuous spots.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

2577

(?

9

Carlisle, Pa

May 5, 1846

Oct. 12, 1842

S. F. Baird

5.41
4.83
5.16
5.00
4.75
5.00

8.00
7.83
7.83
7.66
7.75
7.00

2.58

788

do

do

do.....

do

2.58

2305

Oct. 10, 1842

do

2.41

2429

Sept. 5, 1845

do

2.41

8645

Cape Florida

G. Wurdemann ..

2.50

8646

do

do

2.50

7307

s

Cleveland. Ohio

J P Kirtland

3795

Racine Wis

Dr Hoy .

Cook countv 111

August 31

R. Kennicott -- ......

272 U. S. p. E. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

DENDROICA CORONATA, Gray.

Yellow-ruraped Warbler.

Motacilla coronata, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat I, 17GG, 333. — Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 974, (male.)

Sylvia coronata, Latham, Index Cm. II, 1790,538. — Vieh.lot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 24 ; pi. Ix.wiii, lx.\ix —
Wilson, Am. Cm. II, 1810, 138; pi. xvii, f. 4, (summer)— II, 356; pi. xlv, f. 3, (winter.)—
NiiTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 361.— Acd. Orn. Biog. II, 1634, 31)3 ; pi. cliii.

Sylvicola coronata, Sivainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 216. — Bonap. List, 1838. — In. Conspectus, 1850, 307. — AuD.
Synop. 1839, 76.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 23; pi. l.xxvi.

Dendroica coronala, G. R. Grat, Genera, 2d ed. Suppl. 1842, 8.

Shimanphus coronalus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 19. — Ib. .Tourn. Orn. Ill, 1855, 473, (Cuba.)

Parus riiginianus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17()G, 342, (winter.)

Motacilla umbra, Gmelin, Syst. I, 1788, 959.

Motacilla cincta, Gmelin, Syst, I, 1788, 980.

JHotacillapingiiis, Gmelin, S)st. I, 1788, 973.

" Sijluia xanthoroa , Vieillot," (Gray.)

Sp. Ch. — Above bluish ash, streaked with black. Under parts white. The fore part of breast and the sides black, the
feathers mostly edged with white. Crown, rump, and sides of breast yelluw. Cheeks and lores black. The eyelids and a
superciliary stripe, two bands on the wing and spots on the outer three tail feathers, white. Female of duller plumage and
browner above. Length, 5.65; wing, 3.00; tail, 2.50.

Hab. — Eastern North America to the Missouri plains. Stragglers seen on Puget':j Sound.

Second quill longest, third scarcely shorter ; first longer than fourth. Tail slightly rounded,
emarginate, suhspatulate.

Male, in spring. — Upper parts bluish gray, broadly streaked with black on the back, less so
on the crown and rump ; middle of crown, rump, and a patch on the side of the breast bright
yellow. Secondary and first row of smaller coverts tipped with white, forming two bands on
the wings. Quills and tail dark brown, margined with bluish gray ; the latter with the inner
webs of the outer three having a white patch near the end, largest on the outer feathers. Eyelids
and a superciliary stripe white. Lores and cheeks black. Lower neck and fore part of breast
and sides black, the feathers often tijiped with white, giving the whole a lunulate appearance.
Throat and rest of lower parts white. Bill and feet black.

Female, in spring. — Upper parts dirty light brown, slightly streaked with black. Crown,
sides, and rump not so bright a yellow. The other markings as in the male, though much
duller, (022.)

3Iale, in fall. — Upper parts as in the female in spring. Eyelids white. Lores dusky ; this
color reaching round the lower eyelid. Side of breast dirty yellow. The fore part of breast
and throat tinged with pale light brown. Lower parts slightly streaked with brown, very faint,
however. (No. 829.)

The superciliary white stripe in the adult male does not always extend continuously from the
bill, but is interrupted just above the anterior extremity of the eye ; the eye too is only bordered
above and below by white, not anteriorly and posteriorly. Tlie feathers of the nostrils, and a
very narrow frontal band, are black.

It is possible, in high latitudes and during the breeding season, tliat the fore breast and
anterior portion of sides may be pure black, (excejjt the yellow patch.)

A single but unquestionable specimen of this species (7671) has been found west of the Rocky
Mountains ; collected at Steilacoom by Dr. Suckley. Dr. Cooper has also seen specimens in
Washington Territory.

UIRDS — SYLVICOLlDAi; — DENDKOICA AUDUBONII.

273

List of specimens.

Intal.

Sex.

No.

1460

<?

829

S

1417

s

2550

9

2179

9

10113

9

7440

6503

4652

----

4655

S

4654

4651

s

5300

s

5061

9

7650

7671

(?

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
, do....

.Jo.
.do.

When collected.

do

Washington, D. C \

Rockport, Ohio

Indian Key, Fla

Uouth Vermilion riv.

May 4, 1844
Oct. 22, 1842
April 30, 1844
May 6, 1816
April 30, 1845

Mar. 20, 1857
May 5, 1856

.do.

Mouth Big Sionx

Mouth Platte river

Medicine creek. Mo..

Indianola.

Fort Leavenworth

Fort Steilacoom, W. T.

May 3, 1856
April 20, 1856
Oct. 8, 1856
Feb. 26, 1856
Dec. 20, 1854
May 1, 1856

Whence obtained.

S. F. Riird.
do....

-do.

.do.

do----...

J. C. McGuire..
J P. Kirtland..
G. Wurdemaun.
Lieut. Warren .
do

.do.
.do.

-do.

Capt. Pope

Lieut. Couch.
Dr. Sucklcy..

Orig.
No.

26

16

351

Collected by- - Length.

Dr. Ilaydeii.
do

.do.
.do.
.do.

Stretih Wins.

of wings.

5. 66
5.25
6.00
5.08
5.08

4.00

5. 75

5.50
5.00

6.00

9.00
8.83
9.33
8.83
8.25

9.00

3.00
2.75
3.00
2.83
2.56

6. 62 I 2. 25

9. 00 3. Cl(»

8.87 ; 3.01)
8.50 2.50

DENDEOICA AUDUBONII, Baird.

Andnbon's Warbler.

Sylvia auduhonii, Towxsend, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, ii, 1837.— Ib. Narrative, 1839, 342.— Auu. Orn. Biog. V, 1839,

52; pi. 395.
Sylvicola auJubonii, Bo.VAP. List, 1838. — AcD. Syn. 1839, 52. — Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 26 ; pi. 77.

Sp. Oh. — Above bluish ash, streaked with black, most marked on the middle of the back; on head and neck bluish ash.
Middle of crown, rump, chin, and throat, and a patch on the side of the breast, gamboge yellow. Space beneath and anterior
to the eyes, fore part of breast and sides, black; this color extending behind on the sides in streaks. Middle of belly, under
tail coverts, a portion of upper and lower eyelids, and a broad band on the wings, with a spot on each of the four or five exte-
rior tail feathers, while; rest of tail feathers black. Female brown above; the other markings less conspicuous and less
black. Length, 5.25; wings, 3.20; tail, 2.25.

Hab. — Pacific coast of United States to central Rocky mountains. South to Mexico.

This species is very closely allied to D. coronata, the upper parts heing almost precisely
similar. They may he most readily distinguished, however, hy the yellow chin and throat of
the one, instead of the white of the other. In £>. cntduhonii, the hlack of the side of the head
is confined to the lores, and a suffusion around the eye, especially anteriorly^ instead of the
conspicuous auricular patch ; the only white, too, is the spot on either lid, the interrupted
superciliary stripe heing wanting. The hlack on the breast is more uniform and continuous,
and there is one hroad white patch on the wing formed by white margins to the greater coverts,
as well as the tips to these and the lesser ones ; in the otlier species there are two. The white
on the tail is more extended, the white edging to the quills is more conspicuous, and the wings
are longer. The tail is much blacker.

In a specimen from Janos, Mexico, (7G51,) the hlack of the breast is anteriorly much shadeil
with the color of the back, and the interscapular feathers are edged with yellow. I am, how-
ever, unable to detect any other differences.
35 b

274

U. S. r. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

As stated, the female is considerably duller, showing traces only of the black on the breast ;
the upper parts dull brownish, with darker streaks. Young birds are brown above, with
dusky streaks ; beneath white, the breast and sides streaked with brown ; the yellow of the
crown and rump distinct, that of the breast barely appreciable. A winter specimen, (7661,)
marked male, has the under parts almost pure white, very obsoletely streaked with brown on
the breast and sides ; the yellow of throat and breast rather distinct ; two bands of white on

the wings instead of one.

List of specimens.

CateL
Ko.

2910
2911
2909
7656
7654
7658
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7662
3728
7660
7661
7651
7652
7653
7663
8826
8016

SexS
age.

Localtity.

When collected.

(?
<?

9
o

3

Q

Columbia river .
do

April 24, 1836
do

do May 31, 1835

Ft.Steilacoom,W.T. April 20, 1856
do do.

.do.

.do.

July 28, 1856

do

Shoal water bay

do

.do.

California
do..

Sacramento valley.
do

May 1, 1856
June 20, 1854
Aug. 30, 1854
do

Janes, Mex. ......

Boca Grande, Mex.

San Bernardino

Cocomongo r'ch, Cal

Laramie peak

Mexico

April — , 1855
Mar. — , 1855

Whence obtained.

Orig,
No.

J. K. Townsend .
do

do

Dr Suckley.
do

do

Got. Stevens

do

Dr. Cooper

do

do

Dr. Heermann..
Wm. Hutton...
Lt. Williamson .
do

209

504
81

351
82

86
86

Maj. Emory

do

do

Mar. 19, 1854 '

Lt. Whipple .
Lt. Warren . .
John Gould..

67

34

69

190

Collected by —

Dr. Suckley

, do

Dr. Heermann.

do

Dr. Kennerly .
do

do

do

Dr. Hay den.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

5.12

6.00

5.87

5.75
6.00
5.25
5.12
5.75

8.75

9.00
9.00

9.50
9.00
8.50
8.75
9.00

Wing.

3.75

DENDROICA BLACKBURNIAE, Baird.

Blackbnrniau Warbler.

MolacUla blackburniae , Gmelin. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 977.

Sylvia blackhurniae, Latham, Index Cm. 11, 1790, 527.— Vieii.i.ot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 36 ; pi. xcvi.— AVilson,

Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 67; pi. xxiii.— Nlttali., Man. I, 1832, 379.— Ann. Orn. Biog. II, 1834,

208: V, 73, pi. 135,399.
SylvUola blackburniat, Jahdine, Ed. Wilson, 1832.— Rich. List, 1837.— Bon. List, 18.38.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850,

307.— Apd. Syn. 1839, 57.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 48; pi. 87.
Rhimanphui blackburniae, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 19.

Sylviaparus, Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 114 ; pi. xliv, f. 3 — Arn. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 205; pi. 134.
Sylvicola parus. Add. Syn. 1839, .OS.— In. Birds Amcr. II, 1841, 40 ; pi. 83.
.Syiia taUralis, Stcph. Sliaw's Zool . XII, 1817, 659.

Blackburnian varbkr. Pennant, Arctic Zool. 11, 412. — Latham, Synopsis II, 461.
Iltmlock warbler, AOfHOns.

BIRDS — STLVICOLTDAE — DENDROICA BI.ACKBURNUE.

275

Sp. Cii. — Upper parts nearly uniform black, with a wliitieh scapular stripe and a largo wliito patch in the middle of the wing
coverts. An obloiiij patcli in the middle of the crown, and the entire siilc of the head and neck, (including a superciliary siripo
from the nostriln,) the chin, throat, and fore part of the hrcast, bright orange red. A black stripe from the commissure passing
over the lower half of tlie eye, and including the ear coverts ; with, howttver, an orange crescent in it, just below the eye, the
extreme lid being black. Rest of under parts white, stronrrly tin<red with yellowish orange on the brcusl and belly, and streaked
with black on the sides. Outer three tail leathers white, the shafts and tips dark brown; the fourth and liflh spoiled much with
white; the other tail feathers and quills almost black. Female similar; the colors duller; the feathers of the upper parts with
olivaceous edges. Length, 5.50; wing, 3.83; tail, 3.35.

llab. — Eastern North America to the Missouri. South to Guatemala.

This is, perhaps, the most beautiful of the American warblers ; none certainly can show any
color to compare with the delicate orange of the throat. The precise shade of this, however,
varies a good deal in different specimens.

The black ear patch sends a short branch down on the side of the tliroat, so as to connect
with the series of short black stripes on the sides. The under tail coverts are pure white.
The female exhibits a much more striated appearance above, and the orange is much more
yellowish ; the black of the cheeks is replaced by grayish. An autumnal male is like the
female, the single white band on the wing roidaced by two ; the black stripes on the sides
much larger and more conspicuous ; the upper parts glossed with yellowish ; the throat orange
yellow, passing insensibly into purer yellow behind. In this condition it is much like an
autumnal D. townsendii, the top and sides of the head being exactly the same, except the yellow
patch on the crown of the former. The throat, however, is more orange, and with no trace of the
black. The pure white bases of the outer tail feathers are a strong distinctive mark of Z>.
llackbumiae. It is this plumage that I consider to be the Sylvia parus of Wilson and Audubon,
their descriptions agreeing exactly with specimens before me of summer D. llackbumiae.

A specimen from Calcasieu, La., (4305,) is considerably smaller, though otherwise similar,
the wing measuring only 2.50 inches, instead of 2.80.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1693

9

9
3
3
3

Carlisle, Pa

Aug. 30, 1844
May G, 1843
Sept. 21, 1842
Aug. 16, 1843

S. F. Baird

5.33
4.75
4.91
5.08

8.50

8.41
8.33

2.75
2.58
2.75
2.83

944

do

do

do

Cleveland, Ohio.

do

740

do

1160

do

7350

J. P. Kirtland...

3793

Eacine, Wis

Dr. Hoy

West Northfield, 111..

St. Lonis, Mo

do

Calcasieu pass. La. ..
G uatemala

May 3, 1855
May 12, 1857
May 8, 1857
1854

K. Kennicott

6972

Lt. Bryan

do

62
89

W. S. Wood

6973

do

4305

8008

1

276 IT. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

DENDROICA CASTANEA, B a i r d .

Bay Breasted Warbler.

Sylvia casliinea, Wilson, Am. Cm. IF, 1810, 97; pi. x\v, f. 4— Bonap. Obs. Wils. 1826, \o. 139.— Nuttai.i,, Man.

I, 1832, 382.— Audubon, Orn. Biog. 1, lf-33, 358; pi. 69.
Sylvicola castmtFM, " Swainson," Jard. ed. Wilson, 1832.— Rich. List, 1837. — Bon. List, 1838. — Ib. Consp. 1850,

308.— Add. Syn. IS.SS, 53.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841,34 ; pi. 80.
Rhiinanphus castaneus, Cab. Miis. Hein. 1850, 19.

Sylvia ou(u»ina(is, AVii.son, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 65 ; pi. .x.\iii, f. 3.— Bon. Obs. 1826, No. 152.— Aun. Orn. Biog. I,
1832, 447; pi. 88 — Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 390. (Female or young in autumn.)

Sp. Cii. — Male. Crown dark reddish chestnut ; forehead and cheeks, including a space above the eye, black ; a patch of buff
yellow behind the cheeks. Rest of upper parts bluish gray streaked with black, the edges of the interscapulars tinged with
yellowish, of the scapulars with olivaceous. Primaries and tail feathers edged externally with bluish gray; the extreme cuter
ones with white ; the secondaries edged with olivaceous. Two bands on the wing and the edges of the tertials white. The
under parts are whitish with a tinge of buff , the chin, throat, fore part of breast, and the sides, chestnut brown, lighter than
the crown. Two outer tail feathers with a patch of white on the inner web near the end ; the others edged internally with
the same. Female with the upper parts olive, streaked throughout with black, and an occasional tinge of chestnut on the
erown. Lower parts with traces of chestnut, but no stripes. Length of male, 5.00; wing, 3.05; tail, 2.40.

Hnb. — Eastern United States to the Missouri. South to Guatemala.

The female appears not to be very constant in her markings ; sometimes the trace of chestnut
on the crown is conspicuous ; sometimes it is entirely wanting. The extent, too, of the chest-
nut beneath is subject to considerable variation.

In the young bird and possibly in the adult in autumn, the upper parts and sides of the head
and neck are of a bright though light olive green, obsoletely streaked with black, chiefly in the
middle of the back, the rump with an ashy tinge. Beneath buff white, the sides tinged with
brown, sometimes showing a trace of the chestnut of spring. Sometimes there is a greenish
yellow tinge on the throat and breast. There is a pale line over the eye, and the eyelids are
yellowish, the eye cut by a faint dusky bar from the base of the bill.

This species is in many respects very closely allied to D. striata, and although the adults in
spring are readily distinguishable, it becomes very difficult to separate them when in autumnal
or immature plumage. They are of about the same size ; the upper parts would be almost
jirecisely the same, if the chestnut crown of B. castanea were replaced by black ; the back of
1 he neck in striata is streaked with white, and the back has a less yellow tinge. The females
are still more similar above. The absence of streaks, however, on the under parts of S. castanea
would separate them in all cases, but for the fact that these sometimes are obsolete in young of
D. striata. The bill of D. castanea is broader at the base and more bristled ; the tails are
almost precisely the same ; the inner borders of the quills of D. castanea are abruptly pure
white, instead of gradually becoming lighter, as in the other.

A careful comparison of an extensive series of immature specimens of the two species shows
that in castanea the under parts are seldom washed uniformly_on the throat and breast, with
yellowish green ; but while this may be seen on the sides of the neck and breast, or even across
the latter, the chin and throat are nearly white, the sides tinged with dirty brown, even if the
(generally present) trace of chestnut be wanting on the sides. There is a buff tinge to the
under tail coverts ; the ([uills are abruptly margined with white, and there are no traces (how-
ever obsolete) of streaks on the breast. In D. striata the under parts are quite uniformly
washed with greenish yellow nearly as far back as the vent, the sides of tlie breast and some-
times of belly with obsolete streaks ; no trace of tlie uniform dirty reddish brown on the si(l( s

BIRDS — SYI.VICOUDAE — DKNDROICA HNUS.

277

behind and under tail coverts are pure white. The quills arc only gradually paler towards the
inner edge, not rather abruptly white.

List of specimens.

CatAl
No.

Sex.

Loaility.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

2231

9

Ciirlisle, Pn...

May 6, 1845

May 8, 1843

S. l'\ Baird

950

do

do

do

5.25
5.25
5.00
6.08

8.75
8.00
8. 6G
8.41

2.75

748

Sept. 23 1842

h,

2. 91

993

9
9

9

.. ..do

Mav 19 1843

do

2 75

949

do

Mav 8, 1843

do

2.75

7443

Dr. Kirtland

Union county, 111

Guatcmila

Mav 12

R. Kennicott

8013

J.Gould

DENDROICA PINUS, Bair.l.
Pine Creeping Warbler.

Sylvia pinua, Wilscs, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 25 ; pi. xix, f. 4. (Not Cerlhia pinvs, L ; Motacilla pinus, Gm ; Sylvia
pinus. Lath.)— Bo.vAP. Obs. Wils. 1826, No. 149.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 387.— Aun. Orn. Biog.
II, 1834,232; pi. 111.

Thryolhorus pinus, Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIV, i, 194.

Sifhicota pinus, 3 \nD. ed. Wilson, 1833.— Rich. List, 1837.— Bonap. List, 1838.— Aun. Syn. 1839, 54.— Ib Birds
Amcr. II, 1841,37; pi. 82.

Rhimainphus pinus, Bokaf. Conspectus, 1850, 311.

Sylvia vigorsii, Aun. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 153 ; pL 30. (Young )

Vireo vigorsii, Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 318.

Sp. Ch. — Upper parts nearly uniform and clear olivo green, the feathers of the crown with rather darker shafts. Under
parts generally, except the middle of the belly behind, and under tail coverts, (which are white,) bright gamboge yellow, with
obsolete streaks of dusky on the sides of the breast and body. Sides of head and neck olive green like the back, with a broad
superciliary stripe ; the eyelids and a spot beneath the eye very obscurely yellow ; wings and tail brown ; the feathers edged
with dirty white, and two bands of the same across the coverts. Inner web of the first tail feather with nearly the terminal
hair, of the second with nearly the terminal third, dull inconspicuous white. Length, 5.50 ; wing, 3 ; tail, 2.40. (1356.)

Hoi. — Eastern United Slates to the Missouri.

The markings of this species are not very distinct or well defined ; less so, perhaps, than any of
our warblers, except possibly D. pahnarum. The amount of white on the tail varies somewhat,
occasionally the entire outer web of the exterior feather and a larger portion of the inner being
of this color. The female is similar to the male, but of duller plumage. In autumn the colors
are as in spring, the yellow rather lighter and brighter ; the olive above glossed with reddish
brown. The yellow of the under parts i^ sometimes much obscured by pale margins to the
feathers. The young are brown above, whitish beneath, tinged with brown before.

This species appears to differ from the Sylvia montana, Wilson, chiefly in the absence of a
yellow frontlet, in having a greener back, and less distinct streaks beneath ; as also in the white
anal region.

278

V. S p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

1336

April—, 1844

April 24, 1841

S. F. Rvird

5.50
5.41
5.41

9.00
8.25
9.33

2. 91

307

do

..do

do

736

Sept. 21, 1842

Sept. 5, 1845

do

do

3. 00

2430

9
o

do

do

Philadelphia ....-.-_....

42

Juno 19, 1840

do

6484

C. Drexler

699

Washington, D. C

Northern III.

June?, 1842

S. F. Baird

10162

R. Kennicott...-

DENDROICA MONTANA, Baird.

Blue Monntaiu Warbler.

Syhia montana, Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 113 ; pi. xliv, f. 2.— AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 294.
Sylricolamontana, Jard. ed. Wilson, 1832.— AuD. Syn. 1839, 62.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, G9 ; pi. 98.
Sylvia tigrina, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807,34; pi. xciv.— Bonap. Obs. Wila. 182G, No. 1G5. (Not of
Latham.)

" This species is four inches and three-quarters in length; the upper parts a rich yellow olive; front, cheeks, and chin
yellow, also the sides of the neck ; breast and belly pale yellow, streaked with black or dusky ; vent plain pale yellow. Wings
black ; first and second rows of co.verts broadly tipped with pale yellowish white ; tertials the same ; the rest of the quills edged
with whitish. Tail black, handsomely rounded, edged with pale olive ; the two exterior feathers on each side white on the
inner vanes from the middle to the tips, and edged on the outer side with white. Bill dark brown. Legs and feet purple
brown ; soles yellow. Eye dark hazel." — (Wilson.)

Ilab. — " Blue mountains of Virginia."

The essential features of this bird^ "^ yellow olive above, front and beneath yellow to the vent,
(paler behind,) the breast and belly streaked with dusky or black ; wings and tail black, the
former with two white bands, the latter with the outer feathers wliite within from the middle
to near the tip," are not shared by any other known North American species in adult spring
plumage. The relationships, however, to the pine creeping warbler are very close, and it is
not unlikely that some states of autumnal plumage in this, or even in the black poll warbler,
may furnish a clue to the species.

A single specimen was taken in the Blue mountains of Pennsylvania by Wilson, and is the
only one described from the limits of the United States. Audubon figures a skin in the
Museum of the Zoological Society said to have been brought from California.

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE — DENDROICA PENNSYLVANICA.

279

DENDROICA TENNSYLVANICA, Baird.

C'hcstuut>sided warbler.

Molacilitt pmnfl/Jranico, Linkaecs, Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 333, No. 19— Gmeliv, Syst. Nut. I, 1788, 971, No. 19.
Sylria pfiinsy/raiiifo, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 540.— Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 99 ; pi. xiv, f. 5.
Molacilla ielerucrpliala, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 334, 25.— Gmemn, Syst. I, 1788, 980.

*yrio ic/ero«f/ia/u, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 538.— Vieiluot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807,31; pi. xc — Bon.
Obs. Wils. 1826, No. 140.— AcD. Orn. Biog. I, 1832,300; pi. 59.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832,
380.
^ijhUota icUrocephala, "SwAmaoN," Jard. ed. Wilson, 1832.— Ricn. List. 1837.— 'Bonap. List. 1838.— Id.
Conspectus, 1850, 308.— Add. Syn. 1839, 54.— Id. Birds Am. II, 1841, 35; pi. 81.
Sp. Cii.—vVa/f.— Upper parts streaked with black and pale bluish gray, which becomes nearly white on the fore part of tho
back ; tho middle of the back glosted with greenish yellow. The crown is continuous yellow, bordered by a frontal and super-
ciliary band, and behind by a square spot of white. Loral region black, sending off a line over tho eye, and another below it.
Ear coverls and lower eyelid and entire under parts pure while, a purplish chestnut stripe starting on each side in a line with
tho black moustache and extending back to the thighs. Wing and tail feathers dark brown, edged with bluish gray, except
the secondaries ana tertials, which are bordered with light yellowish green. Tho shoulders with two greenish whito bands.
Three outer tail featliers with white patches near the end of the inner webs.

Female like the male, except that the upper parts are yellowish green, streaked with black ; tho black moustache scarcely
appreciable.

Length, 5 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 2.20.

Ilab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri.

The greenish white of the wing i.s rather in one hand in the male tlian in two, the greater
coverts heing edged as well as ti2)ped with tliis color.

The male Qiossibly of the first year) in autumn is very different from either male or female
in spring. The entire upper parts are of a continuous light olive green ; the under parts
white ; tlie sides of the head, neck, and breast ash gray, shading insensibly into and tinging
the white of the chin and throat. No black streaks are visible above nor on the cheeks, and
the eye is surrounded by a continuous ring of white, not seen in spring. The wings and tail
are much as in the female.

In one specimen from St. Louis (0977) the black completely encircles the eye, and the bill is
entirely bluish black, in.stead of being brown beneath.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stret(^h

of wings.

Wing.

1694

c?

<?

c?
9

<?

Sept. 4, 1844
May 4, 1844
May 18, 1844
May 6, 1844
May 16, 1844

5.25
5. IG
5.08
5.00
5.00

7.41

8.00
7.83
7.75
7.50

2.75

2570

do

do

do

do

do

2.08

2664

do

2.08

943

..do

2.50

976

do

2.50

7361

J P Kirtland

West NorthEeld, 111..

South IllinoU

St. Louis, Mo

do

do

Mouth of Platte river.

May 15, 1855
May 12

dn '

6976
6978
6977
4670

Ar-lV 19 Ift'iT TiVn*- T?rt'!>n

' 64

1

W S Wood

May — , 1857
May 12, 1857
April 26

do

do

Lieut. Warren...

58

i

. do

Dr. Hay den

5.00

7.75

2.50

280

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

DENDROICA C^RULEA, Baird.

nine Warbler.

Sylvia cicrulca, AVilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 141 ; pi. xvii, f 5.

Sylvicota carulea, " Sivainson," Jard. ed. Wilson, 1832 — Rich. Li.st, 1837. — Bonaf. List, 1838. — Is. Consp. 1850,

308.— AuD. Synop. 1839, 56 — Ib. Birds Amcr II, 1841, 45 ; pi. 86.
Sylvia rara, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 119; pi. .xxvii, f. 2, (young or female.)— Bonap. Obs. 1826, No. 158.—

AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 258 ; pi. 49.— Nuttall, I, 1833, 255.
Vermivora rara, Jardine, Ed. Wilson, 1832. ,

Sylvia azurea, Stephens, in Shaw's Zool. Birds, X, ii, 1817, 653.— Bon. Obs. 1826, 148.— Ib. Am. Orn. II, 1828;

pi. xxvii, (female.)— AuD. Orn Biog. I, 1632, 255 ; pi. xlviii, xlix.— Nottall, Man. 1, 1832, 407.
Sylvia bifasciala, Say, Long's Exped. R. Mis. I, 1823, 170.

Sp. Ch. — Male — Above bright blue, darkest on tho crown, tinged with ash on the rump ; middle of back, scapulars, upper
tail coverts, and sides of the crown streaked with black. Beneath white, a collar across the breast, and streaks on the sides
dusky blue. Lores, and a line through and behind the eye, (where it is bordered above by whitish,) dusky blue ; paler on the
cheeks. Two white bands on the wings. All the tail feathers except the innermost, with a white patch on the inner web near
the end. Female greenish blue above, brightest on the crown ; beneath white, tinged with greenish yellow, and obsoletely
streaked on the sides ; eyelids and a superciliary line greenish white. Length, 4.25 ; wing, 2.65 ; tail, 1.90.

Ilab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri river.

This species is sufficiently dissimilar from any other not to require a more minute description
than the above.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained. Orig.

No.

Collected by—

615

s

Q
Q
3
9
c?

May 9, 1842

May 15, 1852 ...

S. F. Baird '

7346

Rockport Ohio

J P. Kirtland . ..

7345

do

10163

May 9

,

10164

do

May 9

do

6980

May 15, 1857...
May 12, 1857 ...

Lieut. Bryan

do.

96
52

W. S. Wood

6979

do

do

DENDROICA STRIATA, Baird.

Black Poll Warbler.

Jauscicapa striata, Forster-, Philos. Trons. LXII, 1772, 383, 428.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 930.

Motacilla striata, Gmelin, Syst. I, 1768, 976.

Sylvia striata. Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 527.— Vieu.lot, Ois. Am Sept. U, 1807,22 ; pi. Isxv, Ixxvi.— Wilson, Am.

Orn. IV, 1811, 40 ; pi. xxx, £ 3 : VI, 1812, 101 ; pi. liv.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1826, No. 162.— Nottall,

Man. I, 1832, ,383.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 201 ; pi. 133.
Sylvicota sfrtafa, Swainson, P. B. Am. II, 1831, 218.— Bonap. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 308.— Aud. Birds

Am. II, 1841, 28 ; pi. 78 — Reinmarut, Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 73. (Greenland.)
Jihiman]iltus strialus. Cab. Mus, Ilcin. 1850, 20. — Ib. Journ fiir Orn. Ill, 1H55, 475, (Cuba.)

Sp. Ch. Male — Crown, nape, and upper half of tho head black ; the lower half, iiu-luding the car coverts, white, tho

■eparatlng line passing through the middle of the eye. Rest of upper parts grayish ash, tinged with brown, and conspicuously
streaked with black. Wing and tail fctttliers brown, edged externally (except tho iiuier tail feathers) with dull olive green.
Two conspicuous bars of white on the wing coverts, the tertials edged with the same. Under parts white, with a narrow lino

BIRDS — ^SYLVICOLIDAE — UENDROICA STRIATA.

281

on each sido the throat from tho chin to the aides of the neck, where it runs into & close patch of black streaks continued alonf
the breast and sides to the rout of the tail. Outer two tail featliers with an oblique patch on tho inner web near the end -, the
others cdgfd internally with while. Female similar, c.\cc|it that tlie upper parts arc olivaceous and, even on the crown, streaked
with black ; the while on tho sides and across the breast tinged with yellowish ; a ring of the fame round the eye cut by a duslty
line Uirough it. Length of male, 5.75 ; wing, 3 ; tail, '.3.S5.
Ilab. — Eastorn North America to tho Missouri high plains. Cuba, (Gundlach.) Greenland, (Rcinhardt.)

The wings are long ami pointed ; the second longest ; the first a little longer than the tliird.
The tail is slightly cmarginate and scarcely rounded. The size of specimens varies considerably ;
tliiKs, in one (4045) tlie wiiijj measures .40 of an inch more than tlio type selected, (1545.)
Specimens generally from the Mississippi valley appear larger than more eastern ones.

The young birds in the autumnal dress are very different from the spring. The upper parts
are light olive green, obsoletely streaked with brown ; bencatli greenish yellow, obsoletely
streaked on the breist and sides, the under tail coverts pure wliite, a yellowish ring round the
eye, and a superciliary one of the same color. In this dress it is scarcely possible to distinguish
it from the immature D. caslanea. The differences as far as tangible will be found detailed
under the head of the latter species.

List of specimens.

Caial.

Sex.

No.

1543

c?

723

<?

978

Q

916

Q

702

9

744S

..„..

8310

8300

4648

c?

4650

c?

4644

(?

4646

cT

4S49

c?

4647

c?

4645

c?

6501

c?

6502

c?

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Carlisle.Pa May 17,1»44

do Sept. 16,1:43

, do May 17,1843

Philadelphia ' Autumn

Wajjhington | May 23,1843

Cleveland, Ohio Aututnn

West Northlicid, III.... May 16,1855

South Illinois I May 13,

Independence, Mo May 27,1857

.do .May 26,1657

Nebraska May 12,-

, do ' May 11,-

do do..

do ' do..

Mouth of Vermilion . . . . ! May 6, -

Cedar Island . .

do

Tortugas, Fla .
do

May 12,-
May 10,-
April 26, -
do..

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

do

do

do

do

Dr. Kirtlaiid

K. Kennicott

do

Wm. M. Magravv..

.do .

Lt. Warren .....

do ,

do ,

......do

do

do

do

G. Wurderaann.
do

Grig.
No.

Collected by-

34

27

Wm. M. Haird.

Dr. Cooper.

Dr. Hayden.

do

do

do ,

do ,

do ... .

do

Length.; Stretch
ofwings.

5.75
5.50
5.58

5.50
5.00
5.25
5.25
5.25
5. .50
5.75

9.00
8.75
8.33

9.12

9.00
8.62
9.00
8.75
8.37
9.25
9.25

Wing.

3.00

3.00

3.12
2.75
3.12
3.00
3.25
3.25
3.23

Remarks.

Iris browh; bill bl'k &
lead color; feet yei.

Iris brown ; bill black;
feet brownish.

36 b

282 U. S. p. K. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL EEPORT.

DENDKOICA AESTIVA, Baircl.

Yellow AVarbler.

J\Ioiacilla aesliva, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 990.

Sylvia aestiva, Latham, Inde.x Dm. II, 1790, 551. — Vieillot, Ois Am. Sept. IT, 1807, 35; pi. .\cv. — liox'AP. Obs.

Wils. 1826, No. 144 —ArD. Cm. Biog. I, 1831, 47G ; pi. 95, 35.— Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 370.
Sylvicola aestiva, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. 11,1831, 211.— Bonap. List, 1838.— Add. Syn. 1839, 57.— Ib. Birds

Amer. 11, 1841, 50; pi. 88.
Jiliimamphus aestivvs, Eonap. Consp. 1850, 311. — Cabanis, Mub. Hein. 1851, 19. — Ib. .Tourn. Orn. Ill, 1855, 472,

(Cuba.)
JMotadlla albkollis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 983.
9 Sylvia nlbiccUis, Latham, Iiid. Orn. II, 1790, 535.
1 Sylvia Jlava, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 31 ; pi. Ixxxi.
Sylvia citrinella, Wilson, Am. Orn. 11, 1810, 111 ; pi. xv. f. 5.
?> Rhimmnphus citrinus, Raf. Journ. de Phys. LXXXVIII, I8I9, 417. (Very doubtful if this or any otiier existing

species be referred to.)
Sylfia cliitdrcni, Ano. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 180; pl. 35. (Immature.)
? Sylvia ratlibonia, Add. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 333 ; pi. G5.

? Sylvicola rathbonia, AuD. Syn. 1839, 58.— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 53 ; pl. 89.
Motacilla petechia, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 334.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 983.

Sylvia petechia, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 535. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 32 ; pl. xci,
Molacilla nificapilla, Gmelin, Syst. I, 1788, 971.
?? Sylvia rnficapilla. Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 540.— Stephens, Shaw, Gen. Zool. X, ii, 1817, 699.

Sp. Ch. — Bill lead color. Head all round, and under parts generally bright yellow ; rest of upper parts yellow olivaceous,
brightest on tlie rump. Back with obsolete streaks of dusky reddish brown. Fore breast and sides of the body streaked with
brownish red. Tail feathers bright yelUw; the outer webs and tips, with the whole upper surfaces of the innermost one,
brown ; extreme outer edges of wing and tail feathers olivaceous like the back ; the middle and greater coverts and tertials
edged with yellow, forming two bands on the wings. Female similar, with the crown olivaceous like the back, and the streaka
wanting on the back, and much restricted on the under parts. Tail with more brown. Length of male, 5.25 ; wing, 2.6G ;
tail, 2.25. (940)

Hub. — United States from Atlantic to Pacific ; south to Guatemala and West Indies.

The first, second, and third quills are successively a little shorter, though nearly, equal, and
longer than the fourth. The shafts of the wing and tail feathers are white heneath, and
brown above. The quills, except as mentioned, are of a darker brown than that of the tail.
The inner edges of the quills are yellow. The yellow on the tail is sulphur color, and lighter
than that on the rest of the body, which exhibits an almost imperceptible trace of red. There
are no markings on the head in the male. In the female, however, the extension of the
olivaceous yellow over the crown gives rise to a yellow superciliary line. A young bird of the
year is similar to the female, although duller, and lighter beneath.

A female bird (758) killed in autumn is darker olivaceous above, the color extending over
the sides of the head, neck, and body. The yellow margins of the wing feathers are much
more restricted. There is more brown on the tail, this color invading the inner webs to a
considerable extent.

' Specimens from the Pacific coast appear rather smaller, with less con.spicuous streaks than
eastern, but no other differences are appreciable.

The Sylvia rathbonia of Audubon is known only by his description of a pair killed in
Mississippi. Its essential character seems to be in the nearly even tail, with the feathers
brown and edged externally with yellow, instead of yellow edged with brown.

In a number of specimens before me I find considerable variation in the extent of brown on
outer tail feathers. In all very young birds this crosses the shaft to the inner webs, which in

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE — DENDKOICA AESTIVA. 2^3

several cases arc almost entirely brown, excepting on tlie inner cilge. Such is tlie case in
10170, from Fort Tejon, 5295, Yellowstone, and 758, Carlisle, all apparently young of the
year. Some adult females, too, have more or less of a brown margin on the inner side of the
shaft towards the base.

In nearly ail full plumaged males of this species from the Missouri plains there is a strong
indication of a brownish orange (like the pectoral spots) on the top of the head, especially along
the shafts of the feathers. It is this plumage, with perhaps a little greater intensity of red on the
crown, which I consider to be the Molacilla jyetechia of Linnaeus, as stated further under the
head of Dcndroica pahnarum, and as the former name has priority over aesliva, it is a question
whether it should not be used for the present species. By some authors the two states of
plumage are considered distinct, in which case botli names could be used. I agree with
Bonaparte, however, (Notes Orn. Delattre,) in considering them the same, hut as indicating a
variety, not the average of the species ; and in view of there being after all some doubt as to
what Motacilla petechia really is, I have retained the name of ae&iiia. The same objections
api)ly to the use of Gmelin's name oi 7-uJlcapUla.

The Motacilla albicollis of Gmelin answers tolerably well to this species, and the nama would
have priority over aestiva. As, however, the neck is not white, but yellow^ the term albicollis
would convey a false idea of the species, and to be rejected.

The Sylvia flava of Vieillot comes nearer this species than any other North American, but
does not exactly agree with it.

There is a South American species to which this is closely related, differing in larger ize,
and in having the entire head all round of a brownish orange. The quills and tail featliers
are much darker, showing a more vivid contrast with the yellow. This is called ''Sylvia
ruficapilla, Latham," by Vieillot, in Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 228, but is nut Latham's species, nor
is it the " Sylvia ruficapillus" of Vieillot on a preceding page, (187.) He quotes for it a name
of Feuillee in "Observations Physiques, 1714-1725," of C7i!om enV7tac7ioric/es, and its de.-crip-
ti<m, referring evidently to the bird before me. Should the species, therefore, have received no
better name it may be called Dendroica erihlacliorides.

284

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Calal
No.

Sex aiic
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

Remarks.

940

S
9
9
C??
C?
9
<?

9

9

s
s
<?

""s"

9
(?
S

Carlisle, Pa

May 5, 1843
do

Sept. 20, 1843
July 30, 1844

S. F. Baird

5.25
4.91
4.58
5.08

8.16
7..W
7.50
8.00

2.66
2.33
2.35
2.66

947

do

do

do

do

756

1656

do

Washington, D. 0

do

do

10104

1U103

do

43U0

Calcasieu Pass, La

do

1854

1854

4301

do

Wf St Northfield, III....
Independence, Mo

Ft. Lookout, Neb

Little Stieyenne river . .

Yellowstone river

fiiackfoot country

Near Ft. Lookout

Fort Pierre

May 13

May 26, 1857

June 1,1856

do

June 25, 1856
July -,1855

May 15

July 12, 1855

May 17

May 11

May 2.

May 17

AprU 27, 1856

R. Kennicott

S301
S293

Wm. M. Magraw. ..

14

Dr. Cooper ....

Dr. Ilayden....

do

do

4.50

4.25
4.50
4.87

7.37

6.75
7.00
7.37

2.00

2.00
2.25
2 25

Iris brown, bill black,
feet yellow.

Eyes black

do

5291
5i95

do

do

5298

do

do

4665

, ...do

do

do

5.50

7.62

2.75

4660

465S

Nebraska

do

Moutb of White river...

Lieut. Warren

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

4.50
4.87
4.75
4.37
4.75
5.12
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75

7.50
8.25
7.75
7.50
7.87
7.75

2.50
2.62
2.50
2.50
3.50
2.75

4C61

4656

466U

4662

Moutli of Platte river...

4669

5642

East of Ft. Riley, K. T.
Fort Lookout

June 17, 1856
June 4, 185G
Aug. 1,1856
July 29

Lieut. F. T. Bryan.

21

W.S.Wood...

Dr. Hayden ....

do

do

5292

7.95
7.62
8.00

2.25
9.50
1.50

5294

Near mouth of Powder

Loup Fork

Ft. Steilacooni, W. T..
do

do

do

8825

7648

July 31

Gov. Stevens

Dr. Suckley

513

7647

7643

S

s

9

0

do

Petalunia, Cal

Mays

May 7, 1856

Dr. Snckley

5.25

7.75

5519

7645

Sacramento valley. .

R. S. Williamson

7646

do

do

4474

Shoalwatcr bay,W. T..
Frontera, Te.x

May — , 1854
May — , 1852

5.00

7.25

Feet pale lemon ....

7644

0. Wright

10170

8U10

J. Gould

DENDEOICA MACULOSA, Baird.

)llack and Yellow Warbler.

MolacMla maculosa , Gmelin, Syst. I, 1788, 984.

S-ijlvxa maculosa, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 536. — Vieillot, Oia. Am. Sept. II, 1S07 ; pi. xciii. — Bonap. Obs.

Wils. 182G, No. 150.— NijTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 370.— Acd. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 260.— II,

1834, 145: V, 1839, 4.58; pi. 1, cxxiii.
SjJwtcoJa mncu/oso, Sw. F. Bor. Ann. II, 1831.- Bonap. Liist, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 307.— Aud. Syn. 1839,

61.— Ib. Birds a .er. II, 1841, 65; pi. xcvi.
lihimanjiUus maculoms, Cab. Mua. Hein. 1851, 20. — Ib. Journ. Orn. Ill, 1855, 474, (Cuba).
Sylvia inagnolia, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 63; pi. x.xiii, f. 3.

Sp. Ch. — Jl/o/e, in spring-.— Bill dark bluisli black, ratlicr liglitcr beneath. Tail dusky. Top of head light grayish blue.
Front, lore, cheek, and a stripe under the eye, black, running into a large triangular patch on the back between the wings,
which is also black. Eyelids and a stripe from the eye along the bead white. Ujjper tail coverts black, some of the feathers
tipped with grayish. Abdomen and lower tail covcrls white. Rump and under parts, except as described, yellow. Lower
throat, breast, and sides streaked with black ; the streaks closer on the lower throat and fore breast. Lessor wing coverts, and
edges of the wing anil tail bluish gray, the former spotted with black. Quills and tail almost black ; the latter with a stpiaro
patth of whila on the inner webs of all the tail leathers (Imt the two inner) beyond the midiilc of the tail. Two white bands

BIHDS — STLVICOLIDAE — DENDROICA MACULOSA.

285

acro» the win^, (somotimes coalesced into one,) formed by the small coverts and secondaries. Part of the edge of the inner
wubs of the quills white. Feathers margining the black patch on the back behind and un the sides tinged with greenish.

Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 'J. 25.

//lib. — Eastern United States tu the Mis.<>ouri river ; south to Guatemala.

Second and third quills longest ; first shorter than fourth. Tail rounded, emarginate.

Female, in s/n-ing. — In general appearance like the male, hut with the corresponding colors
much duller. The hlack on the hack reduced to a i'ew large i)roximate spots. The spots on the
under parts much fewer. Ui)per parts dirty ash, tinged with greenish on the lower hack ; on
the rump dull yellow.

Male, in aulumn. — Bill hrown, lighter along the edges and hase of lower raandihle. Head and
hind neck dirty ash, tinged ahove with green. Back greenish yellow, ohsoletely spotted with black.
lUiuip yellow. Throat and breast )-ellow, ohsoletely spotted with black ; strongly tinged with
light ash on the lower throat. Eyelids dirty white. Differs from the spring plumage in being
without the black on the back, front, sides of the head and cheeks, and in a great degree on the
under parts. Much less white on the wing and side of the head. The colors generally also
are duller.

Female, in aulumn. — Similar, generally, to the male in fall. Back greenish yellow, brighter
on the rump ; rest of upper parts deep ash. Lower parts yellow, ohsoletely streaked with black ;
the light ash on the lower throat decided. The white on the wings reduced to two narrow bands.
There is a continuous white ring round the eye. Bill light brown. Basal part of lower man-
dible dirty white. Feet lighter brown.

Specimens vary somewhat in the amount of black on the under parts.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex&
age.

Locality.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

760

c?

<?

9

Q
Q

o

(?

Carlisle, Pa.

do

Sept. 26, 1842
May 17, 1845
May 3, 1845
Sept. 26, 1842
May 14, 1846
May 17, 1845
Sept. 12, 1845

S. F. Baird

4.83
6.00
4.75
4.66
5.00
4.50

7.50
7.50
7.75
7.25
7.33
7. IG

2.41

2276

do

2. 41

2212

do

2.41

761

do

2.25

2671

do

2.33

2278

do

2.25

2462

do

7333

J. P. Kirtlaud

Northern Illiuois -

R Kennicott

10166

Union county, 111..

St. Louis, Mo

M'th Vermilion riv.

May 11

do

6981

May 12, 1857
May 5, 1856..

Lt. Bryan

Lt. Warren.

68

W. S. Wood

4643

Dr. Hayden .

8012

J. Gould-

286

U. S. P> K. E. EXP. AND SUE>rEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL EEPOST.

DENDEOICAKIRTLANDII, Baird.

Kirtland's Warbler.

Syhicota kirtlandii, Baird, Annals N. Y. Lye. V, June 1852, 217 ; pi. vi, (Clevelind, Ohio.) — Cassin, Illust.
I, 1855, 276 ; pi. xlvii. (Botli figures from the single specimen here described.)

Sp. Cii.— Above slote blue, the feathers of the crown vvilh a narrow, those of the middle of the bick with a broader streak
of black ; a narrow frontlet involving the lores, the anterior end of the eye, and the space beneath it, (possibly the whole
auriculars,) Idack ; the rest of the evelids white. The under parts are clear yellow, (almost white on the under tail coverts ;)
the breast with small spots and sides of the body with short streaks of black. The greater and middle wing coverts, quills, and
tail feathers are edged with du^l whitish. The two outer tail feathers have a dull white spot near tlie end of the inner web,
largest on the first. Length, 5.50 ; wing, 2.80 ; tail, 2.70, (43C3).

Hub. — Northern Ohio.

Of this species but a single specimen is known to be extant. It was killed by Dr. Kirtland,
near Cleveland, in May of 1851, and its description kindly entrusted to me. No other has been
obtained, though Dr. Hoy is under the impression that he has seen the species at Racine.

The specimen is not quite mature, though the markings would not be materially diflferent in
the perfect plumage from that above described. There is a brownish tinge on the upper parts
which probably change to pure plumbeous.

In size this species appears to exceed any of its North American congeners, while its other
markings prevent its being confounded with any of them.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected b) —

4363

c?

Cleveland, Ohio

May—, 1851

S F. Biivd

.. Dr

J. P. Kirtland

DENDROICA TIGEINA, Baird.

Cape May TVarbler.

Molacilla ligrina, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 985.

Sylvia ligrina, Latham, Ind. Orn. 11, 1790, 537. (Not of Vieillot.)

Sylvia mantima, Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 99 ; pi. liv, f. 3.— Bonap. Ohs. Wils. 182C, No. 1.57.— Ib. Am. Orn.

1, 1825; pi. iii, f. 3.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1833, 156.-Ain. Oni. Biog. V, 1839, 15G; pi. 414.
SyUicola maiilima, Jardine, Ed. VVJl.-;on, 1832.— Bonap. List, 1838. — la. Conspectus, 1850, 3U7. — Auo, Syn. 56. —

Ib. Birds Amer. 11, 1811, 44 ; pi. ixx.w.
Cerlhiola maridma, GossE, Birds Jam. 1847,81.
Jlliimamiihusmaiilimus, Cab. Jour. Orn. Ill, 1855, 474. (Cuba.)

Sp. Cii. Bill very acute, conical, and decidedly curved. Bill and feci black. Upper part of head dull black, some of tho

feathers faintly margined with light yellowish brown. Collar scarcely mccling behind ; rump and under parts generally rich
yellow. Throat, fore part of breast, and sides, streaked with black. Abdomen and lower tail coverts pule yellow, brighter
about the vent. Ear coverts light reddish chestnut. Back part of a yellow line from nostrils over tho eye, of this same color ;
chin and throat tinged also with it. A blirck line from commissure through the eye, and running into the chestnut of
tho car coverts. Back, shoulder, edges of tho wing and tail yellowish olive ; the former spotted with dueky. One row of small
coverts, and outer bases of the secondary coverts, form a largo patch of white, tinged with pale yellow. Tertials rather broadly
edged with brownish white. Quilla and tail dark brown, the three outer feathers of tho latter largely marked with white on
the inner web ; edge of the outer web of tho outer feathers white, more perceptible towards tho base. Length, 5.25 ; wing,
2.84 ; tail, 2.15.

Hab. — Eastern United States lo tho Mitsissippi. Cuba. (Gundlach.)

BIRDS — SVI.MCOLIUAK — DEXDKOICA CAKBONATA.

287

The female in spring differs somewhat from the male in having the upper parts dusky, tinged
more or less in dillVreut individuals with greenish yellow. Rump decided greenish yellow.
Head .sjiottetl with black. The yellow line from the nostrils over the eye, and tlie yellow on the
sides of neck and breast faintly indicated. In some individuals the whole lower parts are dirty
white, tinged with yellowish on the breast. In others, the throat and breast are more strongly
marked with yellowish stripes beneath, as in the male, but fainter. The yellowish red of ear
coverts wanting, that part being dirtv ashy brown. In two specimens the wliite on the wings
is not at all couspicuous, in another more so. The white spots on the tail are less distinct than in
the male.

Male in autumn, (747.) Tail feathers pointed. Tail emarginate, outer feather slightly shorter
than the next. Third quill longest, second scarcely shorter, first longer than fourth. It resembles
the spring male in the distribution of its coloring, but is duller, and with some colors wanting,
in fact, more like the female. Like the female as to the back, head, yellow from nostril over
eye and sides of head and throat ; yellowish red of ear coverts wanting, that part being yellov/isli
spotted with light dusky. Lower parts strongly yellow, streaked with brown. Abdomen and
tail coverts paler. The white on wing coverts rather duller than in spring. Outer edge of the
ends of the primaries margined with whitish. Under i)art of the base of lower mandible light
yellowish brown, (747.)

The Motacilla tigrina, of Gmelin, and Sylvia tigrina, of Latham, are, without doubt, the
same as Sylvia maritima, of Wilson. The S. ligrina, of Vieillot, appears to be the same as S.
montana, of Wilson, agreeing in the two white wing bands, (not one,) and other characters.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

4

When collected.

>

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

962

c? Carlisle, Pa Mav 12 1 S4.1

S. F. Baird

5.00
5.00

8.33
8.00

2.66

747

°

Sept. 23, 1842

do.

2.91

678

9
9

do

May 17 1S42 ...

do

10167

Racine Wis ... . ......

R. £enulcott .--.-.. -...

DENDROICA CARBONATA.

Syhia carhonala, AuD. Orn. Bioj. I, 1831, 30S ; pi. Ix.— Nuttali., Man. I, 1832, 405.

Sylricola carbonata, Rich. List, 1837.

Vermivora carbonala, BoNAP. List, 1838.

HtUiittia carbonata , Aod. Sjn. 1839,68. — Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 95; pi. cix.

" Bill brownish black above, light blue beneath. Iris hazel. Feet light flesh color. Upper part of the head black. Fore
part of the back, lesser wing coverts and sides dusky, spotted with black. Lower back dull yellowish green, as is the
tail, of which the outer web of tlie outer feather is whitish. Tip of the second row of coverts white, of the first row yellow ;
quiils dusky, their outer webs tinged with yellow. A line from the lore over the eye ; sides of the neck and the throat, bright
yellow. A dusky line behind the eye. The rest of the under parts dull yellow, excepting the sides. Length, 4.75 inches;
bill above, 4.42; tarsus, .75." (Audubon.)

Hab. — Kentucky.

Judging from the de.scription, this species is closely related to Z>. tigrina, but seems to be
distinct in the pure black of the top of the head, the absence of orange brown on the cheeks,
tlie white of the wing being on the middle coverts instead of the greater, and the tail feathers

28 S U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

yellowish green ; the outer web of outer feather white instead of a large spot on the inner web.
The back appears more distinctly streaked.

The Carbonated Warbler is only known by the description and figure of Mr. Audubon, taken
from two specimens killed at Henderson, Kentucky, in 1811. The indications are not sufficient
to show in what particular group of warblers it is to be placed.

DENDROICA PALMARUI^J, Baird.

Yellow Red Poll.

Motacilla palmarum , Gmelin, Syst. I, 1788, 951.

Sylvia palinarum, Lath. Ind. Dm. II, 1790, 544. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 21 ; pi. Ixxiii. — Ronap. J. A.

N. S. V, 1826, 29.— Ib. Am. Orn.
Sylvia petechia, Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 19 ; pi. xxviii, f. 4, (not of Latham.) — Bonap. Obs. 1826, No. CI. —

NuTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 364.— Aijd. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 259, 360 ; pi. 163, 164.
Sijlvicala petechia, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831. — Aud. Birds Am. II, 1841, 55 ; pi. 90.
Seiurus petechia, McCulloh, Bost. Jour. N. H. IV, 406.

Sijlvicola rvficapilla, Bonap. List, 1838. — Is. Consp. 1850, 307. {tiotMotaciUa rnficapilla, Gm.)
Rhimamphus ruficapiUus , Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn. Ill, 1855, 473, (Cuba in winter.)

gp. Ch. — Head above chestnut red ; rest of upper parts brovvnisli olive gray ; the feathers with darker centres, the color
brio-htening on the rump, upper tail coverts, and outer margins of wing and tail feathers to greenish yellow. A streak from
nostrils over the eye, and under parts generally, including the tail coverts, briglit yellow ; paler on the body. A maxillary
line ; breast and sides finely but rather obsoletely streaked with reddish brown. Cheeks brownish, (in highest spring plumage,
chesnut like the head) ; the eyelids and a spot under the eye, olive brown. Lores dusky. A white spot on the inner web of the
outer two tail feathers at the end. Length, 5 inchrs ; wing, 2.42: tail, 2.25.

Hoi. — Eastern United States to the Mississippi, and Red river of the North.

Without a very good series of specimens before me, I am unable to give a complete
description of the species. None are marked for sex, but skins supposed to be females differ
chiefly in a less amount of chestnut on the crown. Tliere is no clear indication of any bands
on the wing, although the edges of the coverts are slightly jjaler.

An autumnal male C^SS) shows a strong tinge of reddish in the olive brown of the back, and
the chestnut of the crown is much concealed. The under parts are of a very vivid yellow
throuo-hout, obscured by brown. The axillaries are yellow. As in other specimens, the outer
web of the first tail feather is whitish on the under surface. In this the tail is nearly even,
slio-htly emarginate ; the second and third quills longest ; the first shorter than the fourth.
The size appears unusually large. Length of skin, 5.20 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.50.

In one specimen there is scarcely any yellow about the head and neck, this color being replaced
by dirty white ; the crown streaked with brown.

This species in its immature state bears some resemblance to D. tigrina, but is di.stinguishable
by the chestnut crown, browner back, less vivid yellow of the rump, much brighter yellow of
under tail coverts, smaller blotches on the tail feathers, absence of white bands on the wings, &c.

It is almost certain that the present species is not the Motacilla petechia of Linnaeus, as quoted
by authors. The diagnosis of Linnaeus, M. olivacea, suhtus flava rubra guttata, pileo rubra,
applies mucli better to the red crowned variety of D. aesllva than to the present bird. The
fuller description of Pennant (Arctic Zool. II, 401) says, " crown scarlet, cheeks yellow, hind part
of neck, back, and rump olive green ; wings and tail dusky, edged with yellow ; beneath rich
yellow speckled with red, except the vent, which is plain." Vieillot describes Sylvia petechia in
much the same words, and adds that the tail feathers are brown, margined with yellow, which
extends furthest in on the inner web. This totally ignores the wliite terminal spots. The
S. palinarum is described in detail by Vieillot, and is undoubtedly the present bird.

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE — DENDROICA 8UPEHCIL10SA.

289

JilolacUla riificapilla of Gmelin very probably refers to the same plumage of D. aestiva. At
any rate, it cannot interfere with MotaciUa palinarum, which has priority, and is undoubtedly
the present bird.

List of specimens.

Ctttal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Wiea collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing. Keraarks.

783

10100

7351

c?

....

PrtrlirtU' l*ji

Oct. 7, 1842

S. F. Baird

J C. McGuire .

5.12

7.25

2.49

Wii«hin(»f/%n T) P

'R/vlrnnrt Oh in

J P Kirtland

Red River Settlement.

Sept. 10

U Kennicott --

do

i

i .. ..

West Nortlifield, Ill-
Union county. 111

Cape Florida

Indian Key

Tortugas, Fla

May 4, 1855
Mav 12

do

I

Q
Q

do

8647
6494
6496

Oct. 27, 1857
March 2.1

G. Wurdemann..
do

5.00

8.00

2.50

Black eye, bill, and feet.

Anril 30

...do

DENDROICA SUPERCILIOSA, Baird.

Yellow-throated Warbler.

Motaeilla superciKoso, Boddaert, Tableau PI. enl. 686, f. I, 1783, (fide G. R. Gray.)

Molacilla faricollis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 959, No. 71.

Sylciajlaiicollis, Latham, Ind. Orn. 11, 1790.— Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 64 ; pi .\ii, f 6.

Motaeilla ptnsilis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 960, 76.

Syltia pensilis, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 520.— Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 11 ; pi. l.\xii.— Bon. Obs

Wils. 1826, No. 138.— AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 434 ; pi. 85.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 374.
SylvUolapttiiili^, Rich. List, 1837.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 307.— Aud. Syn. 1839,53.— Ib. Birds Amer.

II, 1841, 32 ; pi. 79.— GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 156.
Rhimamphua pensilis, Cabanis, Journ. Om. Ill, 1855, 474, (Cuba in winter.)
Ficedula dominicensis cinerea, Br. Ill, 1760, 520 ; pi. xxvii, f. 3.
to Gorg-e Jaune de St. Domingve, Bdffok, Ois. VI, 70 ; pi. enl. 686, f. 1, (Male.)

Sp. Ch.— Upper parts uniform grayish blue. Chin and throat orange yellow ; under parts white. Forehead and sometimes
most of crown, lore and cheeks, sides of the throat, and numerous streaks on the sides of the breast, black. A stripe from the
nostrils over and behind the eye, a crescent on the lower eyelid, the sides of the neck beliind the black clieek patch, and two
conspicuous bands on the wings, white. Terminal half of the outer webs of the outer two, and terminal third of the third tail
feathers, white. Female similar, but duller. Length, 5.10 ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.30, (3322.)

Hab. — Eastern United States as far as Pennsylvania and Ohio to the Missouri ; south to Mexico.

This species appears subject to considerable variation. The bill varies greatly in length,
curve, and proportion, as does the size of body. Sometimes the forehead alone is black, at
others, as in 2386, 2913, almost the entire crown is black. The whole superciliary line is often
yellow anterior to the eye ; the forehead is sometimes divided by a short whitish line. In one
specimen from Washington, the black of the forehead is wanting ; the upper parts have a
brownish shade ; the under surface tinged with brown behind. It is considerably larger than
any other I have seen.

As a general rule in the specimens before me, those from Georgia have the superciliary stripe
anterior to the eye yellow instead of white, as is the case in those from Ohio and Illinois.
37 b

290

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Streich

of wings.

Wing.

1098

9?

S

Washington, D C. ..

Savannah, Ga

do

1842

S. F. Baird

J. C McGuire. ..

2390

1845

do

2386

1845

do

do

3322

Riceboro', Ga

1846

do

W. L. Jones

5.10

8.30

2.60

7700

Dr.J. P.Kirtland.
N. W. University
do

...do

flairo Til

Aoril 29 ...

3986

Tamaulipas, Mex

1845. .

Lt. Couch

74

4.25

7.75

2.50

DENDKOICA DISCOLOE, Baird.

Prairie Warbler.

Sylvia discolor, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 11, 1807, 37 ; pi. xcviii. (No mention of chesnut of back.) — Bon. Obs.

Wils. 1826, No. 157.— AuD. Orn. Biog. 1, 1831, 76 ; pi. 14.— Nuttall, Man. 1, 1832, 294.
S hicola discolor, Jard. ed. Wilson, 1832.— Rich, List, 1837.— Bokap. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 309.—

Add. Syn. 1839, 62.— 1b. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 68 ; pi. 97.— Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 159.
Rhimamphus discolor, Cabanis, Journ. Orn. HI, 1855, 474. (Cuba in winter.)
Sylvia minuta, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 87 ; pi. xxv, f. 4.

St. Ch. — Above uniform olive green ; tVie middle of the back streaked with brownish red. Under parts and sides of the
head, including a broad superciliary line from the nostrils to a little behind tlie eye, bright yellow, brightest anteriorly. A well
defined narrow stripe from the commissure of the mouth through the eye, and another from the same point curving gently
below it, also a series of streaks on each side of the body, extending from the throat to the flanks, black. Quills and tail feathers
brown, edged with white ; the terminal half of the inner web of the first and second tail feathers white. Two yellowish bands
on the wings. Female similar, but duller. The dorsal streaks indistinct. Length, 4.86 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.10.

Hub. — Atlantic States, as far north as New York.

The streaks on the back ai>pear to be in four series. There is a yellow crescent under the
eye, and below this the black one already mentioned. After a slight interval the stripes on the
side of the throat begin, in one series on each side ; two, however, starting on the breast. The
yellow superciliary stripe extends to the base of the bill, although those of opposite sides do
not coalesce. Sometimes there is a black line, bordering the olivaceous of the crown, anteriorly.

In this species the second, third, and fourth quills are longest ; the first rather longer than
the fifth. The tail is considerably rounded, in fact, almost graduated. The bill is dark brown.

List of specimens.

Oaial.
N«.

6483
lOSl
109S
7374
S09
1091
8676
8677
8678

Sex.

Locality.

Pbiladclphla

Washington, D. C.

, do ,

, do

New York

Philadelphia

Cape Florida

Indian Key

do

When col-
lected.

May 30, 1843
June 12, 1843

Spring, 1843..
Sept. 24, 1B43
Bept. 2, 1857
do

Whence obtained.

0- Dreiler

Wm.M. Baird..

, do

Wm. Hulton...

8. F. Baird

do

G. Wurdcniaiin

do

do

Lcngtll.

Stretch
ofwings,

4.87
4.02

4.7.'-.
4.50
4.50

7.00
6.87

Wings.

2.25
2.13

7.30
7.00
G.50

3.30
3.30
S.OO

Dark eye, i('f;t4 aitd Mil brown.

Bill and feel hlackish,uith yellow noles.

UlRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE — MYIODIOCTES MINUTUS.

291

Section Setophagcac.

Cii. — Bill usually distinctly notched at tip ; docidodly broader than lilgn at tlio biso, tlioiigli thick. Rictus well pro-
vided with bristloa, the longest nearly equal to tho bill. Tail nearly equal to tlio wings, or longer. Wings rounded; first
quill nearly equal to fourth.

The following genera compose this section :

MnoDiocTES. — Bill muscicapine. Feet stout. Tarsus longer than the head. Toes developed ;
hind toe considerably longer than the lateral. Tail about equal to the wings; slightly rounded.

Cardellin.\. — Bill parine ; as high at base as broad ; scarcely deflected at tip. Tail nearly
even ; first quill equal to the sixth. Hind toe longer than the lateral.

Basilectervs. — Bill stout, but rather depressed at base. Wings very short ; the first quill
shorter than the secondaries. Tail considerably graduated. Hind toe longer than the lateral.

Setophaga. — Bill muscicapine. Feet slender. Tarsus scarcely equal to the head. Hind toe

not longer than the lateral. Tail usually longer than the wings ; considerably rounded, or

even graduated.

MYIODIOCTES, Aud.

MtjioJioctes, Ai'D. Syn. 1839, 48. (Type .Motacilla mitrala.)

Wilsonia, BoNAr. List, 1838. (Preoccupied in Botany.)

Mifioctonus, Cabakis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 18.
Ch. — Bill depressed, flycatcher like; broader than high at the base ; gape with bristles nearly as long as the bill, which
is distinctly nolched at tip ; both outlines gently convex. Tarsi longer than tlio head ; considerably exceeding the middle toe ;
claws all considerably curved. Tail decidedly rounded or slightly graduated ; the lateral feathers .20 of an inch sliorter.
Wing very little longer than the tail ; the first quill decidedly shorter than the fourth ; colors yellow.

The species of this genus. are decidedly muscicapine in general appearance, as shown by the
depressed bill with bristly rictus. The type M. mitratus is very similar in character of bill to
Sylvicola casfanea, but the wings are much shorter ; the tail longer and more graduated ; the
legs and hind toe longer, and the first primary shorter than the fourth, (.15 of an inch less
than the longest,) not almost equal to the longest. The species are plain olive or plumbeous
above, and yellow beneath. They may be grouped as follows :

A. Tail with white patches on the outer feathers.

Head and neck black. Front, cheeks and under parts yellow. Back olive green. ilf. mitratus.
Olive above ; yellowish beneath. Two white bands on the wings ? M. minuius.

B. Tail without white patch on the outer feathers.

Crown black. Forehead, cheeks, and under parts, yellow. Back olive M. pusillus.

Streaks on the crown, stripe on sides of head and neck, with pectoral collar of streaks,

black. Rest of under parts, and line to and around the eye, yellow. Back bluish.

{Euthlypis, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850, 18.) M. canadensis.

Comparative measurements.

Cat. Species.
No.

Locality.

Sei.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

TaU.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Remarks.

iS26

i2iH8
990
do.

Myiodiocles mitratus. . . .

do

do

Myiodiocles pusillus....
do

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

d»

do

C?
S
Q
S

5.00
4.62
4.70
4.60
4.75
4.12
4.88
5.33
4.86
5.25

7.00

8.33
7.75

2.70
2.58
2.50
2.24
2.25
2.06
2.64
2.66
2.44
2.50

2.58
2.42
2.36
2.26

0.78 0.64
0.77 1 0.61
0.76 0.61
0.70 1 0.56

0.18
0.19
0.16
0.14

0.40
0.38
0.38
0.33

0.55
0.52
0.52
0.44

Dry

Dr>'

Dry

Dry

945
do

do

Myiodiocles canadensis.

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

"q"

2.06
2.50

0.72 ! 0.52
0.74 0.56

0.14
0.16

0.33
0.43

0.44
0.56

Dry

Dry

Fresh

1021
do.

2.34

0.71 0.58

0.17

0.38

0.56

Dry

Fresh

i

292

U. S. p. E. R EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

MYIODIOCTES MITRATUS, Audubon.

Hooded Warbler.

Motacilla mitrnta, Gmelin, Syst. Not. I, 1788, 977.

Sylvia mitrala, Latham, Ind. Orn. 11, 1790, 528. — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 23 ; pi. Ixxvii.— Bonap. Obs.

1826, No. 125.— NnxTALL, Man. I, 1832, 373.— Aiidubon, Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 68; pi 110.
Sijlvania mitrata, Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 333.
Setophaga mitrata, Jard. ed. Wilson, 1832. — Gray, Genera, 28.
^^'ilsonia mitrata, Bonap. List, 18S8.

Myiodioctes mitratus, Acd, Syn. 1839, 48, (type.)— Ib. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 12 ; pi. 71.— Bonap. Consp. 1850, 315.
Myioctonus mitratus, CabAjjis, Mus. Hein, 1851, 18. (Type.) — Ib. Journ. Orn. Ill, 1855,472, (Cuba.)
Muscicapa cucuUala, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 101 ; pi. xxvi, f. 3. (Not Sylvia cucullata, Lath.)
Muscicapa selbyi, AcD. Orn. Biog. 1, 1831, 4G ; pi. 9. (Young.)

Sp. Ch. — Male. — Bill black ; feet pale yellow. Head and neck all round and fore part of the breast black. A broad patch
on the forehead extending round on the entire cheeks and ear coverts, with the under parts bright yellow. Upper parts and
sides of the body olive green. Greater portion of inner web of three outer tail feathers white.

Female similar ; the crown like the back ; the forehead yellowish ; the sides of the head yellow, tinged with olive on the
lores and ear coverts.

Length, 5 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.55. (Skin.)

Hab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala.

The bill, though sylvicoline, is broad at the base and depressed, with prominent bristles.
The wings are long and pointed, though the first primary is nearly .15 shorter than the second
or longest. The tail is slightly graduated.

An immature male differs from that described above by having the black of the head restricted
to a margin of the yellow on the top and sides, and a faint indication of the same on the throat.

As a general thing the yellow of the under coverts is not so intense as that of the belly, and
the feathers of the lores are tipped with black. The width of the yellow forehead varies, being
sometimes nearly equal to the black, sometimes one-half only.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

2246

Q

'""cj"

(?

Q

Carlisle Pa

May 7,1845
May 12,1857

S F. Baird

sase

Wm. S. Wood.

7924

7493

Kockpnrl, Ohio

South Illinois

May 20,1852

Dr. J. P. Kirtland

6984

May 12,1857
July 13,1857

W 8. Wood .

8025

Fort Leavenworth

Wm. M. Magraw..
J. Gould

138

Dr. Cooper

5.25

8.00

2.62

Iris brown; bill brmvn
ish; feet pale brown.

BIRDS— SYLVICOLIDAE — MYIODIOCTES PUS1LLU8. 293

PMYIODIOCTES MINUTUS.

Siiial ■•headed Flycatcher.

MuxUapa minuta, WiLsov, Am. Orn. VI, 1S12, 6-2 ; pi. 1, f. 5.— Aid. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 291 ; pi. 434, f. 3.— Id.

Syn. 1M39, 44.— U. Birds Acncr. I, 1840, 238 ; pi. 67.
Sylvia minuta, Bonap. Obs. Wils. 1826, No. 128.
in/sonin minuta, Bonap. List, 1838.
Sijlrania pumilia, Ncttall, iMnn. I, 2d ed. 1840. 334. (Not Sylvia pumilia, Vieillot.)

Sp. Ch. — " Wings short, the second quills longest. Tail of moderate length, even. General color of upper parts light greenish
brown ; winffs and tail dark olive brown, the outer foatlier.i of the latter with a terminal wliito spot on tlie inner wob ; a narrow
white ring surrounding the eye ; two bands of dull white on tlio wings ; sides of the head and neck greenisli yellow ; the rest
of the lower parts pale yellow, gradually fading into white behind. Male, 5 inches long ; extent 8j inches."

Hoi.— Eastern Atlantic States.

I have never seen a specimen of the small-headed flycatcher, and copy the preceding descrip-
tion from Audubon. It seems to be a perfectly distinct species from any other I have described,
and evidently belongs to the Oscines rather than to the Tyrannulas (jClamatores.) Audubon
expressly mentions that it has several rather pleasing notes. The white spots on the tail dis-
tinguish it readily from any of our true tyrant flycatchers. The introduction of the bird into
the genus Myiodioctes is purely conjectural, although its affinities seem nearest to the hooded
warbler.

MYIODIOCTES PUSILLUS, Bonap.
Green Black-cnp Flycatcher.

Muscieapa pusilla, Wi on. Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 103 ; pi. xxvi, f. 4.

Wilsonia pxisilla, Bonaf. List, 1838.

Sylvania pusilla, Ndttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 335.

^^lyiodiectes pjtsillus, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 315.

Myioclonus pusillus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 18.

Sylvia wilsonii, Bonap. Obs. Wilson, 182G, No. 127.— Nottall, Man. I, 1832, 408.

Muscicapa icilsonii, AuD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 148 ; pi. 124.

Setophaga ivilsonii, Jard. ed. Wilson, 1832.

.Vi)iodioc/ej iri/sonii, Ann. Syn. 1839, 50.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 21 ; pi. 75.

" Sylvia petasodc'? Light." (Bonap. Consp.)

Sp. Ch. — Forehead, line over and around the eye, and under parts generally bright yellow. Upper part olive green ; a
square patch on the crown lustrous black. Sides of body and cheeks tinged with olive. No white on wings or tail. Female
similar ; the black of the crown obscured by olive green.

Length, 4.75 ; wing, 2.25 ; tail, 2.30.

Httb. — United Stales from Atlantic to Pacific ; south to Guatemala.

The wings are moderate ; the second, third, and fourth quills considerably longest and nearly
equal ; the first longer than the fourth. The tail is rather long and graduated ; the lateral
feathers .25 of an inch shorter than the middle.

Siiecimens differ in some respects. Thus, among those from the Pacific coast, some, as 7678,
have longer wings than those before me from the Atlantic States. No. 7683, from California,
has a broader frontlet of yellow, a richer yellow beneath, a lighter olive of the back, and a con-
siderably smaller and slenderer bill. Other specimens, however, from the same localities agree
precisely with Pennsylvania ones.

294

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPOET.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

990

3

9
9

Carlisle, Pa

do

May 18,1845
May 20,1845

S F. Baird

4.75
4.75
4.50

7.00
6.58
6.33

2.25
2.23

2.08

2307

do

2270

do

do

7314

Cleveland, Ohio

J P. Kirtland

Union county, 111

May 12

do

do

7537

8799

taio

Fort Laramie, Neb

do

Aug. 27,1857

Sept. 8

Sept. 18,1855

Win. M. Magraw..

do

Capt Pono

172
193
136

Dr. Cooper

5.00

5.00

5.00
4.16
5.12

7.00

7.00

6.50
6.37
8.16

2.25

2.25

2.00
2.00

2.75

Iris brown; bill brown;
feet flesh color.

Iris brown ; feet yel-
lowish brown.

5052

(?
Q
9
9
Q
9
3
S

Pecos Crossing

7675

Frontera

Charles Wright

7676

do

do

7677

do

May 5, 1852

do

7685

do

Maj. Emory

Lieut. Couch

.... do. .

207
214

J. H. Clark....

2.12
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.19
5.25

5.00
6.25
7.00
6.75
7.00
7.00

6.87
2.25
2.50
2.25
2.70

3982

3981

do

3980

do

May —,1853
April 28,1836
May 3,1856

do

7678

Fort Steilacoom

do

Dr. Suckley

7681

do

360

7683

nr. Heermnnn

7684

San Francisco

11 T» riitivj

Fort Tejon, Cal

8023

MYIODIOCTES CANADENSIS, Aud

Canada Flycatcher.

Jtfwscicopa conodensis, LiNNAEns, Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 327. — Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 937. — Wilson, Am. Orn.

Ill, 1811, 100 ; pi. xxvi, f. 2.— Aun. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 17 ; pi. 103.
SelopAoja comai/eiisis, " SwAiNsoN," Jard. ed. Wilson, 1832. — Rich. List, 1837. — Gray, Genera.
Myiodioctes canadensis, Acd. Syn. 1839, 49. — Ib. Birds Anier. II, 1841, 14 ; pi. 72.
Euthlypis canadensis, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 18.

Sylvia pardalina, Bonap. Obs. Wilson, 1826, No. 126.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 372.
Sylvicola pardalina, Eon. List, 1838.
Myiodioctes pardalina, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 315.
" Selophaga nigricincta, Lafresnate, Rev. Zool. " (Hp.)

Sp. Cii. — Upper part bluish ash ; a ring around the eye, with a lino running to the nostrils, and the whole under part (except
the tail coverts, which arc while,) bright yellow. Centres of the feathers in the anterior half of the crown, the cheeks, con-
tinuous with a line on the side of the neck to the breast, and a series of spots across the fore part of the breast, black. Tail
feathers unspotted. Female similar, with the black of the head and breast less di linct. In the young, obsolete.

Length, 5. .34 ; wing, 2.67 ; tail, 2.50.

Jlab. — Eastern United States to the Mississippi ; south to Guatemala.

The precise extent of the black on the breast varies a goo deal in different siiociniens. The
quills vary in length ; sometimes the second is longest, (945,) sometimes the third. In some
specimens the outer primary is edged with white.

I cannot find any tangible difierence between the young bird or female of this species and the
M. honapartii of Audubon. Thus, in No. 2438, (female in autumn,) there is no black on the
head, and scarcely any light line over the eye ; the first primary is conspicuously edged with

BIRDS SYLVICOLIDAE CARDIXI.INA.

295

white. The color of the hack, as given in the figure of honapartii, is much more like the usual
average of specimens of canadensis than as figured for the latter species.

List of specimens.

Catol.

Sox.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch

Wing.

No.

of wings.

945

9
9
9
(?

' Carlisle, Pa

May 6, 1843

April 26, 1845

S. F. Baird.

5.33

8.33

2. CI!

2155

(io

do

5. 11

7.75

2.50

1021

do

May 24, 1845

do

5.25

7.75

2.50

2669

i......do

May 14, 1846

do

5.50

8.00

2.10

7558

1 WnRhincrton D C

Win Hutton .

May 11

8022

J Gould

8024

.In

do

1

MYIODIOCTES BONAPARTII, Aud.

Bonaparte's Flycatcher.

Museieapa bonaparlii, Add. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 27; pi. 5.

Setopkaga honapartii, Rich. List, 1837.

fVxlsonia honapartii, Bonap. List, 1838.

Myiodioclcs honapartii, Ald. Syn. 1839, 49.— Ib. Birds Arner. II, 1841, 17 ; pi. 73.

Sylcania honapartii, Nottall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 332.

" Bristles longer tlian in the last, second quill longest; tail very long, nearly even ; upper parts light greyish blue ; quills dusky
brown, their outer webs greyish blue, the two outer margined witli white ; middle tail feathers and edges of the rest like the
back ; lower parts and a band on the forehead ochre yellow, with a few faint dusky spots on the lower part of the fore neck.

This species differs from the last chiefly in being of a more elongated form, in having the bristles much longer, the upper
parts of a much lighter tint ; in wanting the black band down the sides of the neck, and the yellow band over the eye ; the bill
is straighter and more pointed, and the outer primaries are edged witli white. Male, 5.4 inches."

Hah. — Louisiana .

■ To complete the history of the species of Myiodioctes, I copy the description from Mr.
Auduhon of the M. honapartii ; as already stated, however, it is quite likely that it may prove
to he only an immature M. canadensis.

CARDELLINA, Dub us.

Cardellina, Udbcs, Bp. Consp. Av. I, 1850, 312.

Ch. — Bill short, compressed ; higher than broad at the base. Culmen gently conve.'i ; tip not decurved ; notch not very
prominent. Tail nearly even, about equal to the wings, which is considerably rounded; the first quill about equal to the sixth,
the third longest. Colors partly red.

This genus, in the shortness and compression of its bill, resembles Parus to a considerable
degree. The only species I have occasion to mention is entirely red, with white ear patches.

296 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

CARDELLINA RUBRA, Bonap.

Termiliou Flycatcher.

Setopha^a rv.h;;a, Swainsov, Syn. Mcx. Birds, in Philos. Mag. 1, 1827, 368.

CardJUna rubra, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 312.— Cassin.IU. I, l'?54, 26G; pi. xliii.

Bttsileuterus ruber, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 18.

Sylvichminiata, Lafresnate, Mag. Zool. 1836, pi. liv. (Noi of Swainson.)

Parus hueotis, Giraud, Texas Birds, 1841, plate.

" Sylvia argyrotis, Licht." Bonap. Consp.

Sp. Ch. — Entirely of a dark crimson red ; darker above and a little brighter on the rump. Quills and tail featliers brown,
edged with brownish red. Ear coverts silky grayish white. Length about 5.60 ; wing, 2.45 ; tail, 2.55.
Hai. — Northern Mexico.

The wing is considerably rounded ; the first quill shorter than the sixth ; the fourth quill
longest ; the third, second, and fourth, successively shorter. The tail appears nearly even.

The propriety of introducing this species into the fauna of the United States is questionable.
No specimens have as yet been found, even as far north as northern Tamaulipas, in Mexico.
As one of the birds described in Mr. Giraud' s work, however, it is entitled to a notice.

The measurements of the species will be found on the next page.

List of specimens.

Catal, No.

Locality.

Whence and how obtained.

Collected by—

561

Northern Mexico ...... .__._

S. F. Baird

J. G.Bell

BASILEUTERUS, Cabanis.

Basikuterus, Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1847, i, 316. — 1b. Schomburgh's Rcise Brit. Guiana, 1847. Type,
Syhia vermivora, Vieillot.

Ch. — Bill stout, triangular ; broader than high ; the vertical outlines considerably convex. Rictus strongly bristled. Wings
very short and much rounded ; considerably less than the tail ; first quill shorter than the secondaries. Tail long, much
graduated ; the feathers narrow ; the lateral ones about .40 of an inch sliorter. Tarsi rather long ; toes short.

This genus bears some resemblance to Geothlypis ; the tail is, however, longer, the feathers
narrower and more graduated. The wings are much shorter and more rounded ; the bill stouter,
deeper, and thicker towards the end ; the rictus with bristles instead of without them. The
toes are considerably shorter. Although not represented in the United States, I introduce it
here for the fuller illustration of the SetopJiageae, and because Mr. Giraud describes several
species, in his work on Texas birds, which are probably to be referred to here.'

' The only species of the genus before me is —
Basileuterus rufifrons, Cabanis.

Setophttga rufifrons, Swainson, Anim. in Mcnag. 1838, 294. ..

Baaikulerua rufifrons, "Cabanis," Bonap. Conspectus, 1850,314.
Sp. Cii. — Top and sides of the head chestnut ; the rest of upper parts olive green ; the throat and fore part of breast yellow;
the rest of under parts white, tinged on the side with brown. A well marked white superciliary stripe fr'ini the bill to the nape.
Length alioi^t 5 indies ; wing, 2.15 ; tail, 2.50. For detailed mcasurcmcnls see next page.

Hah. — Mexico. A specimen (No. ) received from Mr. Gould. An allied species from Nicaragua is given by Bonaparte,

( B. dclaltrii, Complcs Uendus ; Notes Orn. Dclattro, 1854, 62,) dill'ering in being entirely yellow beneath.

BIRnS — SYLVICOLIDAK — SETOPnAQA RDTICILLA.

297

SETOPIIAGA, Swain son.

Stiophaga, SwAlNtOK, Zool. Jour. Ill, Dec. 1827, 360. Typo Jt/ii,5cic(ipa ruticilla, Linn.
Syltania, Nuttall, Man. Orn. I, 1832. Typo .1/i«cica/)u rtilicilla.

Ch. — Bill depressed; broader tlmn high; rictus with long bristles. Wings rounded, equal to or shorter thin llio tail; first
quill shorter limn the fourth. Tail long; somewhat graduated, tho outer feathers about .20 of an inch or more shorlor; all the
fcalliers unusually broad, and widened at the end. Feet short; tarsus shorter than tho head. Hind toe equal to tho lateral.
Coloration embracing more or less of red in northern species.

This genus diflers from Myiodiocics cUielly in the longer broader tail, and rather shorter tarsi
and toes, the hinder especially. The bill is more muscicapine ; the culmen nearly straight to
the abruptly decurved and much notched tip ; the gonys straight. In Myiodioctes the vertical
outlines are more convex ; the gonys more ascending ; the tip gently and but slightly
decurved,

Tlie species of this genus are all characterized by the brilliant red, yellow, black, &c., of
their plumage, and, according to Kaup, (Pr. Zool. Soc. 1851, 49,) may be divided into
geographical groups, characterized by the prevalence of particular colors. The South American
species have more or less of yellow. The Mexican are usually black and red, without any pure
yellow.

Synopsis of species.

Black : base of the quills and tail, and sides of the breast reddish orange. Abdomen
white S. ruticilla.

Black : belly red, broad patch on tlie wings, and outer tail feathers white 8. picta.

Ash color : forehead, throat, and tail, black ; breast and belly, red ; a chestnut spot on
the crown. Three outer tail feathers tipped with white S. miniata.

■ Comparative measuremeiits of species.

Oaial.
Mo.

Species.

Locality.

Sex and
age.

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

lus claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

984
do..

Setophaga ruticilla

do

Carlisle, Pa

do

<?

4.78
5.25
4.60
5.16
5.00
5.25
£.58
4.96
4.86
4.92

7.66

7.75
7.25

2.50
2.58
2.50
2.50
2.70
2 50
2.52
2.26
2.40
1.90

2.46

0.64

0.52

0.14

0.3B

0.46

Dry

3381
do..

do

do

do

do

Q

2.44

0.64

0.55

0.16

0.36

0.50

Dry

Frosh . . .

4014
do

Setophaga picta

do

New Leon, Mex..
do

<?

2.50

0.62

0.58

0 16

0.39

0.46

Drj*

Fresh . . .

558

Setophaga miniau

do

Cardcllina rubra

Basiteuterus rutifrons. . .

3.00
2.50
2.54
2.54

0.72
0.70
0.73
0.74

0.60
0.56
0.56
0.56

0.16
0.16
0.14
0.16

0.34
0.38
0.33
0.40

0.48
0.48
0.44
0.50

8021

^'

561

Dry

• Very much Btretrhed.

SETOPHAGA EUTICILLA, Swainson.

Red Start.

Muscicafa ruficiUa, LiiWAEDS, Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 326. — Gmelin, I, 1788, 935 — Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807,
66 ; pi. Mxv, xxxvi.— Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 103 ; pi. vi, f. 6.— Bon. Obs. 1826, 118.—
Add. Orn. Biog. 1, 1831, 202 : V, 1839, 428 ; pi. xl.

Setophaga ntticiUa, Swai.wson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 358.— Ib. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 223.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib.
Consp. 1850, 312.

Syhania ruticilla, Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 291. (Type of genus.)

Motacillafiavicauda, Gmelin, Syst. N t. I, 1783, 997. (Female.)

38 b

298

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Ch. — Male. — Prevailing color, black. A central line on the breast, the abdomen and under tail coverts white ; some
fealhers in the latter strongly tinged with dark brown. Bases of all the quills, except the inner and outer, and basal half of all
the tail feathers, except the middle one, a patch on each side of the breast, and the axillary region orange red, of a vermilion
shade on the breast. Female with the black replaced by olive green above, by browni,sh white be.neath ; the head tinged with
ash ; a grayish white lore and ring round the eye. The red of the male replaced by yellow. L( igth, 5.25 ; wing, 2.50 ;
tail, 2.45.

Hab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri plain ; West Indies in winter. Fort Laramie, Dr. Cooper.

The second, third, and fourth quills are longest, considerably exceeding the first, which is
intermediate between the fourth and fifth. The tail feathers are broad, and widening towards
the tip ; considerably graduated laterally.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.-

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

984
1003
2281
7575
10114
5826.'

C?
Q
9

Q
n

May 18, 1843
May 20, 1843
May 17, 18-15
May 1,1815

S. P. Baird

5.16
5.16
5.16

7.66

7.50
7.75

2.58
2.33
2.50

,,,.do

......do

do

do

Wm. Hutton....

May— ,1852

Dr. Eirtland. .

Illinois . ....

=f

May 12, 1857
1854

Lieut. Bryan

W. S. Wood.

4306
6510

9
9

April 10

May I''

do

do

5.25
5.50
5.00
5.75

6.00
7.50
7.00
8.00

2.00
2.50
2.10
2.50

6508 1 g

do

May 12

do

May 13

do

8653

...... .

do

do

Sept. 27, 1857
Sept. 27, 1857
April 27.,

do

8654

do

do

5.25

6.25

2.50

isli.
Bill light brown, feet black'

6S07
4691

4687
4688
8843
4690
5271
4689
5877

1863

do

ish.

Lieut. Warren.. ..
do

Dr. Ilayden..

do

do

4,87
5.37
5.00
5 00
4.75
5.25

6.50
7.87
7.25
7.25
7.50
7.00

2 50
2.50
2.62
2.50
2.50
2.12

May 13

do

do

do

do

May 12

do

do

do

c?

do

Mouth of Platte river

Port Rilev, K. T

April ''G. .

do

. do..

Hammond &. De

Vesey.
S. r. Baird

SETOPHAGA PICTA, Swainson.

Setophttga pida, Swainson, Zool. 111. 2d Series, I, 1829 ; pi. iii.— Is. Anim. in Menag. 1838, 293.— Bonap. Consp.

1850, 312.
Jdu$cicapa le.ucomus, Giraud, Texas Birds, 1841 ; pi. vi. f. 1.

Sp. Ch. — Male. — Above, with the head and neck all round, and sides of the breast, black; rest of under parts dark crimson red.
The under tail and wing coverts, the outer two, and most of the third tail feathers, and a broad patch on the wing, white.
Length, 5.25 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 2.60.
JIab. — Northern Mexico.

The specimen before me of this beautiful species is not sufficiently perfect to admit of a satis-
factory description. The form appears to be much like that of S. miniata.

BIEDS — SYLVICOLIDAE — TANAGRINAE.

299

List of specimens.

Ciul. Sex.
No.

40M

Localily.

When rul- Wlieiice obiaiiied. Original [ Length. Sicvich
lected. No. orwlng».

-I-

BiKjuiUo, N- Leon, Mei. April — ,ISXS Lt. Couch..

S.95 7.SS

Wing.

S.SO

Eyes brown ; bill blaclc i feet red-
dish slate.

SETOPHAGA MINIATA, Swain son.

Setaphagaminiata, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 368.— In. Anim. in Mcnag. (2* centenaries,) 1838, 293. (Not

of Lafresnaye.)
.Musei-apa vulntrata, Wacler. lais, 1831,529.

Selophaga vulnerata, Gray, Genera. — Bonap. Consp. 1850, 313. — Cadanis, Miis. Hein. 1851, 18.
Setophaga caslanta , Lksson, Rev. Zool. 1839, 42.
.Vitseicapa dcrhami, Giracd, Texas Birds, 1841 ; pi. iii, f. 2.

Sp. Ch. — Upper parts, with head and neck all round, dark plumbeous ; beneath, carmine red. A dark brownish chestnut
patch on the forehead. Throat tinged with black. Under wing coverts white. Tail black ; the outer two feathers, with the
outer web, the four outer, with the tips, white. Lengtli about 5.25 ; wing, 2.55 ; tail, 3.05.

Uttb. — Xorthern Mexico to Guatemala.

This species is larger thougli somewhat similar in shape to S. rutidUa, and has a proportionally
broader tail. The wing is much rounded ; the first quill equal about to the seventh.

A specimen from Guatemala differs in having the middle tail feathers narrower, (the others
lost.) The black of the throat is purer and more continuous. The crown is occupied by a sub-
quadrate patch of orange chestnut ; the front and sides of the crown quite pure black. The
size is considerably less.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

55S

Northern Mexico.. .*.-.. .--.---

S. F. Baiid

.T. Gould

J. G. Bell

8021

Guatemala. ............ .-_

Sub-Family TANAGRINAE.

The precise position of the tanagers is a matter of much uncertainty, the relationship to the
Fringillidae being very close. Both have the nine primaries and the scutellate tarsi, and the
bill in some genera resembles that of unquestionable finches ; it is, however, usually longer,
and though stout at the base is not strictly conical, and lacks the great strength necessary for a
hard vegetable instead of soft animal diet, or one of berries and fruits.

Of the large number of known tanagers but two genera are found in the United States —
Pyranga and Euphonia. These maybe readily distinguished by the large bill, higher than broad
at the base, with a distinct tooth in the middle of the commissure in Pyranga, and the broad,
short, depressed bill, with a double notch near the tip, of Euphonia.

The characters of the genera are chiefly taken from Mr. Sclater's masterly monograph, as
more accurately expressing their distinctive features than the examination of the North American
species alone can furnish.

300

U. S p. E. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PYRANGA, Vieill.

P'jranga, Vieillot, Ois. An). Sept. I, 1807, iv.— ts. Analyse, 1816, 32.— Sclster, Pr. Zool. Sac. 1856, 123.
Phoenisoma, Swainson, Class. Birds, II, 1837, 284.

Cii. — Bill somewhat straiglit ; sub-conical, cylindrical, notched at tip ; culmen moderately curved ; commissure with a median
acute lobe. Wings elongated ; the four first primaries about equal. Tail moderate, slightly forked. Colors of the male chiefly
scarlet, of the female yellowish.

The rictus is well provided with bristles, which bend downwards, but if brought forward
would reach the nostrils. These are rounded, and are closely crowded by the frontal feathers.
The tarsus is shorter than the middle toe, scutellate anteriorly, and smooth on the sides behind.
The lateral toes are about equal ; the basal joint of the middle toe united for half its length to
the inner toe, and by almost the whole length to the outer.

The species may be distinguished by the following diagnoses, borrowed from Mr. Sclater:

Male. Bright scarlet red. Wings and tail black rubra.

Male. Light red ; back a little more dusky. Bill light horn color, the edges and tips
paler , aesliva.

Male. Dark scarlet red, tinged with ashy on the back and sides. Bill plumbeous black.
Feet brownish black hepatica.

Male. Yellow ; The interscapular region, wings, and tail, black. Wings with two
whitish bands. Head and throat tinged with scarlet ludoviciana.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sei.

Length.

Stretch 1 Wing.
ofwing8,|

Tal.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Us claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimens
measured.

Remarks.

1566
do.

1425
do.

8366
do.

Pyranga rubra

do

do

Carlisle, Pa..

(?

6.32
7.41
6.08
7.00
6.30
7.00
7.20
7.60
6.62
6.54
7.«.
4.88

11.75
n.25
11.35

3.68
3.91
3.70
3.75
3.68
3.75
3.81
3.%
3.70
3.50
3.96
2.70

3.00

0.74

0.73

0.22

0.63

0.76

Dry

Fresh...,

do .

9

2.90

0.70

0.72

0.24

0.60

0.73

Dry

Fresh ...

Pyranga acstlva

do

Tejaa

do

9

3.20

0.76

0.76

O.S

0.70

0.84

Dry

....do

S
S
S

3.38
3.0-i
3 06
3.00
3.64
1.86

0.78
0.80
0.80
0.76
0.82
0.54

0.76
0.72
0.75
0.76
0.72
0.60

0.22
0.24
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.16

0.78
0.72
0.63
0.60
0.72
0.27

0.83
0.81
0.77
0.68
0.78
0.44

Dry

8272

io

Zuiii ints

Posa creek. ..
Tcjon valley..
Zuni mts

Dry

Mounted ....

82^9

8260

8272

560

Pyranga ludoviciana ...

Dry

Pyraiufa iiepatica

Euphonia L-I(?gantiristina.

Dry

Dry

PYRANGA RUBRA, Vieillot

Scarlet Tannger.

Tanagra rubra, Linn. 1, 176C, 314.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 889.— Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 42 ; )>l. xi, f. 3, 4.— Aop

Orn. liiog. IV, 1838, 388 ; pi. 354.
Fyrangu rubra, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. 1, 1807, iv ; pi. i, f. 12. (Head.)— Swainson, F. Ror. Am. II, 1831, 273.—

BoN. List. 1838^— Ib. Congpectus, 18S0 Aud. Syn. 1839, 136.— Ib. Birdi Amer. II, 1841, 236 ;

pi. 20!).— ScLATEB, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 156.— In. 185G, 123.
Phoenisoma rubra, Sw. Birds, 11, 1837, 284.
Phncnicosoma rubra, Cab Mus. Hcin. 1851, 24.
Pyranga erylhromelas, Vieillot, " Encyc. Moth. 800."— lu. Nouv. Diet. X.WIII, 1817,233.

BIRDS — SYLVICOLIDAE PYEAXGA AESTIVA.

301

Sr. Cii.— Bill shorlor than the head. Second quill longest ; first and third a little shorter. Tail moderately forked. General
color of male hriglit carmine. Wings anil tail velvet black, llio quills internally edged with white towards the base. Female
olive green above, yellowish beneath. Wing and tail feathers brown, edged with olivaceous. Length, 7.40 ; wing, 4.00 ; tail
3.00.

Jlab. — &stern United States to the Missouri river.

The young males are colored like the females, hut generally exhihit more or less of red
feathers among the greenish ones. Sometimes the full plumage is varied by a few yellow-
feathers, or by olivaceous edges to the wings. Not unfrequently there is a partly concealed bar
of red or yellow (1566) on the wing, across the median coverts. Young males are sometimes
seen with the body like the female, the wings and tail like the male.

List of specimens.

Caul.

Sex.

No.

1085

<?

1493

<?

1S66

C?

1435

Q

746.3

9

8306

c?

6331

a

8305

<?

8j33

(T

8380

9

8398

9

8377

t?

8304

<?

8347

r?

7036

S

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

, do

Ohio

Union county, III

Independence, Mo. ..

, do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

St. Loui?, Mo.

When col-
Iccicd.

June 30, 1843
May lU, 1844
May 23, 1844
May 3, 1644

April
May
June
May
Slay
June
May
June
May

30

27, 1857
3,1857
27, 1857
2S), 1857
QO, 1857

26, 1857
20,1857

27, 1857

June 18, 1857
May 8, 1&J7

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird .
do

do

do

Dr. Kirlland

R. Kennicott

Wm. M. Magrnw.

do

do

do

do

do ,

do ,

do

do

Lieut. Bn-an.

Orig.
No.

Collected by— Leagth

Dr. Cooper. .

, do

do

, ....do

do

do

do

do

do ,

W. S. Wood

Stretch
of wings.

7.25
7.08
7.41
7.00

7.25
7.50
7.25
6.75
7.25
7.50
7.12
7.25

12.00
11 50
11.75
11.25

11.25
12.00
11.35
11.35
11.50
12.00
11.75
12.25

11.25

Wing.

4.50
3.83
3.91
3.75

4.00
4.00
4. 00
4.00
3.75
4.00
4.00
4.25

Remarks.

Iria brown, bill olive, feet gray.

do do

do do

do do

do do

do do

Iris brown, bill blacic, feet lead,
frirt brown, bill black and yel-
low, feet gray

do do

PYRANGA AESTIVA, V i e i 1 1 o t .

Sammer Red Bird.

Muscicapa rubra, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 326.

Tanagra aesliva, Gmelis, I, 1788, 889.— WiLso.v, I, 1810, 95 ; pi. vi, f. 3.— At'D. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, S232 : V, 1839,

518 ; pi. 44.
ryranga adtiva, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXVIII, 1819,291.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850.— Add. Syn. 1839,

136— 1b. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 222 ; pi. 208.— Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 156.— Ib. 1856, 123.
Photnisoma atstiva, Sw. Birds, II, 1837, 284.
Phoenicosoma aesliva, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 25.
? Loxia tiirg:inico, Gmelin, I, 1788, 849. (Male changing.)
? 7anog7o mUsissippiensis, Gmelin, I, 1788, 889.

Taiiojra variegata, Lath. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 422. (Male changing.)
Tangare du J\Iississippi , Bcffon, Ois. V, 63 ; pi. enl. 741.

Sp. Ch. — Bill nearly as long as the head, without any median tooth. Tail nearly even, or slightly rounded. Male, ver-
milion red ; a little darker above, and brightest on the head. Quills brown, the outer wcl)s like the back. Shafts only of the
tail feathers brown. Bill light horn color, more yellowish at the edges. Female, olive above, yellow beneath, with a tinge of
reddish. Length, 7.20 ; wing, 3.75; tail, 3.00.

Hab. — South Atlantic and Gulf States, througi Texas, and south to Guatemala.

The shade of red varies somewhat in the specimen, the shade being sometimes more rose. It
is always quite different from that of F. rubra. The female lacks the pure olive and yellow

302

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

tints of rubra, having them duller above, and slightly tinged with reddish beneath. The bill
is much larger than in rubra, nearly equalling the head ; quite so in some specimens, varying
considerably in size, as it does. Texas specimens generally appear to have larger bills than
those farther east.

The young male is like the female. Immature males, however, exhibit every gradation
between the perfect colors of both sexe

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1050
4285

c?

<?
<?
(?

9
9

'3
"q
S
S
9
c?

9

9
S

Washington, D. 0

Calcasieu, La

May 31, 1843
1854

S. Baird

W. M Baird .

N. W. Un.versity..
Wui. M. Magraw..

do

do

do

8

7
9
10

t£»8

Independence, Mo....

do

do

do

May 26, 1857

do

do

do

Dr. Cooper

do

do

do

Pr. Ileerniann.

7.25

7.62
7.25
7.00

10.62

12.00
11.00
11. OU

4.00

4.00
3.63
3.50

Iris brown, bill o

ive,

8294
8996
8297

do

do ...

do

8268

do

do

t265
8266
8269
4972
4071
4073

San Antonio, Texas ....
do.

J. H. ClarK

7.00

11.25

3.75

Ft. Cliadboume, Texa.s.
Brownsville, Texas ....

Dr. Svvifl

6.50
7.50

7.25
7.00

11.00
11.75

11.25

12. CO

3.75
4.00

3.75
4.00

. do

Eyes light brown,

bill

do

Rio Nasas, Mexico

April — , 1853
June— ,1853

do

4072
4070
79;6

7857

do

_Inlin OniilH

do

PYRANGA HEPATICA, Swainson.

Pyranaahepalica, Swainson, Pliil. Mag. I, 1827, 124.— Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856, 124.

Phoenicosoma hepalica, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 25.

Pyrangu azarae, Woodhouse, Silgreave's Expl. Zuni, 1853. 82. (Not of otiier authors.)

Sp. Ch. Bill sliortcr than the head. Tail nearly even. Above ashy red ; the crown and under parts scarlet ; aides ashy.
Uill plumbeous black ; feet brownish black. Female, olive above ; yellow beneath, tinged with olive on the sides ; the fore-
head tinged with yellow. Wings brown, the olive edges of the quills becoming grayish towards the tips. Young male like the
female. Length, 8 inches ; wing, 4.00 ; tail, 3.50.

//(,;,. — Rocky mountains of New Mexico southward.

I have at hand no full plumaged male of this bird, and have been obliged to borrow the
description from Sclater, as cited above. The species is considerably larger than F. aestiva,
with which it agrees somewhat in characters. The bill, however, is proportionally smaller,
with more of a tooth on the commissure. The color, too, is bluish black, instead of light horn
color with yellowish margins. The sides are tinged with ashy instead of being like the belly.
The red is of a different shade, duller above, and the forehead conspicuously brighter than the
back, instead of a meie shade lighter.

According to Sclater the P. saira, (P. anarae, Aiict.,) to which this bird was referred by Dr.
Woodhouse, differs in being smaller, the bill bluer, the feet black, not brown, the red colors
different. The female is also said to have a yellowish superciliary stripe.

BIRDS — STLVICOLIDAE PTRANOA LUDOVICIANA.

303

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

1 Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Colloctcd by—

8272

c?

1

j ZuSi moantaiii. K. M

-J Aug. 31, 1851

Capt. Sitgreaves

Dr. Ilenry

Dr. Woodhouse.

PYRANGA LUDOVICIANA, Bo nap.

liOnisiana Taiiagcr.

Tanagra /udoriciaiio, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811,27; pi. xx, f. 1.— Bon. Obs. 1826, 95.— AcD. Om. Biog.

IV, 1838, 385 : V, 1839, 90 ; pi. 354, 4U0.
Tanagra {Pyranga) ludociciana, Bonaf. Syn. 1828, 105. — Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 471.
Pyranga ludoviciana, Rich. Lis', 1837,— Bonap. List, 1838.— Aid. Syn. 1839, 137.— Ib. Birds Anier. Ill, 1841,

211 ; pi. 210.— ScLATER, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856, 125.
Pyranga erythropis, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXVIII, 1819, 291.
" Tanagra columbiana, Jard. ed. Wilson, I, 317." According to Sclater, but I cannot find such name.

Sp. Cn — Bill shorter than the head. Tail slightly forked ; first three quills nearly equal. Male, yellow ; the middle of the
back, the wings, and the tail, black. Head and neck all round strongly tinged with red ; least so on the sides. A band of
yellow across the middle coverts, and of yellowish white across the greater ones ; the tertials more or less edged with whitish.
Female, oiive green above, yellowish beneath ; the feathers of the interscapular region dusky, margined with olive. The wings
and tail rather dark brown, the former with the same marks as the male. Length, 7.25 ; wing, 3.G0 ; tail, 2.85.

Hab. — From the Black Hills to the Pacific ; south to Mexico.

It is not often that the male of this species is found in the highest state of plumage. Generally
the feathers of the hack are margined with olive, this color also tinging the yellow of the back,
and the edges of the quills. The red of the head varies in intensity. The bill is rather smaller
and slenderer than in F. rubra, although it varies considerably with the specimen.

The female can always be distinguished from that oi rubra by the slenderer bill. The bill is
much smaller than in F. aestiva. From both it differs in the whitish or yellow bands on the
wings, and the back being duskier than the remaining upper parts.

A young bird exhibits traces of brown in the yellow^ and some faint dusky streaks. Young
males have the general plumage of the female.

The black back distinguishes this species from the somewhat similar P. erythrocephdla and
rubriceps.

304

V. S. p. K. K, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

List of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

S6Sa
5661
8822
8823
8207

8229
5660
8264
5SI27
5938
S929
8262
8261
1881
5544
8260
8259
4907

9
9

9
S

Black Hills, K. T

do

Aug. 3,1856
Aug. 4,1856
Sept. 13,1857
Aug. 24,1857
Sept. 8,1857

Sept. 17,1857
Aug. 25,1856

May —,1855
do

Lieut. Bryan

do

195

204

W. 8. Wood...

Dr. Hayden.,..
do

7.25
7.00
7.25

7.75

11.75
11.00
11.50

11.50

3.50
3.50
4.00

3.50

do

Dr. Cooper

do

Lieut. Bryan.

Or T. C. Henrv....

188

211
300

Iris dark brown

Fort Laramie, Neb

do . .. .

and yellow; feetbPk.
do do

""q"

3
3
S
9
(?
<?
o

c?

(?

Medicine Bow river....
Miuibrcs to Kio Grande.
Steilaeoom, W. T

W. S. Wood.

7.00

11,23

do ....

do

(lo

do

1856 .

Dr. Suckley

do

98

1

do..

Aug. —,1854

1

S. F. Baird

J. K. Townsend.

May 13,1856

Lieut. Williamson,
do

do

I

EUPHONIA, Desm.

Eujihonia, Desm. Hist. Nat. des Tangarag, 1805.— Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 185G, 271.

C, Bill short, widened or depressed ; the culmen curved ; gonys ascending ; commissure notched at tip, and somewhat

serrate. Wings long ; tail short, quadrate. Colors black, blue, and yellowish.

The bill of Euphonia is much shorter than the head, and very broad at the base. The two
or three toothed lobes near the tip of cutting edge of the uj^per mandible are very distinct. The
rictal bristles are very short. The tarsi are much shorter than the middle toe. The tail is very
short, the feathers narrow.

EUPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA, Gray.

Pipra elegantissima, Bonap. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 112.

Euphenia eleganlissimu, Gray, Genera, App. 17. — Bonap. Consp. 1850, 232. — Ddbds, Esq. Orn. — Sclateb, Cent.

Cm. 1851, 83.— Ib. Pr. Zool. Soc. 185C, 273.
Euphonia coelestis, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1839, 39.
Pipra galericulata, Giraud, 16 Sp. Birds Texas, 1841.

Sp q„^ Top of head and a half collar on the neck behind opaque blue. Sides of head and nock, chin, throat, and upper

parts cenerally, steel bluish black. Beneath yellow brownish fulvous, tinged with dark brownish chestnut, especially on the
forepart of the breast and towards the tail. Forehead dark chestnut, margined behind by black. Length, 4.70 ; wing, 2.75 ;
tail, 1.80.

//ill. — Northern Mexico to Guatemala. California.'

This is one of the species (Pipra galericulata) described by Mr, Giraud in his " Sixteen New
Species of Texas Birds," and the specimen 560 was obtained in the same locality with Mr.
Giraud's. It is, however, very probable that the sixteen were actually collected some distance
to the south of the Texas border, probably in the southern portion of the State of Tamaulipas,
I am informed by Dr. Cooper that the same bird has been captured near San Francisco, and
that the specimen is now in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of that city.

BIUDS — SYLVICOLIDAK — CONCLUDING REMARKS.

305

The specimens before me difler a little from Mr. Sclater's description of Enphonia elegantissima.
Thus, the throat is of the same dull stcil blue oolur with the back ; the under parts have a
strong tinge of chestnut.

According to Mr. Sclater, the female is olive green, paler beneath; the crown blue; the
forehead chestnut, margined behind with black, or much like the male.

List of specimens.

Catol. No.

Locality.

Whence obtuineJ.

Collected by—

560

Texas? (Northern Stexico)

S. F. I?.iirJ

J. G. Bell

7958

J Gould

CONCLUDING REMAEKS.

Having thus passed in review the well established species of North American S)/lvlcolidae, it
may be well to mention those which claim such a place with greater or less propriety. Chief
among these are the species described by Mr. Giraud as having been received from Texas, but
which were probably taken in a more southern latitude, possibly about that of Tampico. Most
of these doubtless at times wander as far as the Rio Grande^ and several are described in the
present report as having been taken on or near that river.

1. Dendroica olivacea, Baird. ,

Sylvia olivomea, Giraud^ Texas Birds, 1841 ; pi. vii. — Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc.

1855, 66.
Sylvicola olivacea, Cassix, III. I, 1855, 283 ; pi. xlviii.
Sylvia taeniata, Dubus, Bull. Acad. Brux. XIV, 1847, 104. — Ib. Rev. Zool.

1848, 245.
Sylvicola taeniata, Boxap. Consp. 1850, 309.

2. AEGiTHraA leucoptera, Vieillot.

Sylvia leucoptera, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 28; pi. Ixxxiv, (N. America.)
Aegithina leucoptera, " Vieillot," Sw.\inson, Birds, II, 1837, 246. — Bon. Consp.

1850, 311.
Mniotilta leucoptera. Gray, Genera.

3 . Pachtsylvia decurtata , B 0 n a p .

Sylvia decurtata. Box. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 118, (Mexico.)
Pacliysylvia decurtata, Box. Conspectus, 1850, 309.

Helinai brevipennis, Giraud, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1852, 40 ; pi. iii, f. 1. Texas?
and Mexico.

4. Basileuterus belli, Sclater.

Muscicapa belli, Giraud, Texas Birds, 1841, pi. iv, f. 1.
Basileuterus belli, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 65.

Basileuterus chrysoplirys, Boxap. Coasp. 1850, 314. .

39 b

.'506 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

5. Basileuterus brasieri, Sclater.

Muscicapa brasieri, Giraud, Texas Birds, 1841 ; pi. vi, f. 2.

Basileuterus hrasicri, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 66.

" Basileuterus cuVicivorus, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 66," (Sclater.)

6. Cardeluna rubrifrons, Sclater.

Muscicapa ruhrifrons, Giraud, Tex. Birds, 1841, pi. vii, f. 1.
Cardellina ruhrifrons, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 66.

Cardellina amicta, DuBUS, Esq. Orn. 1850; pi. xxv. — Bonap. Consp. 1850, 312,
(Sclater.)

The following supposed Sylvicolinae, described by tbe older authors as North American,
have not been fully identified, although most of them doubtless belong to species already
referred to :

1. Motacilla auricollis, Gmelin, Syst. 1, 984.

Sylvia auricollis, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1T90, 536. — Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. X,

II. 1817, 735.— NuTT. I, 1832, 380. *

Sylvicola auricollis, Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed., 1840, 431.

2. Sylvia carolinensis, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 551. — Stephens in Shaw's Zool. X, ii,

1817, 752.
Mniotilta carolinensis. Gray, Genera.
" Motacilla rubiginosa, Pallas."

3. Motacilla fulva, Gmelin, I, 1788, 973,

Sylvia fulva, Latham, Ind. II, 1790, 542. — Stephens in Shai^'s Zool. X, n, 1817, 726.
(Louisiana.)

4. Sylvia griseicoUis, Viehlot, Ois. Am. II, 29. — Stephens in Shaw's Zool. X, n, 1817, 685.

5. Motacilla incana, Gjmelin, I, 1788, 976.

Sylvia incana, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 527. — Stephens in Shaw's Zool. X, ii, 1817,
628. (New York.) {Dendroica BlacJcburnia ?)

6. Motacilla ludoviciana, Gm. I, 1788, 983.

Sylvia ludoviciana. Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 535. — Stephens in Shaw's Zool. X, ii, 1817,
713. (North America.)

7. Sylvia ocJiroleiica, YiEiLLOT, mouv. Diet. XI, 181^, 181. United States. Dull olive above,

golden yellow on throat and side of head ; breast beneath yellowish
white.

8. Sylvia pjimila, Vieillot, Ois. Am. II, 1807 ; pi. c

Sylvicola pumila, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 308.

9. Sylvia ru88eicauda,'Vim.u,0T, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 17; pi. 71. — Stephens in Shaw's Gen.

Zool. X, n, 1817, 675. (North America.)

10. Sylvia aemitorquaia, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790,542. — Stephens, Shaw's Zool. X, ir,

1817,591. (Louisiana.)

13IRDS — IIIRUNDINIDAE — HIRUNDO.

307

Family lU RU Js D T N ID A E .
Siib-raniily IIIUUNDININAE.

Bill trijngu'ar, very short and broad, much depressed ; tlic ridgo much less than luilf the head ; Iho gonys two-thirds thi^
jCngth; the ga|io extending to below the eyo. Primaries nine; the first longest, and, with the second, considerably longer
than the olhora ; the secondaries and tcrtials not reaching the middle of tlio primaries; the secondaries deeply cniargiiiato
Wings very long, reaching beyond the commencement of the Cork of tho tail, which i.s gtnerally more or less deeo. Tarsi
Bculullale, very short, less than the lateral toes, the inner of which is more deeply cleft than the outer.

The feet of the true swallows follow the general insessorial type in having three anterior toes
and one posterior, none capable of being moved much from their normal position. This, with the
much larger and differently shaped bill, as well us the nine primaries, instead of ten, readily
distinguisli them from the Cypselidae.

Comparative measurements of species.

CnlaJ. Species.
No.

Locality. Sex. ILcnglb. Stretch
1 ofwings

Wing. Tail.

Tarsus. Middle

Its claw
alone.

Bill

above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

6U19
9381

01284

Hirundo horreorum ....

Hirundo lunifronn

do

Hirundo bicolor

do

do

Sacramento valley . ^

Carlisle, Pa Q

do '

6.90
4.86
5 66
5.48
6.25

12.25
laM

5.03
4. 38
4.41

4.52
2.20

0.44 0 68
0.50 0.64

0.20
0.21

0.36
0.26

0.62
0.55

Dry

Dry

Fresh ....

2197
2197

do

do

S

4.92
5.00
4 75

2 66

0.40 0.C3

0.19

0.32

0.51

Dry

549-1

Petaluma, Cal

Columbia river

Carlisle, Pa

E. of Riley's

$
<?
<?

9

5.00 \

9 .'i.i

..16

.25
0.24
0 28"
0.28
0.27

.44
O.-W
0..5U
0.46
0.44

Dry

Dry

Dry

Dry

Dry

1895

ao9

5597
1692

Hirundo thalassina

Colyle scrripenni?

4.7« ■

4.52 i

5 04

4.48 2.08
4.28 j 2.23
3.9G 2.34
3.98 9 01)

0.46 0.60
0.40 0.58
0.44 0.62
0.41 0.56

0.18
0.90
0.22
0.19

Ho

4.4G

1692 do

do

do

Petaluma, Cal

do

Chili

4.75
7.30
7.44
8.25
8.20

10.83
15.66

4.00
5.84
6.04
5.54
5.48

1561 Progie purpurea

5493 1 do

5493 lin

3.40
3.66

0.60 ; 0.84
U..')8 0.92

0.25
0.26

0.50
0.52

0.92
0.90

Dry

Dry

9112

Progne clialybca r

3.76

0..W 0.92

0.25

0.46

0.84

Dry

IimUNDO, Liiiiiaeus.

i/irundo, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735. — Gray, Genera, I, 184.5.

Ch. — Nostrils basal, small, oblong, and covered partly by a membrane. Tail more or less forked ; the outer lateral feather
Bomctiines greatly lengthened. Tarsi shorler than the middle to?, and scutellated. Tarsi naked. Toes long, slender, the
lateral ones unrqual. Claws moderate, curved, acute.

Of this genus there are two well marked sections among the United States species — one with the
tail excessively forked, owing to the great elongation of the lateral tail feathers; the other with
the tail nearly square, or but slightly forked. The species will range as follows :
IIiRUXDO. — Tail excessively forked.

Steel blue above ; forehead and throat chestnut brown ; belly reddish white... iZ". Iwrreorum.
Pctrochelidon. — Tail nearly even, or moderately forked.

Tail emarginate. Forehead, throat, and rump reddish brown ; throat with a large black

spot P. hot ifrons.

Tail moderately forked. Beneath entirely white ; above opaque green ; upper tail coverts
purple r. thalassina.

308 U. S. p. K. K EXP. AKD SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Tail moderately forked. Beneath entirely white. Above uniform lustrous green.

P. bicolor.
Hirundo licolor has by some authors been placed under Chelidon, but is readily distinguished
by having the tarsi and toes smooth, instead of feathered.

Cabanis has established a genus, Tachycineia,^ for the violet green swallow, H. ihalassina, on
account of its rather forked tail and small bill, and the entire absence of gloss on the feathers.
He, however, includes in it the H. bicolor, which is remarkable for the lustre of its dorsal
plumage. For the purposes of the present report it will be sufficient to consider them under
the same head.

HIRUNDO HORREORUM,s Barton.

Barn Swallow.

Hirtmdo horreormn, Barton, Fragments N. H. Penna. 1799,17.

Ilirundo rvfa, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, GO ; pi. xxx. (Not of Gmelin.)— Cassin, lUust. I, 1855, 2J3.—

Brewer, N. Am. Col. I, 1857, 91; pi. v, f. 63— C7, eggs.
Ilirundo amcricana, Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 181i2, 34; pi. xxxviii, f. 1, 2. (Not of Gmelin.) — Rich. F. B. A. II,

1831,329.
Ilirundo rustica, Audubon, Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 413; pi. 173.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 35.— Ib. Birds Am. 1, 1840, 181; p).
48. (Not of Linnaeus.)

Sp. Cu. — Tail very deeply forked ; outer feathers several inches longer than the inner, very narrow towards the end. Above
glossy blue, with concealed white in the middle of the back. Throat chestnut ; rest of lower part reddish white, not conspicu-
ously different. A steel blue collar on the upper part of the breast, interrupted in the middle. Tail feathers with a white spot
near the middle, on the inner web. Female with the outer tail feather not quile so long. Length, G.90 inches ; wing, 5.(10;
tail, 4.50.

llab. — North America from Atlantic to Pacific.

Specimens from the far west have the same general appearance as eastern ones, except that
one (6619) from the Sacramento valley is the largest I have seen, with the tail half an inch
longer than in Carlisle specimens.

There is not much variation in skins of this species, except, perhaps, in the intensity of the
coloration on the belly. In some specimens (1452) there is very little difference between the
throat and abdomen, the former a little more cliestnut. Sometimes the belly is nearly white
with a slight tinge of brown. Occasionally the black collar on the throat is continuous across,
along a single line of feathers. In one (2191) there is a broad collar across the throat as wide
as in the European species, interruptetl, however, in its central portion by dull chestnut.

The female is much like the male, but has the external tail i'eathers less elongated. In the
young the tail is simply deeply emarginate, not forked as in the adult.

Specimens from Texas and northern Mexico are smaller than those found further north.

This species resembles the European Barn Swallow; in which, however, the pectoral collar
is continuous across and quite broad, and the belly more rufous, with other differences.

The determination of the true specific name of this species is a matter of some uncertainty,
depending upon wliether the South American bird be distinct from the North American or not.

' Muacum Heineanum, 1850, 48.

' The following synonyms refer to the South American species :

Ilirundo crylhrogmttr, Boddaebt, Tableau PI. enl. 1'2A, f. I, 1783, 45.

Ilirundo rvfa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 1018.

IlirKntlo cyunoptirrhit, Vieii.lot, Nouv. Oct. XIV, 1817, 510.

Hirondettc a ventre roux de Cayenne, Buffon, Ois. VI, (iOl. — Ib. pi. onl. 724, f. 1 .

BIRDS — IIIRUNDINIDAE — HIRUNDO LUNIFEONS.

'M)\)

The names both of Boddaert aiid (Iniolin ajipcar to liavc been based chiefl)' upon the Hirondelle
a ventre roux de Cayenne oi BulTon, PI. enl. 724, i'. 1, tlie former having priority. Should
this species, therefore, as is probable from its much smaller size and more intensely rufous
under parts, not be the North American one, the next in order will be Barton's Jf. horreorum.

Bnrmeister (Thiere Brasiliens, Viigel, II, 1856, 149) makes two species, retaining //. rvfa
for the South American one. He is mistaken in saying tlie Nortli American bird differs in
having the belly white, and the tail not so deeply forked. Tlie difference appears to lie in the
much larger size, and less uniformly rufous belly. According to Bnrmeister, the lengtli of a
Brazilian species is 5.00 inches, (German); the culmcn, .18; tlie wings,((t.25; the tail, 2.07;
differences readily appreciable. He gives H. americana, Gmelin, 1017, for the North American
bird; but this cannot be the case, since this species is described as having a rufous rump and
even tail ; locality, the La Plata.

List of specimens.

CaSl.
No.

S«i and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained. Grig.

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretcli
of wings.

Wing.

B>;uiark<.

n63

O

9
9

Carlisle, Pa

Aug. 21,1843
July 15

S. F. Baird

5.92

13

4.67

11^

do

do

do i

2191

.May 1,1845
May 4,1846
Aug. 2»,1867
July 23,1856
July 9, 1857
July —,1856

do '

6.75
7.25
6.10
6.75
7.75
6.50

13.25
12.83
12.10
12.62
12.75
12.25

4.75
4.83
4.50
4.75
4.50
4.50

Ufa

do

do

8640

Indian Key, Fla

Yellowstone river, N. T.

do

do

5306
5207

Lt. 6. K. Warren

do

do

Dr. Hayden..

do

do

5908
4965

<]o.

Fort Chadbournc, Tex .
Pecos river, Tex

<"<•

San Diego, New Leon,
Texas.

Sacramento, Cal

Dr Swift, US. A.

5047

S

July 11,1856

Aug. 20,1855
Aug. 1,1853

Capl. J. Pope.. .

do

Lieut. Couch ....

108
124

7
7

12

12

4.50
4.50

Bill black ; gums bluish
yellow ; eyes brown ;
feet yellow.

Feet gray ; gums yellow..

S048

3956

6019

bill black; fuet slate
color.

6020

Bcnicia, Cal

do

do

HIRUNDO LUNIFEONS, Say,

Cliff Swallow.

Hinnulo lunifrcm, S.\T, Long's Expcd. R. Mts. II, ISa.l, 47.— Cassin, Ilhist. I, 185.'), 243.— Bkewer N. Am Ool.

I, 1857, 94 ; pi. v, no. 68—73, egg.
Ilirundn opifex, Df.witt Clinton, Ann. N. Y. Lye. I, 1824, IGl.
Ilirundo respublicana, Addcbon, Ann. N. Y. Lye. I, 1824, 104.
Jlirundofiiha, Bonap. Am. Orn. I, 1825, G3; pi. ii. (Not of Vieillot.)— Audubon, Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 3.53; pi. ,58 —

Ib Syn. 183'J,35.— Ib. Birds Am. I, 1840, 177; pi. 47.
JlirunJo melatiogasler, Sw.mnson, Pliilos. Majf. I, 1827, 3GG.
Petrochttidonmelanogaslra, C.\banis, Mus. Ilo'n. 47.

Sp. Ch. — Crown and back steel blue ; the ujiper part of the latter with concealed pale edges to the feathers. Chin, throat,
and sides of the head dark chestnut ; breast fuscous ; ))«l|y white. A steel blue spot on throat. Rump light chestnut ; fore-
head Lrownish while ; a pale nuchal band. Tail slightly emarginatc. Lengtli about 5 inches; wing, 4.40; tail, 2.20.

Hab. — North America from Atlantic to Pacific.

Entire crown of the head and the back steel blue, separated more or less broadly by a grayish
collar. Chin and tliroat, with sides of the head below the eyes, dark purplish chestnut, this

310

U. S. p. E R. KXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

color extending a short distance around towards the nape. Eump light chestnut. Forehead
and middle of belly brownish or dull yellow brownish white ; the upper part of the breast and
the sides of the body light grayish brown. A large spot on the throat crossing the line of
separation between the chestnut and brown, steel blue ; this sometimes seen in the chin.

The lores and a very narrow line along the base of the bill are black. The feathers on the
middle of the back exhibit whitish edges, more or less conspicuously. "Wings and tail brown, the
secondaries with lighter margins.

The female is not appreciably different in color.

The young lacks tte frontal band, and the gray collar on tlie nape is only faintly indicated.
There is usually a good deal of white on the throat, on the lower part of which the black spot
is more extended and less distinct than in the adult.

Specimens vary in the extent of chestnut on the rump, in the width and precise shade of the
frontal patch, &c.

This species differs from the true U'lrundofulva, Vieillot Encyclop. 527, of the West Indies,
in the larger size, lighter colored rump, and in the presence of a black spot on the throat. .

List of specimens.

Caial. Sex and
No. age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Original
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

443

9384
2617
lS6i
68S
1623
2616
6487

S
9
S
S

Q
9

Aug. 31, 1841
May 26, 1845
May 17

S. F. Baird

5.75
5.92
5.67
5.67
5.83

12.50
12.50
12.25
12.25
12.08

do

do

4.50

do

4.42

May 11, 1846
May 22, 1844
Aug. 21, 1842
July 9, 1844
May 11, 1840

do

4.50

lo

4.92

do

do

5.92
5.75

12.92
12.33

4.33

do

4.33

C. DrexI'T i

4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
5598
5599
7079
4394
6021
6022
6033

M.iy 21), 1806
do

5.87

12.25

4.50

do

do

Q
<?
9

""f
o
c7
<?
c?

do

do

do

do

5.50
5.75
5.75
5.50
5.50

12.25
12.25
12.25

4.50

do

May 10

do

do

4.S0

do

May 20

do

4.50

July 26, 1856
do

159
158
58
178

W. S.Wood

4.73

. ...do

do

Dr. W. A. Hammond...
Dr. Sucklcy,U.S. A....
Lieut. Williamson

do

4.50

July 22, 1857
May — , 1S55

Fort Dalles, O.T

5.62

4 37

Dr. Ileennann

do

I do

May 8, 1855

Lieut. Trowbridge

1

1

HIRUNDO BICOLOR, Vieillot.

Wliitc-bellied Swallow*

Jlirundo hicolor, Vieli.iot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 61; pi. xxxi.— Acm bom, Orn. IJiog. 1831,491; pi. fIS.— Ii>. Sjii.
1839, 35.— Ib. Hinls Amor. I, 1840, 175 ; pi. 46.— Cassix, Illust. I, 1855, 244.— linf.wER, N. Am.
Oolofry, I, 18.57, 1(10 : pi. iv, f>g. 47. (F.jtK.)

Taehijcineitt bicolor, Cabanis, Mus. llein. 1850-'51, 48.

Ileise bicolor, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 341.

Jlirundo viridis, Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 4!) ; pi. xxxviii.

Ilirundo kucogmlcr, Stepiiews, Shaw, Zool. X, 1817, 105.

gp Q,, Glossy metallic green iibovo ; entirely white beneath. Fcmalu mucli ilullcr in culor. Wing 5 inclicK.

Length, 6.a5 inches ; wing, 5.00 ; tail, 2.65.
;/u6.— Nurlh America from Atlantic to Pacific.

BIRDS — niRUNDINIDAE — HIRUNDO TIIALASSINA.

311

As a general thing specimens of this species from the cxtiviiu' south ol tl'ie United States, as
Brownsville, Texas, and those from the western coast are considerably smaller than those from
Pennsylvania.

The femiile is duller in color than tlie male ; the metallic tints of tlio Lack much more obscure
and less continuous. Tiie shade is rather more violet.

The young male of the year (1C4,) is entirely of a sooty grayish brown above aiul on the
•wings, with the faintest possible trace of purplish reflection on the head and back. The color is
somewhat like that on the back of Cotylc rijiaria, b)it darker.

It is not at all improbable that careful comparisons of many specimens may ultimately prove
the existence of distinct species of white-bellied swallows on the two sides of the continent.
The difference in size will be shown by the table of measurements. In two California specimens
before me, one has the same greenish gloss as Pennsylvania skins ; in tlie otlier the lustre is
more of a steel blue.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained. ,

Orig.
No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

2097

Q
9

Carlisle, Pa

do

April 12, 1845 ..
May 24, 1845 .

S. F. ftiird

6.25
5. 33
5.83

12.25
12.25
12.50

5 00

2341

do

4 25

1161

Alli' 2-> 1843

do '

4 07

2342

M;iv 24. 1845...

Northern Ulinoig

4663

Matamoras, Mex

Lieut. Couch ■

4664

do

do

4665

c?

do

do 1

4666

do

do

-.-.. |---

4667

do

do

1

5913

Steilaeoom, W. T

do

Shoalwatcr bay, W. T..
Petaluma, Cal

June, 1855

1854

J. G. Cooper -

6.00
5.00
5.00

12.50
12.50
12.50

6016

Dr. Suckley, U.S.A. ..
J. G. Cooper

88

76

712

4 75

6015

May 2, 1854....

4. 75

5494

4200

San Francisco, Cal

Winter, 1854...

R. D.Cutta

1

HIRUNDO TIIALASSINA, Swain son.
Vlolet-Green Swallow.

//irun</o Mntossina, SwAiNSON, Taylor's Philos. Mag I, 1827, 365— AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 597; pi. 385.—
Ib. Birds Am. I, 1840, 18G ; pi. 43.— Cassin, lllust. I, 1855, 245.— Brewer, N. Am. Oology,
I,18.'i7, 102; pi. V, f. 74. (Egg.)

C/>c(i(2on (A(i{<u3ina, Boie, Isis, 1844, 171.

TofAi/cinefa Maiosstna, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 18. (Type.)

Sp. Ch. — Tail acutely eiiarginate. Beneath pure white. Above soft velvety green, with a very faint shade of purplish
violet concentrated on the nape into a transverse band. Rump rather more vivid green ; tail coverts showing a good deal of
purple. Colors of female much more obscure.

Length, 4.75 ; wing, 4.50 ; tail, 2.

Hub. — Rocky Mountains to Pacific ; south to Mexico ; east to Saltillo, Mexico.

312

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

In examining an extensive series of specimens I find some differences which may be of
importance. Thus, in the Columbia river specimens the entire back and scapulars are nearly
pure uniform green, with the faintest possible wash of ijurpliph brown. The feathers on the
rump are purplish violet, slightly glossed with green. In 0625, from the Copper mines, the
back is purplish brown, with only a trace of green ; the rump nearly pure bluish green, with
the merest trace of violet. In a siDecimen from Agua Nueva the colors are much as in the last,
except that the purplish brown is more confined to the scapulars and the middle of the back, as
in the Columbia river specimens. The wing is longer than in any I have seen, (4^ inches.)

In one specimen from Tejon Pass, apparently immature, the tertials are terminated broadly
with pure white.

The female differs in the much less brilliancy of color, especially that on top of head and
rump, the former more brown. The under parts are dirty white.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex and

No.

age.

3934

C?

3955

<?

6034

9

6035

cT

6965

9

6966

9

6026

O

1895

(^

1945

c?

5914

(?

6027

c?

60-28

c?

6029

9

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Sallillo, Mei Spring of 1853.

.do.

do

Rio Grande, N. W

do

Medicine Bow C'k, NkI).' July 25, 1857
Bridger's Pass, Utah .... July 29, 1857

Tejon Pass, Cal

Columbia river July 12, 1835

do do

Steilaooora, W. T June — ,1855

do

do Mar. 1, 1854

JAug. 3,1854

Whence obtained.

do

Dr. Henry, U. S. A.

do

Lt. F. T. Bryan

do

Lt. Williamson

J. k. Townsend ...

do

Dr. J. G. Cooper...
Dr. Suckley, U.S.A.

du

do

Orig'l
No.

330
354

110
43

45

Collected by — Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Lt. Couch.

5.00

5.00

W. S. Wood .

5.00

12.00

12.23

Wing.

4.75

Eyes dark br'n ; bill
black ; feet light
chcsnut

do

COTYLE, Boi

Cotyk, BoiE, Isis, 1822, 550. (Typo //. riparia.)

Ch. Bill very flat, extremely broad at the base, and gradually narrowed towards the tip ; nostrils prominent and rounded.

Tail moderate, nearly straight or somewhat emarginated. Tarsi rather shorter tlian the middle too, slender and scutcllated.
Toes very slender, the claws slightly curved. Colors generally dull brown above, without gloss.

This genus is distinguished from Hirundo by the slightly forked tail, rather long tarsi, very
slender toes, and extremely dull colors. The two United States species are the smallest we
have. Each will form the type of a special division, of at least sub-generic value, with the
following characters :

CoTYLE, Boie.— Tarsi with a tuft of feathers near the toes, on the posterior face. Edges of
outer primaries normal.

Above grayish brown ; beneath white, with a well defined pectoral band C. riparia.

Stelgidopteryx, Baird.— Tarsi naked. Edge of outer primary with the fibrillac converted
into a series of stiffened recurved hooks.

Above light sooty brown ; the under parts brownish asli, fading behind into white.

S, serripennis.

BIRDS — IIIRUNDINIDAK — COTYLK SERRIPENXI8.

313

COTYLE RIPARIA, Boic.

liuuk Swallow.

//irtiiido rijjoria, Lin'.s'aeus, Syst. Nat. I, n(i6, 344. — Wilson, Am. Orn. V, AS ; pi. x.xxviii. — Acuubon, Orii I3iog.

IV, 1838, 584 ; pi. 385.— Ib. Syii. 1839.— Ib. Birds Am. I, 1840, 187 ; pi. 50.
Cotytc riporio, Boie, Isis, 1822, 550.— Bon. List, 1838.— Cassin, Illust. I, 1855, 247.— Brewer, N. Am. Ool. 1, 1857,

105 ; pi. iv. fig. 49, (egg.)
" Hirvndo cinma, Vieillot, Nout. Diet. XIV, 1817, 526."

Sr. Ch. — Smallest of American swallows. Tail slightly omarginate. Outer web of first primary soft, without hooks. Lowei
part of the tarsus with a few scattered feathers. Above grayish brown, somewhat fuliginous, with a tendency to paler margins
to the feathers. Beneath pure white, with a band across tho breast and sides of the body like the back. Length, 4.75 ; wing,
4.00; Uil, 2.00.

ici generally.

A specimen collected by Dr. Heermann iu the Sacramento valley is rather smaller than Penn-
sylvania ones, and the brown band across the throat is broader and more continuous. Skins
from the Upper Missouri are rather larger than from either side of the continent, and the colors
purer and more continuous ; the tail and wing feathers without the white edging.

The young of the year are not conspicuously different from the adults, save in tlie greater
amount of light edging to the feathers on the back. The tail is less einarginate.

This species is supposed by most authors to be identical with the European bank swallow,
careful comparisons having liitherto failed to exhibit any tangible difference. It furnishes
almost a solitary instance, among land birds, of the same species inhabiting both continents
permanently, and not as an accidental or occasional visitor on either.

List of specimens.

Catol.
No.

Sm.

1

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

4.00
3.83
3.63

4.00
3.37

Kciiiarks.

1692

Q

Carlisle, Pa

do

Aug. 30,1644
Aug. 22,18tl
July 18,1843
Aug. — ,lb56
July 23,1650

June 13,1856

S. F. Baird

4.75
4.67
4.83
5.00
5.12

4.75

10.83
10.67
10.42
11.2'.
10.12

8.50

1165

do

1124

do .

do

Yellowstone R., N. T

Lt. G. K. Warren..
do

Dr. Haydcn

....do

5210

Eyes black; inside
of mouth yellow..

5

Lt. F. P. Bryan.'. . . .

24

W. S. Wood

1 Sacramento, Cal

1

COTYLE SERRIPENNIS, B o n a p .

Rough'winged Swallow.

Hirundo serripennis, ArD Orn. Biog. IV, IS.^S, 593.— . Birds America, 1, 1840, 193 ; pi. 51.
Co(i/(e serripcnnis, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 342. — Cassin, Illust. 1, 1855,247. — Brewer, N. Am. Oology, 1, 1857,
106 ; pi. iv, fig. 50, (egg.)
Sp. Ch. — Tail slightly emarginate ; first primary with tho pennulae of the outer web much stiffened, with their free extremities
recurved into a hook very appreciable to the touch. No feathers on the tarsus and toes. Above rather light sooty brown,
beneath whitish gray, or light brownish ash, becoming nearly pure white in the middle of the belly and on tho under tail
covtrts. Length, 4.50; wing, 4.28 ; tail, 2.23.
Hab. — United States from Atlantic to Pacific.

Specimens vary in having the belly of a purer white, and in the greater or less intensity of
the ashy brown of the throat and breast.
40 b

314

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

In a female from New Leon tlie wing is half an inch less than in females from Carlisle. In a
specimen from Charleston the colors of the throat and breast extend farther down on the belly.

In the young of the year the wing feathers above are edged quite broadly with pale brownish
rusty, the throat and breast are also tinged more or less with the same.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lecled.

Whence obtained.

.Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks .

2116

9

Q

Q

<?

9

9

9
o

S
o

'"3"

Carlisle Pa

April 16, 1845
May 11,1846
May 24,1815
May 3, 1845
May 3, 1847
May 8,1844
May 11,1846
July 15,1843
May 11,1846
July 16,1844

S. F. Baird

5.17
5.33

11.50
11.50

4.08
4.08

2621

do

do .

.... do

2634

... do

S309

....do

3370

,10

.... do

1480

do

do

5.58
5.5H

12.00
12.50

4.42
4.50

2619

do

... do

1120

do

do

2620

do

do

do

1

5.17
5.42

12.50
11.50

4.50
4.50

1638

do

2899

8383
8384

Independence .Mo

do

June 20,1857
June 22,1857
July 3,1857
April —,1853

Wm. M. Magraw.
.... do

89
88
115
131

82
81
81

176

Dr. Cooper ....

do

do

5.H
5.75
5.50
5.25

12.00
12.50
12.12
11.00

4.63
4.62
4.50
4.00

Iris brown

do

8179

0
9

Shawnee Mission, Kan.
New Leon,Me»

do

do

3957

Lieut. Couch —

Dr. Sucklcy

Dr. Cooper

do

Eyes brown ; bill black 5
feet reddish slate color. . .

6033

6034
6035

Shoalwater bay, W. T. .
do

June —,1854

5.42
5.42

12.50
12.50

Iris br'n ; bill and feet bl'k.

6032

Lt. Williamson..

Lt. Whipple

Dr. Heermann .
Dr. Kennerly. , .

6031

Feb. 21,1854

5.25

11.00

4.37

PROGNE, Boie.

Progne, Boie, Isis, 1826, 971. Typo Hirundo purpurea, h.

(Jh. Bill strong, short ; the gape very wide ; tlie sides gradually compressed, the culraen and lateral margins arclied to the

tip ; the latter inflected ; the nostrils basal, lateral, open and rounded. Tail considerably forked. Tarsi shorter than the middle
toe and claw, about equal to the toe alone. Toes long, strong ; lateral ones equal.

• Tlie large size, very stout bill and feet, (for this family,) with the usually unilbrin black
glossy plumage, readily distinguish this genus among the swallows. But one species is well
established as North American.

PROGNE PURPUREA, Boie.

Purple Martin.

Hirundo purjmrta , Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766,344. — Addubon, Orn. Uiog. I, 1831, 115; pi. x.\iii. — In. Birds Am. I,

1840, 170; pi. xlv.
Progne purpurea, Boie, Isis, 1826, 971. — Bonap. List, 1838. — Cadsin, Illust. I, 18,55,245. — Brewkr, N. Am. Oology,

I, 18.'")7, 103 ; pi. iv, fig. 47, (egg.)
Hirundo suhis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 344, (second year.)
Hirundo violacca. Cm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 1026.
Hirundo camlea, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 57; pi. .\xvi.
" //iriin((o«)cr.«co/or, ViEii.i.or, Nouv. Dint. XIV, 1817, 509."
" //i undo /«iJot»i(-i«iin, Ci'ViEB, R. An. I, 1817, 374."

BIRDS — HIRUNDINIDAK — PROGNE I'lTRPUREA.

315

Sp. Ch. — Largest of N. Amoricaii swallows. Closed wings ralhor lunger than tho deeply forked tail. Tarsi and Iocs naked.
Color, in the old male, everywhere glossy steel blue, with purple and violet reflections. Fcmilo and immature male less
brilliant above, pale bruwiii.sh beneath, blotched with darker ur with bluish. Length, 7.3U ; wing, 5.85 ; tail, 3.40.

llab. — North America generally.

Specimens of this species from Petaluma, California, are not appreciably (lifFcieiit. Tlie gloss
of the upper as well as the lower parts is rather more greenish, and less jmrjile. Tiie hills are
the same, as well as the size every way. Specimens from Coalmila, Mexico, are more like
Pennsylvania ones. In those from the Upper Missouri the gloss is more like that of the
Petaluma specimen. In one from Sacramento city again the colors have the usual purplish
gloss.

A female from Petaluma has a very distinct grayish white collar across the nape, and tlie
entire forehead is of a similar color.

I have never seen any specimens from the west coast agreeing with Mr. Cassin's description
of F. chalybea, in the larger and longer bill and smaller size. An adult Frogne, from Chili,
labelled P. chahjhea, by Mr. Verreaux, is exactly like the Nortli American F. purpurea in size,
lustre, &c ; the only difference being, apparently, a narrower bill. Number 4773, from the
Upper Missouri, is, however, like it in this respect.

List of specimens.

Oatal. Sex
No. toge.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1596 ;f

Carlisle, Penn ■ Mav 22.1844

S. F. Baird

1

do

June 5, 1844

do

8.17
8.08
7.75
7.83

16.58
16.25
15.75
16.50

6.

1607

O

Q

do

do

do

Cedar Island, Neb

do

June 15, 1844
July 16,1844
July, 1843...

do

5.63
5.59
5.92

1636

do

1129

do

4505

May, 1854....
do

4506

do

do

4507

do

....do

do

do

4508

do

....do

do

do

4769

9

(?
i
S

e

9
9
c?
9

C?

<?
(?

c?

9

do

Vermillion River, Neb.

Nebraska

Ccd;ir Island, Neb....

May 19,1854
May 8,1854
May 15, 1854

....do

April 23

Lt.G. K.Warren.
do

18
17

do

do

do

do

Lt. Warren . .

do

do

8.

7.62

7.87

8.

7.50

7.75

7.50

8.

16.12

15.37

15.

16.

16.

15.25

16.

16.25

4770

4771

do

do

do

do

4772

47?3

5.75
6.

5.75
5.25

Eves dnrk

4774

4775

Iowa point

Port Union, Neb

Biackfoot country ....

Fort Riley, K. T

Indianola, Texas

Coahuila, Mei

do

Petaluma, Oal

do

April 23

do

5205

July, 1856....
July, 1855

do

do

Dr. Hayden..
do...

do

SS96

June 20, 1856
Mar. 12, l-'55

May, 1853....

....do

April, 1856...
....do..

Lt. F. T. Bryan..
Oapt. J. Pope

Lt. Couch

do

a5

28

231

232

607
576

W. S. Wood.
Oapt. Pope...

8.25
6.

14.
16.

S049
3952

6.

Eyes dark ; guma rose-colored ;

feet black; bill black.
Eyes dark brown; bill black ;

feet very dark chestnut.
Eyes dark brown; bill black;

feel very dark chestnut.

39S3

7.75

15.

5.87

5492

E. Samuels

do

5493

8.25

15.25

550

6014

Sacramento

Dr. Heermnnn

1

316 V. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family BOMB YCILLID AE .

Primaries ten ; the first very short or moderate, always less than half the second. Rill short, broad, triangular, much
depre?s»d ; gape opening nearly to the eyes ; twice the length of the culmen . Both mandibles notched , tlie upper with a tooth
behind the notch. Tarsi scutel'ate anteriorly, with indications also of scales inferiorly on the sides, (except in jVijiadestcs?) ;
shorter than the middle toe. Outer lateral toe longest. Toes unequally cleft. Head generally crested.

The waxwings aud their natural allies, the Ptiliogonidinae, have been variously placed hy
different authors, Cabanis constituting them a sub-family of Muscicapidae. The differences
from the typical muscicapas are very great however, and as none of the latter are found in the
United States I have thought it best to raise them to the rank of a distinct family, for the present
at least.

The relationships of the group to the Laniadae are very close, and if it be a sub-family merely
it would seem to go more appropriately there than in Muscicapidae. Both have the notch at
the tip of the lower mandible very distinct.

The two sub-familie.s are known by the long pointed wings, much longer than the even tail ;
the very rudimentary first primary and the horny tip to the tertials of Bomhycillinae, are
distinguished from the much longer forked or rounded tail and the shorter wings with longer
first primary and plain tertials of Ptiliogonidinae.

Sub-Family BOMBYCILLINAE.

WiniTs very long and pointed, reaching nearly to the tip of the short tail. First primary excessively rudimentary, scarcely
appreciable ; second about the longest. Rictus without bristles. The frontal feathers extending forward on the bill beyond
the nostrils.

Of this sub-family there is but a single representative in the United States, with the
following characters :

Ampelis. — Tail even. Tertials with horny appendages, like red sealing wax,

AMPELIS, Linnaeus.

Jimjielis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1735. Typo Ji garrulus.
Bomhtjcilla, ViEiLLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88. Type B. cedrorum.

Ch. Head with a broad depressed crest. Bill very broad, opening nearly to the eye ; a series of short velvety feathers at

the base of the bill, with bristles directed forwards and covering the nostrils, but none along the rictus. Commissure straight.
Culmen and gonys curved, convex ; both mandibles notched at tip. Legs stout ; tarsi shorter than the middle toe ; scutellate
anteriorly, and slightly on the lower half on the sides behind ; slightly feathered above. Hind too sliorter than the lateral,
which are equal. Wings very long, pointed, reaching almost to the tip of the nearly even tail. First primary so short as to be
with difficulty discernible ; the second quill longest. Tips of secondary quills witli horny appendages, like sealing wax.

The most essential characters of the genus are to be found in the short, even tail, and the red
horny appendages to the tips of the tertials. The two species found in North America have
the body of a tint approacliing to yellowish cinnamon, becoming plumbeous behind ; the tail
tipped with yellow ; the chin, forehead, and a band from this above and behind the eye, black.
There is also a white maxillary patoh. The specific characters are as follows :

Lat"'!; ; chin and tliroat black ; crissum orange brown ; two white bands on the wing, and a
white line along the tips of the primaries garrulus.

Small ; chin only black ; crissum whitish ; no white on the wing cedrorum.

niRDS — BOMBYCILMDAE — AMPKLIS QARRULA.

317

Comparative measurements of species.

Caml.
No.

SptciM. Lo«»lily.

Sei.

Li-ngtli.

Siretcli
of wings.

VVin|.

Tail.

TarnUB.

.Middle
too.

(U claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Aling
gape.

Specimen
iiioaiured

1617
do.

.\inp«li» ctfdronim Culisle, Pa

(?

5.63
7.S5
C.IO
6.00
6.78

13.00
11.00

3.80
4.00
3.64
3.7S
4.68

s.ss

0.68

0.80

0.23

0.44

0.66

Dry

3a&8

1

9

3.58

0.64

0.70

O.SD

0.39

0.64

Dry

do.

do 1 do

seis

3.!0

0.76

0.90

0.37

0.46

0.76

Dry

1

AMPELIS GARRULUS, Linn.
Wax-wing ; Bohemian t liatterer.

" Lanius garcxilui, LiNS. Fauna Suecica, 2, No. 82."

AnxftlU saTTvXM, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 297.— Bonap. 2d List, 1842.— In. Conspectus, 1850, 336.

Bvmlb^tMla gamila, Bonap. ZooI. Jour. Ill, 1827, 50.— Ib. Synopsis, 1828, 438.— Ib. Am. Orn. Ill, 1828, pi. xvi.

Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 237.— Aud. Orn. Biog IV, 1838, 462; pi. 363.— In. Birds Araer. IV,
1842, 169; pi. 246.— Kets. and Blas. Wirb. Europas, I, 1840, 1G7.

Sp. Ch. — Highly crested. General color brownish ash, with a faint shade of reddisli, especially anteriorly ; the forehead,
sides of the head, and under tail coverts, brownish orange ; the hinder parts purer ash ; the region about the vent white.
Primaries and tail feathers plumbeous black, especially towards the tips ; the tail with a terminal band of yellow. A narrow
frontal line passing backward and involving the eye, and extending above and behind it. Chin and upper part of throat black.
Tips of the secondary coverts, and a spot on the end of the outer webs of all the quills, white ; those on the inner primaries
glossed with yellow. Secondaries with red horny tips, like sealing wax. Side of the lower jaw whitish. Length, 7.40 ;
wing, 4.50; tail, 3.

Hab. — Northern parts of both continents. Seen in the United States only in severe winters, except along the groat lakes .
In the Mississippi valley south to Fort Riley.

This species, with the general appearance of the cedar bird, is readily distinguished by its
superior size ; much larger crest ; black chin and throat, instead of chin alone ■ brownish
chestnut under tail coverts, instead of white, and the white marks on the wing not found at all
in the other. In the closed wing, the white on the ends of the primaries forms a continuous
narrow stripe nearly parallel with the outer edge of the wing.

The specimen from Fort Riley is probably the most southwestern one on record in North
America.

I have no authentic skins of the European Bombycilla garrula before me, but as many
careful comparisons have been made between specimens' from the two continents, they may
be pretty fairly considered as identical.

List of specimens.

Catal. Xo. Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

5810 S

5791

5875

1871

1

Racine, Wib November 10, 1852

Cleveland, Ohio 1856

Fort Riley, K.T 1857

Europe? ..-- - --.«_.. '

Dr. P. R. Hoy

Dr. J. P. Kirtland

Dr. W. A. Hammond.

S. F.Biiird

318

U. 8 P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

AMPELIS CEDROEUM, Baird.

Cedar Bird.

.impelis garrxihis, Var. /? , Linn Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 297.— Gm. I, 1788, 838.

^impelis cnrolinensis, Gosse, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 197. — Bonap. Consp. 1850, 336.

Bombjjcillu carolincnsls, Erisson, Orn. II, 1760, 337.— AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 227 : V, 494 ; pi. 43.— Ib. Syn. 1839,

165.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 165 ; pi. 245.— Wagler, Isis, 1831, 528.
Bombycilla cedrormn, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 88 ; pi. Ivii. — Ib. Galerie Ois. 1, 1834, 186; pi. cxviii.
Ampdis americana, Wilson, Am. Orn. I, lb08, 107 ; pi. vii.
Sp. Ch. — Head crested. General color reddish olive, passing anteriorly on the neck, head, and breast into purplish cinna-
mon ; posteriorly on llie upper parts into ash ; on the lower into yellow. Under tail coverts white. Chin dark sooty black,
fading insensibly into the ground color on the throat. Forehead, loral region, space below the eye, and a line above it on the side
of the head, intense black. Quills and tail dark plumbeous, passing behind into dusky; the tail tipped with yellow; the
primaries, except the first, margined with hoary. A short maxillary stripe, a narrow crescent on the infero-posterior quarter
of the eye, white. Secondaries with horny tips, like red sealing wax. Length, 7.25 ; wing, 4.05 ; tail, 2.60.
. — North America generally ; south to Guatemala.

I have found it impossible to describe satisfactorily to myself the peculiar tint of color pre-
vailing on the anterior half of this beautiful bird. Mr. Audubon speaks of it as light grayish
brown, passing anteriorly into light brownish red. Immature specimens lack the sealing wax
tips. The young have the upper parts more ash above, the lower streaked with dusky reddish
ash and white, except on the abdomen and under coverts.

I am unable to discern any differences in specimens from western portions of the United States,
California, Mexico, or Guatemala.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex
&age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Sireich
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1617
a446
7577
7260
4918
5318
5319
3958

3958
4236
7952
7953

O
..„..

Q
9

Carlisle, Pa

do

July 5,1844
Sept. 9,1845

7.25

12.00

4.00

do

Win. flutton. ...

,

6.50
6.50
7.12
6.00

7.00

11.50
11.50
12.12
11.00

11.25

3.50
4.25
4.00
3.75

3.75

Yellowstone river,Neb...
do

July 24,1856

do

Mar. 20, 1853

April— ,1853
Winter, 1853

Dr. Haydcn....
do

Bill black, iris dark

do

Lt. Couch

do

89

do do

Eyes dark, bill and feet
black.

New Leon, Mcx

San Francisco, Cal

J. Gould

do

Sub-Family PTILIOGONIDINAE.

Rictus with bristles. Tail long. Wings graduated ; the first primary always half or one-third the second, which is consid-
erably less than ihe third. Nostrils entirely anterior to the frontal feathers.

Ptiliogonys. — Head with a broad short crest. Culmen considerably curved from the base.
Bill broad. Tarsi slightly feathered at the upper extremity ; scutellate. Wings shorter than
the tail ; the first priiiiary very short ; the second and third much graduated, acuminated. Tail
forked, the lateral feather graduated. Feathers narrow, linear.

CicHLOPSis. — Head with a long narrow crest. Culmen moderately curved from the base.

BIRDS — BOMBYCILLIDAE CICHLOP8I8.

319

Bill ratlior iiannw. Tarsus bare above, scutellate. Wings sborter than the tail ; first quill
scarcely spurious, half the second, which is much graduated ; the third to sixth slightly grad-
uated. Tail rounded, graduated. Feathers broad, widening to the tii).

MYi.\i)iv-Tii<. — Head scarcely crested. Culmen straight to near the tip. liill moderately
broad. Tarsi without scutellae, (except in the young?) Wings very long, longer than the
tail ; the first quill very short ; the second, but not the third, graduated. Tail forked, the
lateral feather graduated ; feathers broad, tapering to the tip.

Comparative measurements.

CsiiU. Species.
No.

Locality.

Snt.

Iicngth.

Wing.

Tail. Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

lu claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

ilcmnrks.

Colorado desert....
do..'.

9

7.50
7.50
7.60
7.62
8.00

3.63
3.52
3.56
3.88
4.60

4.36 0.68
4.04 1 0.70
4.15 ■ 0.67
4.10 0.82
4.46 0.82

0.70
0.72
0.74
0.80
0.84

0.20

0.40

0.64
0.62
0.70
0.70

Dry

^74 . do ,

0.20 1 0.42
0.20 0.42
0.20 0.44

Dry

Dry

Myiodesiesobscurus

4451 , Myiodcsies tornisendii

*Oriz-iba

Ory

Des Cbutcs , Oregon

0.26

0.42

0.70

Dry

' Belonging to Mr. George N. Lawrence.

PTILOGONYS, Swain son.

Plihgonys, Swainsov, Catal. Mex. Museum, 1824.
Ptiliogonys, Swainsok, Pliilosopliical Mag. I, May, 1827, 368.
Ptiliogonattu, Swaikson, Zool. Jour. Ill, July, 1827, 164.

Ch. — Head with a full though short depressed occipital crest. Bill broad, much depressed ; sides nearly straight ; greatest
width equal to the length of culmen. Rictus with short bristles. Nostrils oval, margined by membrane, except below. Tarsus
ehorter than the middle toe, scutellate ; a few feathers on its upper extremity anteriorly ; outer toe a little longer than inner,
about equal to the hinder ; hind claw not half the total length of the hind too. Tail longer than the wings ; slightly forked,
but the lateral feather nearly .20 of an inch shorter than the next ; the feathers narrow linear. First primary about one fourth
the longest ; the second and third much graduated and acuminate ; the fourth longest and rounded.

I introduce the description of the genus Ftllocjonys here to show its relationship _to the United
States species, especially, too, as the P. cinerev^ the type, will most jirobably be found within
our own territories. -

CICIILOPSIS, Cabanls.

Cichlopsii, Cabakis, Mus. Hein. 1850- '51. Type C .kucogenys.

Ch. — Head with an occipital crest of long narrow feathers. Bill weak, depressed, decidedly narrower than the length of
culmen. Base of bill with short bristles. Tarsi scutellate, bare above ; shorter than the middle toe ; outer lateral toe rather the
longer ; equal to the hinder. Wings and tail rather long ; the former shortest ; the first quill half the length of the second, and
two fifths the fifth, or longest. Tail feathers broad, widening to the rounded tip ; the tail moderately graduated ; the middle
ones longest.

'Ptiloconts cinereus, Swainson.

" Ptilogonya cinereus, Swaikson, Catal. Mox. Mus. 1824,' App. page 4." — Bos. Consp. 1850, 335. — Cabanis, Mus.

Hein. 1851, .5.5.
Ptiliogonatus cinereus, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, July, 1827, 1C4.— 1b. Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 368.— Ib. Zool. 111. ; pi.

Ixiv. *

Plitiogonys cineretw, Swainson, Zool. 111. tab. Ixii.
" HypothymU chrysorrhaea, Licht." Te.mm. PI. Col. 452.

General color light plumbeous grey, becoming whitish on the forehead and chin. Sides of head light smoke brown, with a
white ring round the eye. Quills and tail greenish black, edged with plumbeous, the former margined internally with white ;
the tail feathers with a large white patch on tlio inner webs on the middle third. Sides of body and belly behind greenish
yellow, becoming clear yellow on the under tail Coverts. Bill and feet black. Length, 7. GO ; wing, 3.56 ; tail, 4.15. (No.
3966, Mexico.)

320

tJ. S. p. R E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

This genus has a much narrower and more depressed bill than Plilogonys. The feet are
similar, but with more curved claws, and with no feathers on the upper part of the tarsus. The
first quill is much larger ; indeed it can scarcely be called spurious ; the fourth, fifth, and sixth
are successively a little longer than the third ; the outer primaries not acuminate. The tail is
much broader, widening to the tip ; it is rounded, or graduated, instead of forked. The head has
a crest of narrow linear feathers, instead of a short, broad, and full one.

CICHLOPSIS NITENS, Baird.

Plilogonys nitcns, Swainson, Anim. in Menag. 2JCent. 1838, 285. — Bonap. Consp. 1850, 335 — Heermakn, J. A. N.

So. II, Jan. 1853, 263.— Cassin, Illust. I, 1854, 169 ; pi. xxix.
Lepturus galeatns, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1849, 4 .
" IJypothymijs ni/cns, Lafr. "

Sp. Ch. — Head witli an elongated occipital crest. E.tposed portion of spurious quill about half the length of the second,
which equals the secondaries ; sixth quill longest. Tail graduated. Male throughout ofa uniform lustrous black, glossed with
green. Inner webs of the primaries wliite, except at the base, tips, and margins. Female, ash color, paler beneath j the quills,
wing, and lower tail coverts and outer tail feathers edged with whitish ; rest of tail feathers blackish. Length of male, 7.75 ;
wing, 3.90 ; tail, 4.30.

Jiab. — Valley of Gila and southern Colorado to upper Rio Grande ; west to Fort Tejon ; east to Coahuila, Mexico.

There is some difference in the size of specimens, one from the Colorado desert being con-
siderably smaller than 3964 from Coahuila. The female has the crest rather less conspicuous
than the male.

List of spedmens.

Catal.
No.

8273
8281
8282
8279
8274
8275
4591
8280
4592
4561
8276
3964

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

9 !

Fort Tejon, Cal

Fort Yuma

Camp 120 N. Mexico
Camp 113 N. Mexico.! Feb.

Fort Yuma

Colorado desert ,

Nov. 25

Feb. 12, 1854
5, 1854

-do.

Gila river, N. M '.

Lob Nogales, Mex .

Gila river, N. M

Cook's well, Cal .

Mimbrcs to Kio Grande .
Coahuila, Mex '.

Whence obtained.

J. X. DeVesey..

Major Emory

Lt. Wmpple ...

do

Major Emory

Lt. Williamson.
do

Major Emory.
, do

-do.

-do.

Orig.

No.

27
96
69

27

22
21

Dr. Henry.
Lt. Couch .

Collected by —

A. Schott

Kenn. and Moll.
do

A. Schott

Dr. Ileermann .
, do

Length.

7.00

A. Schott

Dr. Kennerly .

A. Schott

do

Stretch
of wings.

11.00

Wing.

e.oo

MYIADESTES, Swainson.

Myiadesles, Swainson, Naturalist's Library. Flycatchers, 1838. Typo Muscicapa armiUatu, Vioill.

On. Head not crested. Bill rather narrower than tliu leiiglb of tbo cidmen ; much depressed j somewhat attenuated at

the end ; lateral outline ralhor concave. Tarsi without Iballiors above or Hcutollao ; shorter than the middle too. Hind toe
rather shorter than the outer lateral too, which barely readies the base of the middle claw. Tail and wings very long; the
former shorter, quite deeply foikcd, but the outer lateral leather abruplly graduated, and a little longer than the innermost j
the feathers all broad at the base, and tapering to the tip. Spurious primary nearly one-fourth the longest, (third ;) the second
a quarter of an Inch loss than the longest.

BIRDS— nOMBYCILLIDAE — MYIADESTES TOWSENDII. 321

This genus differs from Plllogonys in having the bill narrower and much more depressed ; the
culmea nearly straight to the decurved tip ; the nostrils smaller. Tlie tarsus is without
scutellae or feathers. The wings are much longer, more i)ointed, and much less graduated.
The tail well forked, and the lateral feathers is graduated ; all broader at the base, and
tapering towards the end.

I describe this genus from J/, toicnsendii, which belongs to it according to Cabanis, not
having a specimen of the type at hand. Its affinities are with Ptilugoni/s and CicJdopsis in many
respects. It differs in the tarsi witliout scales, the very short first, aud tlie long second primary,
&c. In many respects it has relationship with the 'furd'idae, but I am not sufficiently fauiiliar
•with exotic forms of the last mentioned family to come to any conclusion at present on the
subject.'

MYIADESTES TOWNSENDII, Cabanis.

TowDseud's Flycatcher.

PtUiogonya towfatndii, Ann. Orn. Biog. V, May, 1839, 206 ; pi. 419, f. 2.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 46.— Ib. Birds Amer. I,
1840,243; pi. 6'J.— Townsend, Narrative, 1839, 338.-Nuttall, Man. I, 2d cd. 1840,
361.— Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. I, 1843, 2G1.

Culicitora (oirnsendii, DeKav, N. Y. ZooI. M, 1844, 110.

Myiadeslcs luwnsendii, Cabanis, Wiegm. Arch. 1847, I, 208.

7 Jtlyiadeatea unicolor, Sclater, I'r. Zool. Soc. 1856, 299 ; 1857, 5. (Is very closely allied. Cordova, Mexico )

Sp. Cii. — Tail rallier deeply forked. Exposed portion of spurious quill less than one-third that of the second ; fourth quill
longest ; second a little longer llian the sixth. Head not crested. General color bluish ash, paler beneath ; under wing coverts
while. Quills with a brownish yellow bar at the base of both webs mostly concealed, but showing a little below the greater
coverts and alulae ; this succeeded by a bar of dusky, and next tu it another of brownish yellow across the outer webs of the
central quills only. Tertials tipped with white] Tail feathers dark brown ; the middle ones more like the back ; the lateral
with the outer web and tip, the second with the tip only, white. A white ring round the eye.

Length, 8 inches ; wing, 4.50 ; tail, 3.65. (8234.)

Hab. — United States from Rocky Mountains and Black Hills to the Pacific ; soulli to the borders of Mexico.

In the series of specimens before me I can find none marked male ; they all, however,
agree very well in color, and it is probable that there is but little difference in the sexes.

In some specimens there is a white bar across the ends of the greater wing coverts.

In an immature specimen (8899,) from the Black Hills, the tarsus is distinctly scutellate, but
the external scales appear thin and very deciduous. It is quite possible that this species forms
no exception to the rule of the family in respect to the possession of scutellate tarsi, but that the
scutellae peel off in time, leaving a continuous plate beneath.

This species is referred by Bonaparte, Cabanis, and other authors to the Myiadestes obscurus
of Lafresnaye. This is, however, a different bird, though closely allied, having a brownish olive
wash on the back and wings not seen in townsendii, and showing only very faintly the rusty
yellowish bases of the quills. The bill is broader and heavier, but the size, as shown in the
table of comparative measurements, is considerably smaller.

The M. unicolor of Sclater, (Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856, 299, Cordova, Mexico,) is more nearly allied,
but is smaller, and appears to lack the rusty yellowish bases of the quills.

'Since writing the preceding paragraph I have detected scutellae in a young .V. /oiciisciii/ii, which peeled off" at touch, leavmg
tlie tarsi smooth. This fac', therefore, ows the separation from the other genera to be not so great as was supposed.

41b

322

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AKD SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAl. REPORT,

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Wlien collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

8285

9

Ft. Steilacoom, W. T.
Colorado river ...

Dr. Suckley

8.75

12.87

4.50

2922

S. F. Baird

Lt. Willititusou _

J. K. Towneend-
Dr Newberrv

4451

California

8286

Lt. Whipple

. ---do ...

Kenn. and Moll.,
do

8.00
8.00

13.00
11.50

8287

90 niik-s west of Al-
buquerque

4.00

8283

Mimbres to Kio Grande

Larami e Peak

Fort Laramie

Blacli Hills

Dr Henrv

8900
8234
8899

Aug- 24

Oct. 5, 1857..
Sept. 15

Lt. Warren

Dr. J. G. Cooper.
Lt. Warren

216

Dr. Hayden

Dr. Hayden

9.50
8 00
8.00

14.00
13.25
13.75

5 00
4.50
4.25

HIRDS — LANIIDAE — COLLTRIO. 323

Family LANIIDAE.

liill strong and compres!!od, the tip abruptly hooked ; both miindihlcs dietinclly notched, the upper with a distinct tooth
Dchind, the lower with the point bent up. Tarsi longer than the middle too, strongly scutcllato Primaries ten ; first primary
halfthe second, or shorter, (occasionally wanting.)

Tlic typical species of this family are provided with a bill almost as formidahle as that of
the Qaptorcs themselves. There are many sub-families in various parts of tlie world, only two
of which, however, are found in the United States.

An exception to the usual rule in the Oscines is seen in the Laminae, where the lower part of
the sides of the tarsi behind is divided into scutellae. In C. horeaUs this same character extends
over the whole of the outer side of the tarsus, but not on the inner.

The sub-families of Laniidae belonging to the United States are as follows :
Laniinae. — Bill very powerful, much compressed, and abruptly hooked, with a very promi-
nent tooth behind the notch. Wings considerably rounded. Tail rather long and graduated.
Sides of the tarsi scutellate behind.

ViREOXiXAE. — Bill moderate, cylindrical, somewhat compressed. Wings long, the first
primary sometimes wanting. Tail short and nearly even. Sides of the tarsi behind not
scutellate.

COLLYRIO, Moehri

Collyrio, MoEHRiKG, Genera Avium, 1752, 28. Type Lanius excubilor, L.
Lanitta, of Actoors.

Feathers of forehead stiffened ; base of bill, including nostrils, covered by bristly feathers directed forward. Bill shorter than
the head, much compressed, and very powerful. Culmen decurved from base, the mandible abruptly bent down in a powerful
hook, what in acute lobe near the tip. Tip of lower mandible bent upwards in a hook ; the gonys very convex. Rictus with
long bristles. Legs stout ; the tarsi are rather short, longer than the middle toe; the lateral equal; the claws all very sharp
and much curved. Wings rounded; the first primary about half the second, which is equal to the si-xth or seventh. Tail
longer than the wings, much graduated, the feathrc sbroad.

As already stated, the posterior lateral sides of the tarsus inferiorly exhibit two or three
small plates, while in C. borealis these occupy the entire outer side, corresponding in number
and position with the anterior ones. The inner lateral plate, however, is undivided, except at
the lower end.

It is with great reluctance that I adopt another name instead of Lanius for the present genus ;
but a strict adherence to the law of priority renders this necessary. The genus ian/ws was first
used by Linnaeus in the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae, (1758,) with L. cristatus as the
type. The twelfth edition has as its type of Lanius the L. forjicatus, now Edolius forficatus.
According to the rules of synonymy, the name must be kept for the species with which it was
first used, which in this case was L. cristatus, a form which is not represented in North
America.

The name of Moehring is next in order and is based by him on the "Falconis species" of the
first edition, 1735, and the Ampelidis species" of the sixth edition of the Systema Naturae, 1748,
genus 78. This has for its type the Lanius excuhitor of subsequent editions, and includes also
the American species. To G. R. Gray is due the merit of first restoring for this, as well as
many other names of Moehring, the priority to which they are entitled.

324

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAX REPORT.

The following is a synopsis of the North American species :

Common characters. — Color above bluish ash. Beneath white ; scapulars whitish along the
wing. A black patch from the bill through and behind the eye. A white patch at the base
of the primaries, and on the tijis of the secondaries. All the tail feathers, except the median,
tipped with white, and with a basal patch of the same.

A. — Distinctly banded beneath. Black of eye stripe interrupted below the eye by a white
crescent. No black at the base of the bill above.

Above soiled light bluish ash. Upper tail coverts, forehead, and side of crown hoary.

C. borealis.

B. — Uniform white (or very obsoletely banded in the young) beneath. A continuous patch
through the eye from the bill. A narrow frontal line of black.

Above dark bluish slate. Forehead, sides of crown, and upper tail coverts nearly uniform

with the back C. ludovicianus.

Above light bluish ash. Forehead, sides of crown, and upper tail coverts, hoary white,
the latter sometimes glossed with ashy C. excubitoroides.

Comparative measurements of species.

Oaial.

No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle

toe.

[ts claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
tneasured.

907

Oollyrio borealis

do

do

CarlislCj Pa

9.20
9.83
9.80
10.75
8.50
8.20
8.80
8.80
8.64

14.50
14 50

12.00

4.30
4.50
4.58

4.88

1.02

0.83

U.30

0.60

1.10

Dry

do.

do

7196
do.

Slioalwater bay, W. T.
do

4.88

1.02

0.83

0.30

o..';8

1.02

Dry

3054

Oollyrio ludovicianus.
do

Liberty Co., Ga

3.72
3.76
3.75
3.9a
4.08

4.24
4.42

4. 86

4.58

1 04

l.OG

1.05
1.06

0.86
0.86

O.KS

0 ea

0.3U
0.26

0.28
0.30

0.62
0.62

0.63
0.63

0.92
0.92

0.92
0.92

Dry

Dry

3050

do

9

do.

do

10172
8720

Oollyrio excubitoroides
do

Marion Co., Illinois..

c?

Dry

Dry

COLLTRIO BOREALIS, Baird.

Great Northern Shrike ; Butcher Bird.

Lanius sepUnlrionalis, Bon. Syn. 1828, 72.— Bon. List, 18.18.— Ib. Rev. ot Mag. Zool. 1853, 294.- Niittali., Man.

I, 1832, 258.— Ib. I. 2d cd. 1840, 285. (Not of Ginclin.)
Laniun borealis, Vif.ii.i.ot, Ois. Am. Sep. I, 1807,90 ; pi. 1.— Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 111.— Acd. Syn. 18.39, 157.—

In. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 130 ; pi. 236.
ionius cxcubilor, Forster, Pliil.Trana. LXII, 1772, 382.— Wilson, I, 1808, 74 ; pi. v. f. 1.— Con. Obs. 1826 —Ann.
Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 534 ; pi. 192.

Sp. Cii. — Above light bUiisli ash, obscurely soiled with reddish brown. Forehead, sides of tho crown, scapulars, and upper tail
coverts hoary white. Jiuneath white, the breast with fine transverse lines. Wings and tail black ; tho former witli a white
patch at base of primaries and tips of small quills ; tho latter with tho lateral feathers tipped with white. Bill bluckish brown j
considerably lighter at the base. Black stripe from the bill through and behind the eye, but beneath the latter interrupted by a
whitish crescent. Female and young with the gray soiled with brownish. Length, 9.85 ; wings, 4.50 ; tail, 4.80 ; its gradua-
tion .90.

Ilab. — Northern regions from Atlantic to Pacific ; in winter south, thr<iugh must of the United States.

Upper parts of head and body pure clear bluish ash, soiled in the slightest possible manner ;
changing on the rump and scapulars to ashy white ; nearly pure white on the outer edge of the
latter, behind. Tips of upper coverts like the back. Forehead, and a stripe from the nostrils

BIRDS — LANIIDAE — COLLl-RIO LUDOVICIANDS.

325

over and a little behind the eye, pnrer whitish and more distinct behind. Spot in front of the
eye, narrow ring round it, (interrupted above by the superciliary band,) a narrow line from
the side of the mandible beneath the eye, and widening behind it so as to include the ear
coverts, the winirs and tail black. A whitish crescent immediately below the eye. Lesser
wing coverts like the buck. Tips of the tertiaries and secondaries, the outer webs of the longer
primaries at the base, as also the inner webs opposite the same point, and the terminal portion
of the four lateral tail feathers, white ; the entire outer web of the exterior also white, except
a narrow strip along the basal portion of the shaft ; the extent of the white tip decreasing from
about 1.50 inches on the exterior, to about .35 on the fourth. Under parts generally soiled
white ; the feathers on the breast and belly in each faintly marked with two or three narrow
crescentic bars of blackish, scarcely appreciable on the throat, and not at all on the abdomen
and nnder coverts.

Younger or more immaturely plumaged birds, and perhaps the females generally, have the
npper parts more or less soiled with a wash of rufous brown, the bands beneath more distinct,
and extending further forward to the bill ; this rufous sometimes tinges the sides, the rump,
the under parts, and the back of the head. A rufous tinge is very decided in nearly all the
specimens from the upper Missouri and westward, which are also apparently a little larger than
in those from Pennsylvania and New York. It is possible that the former may be a distinct
though closely allied species.

The Lanius septentrionalis oi Gmelin, (Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 306,) based on the Northern Shrike
of Latham, (Syn. I, i, 165,) from the northern parts of America, cannot, by any possibility,
be referred to the present species. The first distinctive name is that of Vieillot, who apparently
describes a female.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

t
When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

1 Length.

Stretch
ofwingfJ.

Wing.

Remarks.

907

""s"

CarlL^te, Pa

Nov. — ,1642
Jan. —,1841

S. F. Baird

. 9.10

14.50

4.50

540

Eastern United States

Ohio

do

7199

J. P. Kinland

4553

Fort Pierre, N.T

St. Mary's, R. mountains.
Port Vancouver, W. T. .
Sboalwater bay

Oct. 21,1855
Oct. 10,1853

Feb. -,

Nov. 18,1854

0. K. Warren

7195

Gov. Stevens

do

do

do

Dr. Suckley

Dr. Cooper

. 11.37

14.75

4.75

7197

7196

An

. 10.75

1-1.50

Iris brown

7198

do

1 ' "

COLLYRIO LUDOVICIANUS, Baird.

Loggerhead Shrike.

toniiu ludoticianvii, Lisx. Syst. Nat. I, 17C6, 134.— Ib. G.meli.v, 1, 1788, 298.— Bon. Syn. 1828, 72.— Ib. List,
1838.— Ib. Consp. Av. 1850, 363.— Ib. Rev. el Mag. Zool. V, 1853, 294.— Ndttall, Man.
1. 261.— AcD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 300 : V, 1839, 435 ; pi. 37.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 72.— Ib. Birds
Amer. IV, 1842, 135; pi. 237 — .'Brehm, Cabanis, Journ. II, 1854, 145. (Not of Latham,
whose bird lias a black crown.)

Laiiitts ort/osioctus, Vieillot, Ois. Am. I, 1807, 81; pi. li. — Bom. Obs. Wils. 1825, No 34.

Lanius carolinemis, Wiljon, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 57; pi. xxil, f. 5 — Light. Vorzeichniss, 1823, Xo. 505.

Louisiana shrike, Latham, Syn. 1, i, 162.

Sp. Ch. — Above dark pure bluish ash ; forehead, sides of crown, and upper tail rovcrts scarcely paler. Scapulars whitish.
Beneath plain whitish. Wings and tail black ; the former with a white patch at base of primaries and tips of lesser quills ;

326

U. S. p. R. R EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

the latter with the lateral feathers hroadly tipped with wliite ; but this color restricted at the base. A continuous black sirine
from the bill through and behind the eye. Length, 9.00 ; wing, 3.90 ; tail, 4.20.
Ilab. — South Atlantic and Gulf States.

No. 3054 is above rather dark slate blue, almost or quite inappreciably lighter on the rump,
the outer scapulars shading behind into whitish on their outer webs. Beneath clear white,
purest on the throat ; the sides of the body almost to the median line tinged with bluish ash,
much lighter than the back ; the feathers of the breast with the most obsoletely possible indi-
cations of narrow transverse bars. The wings and tail are black ; the primaries all white at
the base, forming a conspicuous patch ; the secondaries and tertials tipped with the same.
The outer four tail feathers tipped with white, (the first for an inch ;) this color extending
along the outer web, most so in the outer, where it occupies it almost entirely. The forehead is
inappreciably lighter than the crown, which, however, is bordered laterally from the bill to
above the eye with whitish. The side of the head, including the border of the upper jaw, the
lores, region round the eye, and the ear coverts behind it, black. Axillaries dark plumbeous.

There is some diiference in specimens as to the color of the scapulars. Occasionally these
are whiter than as described, forming a conspicuous band along the black of the wing, almost
from the bend. The upper tail coverts are sometimes of a slightly paler ash than the back,
but never whitish ; the difference always very slight. There is frequently no trace whatever
of bars on the breast. The axillaries, too, are sometimes for the most part white, sometimes
dark ash.

The female is of duller jilumage than the male. The young is lighter gray above than the
adult ; more or less tinged with brown ; all the feathers waved obscurely and finely with dusky.
The under parts are white, waved obscurely with dusky on the breast and sides.

The unhanded white color beneath, and the continuous black stripe through the eye, as well
as the smaller size, distinguish this species from the Northern Shrike, (C. borealis.)

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

3053

o

9

Georgia

Savannah, Ga

Liberty county, Ga.
,lo

i84(;

S. F. Baird

do

W. L. Jones

do

8.00

8.80

11.50
12.50

3.70

2420
2419

1845

1845

3.80

3050

1846

do

Jos. L. Lcconte

do

8.83

12.00

3.75

3054

is.ifi

do

BIRD3 — LANUDAE COLLYRIO EXCITBITOROIDES. 327

COLLYRIO EXCUIUTOROIDES, Baird.

AVbitc-rumpcd Shrike.
Lanius ueubitoroides, Swainsok, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 115.— GAMnr.i., Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1847, 200.

Sp. Cb. — Above ratlior liglit pure bluish asli. Foroliead, sides of crown, scapulars, and upper tail covorU, lioary wliitisli
Boncatli phiiu whitish. Win^ and tail black ; the former witli a wliito patch at base of primaries a«l tips of small quills ; tho
lutlor with tho lateral feathers tipped with white, and this extending broadly at the base. Bill tlirongliout pitch black. A
continuous black stripe from the bill throiigli and behind the eye. Lcngtii, 8.75 or 9 inches ; winij, 3.95 ; tail, 4.35.

Ilab. — .^li^souri plains and fur countries to Pacific coast. Kastward into Wisconsin, Illinois, and Michigan. (?)

Head and body above ashy blue, the forehead slightly hoary ; the lower part of rump and
upper tail coverts, with the outer scapulars, almost white. Beneath pure white without bands ;
the sides very slightly touched with ashy. Wings and tail black ; the primaries with a band of
■white at the base, showing externally as a patch in the wing ; the white extending obliquely a
little further on the inner than the outer web. The tertiaries and secondaries are paler on the
outer portion of the inner web towards the base, but not abruptly white. The secondar'es,
tertials, and inner primaries tipped with white. All the feathers of the tail, except the
innermost, are tipped with white, the amount diminishing from the exterior ; the outer feather
is, in fact, entirely white, except a patch an inch long on the inner web covered by the tail
coverts, and there is a white patch at the base of all the others, except tlie middle. A narrow
band on the forehead, including the feathers along the base of the bill, and passing backwards
over the lores, eyes, and auriculars, black, this color involving the upper eyelid. This is
bordered above by a hoary tinge in the gray of the crown.

The young differ chiefly in a strong tendency to waved, dark lines in the plumage of the
upper and under surfaces. There is also a decided indication of reddish brown in the ground
color. The female is smaller, and sometimes has the under mandible paler at the base.

This species is similar in appearance to C. ludovicianus, but differs in several jioiuts. The
ash of the upper parts is decidedly lighter, the rump generally almost white, instead of nearly
like the back. The white at the base of the tail feathers is much more extended, reaching
■within lialf an inch or less of the tips of the coverts. There is also a good deal of white on
the secondaries, visible from below, not seen in ludovicianus.

In a large series of specimens I find diflerences, which, however, I can scarcely consider as
specific. There is some variation in the ground color, but this is almost always lighter than
in C. ludovicianus. The hoary tinge on the forehead and alongside the crown is sometimes
entirely wanting ; and in the most strongly marked specimen (from Presidio) the under parts
are strongly tinged with ash. The amount of black on the outer tail feather is sometimes but
little more than in ludovicianus. Sometimes the black band across the base of the bill is
distinctly visible, at others it is wanting, leaving the hoary bluish of the head.

Tlie specimens before me from Wisconsin and Michigan are all immature and not well
characterized ; I am, however, inclined to refer them to C. excuhitoroides. An adult, No. 10172,
however, from south Illinois, is exceedingly like specimens from the plains, except that the
rump is not quite so whitish.

In the collection of the Philadelphia Academy is a shrike collected in California by Dr. Gambel,
■which exhibits some peculiarities. The ash color above is darker than in excuhitoroides, and there
is no hoary on the forehead and sides of the crown at all. The tail coverts are very nearly the
color of the back, not whitish. The black of the sides of the head extends further down, to a

328

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AifD SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

point as far from the eye as this is from the tip of the lower mandible. The under parts are
more bluish on the sides. There is a white patch on the inner web of the secondaries at the
base, which extends nearer the margin along the inner towards tlie tip, and is distinctly and
sharply visible from above. In excubiioroides this is seen on the under surface only ; in
ludovicianus not at all. The most striking difference is in the much larger bill, which measures
."75 of an inch in a straight line from base above to point, instead of .60. The nostril is .60 of
an inch from the tip, not .46. This bird has been referred to L. elegans of Swainson,' but
seems to differ in some appreciable points.

The Lanius mexicanus of Brehm, (Cabanis' Journal, II, March, 1854, 145,) though similar
to the excubiioroides, yet appears to differ specifically both from this and elegans. Lanius
nootha (Gmeliu, I, 309) has not been identified in later times. It evidently is not a true
shrike, however.

List of specimens.

Oatal .
No.

Locality.

10172?
1664 .

3762 !.
87M \.
7512 I
6904
8902
S3I3 .
4649 |,
8703 •
8901
8795 |.
8779
8247 .
8214 |.
8248
7001
5065

8718 :

8716 ;

5066

8717

4190

S715

5503

ssos I

8721
5947
5939
4910 ,

m9 '

4573
8720

Marion counly, 111.

Michigan

RacinCj WisconsiD.
do

Intiependunce, Mo.
Upper Missouri ....

do

Yellowstone

Wliite river

Kunuing Water ....

.do..

15 miles E. of Laramie.
Forks of Platle river. . .
Fort Laramie

.do..

.do..

North Forlc of Platte R.
Crossing of Pecos river.
San lilizario, Texas...

Kl Pano, Texas

Dona Ana, N. M

Mimbrcs to Rio Grande.
Charc'o Escondido,N. M.

Camp 130, N. M

Petaluma, Cal

do

Presidio, Cal

Hanta Clara, Cal

I.

.do.,

San Jos£>, Cal...,
Tulare valley ....

Fort Tejon

Gila river, N. M..
Fort Yuma, Cal . .

When col-
lected.

Wheneo obtained.

Aug. 19,

do.

Aug. 22,
May 8,
Aug, 16,
do.

IWU
1855
1857

Aug. 26,
Aug. 13,
Sept. -,
Sept. 9,
do.

1857
1857
1857
1857

Aug. 1,
July 7,
Dec. 15.

18.17
1855

Nov. 14, 1855

.Mar. — , 1853
Feb. 23, 1854
Mar. — , 1856
May — , 1850

K Kennicott ....
S. S. Haldeman..

Dr. Hoy

S. F. Baird

Wm. M. Magraw.
Lieut. Warren ■ . .

, do

do

Col. Vaughan....
Lt. G. K. Warren.

do

Wra. M. Magraw.

do

do

do

do

Lieuf Bryan ....

Capt. Pope

Maj. Emory

do

Oapt, Pope

Dr. IJcnry

Lieut. Couch ....
Lieut. Wliipplo ..

E. Samuels

do

Lt. Trowbridge. ..
Gov. Stevens....

do

A. J.Qrayson...,
Lt. Williamson...
J. X. de Vesey. .,
Maj. Emory. ...
do

Orig'l Collected by-
No,

168
150

372
105

159

Dr. Cooper . .
Dr. Uayden..

do

, do ,

do

do

do

Dr. Cooper ..

do

, do

do

do

W.S.Wood..

. IL Clark.
....do

Length

Stretch
ofwings.

8.50
8.25

9.00
9.00
9,25
8.50

9.25

10.00
9.50
12.25

8.50

Kenn & Mull

Dr. Cooper .
do

Dr. ileermann

. Scholt .
. .do....

12,50
12,25

13,50
12.50
12.60
12.00

12.25

11.00
11,00
9.00

11.00

Wing.

4.00
4.00

4.00
3.75
4.00
4.00

4.00
3.50
4.12

Remarks.

Iris brown

Iris light brown .

Iris dark gray.
do

Iris brown, bill bPk,feetgray

Eyes brown, gums light blue.

Bill, feet, and eyes black...

4.00 Eyes dark brown, feet lead..

' Lanids elegaks, Sw. — White-winged Slirike.

Loiiiuj c(ejanj, Sw. F. B. .'V. II, 1831, 122.— Nuttai.i., Man. I, 2d cd. 1840, 287.— Gamdel, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1, 1843,
2GI.— BoNAr. Rev. et Mug. Zool. V, 1853, 295.

Clear bluiali gray beneath unspotted while, with a frontlet of the same color with the head ; a broad white band across the
wing; a slender and very cuneiform tail, entirely bordered with wliite ; the second qiiill feather longer than the sixth, the
ourlh the longest ; and tarsi exceeding the length of the bill, (measured from Uie angle of the mouth.)

BIRDS — LANIIDAE — VIBEO, 329

Sub-Family VIREOMNAE.

The characters of the Fireoninae, as already given, will serve to distinguish them from the
otlior North American LanHdae. The bill, though slenderer and more cylindrical, has the
same abrupt and lengthened hook at the tip.

The association of Ideria with Vtreo, as made by most ornithologists, appears to me highly
unnatural, its place being more appropriately among the Sylvicolidae.

VIREO, A^ieill.

Ktreo, ViEiLL. Ois. Am. SepU I, 18U7, 83. Type Musckapa novcboracensis, Gm.
Cn.— Bill short, strong, straight ; the culmoii slightly curved ; the sides much compressed to the tip, which is rapidly cuived
and deflected ; the gonys long and ascending ; the gape with short woak bristles ; the nostrils basal, rouiiiitil, and cvposed, the
feathers of the head advancing forward on the bill to the nostril. Wings variable, rather long, and pointed; the first quill
sonielinies spurious, the larger outer one always graduated a little. Tail nearly oven, and rather short. Tarsi longer than the
middle toe. Outer toe a little longer than the inner ; hind toe rather shorter than the middle one.

I have found it very difficult to arrange the North American Vireos satisfactorily by dividing
into Vireo and Vireosylvia, according as there is a spurious first primary or none. This char-
acter, though strongly marked, combines species which otherwise appear quite dissimilar, and
separates some which seem very closely related. Thus Vireo gilvus and philadelphicus are in
some stages of plumage hardly to be distinguished, except by the spurious primary of the
former ; while the V. flavifrons, without this spurious primary, is in other essentials very near
novthoracensis and solitarius, which possess it.

In the difficulty of establishing any trenchant lines of distinction, I have concluded to con-
sider all the species as Vireo, and to divide them into the following sections :

Vireosylvia. — Bill long, rather slender, light horn color. Wings long ; no spurious pri-
mary. Body slender. Top of the head plumbeous, very different from the back, bordered by
a line of black.

V. olivaceus, fiavoviridis, altiloquus, virescens. Type V. oUvaceus.

Vireo. — Bill shorter, rather slender, light horn color, (except in atrieapillus.) Wings
shorter. First primary spurious, except in pJdladelphicus. Body slender. Top of the head
scarcely different from the back, (except in atrieapillus.)

V. philadelphicus, gilvus, belli, atrieapillus. Type V. gilvus.

Laxivhieo. — Bill rather stout and short, dark plumbeous in color. Wings moderate. Body
stout. First primary spurious, except m flavifrons.

V. noveboracensis, huttonii, solitarius, cassini, flavifrons. Type V. flavifrons.

The following synopsis, though its arrangement is not perfectly natural, may yet aid in a
ready identification of the species :

A. NO SPURIOUS QUILL.

Crown ash colored, very different from the neck, bordered on each side by a dusky line within
a white superciliary one. No black line on the side of the throat, except in altiloquus.

Nearly pure white beneath ; the under tail coverts with the faintest tinge of sulphur.

First and fourth quills nearly equal ^- olivaeeus.

Sides greenish yellow; under tail coverts bright gamboge yellow. First quill longer

than the fifth and sixth V.flavoviridis.

42 b

330 U. S p. E. R. EXP, AND SDKVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Somewhat like olivacetis. A short black line on each side the chin V. altiloquus.

Sides yellowish green ; under tail coverls greenish yellow. First and sixth quills nearly

equal, the former much shorter than the fifth V. vircscens.

Head scarcely, or not at all, different from the hack. No dusky line on the sides of the
crown.

Ahove dull olive, tinged with ash on the head. Beneath yellowish white. A white

superciliary line V. pMladdpMcus.

Brightolive green ahove; throat and breast yellow ; belly white; rump ashy... F'.yZafa/'/'ows.

B. FIRST QUILL SPURIOUS ; EXPOSED PORTION ABOUT ONE-FOURTH OF THE SECOND.

Bill stout ; color above olive ; beneath white. A ring round the eye, extending to the bill,
two bands on the wing, and edges of inner secondaries white. Outer tail feathers margined
with white all round ; first primary one-fourth the second.

Top and sides of head sharply defined ash gray ; beneath pure white, abruptly tinged

with greenish yellow on the sides and on the under tail coverts V. solifarius.

Top and sides of head faintly defined brownish olive ; beneath tinged with pale fulvous.

Sides obscurely tinged with yellowish green V. cassinii.

Bill slender. No white on the wings.

Above dull olive, tinged with ashy on the crown. Sides brownish white V. gilvus.

C. FIRST QUILL SPURIOUS ; EXPOSED PORTION ABOUT TWO-FIFTHS OF THE SECOND.

Back olive. Beneath white, tinged with yellow on the sides.

Top of head ashy olive, little difierent from the back V. lelli.

Top of head pure black V. alricapillus.

D. FIRST QUILL SPURIOUS ; EXPOSED PORTION ABOUT ONE-HALF OF THE SECOND.

Above olivaceous. Two white bands on the wings.

Forehead with sides of the head and breast strongly tinged with yellow... V. novehoracensis.
No decided yellow on the head or sides of body V. liuttonii.

BIRDS — LANiroAE — VIREO OT.IVACEUS.

831

Comparative measurements of the species.

CduI.
No.

SiHH-Klt.

Lm-alily.

S.I.

U'nulll.

Sirelch
ofnIngB.

Wing.

Tall.

Tanus.

Middle
too.

ll«claw
alone.

Dill
above.

Along
«ni>8.

Spccinien
measured.

1418

Carlisle, Pa

<?

5.52
0.33

8.as

6 00
5.90
5.75
S.SO
S.SO
4.70
S.04
5.33
4.80
5.33
4.64
5.25
4.30
4.26
4.87
4.30
5.00
4.12
4.75
4.70
4.78
4.82
5.00
5.41
5.30
5.41
4.(0
5.83
4.83
5.33

10.25
9 75
9 75

8.91
8.83
6 08

3.28
3.33
3.04
9.16
3.12
3.25
2.70
3.20
a.S6
a.76
2.83
2.72
2.83
2.71
0 oj;

2.46

0.73

0.66

0.13

0.54

0.80

Dry

Preth

do..

do

do

do

do

1410

do..

do

lo

9

9.28

0.68

O.SO

0.18

0 46

0.70

Dry

Fresh ....

3!i;6

.Moiuercy, Mexico...
do

^

2.66

0.70

0.56

0.16

0.58

0.78

Dry

do..

do

Presb

8050

2.40
2 50
1.93
2.28

0.70
0.70
0.66
0.70

0.50
0.02
0.57
0.58

0.16
0.20
0.17
0.16

0.50
0.60
0.38
0.46

0.72
0.87
0.64
0.08

Dry

4333

988

Vireo phjladclpliicus

Dane eounty, Wid. . . .

..„..

c?

9

Dry

Dry

do

do ...

do

do

do. Tar. ttrainsoni.

An

do

do

do

Frrsh

1017
do..

2.22

0.64

0.53

0.16

0.40

0.60

Dry

Fresh

5531
do

Pcialuma, Cal

do

c?

2.40

0.68

0.54

0.16

0.40

0 60

Dry

Fre.sh

IW6 Virpo belli.. .

a. 18

1.90
1.94

0.74
0.73

0.52
0.54

0.16
0.18

0.30
0.40

0.55
0.58

8197 do

do An

Nemaha, K. T

<?

6.87
7.25
7.25

9.00
9.00
9.75
9.50

2.16
2.37
2.20
2.50
2.16
3.12
2.40
2.74
2.44
2.84
2.41
2.90

Dry

8187
do..

do

Shawnee Mission,K.T.
do

<?

2.00

0.73

0.56

0.16

0.42

0.58

Dry

Fresh

6818

Vireo alricapillus

do

Vireo hiittoni

1.92

0.75

0.56

0 17

0.44

0.55

Dry

do..

do

Fresh

3725

2.16
2.28
3.18
2.30

0.74
0.74
0.74
0.71

0.52
0.63
0.52
0.63

0.16
0.20
0.16
0.18

0.40
0.47
0.47
0.43

0.54
0.58
0.57
0.59

Drj-

laaa

Fort Tcjon, Cal

Union county. 111....

Dry

10193
939

Vireo DOVeboraccDSis

TireasoliuriU9

do

do

do

Vireo flavifrons

do

do

do

Dry

Dry

do

do

do

Fresh

■vm

330

0.69

0.63

0.18

0.44

0.69

do..

2591
do

do

do

do

do

<?

3.00
3.16
3.08
3.16

2.00

0.73

0.63

0.16

0.50

0.66

Dry

Fresh

2217
do

2.36

0.72

0.64

0.18

0.48

0.60

Dry

Fresh

VIEEO OLIVACEUS, Vieill.

Red-eyed Flycatcher.

J\Iuscicapa olivacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17GG, 327.— G.m. I, 1786, 938.— Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 55 ; pi. xii, f. 3.

Laniits otivaceus , Licht. Verzeich. 1823, 49, No. 525.

Vireo olhttceiu, "Vieillot," Bon. ObR. Wilson, 182G No. 124.— Sw. F. 13. A. II, 1831, 233.— Ndttall, Man. I,

1832, 312.— Ahd. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 287 : V, 430 ; pi. 150.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 162.— In. Birds Amer.

IV, 1842, 155 ; pi. 243.
Vireosylvia olivacea, Bon. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838. — Ib. Consp. 1650, 329. — Reiniiardt, Vid. Med. f. 1853,

1854, 82.
Phyllomanes olivaceus, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1850- '51, C3.
Red-eye Jlycatcher, Pennant, Catesbt, Latham.

Sr. Cu. — Second and third quills about equal, and longest ; first a little shorter than the fourth, but considerably longer than
the fifth. Back, ruinp, and edges of wing and tail feathers, bright olivaceous green. Side of head and neck paler. Crown
dark ash, sharply defined. A well defined whitish line from tlie bill over the eye, nearly to the occiput ; a dark line separating
it above from the ashy crown. A dusky line through the eye. Beneatli white ; under tail coverts pale sulphur yellow. Length,
about G.50 inches ; wing, 3.50. Iris red.

i/oi.— Eastern United States to the Missouri ; in Te.\a9 to Devil's river ; south to Guatemala. Greenland, (Keinliardt.)

This is among the largest of the North American Vireos, and is of very plain colors. The hill
is long and nearly straight to the abruptly curved tip. There is no spurious primary ; the second

332

U. S. p. R, E EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

quill is longest ; the third, fourth, and first, successively, shorter. The tail is slightly emar-
ginate ; the lateral feathers very little shorter. The ash color of the crown does not extend
heyond the occiput. The sides of the head and neck are lighter olivaceous than the back. The
space around the lower eyelid is very little paler. The sides of the body are light olivaceous
green ; the under wing coverts and axillaries sulphur yellow. There are no whitish edgings
wliatever on the wings and tail ; externally they are margined with the green of the back ; the
inner margins of the tail feathers similar, but lighter. There is no indication of a line of black
feathers on each side of the chin.

Specimens from Texas are smaller, but otherwise similar. The female is smaller than the
male.

Tliere is a slight difference in the colors of the under tail coverts. These, sometimes, are
almost entirely white, at other times with decided tinge of greenish yellow, as in 75*70. In
no North American specimens before me, however, are there any of the characters of Vireo
hartramii, as given by Swainson. The proportions of the quills vary somewhat ; the first quill
sometimes equal to and sometimes a little shorter than the fourth, but it is always decidedly
longer than the fifth. The second and third quills are generally nearly equal ; the former is

sometimes the longer.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1418

9

Carlisle, Pa . _

May 1, 1844
May 3, 1844

S. F. Baird

6.33
6.50
6.00

10.25

10.50

9.75

3.33

1435

do

do

do

3.50

1440
4325

2.17

6847

! J. p. Kirtland ..

5650

T.t. P.rvan _ _ _ _

W. S. Wood

7510

74
lOfi

Dr. Cooper

fi. 25

5.90

9.90
9. CO

3.50

7511
6814

do

Western Texas

Capt. Pope......

3.00

6815

do

do

6813

c?

Devil's river, Texas..

Col. J. D. Graham
J. Gould-

16

J. H. Clark

6.00

9.50

2.75

8049

VIREO FLAVOVIRIDIS, Cassin.

rireosylviaJlavoviHdis, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Feb. 1851, 153. — Ib. VI ; pi. ii. (Panama.)

St. Cii. — Second and third quills decidedly longest — equal ; first about iiitonneclialo bi'twecn fuiirth and fifth, lint considerably
longer than the lultcr. Above very light yellowish green. The sides of the body grccnisli yellow, in strong contrast to the
almost pure white of the under parts. The under tail and wing coverts and axillaries bright sulphur yellow. Crown ash color,
bordercil on cither side by a brown line, below which is a bluish gray line from the bill over the eye to the side of the occiput ;
a dusky line from the bill through and behind the eye. Length, 0 inches ; wing, 3.25.

//aft. — Northeastern Mexico to Panama.

This species is of the same size with and somewhat similar to V. oUvaceus, but may be readily
distinguished by the much brighter and more sulpliur green colors of the upper parts ; tlie

BIRDS — LANIIDAK — VIREO VIRESCENS.

333

strongly marked greenish yellow of the sides in strong contrast to the white, which, on tlie
breast, is only half an inch wide ; the bright sulphur yellow of the under wing instead of very
pale sulphury white ; the color of the tail coverts is also characteristic. Tlie whiti.sh line over
the eye has a much grayer cast.

Tho resemblance to V. virescens is closer than to oUvaceus ; it is, however, considerably
larger ; the dark and light lines over the eye less sharply defined. The shade of green above
is much the same in both. The under part.s, from bill to vent, are purer white and more strongly
marked against the greenish yellow not yellow green sides. The under wing and tail coverts
are bright suljdmr yellow, without any tinge of green. Tlie (juills are very different.

As in J', olivaceus, virescens, philadelphicus, and Jlavifrons, this species has no spurious
primary.

The specimens are marked as having the iris yellow ; the bill lead color.

List of specimens.

Catul.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Bemarks.

3776
3977

6

Monterey, Mex

do

Lieut. Couch

do

5.75
6.00

9.75
9.25

3.25
3.25

Eyes yellow, bill and feet lead.
Bill slate, feet lead

VIREO VIRESCENS, Vieillot.

nartram's Vireo.

.' Vireo rirucens, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 84 ; pi. liii.
■■Sylna chivi, Vieill. " Encyclop. 437"— Nouv. Diet. XI, 1817, 174.
? Phyll iianejfAiri, Cabasis, Mus. Hein. 1850- '51, C3.
ion! s ogilis. Light. Doubl. 1823, No. 526.
T amnophilus agilis, Spix, Av. Bras. II, tab. x.xxir, f. 1.
I'iiyllomanes ogilis, Bdrm. Th. Bras. Vogel, 11, 1856, 108.

rtreo bartramii, Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831 , 235— fr Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 296 ; pi. 434, f. 4.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 161.—
Ib Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 153 ; pi. 242 — Ndttall, Man. Orn. I, (2d ed ) 1840, 358.

Sp. Ch. — Second, third, and fourth quills about equal ; first intermediate between fifth and sixth decidedly shorter than the
former. Smaller than V. oUtiaceus. Above bright olive green. Crown ash. A greenish white hne from the bill over the eye
to the side of the occiput, bordered by a dark brown lino above. A dusky line from the bill through and behind the eye. Under
parts whitish ; the sides strongly yellowish green ; the under tail coverts greenish yellow. Lengtii, 5.25 ; win", 2.75.

llab — Central and eastern South America ; Atlantic United Slates.'

The specimen before me comes from Brazil, and may, possibly, not be the true V. hartramius,
although resembling it very closely. The bill is gently curved from the base, not so straight in
its uppei outline as in olivaceus. The second and third quills are longest; the fourth scarcely
shorter ; the first considerably shorter than the fifth. There is no spurious primary.

This species is smaller than V. oUvaceus, but very similar. The colors are much brighter
green, however. The ash of the nape has a browner tinge. The light line over the eye is
narrower, and more greenish white than white ; the dark line above it more distinctly marked.
The white of the under parts is more restricted, and the strongly marked yellow olive of the
sides is scarcely seen in V. olivaceus. The under coverts and inner edges of the tail feathers are
much deeper greenish yellow. The sides of the neck and outer margins of the wings and tail
are purer olive greenish.

334

U. S, p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The upper outlines of the till is considerably more curved. The first primary is a good deal
shorter. The tail feathers are more acuminate, the inner webs slightly concave at the ends.

The differences most strongly insisted on by Swainson are in the wings, which here are shorter
and more rounded ; the first quill considerably shorter instead of decidedly longer than the
fifth.

Specimens labelled Phyllomanes chivi, (Lanius agilis, Licbt.) by Cabanis, and received from
him, appear precisely the same in every respect.

This species, if found in the United States, is certainly very rare. I have never seen a speci-
men, nor do I know of any preserved in any cabinet. It is not impossible, but, on the contrary,
very likely, that the "young bird" mentioned by Swainson as found on the banks of the
Columbia may have been the V. gilvus which occurs there, and which was otherwise unknown
to the author. The description is made from his Brazilian specimen.

It is quite difficult to say which is the proper name of the present species, before ascertaining
whether more than one species be contained iu the synonymy quoted above. The descriptions
of neither V. virescens nor cliivi contain any positive specific indications, while agilis seems
unquestionably the same with the barlramius, of Swainson, from Brazil, and in any event will
have priority over it.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

2034

Brazil

Jas. Taylor ........

10174

Southern Brazil

Babia

10173

do

8050

Guatemala. . ............

J. Gould . .

VIKEO ALTILOQUUS, Gray.

Whip Tom Kelly.

Muscicapa altiloqua, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 67; pi. xxxviii.

Vtreo allilmimis. Gray, Genera. — Gambel. Pr. A. N. So. IV, 1848, 127. (Florida.)

Vireosyhia uUitoqua, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 330.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. V, Feb. 1851, 152.— Ib. 111. N. Am. RinlH, I,

1853, Sand 221, pi. xxxvii.
Vireo longiroslHs, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 237.— Ndttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840,359.
.' Phyllomanes myslaciilh, Cabanis, Ornith. Not. in Wiefrmann's Arcbiv, 1847, i, 348.
} Vireoiylvia oliracea, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 194.
? Vireosyhia J'renuttt, Uiibub, Bull. Acad. Bolg. XXII, i, 1855, 150.

Sp. Ch. — Very similar to V. oUvhccus, liut with a sliort diisliy maxillary lino. Bill longer.
Hub. — The coast of Southern Florida and tlie West Indies.

This species is very similar to the V. olivaceus in the olivaceous upper parts, and ashy crown
bordered on each side by a darker shade along the whitish superciliary stripe ; the plumbeous
stripe from the bill through and behind the eye ; the under parts white, with a faint tinge only
of yellow on the under tail coverts, and a stronger tinge of olivaceous on the sides. There is,
however, in addition to this, a narrow line of dusky ash or plumbeous, continuous with the
under side of the rami of the lower jaw, and extending Imck as far as the somewhat similar
stripe through the eye does. The tail is nearly even ; the second quill appears to be tho

BIRDS — LANIIDAE — VIKEO GILVIIS.

335

longest The bill is decidedly longer and stouter than that of V. oUvaceus, measuring above
about .Gl of an inch instead of .54. It is also narrow towards the end. The size, however, is
considerably less, the wings being a quarter of an inch shorter. The ash of the crown is not
80 well defined.

The Phijllomanes barhatulus of Cabanis, from Cuba, (Journal fur Ornithologie, 1855, 467,) is
very closely allied to the present bird.

VIREO PlIILADELPHICUS, Cassin.

UieosyUia philaJelphiea, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Pliila. V, Feb. 1851, 153.— lu. VI ; pi. i, f. 1, Pliilailtlpliia.

Sp. Cii. — Without any spurious primary. Second and third quills longest; fourth a little shorter; first about .20 of an
inch shorter than second, and about equal to the fifth. Above dark olivo green, slightly inclining to ashy on the crown ;
beneath pale sulphur yellow, briglilcit on the throat and breasl. A white line from the bill over the eye, and an obscure white
spot below it. A dusky line from the commissure through and behind the eye. Length about 5 inches; wing, 3.75; tail,
2.10 ; tarsus, .65 .

Hob. — Pennsylvania to Wisconsin.

This rare species resembles very closely in size and general appearance the V. gilvus,
especially those with a decidedly yellow tinge beneath. It will be, however, at once distin-
guished by the absence of the spurious primary. The under parts are very strongly sulphur
yellow instead of almost white ; the upper are darker and purer green ; the markings about
the head are better defined. The bill is smaller.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

4364

Cleveland, Ohio

Dr. Kirtland

4333

Dane county, Wis

do

do

1854

T M. Brewer

4334

1854 .

do

6842

do

6841

<?

do

Th. Thumlien

VIREO GILVUS, Bonap.

Warbliug Flycatcher.

■Muscicapa gilva, Vieillot, Ois. I, 1807, 65 ; pi. xxxiv.

Vireo gihus, BosAr. Obs. Wilson, 18-.25, No. 123.— Ndtt. I, 1832, 309.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 114; V.

1839, 433 ; pi. 118.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 149; pi. 241.
Muscicapamtlodia, Wilson, Am. Om. V, 1812, 85; pi. 42, fig. 2.

Sp. On. — Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal ; second and sixth usually about equal, and about .25 of an inch shorter
than third ; the exposed portion of spurious quill about one-fuurth the third. Above greenish olive; the head and hind nock
ashy, the back slightly tinged with the same. Lores dusky; a white streak from the base of tho upper mandible above and a
little behind the eye ; beneath the eye whitish. Sides of the head pale yellowish brown. Beneath white, tinged with very pale
yellow on the breast and sides. No light margins whatever on the outer webs of the wings or tail. Length about 5} inches ;
wings nearly 3. Spurious primary one-fourth the length of second.

Hab. — Atlantic to Pacific coast of the United States.

In this species the bill is slender ; nearly straight to the tip, which is suddenly deflexed.
The spurious primary is very short and slender ; its exposed portion about one-fourth that of

336

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

the second quill. The third quill is longest ; the fourth and fifth successively a little shorter ;
the second a little longer than the sixth, about .25 of an inch shorter than the third, much
longer than the secondaries. The tail is slightly emarginate and rounded.

The contrast between the ashy of the head and the ashy olive is very little marked, the colors
not separated by any well defined line. The white stripe on the side of the head is not well
defined ; anteriorly it has a yellowish tinge ; the dusky of the lore is not very decided. The
dusky of the lore is continued through, and a little behind the eye. The sides of the neck
along the throat have rather more yellowish in their brown. There is a brownish tinge in the
yellowish on the side of the body. The under tail coverts are faintly tinged with yellowish.

Specimens vary a little in the amount of yellow beneath, which, however, very seldom be-
comes conspicuous ; it is usually brightest on the abdomen.

This species is readily distinguished from all the other American Vireos with spurious first
primary, by the plain colors and absence of pale margins to the outer webs of the quills.
Some Vireosylvas have no more white in the wings, but these lack the spurious primary.

While all the specimens of Vireo gilvus from the Eastern States have the proportions of the
quills nearly as described, all from the Pacific coast (five) agree in having the wings more
rounded, the third and fourth about equal, the fifth a little shorter, the second about equal to,
or only a little longer than the seventh, .15 of an inch shorter than the sixth, and .30
shorter than the third. The bill is smaller, more depressed, and darker above. It is probably
to a specimen of this bird that Swainson alludes in his article on Vireo hartramii, as having
been taken on the Columbia river by Douglass, but immature and injured by insects. The
proportions of the quill are the same, if the spurious quill be taken into the account, which
would advance his numbers by one throughout, (second and seventh about equal instead of first .
and sixth, &c.) The description, however, is really based on the Brazilian specimen referred
to, which is entirely distinct.

Should the western specimens really prove distinct, they may appropriately bear the name of
Vireo swainsonii.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex. 1 Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1017
988

\(m

1016

1237

10115

4739

9
S
<?
<?

""s"

$
Q

May 21,1843
May 19,1&-13
May 21,1843
M:ty 24,1843
May -,1843

S. F. riaird

5.33
5.33
5.67
5.43

8.83
8.92
9.25
9.17

2.83
2.88
2.92
2.63

do .

. do

do

do

Philadelphia, Pa

tlo

... do

J. 0. McGuire

May 9,1857
June 15,ia-j6

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Haydeii

5
4.75

9

8

3
2.50

Fris dark brown....

5305
6825
6826
S91S
6834
5531

do

Eyes black

Miuibrem to Kio Qrande.

Dr. Siickloy

do

do

Dr. Cooper

5. 00

8.50

do

96
747

'

E. Bamuela

5.25

6.08

3.35

Bl RDS — LANIIDAK — VIREO ATRICAPILLUS.

337

VIREO \WAAA, Aiul.

Uoll'.s Viruo.
I'irfo billi, AcD. Birds Aincr. (8vo.) VII, 1844, 333 ; pi. 485, (Missouri.)— Cassis, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Feb. 1851, 150.

Sp. Cii.- Similar to V. ^ilrut, but «miillor. Olive greon above, tin^d with ashy on llic lop and sides of lieiid. A aliort lino
from tlic bill over tlicryt, and rrpion around lower i-yolid while ; lores dusky. Bcnoalli yellowieli white ; on ihe sides of Imdy and
posteriirly, sulphur yellow. Two faint bars of whilisli across Iho wing covcrls ; inner lertiaries edged broadly v.ith whiiisli.
Third quill longest ; the rest successively shorter, except the second, which is a little shoiter lliuii the spvcnlh. Spurious
primary about two-fiflhs the second, and more than one-third of the third. Length about 4.25 inches; wing, 2.25.

Hub. — .Missouri river and eastern Texas.

In this diniimitive species the bill is shaped much as in F. gilvus. The spurious primary is
large, its exposed portion about two-filths that of the second primary. The third primary is
longest ; then the foiirtli, fiftli, and sixth ; the second is a little longer than the seventh, and
about .24 of an inch shorter than the third. The tail is slightly emarginate and rounded ; the
feathers are quite narrow.

The sulphur yellow is strongest about the tibia and on the under tail coverts. The whitish
bands are along the edges of the greater and middle coverts. The outer web of the first tail
feather is, however, not lighter than the rest.

Specimens vary somewhat, the more southern ones being rather smaller. Sometimes there is
a faint tinge of brown on the b.east, and of lilac in the white of the belly. There is a tinge
of yellow on almost all the under parts. The third quill is sometimes a little shorter than the
fourth. This species is a miniature of V. gilvus, but may be readily di.stinguished by its smaller
size, by the much larger spurious primary, the exposed portion of which is two-fifths of that of
the second quill, instead of one-iourth. The sides of the belly and under tail coverts are
bright, though pale, sulphur yellow, instead of faint sulpliury white. The white bands on the
wing and that on the tertiaries are absolutely wanting in F. gilvus. The external edging to the
quills aad tail feathers is of a brighter olive green.

List of specimens.

Catal.'
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

R

smaiks.

6316

9

3

Wcstrm Texas

Capt. Pope

6817

do

■

Col J.D.Graham.

J.H.Clark...

4.50

7.

2.

4979

Port t:hadbourne,Tex.
Nemaha river, K. T..

do ...

July 16, 1B37

do

July 4. IB57
1BI3

8197
6196

W. .M. Magraw...
do

133

132
123

Dr. Cooper. . .

dn

do

J. J. Audubon

4.90

5.00
5.00

6.90

7.50
7.110

2.38

250
2.38

Iris brown ;
blue.

bill brown

feet

8187

Shawnee MtF^ion. K.T.
Fori Union, Nebraska.

1936

3. P. Baird

VIREO ATRICAPILLUS, Woodh.

Black-headed Flycatcher.

Kirto alricapiKiM, Woodhouse, Pr. A. N. Sc. VI, Ap. 1852, 60, San Pedro, Tex. — Ib. Silgreave's Report on Zuili,
1833, 75 ; pi. i, Birds.— Cassin, III. I, No. 5, 1854, 153 ; pi. xxiv.

Sp. Ch. — Fourth and fifth quills longest ; second little longer than secondaries. Head and neck above and on the sides black.
Back olive green, lighter towards the tail. Beneath while, the sides of body greenish yellow. A white ring round the eye
interrupted by the black of the head above, and extending in a broad lino to the base of the upper mandible. Two bands of
greenish white across the wing coverts. Bill black. Length, 4.75 ; wing, 2.12.

Hah. — Devil's river, Texas.

-tsb

338

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

In this species the spurious quill is ahout half as long as the longest primary, hoth measured
from the carpal joint. The fourth and fifth quills are longest ; the third and sixth but little
shorter ; the second but little longer than the secondaries, and about .26 of an inch shorter than
the third quill.

The bill is slender for a Vireo, broad at base, and considerably depressed. The tail feathers
are narrow, rounded at the end ; the tail very slightly rounded. The quills and tail feathers are
edged externally like the back. The bill appears black, the feet lead color. In its black head
this difiers so decidedly from any other North American species as to render any comparisons
unnecessary.

The only specimens of this species hitherto collected were taken at the same time on the San
Pedro or Devil's river, of Texas, by J. H. Clark and Dr. S. W. Woodhouse.

List of specimens.

Catal. Sex Locality.
No. i

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
i)f wings.

Wing.

6818 1 c? Sau Pedro river, Texas .

Col. J. D. Graham

21

J. H. Claris

4.75

7.25

2. 12

VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS, Bonap.

White-eyed Vireo.

JHuscicapa novcboracensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 947.

Vireo novcboracensis, Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 122.— Ann. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 328: V, 431, 433 ; pi. 63— Ib.
Birds Am. IV, 1843, 146; pi. 240.— Ndtt. Man. I, 1832, 306.— Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 192.
Vireo musicus, Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 83 ; pi. 52.
Muscicapa cantalrix, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 266 ; pi. 18.
Green jlijcatcher. Pennant, Arc. Zool. II, 389, 274.

Sp. Ci(. — Spurious primary about liali" the second, whicli is about equal to the eighth quill. Entire upper parts bright
olivaceous green ; space around the eyes and extending to the bill greenish yellowr, interrupted by a dusKy spot from the anterior
canthus to the base of the gape. Beneath white ; the sides of the breast and body well defined, almost gamboge, yellow. Edges
of greater and middle wing coverts (forming two bands) and of inner tcrtiaries greenish yellow white. Iris white. Length, 5
inches ; wing, 2.50.

Ilab. — Eastern United Slates to the Missouri and throughout Texas.

The bill is short, thick, and curved, shaped like that of V. solitarius. The spurious first
primary is large and linear ; its exposed portion is half that of the second quill, and about
two-thirds the length of the same quill, both measured from the carpal joint. The fourth quill
is longest ; the fifth and third successively a little shorter ; the second is about .35 of an inch
shorter than the third. The tail is slightly emarginato and rounded.

On the front of the head the olivaceous lightens into a yellowish tinge. The sides of the

neck are olivaceous, tinged with ashy, which also occasionally glosses the olivaceous of the back.

The yellow on the sides of the breast sometimes exhibits a tendency to meet in the middle. The

,tips of some feathers on the sides are olive green. Tiie under wing coverts and axillaries are

sulphur yellow. The bill is black, the cutting edges abruptly horn white.

One specimen (3972) from Brownsville, Texas, is marked as having the iris black instead
of white.

BIRDS — LANIIDAE — VIREO HUTTONI.

339

List of specimens.

Cnlil. Sex.
No.

4911 ....

I0I93 .-f

3»7-.'

683; S

6836 ;

Locality.

When col-
ll'Clfll.

Wuliinniuii, n. O May 36,1813

do June 13,1843

Clir^lcr county, Pa

I'nion cnuns. Ill April 3l,llU7

Brownsville, Tex

VVcKlern TeXAi*

Utinbrc* to Rio Grande

Where obmincd.

8. I'. Daird

do

do

N. W. Univereity.

Lt. Couch

Col. Graham

Ur Henry

Orig'l \ Collected by— Length
No.

Stretch

ofwlllg:!.

Wni. M. Daird. S.OO
do s.ia

I

...| R. Kennicott ..

...< 4.50

7 I J. U. Olnrk .... 5.00

8.00
9.75

6.50
7.50

Wing.

3.50
2.50

3.13
2.95

RemarlM.

Eyes black ; bill dark vlaic...

VIREO HUTTONI, Gas sin.

Uiittoii's Flycatcher*
Hreo hutlotu. Cassis, Pr. A. N. So. Phila. V, Feb. 1851, 150.— lu. VI, pi. i, f. 1.

Sp. Cii. — Fourth, fiflli, and sixth quills about equal and longest ; third and seventh equal, and .10 of an inch shorter ; second
quill not longer than secondaries; spurious primary largo, broad, about half the second. Above olive green, becoming
considerably darker towards the bill and on sides of head. Beneath dirty greenish white, tinged with greenish yellow
posteriorly. A paler ring round the eye. Two broad bands across the wing coverts and edges of inner tertiarics, with greater
portion of outer web of the outer tail feather greenish or oliraceous white. Length about 4.73 inches ; wing, 2.33.

Bab. — South California, across by valley of Gila, to northeastern Mexico.

The yellowish riug round the eye is very narrow. The space between the upper edge of the
eye and the bill is yellowish, but not well defined. The rest of the sides of head and neck are
dark olivaceous, like the back. There is no white whatever in the under parts or elsewhere, the
lightest tints beneath being yellowish, with a brownish tinge. The sides of the body are
olivaceous yellowish.

This species differs from V. gilvus in its large first primary, the whitish bands and edgings of
the wings and tail, and in the more olivaceous colors generally. It is of rather smaller size.
It is about the same size as V. noveboracensis, but has a much more slender bill, which is horn
color instead of blue black ; it lacks the vivid yellow on the forehead and in front of the eye ;
the head is darker ; the outer tail feather paler ou its outer edge. It lacks the pure white of
the throat and the vivid contrast in color between the sulphur yellow of the sides and the
whitish of the middle of the body. Both species have concealed whitish on the rump. It is
larger than V. belli, although the bill is the same size ; it has the sides of the head and neck
much darker ; there is more whitish on the wing and outer tail feather ; the inferior colors are
much browner, with less of the vivid sulphur yellow.

The differences between the present species and the closely allied V. cassinii will be pointed
out in the description of the latter species.

List of sjxcimens.

Catal. Sex.
No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

1
Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

3725

Monterer. Cal

W Hiitton

3724 i ...

do

June — , 1847

do !

3973 <J

Lt. Couch

4.25

1

1

7.50

2.25

Eyes dark brown ; bill

and feet lead color.

340

U. S. p. K. E EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

VIREO SOLITARIUS, Vieillot.

Blue-hcaded Flycatcher.

Musckapa solilaria, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 143; pi. 17, f. 6.

Vireo sohtaiius, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. 1817.— AuD. Orn. Biog. 1, 1831, 147 : V, 1839, 432 ; pi. 23.— Ib. Syn. 1839.—
Ib Birds Ainer. IV, 1842, 144; pi. 239.— Nutt. Man. i, 1832,305.

Sp. Ch. — Spurious primary very smalt, not one fourth the second, wliicli is longer than the sixth. Top and sides of the head
anil upper part of neck dark bluish nsh ; rest of upper parts clear olive green. A white ring round the eye, interrupted in the
anterior canlhus by a dusky lore, but the white color extending above this spot to 'he base of the bill. Under pans white ; the
sid -s under the wings greenish yellow. Two bands on tlie wuig coverts, with ihe e Iges of the secondaries, greenish white.
Outer tail feather with its edge all round, including lh<? whole outer web, whitish. Length about Sj inches ; wing, 2.40.

Hab — United States from Atlniitic to the north Pacific, (Washirgton Territory only ?)

In this species the bill is short, broad, and much curved above. The spurious quill is very
short and narrow ; the exposed portion less than half an inch ; less than half the second quill
(both measured I'rom the carpal joint) by .30 of an inch. The third quill is longest ; the iburth
very little shorter ; the second about .30 of an inch shorter than the third and considerably
shorter than the fifth, but much longer than the secondary quills.

The white rings round the eye are not continuous anteriorly ; the extensions of the upper
portions to the base of the bill are separated on the forehead by a very narrow interval. The
whitish margin to the quills is seen only on the two innermost feathers. The bands on
the wing cross the ends of the greater and middle coverts. The wing and tail feathers, except
as described, are margined with the color of the back. The back is sometimes tinged with
ashy. The under tail coverts are tinged with sulphur yellow. The leathers on the sides of the
body are yellow towards the base ; the tips olive green ; lighter than the back.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Where obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length, .stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

741

..„.

Carlisle

do

....do

Sept. 20,1812
Apiil 2J,lr41
Oct. 7,1842
April 28,1813
April 21, 1841

S. F. Baird

313

do

784

.do

5.50 9.95
5.41 9.00
5.41 9.00

9f!9

do

do

3.41

3(;o

do

do

4727

Moulh of Vermilion. . .
do

May 6,

May 5,

May, 1855
May 3, 18;6

4728

do

do

5..'i0 9.00
5.25 9.00
5.75 9.00

3.13

5916

Ft. Sleilacoom, W. T...
rfn

Gov. Stevens

Dr. Suckley

Gov. Stevens

do

357
126

6819

6824

1 Hfi

Dr. Sucklcv

68ai

9

do

6822

da

May 13,1856
May 30,1956

Dr. Suckley

do

382
358

5 .'.O 9.00
5.19 8.25

3.00

6(03

■

VIREO CASSINII, De Vesey.

Cassiii's Vireo.

Vireo cauinii, De Vesicv, Pr. A. N. So. Phila. May, 1858.

Sp. Cii. — Third and fourth quills nearly equal, fifth .shorter, second longer than seventh. Spurious primary very narrow,
falcate acute ; les< than one-third the second quill, and a liule more than one-fourth the third. Above, including oilges of wing
and tail feathers, clear olive green, becoming dusky ashy on the top and sides of head. Beneath fulvous white, tinged with
illdefiiicd olive grein on the sides, (scarcely on the crissura.) Two broad bands on the wing coverts and the outer edges of
the innermost secondaries greenish while ; the outer edge of outer tail feather, with a broad ring round the eye, extending to a
rontal band, dull white. Length about 5 inches ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.30. Hab. — Fort Tejon, Cal.

IIIRDS — LANIIDAE VIKKO FLAVrFRONS. 341

The outer primaries are edged externally with grayish white ; the inner and secondaries with
yellowish green, (extending fully to the lower wing band,) which gradually changes to broad
yellowish white on (he innermost quills. The under parts are white, tinged with fulvous,
least so on tliu chin and abdomen. Tiie sides are ycllowisli olive, lighter than the back, and
fading gently into the brownish white under parts ; the under tail coverts have only a trace of
greenish. The quills and tail featliers are dm k brown ; the outermost of the latter edged ex-
ternally witli white on half the web. The ring round the eye is much broader above than
below ; the lores and feathers at the biise of the bill also dull whitish.

This species bears so close a relationship to Vireo huUoni, Cassin, as to render it quite difficult
to distinguish them apart by color alone. The size, however, is considerably greater, the bill
much larger, the culmen and commissure much more curved and more equably, the gonys
straighter. The most striking difference is in the wing, which is much more pointed ; the
primaries .70 of an inch longer than the secondaries, instead of about .45. The spurious primary
is very slender and short, not one- third the second, instead of large, broad, and nearly half the
second. The second quill is about equal to the sixth, instead of not longer than the secondaries.

The colors are much the same ; the under parts with less olive, none on the breast and under
tail coverts, as in huttoni. The ring round the eye has none of the greenish yellow tinge of the
latter species. The olive green edgings of the secondaries extend to the lower wing band,
instead of ceasing below it, leaving a dusky spot.

This species is about the size of V. novehoracensis, and has a somewhat similar bill, but
larger. The wings are much longer and more pointed, the spurious quill smaller. There is
nothing of the sharply defined light greenish yellow of the sides and ophthalmic and frontal
region. The outer tail feather is edged with white.

In external form the relationship is closest to V. soUlarius, which has the wing almost pre-
cisely similar. It, however, lacks the pure white of the chin and throat, the clear ash of the
top and sides of the head, and the bright, sharply defined light greenish yellow of the sides of
body and the under tail coverts. The white bands on the wings, too, are much broader.

Lis^ of specimens.

Catal. No. Locality.

10229 Fort Tejon, Cal.

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

J. Xantus de Vesey .

479

Collected by —

VIREO FLAVIFRONS, Vieill.

Yellow-throated Flycatcher.

Vireo J\arifrons, Vieill. Ois. Am. 1, 1807, 85 ; pi. liv.— Aui). Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 119 : V, 428; pi. 119.— Ib. Syn.—

1b. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 141 ; pi. 238.
Mmcicapa syhicola, Wils. Am. On. U, 4810, 117; pi. vii, f. 3.

Sp. Ch. — No spurious quill ; the first and fourth equal. From bill to middle of back, sides of head, neck, and fore part of
breasl olive green ; beneath, from bill to middle of belly, with u ring round the eyes, sulphur yellow. Lores dusky ; rest of
under parts white ; of upper, ashy b'uc, tinged with green. Two white binds on the wing; tertiaries edged with white,
other quills with greenish; outer tail feathers edged with yellowish white ; the outer web of first feather entirely of this color,
e.Tcept near the end. Length, nearly 6 inches ; wing, 3.20.

llab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri ; south to Central America.

Second and third quills longest; first and fourth about equal, and almost .20 of an inch
shorter.

342

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGT GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
No.

Sex.

2216
2591
3397
2217
7571
7423

8342

8340
8048
9113

<?
(?
9

s

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
do..,..,

.do.,
.do.,

Washinglun, I). C.
Cleveland, Ohio , ..
Union co., Illinois .
Independence

do

Guatemala ,
Coban

When col-
lected.

May 3,1843

May 6,1846

May 7, 1847

May 3, 1845

June 13,1857

.do..

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird...,

do ,

do

do

W. Hutton....
Dr. Kirtland..
R. Kennieott .
Wm. Magravv.

do

John Gould..
M. Verreaux ,

Orig.
No.

65

32614

Collected by-

Dr. Cooper ...
do

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

5.50
5.83

5.33

10.00
9.75

9.50

8.25

Wing.

3.25
3.16

3.00

Iris brown ; hilt and

feet lead color.
do

BIRDS — LIOTRICHIDAE — MIMllS 343

Faiuily LlOTRrClHDAE.

Wings iiliurt, concave, and rounded, tho outer four or live primaries frrudunled ; tlio lirst usually more tliau liulf llic second.
Tarsi lung and generally very strongly scutellate ; tlio basal joint of llio middle tou free nearly to tho base internally, and liulf
way externally. Bill slender, gtraiglit or curved, generally oa long as or longer than tlie head ; but little notched, or nut at ull.

This extensive family embraces many forms highly varied in character, and distributed
originally very widely in ornithological systems. The credit of rearranging these in a natural
series is, in a great measure, due to Dr. Cabanis.

The following sub-families are included in the North American species of this family :

MiMiNAE. — Tail long, vaulted at the base ; the feathers more or less graduated. Size large ;
general appearance Thrush-like. Rictus with distinct bristles. Frontal feathers normal,
direct<?d backwards. Anterior half of outer side of tarsi distinctly scutellate.

CAMi'YLoRUYXcmN.\E. — iSize medium. Tail feathers broad, plane ; tail rounded ; rictus without
bristles.

Troqlodytinae. — Size very small. Tail graduated, convex above. Rictus without bristles.

Cn.iM.\E.^NAE. — Size small. Tail very greatly graduated, much longer than the wings.
Rictus with long bristles ; frontal feathers bristly, directed forward. Whole outer side of tarsi
continuous and undivided.

Sub-Family MLMINAE.

The Miminae are all of large size, and, as already stated, have a Thrush-like appearance,
which has caused them to be placed by most authors among the Turdidae. From these, how-
ever, they are readily distinguished by the usually much longer, or decurved bill, the short and
graduated wings, the long graduated tail, and the strongly scutellate legs. The frontal
feathers, and, to a certain extent, the loral, are all soft, compact, and, like the rest, without any
inversion or extension into bristly points. As in the wrens (but not in Chamaea,) the entire
anterior half of the tarsi is embraced by a succession of scutellae which bend round to the
middle of the sides, where their lateral margins are distinctly defined.

It is very difficult to draw the line between this sub-family and the wrens ; the chief difference
lies in the larger size and bristled gape. The nostrils are round or broadly oval, with but little
of a membrane above them, such as is seen in the wrens, where the nostrils are more linear.

Of the subdivisions of this group, Mimus has a bill shorter, or not longer than the head, and
distinctly notched ; while in Harporhynchus and its sub-genera the bill is longer, more decurved,
and without notch. Oroscoptes difters from both in the longer and more pointed wings, and
much less graduated tail.

MIMUS, Boie.

Mimus, BoiE, Isis.Oct. 1826, 972. Type Turdus polyglottus
Oipheta, SwAiMSON, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1627, 1()7. Same type.

Cii — Bill shorter than the head, decurved from the base; distinctly notched at tip. Tarsi longer than the middle toe;
lateral toes equal, net reacliini; the base of the middle cl-nv, and shorter than the hind loe, the claw of which is half the total
length. Tail variable ; equal to or longer than the wings, moderatoly graduated. Wings rounded ; the exposed portion of the
first nearly or quite half that of the second, which is considerably shorter than the third.

This genua is distinguished from Harporhynchus by the shorter bill, (less than the length of
the head,) and with a more distinct notch. The lower jaw is smooth, without the distinct

344

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

longitudinal ridges seen in most of the species of Harporhynclius. The tail is less graduated
and shorter ; the feet appear less stout ; the wings are rather longer.
The sub-genera are as follows :

MiMCS. — Culmen much curved from the base. Wings considerably shorter than the tail,
which is a good deal graduated. First primary half the second.

Olive gray above ; beneath whitish ; wings and tail black; the base of primaries and the

tips of the tail white polygloltus.

Galeoscoptes. — Much like Mimus. Wings a little chorter than the tail.

Plumbeous, paler beneath ; crissum brownish orange. Top of bead and tail blackish
brown carolinensis.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal .
No.

3867
8167
6516
i>159
8159
8143
3596
Do..
2S43

Species.

Mimus polyglottus,.

do do

....do do

do do

.. ..do., iiiontanus....

....do do

do., carolinensis..

....do do

... do do

Locality.

Louisiana

Washington, D.C
Indian Key, Fla..
Los Angeles val, ,

San Diego

Los Angeles val.,

Carlisle, Pa

do

.do..

Length.

Stretch
of wings

9.16

8.76 !
8.10 I
lu 10
7.90
8.00
8.116

s.sa

7.50

Wing.

4.30
4.00
3.90
4.68
4.06
3.82
3.62
3.66
3.40

Tail.

5.14
4.62
4.72

5.78
4.08
3.80
4.16

1.18
1.22
1.18
1.30
1.13
1.17
1.06

1.02

Middle
toe.

1.08
1.U4
1.14
0.93
0.94
1.00

1.00

[ts claw
alone.

0 28
0.27
0.94
0.30
0.24
0.24
0.26

Bill
above.

0.72
0.68
0.68
0.72
0.68
0.64
0.70

0.66

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

0.94
0.96
0 90
1.00
0.96
0 96
0.92

Dry...
Dry....
Dry....
Dry....
Dry....
Dry....
Dry....
Fresh .
Dry...,

MIMUS POLYGLOTTUS, B o i e .

Mockiiis Bird.

Turdus polygloltus, Linnaeus, Syst Nat. 1, 17CG, 293.— Wilson, Am. Orn. 11, 1810, 14 ; pi. x, f. ].— Bon. Syn-

1828, 76.— AiiD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 108 : V, 1839, 438 ; pi. 21.
Mimus pohjglollus, Boie, Isis, Oct 1826, 972. — Bon. List, 1838.— 1b. Con8pe<:tus, 1850, 276.

OqiheuspohjglolUis, Swainson, Zool .Tour. Ill, 1827, 167.— AuD. Syn. 1839.— In. Birds Am. II, 1841, 187 ; pi. 137.
' Orjihcus hucopterus. Vigors, Zool. Beechey's Voyage, 1839.
Sp, Ch.— Third to sixth quills rearly equal ; second shorter than seventh. Tail considerably graduated. Above ashy brown,
the feathers very obsoletely darker centrally, and towards the liglit pliiinbcons downy basal portion, (scarcely appreciable,
except when the feathers are lifted.) The under parts are white, with a faint brownish tinge, except on the chin, and
with a fhade of ash across the breast. There is a pule superciliary stripe, but the lores are dusky. The wings and tail are nearly
black, except the lesser wing coverts, which are like the back ; the middle and greater tipped with white, forming two bands ;
the basal portion of the primaries white ; most extended on the inner primaries. The oulcr t il feather is white ; the second is
mostly white, except on the outer web and towards the base ; tho Ihiril with a wliile spot on the end ; the rest, except the
middle, very slightly tipped with white. The bill and legs are black. Length, 9. .50 ; wing, 4.50 ; tail, 5.00

//ad. Southern United Slates from Atlantic ti high central plains. Perhaps replaced by another species to tho I'Ucifio.

This species varies somewhat in color with the specimen. The white at the base of the quills
shows only on the more exterior primaries in tlie closed wing. The tertials are sometimes
ed^ed with white. The inner tail feathers are edged externally with the color of the back, but
this is not conspicuous. There are some very obsolete streaks on the sides.

The female bird is distinguished by the less extent of the white at the base of the primaries.
In the male the white on the inner primaries occupies more tlian one- half of tlie free portion of
the quill ; in the female it is much less extensive.

Sometimes there is a strong tinge of brownish yellow on tlie posterior portion of tlio body
beneath. One male specimen, probably immature, bus liiint and obsolete transverse bars on

BIRDS — LIOTRICHIDAE — MIMU8 POLTGLOTTUS.

345

the breast, eoraewhat as in Lanius. The purity of white in the outer tail feather, too, is often
impaired by bUitchings of brown.

In a Considerable series of specimens before me, T find two from California (SloO, 81G5) whicli
dilVer from tlie rest in having a considerably longer tail, measuring ijj inches. The graduation
is much greater, the lateral feathers being 1.20 inches shorter than the middle, instead of about
.75 ; the ends of all the feathers distinctly visible from below. The coloration of the tail
differs a little in having the third black, with a dull white tip, and not the elongated spot in
the end, running up sometimes as far as the middle of the feather. There is less white in the
two bands on the wing coverts ; the bill and feet are larger. I cannot satisfy myself, however,
that they are distinct, in the absence of a sufficient series of good specimens from the east, and
therefore merely call attention to the facts as staled. It may be that they are only a more
northern and larger race than the rest before me. It is probably this variety that Vigors had
in view when describing Orpheus leucopterus from the west coast of America, (Zool. Beecliey,
1839, 18,) although this has the wing 5.75 inches long, instead of 4.50. Should further
researches substantiate a specific distinction from both the polyglottus and Vigors' bird, tlie
name of JUiwus canadatus would be very appropriate, in view of the lengthened tail.

Young birds from California, of the long-tailed variety, have the feathers of the breast and
the sides of body conspicuously marked terminally with a round dusky spot. There are also
faint dusky markings on the sides of the throat.

List, of specimens.

Catol.

No.

I

8167
6516
3867
6515
8161
5064
5063
4961
6062
4017
8163
8166
8160
8164

4561
8165
8158
8159?

Sex&
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Mar. 25, 1842
Mar. 17, 1857
Sept.—, 1853

Washington, D. C

Indian Key, Fla

Prairie Mer Rouge, La.

Indian Kty, Fla \ Mar. 20, 1857

Western Texas '

Texas

Pecos river

Ft. Chadboume, Tex.

Indianola

Brownsville, Texas -.

Eagle pass, Texas

do

May 22, 1855

Feb. 21, 1855

1852.

Whence obtained.

Orig. Collected by-
No.

S. F. Baird

G. Wurdemann

J. Fairie

(i. Wurdemann

Capt. Pope

do

, do

Dr. Swift

Capt. Pope ..

Lt. Couch

Major Emory .
do

W. M. Baird .

25
2

A. Schott.
do..

Length.

Stretch

of wings.

9.00

13.00

Wing.

4.00

Fort Thorn

Bill Williams' fork ..

Ft. Yuma, Cal

Gila river

Fosa creek

Los Angeles valley.
FortTejon, Cal

Feb. 9, 1854

Dec — , 1854

Dr. T. C. Henry.
Lt. Whipple ...

Major Emory

do

83

26

Kennerly&Moll-

hauecn

A. Schott ,

9.60

13.50

.do.

Lt. Williamson.
do

J. X. de Vesey.

Dr. Hecrmann ,
do

44 b

346

a. S. p. R. E, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

MIMUS CAROLINENSIS, Gray.

Cat Bird.

J>Iitscicapa carolinsnsis, Linxaehs, Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 328.

Tardus carolinensis, Licht. Vcrz. 1823, 33. — D'Orbigsjt, in Da Li Sacra's Cuba, 51.

Orpkeus earoliiunsis, Ann. Syn. 1839, 88. — Ib. Birds Amsr. 11, 1841, 10.") ; pi. 140.

•Mimus carolinittsis, Gray, Genera, 1844-'49.

Gakoscoptes carolinensis, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 82.

Felivox carolinensis, Bomap. Comptes Rendus, XXVIII, 1853 : Notes Orn. Delattre, 39. Typo.

Turdus filivox, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 10; pi. Ixvii.— Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, J. A. N. S. IV, 30.—
AoD Cm. Biog. II, 1831, 171 : V, 1839, 440 ; pl. 123.

Orpheus felivox, Swaiwson, F. Bor. .\m. II, 1831, 192.

Mimus felivox, Bon. List, 1838. — Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 276.

Turdus lividus, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 90 ; pl. xiv, f. 3. (Not of Lichtonstein.)

?Spodesi/(iiira, Reichenb. Av. Syst Nat. 1850; pi. liii. (According to Gray the figure be'on^s to the present species,
which, however, lacks the notch of bill sliown in the plate. According to Bonaparte, Pijrrocheira,
Reich, pl. liii, represents ctirolincnsis, wliich seems more probable.)

Sp. Ch — Third quill longest; first shorter tlian si.^tli. Prevailing color dark plumbeous, more ashy beneath. Cruwn and
nape dark sooty brown. Wings dark brown, edged with plumbeous. Tail greenish black ; the lateral feathers obscurely tipped
with plumbeous. Tli3 under tail coverts dark brownish chesnut. Female smaller. Length, 8.85 ; wing, 3.65 ; tail, 4.00 ;
tarsus, 1.05.

Ilab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri.

The tail is considerably graduated ; the lateral feathers .60 of an inch shorter than the middle.

List of sjpecimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Keuiarks.

1133

c?
9

J
<?

c?

<?

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

do

July 15, 1843
July 16, 1844
May 6, 1846
May 7, 1845

S.F. Baird

9.U0
9.U0
8.83

11.50
11.75
11.58

3.50
3.75
3.66

1635

do

2596

do

»43

do

10119

6513

Indian Key, Fla

March 34....

6514

do

7430

8344
&285

lodependcticp. Mo

June 17, 1857

Juno 4, 18.57
June 22, 1857

Wm. M. Mngnw ..

71

Dr. Cooper ....

Dr. Hayden ...
do

9.00

8.25
8.00
8.12

11.35

11.00
11.00
11.37

3.75

3.50
3.00
3.75

Iris brown, bill black,

feet brown.
Eye blueblaik

S386

do

While river

do

do

4704

... do

OROSCOPTES, Baird.

Ch. — Culmon only slightly curved towards the tip. Bill longer and slenderer than in Mimus ; nearly equal to the head.
Wings decidedly longer than the tail ; rather pointed ; the first primary less than half the second, which is a quarter of an ineli
nhorter than tlie third. Tail rounded ; scarcely graduated.

In general appearance the species resembles Toxostoma rnfum, though the longer and
more pointed wings, shorter and scarcely graduated tail, and rather shorter bill, which is
rather more notclied, will at once distinguish them. The shape of the bill is almost precisely
the same. In the long, pointed, and little concave wings, with the but slightly graduated tail,
there is an approach to the true thrushes. The notch of the bill, however, is less distinct.

BIRDS — LIOTRICHIDAE — OROSCOPTES M0NTANU8.

347

Tho exposed portion of first primary ia two-fifths that of the longest one, and the tarsus is very
distinctly scutellate. It is very ditlerent from the typical Mimua in the tail and wings,
as well as the longer, slenderer, and stihighter bill. Its characteristic color consists in the
following points : Above, grayish brown ; beneath, white, with arrow-shaped brown spots.
Tail leathers blotched at the end with white.

OKOSCOPTES MONTANUS, Baird.

iMoiiutniii Dlockiu;; Uird.

Or^fceiu m<m/onus, TowNSEND, J. A. N. So. VII, ii, 1837, 19'2.— Add. Synopsis, 1839, 87.— Ib. Birda Amer. II,

1841, 194; pi. 139.
TurJiij monJonwj, Add. Orn. Blog. IV, 1838, 437 ; pi. 3f>9, f. 1.
J\l\in\xs riioti/aiiuj, BoNAP. List, 1838. — Ib. Consp. 1850, 276.

Sp. Ch.— First quill rather shorter than tho sixth. Tail slightly graduated. Above brownish ash ; each feather obso-
letely darker in the centre. Beneath dull white, tbicky marked with triangular spots, except on tlie under tail coverta
and around the anus, which regions are tinged with yellowish brown. Wing coverU and quills edged with dull white. Tail
feathers brown ; the outer edged, and all (except, perhaps, tho middle) tipped with white. Length, 8 inches; wing, 4.85;
tail, 4.00; tarsus, 1.21.

Hab. — Rocky mountains ; south to Mexico, and along valley of Gila and Colorado and to Sun Diego, California.

In this species the lateral tail feathers are about .25 of an inch shorter than the middle ones;
all are rather attenuated and rounded at the tip. The under parts are sometimes strongly
tinged with brownish yellow, most visible in raising the feathers of the breast. The spots on
the throat are arranged in two maxillary series, being otherwise sparse and small. There is a
faint indication of a i)ale superciliary stripe and of a whitish ring round the eye. The white
tip to the outer tail feather is about half an inch long ; in the others less. This white is
sometimes quite obscure. All the tail feathers are narrowly edged with the color of the back ; the
exterior one with white. The bill is black, the feet dusky.

An immature bird (8821) has the spots beneath larger ; the under parts tinged with brown ;
the upper parts quite conspicuously streaked.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

8134
8131
4019
4018

8138
8137

8138
813i>
8133
4562
4899
8129
8143

Locality.

Fort Laramie, Nub. .

When col-
luded.

Sept 23, 1657

do

Black Hills, Neb...
W. Texa^, near 3Q"
Fort Thorn, N. M . .
Tamaulipai*, Hex ..
do

9

9.

Near Zuili, N. M Nov. 36,1853

Bill Williamt' Fork.

CamplSO .1 Feb. 12,1854

Caaipll9 ' Feb. 11,1854

&pia, Mez March—, 1855

do I do

Gila river, N. M ,

San Diego, Cal I

do.

Los Aagelos valley.

I

I

Wlience obtained.

Dr. Cooper .

. do.

Orig'l

No.

213

Collected by-

Lt. Warri?n Dr. Ha:deu.

Capt. Tnpe i

Dr. T. C. Hunry.

I.t. Couch

do

Li. Whipple.

do

, do

Major Emory

do

do

Dr. J. F. Hammond

Lt. Wtiliamson

do

108
83

Ecnn. and Moll.

Dr. Kcnnerly ..

do

A. Schott

Dr. Ucermaun.
do

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

8.75

8.75

8.50
8.00
8.00
8.00

12.75

11.00
11.00

11.50
11.50
11.75
11.75

12.50

Wing.

4.50

3.75
3.75

4.00
4.00
3.75
3.50

Iris brown, bill br'wn
and w'te, feet slate
and yellow.

Bill slate, feet green-
ish lead color.

Eyes yellow ? .

348 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

HARPORHYNCHUS, Cabanis.

llmyen, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. II, 1845, 264. (Not of Goldfiiss, 1839.)
llarporlii/nchus, Cabanis, AVieginann's, Arcliiv, 1848, I, 98. (Type Htirpes redivivns.)
Toxostoma, Wagler, Teis, 183), 528.' Type T. vetula. (Not Toxostoma, Raf. 1816.)

.Meihriopterus, Reich. Avium Syst. Nat. 1850; pi. Iv. (No typo mentioned here. Turdus )-i//hs, according to
Gray.)

Bill from front as long or longer than the head ; nearly straight to near the tip, or bow shaped, without any notch. Tarsus
as long or longer than the middle toe, conspicuously scutellate ; outer lateral toe a little the longer, not reaching the base of
the middle claw. Hind toe longer than lateral ; its claw equal to its remaining portion. Wings aliorl, rounded ; the fourth or
fifth longest; the exposed portion of the first about half that of longest. Tail longer than the wings, broad, more or less
graduated.

It is very difficult to establish any very precise characters for this genus, as species cTiclently
veiy closely allied in some features difler considerably in others. The transition from the one
extreme of structure in H. recUvivus to the other in T. ru/us is so gradual as to render it very
difficult to separate them ; T. curvirostris has a shorter tarsus (about equal to the middle toe)
than the others, and the graduation of the tail is less. It is very difficult to say whether it
should more properly be assigned to the first section or the second. In the character of the
bill there is the most gradual transition from its very long and greatly curved shape in H.
redivivus to the straight and short one of H. ru/us.

Synopsis of4he species.

Harporhynchus, Cab. — Bill much longer than the head, with both mandibles greatly decurved,
or bow shaped. Tail much longer than the wings, broad, much graduated. No spots on the
breast, which is brownish.

Above and on the jugulum olivaceous brown ; beneath pale cinnamon, but little darker

to the crissum. Cheeks uniform dusky redivivus.

Above very light ash gray ; beneath paler, unspotted ; sides of head plain. Crissum pale

brownish yellow. Tips of tail feathers obsoletely lighter lecontii.

Above and below olivaceous brown ; lighter on the belly and throat. Crissum abruptly

orange brown. Cheeks with a light and a dark stripe vrissalis.

Metiiriopterus, Reich. — Bill about as long as the head, or but little longer ; moderately

decurved, or nearly straight. Tail somewhat longer than tlie wings. Breast whitish, spotted.

Above grayish ash ; the under parts with obsolete spots of the same. Tail and greater

wing coverts tipped with white. Bend of wing white. Gonys much decurved,

concave curvirostris.

Above reddish brown ; beneath thickly streaked with black. Two white bands on the

wings. Gonys moderately decurved, concave longiroslris.

Above brownish red ; beneath thickly streaked with dark brown tinged anteriorly with
reddish. Two white bands on the wings. Gonys quite straight ru/us.

BIRDS — LIOTRICHIUAE — IIARrORnVNCIUS RKDIVIVI'S,

319

Comparalive measurements of species.

Cnlll.
No.

8li7

TS«H)
do.

4W3
do

1377
do.

do.

S6&I
do.
4016

Specin.

Localiijr.

lljrporliyncliuflrcdivivui* Caltrornin ,
do

lla.-pofhyiichus Ircontii

nnrporliyiichii!( chii^alb

Uarporhynchut curvi-
ronlru.

do

do

do

do

Prt'xidio, (near Snii
FniiiciKCO,) Cal.

Cnliloniia

Miinhrftt lo RioQraiido
New Mexico

Kingjold barracks ...
do

BfOwnBville^ Texaa..
do

UurporhyncliUi) rufus... Carlisle, Pa

do do

do do ,

do do

do llepublicnii Fork.. .

do Republican river

do I. do

Ilarporliynelius loiigi- ' Brownsville, Texas ..

rosiri.i.
do do

Bex.

Lengtli. Sireicli
orwinga.

II. SO
10.90

10.00

10.74
10.80

10.63
11.50
10.30
10.00
9.90

11. in

9.80
9.75
11.40
11.10
11.50
10.10

14.50

12.50
13.16

13.41

12.50

Wing.

4.30
3.08

3.60
3.85
4.24

3.84
4.00

4.68

5.30

4.30

4.50

3.94

4.12

3.98

4.16

4.00 j 5.30

4.16

4.40

4.18

6.06
5.48

4.86
6.13
5.42

4.64

5.76
5.50

5.20

Tonua. | Middle lu clnw
toe. nionu.

1.54

1.33

1.20
1.26
1.30

1.33

1.S4

1.38
1.16

1.14
1.13
1.33

1.34

1.14

1.30 I 1.18

1.30 I 1.20
1.28 I 1.S4

1.34 1.16

0.40
0.30

0.30
0.28
0.36

0.32

0.31

0.30

0.30

0.31
0.28

Bill
obove.

l.eti
1.33

1.21
1.51
l.SO

1.23

I.M
1.04

1.00

1.08
0.98

Along
gnpe.

1.78
1.5U

I.IU
1.68
I.M

1.50

1.36
1.%!
1.26

1.36
1.28

1.30

SpeciliH'll
iiieuriured.

Dry....
Dry...,

Dry...,
Dry....
Dry....

Dry...,
Presli .
Dry...,
Fresli.
Dry...,
FrcBh.
Dry...,
Fresh.
Dry...,
Dry...
Fresh.
Dry...

Fresh .

HARPORHYNCHUS REDIVIVUS, Cabanis.

//oi7)Mr<dicira, G.^mbel, Pr. A. N. Sc. I'liil. II, Aug. 1S45, L>G4.

Toxosloma redicit'a, Gahbel, J. A. N Sc. Phil., i!d ser. I, Dec. 1847, 42. — Bo.swr. Conspectus, 1850, 277. — Cassin,

lllust. I, IX, 1855, 260 ; pi. xlii.
Jlarporliytuhua ndivivus, Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1848, i, 98. — Ib. Mus. Hein. 18.'il, 81.
" Promerops dt la Califomie septenlrionaU, La Petrouse, Alias Voyage, pi. .xx.wii," Gainbel.

Sp. Ch. — Wing much rounded ; the second quill shorter than the socondaries. Tail much graduated. Bill much dccurved,
jonger than tho head. Above brownish olive, without any shade of green ; beneath pale cinnamon, lightest on the throat,
deepening gradually into a brownish rufous on the under tail coverts. Tho fore part of the breast and sides of the body brown
olive, lighter than the back. An obscure ashy superciliary stripe, and another lighter beneath the eye. Ear coverts and an
indistinct maxillary stripe dark brown ; the shafts of the former whitish. Ends and tips of tail featiiers obsoletely paler.
Length, 11 .50 inches ; wing, 4.20 ; tail, 5.75 ; tarsus, 1 .55.

Hab. — Coast of California.

The curvature of the bill of this species is very great^ the chord of the lower jaw measuring
1.65 inches; the ordinate is .25 of an inch. The outer tail feathers are about 1.30 inches
shorter than the middle. There is no line of demarkation between the colors of the belly and
under tail coverts. There is a slight rufous tinge on the upper tail coverts and outer margins
of the tail feathers, which are darker than the back, with, perliap.s, a faint jjurplish tinge.
The outer webs and tips of the tail feathers are lighter brown than the remaining portion,
thougb the difference is scarcely appreciable. There are no spots on tlie breast, but cinnamon
edgings to some of the brown feathers on the breast impart a waved appearance.

A specimen (4902) from .San Diego, California, has a more rufous tinge in the upper parts.
There is a faint indication of paler edges to tho tertial and wing coverts, forming bands, but
this may be merely an immature condition.

In the entire series the differences in length of the bills amount to as much as half an inch.

Young birds differ only in a duller plumage. The under parts do not exhibit any indications
of spots.

350

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal lAge

No.

4217
4218
8142
3932
6966
44T8
4562
4948
8141
10191
4902

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by — ', Length.

San Fraocieco, Cal..J Winter 1853-4 K. D. Cutts.
do ' do .do

StreU-h
of wings.

Wing.

Presidio, Cal !

California

Santa Clara, Cal Oct. 29,1855

do do

Lt. Trowbridge.
Dr. Heermann..

Dr. Cooper

, do

13

13

San JoEc, Cal.

do

Sacramento valley.

FortTejon, Cal

San Diego, Cal

A. J Grayson.
do

Lt. Williamson
J. X. de Vesey..
Dr.J.F Hammond

Dr. Heermann .

52

12.25 12.62

HARPORHYNCHUS LECONTII, Bo nap.

Toxostoma Ucontii, L.4wr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, Sept. 1851, 109. (Fort Yuma.)
tIarporhyncUus kcuntii, Bonap. Coraptes Ilendua, XXVIII, 1854, 57 -, Notes Orn. Delattre, 39.

Sp. Cii. — Bill much curved. Second quill about equal to the tenth ; exposed portion of the first more than half tlie longest ;
outer tail feather an inch shortest. General color above light grayish ash, beneath much paler; the chin and throat above
almost white ; the sides behind brownish yellow or pale rusty yellow ash, of which color is the crissum and anal region. Tail
feathers rather dark brown on the under surface, lighter above ; the outer edges and tips of exterior ones obscurely paler.
Quills nearly like the back.

Ha . — Fori Yuma, California.

#

This species in form, shape, and curvature of hill and general appearance, is so much like

the H. redivivus as to render it extremely likely that it will prove only one of those lio;ht
races or varieties so often met with in birds of the lower Gila river. The size is smaller, but this

might be merely the result of its more southern habitat. The colors above are much lighter than

in H. redivivus. The contrast between the body of the tail feathers and their obsoletely lighter

edges is rather more decided than in the other species. The second quill is longer, and the first

is fully half the longest instead of less than half. The bill in curvature and general shape is

exactly like that of H. redivivus.

List of specimens.

Locality,

Whence obtained.

BIKDS — LlOTKICniDAE — HARPORHYNCnUS CURVIR0STRI3. 351

II AlIPORHYNCnUS CRISSALIS, Henry.

Ihrporhiinch<is crusalis, He.vrt, Pr. A. N. Sc. Pliil. May, 18.'ia

Sp. Cii. Second quill about as long as the secondaries. liill miicli curved; longer than the head. Above olivo hrown,

with a faint sliadc of gray ; beneath nearly uniform b'ownish gray, much paler llian the back, passing iii8on«il)ly into white on
the chill ; but tlie under tail coverts dark brownish rufous, and abruptly defined. There is a black maxillary stripe cutting off
a white one above it. There do not appear to be any other stripes about the heiid. There are no bands on the wings, and the
tips and outer edges of the tail feathers arc very inconspicuoutly lighter than the rcmuining portion. Length, 11 inches ; wing,
4.00 ; tail, 5.80 ; Ursus, 1.25.

Ilab. — Southern Rocky Mountains.

This species in general appearance resembles the H. redirintf!, but is smaller, and may be at
once distinguished by the cbestimt under tail coverts in marked contrast with the brownish gray of
the under parts. The contrast is nearly as marked as in Mimus caroUnensis, or the cat bird, and
the shade of color only a little lighter. The upper parts are paler than in the other species, and
the tail and upper coverts are uniform with the back. Tliere is no pectoral band, but the entire
under parts are uniform, without any trace of tlie cinnamon color. The black maxillary stripe
cuts olf a white one, which is not the case in flie other species, where the whole maxillary space
is dusky. The character of margination in the tail is very similar. Tlie bill and feet are black.
The lateral tail feathers are about 1.35 inches the shortest.

List of specimens.

Ctttulosue number.

Ix)ailily.

Whence obtained.

8127

Mimbres to Rio Giande

Dr. T. C. Henry U. S. A

H ARPOKHYNCIIUS CURVIROSTIUS, G a b a n i s .

Orpheus curtirostris, Swainson-, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 3G9.— M'Cai.l, Pr. A. N. Sc. IV, May, 184,'^, 63.

Mimus curviroslris, Grky, Genera, 1844-'49.

Toxosloma eurvirostris, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 277.

Harporhynchus curriroitris , Cab. Mus. Flein. 1851, 81.

? Toxosloma tetula, Wagler, Isis, 1831, .VJS.

1 " Pomatorhinia txirdinus, Trmm. PI. Col. 441."

Sp. Ch. — Second qiiill equal to the eighth ; considerably longer than the secondaries. Exposed portion of the bill about as'
Ions as the head ; considerably decurved. Above uniform grayish brown, or light ash ; beneatli dull wlii;e ; the anal region
and under tail coverts tinged with brownish yellow. The under parts generally, except the chin, throat, middle of the belly
and under coverts, with rounded sub-triangular, quite well defined, spots, much like the back. These are quite confluent on
thebreast. Two narrow bands on the wing coverts, and the edges of primaries and alulae, are wliite. The tail feathers,
except the middle, are conspicuously tipped with white. Length of female, 10 inches ; wing, 4.00 ; tail, 4..')5 ; tarsus, 1.20.

Ilab. — Lower Rio Grande.

This species, with some relationships to the H. redivivus, is readily distinguished by its smaller
size, shorter tail, and white under parts, with distinct spots ; these, anteriorly, are rather arrow-
shaped, but become more rounded behind, and exhibit a tendency to confluence on the breast.
The sides are tinged with brown. The chin is white. The sides of the head ash color, without
stripes, although the feathers of the cheeks and before the eye are whitish. The edge of the shoulder
is white. The bands on the wing vary in extent, though that on the lower coverts is generally
most distinct. The white tips to the tail feathers are very conspicuous, compared with H.

352

U. S, p. E, R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

redivivus ; the outer tail feather is also narrowly margined ■with white. The difTerence in
lengtli of the second quill in heing decidely longer than the secondaries instead of shorter, is
very conspicuous.

In the collection before me is a specimen (8128) which I find it difficult to refer to any of the
species here described. The upper parts are most like those of curvirostris, being of the same
grayish brown ; there is, however, a very faint trace of the white bands on the wings. The
under parts, however, show more of the decided whitish of curvirostris, the breast being strongly
tinged with ash as far as the belly, which is lighter, and shows some obsolete rounded spots.
The under tail coverts and anal region are darker than in curvirostris, but less rufous than in
redivivus. The tail lacks the white tips of curvirostris, although absolutely lighter at the
end. The wings are, however, similar, even to the whitish flexure and tips of coverts. It is
possible that this specimen may belong to a different species from any I here describe. The
bill has the moderate curvature of T. curvirostris. In general characters it comes nearest to the
Toxostovia vetula, of Wagler, Isis, 1831, 528. The diagnosis would be as follows :

Above ash gray ; sides and beneath, similar, but a little paler. Throat whitish. Crissum brownish yellow, becoming lighter
on the abdomen . Belly with very obscure spots. Tail with indistinctly lighter tips. Bend of the wing and narrow tips to
greater coverts whitish .

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Si retch
of wings.

Wing.

Ueraarlts.

7101
7200
4023

4022
.'8128

...

A. Scholt....

do

24

J. H. Clark ..

11.50
10.00

10.00

14.50
12.50

11.75

4.50
4.12

3.75

O nr„„r„^„MI„ Tnvna ___.

Feb. — , 1853

Li(!ut. Couch

An

¥

9

feet lead color.

Dr. Heerniann

HARPORHYNCHUS LONGIROSTRIS, Cab.

Orpheus hngirostris, Lafeesnate, Rev. Zool. I, April, 1838, 55. — Ib. Mag. de Zool. 1839 ; Oiseaux, pi. i.
Toxostoma longirostre, Cabanis, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1847, i, HOL—ilnngirostris) Bonap. Consp. 1850, 277.
Jl/iinus longWostris, Gray, Genera, 1844-'4'J.
Harporhynchus hngirostris, Cabanis, Mug. Hein. 1851, 81.

gp. Cii. — Similar to //. rufus. Wings much rounded ; second quill shorter than the secondaries. Exposed portion of the
bill as long as the head ; the lower edge decidedly decurved or concave. Above rather dark brownish rufous; beneath palo
rufous white; streaked on the sides of the neck and body, and across the breast, with very dark brownish black, nearly
uniform throughout. Two rather narrow white bands on the wings. The concealed portion of the quills dark brown.
Length, 10.50 ; wing, 4.00; tail, 5.00 ; tarsus, 1.40.

llab. — Lower Rio Grande. South through Eastern Mexico.

This species is very similar to the H. ru/us, but may he readily distinguished by well marked
characters. The feet and bill are decidedly longer ; the latter measuring 1.15 inches
instead of about .95 ; it is also much more curved, the lower edge being concave or bow shaped,
instead of straight. The wings and tail, on the other hand, are shorter ; the former much
more rounded. The rufous of the back is considerably darker ; the stripes beneath are larger
and almost uniform black, instead of partly rufous. Tlie hinder part of the breast and the
central portion of the abdomen are much more unspotted.

A specimen of this species from Xalapa, belonging to Mr. Lawrence, is very similar to those
from Brownsville, the bill perhaps a little longer ; the wliite bands on the wings narrower.

BIRDS— LIOTRICIIIDAE — HARPORHYNCnoS RUFU8.

353

List of specimens.

Catal.
Ko.

Sex. Locality.

Vnjenco obtiiiacd.

Orig.
No.

Oollected by—

Length.

stretch
of wiugB.

Wing.

Remarks.

4016

S Brown8%iUo, Tex..
LowcrRioGrande.

Xolapa, Mexico

1

Lt. Couch

Mnj or Emory ... .

1

10. 2r,

12.00

4.00

EyoBbr'nish yellow.

8139

A. Scliott

G. N. Lawrence..

HARPORHTNCIIUS RUFUS, Cab.

Tttovm Thrush.

Turrfiij rn/iu, Linmaeds, Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 293.— Vieillot, OIs. Am. Sept. 11, 1807, 4 ; pi. li.v.— Wilson, Am.

Orn. II, 1810, 83 ; pi. x\v.—Avv. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 102: V, 1839, 441 ; pi. 116.
Ory/ieiu rHfiu, SivAiNsov, F. Bor. Am. 11, 1831, 187.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 328.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 88.— Ib.

Birds Amer.
Mimus rufus, Gray, Genera, 1844- '49.
Toxoslomn m/um, Cabanis, Wiegm. Archiv, 1847, i, 207.

Melhriopterus, Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. 1850, pi. Iv. (Figure taken from this species according to Gray.)
Harporhynchus rufus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 82.
Thrasher; Sandy Mocker ; French Mocking Bird ; Vulgo.

8p. Ch. — Fifth quill longest ; the third, fourth, and sLxtli, little shorter ; second equal to ninth. Exposed portion of the bill
shorter than the head. Outline of lower mandible straight. Above light cinnamon rod; beneath pale rufous white with
longitudinal streaks of dark brown, excepting on the chin, throat, middle of the belly, and under tail coverts . These spots ante-
riorly, are reddish brown in their terminal portion. The inner surface of the wing and the inner edges of the primaries are
cinnamon ; tlio concealed portiun of the quills otherwise is dark brown. The median and greater wing coverts become blackish
brown towards the end, followed by white, producing two conspicuous bands. The tail feathers are all rufous, the external
ones obscurely tipped with whitish ; the shafts of the same color with the vanes. Length, 11.15 ; wing, 4.15 ; tail, 5.20 ;
tarsus, 1.30.

iJak. — Eastern N. America to Missouri river, and perhaps to high central plains.

Among the series before me are several specimens (5051, 5652, 4703) differing in some notice-
able points. They are considerably larger than Pennsylvania ones^ with decidedly longer tail
and wings. The under parts are more decidedly rufous white ; the white band on the wings
tinged with the same. The concealed portion of the quills (including the shafts) is much
darker brown, and the shafts of the tail feathers are dark brown, conspicuously different from
the vanes. The spots on the breast are considerably darker, showing little, if any, of the
reddish brown. Length, 11.50; wing, 4.50; tail, 5.75; tarsus, 1.35.

These specimens are associated with others from the same locality, precisely similar to Penn-
sylvania ones. They are different from H. longirostris, though intermediate between this and
riifus. Whether it be proper or not to erect them into a different species from the latter, as
they certainly are from the former, is a question that I am not prepared to decide. A similar
relation between eastern and western races is referred to under the head of the mocking bird,
{Mimus polt/ghttus.) As a strongly marked variety, at least, it may be well to call it S. longi-
cauda.

Young birds are much as in the adult, the back sometimes streaked obsoletely with dusky.

45 b

354

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVETa — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL REPORT,

lAst of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch Wing,
of wings.

Rrmarks.

9

2
(?
c?

May 16, 1845
April 22, 1844

S. F. naird

9.75
11.16

13.43
13.16

4.25
3.16

■•

1377

do

do

4433

E. C. Bidwell

6948

8392

Independence, Mo...

May 26, 1857
May 29, 1857
June 8, 1857
Juno 18, 1856
June 22, 1856
May —,1856
Aug. G, 1857
do

Wm.M.Magraw..
do

5

Dr. Cooper

do

13.75

13.00

4.50

Iris orange, feet pale gray.

4553

Missouri river

Fort Lookout

do

Running Water

do

do

11.25

9.75

12.25
13.50

4.50
4.25

5383

do

do

4703
8819
8830

do

do

d'l

do

12.00
9.50

14.00
12.25

4.50
3.50

do

do

do

do

3
9
9

Republican Fork

do

Sept. 26, 1856
dn

Lieut. Bryan

do

351
358
67

W. S. Wood ...

5651

dn

JJ

5653

Independence creek,
130 miles west of
Fort Riley, Neb.

July 14,1856

. , .do

do

Sub-Family CAMPYLORIIYNCHINAE.

Tail piano ; nearly even or slightly rounded ; the first and second feathers slightly graduated ; the feathers very broad, the longest
with the width about one-fiflh the length. Size medium.

The following genera are included in the suh-family :

A. — Hind toe and claw much longer than the outer lateral, shorter than the middle. Feet
stout.

Camptlorhyncuus. — Bill about equal to tlie head. Lateral toes nearly equal ; their
claws reaching to the base of the middle claw. Tarsus longer than the middle toe.
Wings as long as the tail. Back brown, streaked with white.
Catherpes. — Bill longer than the head. Outer lateral toe much longer than the inner,
reaching the base of the middle claw. Tarsus short, equal to the middle toe. Wings
a little longer than the tail. Back brown, spotted with white.
B. — Hind toe and claw about equal to the outer lateral, shorter than the middle toe. Feet
•weak.

Salpinctes. — Bill as long as the head. Outer lateral toe considerably longer than the
inner. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. Wings rather pointed ; decidedly longer
than the tail. Back brown, spotted with white.

CAMPYLORIIYNCHUS, Spix.

Campylorhynchus, Spix, Av. Bras. 1821. (Agassi/,.)

Ch. — Bill as long as the head; not notched; compressed. Culmen and commissure both gently docurvcd ; gonys nearly
straight. Tarsus longer than middle toe, distinctly scutollato ; inner lateral too a little the longer ; hind too reaching nearly to
the middle of the middle claw ; shorter than its digit. Wings about as long as tail ; exposed portion of first quill about two*
thirds that of second, and rather more tlian half the longest, or fourth. Tail fenthora very brond, plane ; the longest, n«arly
even, with the wiilth about one-fjfth its length ; the two lateral gniduatcd ; the outer about live-sixths the middle. Plumogo
soft and loose. Color bnjwn ; streaks on tlio body. Wings and Uiil transversely barrcJ.

Of this genus the United States possesses but a single species, as far as known, confined to
the southern borders.

BIRDS UOTRICHIDAE CAilPYLOEHYNCnrS BRUNKEICAPILLUS.

355

Comparatiie measurements.

Cmul.
No.

Spcciu.

Locality.

Sei.

Lengtb.

Wing.

Tail.

TarMUH.

Middle

IM.

lu clnnr! Dill Along
aJono. above, gape.

Specimen
inuotfurcd.

7M»

7IM

1

Camp) lorhyiichui branneicapllluH.
do ilo

Mohave di-sert. . .
Los AnerloD Vol.

9

7.90
7.M

3.30

3.sa

3.60

I.)6
1.08

1.00
0.93

0.9G
0.34

0.96 1.20
0.86 1 1.02

Skin....
SkUi ....

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS BRUNNEICAPILLUS, Gray.

Picolaptes brunnticapillus, Lafresxate, Guerin Mag. do Zool. 1835, CI ; pi. -xlvii. California.— Lawrence, Annala
N. Y. Lye. V, May, 1851, 114. Texas.— Heermann, J. A. N. Se. Ph. 2d ser. II, Jan.
1853, 263.— Cassin, Illust. I, 1854, 156 ; pi. xxv.

CampylorhynehM brunnticapUlus, Grat, Genera, I, March, 1817, 159.— Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 323.

Sr. Ch. — Bill as long as the head. Above brown ; darkest on the head, which is unspotted. Feathers on the hack streaked
centrally witli white. Beneath whitish, tinged witli rusty on the belly ; the feathers of the throat and upper parts, and under tail
cOTorts, with large rounded black spots ; those of the remaining under parts with smaller, more linear ones. Chin and line over
the eye white. Tail feathers black beneath, barred subterminally (the outer one throughout) with white.

Length, 8 inches ; wing, 3.40 ; tail, 3.55 inches.

Hab. — Valleys of Rio Grande and Gila. Southward.

(7149.) This, the largest wren found in the United States, bears a slight resemblance to
the common creeper, Ccrthia americana, but differs greatly in all essential features. The bill,
from the base of the skull, is about the length of the latter, and is considerably comfiressed and
slightly decurved. The tail is long and broad, about equal to the wings. The black spotting
on the throat is very conspicuous, relieved only slightly by the white edges of the feathers.
There is a black maxillary stripe. Each feather on the back, including the wing coverts, may
be said to have two whitish spots strung along the white midrib, the light portion bordered by
a duskier shade than the extreme margin of the feather.

The outer edges of the quills are indented by triangular spots of whitish ; the basal portion
of the inner webs somewhat similarly marked. The two middle tail feathers are brown, some-
what like the crown, but with indistinct bands of darker ; the others are as described.

Specimens vary considerably in the length of the bill, and in the amount of black spotting on
the throat. In a female, 7150, the white streaks on the back are somewhat wider. The second
tail feather is sometimes banded almost as much as the first, and the inner tail feathers are
distinctly and narrowly banded with whitish and black, instead of dark brown, and lighter.

List of specimens.

Catol.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

VVhRnce obtained.

I

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
orwingi!.

Wing.

Itcmarks.

7148

RinggoItJ barracks, Texas...

3966

(?

c?

8.00

10.75

3.50

Bill slate, eyes reddish yellow, feetlead.

7151

Fort Yuma, California

Lieut. WilliaiD^on

Dr. Hecrmann.

7149

1 ■

356

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAIi EEPOET.

CATHERPES, Baird.

Ch. — Bill longer than the head, slender ; all the outlines nearly straight to the tip, then gently decurved, gonys least so ; nostrils
linear ; tarsus short, about equal to the middle toe, which reaches to the middle of the middle claw. Outer too considerably
longer than the inner, reaching beyond the base of the middle claw. Wings a little longer than the tail ; the exposed portion
of the first primary about lialf tliat of the fourth and fiflh. Tail feathers vnry broad and perfectly plane ; tail nearly even ; the
two lateral graduated ; the outer about eleven-twelfths of the middle.

This genus agrees with Salpinctes in the broad, plane tail feathers, hut the hill is much
longer, the nostrils linear, not oval, the feet much stouter, the outer toe rather longer ; the
tarsus shorter, being equal to the middle toe, not longer ; the hind toe much longer than the
outer lateral, instead of equal to it. The wings are but little longer than the tail, and less
pointed and shorter than in Salpinctes.

Cabanis, in establishing this genus on the broad tail feathers and long wings, includes S.
obsoletus and mexicanus. In this, however, he overlooks the remarkable differences in the feet
and wings of the two species. His type being obsoletus, the new genus belongs to mexicamis.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Ses.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

3969

Catherpes mexicanus.

New Leon, Mei ...
do

<?

5.70
6.50
5.00
5.75
5.76
5.74
5.19

7.75
7.37

8.00

S.48
2 50
2.36
2.37
2.74
2.78
3.00

2.38

0.74

0.74

0.20

0.92

1.20

Skin ....

Fresh . . .

3968

do

do

Salpinctes ohsolelus..

do

do

Pato.=,Coahuila,Mei
do

Tejon Valley

El Paso, Mcx

do

2.40

0.70

0.70

0.20

0.80

0.90

Skin ...
Fresh ...

7157
7158

2.36
2.24

0.86
0.79

0.76
0.70

0.18
0.18

0.7-J
0.70

0.93
0.8B

Skin

Skin ....
Fresh . . .

CATHERPES MEXICANUS, Baird.
White-throated Wren.

Thryothonis mexicanus, Swainson, Zool. Illustrations, 2d series, I, 1829, pi. xi. Real del Monte.

Salpinctes mexicamis, Cabanis, Wiegmann's Arcliiv, 1847, i, 323. — In. Mus. Hein. 1851, 78. — Bon. Consp. 1850,224.

Troglodytes mexicanus, Gray, Genera, I, 1847, 159. — Heermann, J. A. N. Sc. 2d sor. II, 1853, 263. — Cassin,

Illust. I, VI, 1854, 173 ; pi. xxx.
"Troglodytes albicoUis, CnviER, Gal. de Paris, Cah. No. 3."— "Lesson, Compl. VI, 1829, 188."
? " Troglodytes murarius, Light. Doppc & Schiede, Preis Verz. " (I cannot find that any description was published.)
? Salpinctes murarius, Cabanis, Nomenclator Av. Mus. Berol, 1854, 35.
Certhia albifrons, Giraod, 16 Sp. Texan Birds, 1841 ; pi. viii.
Thryotliorus gultulatus, Lafresnate, Rev. Zool. 1839,99.

Sp. Ch. — Bill considerably longer than the head ; claws large. Head and nock above dark ashy brown, passing gradually
into light rusty brown on the rump ; the sides of the body, belly, and under tail coverts similar, all these regions marked with
email rounded white and dusky spots, the latter in the form of waved bars on the feathers of the back ; an obscure white lino
over the eye. Chin, throat, and upper part of the breast pure white. Tail feathers rusty red on both sides, with six or eight
narrow transverse bars of block.

Length, 6.50 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 2.50. (.3909.)

flab. Valley of Rio Grande, Colorado, and Gila, (but not on the coast of California?) South into Mexico.

This species, first added to the fauna of the United States by Dr. Augustus L. Hecrmaan,
is the most handsomely marked of all the American wrens. In addition to tlic characters given
above, it may be stated that the rufous color of the upper and under tail coverts is of about the

BIKDS — LIOTRICHIDAE — SALPINCTE8 0BS0LETU8.

357

same shade ; the tail rather lighter ; the latter nearly similar on both sides, the bars showing
with equal distinctness. The dark spots on the feathers are just anterior to the light ones ;
sometimes they follow as well as i)recede the white ones. The reddish outer surface of the
wings is about the shade of the middk' of the back. There are no transverse dusky bars across
the quills, the outer webs only showing an alternation of dusky and reddish spots.

The wing is rather short ; the first and second quills are graduated, the latter about equal to
the secondaries ; the third is but little shorter than the fourth, fifth, sixth, all nearly equal.
The tail feathers are very broad (half an inch,) the tail plane, and moderately graduated (on the
sides only ;) the lateral feathers about .20 of an inch less than the longest.

Different specimens vary a little in the width of tlic black bars of the tail feathers ; those on
the inner feathers are usually narrower than on the outer, where thoy are about .05 of an inch
broad.

A specimen, 3968, probably a female, is smaller, with the bill appreciably shorter.

Lint of specimens.

Oalal.
No.

Sci.

Locality.

Wlicn
collectL'ii.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarlts.

asea

3

. Patos^Coabuila,Mcx,
1
1 New LeoD) Me\ . . . .

Lieut. Coucli....
do

236
175
66

5.75
6.50

7.62

7.75

2.37
2.50

Eyes dark brown ; bill slate

and white

Eyes dark brown; bill and

39(9

. Camp 1 ia,on BillWil-
liaias'Fork.N. Bl..

Feb. — , 1854

Lieut. Whipple...
J. Xant deVesey.

7116

SALPINCTES, Cab an is.

Salpinctts, Cabanis, Wiegmnnn'e Archiv, 1847, i, 323.

Ch. — Bill as long as the head ; all the outlines nearly straight to the tip, then decurved ; nostrils oval. Feet weak ; tarsi
decidedly longer than the middle toe ; outer lateral toe much longer, reaching to the base of the middle claw, and equal to the
hinder. Wings about one-fifth longer than the tail ; the exposed portion of the first primary about half that of the second, and
two-fifths that of the fourth and fifth. Tail feathers very broad, plane, nearly even or slightly rounded ; the lateral moderately
graduated.

Of this genus but one species is hitherto known in the United States, the rock wren of the
earlier ornithologists.

SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS, Cab.

Rock Wren.

Troglodytes obsoktus, Sat, in Long's Exped. II, 1823, 4. S. Fork of Platte.— Ndttall, Man. I, 1832, 435.— Apd.

Synopsis, 1839, 73.— Ib. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 443 ; pi. 3G0.— In. Birds Am. II, 1841, 113 ; pi.

116.— Newberry, Zool. P. R. R. Rep. VI, iv, 1857, 80.
Myotlura obsoUla, Bonap. Am. Orn. I, 1825, G ; pi. i, f. 2.
Thryothorua obsoktus, Bonap. List, 1838.— Ib. Rev. Zool. II, 1839, 98.

Salpindcs obsoltlus, Cabaxis, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1847, i, 323, (type obsoktus.) — Bonap. Consp. 1850, 224.
?" Thryolkorus latifasciatus, Licht. Preis Vcrzeichniss." — Eonap.

Sp. Ch. — Plumage very soft and lax. Bill about as long as the head. Upper parts brownish gray, each feather with a
central line and (except on the head) transverse bars of dusky, and a small dull brownish white spot at the end, (seen also on
the tips of the secondaries.) Rump, sides of the body, and posterior part of belly and under tail coverts dull cinnamon, darker
above. Rest of under parts dirty white ; feathers of throat and breast with dusky central streaks. Lower tail coverts banded

358

U. S. p. E. E. EXP, AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL EEPOET.

broadly with black. Inner tail fentliers like the back ; the others with a broad black bar near the end ; the tips cinnamon ; the
outer on each side alternately banded with this color and black. A dull white line above and behind the eye. Length, 5.70 ;
wing, 2.82; tail, 2.40; (7159.)
Hab. — High central plains through the Rocky mountains to the Coast and Cascade ranges, (but not on the Pacific coast?)

The name ohsoletus applies well to this species, the feathers all having a faded appearance
very difficult to define. Very few specimens in collections possess distinctly the markings
mentioned above, especially the small whitish spots of the upper parts, the brown of the back
having generally a more reddish apiDearance, the dark bars and lines more indistinct. In one
specimen (1857) from Fort Union there is no reddish on the abdomen and under tail coverts,
which are nearly white ; the bands on the latter too are much less distinct. This agrees better
with Say's description, but appears to be of the same species.

In young or immature specimens, which are much oftener seen in collections than adults,
there are neither light spots nor dusky lines above, the color being uniform brownish, passing
into pale dull cinnamon on the rump. The breast too is unspotted. The bill does not attain
its full length until maturity.

This siiecies has some resemblance in form to the G. mexicanus ; the bill, however, is
considerable shorter, being only equal to the head. The wings are rather longer and perhaps
more pointed, and reach nearly to the middle of the tail. The claws are considerably smaller.
There is also some similarity in the color, but the reddish is paler in ohsoletus, and the inner
tail'feathers are brown like the fore part of the back, with crowded bars ; the basal half of all
except the exterior, similar, instead of all being uniform reddish brown, with six or eight
narrow black bars. The comparative diagnoses of the two species, without reference to their
generic distinctions, will be as follows :

C. mexicanus. — Bill considerably longer than the head ; claws very large. Throat pure
unspotted white ; posterior part of body all round dark reddish brown ; tail feathers nearly
similar, all with equidistant bars of black.

>S^. ohsoletus. — Bill as long as the head. Claws moderate. Throat with dusky streaks.
Posterior parts of body pale cinnamon. Middle tail feathers much like the back.

List of specimens.

Oatal. Sex and
No. age.

1857
1S17
8830
5277
5279
5278
6832
8831
8780
8781
877D
5645
7158
7162
3967

7160

7157
7150

3
o
S

Q
Q

3

a

Locality.

Fort Union, Neb

do

Running Water, Nub.
BlBcktisot country ...
Powder river

.do..

Black HillH, Neb .....
do

Forks of Platte river.
do

do

Pole creek

El FOfiO, Mcx

ilo

Paios, Coahuila.

Camp 113, Bill WillinmB'
Fork.

Tcjon valley

do

FortTejon

When col-
lected.

July 6, 1843
July 18,1843
Aug. 15,1858
July —,1855
Aug. 4,1856

.. do

Sept. 19,1857
Aug. 18,

Aug. \3,\i:a

.... do

.... do

July 25,1850
Doc. —,1654
May —,1852

Feb. 5,1854

Whence obt-iined.

S. F. Baird ....
do

Lieut. Warren.

Ool. Vaugban..

Lieut. Warren.
do

.do..

do

Wnl. M. Magraw.
do

do

Lieut. Bryan ..
Maj. Kniory...

do

Lieut. Oouch.

Lieut. WhiiM»le....

Lieut. Williamson.
, do

J. X. de VCHcy..

Orig.
No.

154
152
153

15

238

68

Collected by— Length,

J. J. Audulion .

do

Dr. Haydcn....
do |.

5.37

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

do

Dr. Cooper.,
do

5.75
5.50

do

W. 8. Wood..,
Dr. Kennerly
do

5.12
5.13
5.S0

Kcnn Si Mull .

Dr. Ileeriiiiuin..
do

Stretch
ofwingn.

8.50
8.50

e.oo

8.87
8.7S

Wing.

2.75
2.50

3.00
3.75
2.75

Remarks.

Itis light gray .

Iris light brown .

Eyee chocolate brown.

Eyes dark brown ; feet

lead

Eyes gray

BIRDS — LIOTRICIUDAE — THRlOXnORUS. 359

Sub-Family TROGLODYTINAE.

Tail fcallipra ratlier narrow ; tlio inidiilc ones less llian one-sixth as wide as long. Tail more or less vaulted or concave
below ; usually considerably graduated. Tarsus longer than the middle too, which exceeds tho hinder ones ; the lateral Iocs
generally equal, and reaching tlie base of the middle claw. Hind too much longer thon the lateral. Size diminutive.

The 8ub-divisions are as follows :

TuRioTiiORUs. — Wings equal to or shorter than the tail, which is nearly even, the lateral
feathers only grailuateil. Bill nearly equal to the head, decurved. Toes not reaching to the end
of the tail. Color uniform hrown on the back.

CiSTOTHORUS. — Wings longer than the tail, which is short, and all the feathers much
graduated. Toes reaching to or beyond the tip of the tail. Feet large ; hind claw at least
equal to the rest of the toe. Back black, streaked with white.

Telmafodytes. — Bill nearly as long as the head. Hind claw longer than the rest of the toe.

Cistothorus. — Bill much shorter than the head. Hind claw equal to the rest of the toe.

Troglodytes. — Wings longer than the tail or nearly equal. Tail rounded ; the lateral

feathers graduated. Hind claw shorter than the rest of the toe. Back brown, obsoletely

waved with dusky.

Tro(jlodyies. — Wings about equal to the tail. Toes reaching to the tip of the tail. Bill

nearly as long as the head, compressed, decurved.
Anorthura. — Wings much longer than the very short tail. Bill shorter than the head,
slender, nearly straight. End of tarsus reaching to the tip of the tail.

THRIOTHORUS, Vieillot.

Thriolhorus, Vieillot, Analyse, 1816.

Thryolharus, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 55.

Thryotliurus, Swai.vson, Class. Birds, II, 1837, 319.

Cii. — Bill about as long as tho head ; nearly straight to near the tip, which is abruptly decurved, witli an obsolete notch.
Gonvs nearly straight. Hind toe nearly equal to the middle ; tho lateral toes equal, rcacliinfj to the base of the middle claw.
Tarsus longer than the middle toe. Wings about equal to tho tail, which is arched, and nearly even ; the first or second
lateral feathers moderately graduated ; the feathers narrow ; the width of longest about one-tenth its length.

This genus is apparently related to Campylorhynclms in almost every respect, the chief
difference being in the tail, which is rather shorter, being equal to the tail instead of less, and
the feathers much narrower, and more vaulted ; the width of the longest is about one-tenth the
length, instead of one-fifth or sixth. The bill is straighter to the tip, which is more abruptly
decurved.

In Thryothorus maculipedus the inner lateral toe is a little shorter than the outer ; the other
characters are much the same.

I have associated in this division the T. hewicMi, which differs in longer tail, the lateral
feathers of which are more graduated. The other differences are not important. It is at any
rate more naturally placed here than in Telniatodytes, where Cabanis has assigned it.

The precise determination of the section of American wrens to which Vieillot' s name should
belong is a matter of much uncertainty. I have not Vieillot's Analyse at hand to know what
species he considers as type, but Gray quotes as such, Tliryothorus arundlnaceus, Vieillot. In
the article on Thryothorus, in Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 55, Vieillot says that when he
established the genus he knew of but one species, the " Tliryothore des roseaux." The bird of

360

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPOET.

this name described on page 59, and there called likewise Thryotliorus arundineus, is the Certhia
2)alustris of Wilson. The bird he described in 1807 as " Troglodyte des roseatix," or Troglodytes
arundinaceiis, is as certainly Sylvia ludoviciana of Latham. Vieillot unquestionably knew the
latter species in 1816, as he had described it in 180Y, although its biography of that date
belonged to the first mentioned bird. For this reason, therefore, in the necessary uncertainty
of the case, I am inclined to differ from Gray, and to consider the Sylvia ludoviciana as the
type, especially as the necessity of a new generic name will thereby be avoided.

Synopsis of species.

Tail feathers light brown, with bars of black. Superciliary stripe extending far back on the
neck, and spotted with black. Tail about equal to the wings.

Lateral tail feather a quarter of an inch shorter than longest. Above, reddish brown ;

beneath, pale yellowish rusty ; sides plain T. ludovicianus.

Lateral tail feathers half an inch shorter than longest. Above, reddish brown ; beneath

bright reddish brown on the sides and behind ; sides obsoletely barred... jT. herlandieri.

Lateral tail feathers black, varied with white. Superciliary stripe confined to the neck. Tail

longer than the wings T. hetuichii.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

7113
10204
7123

do.
71!S

do.

Thriothoras ludovicianus .

do

Thriotlioras berlandicri . .
do

5.40
5.70
4.80
5.52
5.20
5.25
5.54
S.OO
5.50
5.10
4.80
4.50
4.92
4.10
4.75
4.44
4.90
5.50
4.56
3.50
3.92
3.98
3.70
4.40
4.92
4.90
9.50
4.12
4.42

7.25
7.25

7.33

6.83
S.7S

7.00

5.92

6.00
6.75
5.83

2.36
2.34
2.20
2.25
2.16
2.25
2.34
2.18
2.25
2.08
S.12
2.00
2.08
1.88
1.75
2.04
2.00

2.36
2.10
2.14

0.80
0.84
0.84

0.78
0.76
0.74

0.20
0.20
0.22

0.66
0.64
0.74

0.86
0.80
0.84

Skin

South Illinois ...

Boquillo

do

..„..

Skin

Skin

Fresh

do

do

do

9

2.22

0.78

0.72

0.20

0.64

0.76

Skin

Fresh....

Thri«thorus macuUpeclus'

Thriolhorus bewickii

do

do

Thriolhorue leucogasira ..
Troglodytes aedon

2.14
2.44

0.80
0.71

0.76
0.68

0.20
0.20

0.70
0.56

0.78
0.68

Skin

2047
do.
71K
9119

Carlisle, Pa

do

Cosumnes river..

3

"T

Skin

Fretfh....

2.32
2.22
1.94

0.73
0.73

0.68

0.66
0.68
0.64

0.18
0.18
O.H

0.60
0.58
0.50

0.74
0.72
0.64

Skin

Skin

1084
do.

8643
do.

7135

7136
do.

Carlisle, Fa

S

Skin

Fresh....

do

Cape Florida

1.90

O.OC

0.08

0.15

0.61

0.64

Skin

Troglodytes parkmanni. ..
do

Fort Steilacoom..
do

0

2.10
2.12

0.66
0.6G

0.63
0.64

0.16
O.IC

0.44
0.54

0.50
0.70

Skin

Skin

Fresh....

1.92
1.78
1.66
1.76
1.82
1 80
1.92
2.00
2.08
1.72
1.75

1.88
1.26

0.66
0.6-1

0.62

0.58

0.16
0.14

0.52
0.42

0.62
0.56

Skin

1379

do.

10906

9216

1556

do.
1454

do.
I5I0

do.

Troglodytes hyemalis

do

Carlisle, Fa

do

9

"g"
Q

Skin

Fresh ....

do

Troglody W« nuropacus . . .
Cintothorun palustrU

Wc«tNortlilicld,Ill

NUrnbcrg

Carlisle, Pa

1.33

1.38
1.74

0.C6
0.68
0.76

0.60
0.62
0.66

0.16
0.16
0.20

0.40
0.44
0.52

0.55
0..M
0.70

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fresh....

do

do

<?

2.00

0.80

0.72

0.31

0.62

0.76

.Skin....
Frcih

CislollioniM etellarii',

do

do

do

1

0

1.70

0.64

0.56

0.14

0.40

0.50

Skin

■

' Thryothorut maruUpcdin, Lakr. Rev. /oiil. IS-IS, 338.

BIRDS — LIOTRICIIIDAK — TllRIOTUORUS LUDOVICIANUS. 3G1

THRIOTUORUS LUDOVICIANUS, Bo nap.

Grent Cnrolinn Wroii.

Mulaeilla Iroglodi/Us, Var. y, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 994.
Siflcia tudoticiana, Latham, Irid. Orn. II, IT9U, 548, Nu. ISO.
Troglodytes ludoricianus. Light- Vorz. Doubl 1833, 35. — Bom. Oba. Wilson, 1824, No. G5.— Add. Orn. Biog. I,

1831, 399 : V, 1839, 4C6 ; pi 78.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 74.— In. Birds Amer. II, li?41, UG ; pi.

117.
Thryolhorus {iidsricisniis, Bonap. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 220.— Ib Comptcs Rendus, XXVIII, 1854, 57 : Notes

Delallrc, 41.
Troglodytes arundinaceus, Vieillot, Oia. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 55 ; pi. cviii. The habiU aa detailed are tlioso of T.

palustris. Description certainly refers to the present species.
Thryothorus arandinacetu, Lessom, Rev. Zool. 18411, 263, (but not his synonymes.)
Cerlhia earoUniana, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 61 ; pi. xii, f. 5.
ThryolhorKS lilloralis, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 56.
Thryolhorui louisianae , Lesso<{, Rev. Zool. 1840, 262.

Sp. Ch — Exposed portion of the bill shorter than the head. Above reddish brown, most vivid on the rump. A whitish streak
over the eve, bordered above with dark broivn. Throat whitish ; rest of under parts pale yellow rusty, darkest towards the
under tail covens, which are conspicuously b irrcd with black. Exposed surface of the wings and tail (including the U|)pcr
coverts) barred throughout with brown, the outer edges of tail feathers and quills showing series of alternating whitish and
dusky spots. Legs tlesh colored. Length, 6 inches ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.45.

Ilah. — Eastern United States to the Missouri j north to Pennsylvania. In Texas to upper Rio Grande.

The bill, measured to the forehead, is about a.s long as the head ; tlie culmeu moderately
curved ; the inferior outline nearly straight. The wings are short, reaching over the posterior
third of the tail, but not to the ends of the coverts. The under parts are entirely de.stitute of
any trace of bars except on the tail coverts. The orown of the back assumes rather a grajish
shade on the crown. As usual there is a good deal of concealed white on the rump. The tail
feathers are all similar in color and uniform close barring, the exterior only having rather more
dusky and whitish. The middle and secondary coverts have each a light spot at the end, said
to be wanting in the female. The shafts of the interscapular feathers are paler than the
remaining portion. The white streak over the eye is very conspicuous, and extends down the
side of the neck ; beneath this streak and behind the eye is a' patch like the back ; tbe rest of the
side of the head is grayish white, streaked with dusky.

Specimens vary considerably in the intensity of color, the under parts being sometimes but
little tinged with the pale rusty, except on the sides and towards the tail. The under tail
coverts are frequently almost pure white, conspicuously barred with black ; generally, however,
they have a rusty tinge. In one specimen (712J) the under coverts are without any bars.

The only specimen I have seen from regions west of the Missouri is that collected at Fort
Thorn by Dr. Henry.

46 b

3G2

U. S, p. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

71U
1785
1097
7120
10204
7118
7119
7117

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

s

PhiUlclplua

Maryland

Washington, D. C.-.l liine 12, 1843

Eockport, Ohio | Jan. 3, 1852

South Illinois j May 9

Fort Leavenworth... .Jan. 20,1855

do Dec 20, 1854

Fort Thorn, N. M.

Whence ohtained.

John Cassin

S. F. Baird

do

Dr. Kirtlaud

R. Kennicott

Lieut. Coiich

do.

Dr. T. C, Henry

Collected by —

Length.

John Krider .-
W. M. Baird ..

6.00

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

8.25

2.50

THRIOTHORUS BERLANDIERT, Couch.

Sp. Ch. — Exposed portion of bill nearly as long as the head. Above, dark rusty brown', most vivid on the rump. A whitish
streak over the eye, bordered above with brown. Chin white ; rest of under parts dark brownish red ; the under tail c verts
and sides of the body barred witli dusky. E.fposed surface of wings and tail barred throughout with dusky. Legs flesh color.
Length, 5.25; wing, 2.25 ; tail 2.12.

//„(). — Nortlieastern Mexico towards the Rio Grande.

This species bears a very close resemblance to the T. ludovicianus. It is, however, smaller,
the bill longer and more slender, the notch more conspicuous. The wings are proportionally-
shorter and more rounded, the primaries prqecting less beyond the secondaries ; the first quill
is larger. The tail is shorter and considerably more graduated. The colors above are darker,
especially the reddish of the rump. The under parts are of a much deeper reddish brown,
nearly as dark as the rump of ludovicianus and almost as deep as in Oatherpes mexicanus ; the
sides under the wings in two specimens exhibit distinct, though distant bars of dusky, not seen
in any skins of the other species before me.

The lateral tail feathers are nearly half an inch less than the others, nearly twice as great a
difl'arence as in ludovicianus.

This species has been named by its discoverer, Lieut. Couch, after Dr. Berlandier, late of
Matamoras, Mexico.

List of specimens.

Caul.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Length.

Stretch
ol'wing^.

Wing.

Kcmnrks.

7122
7123

9

Boquillo, New Leon, Mciico.

April — , 1853
do

Lieut. D. N. Couch,
do

142
143

5.25

7.25
7.25
7.50

3.25
2.50
2.50

Eyes brown, bill sliitc, ffd lislu brown.

San Diego, Rio San Juan ... .

Mar.— ,1653

do

BIKDS — LIOTRICHIDAE — TIIRIOTIIOKUS UKWICKII. 3'i3

TIIRIOTHORUS BEWICKII, Bonap.

Bewick's Wren.

Trogtotlyles bevickii, AoD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 96 : V, 183(j, *61 ; pi. 18.— In. Syn. 183'J, 74.— In. Birds Amur, il,
1841, 120; pi. 118.— Ni'TT. Man. 1, 1832, 434.— Lesson, Kov. Zoul. 1840, 2C4.— Newberry,
Zool. P. R. R. Surv. VI, IV, 1857, 80.

Thryolliorus htirickii, BoSAr. Lisl, 1838. — Is. Conspectus, 1850, 221.

Telmaloilylti btirickii, Cab.^s'is, Mus. Ilcin. 1851, 78. (Not type.)

Troglodytes leucogaslra, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1836, 89. (Krom Tumaulipas, Mex.)

Thryulhonis Uueogasirn, Bos. Consp. 1850, 222.— Ib. Comptcs Rcmlus, XXVIII, 1854, 57 ; Notes Orn. Delattrc, 43.

Troglodytes spilurus, Vigors, Zool. Beecln-y's Voyage, 1839, 18 ; pi. iv. f. 1. (California.)

Sp. Cii. — Bill shorter than the head. Tail longer than the wings; much graduated. Ui)per parts rufous brown ; benealli
plumbeous white. A while screak over the eye, the feathers edged above with brown. Exposed surface of the wings and the
innermost tail feathers closely barred with dusky ; the remaining tail feathers mostly black, barred or blotched with white at
the tips, and on the whole outer web of the exterior fcatlier, and on the under tail coverts. Length, 5.50; wing, 2.25;
tail, 2.50. (2047.)

Var. spilurus, with longer bill ; purer white beneath. Colors more grayisli olivaceous above.

Httb. — North America from Atlantic to Pacific ; south to Me.\ico.

This species is very strongly marked among all the North American wrens by the very long
hlack tail, varied only on the exterior with whitish. The rump is very little brighter than the
rest of the back. The upper and under tail coverts are conspicuously barred. When the tail
is closed its entire upper surface appears rather grayer than the back, and uniformly barred
from base to tip ; the concealed portion, however, is found to be nearl}'^ uniformly black, tlie
white only visible on the exterior when viewed from below. The sides of the body are
tinged with brown, but no bars are visible ; perhaps an occasional dusky streak,

The color of the under parts varies considerably. In one (2532) it is of a sooty brown,
scarcely lighter along the median line ; the colors above, too, are unusually dark. Generally,
however, it is of a dull soiled plumbeous white, darker, perhaps, across the breast. The female
is smaller than the male, but otherwise not different. The young is obscurely blotched beneath
with du.sky.

The tail is so long that the outstretched hind feet do not reach to the end of it. The wings
do not quite reach over the posterior third of the tail, nor to the ends of the coverts. The
outer feathers are about .65 of an inch shorter than the middle ones.

All the western specimens with which I have compared series Jfrom Pennsylvania agree in
having a longer and more gently curved bill, the tail feathers apparently broader, and in being
less rufous and more olivaceous above ; the bars on the wings more obsolete. The under parts
are of rather a purer white. I am not prepared to say that these differences are constant or of
specific value ; if this should be established. Vigors' name of spilurus would be very appro-
priate. The skins from the Rio Grande are paler and grayer above ; the belly is still purer
white. It is this plumage which Gould has described as Troglodytes leucorjastra in Pr. Zool.
Soc. 1836, 89. His specimen from Tamaulipas agrees perfectly with others in the Smithsonian
Museum from the same locality.

364

TI. S. P. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal . Sex and
No. age.

2563
2047
1061
1104
1103
7136
7138
7129
7134

4541
5.116
7133
7133

7127
7131
7130

3970

3971
9119

C?
(?

9
oo
oo

9
3

Locality.

When col-

lucti'd.

Wlitnce obtained.

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

do

do

Fort Slcilacoom

do

Shoalwatcr bay, W. T

Fort Vancouver, W. T

Jan.

,1855

Washington Territory

Pctaluran, Cal

San Francisco.

Cosumnes river

Fort Tejon

Los Nogales, Mexico,

Devil's river, Texas..

Ringgold Barracks, Tex. Jan. 1.5, ie.53

New Leon, Mex April — , 185J

Santa Kosalia, Mex Mar — , 1853

Mexico

April 30, 1846 S, F. Baird.

Mar- 29, 18«l do....

June 14, 1843 I do..

July 5, 1843

do

Feb. — , 1856

June — , 1855
Dec. 29, 1853

Dec. 29, 1856
May 8, 185B

do

do

Dr. Suckley...
do

Gov. Stevens. .
do

do

E. Samufls

R. S. Williamson
do

J X. de Vesey. ..

Major Emory ....
do

do

Lieut. Couch .

do

M. Verreaux..

Orig'l
No.

253
251

158

29906

Collected by-

Dr. Cooper .
do

Dr. Suckley.

Dr. Ileerniann
do

Dr. Kenncrly..
J. H. Clark ....
, do

Length.

5.16
5..''.0
4.91
4.91

5.50

5.00
5.00

Stretch
of wings.

7.16
7.32
6.75
6.75

6.50
7.00

5.25

6.75
6.75
6.50

6.50

Wing.

2 32
2.25
2.16
2.08

1.75
3.13
2.25

2.00

Remarks.

Iris brown. Ices gmy, bill
black and white.

Eyes brown, leet light

brown.
Eyes brown, leet lead..

CISTOTHORUS, Cab an is.

Cistothorus, Cabajjis, Mus. Hein. 1850-'l, 77. Type Troglodytes stcUaris,
Telmatodyles, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850-'l, 78. Type Certliia palustris.
Thriolliorus, Vieillot, Analyse, 181G, according to G. R. Gray. See article on genus Thriolhorus.

Cii. — Bill about as long as the head or much shorter, much compressed, not notched, gently decurved from tlie middle ; thegonys
slightly concave or straight. Toes reaching to the end of the tail. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. Hind toe longer than
the lateral, shorter than the middle. Lateral toes about equal. Hind toe longer than or equal to its digit. Wings rather
longer than the tail, all the feathers of which are much graduated ; the lateral only two-thirds the middle. The feathers
narrow. Hack black, conspicuously streaked witli white.

Tlie excessive graduation of all the feathers of a tail shorter than the wings, in connexion
with stout feet and a hind Joe as long as or longer than its digit, appears to characterize this
group. I have drawn the characters to include both Cistothorus and Tdmatodytes of Cabanis,
as they are very closely related. The characters of these will be found under the sub-family
Troglodytinae.

CISTOTHORUS (TELMATODYTES) PALUSTRIS, Cabanis.

Long-billed Mnrsli Wren.

Certhia palustris , "Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 58; pi. xii, f. 4.

Troglodytes palustris, BoNAr. Obs. Wilson, 1824, No. 66. — Swainson, F. Bor. Am. 11, 1832, 319. — AnnnBON, Orn.

Biog. 1, 1831, 51(0: V, 1839, 467; pi. 100.— Iii. Birds Anier. II, 1811, 135; pi. 123.— New-

BEHiiv, ZwA. Cal. & Or Uoulo ; P. R. R. Rep. VI, iv, 1H57, 80.
TImjolhortts palustris, Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 439.— Bon. List, 1838.
Tkryolhorus arundincus, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, XXXIV, 1819, 58. (Nut Troglodytes arundiiuiccus, Vieillot, Ois.

Am. n, pi. cviii.)
Thryolhnrus arundinaccu^, Hokai'. Consp. 1850, 220.
Tdmatodytes urundinaceus , Cauanib, iVlus. Hein. 1851, 78. ( lyi><'.)

BIKPP — LIOTRICniPAr. — CISTOTTIfiRUS STF.LLARIS.

3G5

Sr. Ch. — Bill about as long u head. Tail and winij nearly equal. I'ppcr parts of a dull rcddisli brown, except on the
crown, iiitursrapulur region, outer surfncc oftertials, and tail feathert:, which arc olniust black : the firot with a incdiun p:ilcli
like the ground color ; the eccond with shori streaks of white, extending round on the sides of the neck : the third indented
with brown ; the fuurtli hnrred wilh whitish, decreasing in amount from the outer feather, whiili is marked from tlic base, to the
tilth, whore it is confined to ihu tips ; the two middle feuthcrs above like the back, and barred throughout with <lii>ky. Rcncath
rather pure white, tlio sides and under tail coverts of a lighter shade of brown tliun thu buck; a white streak over Ihu eye.
Length, 5.50 ; wing, 2.08 ; tail, 2.00. (M54.)

Hub. — North America from Atlantic to Pacific -, north to Greenland. (Reinhardt.)

There is only a slight tentlency to paler bars on the under parts, tlicse being broad, very
obsolete, and confined to the sides. The under tail coverts are moderately spotted in a male.
In a female (loofi) they are immaculate, and the black of the tail is less distinct ; the size is
considerably smaller ; the colors of the back brighter and more rufous.

Specimens vary in the greater or less intensity of the lighter patch on the head, the crown
sometimes appearing nearly black. The rump is generally a little brighter than elsewhere ;
the upper tail coverts more or less distinctly barred. There is but little marking on tlie
primaries.

In some western specimens there is a brownish tinge across the breast, but otherwise there is
but little difference. No. 7141, from Shoal water bay, has a shorter bill than any others in the
series before me.

Eeinhardt (Vidensk. Meddel. for 1853, 81,) quotes ^'Troglodytes arundinaceus, A^ieillot," as
found in Greenland. Yieillot's species of 1807 is really Tltryothorus ludovicianus, but reference is
probably meant to his T hryothorus arundinevs, which, as stated below, is the present species.'

• List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Localily.

When col-
lected.

Whence obiaincd. , Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Lengih.

Siretch
ulwiligs.

Wing.

Remarks.

1456

3
Q

"q
..„..

May 4, 1844
May 20

5.50
4.91
4.50
5.00

6.75
6.00
6.25
6.50

2.50
1.91
2.00
2.00

155i

do

do

4744

883^

Mriulh Dig Sioux, Nub..
Sand IIlll9

.May 4,1856
Aug. 12

Lieut. Wanen .

do

Dr. Hayden....
do

Iris dark brown

<143

7141

Shoalwatcr bay, W. T..

Oct. 31, 1834

Gov. Sicvcns 110

l.ieut. Williamson

J. Xantus de Vcsey

Dr. Cooper....
Dr. Heermann.

5.25

G.75

7140

Fort Tcjon, Cal

CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS, Cabanis.

Short-biUed 3Iar$h Wreu.

Troglodytes slellaris, " Licht." Naumanm, Vogel Deutschl. Ill, 1623, 724. (Carolina.) •

Cistolhorus ilellaris, Cab.\nis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 77. Type.

7'rogJod!/(es6r«riros(r«,NcTTALL, Trans. Anier. Acad. Arts and Sc.New Ser. 1, 1833,96, with figure. Quoted in Manual,

though date of volume is subsequent to 1832. — Ib- Manual, I, 1832, 436. — .-^ud. Oin.

Biog. II, 1834, 427 : V, 1839, 469 ; pi 175 — Ib. Syn. 1839, 76.— Ib. Birds Ainer. II, 1B41,

138 ; pi. 124.— BoN. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 220.

Sp. Ch. — Bill very short, scarcely half the length of the head. Wing and tail about equal. Hinder part of the crown and
the scapular and interscapular region of the back and rump almost black, streaked with while. Tail dusky, tho feathers barred

i Most recent authors erroneously refer the TroglodijUs aruniinoccus of Vieillot in Ois. Am. Sept., to the present species.
The Thryolhorus anindineiu, or " Tliryothore des Roseaux" of Vieillot, (Nouv. Diet.,) is really the same ; but on the same
page he expressly states that the Troglodytes arundinaceus, or " Troglodyte des Roseaux" of the Ois. Am. Sept., is identical
with Syhia ludoriciana of Latham, as would readily be inferred from the description and figure. The habits, as indicated,
were, however, probably based on pnlustris.

366

V. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

throughout with brown, (the color grayish on the under surface.) Beneath white, the sides, upper part of breast, and under
tail covers reddish brown. Upper parts, with the exceptions mentioned, reddish brown. Length, 4.50 ; wing, 1.75; tail, 1.75.
Hab. — Eastern United States to the Loup Fork of Piatte.

The series before me is not sufficiently full to say if the sexes differ in color. The dusky bars
on the wing and tail are broad and conspicuous. The under tail coverts are faintly barred with
lighter. There are also obsolete streaks of wbitisli on the sides of the neck. The forehead is
brownish, not dusky.

This species differs in its white streaks on the back from all other North American wrens,
excepting T. palustris. In this there are no streaks on the head or rump ; the tail is blacker,
the bill much longer, the size much larger every way. I have not yet seen any specimens from
the regions beyond the Missouri, except that collected by Lieut. Warren's expedition on the
Loup Fork of the Platte, probably near the eastern limit of the high central plains.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

stretch
of winge.

Wing.

2510

Carlisle Pa

SLpt. 20, 1818
1846

S. F. Baird

4.41

5.83

1.75

3073

Liberty county, Ga...
Loup Fork, Neb

do

J. Leconte --.

9217

Aug. 30, 1857

Lieut. Warren..

S V P.Mir.l

3.75

5.37

1.50

1916

j

TROGLODYTES, Vieillot.

Troglodytes, "Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 52, type T. ncdon.

" Jlnortkura, Rennie, 1831 ;" (in Montague's Ornithological Dictionary?) T'y\>e JMulacilla troglodytes.

The characters of this section will be found sufficiently indicated in the synopsis of the genera
on a preceding page. It comes nearest to Cistothorus, but is distinguished by weaker feet and
much smaller hind claws, which, instead of being equal to or longer than the remaining portion
of the toe, is decidedly shorter.

The propriety of keeping the Troglodytes aedon in the same section with 2'. Jiyonalis may,
perhaps, be questioned, as the latter differs essentially in the slender and nearly straight liill,
and the very short tail, which is surpassed by the whole of the toes when outstretched. Tltese
differences I have indicated by the sections mentioned in the synopsis.

Of the first section, Troglodijtes, there are possibly three species. Two of these have a ligliter
superciliary line ; one is the well known house wren, T. aedon. The other, its western repre-
sentative, differing in the grayer color, without any rufous beneath. Tlie third species, T.
americanus, has no superciliary stripe.

In the second section, Anorlhura, there is but one species in this country, T. Injoaalis, closely
related, however, to the European T. parvulus.

DIRUS — L10TRlf;niDAE — TKOGLODYTES PAKKMANNI.

367

TROGLODYTES AEDOX, Yieillot.

House Wren.

TrngloJijIis action, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sopt. II, It)07, 53; pi. cvii, (typo of gonus.) — In. Noiiv, Diet. XXXIV,
1819, 506.— BoNAP. Obs. Wilson, 1835, No. 136.— llicii. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 316.-Aiiu.
Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 137 : V, 1839, 470 ; pi. Ix.xxiii —Id. Syn. 1839, 75.— In. Birds Amor. II,
1841, 135; pi. cx.t.

Sylvia domestica, Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 130 ; pi. viii.

Troglodylrs fulvM, Ni;tt.«ll, Man. I, 1832, 432

Troglodijles furviis. Rich. List, 1837. (Not .Molacillafurvti, Gniclin.)

Sp. Ch. — Tail and wings about equal. Bill shorter tlnn the head. Almve reddish brown, darltcr towards the head, brighter
on Iho rump. The feathers everywhere, e.xcept on llio head andlieck, barred with dusky ; obscurely bo on llio back, and still
lots on tho rump. All tlio tail feathers barred from the base ; the contrast more vivid on the exterior ones. Beneath palo
fulvous white, tinged with light brownish across the breast ; the posterior parts rather dark brown, obscurely banded. Under
tail coverts whitish, with dusky bars. An indistinct line over the eye, eyelids, and loral region, wliitisli. Checks brown,
streaked with whitish. Length, 4.90 ; wing, 2.08 ; tail, 3.00.

Ilttb. — Eastern United Slates to the Missouri, or tu the iiigh central plains.

The bill of this species, even from the extreme base, is shorter than the head. The wing is
very nearly equal to the tail, and reaches over its basal fourtli. The tail is moderately graduated,
the lateral feather about .32 of an inch shorter than the middle. The outstretched feet reach
about to the end of the tail.

There are a few whitish spots on the wing coverts.

List of specimeiis.

Catal.

Sex and
nge.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by-

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

lOtM

(?

Carlisle, Pa

do

June 14, 1843
S(-pl. 16, 1S42
July 3U, 1844
July 23, 1844
Sept. 9, 1845

S. P. Balrd

4.91
4.91
5.08
5.00

6.83
6.83
6.75
6.50

2.08

7-28

do

1655

O
O
<?

do

do

do

2,00
2.00

1G4G

do

S443

do

do

7576

8641

Cape Florida, FIr

Oct. 23, 1857
Oct. 30,1857
Oct. i23

Oct. 22

4.30
4.75
4.75

4.50

5.75
6.75
5.75

6.25

1.75
2.00
1.75

2.00

8842
8643

8644

do

do '..

do

do

do

do

HIack eyes and bill.
Browiii!?!) leg)-:, bill and eyes
brown.

6513

""i"

do

8846

Loup Fork, Platte river

July 3

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Hayden..

4.75

6.50

2.00

TROGLODYTES PARKMANNI, A u d .

Farkmann's Wreu.

Troglodylts parkmanni, Ano. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 310, not figured.— Ib. Syn. 1639, 76.— Id. Birds Amer. II, 1841,
133 ; pi. 132.

Sp. Cii. — Similar in size and general appearance to T. uedon, with light line over the eye, &c ; the colors, however, grayer,
the upper parts dark brown, the lower grayish white, with little or none of the rufous tinge of particular regions, as seen in T.
aedon.

Hub. — Western America, from the high central plains and Upper Missouri, to the Pacific.

All the specimens of the house wren type from the western regions appear to differ from eastern
ones in a grayer tinge of coloration, both above and below, the reddish brown of the rump and

368

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

under parts being little if at all appreciable. There is, perhaps, a stronger tendency to bars on
the upper parts and sides. Whether these features should be considered as establishing a dis-
tinct species I am not prepared fully to admit, but adopt Audubon's name as a provisional one
for the western form.

Audubon compares hi.s T. parkmanni with T. Jiyemalls. The differences are, however, very
great, and the comparison should be made much rather with aedon.

List cf specimens.

Cat. Sex 8e.

No. ajje.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l

Collected by-

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

Remarks.

July —,1855
July —,1855
May 11,1856
M.ay 15,1856
July —,1856

April 29

Ap il 35,1856
May 14,1856
May 15,iai6
Muy 15,1856
May 12,1856
April 26, 1856
Sept. 18,1857

April 24,1856
July 7,1856

5974

do .

do

do

4734 0

Dpiier Missouri

do

Fort Lookout, Neb. . .
Near Couneil lilulls..

Bald inland, Ncl)

Upper Missouri

do

do

do

do

do

4.50
4.75
4.50

6. SO
6.87
6.00

a. 00

2.12

2.00

4737 (?
5276 J

4739 J'

4740

do

. ...do

do

.... do.. ,.

Eye brown

do

do

do

do

do

do

W. M. Magraw...

193

do

do

do

do

do

do

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Hayden....
W. S. Wood ...

4.87
5.1-2
5.00
4.37
4.75
4.33
5.00

4.75

6.50
6.75
6.50
6.75
6.75
6.35
0.87

6.50

2.12
2.25
3 50
2.25
2.12
2.25
2.12

2.00

47J5

4741

4738

do

4742 c?
4736 (J
Kll

47.)3

do

do

Fort Laramie

Upper ftlissouri

Iris brown, bill flesh, feet light

brown.
Eye light brown

7139 <S

CliarcoEscondido, Mx

Lt. Couch

Dr. Suckley

do

76
137
363

380
887

4.50

6.00

2.00

Bill state, eyes dark brown. .

7135 O

7136 (?

7137

do

May 3, 1850

1

do

5517 (?

Petaluiiia, Oal

Sacramento Valley . . .

May 23,1856

E. Samuels

7138 1 <?

Dr. (Icerinann.

.TROGLODYTES AMERICANUS, Aud.

Wood Wren.

Troglodytes amtricnnus, AtTD.Orn. Biog. II, 18,34, ^O : V, 18:i9, 169 ; pi. 179.— Ib. Rirrfs Amcr. II, 1H4I, 123; pi. 119.
Troglodytes sylveslris, Gambel, I'r. A. N. Sc. Ill, 184b, 113, (actually refers to T. ;)aifcmanni,'lliuugli quoting Audu-
bon as above.)

Sp. Cii. — Similar in size and color to tlie T, aedon; the bill shorter, tlio tail more graduated. Colors throughout much
darker ; no light line over the eye, but the sides of tlie bead and neck much like tbo crown. The lores and car coverts with
the shafts of the feathers scarcely hghter. Length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.00 ; tail, 1.85.

Hub. — Eantern United States.

If I am correct in the reference of No. 2951 to this supposed species of Mr. Audubon, it is
very similar to T. aedon, but appears to have a shorter and stouter bill. The size and propor-
tions are very nearly the same, thougli given by Audubon as con.siderably larger. The colors
generally are considerably darker, with very little reddish ; most distinct on the rump. There
is no light line over the eye ; in fact the sides of the head and neck are almost uniform brown,
with their upper parts being slightly relieved only by pale shafts to the car coverts, and perhaps
to the loral feathers. The under parts are considerably darker, the throat and breast almost
brownish ash, the middle of the belly only whitish.

BIRDS — LlOTEIClllDAE — TR0QL0DY1E8 lii'EMALIS.

3(;9

List of specimens.

Catal. No. Age.

Locality.

1

Whence obtained. Collected by —

2951

Eostom United States

S. F. Baird J.J. Audubon

1906 .

do

do

7255 o

do

J. Cas,sin

TROGLODYTES (ANORTHURA) HYEMALIS, Vieillot.

Winter Wren.

Sylr'xa Iroglodyles, Wilso.v, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 139 ; pi. viii, fig. G.

TroglodyUs hijematis, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XX.XIV, 1819, 514.— Bonap. List, 1838.— In. Conspectus, 1850, 222 —

Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831,; 318.— AcD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 430 ; pi. 3C0.— Ib. Syn. 1839,

76.— Ib. Birds. Am. II, 1841, 128; pi. 121.
Troglodytes europaeui, Bon. Obs. Wlls. 1825; No. 137.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 427.

Sp. Cii. — Bill very straight, slender, and conical ; shorter than tlie head. Tail considcralily sliorter llian tlie wings, which
reach to its middle. Upper parts reddish brown ; becoming brighter to the rump and tail ; everywhere, e.\cept on the head and
upper part of the back, with transverse bars of dusky and of lighter. Scapulars and wing coverts with spots of white.
Beneath pale reddish brown, barred on the posterior half of the body with dusky and whitish, and spotted with white more
anteriorly ; outer web of primaries similarly spotted with pale brownish white. An indistinct pale line over the eye. Length,
about 4 inches ; wing, 1.66 ; tail, 1.26.

Hob. — ^North America generally .

Western specimens of this species appear to be of a darker reddi.sh brown generally than in
the eastern, and perhaps a little larger. Northern ones are decidedly largest.

This wren is so exceedingly like the European Troglodytes parvulus,^ that I candidly confess
my inability to distinguish the single specimen of the latter before me (9216 from Niirnberg,)
from American skins.

List of specimens.

Catal.'
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

127

"9

Carlisle, Pa

do

Cairo, HUnois

West Northfield 111

Oct. 13, 1840
April 22, 1844
April 24

S F Baird

1379

do

8.83

6.83

1.66

10206

do

1

7143

Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.
do

Mar. — , 1856
Dec 23 1853

Gov. Stevens

......do .......

267

Dr. Suckley

7144

do

"

7145

....

do

do

Shoalwaterbay,W.T.
Columbia river

Feb. —

. . do

254

264

75

208

do

7146

Mar. — , 1856
May, 22, 1854
Jan. 27, 1856

do

do

do

7147
4601

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Suckley

3.08
4.25

5.25
6.25

1.91

' The synonymes of the European wren are —
Troclodttes pabvulus, Koch.

Molaeilla troglodytes, Lin.v. Syst. Nat.

^norlliura troglodytes, Renxie.

Troglodytes parvidus, KocH.

Troglodytes curopaeus, Cor. Vieillot.

Troglodytes regulus , Meter.

47 b

370

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The preceding pages include all the wrens assigned by more recent writers to the United
States, with the exception of T. maculosa, Nuttall, described from a specimen seen in a thicket
in Oregon. There is no known species to which this can be is assigned, unless the description
is erroneous, as might readily be the case under the circumstances of observation.'

Sub-Family CHAMAEANAE.

CHAMAEA, Gambel.

Chamaea, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1847, 154. (Type Parusfasciatus.)

Ch. Bill shorter than the head, much compressed. Rictus.with long bristles. Tarsus much longer than tlie toes ; without

well marked scales. Lateral toes equal. Wings short, much rounded ; two-thirds the length of tlietail, which is much graduated ;
the lateral feathers two-thirds the longest. Plumage very soft and lax.

In this genus the bill is short and much compressed from tlie middle, broader than high at
the base. The culmen is straight half way, then considerably curved ; the gonys nearly
straight, but ascending. The bill is not notched ; nor are the nostrils concealed by incumbent
bristles, though a few of these, of large size, with lateral setae, are directed forward. The
nostrils are elongated and narrow, though short and overhung by a scale. The bristles at the
base of the bill are quite long and conspicuous, measuring a quarter of an inch. The tarsi are
very long, and exhibit no divisions of scutellae (except obsoletely) on the inner side. The
claws are moderate : the hinder as long as the rest of the toe. The wings are short and much
rounded ; the first five primaries much graduated ; the third scarcely longer than the primaries.
The tail feathers are very long and subtruncate.

I am not sure that I have correctly indicated the place of Chamaea, though there is no other
family to which it could so readily be referred. The strongly bristled rictus separates it widely
from the wrens, as does also the broad depressed character of the base of the bill. The bristly
character of the frontal feathers is quite peculiar in the group. It has been placed among the
titmice, but is easily distinguished from them by the free character of most of the basal joints
of the middle toe, the absence of a sheath of bristly feathers around the base of the bill, &c.
It is, however, very similar, and probably connects the two families.

Comparative measurements.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Us claw
alone.

Bill
ahovc.

Along
gape.

Specimen mea-
sured.

7163
5924

Ohamaca fascinta....
do

Sacramcnlo valley .

c?

5.90
6.20

2.20
2.34

3.40
3.42

0.92
1.02

0.70
0.76

0.18
0.22

0.42
0.46

0..52
0.54

Skin

Skin

CHAMAEA FASCIATA, Gambel.

Parusfasciatus, Gambel, Pr. A. N. S. II, Aug. 1845, 265.

Chamaea fasciata, Gambel, Pr. A. N. S. Ill, Feb. 1847, 154. (Type of genus.)— Ib. J. A. N. S. 2d Scries, I, 1847,

34; pi. viii, f. 3.— CABANi8,Wiegmann's Archiv, 1S48, i, 102 —Bp. Consp. 1850, 200.— Cassin,

III. I, II, 1853,39; pi. vii.

Sp. Cii. — Wings scarcely two-lbirda the length of the tail; both very much graduated. Upper and outer parts generally

(including the whole tail) olivaceous brown, tinged with gray on the head ; beneath pale brownish cinnamon, with obsolete

" Troglodytes maculosa, Ndttall, Man. I, 2d cd. 1840, 492.— Above cinoreoue gray ; side of ho at and brea»t with whitish
spots. Mouth of the Columbia and near Santa Barbara.

niRDS — LIOTRICHIDAE — CIIAMAEA TASCIATA.

371

(treaka of dusky on the throat and breast. Sidos and under tail coverts tinged with uhvo brown. Lorca and a npot above tho
eye obscurely whiti^ih. Tail reatiiom with obsolete transverse bars. Length, C inches ; wing, 2.Q5; tail, 3.50. (2934.)
Hob. — Coast of California.

This curious species is very different in appearance from the Nortli American wrens. The
colors are very simple, and the female differs from the above description only in being rather
smaller and with tho reddish of the under parts less distinct ; the whitish spot over the eyo
scarcely recognisable.

List of specimens.

Catja. No.

3339
5924
7163
7164

Sex.

Locality.

California

Santa aara, Cal

Sacramento valley, Nov. 1855 ^

do

Fort Tejon, Cal.

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

Dr. Cooper

Lt. Williamsou.
do

John Xantua de Vesey .

Collected by-

Dr. Gambfl.

Dr. Heermann.
do

' Length, 6.75 ; Extent, 7.00 ; Iris, white.

372

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family CEHTHIADAE.

First primary very short, less than lialf the second ; outer lateral toe much longest ; hind toe exceeding hoth the middle toe
and the tarsus, which is scutellate anteriorly, and very short. Bill sleuder, as long as or longer than the head, without any
notch. Entire basal joint of the middle toes united to the lateral.

This family in the United States emhraces hut two genera, each the type of a sub-family, and
60 widely different from each other as not to require any comparison. The characters of the
sub-families are as follows :

Certhianae. — Bill much compressed and greatly decurved ; gonys concave. Tail long,
cuneate ; the feathers stiffened at the tips.

SiTTiNAE. — Bill straight ; gonys ascending, convex. Tail short, soft, and even.

Sub-family CERTHIANAE.

CERTHIA, Linnaeus.

Certhia, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1735, (Gray). Type Cfamiliaris.

Ch. — Bill as long as the head, slender, much compressed and decurved from the base ; without notch or rictal bristles. Tarsi
distinctly scutellate ; very short ; not longer than the outer lateral toes, which much exceeds the inner, reaching nearly as far
as the middle toe. Hind toe longer than the middle one ; its claw more than half the total length. Claws all very long and
acute. Tail rather longer than the wings, arched or vaulted, graduated or cuneate ; the feathers very acute at the tips, the
shafts stiffened. First primary rather more than one-third the fourth or longest one. Color above brown, streaked with white ;
beneath white.

This genus embraces species which resemble each other so closely as to render it a matter of
much uncertainty how many really exist.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

Ccrtbiaamericana..
do

<?

5.26
5.41
5.00
5.00
5.(10
4.80
4.75
5.14

7.83
7.58

7.50

2.52
2.58
2.46
2.50
2.42
2.62
2.75
2.44

2.84

0.56

0.64

0.22

0.58

0.66 ' Sl<m

do.
1337

..;... do

Fresh ... .

Skin

Fresh

do

do

9

2.46

0.56

0.62

0.22

0.54

0.66

do.
7154
9530

do

do

Certhia americana :
do

CampllO,Puebloe'k,N.M.
Stiuiahmoo bay, Pugcl S'd.
do

2.66
2.30

0.56
0.58

0.62
0 66

0.20
0.20

0.68
0.60

0.76

0.68 Skin

do.
8176

do

Fresh....
Skin

Oertbia mexicana ?.

Mexico

2.73

0.56

0.52

O.20

0.62

0.70

CEKTHIA AMERICANA, B o n a p .

American Creeper.

Certhia americana, Bonap. Conap. List, 1838.— Reich. Handb. I, 1851, 265 ; pi. dcxv, fig. 4102, 3.

Certhia familiaris, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 70. — Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 122 ; pi .viii.— Aun. Orn.

Biog. V, 1839, 158 ; pi. 415.— Ib. Syn. 18.39, 73.— In. Birds Amer. II, 1841, 109 ; pi. 115.
? Certhia mexicana, " Gloceb, Handbuch," Reichenbacii, Handhuch Spec. Orn. I, 1851, 265 ; pi. dlxii, fig. 3841,
2.— Ib. Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856, 290.

Sp. Ch. — Bill about the length of the head. Above dark brown, with a slightly rufons shade, each feather streaked centrally
but not abruptly with whitish ; rump rusty. Beneath almost silky white ; the under tail coverts with a faint rusty tinge. A
white streak over the eye ; the car coverts streaked with whitish. Tail foallicrs brown centrally, the edges paler yellowish
brown. Wings with a transverse bar of pole reddish while across both webs.

Length, 5. .50 ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.90. (No. 827.)

//at. — North America generally.

The wings of this species are greatly variegated. Thus, when closed, the outer edges and

niRPS — CEETHIADAE — CERTHIA AMERICANA.

373

tips are seen to be palo fulvous, with a continuous dark line running along the tips. The two
outer primaries are unicolor ; the rest have tlio band of fulvous white on the middle across both
webs ; and there is a similar band on the secondaries, the line continuous in the outstretched
wings. There are also two bands of white across the coverts.

The female is quite similar to the male, and I have not seen any American specimens with
the strong rufous tinge above, indicated by Audubon. The under ])arts, excepting the tail
coverts, are, in perfect specimens, nearly pure white, with, perhaps, a faint tinge on the breast;
in No. 1337, however, the body is strongly plumbeous white beneath.

The tail in 827, from Carlisle, is considerably longer than in any other American specimens
I have seen, even from the same locality.

There appears to be very little difference between the American creeper and the European
C. familiar is, although I have not at hand the means of making the comparison. Reichenbach,
in his carefully prepared monograph of the genus Cerihia, (Handbuch Speciellen Ornithologie,
I, 265,) gives nothing tangible on the subject, although referring the American form to Brehm's
sub-species, C. septentrionalis.

Young birds from Washington Territory, 5945 and 7132, are like the adult, with the
markings less distinct.

A Certhia from Mexico (8176) differs from Carlisle specimens in being darker above, the
rufous of the rump considerably deeper and of a brownish orange shade. The light bars on the
wings are narrower and less prominent. The under parts are of a duller white ; the
throat is similar. The bill is considerably longer, but shorter than in 7154, from New Mexico,
which again is lighter above. No. 10208, from Fort Tejon, is, howevei, precisely identical in
all these features. All the west coast specimens agree in rather darker colors above and a
darker rufous on the rump, intermediate in this respect, as well as in length of bill, between
8170 or 10208 and Pennsylvania skins. I can hardly see good grounds, however, for making a
second species with the insensible gradations visible in the series. The peculiarities of color
correspond to those of Cerihia mexicana of Gloger, which is said to be darker than the common
species, but is also said to be smaller, which is not the case with western skins, and the bill is
absolutely longer, instead of shorter, as indicated by Reichenbach's measurements.

List of specimens.

Catal.
Ko.

Se.x&
age.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

827

3
Q

Carlisle Pa

Oct. 22, 1842
April 5, 1844
.Jan — , 1845

April 18

Aug. 2, 1856

S. F. Baird.

5.41
6.00
6.25

7.83
7.58
7.58

2.68

1337

do

do

do

2.50

1767

do

2.50

0

West Northaeld, Ill-
Fort Steilacoom, W. T.
do

7152

Dr. Snckley

do

514

256

7156

7125

do...

do

59451

0

do

Dr. Cooper......

5.00

7.00

7155

do

do

369

7153

3

Sacramento vallcv

Lt Williamson

10208

Fort Tejon

J. X. dc Vesey..

7154

Pueblo creek, N.M...
Mexico

Jan.22, 1854

Lt. Whipple

J. Gould

47

Kenn. and Miill.

8176

iFeet white ; Iris and bill, brown.

374

U. S. r. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENEBAL EEPOET.

Sub-Family SITTINAE.

SITTA, Linnaeus.

Silta, LiNKAEDs, Syst Nat. 1735. (Agassiz.)

Ch.— Bill subulate, acutely pointed, compressed, about as long as the head; culmen and commissure nearly straight ;
gonys convex and ascending; nostrils covered by a tuft of bristles directed forward. Tarsi stout, scutellate, about equal to tlie
middle toe, much shorter than the hinder, the claw of which is half the total length. Outer lateral toe much longer than
inner, and nearly equal to the middle. Tail very short, broad, and nearly even ; the feathers soft and truncate. Wings reach-
ing nearly to the end of the tail, long and acute, the first primary one-third of (or less) the third, or longest.

This genus differs from Sittella in having the bill entire, not notched, the tail longer, &c.
There are several species in the United States, which may be arranged as follows :

a. Croton black.

Pure white beneath. Bill stout S. carolinensis.

Similar. Bill slender S. aculeata.

Brownish rusty beneath, a black stripe through the eye S. canadensis.

h. Crown not Hack.

Crown light brown. Hind toe much longer than the middle one S. pusilla.

Crown greenish plumbeous. Hind toe about equal to the middle one ..S. pygmaea.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretcti
ofwings.

Wing.

TaU.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimens mea
surcd.

1762
do.

1761
do.

10210
818
do.

aova

do.

19-25

Sitta carolinensis

-A

5.40
6.50
5.36
6.00
5.42
5.32
4.20
4.58
4.10
4.58
4.00
4.00

3.56

2.20

0.70

0.86

0.24

0.70

0.88

Skin

Fresh

do

, do

Q

11.25

8.50
8.08

.1.58
3.75
3.40
3.43
2.68
2.66
2.60
2.58
2.60
2.40

2.02

0.78

0.90

0.26

0.76

0.84

Skin

do

do

Fresh

Sitta aculeata

Fort Tejon, Cal....

Q

2 10
2.12
1.70

0.69
0.70
0.60

0.78
0.80
0.68

0.24
0.26
0.22

0.70
0.76
0.58

0.90
0.93
0.64

Skin

Skin

Sitta canadensis

Skin

do

Fresh

Q

1.56

1.52
1.44

0.62

0.56
0.58

0.70
0.64

o.ea

0.22

0.20
0.20

O.Sfi

0.54
0.50

0.66

0.68
0.62

Skin

do

do

Fresh

Geort;ia

Skin

3343

Sitta pygniaea

Skin

SITTA CAROLINENSIS, Gmelin,

White-bellied Nuthatch.

Silla europaca, var. y, carolinensis, Gmei.in, I, 1788, 440.

Sitla carolinensis, Latham, Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 262.— Wilsok, Am. Orn. 1, 1808, 40 ; pi.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825.— In.
List 1838.— 1b. Conspectus, 1850, 227.- Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 581.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II,
1834, 299 : V, 1839, 473 ; pi. 152.— Ib. Birds Amcr. IV, 1842, 175 ; pi. 247.
Silla mclanocephala, Vieillot, Gal. I, 1834, 171 ; pi. clxxi.

gp. Cii. Above ashy blue. Top of head and neck black. Under parts and sidea of head to a short distance above the oyo

white. Under tail covcrlH and tibial feathers brown ; concealed prinmricH white. Bill stout.
Length, about G inches ; wing, about 3;.
//lib.— Eastern North America to the high contra! plains. West of this replaced by S. acukala.

BIKDS — CEETIIUDAE — SITTA CAR0LIXENSI8.

375

Third and fourth quills about equal ; fifth a little shorter ; second intermediate between fifth
and sixth. Top of the head and back of the neck, with upper part of back, lustrous greenish
black ; rest of upper parts ashy blue. Under parts generally, with sides of head and neck,
white, this color extending from the base of the upper mandible over the eye ; tibial feathers,
•with inner webs of under tail coverts, light rufous brown. Quills white at the extreme base
and on the basal portion of the inner webs. Wing feathers dark brown above, except the
coverts, the tertiaries, and the ends of primaries and secondaries, which are nearly black, all
edged more or less with the color of the back, which becomes more whitish on the tips of the
quills and the edges of the outer primaries. Under wing coverts black. Central tail feather
like the back ; the rest black, with a broad subterminal band and more or less of the outer web
white.

The female diflFers only in having the black of the head with an ashy gloss.

In comparing a large series of specimens together, (about thirty in each,) from the two sides
of the continent, the western, as a general rule, have more slender bills than the eastern. I
can detect no other difference whatever. This constitutes the character of Mr. Cassin's species,
S. aculeata.

List of specimens.

0>UU. Sex and
No. age. I

1761
1762
6803
8337

8336
SS28
5871
5870

Jjocalitv,

Q

9

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

Ft. LcaTcnnrorth,E. T.
Independence, Mo. ...

do

East of Fon Riley..
Fort Eiley, K. T...
do

Wlicn col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

July 18, 1844
Jan. — , 1&15

do

do

S. F. Baird....

do

do

Lieut. Couch .

Dec. 24, 1854 Wni. M. Magraw ,

June 6,18571 do

do TjI. Bryan

June 18, 1856 Hammond 4 DeVesey.
' do

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Dr. Cooper .

do

W. S. Wood.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

6.08
6.00
6.50

5.90
6.00

Wing.

10.83
11.S5

10.50
10.25

3.58
3.75

I

3.37 ! Iris and bill black, feet

gray.
3.75

SITTA ACULEATA, Cassin.

Slender-bill Nuthatch.

Sitta aculeata, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila, VIII, Oct. 1856, 254.

Sp. Ch. — Precisely similar to S. caroHnensis, but the bill slenderer and more attenuated.
Ilab. — Pacific coast, and east towards the Rocky mountains.

It is a very difficult matter to decide whether the western white-breasted nuthatches are to be
considered merely as varieties of S. caroHnensis or as distinct species. The only difference I can
discern is the much slenderer bill, a character, however, which is constant in all before me, (about
thirty specimens,) while the stout bill is seen in all east of the Missouri plains. Thus, the
depth of the bill opposite the base above is .14 of an inch ; the width at same point is .17,
instead of .17 and .22, respectively. Specimens from Washington Territory, however, appear
to be intermediate in this respect between more southern and eastern ones.

The young bird is similar, but duller, the under parts tinged with reddish brown.

376

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOaY — GENERAL EEPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

6808

....

Fort Steilacoom, W. T

do .

May 1,1856 Dr. Sucliley

1854 Gov. Stevens

Dr Sucklev . .

353

104

6.00

10.60

6809

Dr Sucklcy .

6810

do.

4.87?

9.50

6811

do

do

258
208
280

6812

do

do

6.00

10.00

'5502

6806

K. D. Cutts

494i

San Jos^, Cal.

-. .. ...

A. J. Gravson

4492

..do

Lt. Williamson---.

....

J. S. Newberry

10209

<?

9

Fort Tejon . ..

J. X. de Vesey

1268

875

26

lO'lO

do . -.

6807

100 miles VV. of AI uquerque

Lt. Whipple

Kenn. & Moll

SITTA CANADENSIS, Linn.

Red-bellied Nuthatch.

Sitla canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 177.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 583.— Aim. Orn. Biog. 11, 1834, 24 : V,

474 ; pi. 108.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 179 ; pi. 248.— Bon. Consp. 1850, 227.
Sitttt varia, Wils. Am. Orn. J, 1808, 40 ; pi. ii.
Silta sluUa, Vif.ill. Nouv. Dict.(.>)

Sp. Cii. — Above ashy blue. Top of bead black ; a white line above and a black one through the eye. Chin white ; rest of
under parts brownish rusty. Length about 4i inches ; wing, Sj.

Hah. — North America to the Rocky mountains. Probably also to the Pacific.

Fourth quill longest ; third a little shorter, hut longer than fifth ; second intermediate
hetween sixth and seventh. Ahove ashy blue. Top of head from hill to occiput deep black ;
sides of head and chin white, with a narrow black band from the bill through the eye ; under
parts generally yellowish rusty, deepest towards the tail. Under wing coverts tinged with
black. Wing feathers brown, edged with the color of the back, and without white or black
marking. Tail feathers narrowly tipped with bluish ; central one like the black ; rest of
feathers black ; the first and second with a subterminal, the third with a terminal bar of white.

The female has the black of the head tinged with dark ash ; the under surfaces lighter, more
of a muddy white.

I am unable to detect any difference between eastern and western specimens. One of the latter
(6839) has the bill much stouter than any others I have seen from either side of tlie continent,
being quite as broad at tlio base as in a mucli larger S. carolinensis from Pennsylvania.

The rusty belly and white streak over the eye, with the black one through it, will readily
distinguish this from any other North American species.

BIRDS — CEKTIIIAIUE — SITTA PUSILLA.

377

List of specimens.

Cutil.
No.

Sux.

Loculity.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Collected liy —

Length.

Stretch Wing.
iif wiiips.

6937

<?

Selkirk SettlemoDt.

Carlisle, hi

do

81S

Oct. 19, 1842
April 5, 1845

is:.6

Sept. 30, 1857
do

S. F. Baird

4.16
4.58

8.50 2.66

2073

do

8. 12 1 2. 58

5280

<?

Cedar island, Mo..
Black Hills, Neb ..
do

Sacramento valley.

Lieut. Warren

do

Lieut. Williamson,
do

Dr. Hayden..

8890

8889
6."* 3 8

do 4.50

do 4.25

Dr. Uccriuaiiu .... ........

8. 38 j 2. 50
7.50 1 2.57

6839

do

SITTA PUSILLA, Latham.

Brown-headed Nnthatck.

Silta pusilla. Lath. Index Orn. I, 1790, 263.— Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 105; pi. xv.— Nuttali., Man. I, 1832,
584.— All). Orn. Bio;?. II, 1834, 151 ; pi. 125.— In. Birds Amor. IV, 1842, 181 ; pi. 249— Bon. Obs.
Wilson, 1825, So. 61.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 227.

Sp. Cn. — Above ashy blue ; top of head and upper part of neck rather light hair brown, divided on the nape by white. Eyo
involved in the brown, which is deeper on the lower border. Beneath muddy whitish ; sides and behind paler than the back.
Middle tail feathers almost entirely like the back. Length of female 4 inches ; wing, 2|.

7/a4.— South Atlantic (and Gulf?) States.

Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal, although the fourth is longest; second shorter
than seventh. Ahove ashy blue ; the top of the head and upper part of nape brown, the
middle of the latter interrupted by a large whitish spot ; the lower edge of the brown involving
the lower edge of the eye, and of a darker color than elsewhere. Chin and sides of head and
throat below the brown white. Kest of under parts pale bluish ash, lighter than on the back,
and tinged with dirty white on the throat, breast, and middle of abdomen. No white markings
on the wings. Feathers of tail tipped with bluish ; innermost feather like the back ; others
black ; the two outer with a subterminal bar of pale whitish.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

2398

9

Savannah, Ga

Liberty county, Ga ..

do

do

1846

S. F. Baird

■Jos. Leconte

3086

W. L. Jones

4.00
4.40
4.20

7.60
8.00
8.50

2 50

3090
3091

1846

1846

2.75
2.70

48 b

378

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

SITTA TYGMAEA, Viojors.

Caliloriiia Nuthatch*

Sittapypnaca, Vigors, Zool. Reenliey's Voyaije, 1839, 25 -, pi. iv.— AiinunoN, Orn. Bing. V, 1839, G3 ; pi. 415.— Ib.
Syn. 1839, 1C8.— 1b. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 184; pl.250.— Newberry, Zool. Cal. Or. Route ; P. 11. R.
Rep. VI, IV, 1857, 79.

Sp. Ch. Above ashy blue; head and upper part of neck greenish ashy brown, its lower border passing a little below the eye,

where it is darker ; n;ipe with an obscure whitish spot Chin and throat whitish ; rest of lower parts brownish white ; the sides
and behind like the back, but paler. Middle tail feather like the back ; its basal half with a long white spot ; its outer web
edged with black at the base. Length about 4 inches ; wing, 2.40.

Hab. — Pacific coast luid towards Rocky mountains.

Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest. General color above ashy blue.
Top of head and nape and sides of head ashy brown, with a greenish tinge, the lower portion
(passing through the eye) of a purer brown and darker. Chin, upper part of throat, sides of
head, and an obscure spot on the nape dividing the brown, white ; sides of body like the back,
but paler ; rest of under parts pale rusty or brownish white. Inner tail feathers like the back,
but with a long white spot at the base ; all the feathers tipped with ashy blue ; rest of feathers
black ; the first and second with a subterminal oblique bar of white.

This species is closely related to SHtapusilla of the southern States. The brown of the head
has, however, an olivaceous green tinge not seen in the other ; the white spot on the nape less
distinct. The middle tail feather has its basal half white and the outer web edged with black
at the base. This black edging is never seen in the other, and the white patch reduced to a
faint trace, only visible in very high plumaged specimens.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

Collected by —

3342

S. F. P.nird __. 1

Dr. Gamliel

3729

do

1
W. Hutton _ ..'

do

6840

Ft. Colville, W. T.

Cold Spring, E. Mts

San Francisco Mts

Oct.—, 1853...
Nov. 17, 1853...
Dec. 27, 1853...

Dr. Cooper

Kenncrly and MiiUhausen.
do

6804
6803

Lieut. Whipple

do

22

UiaOS PAKIUAE POLIOPTILA. 3V9

Family PARIDAE.

Finit priintry vury short, generally loss than liulf tho second, winch is considerably less than tliu third. Tursiis lunj^cr than
the middle too, atruu^ly scutellute anteriorly ; hind lou rather shorlcr timn tho middle. Kntiro bus;il juint of middle tnc united
to the literal lues. Uiil tihurt, s'.raight, conical, usually without notch. Winj^'s short ; tail rather lunir, rounded, or graduated.

In the limitetl number cf forms of this family in North America, I am unable to deGne the
sub-families with any degree of precision, except to state that FoUuptila appears to belong to
one, ami the true titmice to another. In Folioptila the bill is long, slender, and distinctly
notched, the nostrils open, while in the titmice the bill is shorter, more conical, entirely without
notch, and the nostrils concealed by feathers. Other diflerences will be found mentioned under
the respective genera.

PouoPTiLiXAE. — Bill slender, elongated, distinctly notched ; nostrils not covered by bristly
feathers, but exposed ; nostrils elongated.

Pauixae. — Bill short, conical, without indication of notch ; nostrils rounded, completely
concealed by elongated bristly feathers directed forwards.

POLIOPTILA, Sclater.

Po/iopli/a, ScLATER, Pr. Zoul. See. 1855, 11. Type Molacilla cuerulea,

Culicivora, Swainson-, Class. Birds, I{, 1837, 243. Typo C. atricapilla. Not CuUcivora (type slenura) of Swainsoii'a
Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 359.

Cn. — Bill slender, attenuated, but depressed at the base; nearly as long as the head, distinctly notched at the tip, and
provided with nioder.Tle rictal bristles. Nostrils rather elongated, not concealed, but anterior to the frontal feathers. Tarsi
longer than the middle toe, distinctly scutcllate ; the toes small ; the hinder one scarcely longer than the lateral ; its claw
scarcely longer than the middle. Outer lateral toe longer than the inner. First primary about one-third tlie longest ; second
equal to the seventh. Tail a littlo longer than tho wings, moderately graduated ; the feathers rounded.

The species all lead color above ; white beneath, and to a greater or less extent on the exterior of the tail, the rest of which
is black. Size very small.

Two sjiecies of this interesting genus are now known to belong to the United States in
addition to the one described l^y Wilson and Audubon.

Synopsis of species.

Two outer tail feathers entirely white. A narrow frontal line, extending back over the eye,
black P. caerulea.

Outer tail feather, with the whole of the outer web (only) white. No black on the forehead,
but a stripe over the eye above one of whitish '. P. plumhea.

Edge only of outer web of outer tail feather white. Entire top of head from the bill black.

P. melanura.

380

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locolily.

Sex.

Length.

Strc-tch 1 Wing
of wings.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

102! 4

South llUnois....
Wa^hiiiiilon, D.C
... do.

3
9
S

9

4.60
4.50
4.60
4.16
4.20
4.50
5.00
4.40
4.00
4.44

1 2 06

2.10
3.38
2.26
2.04
3. IS
2.20

0,62
0.68
0.67
0.70
0.71
0.64

0.44
0.46
0.48
0.44
0.47
0.43

0.1-3
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.13

0.38
0.43
0.4-2
0.38
0.42
0 40

0.52
0.54

0.50
0 5-i
0.46

Skin

C16

do

1 2.10

6.50 1 2 10
' 1.H4

i.eo

.- do .

7191
7199

Polinptila inelniiuni

do

San I)ie/^o

Tort Vllrna

Itoca Oranf1e,Mex

lo

Camp 119

i^kin

Skin

7187

I 83

8.00 a. 00

1.80

akin

do.

do

du

do

Polioptila bil jncrita

Ffcsh

71.-9

3.14

0.65

0.44

0.12

0.38

0.45

Skin

dn.

do

o

5.00 3.00
1.91

9110

1.97

0.71

0.47

0.11

0.44

0.56

POLIOPTILA CAERULEA, Sclater.

Blue-Gray Flycatcher.

JHolacilla caeruica, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 43.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 992.

Sijlvia eaerulca, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790.— Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. II, 1807, 30; pi. l.\xxviii.— Bon. Obs. Wils.

1825, No. 119.
Muschapa caendea, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 164; pi. xviii, f. 3.— AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 183] , 431 ; pi. 84.—
Nhttall, I, 183-2, 297.

CtUicivora caeruUa, Bon List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850 Aud. Syn. 1839, 42.— In. Birds Amer. I, 1840, 244 ; pi. '0.

Syhanin caeriileu, Nuttali., Man. I. 2d ed. 1840, 337.

Polioptila cacruleu, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 11.

Molunlla cuna, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 973.

Sylvia conn, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 543.

.' Culicivora mexicana, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 316. Female. (Not of Cassin.)

Sp Ch.— Above grayish blue, gradually becoming bright blue on the crown. A narrow frontal band of black extending
backwards over the eye. Under parts and lores bluish white tinged with lead color on the sides First and second tail feathers
white except at the extreme base, wliich is black, the color extending obliquely forward on the inner web : third and fourth
black, with white tip, very sliglit on the latter ; fifth and sixth entirely black . Upper tail coverts blackish plumbeous. Quills
edijed externally with pale bluish gray, which is much broader and nearly white on the lertials. Female without any black
onthehead. Length, 4.31' ; wing, 2.15 ; tail, 2.25. (Skin.)

Hub. — United States from Atlantic to Missouri, and on the southern border from the Gulf of Mexico to the coast mountains
of California. South to Guatemala.

In addition to the above characters there is a narrow white ring round the eye. The lores
are ratlier jjaler than the cheeks. The black above the eye runs out into a point a little
behind it.

The exposed portion of the first or spurious quill is less than half that of the second. This is
intermediate between the seventh and eighth. The fourth quill is rather longer than the third
and fifth. The narrow tail feathers are long and linear. They are moderately graduated; the
outer about a quarter of an inch less than the middle.

Specimens vary somewhat in tlie amount of black on the forehead, as well as the purity of
the whitish on the tertiaries. All the white feathers of the tail have black shafts, sometimes
the white tip of the fourth feather is wanting. The feathers of the rump are decidedly whitish
towards their base, though this is not visible except when they are separated. Some entirely
white are concealed by the otlicra.

Specimens from Tunaulipas differ in a more attenuated bill, and in having the black super-
ciliary line bordered below on the lores and before and above the eyes by bluish white, rather

BIRDS — PARIDAE — POLIOPTILA CAEEULEA.

381

more conspicuous than in eastern apeciniens, although some from Illinois come quite near to
it. Skins from the Mitnbrcs, however, appear precisely similar to eastern ones. Occasionally,
especially in winter skins, (Tl'.M,) the black advances further along the inner web of the second
tail feather, and lias a more transverse outline. Tliis is the case in one specimen from Fort
Thorn, while another is like eastern ones. The same is the case in Nos. 7193 and 7194, from
the Organ mountains. These specimens are smaller than usual, with shorter wings; but I
am unable to observe any other characters df difference.

lu the collection before me is a specimen from the Colorado river, California, (4593,) which
is very similar to eastern specimens, although it is of large size, and has rather more black on
the tail. It is, however, in too imperfect condition (in addition to being probably a female) to
exhibit its complete characteristics.

A female PoUoplUa, probably P. hlUneata of Bonaparte,' labelled, by Mr. Verreaux, P.
mtxicana, Bonap., and atricapilla, Vieill., and received from him, is very similar to the female
of P. caerulea, but differs in having the sides of the head as white as the throat ; this color
seen above the eye as a well marked line. Nothing like it is seen in the female of the other
species, where there is a narrow whitish ring round the eye but no superciliary white, the
•whole sides of the head plumbeous, nearly as dark as the crown. The outer two tail feathers
are white, as in caerulea. The spurious primary is much larger than in caerulea, being more
than half the second quill. It is unquestionably distinct from any of the known species of the
United States. It differs from P. melanura and plumhea in the white outer tail feathers, and
from caerulea in the white cheeks and large first primary. It agrees pretty well with G. hili-
neata of Bonap.

Gundlach describes a Culicivora (Poliopfila) lemheyi from Cuba, (Annals N. Y. Lye. Feb.
1858,) differing from the caerulea, in having a black line extending from behind the eye around
the ear coverts. The outer tail feathers have more black on them.

List of specimens.

Caul. Sex.
No.

616
615
7i63
10-^13
10114
a4Ul
eC7l

■t683
S64I
Tins
7194
7188
39SS
3984
4583 I

9223

<?
3

a
s

9
9

Locality.

Washington, D. C.

do

do

Union county. 111 .

South Illinois

Savannah, Ga. ...
Indian Key, Pla...

When col-
lected.

Whence ohtalned.

Orig'l
No.

April 5,1842
do

3
9
9

&ild island, Neb

East of Fort Riley

Organ mountains, Te.T

do

Fort Thorn, N. M

Tamaulipas, Mex

do

Colorado river, Cal. ...

FortTejon

Mexico

Guatemala

.April 20, J857
May 15, 1857

1845

Aug. 27, 1837

April 25, 1850
June IC, 18j6

1853.
1853.

S. F. Baird

do

Wni. Hulton

N. W. University .

do

S. F. Baird

G. Wurdeniann ...

Lieut. Warren . .

Lieut. Dryati

Major Kinory...

do

Or. T. 0. Henry.
Lieut. Couch ...

.... do

Major Emory...
J X. dc Vesey..

John Gould

do

15

Collected by —

Wm. .M. Baird.

R. Kennicott..

Jos. Leconte.

Dr. Hayden . .
W. S. Wood..
J. U. Clark ...
do ,

A. Schotl.

Length.

5.50

4.50

5.011
5.00

4.00

Stretch
of wings.

6.50

Wiog

2.00

0.50
G.50

2.01
3.04

Black eyes & legs;

bil^Ilacki^h....

Eyes black

2.00

Eyes dark brown.

' PoLiorTiLA BiLiKEATA, Sclater.

Culicivora bilineata, Uonap. Consp. 1850, 316.
Polioplila bilineata, Sclatee, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1853, 12.

382

U. S p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

POLIOPTILA PLUMBEA, Baird.

CuUch-ora plumbea, Baird, Pr. A. X. So. VII, June, 1854, 118.

Sp. Cii. — Above bluish gray ; the forehead uuiform with tlie crown, Eyehds wliile. A pale grayish white line over the eye ;
above which is another of black, much concealed by the feathers, and which duos not reach to the bill. Under parts dull
white, tinged with bluish on llie sides, and with brownish behind. Tail feathers black ; the first and second edged and lipped
with white ; involving the entire outer web of tlie first, and most of that of the second ; the third with only a very faint edging
of thesame. Female without the black superciliary line. Length, 4. 4U ; wing, 1. SO; tail, 2.30. (718D.)

Hub. — Valley of Colorado and Gila.

The lail of this species is considerahly graduated, the outer feather heing nearly .40 of an inch
shorter than the middle one. The bill is rather short and hroad at the base. The wings are
short ; the esjiosed portion of the first primary more than half as long as the second, which is
rather shorter than the secondary quill ; the third quill is about equal to the sixth, and con-
siderahly shorter (.14 inch) than t!ie fourth and fifth, which are equal.

There is a good deal of brown in the bluish of the back ; the quills are all margined with
paler blue, which becomes whitish on the tertiaries.

This species is about the size of P. caerulea, but rather larger. The bluish above is not so
pure, having a dirty olivaceous tinge. Both have the black streak over the eye ; but this in
caerulea is continuous with a black frontal band, while in plumhea the forehead is like the
crown, and the superciliary line does not extend over the lore.s. The light superciliary line is
also more distinct. The under parts are of about the same color in both snecies. The tail is
very different, the feathers being entirely blaclc, the exterior edged only with white instead of
having the two outer almost entirely white, as in caerulea.

From P. melanura this species differs in lacking the black crown. It is larger, the under
parts are purer white. The tails are somewhat alike, but the entire outer web of the first and
generally the second feather in plumhea are white, instead of being only narrowly edged with
this color.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex&
age.

Local tity.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Kemarks.

7189

S

s

9

Camp 119, Bill Williams' Fork.

Feb. 11, 1854
Feb. 5, 1854
Mar. — , 1855

Lt. Whipple

Maj. Eiuory

I
91 i Kenn. ami Moll .

70 do

Eye black ..

7187

Boca Grande, Mex

38

Dr. Kenncrly --.

POLIOPTILA MELANUKA, Lawrence.

CiUiciiora atncniiitlti, Lawhksce, Ann. ?f. Y. Lyceum, V, Sei)t. I8.".I, li!4. Not of Swainson.
Culicivora mtxicana, Cassin, Ulust. I, vi, 1854, 1G4 ; pi. xxvii. Not of Bonaparlo.
I'olioptita melanura, Lawrench, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI, Dec. 185G, 1G8.

Sp. Cii.— Above ashy blue ; whole crown to bill and eyes, and tail feathers lustrous prconish black. Beneath pale bluish
gray, almost white in the middle of the belly ; the sides behind, with anal region and under coverts tinged with brown. Edge
of eyelids and the margin and tip of the outer web of first and second tail feathers while. Fenuile without the black head.
Length, 4.1.1 ; wing, 1.85; tail, 9.10.

y/u().— Valley of the Ilio Grande and Gila. West to San Diego.

lUKDS — rAi;ii>Ar, — LOPiioniAXKS.

3 S3

The tail feathers of this species are entirely black except as stated, and exhibit a crimped
ai)pearance. The size of the species is decidedly less than in P. cacruha. Tlie tail is more
graduated, the outer feathers being about .35 of an inch shorter than the middle. The wings
are more rounded; the second quill considerably shorter than the secondaries, the third scarcely
longer ; very dilVerent from caerulea. The exposed portion of the first primary is lialf that of
the second.

The edges of the quills are paler than the ground color, hut tiic teitials do not have the
decided white of cacndea.

The synonymy of Swainson's species will be found in the accompanying foot note.'

List of specimens.

Cnt).l.
No.

Sox nnd
age.

Locality.

Whence and how obtained.

Collected by —

7191

Q

Lieut. Williamson

do ...

- . Dr. Hoerraanu

TIO'

Fnrt Yiimft Csii

dn__ .

Siib-Fainily PARINAE.
LOPIIOPHANES, Kan p.

Lophophana, Kacp, Entw. Oesch. Europ. Tliiorwelt, 1829, (Agas.siz.) Type Parus cristalus.
Baeolophus, Cabanis, Mus. Ilein. 1850-'51, 91. Type Pariis bicolor.

Ch. — Crown with a conspicuous crest. Bill conical ; both upper and lower outlines convex. Wings graduated ; first q'-iill
very short. Tail moderately long and rounded.

Of this genus there are several North American species, all agreeing in general characters.
One of these, the L. woUweheri, is given by Cabanis as typical, while he separates the L. hicolor
generically under the name of Baeolophus, as having a rather diiferent form of crest, stouter
bill and feet, and longer wings. All of our species, however, vary in these characters, each one
showing a different combination, so that I prefer to consider all as belonging to the same genus
with P. cristaius.

The species, all of which have the under parts uniform whitish, may be arranged as follows :

Above plumbeous ; forehead black ; crown much like the back L. hicolor.

Above plumbeous; forehead whitish; crown black L. atricristatus.

Above olivaceous ; forehead and crown like the back L. inornaius.

Sides of head banded black and white ; crown ash ; throat black L. toolhoeheri.

' The following is the synonymy of Swainson's species which has the two outer tail feathers white :
PoLiopTiLA LF.ccocASTRA, Sclater.

Sylcia Uucogastra, Maxisi. Beitrage, III, 1830, 710.

Polioplila Imcogasira, Sclateb, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 12.

Culicivora Uucogastra, Burmeister, Th. Bras. Vogel, 185G, 111.

Culicivora atrieapilla, SwAistos, Zool III. ^f. Scr. pi. Ivii. (Not of Lawrence.)

Culicivora diimecola, Bp. Conspectus, 1350, 316. Not Syhia dumecola of Vieillot.

384

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locniily.

Sel.

Lenglh

Stretch of
wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsu-s.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Alonp
sapc.

Specimen
iaeasuri;d.

823

LoplioplmiiPs bieolor

do

do

do

Lophophanes atricrist aus

Lophnphanes inornatiis..

do.. ..

do

Lophophaucs cri-;latu3 . . .

Lophophancs wollweberl.
do

Carlisle, Pa

do

C?

5.92
6.25
5. CO
6.60
5.30
5.00
5.54
5.04
4.70
4.80
4.40

3.12
3.16
3.00
3.32
2.80
2.55
a. 75
2.56
2.5-2
2.54
2.52

3.20

0.82

0.78

0.24

0.46

0.52

Skin ....

do.

10.00

Frcsli . . .

VV.ishinglon, li. C

9

2.90
3.30
2.80
2.46

0.80
0.82
0.78
0.80

0.66
0.74
0.66
0.74

0.20
0.24
0 22
0.22

0.46
0,49
0.46
0.44

0.50
0.51
0.5i
0.46

Skin

6752

Skin

6757

Fort Clarke, Texns

Petaluina, (Jal

do

'^

Skin ....

Skin ....

do.

7.00

3340

California

2.52
2.20
2.48
2.43

0.78
0.71
0.63
0.67

0.70
0 52
0.50
0.58

0.23
0.16
0.18
0.18

0.43
0.36
0.33
0.34

0.48
0.40
0.37
0.35

Skin

^2^

C?

Skin ....

9221

Skin ....

6797

Fort Tliorn

Skin ....

LOPHOPHANES BICOLOR, Bon.
Tufted Titmon.se.

Parusbkolor, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766,340 Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 137; pi. viii, f. 5 — Bonap. Obs. Wilg.

J. A. N. S. IV, 1825, 225.— Ib. List, 1838.— Aod. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, \\)<) : V, 1839, 472 ; pi.

301.— In. Birds America, II, 1841, 143; pi. 125.
Lojihnphunes bicolor, Bp. List Birds Europe, 1842. — In. Conspectus, 1850, 228. — Cassin, Ulust. I, 1853, 18.
Baeclophus bicolor, Cm Ktiis, Mus. Hein. 1851,91. Type.

Sp. Ch. — Above ashy black ; a frontal band. Beneath dull whitish ; sides brownish chestnut, of more or less intensity.
Length, 6.25 inches ; wing, 3.17.

Hub. — Eastern North America to the Missouri river.

Feathers of the crown elongated into a flattened crest, which extend.s back as far as the
occiput. Bill conical ; lower edge of upj^er mandible nearly straight at the base. Fourth and
fifth quills equal ; third a little shorter than seventh; second rather shorter than the secondaries.
Tail nearly even, the outer about .20 of an inch shorter than the longest. Upper parts ash
color, with a tinge of olivaceous. Forehead dark sooty brown. The feathers of the upper part
of the head and crest obscurely streaked with lighter brown. Under parts of head and body,
sides of head, including auriculars, and a narrow space above the eye, dirty yellowish white,
tinged with brown ; purest on the side of head, the white very distinct in the loral region, and
including the tuft of bristly feathers over the nostrils, excepting the tips of those in contact
with the bill, which are blackish. The sides of the body and the under tail coverts are tinged
with yellowish brown. The quills and tail feathers are edged with the color of the back, without
any whitish. Bill black. Feet lead color.

Specimens from the west differ from eastern ones almost enough to constitute distinct species.
They are considerably larger ; the crest longer. The bill is blacker and more sinuate along the
cutting edge of the upper mandible. The black of the forehead is deeper and more sharply
defined. The brownish rusty of tlie sides is much more conspicuous, while the under tail coverts
are much lighter, almost pure white. Should these be considered as sufficiently distinctire
characters by ornithologists, the species might bear the name of Lophophanea misaouriensis, from
the river on or near wliich all the specimens before me were collected.

BIRDS — PARIDAE — LOPHOPHANES ATKICUISTATUS.

385

List of specimens.

Oitul Sex.
So.

LoaJity.

When collected.

Whence obtiiiiied.

Orig.
No.

CoUeoled by —

Length.

Stretch

of wings.

Wing.

757'.l

Wiushington, I). C

CArliblc, Vii

Oct. 2, 1842
Miir. 11, 1844
May 13, 1857
April 22. 1856
April 21, 1856
Jan. 20, 1855
June — , 1857

Winter

April 8, 1857

823 (J

S. F l!uird

C. 30
5.67

10.00
9.67

3. 17

1292 1 $
6987 1 ^

do

St. Louis, Mo

St. Joseph, Mo

Fort Leavenworth...
do

Independence, Mo...

Northern Illiuoi.s

Union county. 111

do

3.08

Lt. F.T.Bryan..
Lt. Warreu

83

W.S.Wood

1 "
4731

6.37

10.50

3.25

4730

(f

Lieut Couch

6

6752

do

7514

W M. Magraw ..
R Kcnnicutt

CO

Dr. Cooper

C. 25

10.00

3.25

N. W. University

R. ICcnnicott... .

LOPHOPHANES ATRICRISTATUS, (Jassin.

BInck-crexted Tit.

Parus atricrislatus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Nat. So. Pliila. V, Oct. 1850, 103 ; pi. ii. Texas.
Lophophanes atrieristatus, Cassik, Illust. I, 1853, 13 ; pi. iii.

Sp Ch. — Crest very long and pointed, (1.25 inches). Above ash colored. A broad band on the forehead dirty white, rest
of head above, with crest, black, tinged with ash on the sides. Color of the back sbadinj; insensibly into the dull asliy white of
the under parts. Sides of body pale brownish chestnut. Female with the crest duller black. Iris dark brown. Length, about
5.35 inches ; wing, 3.00.

liab. — Valley of the Rio Grande and south.

Tliis species is smaller than L. hicolor, but the ashy of the hack is of much the same shade.
The frontal white hand is quite conspicuous. The tail is a little rounded. The bill is a good
deal sinuated on the edge of the upper mandible ; its color is black ; the legs dark plumbeous.

This species is easily distinguished from L. bicolor by the white forehead and black crest. It
has the same rusty sides. L. inornatus differs in the plain crest, and less conHj)icuous frontal
light band, the more olivaceous tinge above, and the absence or mere trace of the brownish rusty
of the sides. The crest of atrieristatus is much longer, narrower, and more pointed than in
the other two species. The hill is black, not horn color.

As usual the southernmost specimens are smallest.

List of specimtns.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected bj—

Length.

Stretch of
wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

3974

3
9

New LeoDj Mex

%
97

5.25
4.75

8.00
7.50

3.00
2.50

Eyes dark br'n ; bill binck.

3975

do

Fort Clarke, Tex

do

do

do do

6-56
6757

Dr. Hecrmann.
. . do

do

9111

29713

1

1

49 b

386

IT. S P. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

LOPHOPHANES INORNATUS, Cass in.

Parus inornulus, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. II, Aug. 1845, 265, (Upper California.)— Ib. Ill, Feb. 1847,

154.— Ib. Jour. Ac. N. Sc. Phila. 2d Series, I, Dec. 1847, 35 ; pi. viii.
LophopKanes inomatus, Cassih, 111. I, 1853, 19.

Sp. Ch. Cre%l elongated . Color above olivaceous ashy, beneath whitish. Sides of body and under tail coverts very faintly

tinned with brownish, scarcely appreciable. Sides of head scarcely different frum the crown. Forehead obscurely whitish.
Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.55,

Hub. — Coast of California and southern Rocky Mountains.

The hill and feet of this species are lead color. The third, fourth, and fifth quills are longest;
the third and eighth about equal ; the second is shorter than the shortest primaries. The lateral
tail feathers are a little sliorter than the others.

A specimen from Fort Thorn has the crest longer than in other specimens before me, measuring
1.35 inches from base of bill to. its tip. This may be a characteristic of the male, the sexes
being otherwise alike.

This species differs from L. bicolor in having a whitish instead of black front, a more oliva-
ceous back, and in lacking the ferruginous tint of the sides. The size is considerably less.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locjility.

Whence obtained.

Grig. No.

Collected by—

3923

....

California

do

Dr. Heermann

3340

S. F. Baird

Dr. Gambel

55151

3

6925®

SnnfjL Clara Ca.!

Gov. Stevens ..--

Dr. Cooper

do

5923

do

do

4951
6754

$

S'ln Tntt C'a\

A.. J Grayson. ----

18

Fort T** in

John Santhus de Vesey - .

6755

do

6753

Dr Henrv ... .-..

' Shot October, 1855. Length, 5.12; extent, 8.50.

• Length, 5.60 j eilent, 8.50. Feet pale blue.

LOPHOPHANES WOLLWEBERI, Bon.

Lophophanes wollweberi, Bon. Comptes Rendus, XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478. — Westermann, Bijdragen lot do Dior-

kunde. III, 1851, 15, Plate.— Cassin, III. I, 1853, 19.
Par-US annexus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. V, Oct. 1850, 103 ; pi. i. (Texas.)
Lophoplianes galeatus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1850-'l, 90.

Sp. Ch. — Central portion of crest ash, encircled by black, commencing as a frontal band, and passing over the eye. Chin,
throat, and a line from beliind the eye and curving round the auriculara to the throat, (bordered behind by white,) as al.io
8omc occipital feathers, black. A white line from above the eye margining the crest, with tlio cheeks below the eye and
under parts generally white. A black half collar on the napo. Upper parts of body ashy. Length, about 4.50 ; wing, 2.50.

Hab. — Southern Rocky mountains, and south into Mexico on the Table lands.

This is the most variegated species of its genus in North America, and is readily distinguished
from the others. I regret, however, that none of the specimens before me exhibit the bird
in its perfect plumage.

The elongation of the feathers of the head extends quite to the occiput. The feathers on tlie
anterior half of tlie crown are ashy ; their extreme base black. The feathers composing the

BIRDS — PAKIDAE — PAEUS.

387

black frontal band, too, bave a few of these short, pale, ashy white tips. The posterior elongated
feathers of the crown and the short feathers of the occiput are black. The lateral featiiers
behind, however, are white, in continuation of the streak over the eye. In most specimens the
black crescentic line behind the eye is much broken by white. There does not appear to be
any ruety tinge on the sides, as in L. bicolor.

The black post-auricular crescent is bordered behind by white, running into a whitish collar
just behind the black of the throat. The nape below the crest is black, tliis dividing and
passing around the upper half of the neck as a half collar posterior to the white.

The bill is very short and conical. The second primary quill is longer than the secondaries ;
the third is intermediate between the eighth and ninth.

The upper parts are of much the same tinge of olivaceous as in L. inornaius.

The young birds difler in having the black less intense, especially on the throat.

Poor specimens bave a slight resemblance to Parus montanus. This, however, lacks the
crest ; the forehead is white, not black ; the middle of the crown is black, not ash colored ; the
white of the cheeks is not bordered behind by a black crescent, connecting the stripe behind the
eye with the throat.

This species is much more like the European L. crislatus than any other American titmouse.
It diflers in the much stouter bill, absence of rufous on the sides, more black on the throat, the
feathers of the crown asb, like the back, instead of being black, edged witli whitish. Tlie
black crescent behind the eye runs into the black of the throat, instead of stopping in the white
cheeks. The posterior cervical half collar of black is cut off from that of the throat, instead of
being continuous with it. The resemblance of the two species would be much strengthened if
the posterior black collar were made to run into the neck, and the crescent on the cheeks inter-
rupted below,

Cabanis, in Mus. Heineanum, places this species in the same genus with the typical L.
crislatus, and separates the L. hicolor, as type of a new genus, on account of the stouter bill,
difference in character of crest, longer wings, &c. The other American crested titmice, how-
ever, exhibit a very gentle gradation between the two, while the bill of L. wollweberl is even
stouter in proportion than in L. hicolor.

List of specimens.

Catal. Sex.
No.

Locality. When collected. Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch

of wings.

Wing.

6794 Q
6796

Copper mines.

-... . Col. Grjilijim

3

J. H. Clark

5.00 8.00

2.50

do

do

6797 1

Mimbres to R. Grande
Paeblo creek. N.M-.
Mexico.

Dr Htnrv

1

6795

J:m 22, 1854 Lt. Whipple

J Gould

50

Kenn. and Moll .

[

PARUS, Linnaeu.s.

Paruj, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1735. (Agassiz.) Type P. ma/or.

Ch — Head not crested. Body and head stout. Tail moderately long, and slightly rounded. Bill conical, not very stout ;
the upper and under outlines very gently and slightly convex. Tarsus but little longer tlian middle toe. Crown and throat
generally black.

388 U. S P R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

In the group, as defined above, are embraced several genera of modern systematists. Thus
the true black-capped American titmice are placed under Poecile of Kaup, where possibly they
belong. The species may be arranged as follows :

A. Head and neck above and below entirely black ; their sides white. {Poecile.)

Outer tail feathers and the tertiaries conspicuously edged with white. Outer edges of
greater wing coverts also nearly white.

Largest. Wing, 2.70 inches; tail much rounded, or even graduated, exceeding 3.00,

or longer than wings P. septentrionalis.

Wing and tail about 2.50 inches, ani nearly equal. Tail nearly even. Body

beneath white, tinged on the sides with brownish yellow P. atricapillus.

Size and shape much like the last. Tail more rounded. Beneath pale yellowish

rufous brown, lighter only along the median line P. occidentalis.

Outer tail feathers and the tertiaries pale grayish, not white. Greater wing coverts
without paler edges. Tail nearly even, shorter than the wing.

Wing, about 2.60 inches; tail, 2.45. Beneath plumbeous; similar to the back,

only paler P. meridionalis.

Smaller. Beneath white, faintly tinged with reddish brown, con8i)icuously
different from the back P. carolinensis.

B. Crown and throat black, with white frontal and superciliary stripe.

Above plumbeous; beneath white P. montanus.

C. Throat sooty brownish ; sides of body bright reddish brown.

Back and wing coverts chestnut brown ; crown not very different from the

throat P. rufeacens.

Back grayish olive brown. Crown similar.... P. hudsonius.

Comparative measurements of species.

CuUl.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length .

Stretch
oOings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape

Specimen
measured.

3704

Parus septentrional^. ..

do -

do

do

do

Parus atricapillus

do

5.40
5.80
5.30
5.75
5.32
4.80
5.00
4.74
4.91
5.00
4.50
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.60
4.62
5.50
5.00
4.80
5.00
4.46
4.75
4.44
5.14

8.25

7.75
7.75
7.50
7.50

7.00

8.00
7.50

2.72
2.52
2.64
2.75
2.62
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.41
2.46

2.96
3.00
2.86

0.68
JLegs
0.64

0.58

broken.

0.60

0.18
0.22

0,34
0.40

0.38

0.40
0.42
0.46

Skin

6766
8S27
do.
8493
830
do.

New Mexico

Black Hills, Neb...

Skin*....

Skin

Fresh....

FortM.-iss., N. M...

Carlisle, Pa

....do

9

9

2.98
2.50

0.64
0.62

0..58
0.55

0.18
0.18

0.34
0.36

0.40
0.40

Skin

Skin

Fresh ... .

803
do

do

do

ParUH occidentalis

do

do

. do

2.44

0.60

0.56

0.20

0.36

0.48

Skin

Fresh....

6762
do.

Port Vancouver

2.50

0.64

0.50

0.20

0.36

o.ia

Skin

Fresh....

6*763

do

do

Slioalvvater bay . . . .

2.42

2.52

0.66

0.60

0.20

0.36

0.44

Skin

do

Fresh ...

10003

Parus meridionalis

Parus carolinensis

2.60
2.50

3.54

2.50

0.68
11.60

0.56
0.54

0.18
0.20

0.36
0.32

0.42
0.38

Skin

706

Washington, D. C. .
do!

3

Skin

Fresh ....

5643
3894

Parus monunus

do

do

Medicine Bow cr'k

Q

2.90
2.58
2.70

2.90
2.44
3.58

0.78
0.64
0.72

0.58
0.64
0.60

0.30
0.21
0.22

0.44
0.42
0.42

0.50
0.42
0.44

Skin

Skin

962
do.
6786

Fort Tcjon

Q

Skin

Fresh

Parus ruTescens

do

do

Parus liudsonicus

2.38

3. IS

0.64

0.60

0.18

0.35

0.40

Skin....

do.
6764

Fresh....

3.43
3.40

2.30
3.6G

0.64

0.70

0.56
0.55

0.18
0.19

0.40
0.38

0.44
0.44

Skin

2926

Skin

* Veiy poor •peclmen.

BIEDS — PARIDAl:: — I'AKCS SEPTENTRIONALIS. 389

PARUS SIU^TENTR10NALI8, Harris.

I,<iiit:-lailrd I'liickadce.

Parw stpUntrionalis, lliBBH, Pr. A. \. Sc. Pliila. 11, 1845, 300. (Upper Missouri.)— Cassin, IIIuhI. I, i, IS.'i.S,
17.— 111. I, III, 1852, 80 ; pi. xiv.

Sp. Cii — Length, about 5.50 Indies ; wiiij;, 2.70 ; tail, nbi>ut 3 inches, lload above and liclow black, separntcd by wliito on
the sides of the head , back brownish ash. Beneath while, tinged wi,th pale brownish white on the sides. Outer tail leathers,
primaries, and secondaries broadly edged with white, involving nearly llie wl'olo outer web of outer tail fuathor. 'I'.-iil much
graduated ; the outer feather about .30 of an inch .^horter than the middle. Second quill about as hmjj as the secondaries.

//ii6. — .Missouri rirer to the ilocky mountains

This species is similar ia general characters to the P. atricapillus, \mi is considerably larger,
with proportionately longer tail. Tlie filth ami .sixth qiiilLs are equal, the I'ourth scarcely
shorter, the third about equal to the seventh, the second about the length of the secondaries.
The tail is long, considerably rounded ; the outer abruptly shorter than the second. The
greatest difference in the length of the tail feathers is .30 of an inch ; in some specimens almost
half an inch. The difference between primaries and secondaries amounts to .41 of an inch.

The top of the head and nape, with the chin and throat, are black ; the space between the
two white. The middle of breast and belly are dirty white. The sides strongly tinged witli
yellowish brown, as are also the under tail coverts. The upper parts, except as described, are
grayish ash, washed with yellowish brown, especially on the rump. The third to the seventh
primaries and the inner secondaries are edged with ashy white ; the latter conspicuously so.
The outer webs of the outer three tail feathers edged with whitish, almost white on the first
one, where the line of demarkation is quite distinct. All the tail feathers, indeed, have more
or less of a light edging, which on the outermost edge of the inner is plumbeous.

In a considerable series of specimens before me of this species, all agreeing very nearly in
size, there is one (6776) from New Mexico possessing all the characteristics of the species in
an exaggerated degree, even more so than Mr. Uarris' typical specimen. It is larger ; the tail
more graduated ; the upper parts are more yellowish ; the black of head and neck is less exten-
■ sive. The white margins of the primaries and secondaries are very conspicuous, and the entire
outer web of the exterior tail feather is white, except towards the base.

This species is very similar to the P. atricapillus, but differs from it somewhat as atricapillus
does from carolinensis. Its size is much greater ; the tail proportionately longer, and much
more graduated ; the white of wing and tail purer and more extended. The bill ap2>ears to be
stouter and more conical. The back has, perhaps, a little more yellowish. The spurious or
first primary is larger.

A specimen from Fort Mas.sachusetts (8493) agrees in general characteristics of form, but
differs in having a sooty tinge in all the white parts, above and below. This is analogous to
conditions frequently seen in other species, and may be either an actual tendency to melanism,
or the result of actual soiling of the feathers wich the carbonaceous matter of burnt trees, or
from other causes.

390

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Caul.
No.

Sci.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Wlience obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Strftch
d'wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

Racine, Wis

June, 1857...
April 21, 1856
Nov. 27, 1854

N. W. University..

Dr. Hoy

7513

C?

Dr. Cooper

43

5.51)
5.50

8.00
7.50

2.75

Feet black

4732

Fort Leavenworth

do

Dr. Haydcn

6765

Port Riley, K. T .

5873

1856

5872

do

1856

5644

East of Fort Riley

Mouth ot Big Nemaha —

June 18, 1856
April 2, IS.'*

Lieut. F. T. Bryan.

29

W. S. Wood.. .

4733

Dr. Hayden....

4.37

8.00

2.75

6766

R. H. Kern

6769

8828

Black Hills, Neb

do

Sept. 15, 1857
do

Dr. llaydcn....
do

5.50
5.75

7.75
8.37

a.75
2.75

8827

do

Dr. Peters

8493

Q

Fort Massachusetts, N. M.

: '

PARUS ATRICAPILLUS, Linn.
Black-cap Titntonse.

Partis airiatpillus, LiNN.Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 341.— Gm. I, 1788, 1008.— Forster, Pliilos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383.—
"Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 134 ; pi. viii,f. 4.— Bon, Obs. Wilson, .T. A. N. S. IV, 1825, 254.
(Differences froin P. paluslris.) — Acdubon, Orn. Biog. IV, 1838 ; pi. 353, f. 3 — Is. Birds Amer.
II, 1841, 146 ; pi. 126.— Cassin, 111. I, i, 1853, 17.

Poccitu atricaplUa, Bon. Corisp. 1850,230

Pants palustris, ISTutt. Man. I, 1832, 79

Sp. Ch. — Second quill as long as the secondaries. Tail very slightly rounded ; lateral feathers about . 10 shorter than middle.
Back brownish ashy. Top of head and throat black, sides of head between them wJiite. Beneath v.hitish ; brownish white
on the sides. Outer tail feathers, some of primaries, and secondaries conspicuously margined with white.
Length, 5 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 2. .50.
Hah. — Eastern North America along the Atlantic border.

In this species the first quill is spurious ; the fourth quill is longest ; the fifth and sixth
successively a little shorter ; the third is ahout equal to or a little shorter than the eighth ; the
second is a very little longer than the secondaries. The tail is a little rounded, the innermost
feather longest, the rest successively a little shorter. The greatest difference in length of tail
feathers amounts to .10 of an inch.

The entire crown, from the bill to the upper part of the back, coming down on the sides to
the lower level of the eye, is pure black, although the edge alone of the lower eyelid is of this
color. A second black patch, begins at the lower mandible and occupies the entire under
surface of the head and throat, but not extending as far back within a quarter of an inch as
that on the upper part of the neck. The sjiace between these two patches, on the sides of the
head and neck, white^ this color extending along the black of the back of the neck as far as its
truncated extremity, but not bordering it behind. The middle of the breast and belly, as far
as the vent, are dull white, that immediately behind the black of the throat a little clearer.
The sides of the breast and body under the wings, with the under tail coverts, are pale, dull
brownish white. The back, rump, and upper tail coverts are of a dirty bluish ash , washed with
yellowish brown, especially on the rump. The wings are brown ; the outer edges of the third
to the seventh primaries narrowly edged with whitish ; the innermost secondaries more broadly

BIRDS — rAEIDAE — PAKUS OCCIDENTALIS.

391

and conspicuously edged with the same ; larger coverts edged with dirty whitish. Outer wehs
of tail feathers edged with white, purest and occupying half tlie weh in the external one, nar-
rowing and less clear to the central leathers, the basal portions, especially, assuming more tlie
color of the back

List of specimens.

CatAl.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

' Length.

•Stretch
of wings

Wing.

830

9

Carlisle Pii ..

Oct. 22. 1842

0-t. 14,1842

S. V. 15airil

do

.. 5.00
.. 4.92

7.75
7.75

2.50

803

do

2.42

PAllUS OCCIDENTALIS, Baird.

Western Titmous .

Sp Cii. — Tarsi longtliencd. Tail graduated ; outer featlicr ;ilioiil .'Jo of an incli shorter than the middle.

Above dark brownish ash ; head and neck above and below bhick, separated on the sides by white ; beneath light dirty, rusty
yellowish brown, scarcely whiter along the middle of body. Tail and wings not quite so much edged with whitish as in
P. alricapillus.

Length, about 4.75 ; wing, 3.40 ; tail, 3.40.

Ilab. — North Paci6c coast of United States.

This species is of the same size as P. atricapiUus, and resemhles it in its markings ; the ashy
of the hack is, however, washed with a darker shade of yellowish brown. The brown of the
under parts is so much darker as to cause the predominant color there to be a pale yellowish
brown, instead of brownish white. The fourth quill is longest; the fifth and sixtli a little shorter
than the third ; the second is about as long as the secondaries. The tail is rounded, rather
more so than in atricapiUus, the difference in the lengths of the feathers amounting to about
.25 of an inch. The amount of light margining to the quills and tail feathers is much as in
atricajn'.lus , but rather less, perhaps, on the tail.

It is rather a hazardous undertaking to add another to the list of North American black-
capped and throated titmice ; but if we have three good species now, instead of one, then the
present is equally entitled to specific distinction with carolinensis and septentrionalis. In
external form it resembles the typical atricapiUus, as to average size, length of wing and tail,
and general amount of white, differing in all these appreciably from septentrionalis. It is,
however, more different from it, in its dark colors, almost brown beneath, than any of the others
are among themselves, while the tarsi are even larger than in septentrionalis.

This species seems to be the Pacific representative of the American black-capped titmice, as
septentrionalis belongs to the middle region.

List of sptcimens.

Caul. I

No.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

6763; Shoalwaler bay Sept. 12, lb54

6768 do do

6762 Fort Vancouver, W. T Feb. 4,1854

4538 Wajihinglon Territory

6767 St. Helen's, Columbia river Jan. 27,1856

9219 California

Whence obtained.

Dr. Suckley...
Gov. Stevens.

do

Dr. Suckley . .

do

J.Gould

Orig'l
No.

2S

Collected by —

Dr. Cooper .

do

do

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

5.00
5.12
4.50

5.25

D. Douglas .

7.50
7.62
7.50

7.£0

Wing.

Iris t>row]i.
Iris black..

392 V. S. p. R. E ESP AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PAKUS MERIDIONALIS, Sclater.

Mexican Titmonse.

Parus meridionalis, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856, 293.— Ib. 1857, 81. (EI Jacale, Me.x.)

Sp. Ch. — Generally similar to P. atricapiUus. Tail nearly even ; second quill rather shorter than the secondaries ; first not
quite half as long as secund. Head and neck above and below black ; their sides wliite ; rest of upper parts soiled ash ; beneath
a rather paler tint of the same ; lighter, almost whitish, along tlio middle of the belly, and behind the black of tho throat. No
whitish on the wing coverts or tail feathers. The quills edged externally with dull bluish white, most conspicuous on the inner-
most. Length, 5.00 ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.45.

Hab — Eastern Mexico.

This species appears to he perfectly distinct from any of the North American titmice, as
shown by the examination of the typical specimen, received from Mr. Gould. The size of body
and character of wing and tail are much as in P. airicapillus, from which it differs in the entire
absence of whitish edgings on the coverts and tail feathers. The extreme outer edge of the
outer tail feather indeed is of a very dull whitish, but even this is not seen on the others.
There is almost no white on the under parts, which are of the same shade with the back, only
paler, and with a lightening along the median line. There is nothing of the reddish brown or
rusty whitish wash on the side seen in nearly all the North American titmice. The second and
third quills are decidedly shorter than in atricapiUus.

In the absence of light edgings to the wing coverts, and in their reduction to a minimum on
the quills and tail feathers, there is a close resemblance to P. carolinensis. This, however, has
more whitish on the edges of quills and tail feathers, and the under parts are tinged with a
very pale reddish brown, instead of the decided soiled ash of the other. The proportions of
the quills are similar.

From P. occidentalis this species differs in the ashy tinge of the under parts, iustead of the
rather deep reddish brown, these colors in both encroaching greatly on the median whitish so
conspicuous in the other species. The tail feathers are not so black, nor have they nor the quills
edgings quite so light. The tail is more nearly even.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

102(1.^

John Gould, (type specimen)

A. Salic

PAKUS CAROLINENSIS, Audubon.

Carolina Titmonse*

Pans carolinmsU, Auu. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 341 : V, 474 ; pi. 160.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 1.52 ; pi. 127.— Cassih,

Ulust. I, 1853, 17.
Poecila carolinensis, Bp. Consp. Av. 1850, 230.

Sp. Ch.— Second qiiill appreciably longer than secondaries. Tail very little rounded. Length about 4.50 inches ; wing less
than 2.50 ; tail 2.40. Hack brownish ash. Head above, and throat, black, separated on sides of head by white. Beneath
white ; brownish white on sides. Outer tail feathers, primaries, and aocondarics, not edged with wliitc.

JIab. — South Atlantic States to Washington.

This species is very similar to the P. atricapiUus, but is smaller. Tho first (luill, as in all the
titmice, is spurious : the fourth and fifth are equal ; tlio sixth a little shorter than the third

BIRD.S — PARIDAE — PARUS CAROL1NENSI8.

393

and seventh, wliicb are equal ; the second quill is appreciably longer than the longest second-
aries. The tail is slightly rounded, the greatest difference in length of the feathers being .15
of an inch.

The top of the head and upper part of the neck are black, tliis color coming down to the
lower edge of the eye. The under part of the head and the anterior part of the throat are
also black, this color not extending as far back below as above. The space between the black
patches is white, which borders the upper one obscurely on the posterior portion of the side,
but not on the posterior extremity. It also suffuses the posterior portion of the black of the
throat. The under parts are dirty white, on the sides and posteriorly tinged with pale brownish.
The upper parts are of a dirty bluish ash, tinged with yellowish brown, especially on the rump.
The quills are all margined with bluish ash, like the back, which is a little paler on the inner-
most secondaries, and third to seventh primaries, but not conspicuously so ; not at all white.
Outer webs of tail feathers all edged with the color of the back, becoming rather lighter from
the central to the external ones ; never white, however, nor with a well defined line of demark-
ation on the outer web of the outer tail feather.

Tliis species is very similar to the P. atricapillus, and were they to be separated by a wide
interval of locality it might be a question whether it might not be a mere variety. As, however,
both are found together in the middle States, and preserving their characteristics, there will be
little risk in considering them distinct.

This species is, in general, rather smaller than P. atricapillus, although the tail and wing
appear of much the same size. The body and feet are, however, smaller, the extent of wing
three-quarters of an inch less. The bill is apparently shorter and stouter. The difference in
size is, perhaps, even greater than that given by the measurement, as, without a male P. atri-
capilhis or female carolinensis before me at the time of writing, I am obliged to compare males
of the smaller kind with the female of the larger.

The primaries are proportionally and absolutely considerably longer than the secondaries in
the present species, the difference being .55 of an inch, instead of .45. The tail is rather more
rounded, the feathers narrower.

The only difference in color appreciable in the specimens before me is the absence of the
strongly whitish edgings to the outer tail feathers, the third to the seventh primaries, and the
secondaries, the latter especially. There is a lighter shade on these parts, but never of the
almost white and well defined character seen in P. atricapillus.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Ixxality.

When collected.

hence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

607

70C

(?

■Washington, D. C

Ho

Feb. 22, 1842
AprU 5, 1842

S. F. Baird

do

Wm. M. Baird

do

4.25
4.62

6.50
7.00

50 b

394

tl. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PAEUS MONTANUS, Gambel.

Poms montamts, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. I, April, 1843, 259, (Santa Fe.)— Is. Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, Feb. 1847,
155.— Ib. Jour. A. N. Sc. 2d series, I, Dec. 1847,35; pi. viii, f. 1.— CAssm, Illust. 1, 1853,18.

Sp. Ch. — Head and neck above, wiUi under part of head and tliroat, glossy black ; forehead, line above the ej-o and one
below it, involving the auriculars, white. These stripes embracing between them a black line through the eye and confluent
with the black of the head. Above ashy ; beneath similar, but paler ; the upper part of breast and middle lino of belly white.
Length about 5 inches ; wing, 2. GO ; tail, 2.40.

Hab. — Pacific coast of United States, probably to the Rocky mountains.

In this species the tail is nearly square ; the outer feather a very little shorter. The fourth,
fifth, and sixth quills are equal ; the third less than the seventh ; the second rather shorter
than the secondaries. The whole side of the head from the hill is whitish ; this color margins
the black of the neck all the way to its extremity on the upper part of the back, where it is
duller. A black line commences within the white just anterior to the eye, in a line below with
the lower eyelid and above a little above the upper lid. The quills and tail feathers are
margined paler, but there is no white, especially on the secondaries.

This s^jecies may be very readily distinguished from P. atricapillus by the white front and
the white line over the eye cutting off a black one through it. The general colors above are
purer ash ; below the sides are ashy instead of yellowish brown white. The white on the head
has rather a bluish tinge.

A specimen, apparently of this species, from Medicine Bow creek, (5643,) though marked
female, is larger than those from California, as shown by the measurements. I can detect no
other difference, except that the black on the neck appears more restricted. A female from
Fort Tejon lacks the whitish of the forehead, the black of the crown coming down to the bill.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

4390

Fort Dalles, Oregon

Fob.—, 1855.-

Dr. Suckley

171

3894 ---

6800

<?

6801

do

do

FortTejon

J. X. de Vesey

6798

MImbrcs to Rio Grande . -

Dr. T. C. Ilcnry

1

0799

do

. . do

. 1

5643

Q

Medicine Bow creek, Neb.

Aug. 7, 1856

Lieut. Bryan -

222

W. S. Wood

PARUS RUFESCENS, Towns.

Chestnat-bnckcd Tit.

Parus rufescens, Townsend, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, ii, 1837, 190.— ArnrBON, Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 371 ; pi.

353.— Ib. Birds Am. II, 1841, 158; pi. 129.— Cassin, Illust. I, 1853, 18.
Poecila rufescens, Bon. Consp. 1850, 230.

Sp. Cn. — Whole head and neck above, and throat from bill to upper part of breast, sooty blackish brown. Sides of head
and neck, upper part of breast, and middle of body, white ; back and sidua dark browniBli chestnut. Length, 4.75 inches;
wing, 2.36; tail, 2.16.

Ilab. — Pacific coast of the United Stntea.

BIRDS — PARIDAE — PSALTRIPARUS.

395

The brown cap passes throngli the lower eyelid as far as can be detected, and its lateral edge
and the throat are darker than the top of the head. The third, fourth, and fifth primaries
have til I'ir edges rather whiter than elsewhere.

The female has the colors rather duller.

List of specimens.

Caul.

No. I

Sex.

6778
(1779
S789
67W
6791
67M
3931
1921
1»6

19!!7
1934
1935

Locality.

When collect- 1 Whence obuincd. I Orig'l

ed. ' No,

FortSiellocoom, W. T... Miireh, 1856 Dr. Sucklcy I 283

.do April 16,1856 do..

.do Moy a, 1856 do..

do.

, do

, do

do

Columbia river

.do

Fort VancoUTcr, W. T.

San Francisco.
do

March, 1856 do

' do

\ S. F. Bahrd...

' do

Dec. 39, 1853 Got. Stcvcno .

Dr. Sucklcy

Lt. R.S.Williamson
do

310
354
295
263

348

25S

Uollcclcd by—

J. K.Townscnd.

do

Dr. Cooper

Dr. llcermaon.

Length,

Slntch
orwiogs.

5.0O
5.00
5.00
5.00

4.50

4.75
4.50

7.50
7.75
8.0O
7.50

6.. 50

6.50

Iris brown, legs gray, bill
black.

PARUS HUDSONICUS, Forster.

Pami hudionuMi, Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383, 430.— Latham, Index Ornitli. I, 566.— " Mii.leb,
Cimel. Phys. 1796; pi. xxi. A," (Gray.)— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 543; pi. 194.— Ib. Birds
Amcr. II, 1841, 155 ; pi. 128.— Cassin, III. I, 1853, 18.

Sp. Cu. — Above yellowish olivaceous brown; top of head purer brown, not very different in tint. Chin and throat dark sooty
brown. Sides of head white. Beneath white ; sides and anal region light brownish chestnut. No whitish on wings or tail.
Tail nearly even, or slightly emarginate and rounded. Lateral feathers about .20 shortest. Length about 5 inches ; wing,
2.40 ; tail, 2.66.

Hab. — Northeastern portions of North America to the north Atlantic States.

This species is quite different from the other North American titmice, though most
resembling P. rufescens.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

2926 .. .

S. F. Baird

J. J. Audubon

PSALTRI PARUS, Bon.

Psallriparus, Bokap. Comptes Rcndus, XXXI, 1850, 478. Type P. mtlanolis.
JlegUhaliscMS, Cabanis, Museum Hcineanum, 1851, 90. Type Parus erythrocephalus .
Psaltritt, Cassin, 111. N. Am. Birds, 1853, 19.

Ch. — Size very small and slender. Bill very small, short, compressed, and with its upper outline much curved for the
terminal half. Upper mandible much deeper than under. Tail long, slender, much graduated ; much longer than the wings;
the feathers very narrow. Tarsi considerably longer than the middle toe. No black on the crown or throat.

This group of titmice is very well marked among the American species, and is closely allied
to the genus Pscdtria of Temminck. A comparison with a typical specimen of F. exilis from

396

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Java, in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, shows that the bill in the last mentioned
genus is much shorter, deeper, and with the vertical outlines more curved. The wings are
longer, being nearly equal to the tail. The hind toe is a little longer than the middle anterior
one, not shorter ; the outer lateral claw reaches to the middle of the central one instead of only
to its base. The legs are yellow instead of black. P. exilis is much smaller than any American
titmice, measuring but little over three inches. The American species of Psaltriparus are,
however, the smallest of our Parinae.
The species may be arranged as follows :

a. Head striped with black on the sides.
The stripes passing under the eye and uniting on the occiput P. melanotis.

h. No stripes on the head.

Back ashy ; crown light brown P. minimus.

Back and crown uniform ashy :.P. plumbeus.

The first mentioned species differs in longer and more compressed bill from the others, and
may stand alone in the genus, and the others be referred to Psaltria or elsewhere.

Comparative measurements of species.

Calal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimens
measured.

6774

Psaltriparus plumbeus

do ,

Psaltriparus minimus

do

do

Psaltriparus melanotis

do

Lilllo Colorado

4.20
4.44
4.00
4.10
3.62
4.25
3.52

1

2.08
1.92
1.86
1.84
1.76
1.95
1.90

2.62
2.50
2.26
2.36
1.98
2.40
2.30

0.66
0.64
0.60
0.60
0.66
.61
.56

0.44
0.44
0.46
U.44
0.44
.43
.47

0.14
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.12

0.26
0.96
0.27
0.28
0.29

0.32
0.33
0.30
0.32
0.32

Skin

Skin

5933
6758
3718

Santa Clara

Fort Steilacoom

Skin

Skin

Skin

.14

.19

PSALTRIPAKUS MELANOTIS, B o n a p .

Black-cheeked Tit.

Parxis melanotus, Sandbach, Pr. Brit. Ass. VI, 1837, (1838,) 99, (only named.)— P. melanotis, Hartlaub, Rev.

Zool. 1844, 216.
Poecila melanotis, Bp. Consp. Av. 1850, 230.
.iegilhaliscus melanotis. Cab. Mus. Ilein. 1850-1, 90.

Psaltria melanotis, Westermann, Bijdragen tot de Dierkundo, 1851. — Cassin, 111. I, 1853, 20.
Psaltriparus melanotis, Bonap. Comptes Rendus, XXXIII, 1854.
Psaltrijiarus personalus, Bp. Comptes Rendus, XXXI, Sept. 1850, 478.
Psaltria personata, Westermann, Bijdragen tot do Dierkundo i, 1851, IG; plate.

Sp. Cii. — A black patch on each cheek nearly meeting behind. Crown and edges of tlio wing and tail ash gray ; rest of
upper parts yellowish brown, lighter on the rump. Beneath whitisli ; anal region tinged with yellowish brown. Length
about 4 inches ; wing, 1 .90 ; tail, 2.30.

Hab. — Eastern Mexico to the Rio Grande .

In this species the bill is moderately long and considerably compressed ; the culmen straight
at the base, tlien rapidly curving to the tip which slightly overhangs tlie lower jaws; the gony
also is decidedly curve<l, less so than the culmen. The tarsus is much longer than the middle
toe ; the outer lateral toe rather the longer, and reaching the base of tlie middle claw ; tlie hind

BIRDS — PARIDAE — PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS. 397

toe nearly or quite equal to the miiUlle. The wings are short ; the primaries, however, con-
siderably exceeilinj* the other qnills; the exposed portion of the first quill nearly half that of
the second, which is shorter than the secondaries ; tlie outer i)riiuarieM nnicli graduated to the
filth, (longest.) The tail is long (much longer than the wings) and considerably graduated
laterally ; the outer feather about half an inch shortest.

The back and rump with tail coverts of this species are of a dirty yellowish brown. The
sides of the head starling at the base of the bill, passing through and a little above the eyes,
and passing backwards around on the nape, where it narrows to a line and almost or quite
meets its fellow, are of a lustrous greenish black. The crown as enclosed by the black, the
edges of the ciuills and tail feathers are ash gray, the forehead rather lighter. Tlie whole
under parts, including the lower tail coverts, are dirty white ; the region back of the thighs
and about the anus tinged with yellowish brown. The outer tail feather is edged with whitish.
Bill and feet black.

The species is described from specimens in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, from
Guatemala. It should really be credited to Hartlaub, 1844.

PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS, B o n a p .
Least Tit.

Pans minimus, Tow-ssend, Jour. A. N. Sc. Pljila. VII, ii, lt<37, 190.— Add. Orn. Eiog. IV, 1838, 382 ; pi. 353, fig.

5, G.— 1b. Birds Amer. II, 1«4I, 160 ; pi. 130.
Potcila minima, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 230.
Psallria minima, Cassik, Illust. I, 1853, 20.
Psallriparus minimus, Bonap. Comptcs Rcndus, XXXVIII, 1854 ; Notes Orn. Delattre, 45.

Sp. Ch. — ^Tail long, feathers graduated. Above rather dark olivaceous cinereous; top and sides of head smoky brown.
Beneath pale whitish brown, darker on the sides. Length, about 4 inches ; wing, 1.90 ; tail, 2.25.
Hab. — Pacific coast of United States.

The bill of this species is slender, the upper mandible not twice as large as the lower ; gently
but considerably curved to the tip without any notch. The wings are short and concave, the
exposed part of the first or spurious quill about half as long as that of the second primary,
which is shorter than the secondaries. The wing is much rounded, the primary quills
increasing successively to the sixth, the seventh a little shorter, the fourth longer than tlie
eighth. The tail is long, the feathers very narrow; it is considerablj' rounded or wedge-
shaped, a little emarginate in the middle, the exterior feather abruptly shorter than the second,
the rest increasing gradually to the fourth, which is longest. The greatest difference in the
length of the feathers is about .45 of an incli. The tarsi appear unusually long compared with
those of other titmice.

The upper parts are of an ashy gray, with a dull olivaceous tinge. The top and sides of the
head are of a pale smoky brown, almost with a j)urplish tinge ; the head in decided contrast to
the back. The under parts generally are whitish brown, or brownish white with a tinge of
yellowish on the abdomen, the sides more strongly of a pale smoky brown, somewhat similar
to that on top of the head, but paler. The tail and wing feathers are edged with -the color of
the back except the third to the seventh primaries, which are margined whitish ash. Bill
and legs blackish in the dried specimen.

There is quite an appreciable difference between specimens of this species from Washington
Territory and California; the latter are smaller, the under parts paler. In the specimens before
me, however, I see no grounds for specific distinction.

3d8

U. 8, p. R R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal. No. Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Grig. No.

Collected by —

6761 '

Fort Steilacoom , W. T

do

Dr. Suckley-- -- -_--...-

302
336
327

6758 ^

do

6759

1

3924

California

Santa Clara, Cal

Sacramento valley

Los Angeles, Cal.,

Fort Tejon, Cal

Dr Hecrmann

59221

Dr. Cooper

6760

c?

3715

Wm. Hutton

J. X. de Vesey

* Length, 4.25; extenl, 5.75. Tris brown ; bill black ; O^et lead color.

PSALTRIPAEDS PLUMBEUS, Baird.

Psallria plumhea, Baird, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, June 1854, 118. Little Colorado.

Sp. Ch. — Tail long, feathers graduated. Above ratlier light olivaceous cinereous. Top of head rather clearer ; forehead,
chin, and sides of head, pale smoky brown. Beneath brownish wliite, scarcely darker on the sides. Length, about 4.20 inches ;
wing, 2.15; tail, 2.50.

Hab. — Southern Rocky mountains.

This diminutive species has the hill slender, the point of the upper mandible elongatee and
gently curved. The tail is long, slightly emarginate, hut graduated on the sides ; the exterior
abruptly shorter than the rest, which are rounded more regularly. The greatest difference
between the longest and shortest feathers is .45 of an inch. The fifth quill is longest^ the
sixth and fourth barely and successively shorter ; the third and eighth about equal ; the second
shorter than the secondaries. The entire upper parts are of a bluish ash with an olivaceous
shade, rather clearest on the head. The sides of the head and the chin are pale smoky brown ;
the forehead is tinged with the same. Tlie under parts are dirty brownish white, lightest on
the throat, a little more brown on the sides of the body. The tail feathers and quills are edged
externally with the color of the back ; the edges of the third and seventh primaries slightly
paler.

Specimens vary somewhat in the clearness of their tints, which are sometimes a little darker,
sometimes lighter.

This species is very similar to the Psaltriparus minimus of the west coast, which it represents
in the Rocky mountain region. It is, however, appreciably larger, the wings and tail propor-
tionally longer. The top of the head is plumbeous, uniform with the back, instead of smoky
brown. The back is a paler ash, the under parts darker.

The specimens collected by Messrs. Kennerly and Mollhausen are labelled differently as
respects the color of tliu iris, .some l)eing marked as yellow, otliers as black. I find no other
appreciable difference, however, between them.

BIRDS— PARIDAE — I'AROIDES.

399

List of specimens.

Cilal.
No.

Localil)-.

When col-
locled.

Wlioiicc obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Lengtli.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

Reinarlcfl.

6770

Fort Ttiom NM

nr. npnrv

LUtlc Colorado, N. M Nov. — J853 ^ Lieut. A. Whipple...

rfrt. ... . ' Dec 18 IK53 1 'In

40

63
63
94
95

Kenitcrly and MullliauKcn
do

6775

4.50

5.50

6776

CauiD III Bill Williams' fork P«>>i- i-iftTvi

do

do

6777

do

flO

do

4.ia

6

EycH black. . ,
Eyes yellow .
lin

6774

Camp l-JO, mil Williams' rork
do

Feb. 12,1854' -In

do

Feb. 13,1854

. do

do

PAROIDES, Kaup.

Paroides, Kicp, Entw. Gescli. Europ. Thierw. 1816. (Gray.) Typo P. pendulinus.
^iegUhalits, BoiE, Isis, 1822, 556. Same type.

Ch. — Form sylvicoline. Bill conical, nearly straight, and very acute ; the commissure very slightly and gently curved.
Nostrils concealed by decumbent bristles. Wings long, little rounded ; the first quill half the second ; third, fourth, and fifth
quills nearly equal, and longest. Tail slightly graduated. Lateral toes equal, the anterior united at the extreme base. Ilind
toe small, about equal to the lateral. Tarsus but little longer than the middle toe.

This genus differs from all other North American titmice in the greater length of the quills,
the third being the longest, or very nearly so, instead of the fourth or fifth. The hind toe is
rather short, the claw scarcely larger than that of the middle toe. In this respect, and the
shorter tarsi, it differs from Psaltriparus, {minimus,) and its hill is much more straight and
acute than this, or any other United States species.

Comparing the single American species with the type of Paroides, {pendulinus,) the bill,
though much elongated, is not quite so conical and acute, the ui)per outline being slightly
convex instead of perfectly straight, or even concave. The legs are much longer, the tarsus
measuring (the skins of nearly the same size) .60 of an inch instead of .54. The claws are
much smaller and more delicate, which makes the lateral toes shorter as well as the hinder one,
which does not exceed the middle toe without the claw, instead of being almost as long as middle
toe and claw together. The tail is slightly graduated, instead of nearly even. The spurious
primary is longer ; the second quill shorter.

While it is thus similar to Paroides, it is totally distinct from Psallria, (with exilis as the
type.) This differs entirely in the much shorter and more curved bill, longer legSj shorter
wings, longer and more graduated tail, and dull plumage generally.

Although different from Paroides, as shown above, I prefer to continue it in this genus where
it was originally placed, being unwilling to create a new one for it, in my ignorance as to
whether some one already constructed upon foreign types may not include it.

Comparative measurements of species.

Oatal . I
No. I

Species.

Locahty.

Length. Stretch Wing,
ofwings.

6764 Paroides fliviceps El Paso, Mei 4.60

do do ; do 4.25 6.00

10316 Paroides pendulinus Europe 4.43

2.19

2.33

Tail. Tarsus.

2.20 0.62
1.94 0.56

Middle
toe.

0.50

0.50

Its claw
alone

0.16

0.30

Bill
above.

0.35

0.36

Along
gape.

0.34

0.40

Specimen
measured.

Skin..
Fresh.,
Skin..,

400 II. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

PAKOIDES FLAVICEPS, Baird.

.legllhnliisjtaviceps, Scndevall, Ofversigt af Vet. Ak. Fiirhandl. VII, v, 1850, 129. " Sitka or California."
Psalli-iajlaviceps, Sclater, Pr. Ziol. Soc. XXIV, Mar. J85G, 37.

Conirostrum ornatum, Lawkence, Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, V, May, 1851, 113 ; pi. v, fiij. 1. Texas. (First introduction
into fauna of U. S.)

Sp. Ch. — Above, cinereous ; licad, all round, yellow : lesser wing coverts chestnut ; beneath brownish white. Length, 4.50
inches ; wing, 2.16 ; tail, 2.35.

Hob. — Rio Grande. Valleys of Texas and Mexico.

In this species the bill is conical ; the outlines of the upper mandible very gently and uni-
formly curved from the base, with an almost inappreciable downward bend near the tip. In
one specimen the lower edge of the lower jaw is curved slightly downward ; in another it is still
curved, but almost straight. The ridge is rounded ; the nostrils covered with superincumbent
feathers. The feet are stout and strong, but rather short ; the hind claw is short. The wings
are moderate ; the exposed part of the first or spurious quill is contained about two-and-a-half
times in the second primary, which is considerably longer than the secondary quills, and barely
shorter than the second primary ; the third, fourth, and fifth quills are equal^ and longest.
The tail is rather short, slightly rounded ; the feathers moderately broad.

The upper parts in this bird (excepting the head) are of a light brownish plumbeous, tinged
with greenish yellow ; this color quite distinct at the junction of the downy and hairy portions of
the feathers, or across their middle line. This yellow is most evident on the rump, but here, as
elsewhere, is only appreciable when the feathers are raised. The head all round, and the upper
part of the throat, are greenish yellow ; the feathers on the crown more olivaceous green at their
tips ; those on the front with a tendency to orange at their bases. The under parts are dull
brownish white, slightly tinged with greenish yellow on the abdomen. The wings and tail are
brown, edged with the color of the back ; the edges of the outer tail feathers and of the prima-
ries, rather paler. The lesser wing coverts are chestnut.

The specimen described is a winter specimen ; the spring plumage may he brighter. A spe-
cimen from Saltillo, Mexico, is smaller than one from El Paso.

This bird differs very much in external form from Psallriparus minimus, and if the latter really
helon" to Psaltria, then the subject of the present article is erroneously assigned to PsaUria by
Mr. (Sclater. In form it is much more like the sylvicolas, or even the typical titmice ; the bill is
broader, longer, more conical, and much less curved above than in P. minimus; the outline of
the lower jaw also is slightly concave, instead of convex. The wings are larger ; the secondary
and tertials more nearly of a length ; the outer primaries much less graduated ; the spurious
first primary smaller. The tail feathers are proportionally broader, shorter, and more nearly
of a length ; tlie greatest difi'erence being .16 of an inch instead of .45. The tarsi, toes, and
claws are shorter and stouter.

In reality this species has a close resemblance of form to the species of black-capped Parus,
with graduated tails, as P. septentrionaUs. It differs from them, however, in a more elongated
and pointed bill, less curved above ; the outline of the lower mandible concave below ; the claws,
especially the hinder one, shorter. The primaries are less graduated, the third being longest,
(with the fourth and fifth,) instead of being nearly .15 of an inch shorter than the fourth.

BIRDS — PARIDAE — PAROIDES FLAVICEPa.

401

List of specimens.

Unul.
No.

Locallgr.

WUtn collecl-
rd.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collncied by—

Extent.

Stretch
of winu.

Wing.

Rcmarka.

6764

Kl Paso Mex

Dec. S6, IBM

Mnjor Kmory

Lit'ul. Cmicli

do

34
818

Dr. Kcnncrly

4.95
3. SO

e.oo

6.00

4015

Saliillo Mfi

3.13

Eyes dark brown, fccC
bluish, bill dark ilate.

51 b

402 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family ALAUDIDAE-

First primary very short or wanting. Tarsi scutellatc anteriorly and posteriorly, with tho plates nearly of corresponding
position and number. Hind claw Very long and nearly straight. Bill short, conical, frontal feathers e.\tending along tho aide
of the bill ; the nostrils usually concealed by a tuft of bristly feathers directed forwards. Tertials greatly elongated beyond the
secondaries.

Of the'family of Alaudidae but a single germs, Eremophila, is found in North America. The most
characteristic feature of the larks, among the other Oscines is seen in the structure of the tarsus.
The anterior half of this is covered by divided scales lapping round on the sides, but instead of
the two plates which go one on each side of the posterior half, and uniting ultimately behind as
an acute ridge, there is but one which laps round on the sides anteriorly, and is divided into
scales like the^^anterior ones,' but alternating with them. The posterior edge of the tarsus is as
obtuse as the anterior, instead of being very acute. There is a deep separating groove on the
inner side of the tarsus, and there may really be but one plate divided transversely, the edges
meeting atthis j)lace.

The^other characters of the Alaudidae, the long, straight, or slightly curved hind claw, the
elongated tertials, and, to some extent, the shape of the bill, are shared by the Anthinae or
Motacillinae. Here, however, the posterior edge of the tarsus is sharp and undivided trans-
versely, the toes more deeply cleft, the bill more slender, &c.

There are two very distinct groups among the larks, possibly entitled to rank as sub-families.
In the one the bill is stout, short, and conical. The nasal fossae transverse and completely
filled by the thick tuffof bristly feathers, and perforated anteriorly by a circular nasal opening.
In the other the hill is broader, more depressed, and straighter at the base. The nasal fossae
are large, elongated, their axis parallel to the commissure, with rather linear nasal openings,
not covered by feathers, hut with merely a few bristles which do not conceal the nostrils. The
type of the former may be considered as the European skylark, to which our Neocorys spragnei
bears so much resemblance in habit, but there is no American representative in form, the species
all belonging to the other group, the Calandritinae of Cabanis, as distinguished from the
Alaudinac.^

EREMOPHILA, Boie.

Erenuij/ldlu, Hoik, lais, 1828, 322. Type Ataiida alpestris. Sulllciently distinct from ErcmophUus, Humboldt,

(Fishes,) 1805.
Pliileremos, Biif.iim, Deutachl. Vogel, 1831.
" O(ocoris, Bonapaute, 1839. Type Jllauda alpestris." (Gray.) lam unabln to find whore the genus is named.

Cii. — First prirjiary wanting ; bill scarcely higher than broad ; nostrils circular, concealed by a dense tufl of feathers ; the nasal
fossae oblique. A pectoral crescent and cheek patches of black.

This genus differs from Melanocorypha in having no spurious first primary, although the other
characters are somewhat similar. Calandritis of Cabanis, with the same lack of first primary,
has a much stouter bill. Tlie spurious primary, more depressed bill, and dilicreutly constituted
nostrils and nasal fossae of Alauda are readily distinctive.

' Tho Mcluiiocorypha calandra of Boie, {.Qlauda calundra,) is doubtfully rcfurrud lo liy Iticiiardson, F. B. Am. U, 214, as found
in the fur countries.

niRDS — ALAUDIDAK — EREMOPIIILA CORNUTA

403

Comparative measuremenla of species.

Cual.
No.

i*JWCU*«.

Locality.

S»x.

Length.

Stretch
of will g«.

Wng.

Tail.

Tarsud.

Mlildlu
too.

[tadaw.

Bill
above.

Along
cape.

Spucliiicn
iiicaiturcd.

1193
do.

Ercmoiihila cornuu

do..

Fj-eiuopltUa occidcnialis?.
do

Carliale, Pa

do

Kort Ma^acliu$GU«.
do

7.00
7.7S
7.30
7 50
6.60
6.40

s eo

7.00
6.76
6.70

11.75

4.33
4.S0
4.32

3.34

0.93

0.80

0.28

0.52

0.65

i^kin

8491
do

3.30

0.83

0.81

0.34

0.4a

0.62

•<kin

3703

do

do (cAryfO/arma)....

do

do

do

do

Sill Lake L'itv .

11.00

4.10
4.U0
3.83
4.00
3.98
3.58

S.8I
2.93
2.80

0.88
0.84
0.80

0.78
0 66
0.72

o..-)a

0 23
0.28

0.40
O.SO
0.40

0.54
0.08
0.53

Skin

eras

87^

Near Zuni '

Skin

du.

do

Fri>'<ll .

9IIS

(?

9

3.08
2.70

0.86
0.78

0.66
0.73

0.32
0.24

0.48
0.44

0 GU
U.66

873S

Fort Stcilacoom....

Skin

EREMOPHILA CORNUTA, Boie.

Sky Lark ; Shore Lark.

£as(em and J\''orihtra vnrielij.

.l/fluda cornula, Wilson, .\ra. Orn. I, 1808, 85, (in text.)— Rich. F. Bor. Am. II. — Maxim. Roise Nord. Am. 1,
1839. 367.

Erenuphila cornuta, Boie, Isis, 1828, 322.

PhiUremos cornulus, Bonaf. List, 1838.

Olocoris corniidts, of authors.

Mauda alpeslris, Korster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383.— Wilsok, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 85 ; pi. v, f. 4.— Bon. Obs.
1825, No. 130.— NuTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 455.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 570; V. 448; pi. 2U0.—
Ib. Syn. 1839, 97.— 1b. Birds Amer. ill, 1841, 44 ; pi. 151.— Jardine, Br. Birds, II, 329, (Am. sp.)

If'estern and Soutliern varicUj.

.Ilauda chrysolaema, Wacler, Isis, 1831,350.— Bp. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 111.

Jllauda minor, Giracd, 1G sp. Texas Birds, 1841.

.ilttuda rxifa. Aid. Birds Amer. VII, 1843, 353 ; pi. 497.

Olocoris occidentalU, M'Call, Pr. A. N. S. Phil. V, June 1851,218, Santa Fe.— Eaird, Stansbury's Report, 1852, 318.

Sp. Ch. — .^bove pinkish brown, the feathers of the back streaked with dusky. A broad band across the crown, extending
backwards along the lateral tufls ; a crescenlic patch from the bill below the eye and along the side of the head ; a jugular
crescent, and the tail feathers, black ; the innermost of the latter like the back. A frontal band extending backwards over the
eye, and under parts, with outer edge of wings and tail white. Cliin and throat yellow.

Length of Pennsylvania specimens, 7.75; wing, 4.50; tail, 3.25; bill above, .52.

Var. chrysolaema, smaller and lighter colored.

Hab. — Everywhere on the prairies and desert plains of North America. Atlantic States in winter.

Second quill longest ; first and third a little shorter. Above pinkish brown, brightest on
the back of the neck, the wing coverts, and rump; a brownish tinge on the interscapular region,
each feather obscurely dusky centrally. Tlicre is a black band from the nostrils, to and beneath
the eye, curving down towards the throat a short distance behind the eye. A broad band of
black across the forehead extending backwards over the tufts alongside the vertex. A sliort,
broad jugular collar ; the rest of the under parts white, with a brownish tinge behind the black
of the breast ; the sides, especially along the thighs and breast, like the back. A frontal band,
superciliary stripe from the bill, and throat anterior to the pectoral collar, yellow in winter.
Tail black, the outer feather edged with white, the innermost colored like the back and resem-
bling an elongated upper tail covert. Wing quills brown, darker at the tips, the outer edged
with white.

In summer the yellow tints disappear in great measure, leaving a white frontal band succeeded

404 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

by a black one of about the same length which extends over the lateral tufts. The white of the
forehead, however, is continued through the upper half of the eye and under the black tuft.
The side of the head and neck behind the black is white, interrupted by a crescentic patch ov-
brownish ash bordering the ear coverts behind. The throat, however, usually remains yellow.

The very young bird is dusky brown, spotted with whitish above ; beneath white, with an
indication of the black pectoral and cheek patches.

The preceeding description is taken from specimens collected in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin,
the former being winter visitors only in that State. They breed in Wisconsin and, perhaps,
fuither south on the same meridian.

After a protracted examination of a large number of specimens, I have found it impossible
to detect any tangible differences between the shore larks of the east and the west, and am very
much inclined to consider them as the same species. There are the same proportions, the same
colors, and nearly the same size ; in fact, the differences which exist are not more than might
readily be found in the same species. As a general rule, western specimens are paler in color, with
the exception of those from Washington Territory, and those from New Mexico and Texas are
smaller than Pennsylvania ones. There is, perhaps, a longer, slenderer bill with tlie smaller
size, and the frontal white band is narrower, the black band on the crown broader than in some
Wisconsin summer skins, though No. 4329 agrees with them in this respect. The quills and
middle tail feathers are lighter brown. They vary among themselves, however, and specimens
are occasionally found as large and dark as eastern ones. The skins from California, in reality,
are of a darker shade of reddish above than in eastern ones, decidedly more than in the Texan.

Specimens from Washington Territory differ again from all other western ones in having the
feathers of the back conspicuously streaked with dark brown, instead of the usual obsolete tinge
of this color. The same difference, however, is seen in eastern specimens, as 7429, from
Cleveland.

Upon the whole, therefore, in the absence of perfect spring specimens of the eastern form, I
must confess my inability to give reliable distinctive characters of two or more species, the
differences being only such as might be found in a wide range of the same species. The question
as to the much more southern breeding range of the bird westward than to the east, may be
answered by the suggestion of Dr. Cooper, that they there alone find the peculiar prairies or
the desert region which they frequent.

The difference insisted on by Mr. Audubon, in reference to the tail feathers of two species,
has no real existence in nature.

There is a great diversity of plumage in the western shore larks, varying with the sex, age,
and season.

Without specimens at hand, I am unable to state the difference between the American
Eremophila cornuta and the European E. alpesl.ris.

r.IRDS ALAL'DIUAE EKEMOl'IlILA CORNUTA,

405

List of epecimcne.

Caul
No.

IltW

Mi
7«7
10917
3780
433»

eivi
eaea
sate

S3I3
5317
9346
9949
9941
994S
9944
9-243
9940
»39
SMI
8943
8196
8199

S697

7091
S3U
3709
8491
8724
8736
8797
8798
8739
8732
8733
8734
8730
873S
8736
4906
4097
503«
9115

Sex and
i|e.

Locality.

Q
Q
Q
«?

Q
Q

o
Q

<?

CariUlF, P>

do

Clrraland, Ohio

W. NorUilii-ld, III

Kaciiic

Daiu' county, Wi«

Near Fori Lt-aveii worth . . . ,

Fort Riley, K. T ,

Yellowstone river

Fort Pierre, Nebmslia

Blackfoot country

Black Hills, Nebraska

do

! When col-
I leclcd.

I I

Nov. 4,1844

Oct. a9,iS4a

April 1,1651
.March 30

Wbcncc obtained.

Sprint; ^^i"
July 12,1857

S. F. Baird

do

Ur. KIrtlar.il

R. Kciinicnlt

Dr. Uoy

T. M. Hrewer

\Vn». M. Mnyraw ..
Dr. W. A. llainmond

Lt. Warren

do

Orig.
No.

.do.,
do.,

Sept. 99, 1857
Sept. 14.1857
Sept. 2j, 1857
do

Near Bear Bute.
do

.do..

30 miles east of Ft. Kearney.
do

Big Blue river .
do

do •

Oct. 3, 1857 '
Oct. 2, 1857

....do

Oct. 24,1857

...do

July 19,1857
do

Pole creek

Platttt river

do .'.

W. Branch Medicine Bow

creek

505 mtles from Fort Riley. .

Medicine creek

Salt Lake City

Fort Mass., N. .M

Minibres to Rio Grande

Fronlera

NearZufli, N. M

do

July 2*, 1856
July 1G.1856

i do.;

August 9

July 15,1856
June 24,1856
Mar. 18, 1850
Mar. 15,1856

.May, 1852....
Nov. 19,1853
do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Wm. M. Magraw..

do

do

do

Lt. Bryan

do

do

Ft. Steilacoom .
do

do

do

sjhoalwatcr Bay,W. T.

Presidio, California

Sacramento valley

San Diego, Cal

Saltillo, Mexico

Indianola, Texas

Mexico

Mar. 31,1854

...do

Mar. 31,1856

I April 15,1856

Sept. 8,1834

Feb. 5,1856

May, 1833....

I Feb. 14,1855

do

do

Lt. Warren

Capt. Stansbury

Dr. Peters

Dr. Henry

MaJ. Emory

Lt. Whipple

do

Gov. Stevens

do

Dr.Suckley

do

Gov. Stevens

LI. Trowbridge ....
Lt. Willianisnn ....
Ur. J. F. Hammond

Lt. Couch

Capt. Pope

M. Verreaux

223
224
134
135
171
114
90

234
41

97

26

39

4

285

299

90

Collected by-

Til. Kuinlien.
Dr. Cooper. . .

Dr. Baydcn,

do. ...

do. ...

do

do

Lengtll. Stretch

ol whig*.

7.75
6.75

14.75
13.08

Wing.

4.50
4.00

Remarks.

7.50 13.25

7.50
7.25

do

do

do

do

do

do

Dr. Cooper..

do ....

do ....

do

W. S. Wood.

do ....

do

do

do

Dr. Uayden

6.75
7.50
6.50
6.50
7.75
6.75
6.50
6.50
8.00
7.25
7.50
6.75

12.75
13.00

Feci gray. .

3.87
4.12

6.87

C.Wright

Kenn. &. M6II.

do

Dr. Suckley.w
do

Dr. Cooper.

Dr. Hcermana .

6.50
7.00
6.50

7.25
6.00

9.50

12,25
12.50
12.50
13.50
13.00
12.75
12 00
12. .lO
14.00
13.23
13.00
19.23

12.00

11.00
11.00
11.75

12.75
10.00

12.12

11.00

3.75
4.00
3.12
4.00
4.12
4.50
4.00
4.00
4.75
4.50
4.50
4.00

Iris light brown .

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

....do

Feet gray

....do

4.00

4.50

5.50
3.87
4.U0

406 U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family F JITN GILLID A E .

Primaries nine. Bill very short, aljniplly conical and robust. Commissure strongly angulated at base of bill. Tarsi
Bcutellate anteriorly, but the sides witii two undivided plates meeting behind along the median line, as a sharp posterior ridge.

The systematic arrangement of the fringilline hirtls of the United States is more difficult than
that of any other group, owing to the large number of species closely related to each other and
exhibiting endless though minute variations in structure and form. Nearly all authors regu-
larly avoid committing themselves by an attempt at the definition of their different divisions,
giving only the names of types as indicative of their meaning. I have, theiefore, been able to
derive no aid from ornithological publications in arranging the species, and have been obliged
to work out the whole subject anew from the beginnings as far as North American species are
concerned.

In the system adopted I do not claim any very natural combination of species into genera,
nor of genera into sub-families ; all I have aimed at is to present a convenient artificial scheme
by which the determination of the species may be facilitated. The means at my command are
manifestly insufficient for the satisfactory solution of a problem which has puzzled the best
ornithologists of the day, with all possible resources at their command in the way of specimens
and books.

I divide all the United States species into four sub-families, briefly characterizablo as follows :

CoccoTHRAUSTiNAE. — Bill Variable, from enormously large to quite small ; with the base of the
upper mandible almost always provided with a close pressed fringe of bristly feathers (more or
less conspicuous) concealing the nostrils. Wings very long and pointed, usually one-half to
one-third longer than the forked or emarginate tail. Tarsi short.

Spizellinae. — Embracing all the plain colored sparrow-like species marked with longitudinal
stripes. Bill conical, always rather small; both mandibles about equal. Tarsi lengthened.
Wings and tail variable. Lateral claws never reaching beyond the base of the middle claw.

Passerellinae. — Sjiarrow-like species with triangular spots beneath. Legs, toes, and claws
very stout ; the lateral claws reaching nearly to the end of the middle ones.

Spizinae. — Brightly colored species usually without streaks. Bill usually very large and
much curved; lower mandible wider than the upper. Wings moderately long. Tail variable.

Sub-Family COCCOTHRAUSTINAE.

Wings very long and much pointed ; generally one-third longer than the more or loss forked tail ; first quill usually nearly
as long, or longer than the second. Tertiaries but little longer, or equal to the secondaries, and always much exceeded by the
primaries. Bill very variable in shape and size, tlio upper mandible, however, as broad as the lower; nostrils rather more
lateral than usual ; and always more or lees concealed by a series of small bristly feathers applied along the base of the upper
mandible ; no bristles at the base of the bill. Feet short and rather woak. Hind claw usually considerably longer than the
middle anterior one ; sometimes nearly the same size.

In the preceding paragraph I have combined a number of forms, all agreeing in the length
and acuteness of the wing, the bristly feathers along the base of the bill, the absence of con-
spicuous bristles on tlie sides of the mouth, and in the shortness of the feet. They are all
strongly marked and brightly colored birds, and usually belong to tlie more northern regions.

The species of tlie genera all vary remarkably in the shape and size of tlie bill, whicli hero
is of secondary importance to the character of tlie wing, tail, and feet. Indeed, I am inclined

BIRDS — FRIKGILLIDAE — COCCOTIIKATT^TINAE. 407

to tliink tliat this is the case tliroughotit the FrtngUHdac. Tliiis, in the genus Carpodactta, one
species, C. frontalis, has the bill so short iiml much curved as to resemble Pinicola or Pijrrhnla,
while the C. vassinii has a bill whicli, in its elongation, size, and general shape, is nearer to
that of Heiq^eriphona than any other of our birds, except, perhaps, Cardinalis. The same is
true of PleclropJianes, Chrysomitris, &c.

None of the species of Fkvlmphanes, excepting P. nivalis, exhibit the peculiar series of
feathers along the base of the upper mandible, or else in very limited extent ; but, as the other
characters arc as described, I liave thought it best to continue them in their present association,
notwithstanding this deviation in one character. As already stated, I do not pretend to any
thing more than a convenient artificial arrangement by which the species may be found, and at
present see no more eligible place for the species without dividing P. nivalis from all the rest,
which I am not willing to do.

At the head of the series I place Hesperiphona, as combining the most typical features of the
insessorial conirostres, in the enormous bill, long wings, and perching feet, &c. The other
genera may be arranged in groups, as follows :

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

A. — Bill enormously large and stout ; the lateral outline as long as that of the skull.
Culmen gently curved.

Hesperiphona. — First quill equal to the second. Wings one-half longer than the

tail. Lateral claws equal, reaching to the base of the middle claw. Claws

much curved, obtuse ; hinder one but little longer than the middle. Colors

green, yellow and black.

B. — Bill smaller, with the culmen more or less curved ; the lateral outline not so long as the

skull. Wings about one-third longer than the tail or a little more ; first quill shorter than the

second. Claws considerably curved and thickened ; hinder most so, and almost inappreciably

longer or even shorter than the middle anterior one. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe.

Lateral toes unequal.

a. ■ Colc/rs red.

PiNicoLA. — Bill short, much curved above. Tail nearly even. Middle fore claw
much straighter, and decidedly longer than the hinder. Outer lateral toe, with
its claw, reaching beyond the base of the middle claw ; a little longer than the
hind toe.

Carpodacus. — Bill variable, more or less curved above. Tail forked. Middle fore
claw scarcely longer than hinder one. Outer lateral toe with its claw, falling
short of the base of the middle claw ; equal to the hinder toe.

b. Colors black and yellow.

Chrysomitris. — Bill nearly straight. Hind claw stouter and more curved, but

scarcely longer than the middle anterior one. Outer lateral toe reaching a

little beyond the base of the middle claw ; shorter than the hind toe. Wings

longer and more pointed. Tail quite deeply forked.

C— Hind claw considerably longer than the middle anterior one, with about the same curva-

408

U. S, p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

ture; claws attenuated towards the point and acute. Lateral toes about equal.
almost one-half longer than the tail, which is deeply forked.

Wings usually

a. Points of mandibles overlapping.

CuRViRosTRA. — Tarsi shorter than middle toe. Bill much compressed, elongate
falcate, with the points crossing like the blades of scissors. Claws very large ;
lateral extending beyond the base of the middle. Tarsi shorter than the middle
toe. Colors red.

h. Points of mandibles not overlapping.

Aegiothds. — Tarsi equal to the middle toe. Bill very acutely conical ; outlines

with commissure jierfectly straight. Lateral toes reaching beyond the base of

the middle one. No ridge on the side of the lower mandible. Colors reddish.

Leucosticte. — Culmen slightly decurved ; commissure a little concave. Bill

obtusely conical ; not sharp pointed. A conspicuous ridge on the side of the

lower mandible. Claws large; the lateral not reaching beyond the base of the

middle one. Colors red and brown.

D. — Hind claw much the largest ; decidedly less curved than the middle anterior one. Tarsi

longer than the middle toe. Lateral toes equal; reaching about to the base of the middle claw.

Hind toe as long or longer than the middle one. Bill very variable ; always more or less

curved and blunted. Tail slightly emarginate or even. Wings one-half longer thin the tail.

First quill as long as the second.

Plectrophanes. — Colors black and white. With or without rufous nape or elbows.

HESPERIPHONA, Bonaparte.

Hesperipliona, Bonap. Comptes Reiidus, XXXI, Sept. 1850, 424. Type Fringillcr vesperlma.

Ch. — Bill largest and stoutest of all the United States fringilline birds. Upper mandible mucli vaulted ; culmen nearly straight,
but arched towards the tip ; commissure curved. Lower jaw very large, but not broader than the upper, nor extending back, as
in Guiraca ; considerably lower than the upper jaw. Gonys unusually long. Feet short ; tarsi less than the middle toe ; lateral
toes nearly equal, and reaching to the base of the middle claw. Claws much curved, stout, and compressed. Wings very long
and pointed, reaching beyond the middle of the tail. Primaries much longer than the nearly equal secondaries and tertial : outer
two quills longest ; the others rapidly graduated. Tail slightly forked ; scarcely more than two-thirds the length of the wings.

The essential character of the genus among its allied North American forms consists, chiefly,
in the enormous vaulted bill, .85 of an inch long and half of an inch broad. The wings lack
the curious expansion of the tertiaries seen in the Euroi)ean Coccothrausfes. The secondaries are
emarginated at the end, and in some of them there is seen a short thread projecting from the
bottom of the notch. This, at first, appears like the mucronate tip of the shaft, but it is, really,
a supplementary pennule springing irom the under surface of the wing, a short distance from
the end.

Species of the genus are said to occur in Asia.

Comparative measurements

of species.

C»l'l
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Lcngth.j Sirclch
of wings

Wings.

Tall.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

.Sppfimens
measured.

6371
do.

Hesperipliona vcHpcrtina . . .
do

Fort Vancouver..
do

Q

7.20 1

7.25 ia.75
7.10

4.08

2.86

0.84

0.88

0.24

0.80

0.76

Skin....

1874

do

4.25

S.76

0.80

0.88

0.34

0.70

0.83

Skin ....

BIRDS— FRINGILLIDAE — PINICOLA.

409

HESrElUrilONA VKSPERTINA, Bonap.

£vcuuig (>ro!<bcak.

Fringilla resptrlina, Coopek, Annals New York Lyceum N. II. I, ii, 1825,220. (Sault Si. Mario.) — Ann. Orn.

Biog. IV, 1838, 515 : V, 2.-)5 ; pi. .''73, 424.
Fringilla (Coccolhrauslts) respertina, BoN. Syn. 1828, 113.— Id. Zool. Jour. IV, 1828, 2.— Id. Am. Orn. II ; pi. xv.
Coeeolhrauslfs resptrlina, Sw. F. Bor. Am. 11, 1831, 2«9.— Aco. Syn. 134.— In. Birds Amcr. Ill, 1841,217; pi. 207.
lUsperiphona rr<;)fi/iiia. Bos. Comptcs Rendus, XXXI, Sept. 1850, 424. — lu. Conspectus, 1850, 505.
Coccolhtaiatts boimpartii, Lesson. IIIubI, do ^^ool. 1834 ; pi. x.txiv.

Sp. Cii. — Bill yellowish green, dusky at llic base. Anterior half of ihe body dark ycl'owish olive, shading into yellow to Iho
rump above, and the under tail coverts below. Outer scapulars, a broad i-ontal band continued on each side over the eye, axilla-
ries, and middle of under wing coverts, yellow. Feathers along the extreme base of the bill, the crown, libiac, wings, upper tail
coverts, and tail, black ; inner greater wing coverts and tertiaries white. Length, 7.30 ; wing, 4.30 ; tail, 2.75.

Httb. — Pacific coast to Rocky mountains ; northern America cast to Lake Superior.

In this species the hill is very large and thick at the hase ; the upper outline nearly straight,
most curved at the tip. The hill resemhles that of Cardinalis virginianus more than Quiraca.
The wing is very long and much pointed; the outer three primaries nearly equal, and the others
graduating rapidly to the secondaries. The tail is short and slightly eniarginate ; tlie I'catliers
narrow.

The female differs in having the head of a dull olivaceous brown, which color also glosses the
back. The yellow of the rump and other parts is replaced by a yellowish ash. The upper
tail coverts are spotted with white. The wliite of the wing is much restricted. There is an
obscure blackisli line on each side of the chin.

List of specimens.

]

Catal. Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch

No.

of wings.

1874

Columbia river

Ft. Vancouver, W.T

S F Baird

6371

9

Jan. 13, 1854

7.25

12.75

6372

do

7.50

13. 00

6373

9

do —

do

do

do

7.25

12.75

6371

Ft. Thorn, N. M. ..

Dr T C Henrv

6375

do .

. do -

PINICOLA, Vicillot.

Pinicola, Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, page iv; pi. i, f. 13.
" Slrobilopbaga, Vieillot, Analyse, 1316."
" Coryllms, CcviER, R. An. 1817."

Ch. — Bill short, nearly as high as long ; upper ouiline much curved from the base ; the margins of the mandibles rounded ;
the commissure gently concave, and abruptly deflexed at the tip ; base of the upper mandible mucli concealed by tlie bristly feathers
covering the basal third . Tarsus rather shorter than the middle toe ; lateral toe short, but their lon^ claws reach the base of
the middle one, which is longer than the hind claw. Wings moderate ; tlie first quill rather shorter than llic second, lliird, .^nd
fourth. Tail rather shorter than the wings ; nearly even.

But one species of this genus belongs to the American fauna, and is closely allied to if not
identical witli that belonging to the northern portions of the Old World.
52 b

410

U. S. p. E. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Sei.

Length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
atone.

Bill above.

Along
gape.

Specimens
measured.

543

1208

Pinicola canadensis

do

""(?'"

8.00
9.00

4.36
4.62

4.06
4.08

0.88
0.86

0.96
0.94

0.34
0.34

0.56
0.58

0.60
0.56

Skin

Skin

PINICOLA CANADENSIS, Cab an is.

Pine Grosbeak.

Coccoihraustes canadensis, Brisson, Cm. Ill, 1760, 250 ; pi. xii, f. 3.

" Corythus canadensis, Bkkum, Vogel Deutschlands," (1831?)

Pinicola canadensis, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 167.

Pinicola americana, (Cab. MSS.) Bp. Consp. 1850, 528.

Loxia emichator, Fobst. Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383.— Wils. Am. Orn. I, 1S08, 80 ; pi. v.

Pyrrkula enucleator, Acd. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 414 ; pi. 358.

Corythus enuckatortBonAP. List, 1838.— Aud. Syn. 127.-18. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 179; pi. 199.

Sp. Ch. — Bill and legs black. General color carmine red, not continuous above, however, e.\cept on the head ; the feathers
showing brownish centres on the back, where, too, the red is darker. Loral region, base of lower jaw all round, sides and
posterior part of body, with under tail coverts, ashy, whitest behind . Wing with two white bands across the tips of the greater
and middle coverts ; the outer edges of the quills also white, broadest on the tertiaries.

Female ashy, brownish above, tinged with greenish yellow beneath ; top of head, rump, and upper tail coverts, brownish
gamboge yellow . Wings as in tlie male. Length about 8.50 ; wing, 4.50 ; tail, 4.00.

llab. — Arctic America. South to United States in severe winters.

In comparing an American specimen of tlie Pine grosbeak (1208) with a European, (P. enu-
cleator,) in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, I find the former considerably larger,
(wing 4.76, instead of 4.40,) the bill much stouter and more bulging at the sides, the tip of
the upper mandible much less decurved and less projecting over the lower. The tail feathers
are much broader. The legs are black, the bill dark brown, instead of both being horn color.
There is little difference in the character of the red ; there is, however, much more white on
the wing in very broad and sharply defined pure white external edgings of the quills, especially
on the tertials, secondaries, and greater coverts, instead of having these narrower, less conspicu-
ous, and tinged with rose. Without being sure that these differences of the two skins are either
constant or characteristic, I think it proper to quote such references only as belong to American
specimens.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

643

<?

S. F. Baird

554
2866

do

do

do

1208

do

BIRDS FKINGILLIDAE — CARPODACUS. 411

CARPODACUS, Kaup.

Car;>i)Jo<-iu, Kai'I", "Enlw. Eiirop. Thii>r\v. DSS." Typo Loxia eyijthriixi. Pull.

Erylhrcsiiiztt, UuNjtrARTE, Saggiu ili una >llst. mot. 1831.

llatmorrhoui, Swainson, Clara. Birds, 11, 1H37, S95> Typo Fringilla purpurea, Giiiolin.

Ch. — Bill short, stuut, vaulted ; the culnien dccurvod towards the ond ; the commissure nearly strnight to the slightly dccurvcd
end. A slight development of bristly feathers along the t^ides of the hill, concealing the nostrils. Tarsus shorter tlmu tho
middle too ; lateral claws reaching to the base of tho middle one. Claw of hind too much curved, smaller than tho middle
one, and rather less than the digital portion. Wings long and pointed, reaching to tho middle of tho tail, which is considerably
shorter tlian the wing, and moderately forked. Colors red, or red and brown.

The genus Carpodacv^, incliiding the American purple fincheft, is composed of species, the
males of which are more or lesp red in full plumage, while the females are brown. They are
spread over North America, and species also occur in considerable numbers in northern Europe
and Asia.

In addition to the generic names mentioned above, there have been proposed for the group
Erythrina, Brehm. 1828, pre-occupied in Botany, Enjthrothorax, Brehm, 1831, and Pyrrhulinota,
Hodgson, 1844. Should it become necessary to subdivide the genus, there will be no difficulty
in finding names already established for the different sections.

The following diagnoses may serve to distinguish the North American species of Carpodacus.

A. Tail and wing feathers edged ivith reddish.

Quite uniformly crimson on the head, neck, breast, and upper parts ; darker across the
back. Wing coverts and quill.s margined with reddish. Belly white, faintly streaked
with black. First quill longer than fourth G. purpureus.

Similar to last. Purple of head and rump darker. A liglit purple supraorbital line.
First quill shorter than fourth C. californicus.

Bill very long. Crown continuously crimson ; chin, throat, u|)per part of breast, and rump,
rose red. Back grayish brown, streaked conspicuously with dark brown. Belly wliitc^
scarcely streaked C. cassinii.

B. Tail and wing feathers edged luith grayish lohite.

Bill short, very convex. Forehead, superciliary stripe, chin, throat, breast, and rump
crimson. Back brown, not streaked. Wiugs brown. Belly white, strongly streaked ;
outlines of red not very sharply defined (J. frontalis.

Bill very convex. Forehead, superciliary stripe, chin and tliroat, with rump, all
uniform bright crimson. Back dull brown, not streaked. Breast and belly white,
much streaked. All the colors very sharply defined C. haemorrhous.

412

0. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Be.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

5.80
5.52
5.83
5.50
6.41
5.. 50
5.44
6.02

5.50
6.10
5.50
5.10

5.60
5.40
5..'i0
5.40
6.00

9.8:)
10.33

10.00
9.00

3.20
3.10
3.16
3.25
3.16
3.20
3.00
3.56

7.00
3.58
3.00
3.36

3.10
3.08
3.10
2.92

2.56

2.50

0.62
0.65

0.72
0.72

0.20

0.20

0.44
0.40

0.48
0.50

Skin*

796
do.

do

do

do

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

Skin

Fresh

1380

2.52

0.72

0.79

0.24

0.45

0.56

Skin

do.
l(fiJ30
10231
£420

do.
6421

do.
6422

4568
5547

8548

Fresh

Carpodacus calilbrnicus. .

do

Carpodacus cassiui

do

do

do

do

Carpodacus haemorrlious.

Carpodacus frontalis

Jo

FortTeJon

do

Camp 104, Pueblo
crceli. N. M.

do

do

do

16 miles west of Al-
buquerque.

Mexico

9
S

2.60
2.46
2.52

U.70
0.72
0.74

0.76
0.77
0.76

0.19
0.20
0.20

0.43
0.46
0.50

0.48
0.50
0.58

Skin.

Skin

Skill

Fresh

2.72

2.40

2.78
2.74
2 78
2.54
3.14

0.74

0.76

0,20

0.50

0.56

Skin

0.68

0.68
0.68
0.68
0.69
0.68

0.78

0 68
0.60
0.74
0.68
0.72

0.20

0.16
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17

0.48

0.40
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.4.

0.53

0.50
0.50
0.48
0.47
0.50

Skin

Skint

Skin.

Skin

Petaluma.Oal

do

3
S
9
3

6429
9886

do

do

Sacramento valley. .

Mi.ri..n

Skin

Skint ••

• No label.

f Moiiiilcd.

t Mnunicd ; wings broken off.

CARPODACUS PURPUREUS, Gray.

Purple Finch.

FringiUa purpurea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 923.— Lath. Ind. I, 1790, 446.— Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 119 ;

pi. vii, f. 4.— Ib. V, 1812, 87 ; pi. .xlii, f. 3.— Abd. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 24 : V, 200 ; pi. 4.
Haemorrhous purpurea, Swainson, Birds, II, 1837, 295.

Erijlhrospiza purpurea, B . List, 1838.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 125.— Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 170 ; pi. 19G.
Carpodacus purpurea, Gray's Genera, 1844-'49. — P. Conspectus, 1850, 533. — Bon. &. Schlegel, Mon. of Lo.xiens,

14, tab. XV.
1 Loxia riolacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 306, 43. (Very uncertain )
Purple finch, Catesbt, Pennant, Lath. Hemp-bird, Bartrabi.

Sp. Ch — Second f|uill longOFl ; first shorter than third ; considerfthly longer than the fourth. Body crimson, palest on the
rump and breast, darkest across the middle of back and wing coverts, where the feathers have dusky centres. Tlio red extends
below continuously to the lower part of the breast, and in spots to the tibiae. The belly and under tail coverts white, streaked
faintly with brown, except in the very middle. Edges of wings and tail feathers brownisli red ; lesser coverts like the back.
Two reddish bands across the wings, (over the ends of the middle and greater coverts.) Lores dull grayish. Length, 6.25
inches ; wing, 3.34 ; tail, 2 50 ; hill above, .46.

Female olivaceous brown ; brighter on the rump. Beneath white. All the feathers everywhere streaked with brown, except
on the middle of the belly and under coverts a superciliary light stripe.

Hab. — North America, from Atlantic to the high central plains.

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — CARPODACUS CALIKORNICU8.

413

List of specimens.

Cutil.

No

...

Locality,

When tx)llefted.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

1353

s

9

^

Q

TArliitli' Va

Apiil 13, 1844
Oct. 14, 1842
April 22, 1844
April 23, 1845
Oct. 14, 1842
April 23, 1845
April — , 1841
April 28, 1843
May 15, 1857
Muy 8, 1856

S. F Biiiril .-

6. 17
6.83
6.42
6.17
5.83
6.42
6.00

10. :>i'

9.83
10.33

9.83
10.17
10.17
10.00

.i. 33

796

do

do

do

do...

do

do

do

St. Louis, Mo

Vermilion river. Neb.

do

3.17

1380

do ..

3. 17

2138

do

3. 17

797

do

3. 17

2139

do

3. 17

309

do

931

. do

7040

Ijeut. Bryiin

Dr. Hayden

W S Wood

4853

Lt. Warren

6.00

10.00

3.62

CARPODACUS CALTFORNICUS, Baircl.

Western Fnrple Finch.

Sp. Ch. — Similar to purpurctis. Tliird quill longest; first sliorler than the fourth. I'urpic of head and rump much
darker than in C purpureas ; the head wilti a broad supraorbital lateral ba liglitur purple. Length, (j.2 ; wing, 3.20 ;

tail, 3.60.

//ufc. — Pacific coast of United States.

In the exarainatioa of a large series of skins (over sixty in number) of tlie western purple
finch, I have found differences which indicate either a decided geographical variety^ or a distinct
species from the typical eastern C. purpureus. The size appears somewhat less. The upper
mandible appears lower in proportion to the inferior one, and is darker than in eastern
specimens. The culmeu is more curved, and lacks the gentle concavity on the basal portion.
The male is of a considerably darker purple, especially on the head and the rump ; that on the
former in quite strong and abrupt contrast to the back, instead of fading gently into it.
The sides of the crown are of a lighter purple than elsewhere, giving rise to quite a conspicuous
supraorbital stripe, scarcely or not at all appreciable in eastern skins.

The female of the western type differs from that of the eastern in being more olivaceous above,
and in having the streaks below rather larger, and not so well defined. There appears to be a
difference in the marking of the wings. In eastern C. purpureus there is usually a well marked
whitish band across the ends of the middle coverts, while the greater coverts, though margined
externally by paler, have a still ligliter bar across the posterior extremity, which is not seen in
tlie western bird.

The wing formula of the two species differs very greatly, the third quill in the western bird
being generally longest, instead of the second ; the first shorter than the fourth, instead of
much longer, and shorter than the third.

414

U. S. p. R. K. ESP. AND SUKYEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

CataJ. Sex and
No. age.

4488
44B9
4490
6412
6413
6414
641S
6416
6417
4S38
4537
4535
6411
6418
6419
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
3731

9
(?
9

a
d

9
9
3

<?

c?
c?
<?
9

Loinlity.

Straits of Fiica, VV. T.

do

do

Fort SteUacoom

do

do

do

do

do

W. Territory

do

do

Fort Vancouver, W. T.

Calaveras, Cal

Cosumncs river, Cal . . .

Santa Clara

do

do

do

do

do

Monterey, Cul

Fort Tejon, <'al

\yiien col-
lected.

March, 1855

do

do

April, 1854...

do

do

April 10, 1856

, do

Aug. 1, 1856

1856

do

do

Jan. IB, 1854

Nov. 1855...

, do

do

do

do

do

Jan. 22

Wliencu olitaitiod.

Dr. J. G. Cooper.. -

do

, do

Dr. G. Suckley. ..

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Gov. Stevens

Lt. Williamson...

do

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

do..

do

do ,

d

do

VV. Hutton

J. X. de Vcsey. .

Orig'
No.

8(1
291
294
516

CoUi'cled by— Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

6.00
6.25

13

Dr. Cooper....
Dr. Heerman..
do

9.50
9.75

6.50
6.33

10.00
10.12

9.50

Iris brown, bill and feet paler.

CAEPODACUS CASSINII, Baird.

Cassia's Purple Finch.

Carpodacus cassinli, Bairu, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pliila. VII, .Tune, 1854, 119. Colorado River.

Sp_ Ch. Larger than C. jm)-p«reus. Bill .55 of an inch above. Second and tljird f|uills longest ; first longer than fourth.

Above pale grayish brown, the feathers streaked with darker brown, and witli only an occasional gloss of reddish, e.xcept on
the crown, which is uniform deep crimson, and on the rump. Sides of tlie head and nock, tliroat and upper part of breast with
ruTip, pale rose color ; rest of under parts white, very faintly and sparsely streaked with brown. Female without any rod,
and streaked on the head and under parts with brown. Length, G.50 ; wing, 3. GO ; tail, 2.60.

IJab. — Rocky mountains and valley of the Colorado.

This i.s the largest of the American purple finches, and is conspicuously dificrent from the
others in the size and unusual elongation of the bill. This is very nearly straight above to
within one-third or fourth of the end, and then curves gently to the tip ; the cutting edge of
the mandible is sinuated in the middle. Tlie proportions of the quills, as given above, are
pretty constant, although sometimes the second quill is longest, and sometimes the first as long
as the second. The tail is moderately forked ; the feathers broad.

There is rather more of red on the nape than on the back, where this color is only occasionally
visible. The rose of the breast is not abruptly defined, but passes gradually into tlie white of
the belly.

This species is more like C. purpureus than the other North American purple finches, but is
larger and otherwise easily distinguished. The bill is much larger, and longer proportionally.
The pro])ortions of the quills are difTerent; the tail less deeply forked, and tlie feathers broader.
Tlie crimson of the head is brigbtor ; lliere is much less rod on the back, although the crown and
rump patches are not abruptly defined. The streaks on tlie back are darker and more conspic-
uous. The red of the throat and breast is mucli paler and does not extend so far back ; there

BIRDS — FHINGILLIDAE — CARPODACUS FRONTALIP.

415

is no red at nil ou the belly. The iimler tuil coverts are white, with narrow dark streaks.
There are two pale bands across the wings, rather more distinct than in purpureus. Tiie loral
region is grayish.

Tlie females of the two species are very similar, that of C. cassinii only to be readily distin-
gui.Kheil by the larger size and larger and longer bill. The streaks on the breast appear to be
rather narrower and better defined.

List of specimens.

Ciit)il.

No.

Sex.

G420
6421
C422
C123
6424
6425

I/oaiUty.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Pueblo creek, N. M.
do

Albcrqucrque, N. M..
Fort Thome, N. M. ..
do

Jan. 22,1854
do

Nov. 15,lt55

Lt. Whipple

, do

do

Dr. T. C. Henry.

, do

, do

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

48
52
16

Dr. Kennerly ...

do

do

Length. Stretch
of wings.

6.60
6.50

10.00
9.00

Wing.

.do.

CARPODACUS FRONTALIS, Gray.

Bnrion ; House Finch.

Frinsilln frontalis. Sat, Long's Exped. II, 1824, 40.— (?) AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 230; pL 424.

Ptprrhula frontalis, BoN. Am. Orn. I, 1825, 49; pi. vi.

Enjlhrospiza frontalis, Bon. List, 1838.— Ib. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 112 — .'Ann. Syn 1839, 125.— Ib. Birds Amer. Ill,

1841, 175 ; pl. 197.— Gambel, Jour. A. N. S. 2d Series, I, 1847, .53.
Fringilla (Pyrrhula) frontalis, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. I, 1843, 2G2.
Carpodaeus frontalis. Gray, Genera, 18J4-'49.— M'Call, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, 1851, 219.
? CarpodacM obscurtis, M'Call, Pr. A. N. Sc. V June 1851, 2 . te Fe.

Carpodaeus familians, M'Call, Pr. A. N. Sc. VI I, April 1852, 61 . Santa Fc.

Red-breasted variety.

7 Pyrrhula eruentata, Lessok, Rev. Zool. 1639, 101.

? Carpodaeus rhodocolpus. Cab. Mus. Ilcin. 1851, 166. — Sclater. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856,304.

Corpo(iocus/ronto/w, Bon. & Scblegel, Mon. of Loxiens, 185U, tab. xvi, f. 1. — Id. Consp. 1850, 533.

Sp. Cn. — 6426. — Bill sliort, much curved. Forehead fjr nearly tlie length of the bill, a broad superciliary stripe extendinir
to the nape, side of lower jaw, cliin, throat, and upper part of the breast, crimson red ; rump, paler. Rest of upper parts with
sides of neck grayish brown, with an occasional gloss of red externally on tlio crown, and with scarcely appreciable darker
brown towards the centres of the feathers. Belly, under tail coverts, and sides, whitish, conspicuously streaked with light
brown ; sometimes red to the middle of tlio former. Length, 5.75 ; wing, 3.25 ; tail, 2.80.

Ilab. — Rocky mountains to the Pacific.

This species is quite remarkable for the very great variation in the shade of red in the
different regions of the body. Thus the specimen selected as the basis of the description (6426,
May 4, El Paso) has this color a bright crimson red ; the rump scarcely different ; the throat
and breast almost as bright as the head. The lower part of the red on the breast is tinged
with orange — a character seen also in 6431. The red does not extend beneath the closed
■wings, (the entire sides of body being like the belly,) and fades rather gradually into the white
belly ; it extends about as far as the end of the breast bone. The upper tail coverts are like the
back ; the back cannot at all be called streaked, the feathers being merely brown, fading very

416 U. S. p. E. E, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

filightly to the exterior. There is no iudication of red on the edges of wing and tail, which are
pale whitish brown. There is a faint trace of narrow lightish bands across the wings. The
streaks on the belly, sides, and under tail coverts are narrow, long, and well defined. The red
gloss on the back is confined to the middle of the interscapular region ; the middle of the crown
and the nape have the feathers tij^ped with crimson like the crown, obscuring the outline of the
frontal and superciliary band. The loral region, space immediately around and under the eye,
the ear coverts, and thence along the sides of the neck, are grayish brown, the lores lighter.
The red extends for about .15 of an inch along the upper edge of the lower jaw, then passes
obliquely to the throat, leaving the ear coverts untouched.

In 6432 the red on the rump is wanting ; the sujierciliary stripe better defined, owing to the
greater lack of red tips to the feathers of the crown. In 6434 the shade of red in the crown is
the same, that on the throat paler, that on the rump entirely diiferent, being more of a rose
color. In 6433 the red on the head and throat is much more orange. In No. 4085 (Monterey,
Mexico, April 16, spring plumage) the red, instead of being bright crimson, is almost a dark
purple red ; every where of the same tint. No. 5547, from Petaluma, California, is precisely
similar in color.

In some full winter specimens the rump is more rosy ; the crown more mixed with red ; the
back considerably glossed with the same.

I have been a good deal perplexed in the determination of the small California Carpodaci in
the series before me. These, as a general rule, have the middle of the crown rather more
thickly filled with red ; in one, indeed, (6428, from Los Angeles,) this color is almost as con-
tinuous as in C purjmreus. No. 5547, from Petaluma, California, is somewhat similar in this
respect, but the red is much more purple. In both there is a strong tendency to red on the side
of the head and neck. In one specimen (5548) there is a very close resemblance to C. purpureus
in the shade of red, and this extends to the upper part of the belly. The middle of the crown
is strongly tinged with red ; the entire sides of the head, too, are as red as in 0. purpureus.
The bill, wings without any reddish, &c., are those of C. frontalis. Other specimens, from
Santa Clara, California, are similar, but the red does not extend as far on the belly ; nor is it
seen on the sides of the head.

It would seem very probable that in the gradual transition in California specimens from tlie
peculiar characters of C. purpureus or C. californicus to those of C. frontalis, we may have
hybrids between the two, where they are associated, like those ef Colaptes auratus and mexicanus,
on the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone. If there be a third permanent species, I am unable
to fix its characters.

The Erythrospnza frontalis of Audubon seems larger than that from the upper Kio Grande,
and I am inclined to think that his figure and description were taken from a specimen now
before me, (2886,) marked as received from Mr. J. Gould, probably from Mexico. Tliis lacks
the wings, but the tail is much longer, measuring 3 30 inches instead of less than tliree ; tlie
feathers, too, are considerably broader. It resembles California more than New Mexican skins.

A specimen from the city of Mexico (2706) is larger than New Mexican ones, and has the red
more restricted to the upper part of the breast. The red of the frontal and superciliary stripes is
better defined, as also that of the rump, which is imusually extended. A skin (4568) received
from Dr. llartlaub, of Bremen, as the Fringilla haemorrlwus of Liclitenstein, from Mexico, has
the red of the crown, throat, and rump, much brighter, deeper, and very sharply defined and
restricted. That on the throat is confined to it, and does not extend at all on the breast. The

ItlKDS — I'KIXGILLIDAE C'ARrODACUS FRONTALIS. 417

uuder parts are much more streaked. These two specimens I am inclined to consider as distinct
ironi C frontalis, and probahly entitled to the name of hncinorrhuu.s, Waj^ler.'

Tlie Carpodacus rliudoculpus oi' Cabanis resembles very closely some of those California speci-
mens mentioned as so similar to C. purpuretis. Should they be distinct, Cabanis' name might
with propriety be applied to them. I scarcely think, however, that the name can stand.

The C«r/;otZaa« /ron/a/iA' of New llexico is readily distinguished from C. 'purpureim, by the
fact that the middle of the crown is not continuously red, the ear coverts and under the eye
brown, not red ; the back and wings are uniforni brown, the feathers with lighter edges, the
red of the rump quite sharply defined, instead of having the red over the back and wings The
belly is strongly streaked with brown, instead of being nearly white. The size is considerably
less ; the bill shorter, broader, and considerably more convex and curved.

C. casslnii has the back more glossed with red and strongly streaked with dark brown, instead
of being nearly uniform ; the belly is very little streaked, instead of strongly so. The size is
much larger ; the bill larger, and straighter.

Note. — A series of Carpodacus frontalis recently collected at Fort Tejon, by Mr. Vesey,
strengthens the impression that there is really but one species from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacitic, and that this varies greatly in the tint and extent of the red with age and season.
Thus, in the most highly colored specimen, 10219, the back is so much tinged with red as to
connect that on the head and rump, the centre of tlie crown being scarcely less intense than
the sides and front. Beneath, the bright red extends to the middle of the belly, and farther
back on the sides. In 10220 the back has only the faintest possible gloss of red ; the middle
of the crown less deeply colored. No. 10221 has the red of the under parts restricted ratlier
abruptly to the fore part of the breast. In 10222, a young male, the red extends further
behind, but there is none on the rump. All these are summer skins. No. 10223, an autumnal
skin, his the same distribution of red as in 10219, but it is as uniform and continuous to the
middle of the belly as in the purple finch. The colors are duller, however, and the whole
plumage has a softened character ; 10224 has the red on the belly more restricted, and.
almost none on the rump.

' Carpodacus haemorrhocs, Sclater.

Frinsilla hatmorrhoa, "LiciiT." Waclek, Isis, 1831, 525. LiCBT. Preis-Verzeich. 1831, sp. 57.
Pyrrhulinola hacmorrhou, Br. Comptcs Rendus, 1856.
Carpodacns haemorrhous, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856, 304.

Several specimens of Carpodacus in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, probably from Mexico or Lower California,
altliough labelled Norlh America, agree with numbers 2706 and 4568 in the very precise and sharp definition of the red colors.
The forehead for less than the length of the bill, a broad superciliary stripe extending as far behind tlie eye as the tip of the bill
is in front of it, the base of the lower jaw, and the chin and throat, but not the breast, with the rump but not the upper tail
coTcrts, are crimson. And no where else (in five specimens) is there any indication of a reddish gloss, not even in the middle
of the crown, on the neck, or back. The width of the red on the throat is scarcely one-fourth the circuirifercnce of tlie neck.

Upon a re-examination of the subject, I am by no means sure that the bird just referred to is the true Fringilla hacmirrkous
of Wagler, which seems nearer to the true /ronfali j. It may possibly not yet have received a name.

53 b

418

V. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL REPOET.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

SfX.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

S038

'"s"

""q"

9
S
S
Q
Q
c?

s

DoHa Alia, N. M. ..

Fort Thorn, N. M.

Frontera, Mex

Camp lib. N. M. ..
Monterey, Mex

lo

Nov. 20, 185,'-i

May 6,

Feb 10, ie.54
April—, 1853

do

Capt. J. Pope.. .

Dr. T. C.Henry..
Maj. Emory. ..

163

6.35

9.50

3.00

Bill light br'n ; eyes dark br

C Wright...
Dr. Kennerly

64%

6436

5.75
5.50
6.00

8.7.5
9.00
9.00

9.00

2.25
3.50
3.00

3.00

64i7

Lieut. Whipple..
Lieut. Couch

do

Lt. Williamson..

do

Dr. J. G. Cooper..

do

do

86
lt6

ley

Eyes yrav (')

40B4

Eyes brown ; bdl and feet li

■ht

408S

6438

Dr. Heennaiii
do

64'^

44t<4

Santa Clara, Cal —

do

do

do

Nov. — , 1855

do

.... do

6.25
6.00

9.75
9.38

4483

!

4486

44b"

do

do

5547

Petaliinia, Cal . .

E. Samuels

do

473

469

5.1)8

do

April -, 1856

lU318to

10234

CHRYSOMITRIS, Boie.

Chrysomitris, Boie, Isis, 1828, 322. Type Fringilla spinus, Linn.
Jlstrugalinus, Cab. Mus. Hein. 185i, 159. Type Fringilla (visits, Linn.
Hypacantlms, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 161. Type Carduclis spinoides, Vig.

Ch. — Bill rather acutely conic, the tip not very sharp ; the cuhnen shglilly conve.x at tlie tip ; the commissure gently curved.
Nostrils concealed. ObsoUte ridges on the upper mandible. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe; outer toe rather the longer,
reacliiiig to llie base of the middle one. Claw of hind toe shorter than the digital portion. Wings and tail as in .iegiollius.

The colors are generally yellow, with hluck on the crown, throat, back, wings, and tail, varied sometimes with white.

This genus differs from Aeyiotkus in a less acute and more curved bill, a much less develop-
ment of the bristly feathers at the base of the bill, the claw of hind toe shorter than its digital
jiortion, the claws shorter and less curved and attenuated, and the outer lateral toes not extending
beyond the base of the middle claw.

The species exhibit many differences among themselves, especially in the size and shape of
the bill, which have been made the basis of generic distinctions.

The North American species of Chrysomitris are all readily distinguishable from each other.
Setting aside the Cli. pinus, in which all the feathers have brown centres, those of the liead and
ciown included, we find the crown ia all is black. They may, however, be first arranged into
tiiose wilh vviiite bands or edgings on the wings, and those with yellow.

Top of head more or less black.

A. CuKYSO.MiTRis— Bill Very large. Entire bases of tail feathers and of quills yellow.

Heail all idiind black. i'Mgesof greater wing covertsandoftertials yellow. .C magreWamcvts.

Head all round black. Wing coverts and tertials black C. nolalus.

Crown and throat black C. sianleiji.

Crown alone black C.yaiTcUi.

BIRDS — FRINGILL11>.\^E — CIIRY.^OMITRIS MAGKLLANICUS.

419

B. AsTRAO.\UNCS, Cabani.s. — Wings black ; the bases of tlie jjriinaries and edgings wliite ;
tail wliite, blotched. No black on throat.

Body entirely yellow above ; lesser wing coverts wliite C. trislis.

Body olivaceous above ; lesser winy coverts black C. psalliia.

Body entirely black above; lesser wing coverts black. Tail with white spots. .G mexicanus.
Similar to the last ; the tail without white spots C. columbianm.

C. Wings black, edged with yellow, but none at the base of tlie quills. Tail spot white.
Crown, chin, and throat black C.lawrencn.

No black 071 the head.

D. Feathers of the head and body all streaked with brown. Bases of the quills and tail
feathers yellow C. pinus.

Comparative vieasurements of species.

Calal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Extent.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

0.59
O.-W
0.72
0.72
0.£4
0.58

O.bO

0.50
0.S2
0.54

Its claw.

Bill
above .

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

98E3

Clio^omitris magellanieu!^

Ctirysoniiths iiotatus

Cho'somilris stanlcyi ....

do

Chrj-somilris yarrelli

Cbryiioniilrislhi^us

do

do

do

C?

4.60
4.23
4.70
4.60
3.86
4.44
5.25
4.30
5.25
4.02
4.30
4. DO
4.00
3.90
4.00
4.37
4.40
4.40
4.80
4.80
4.60
4.66
4.82

8.75
8.82

7.50

6.75

9.00
8.50

2.73
2.50
2.82
2.84
2.40
288
3.00
S.84
a 90
2.54
2.48
2.40
2.50
2.45
2.36
2.46
2.68
2.54
2.90
2.80
2.70
2,75

1.96
1.86
2.10
2.24
1.62
2.24

2.13

1.90
1.78
1.70

0.48
0.64
0.64
0.50
0.52

0.52

0.48
0.49
0.48

0.21
0.20
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.20

0.20

0.18
0.18
0.18

0.40
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.38
0.40

0.38

0.36
0.34
0.38

0.42
0.43
0.44
0.42
0.50
0.4-2

0.40

0.38
0.40
0.34

Skin

tt-li6

Skin

2035

9?
c?

Skin

aitifi
2037

8339
1&>1
1521

do

do

Independence, Mo.
do

Carlisle, Pa

do

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fre^h

Skin

Fri'sl

64U|
3930

Chr}-soiiiitris psaltria

do

ChrysomitrU mexicanus. .

do

do

do

Chrj'somitris colunibianii^

Chrjsomiuis lawrcncii..
do

Cosumnes river

(?

9
(?

"q"

"e"

9

Skin

Skin

4077
4077

New Leon, Mex ...
do

Skin

Fresh

63»

1.77

0.50

0.51

0.17

0.34

0.36

Skin

63»6

do

South America

Cosumno;> river....

Fresli

1818
6405
39^-!

1.74
2.22
2.08
2.06

0.46
0.50
0.48
0.S6

0.54
0.60
0.56
0,60

0.18
0.20
0.18
0.20

0.40
0.32
0.32
0.42

0.38
0.36
0.33
0.48

Skin

Skin

Skin

836
836

Chrysomith!) pinus

do

Carlisle, Pa

do

Skin

Fresh

837
637

do

do

do

do

do

Simiabmoo bay,W.T.

9

1.95

0.56

O.Gl

0.17

0.40

0.42

Skin

9534

2.80

2.12

0.56

0.63

0 18

0.42

0.46

Skin

CHRYSOMITRIS MAGELLANICUS, Bonap.

Black-headed Goldfinch.

Fringilla magellanica, Vieill. Diet. XIl, 1819, 168.— Aid. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 4G ; pi. 394.
Carduelis magellankus, Aid. Syn. 1839, 116.— 1b. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 133 ; pi. 182.
Chrijsomitris magellanica, BoxAP. Consp. 1850, 516. — Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 160.
Fringilla Uterica, Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 2G.
" 7 Fringilla campeslris, Spix. Av. Bras. II, , tab. Ixi, f. 3."

Sp. Ch. — Head all round and extending below over the lower throat, winga, and tail, (except as hereafter described,) black.
Lower part of neck, back to the rump, scapulars, and lesser wing coverts, olive green. Under surfaces generally of the body,
rump and upper tail coverts, basal half of all the tail feilhers, bases of all the wing feathers, except inner tcrtials and outer web
of first primary, with ends of greater coverts and edges of tertials towards the end, yellow, tinged witli greenish beluw.
Bastard feathers black. Length, 4.50 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.

Hob. — South America. Accidental in the United States, (Kentucky. )

420 U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

In the preceding diagnosis I have described a specimen from Mr. Audubon's cabinet, and
probably one of those mentioned by him as having been obtained at Henderson, Kentucky.
There is no authentic instance on record of its having been obtained elsewhere in the United
States. Its black head will readily distinguish it from the other species. The first and second
quills are equal and longest ; the third very little shorter.

The C. notatus of Dubus diflers in having a slender and more attenuated bill, the black of the
throat coming further on the breast. The wing coverts entirely black, excepting a band of
yellowish on the tips of the greater ones, and the secondaries without any yellowish edging.

Lht of specimens.

' Catalogue number.

Sex.

LocalKy.

Whence obtained.

2883 i '7

United States

J. J Audubon

^

CHKYSOMITRIS STANLEYI, Bonap.

Stanley's Goldfinch.

Carduelis stanleyi, Add. Synop. 1839, 118.— Ib. Bircis Am. Ill, 1841, 137 ; pi. 185. (Not given in Cm. Biog.)
Chrysomitris stanletji, Bf. Consp. 1650, 515.
Hypacantkus stanleyi, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 161.

Sp. Ch. — Above, with scapulars and ends of lesser wing coverts dark olive green, brightening on the rump ; the feathers of
the back obscurely streaked with brown. Posterior upper tail coverts dusky. Crown and chin black. Forehead, sides of
head, under parts generally and sides, greenish yellow, turning to white posteriorly. Wings and tail dark brown ; the tail
feathers, excepting the central, yellow at the base, as are the quills, excepting the first two primaries and the inner tertiaries.
The edges and tips of the greater coverts are also yellowish.

Female without the black on head and throat. Length of male, 5.75 ; wing, 2.80 ; tail, 2.20.

Hob. — California, (?) probably western Mexico.

This species is so similar in all essential features to the G. magellanicus as almost to indicate
that it is only an immature stage of plumage. The crown and chin only are black, instead of
the entire head all round ; the black of the chin, however, is edged with yellowish, and there
are indications of black on the sides of the head near the bill, showing an immature condition.
The upper parts are similar in their shade of green ; the rump is not nearly so bright yellow,
and the longer upper tail coverts are not yellow but brown. The middle of belly and thence to
the tail coverts are whitish, the latter streaked with brown instead of uniform unspotted yellow.
The markings on the wing are very similar, except that the bases of the first two primaries are
not marked with yellow as they are in the other, excepting on the outer web of the first. The
middle tail featlier appears to be brown to the very base instead of yellow.

The feet are, liowever, much larger ; the toes longer. The bill is larger and more curved
above. The proportions of the two quills are much the same.

The pair I here describe arc from Mr. Audubon's collection. The draggled appearance of tlie
win"s and tall appear to indicate that they had at one time been kept alive in a cage.

This species has somewhat the appearance of Ch. psaltria, but is much larger ; has a black
chin ; the quills and tail with yellow instead of white markings, &c.

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAK CHRY60MITRIS TRI8TI8.

421

List of sjiccimens.

Catal. No. Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

2035

9?

California?

J. J. Audubon .

2036

do

do

CHRYSOMITRIS YARRELLI, Bonap.

Varrell's (■oldlincli.

Cardutlh yarrelli, Atir. Syn. 18.S9, 117.— Id. Birds Am 111, 1841, 136 ; pi. 184.
Frinsilla mericana, Ai d. Orn. liiog. V, 1839, 283 ; pi. 433, fig. 4. (Not of Swainson.)
Chrysomilris mexicana, Bp. List, 1638. (Not of Conspectus.)

Sp. Ch. — Bill very largo. Head above to middle of eyes and to tlio rictus, black. Body generally bright yellow ; back and
wing coverts olive green. Wings and tail black ; the bases of the tail feathers and of quills, except the inner tertials and outer
web of first primary, yellow. Length, 4 inches ; wing, 3,40 ; tail, 1.63.

Hab. — California, (.') probably from western Mexico.

The bill of this species is enormously large and full for the genus. The second quill is
longest ; the first and third but little shorter. The markings of the wings aqd tail are almost
exactly as in C. macjcUanicus ; the difference between the two is in the smaller size, brighter
nape, and black crown only, instead of an entirely black head.

The specimen described is Mr. Audubon's original, and appears to have been kept for a time

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

2037

<?

California

CHRYSOMITRIS TRISTIS, Bon.

Yellow Bird; Thistle Bird.

Fnn^iHa IrUlia, Livn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 320.— Gm. I, 907.— Wils. Am. Orn. I, 1808, 20 ; pi. I, f. 2.— Aud. Orn.

Biog. 1, 1S3I, 172 : V, 510 ; pi. 33.
Cardutks iristis, Bon. Obs. Wils, 1^25, No. 96.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 110.— Ib. Birds Amer. 11, 1841, 129 ; pi. 181.
Chrysoimtris trUtis, Bon. List, 1838. — Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 517. — Newberry, Zool. Cal. & Or. Route ; Rep. P. R.

R. Surv. VII, IV, 1857, 87.
.Sstragalinus tristis, Cab.i.vis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 159, (type.)
Carduelis americana, (Edwards,) Sw. & Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 268.
Golden Finch, Pennant. — Mmerkan Goldfinch, Edwards. — Chardonneret jaunt; Chardonneret du Canada. — Tarin dt

la J^ouvelU Yorck, Buffon.— Ib. PI. enl., pi. 202, f. 2 ; pi. 292, f 1, 2.

Sp. Ch. — Bright gamboge yellow ; crown, wings, and tail black. Lesser wing coverts, band across the end of greater ones,
ends of secondaries and tertiaries, inner margins of tail feathers, upper and under tail coverts, and tibia, white. Longth, 5.25
inches ; wing, 3.

Hob. — North America generally.

422

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

In winter the yellow is replaced by yellowish brown ; the black of the crown wanting ; that
of wings and tail browner. The throat is generally yellowish ; the under parts ashy brown,
jiassing behind into white.

In No. 8339 the white on the inner edge of the tail feathers^ instead of passing obliquely in a
straight outline to the inner edge of the feather, constitutes a quadrate blotch in the terminal
fourth. There is less white on the wing coverts.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No

1349
1G44
15-21
1637
2205

119
1318
7041
6390
6391
SJ39
S8T6
4634
4K!5
5391
4659
53U2
8209
4470
6392
6393
6394
6395

Sex.

s

Locality.

Carlisle, Pelin

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

St. Louis

Ft. Leavenworth, K. T.

do

Independence, Mo..

Fort Riley, K. T

Running Water, Neb

do

Fort Lookout, Neb.

Fort Pierre, Neb

Blaekfoot country, Neb

Fort Laramie

Shcilwater Bay, K. T.

San Francisco

do

Saeramenio, Cal

do

Fort Tejon, Cal

When col-
lected.

April 12,
July 18,
May 14,
July 16,
May 2,
Nov. 22,
Jan. 27,
April 12,
M.iy 15,
Oct. 23,
Jan. 20,
June 6,

1844
1844
1844
1844
1845
1842
1841
1844
1857
1824
1855
1857

Whence obtained.

May 14,
May 16,
June 20,
June 12,
....do...
Sept. 8,

18.56
1856
1856
1856

S. F. Baird.

do

do....

dn....

do

do...

do

Lt. Bryan

Lt. Couch

do

W. M.Magraw..,
Dr. Hannnond....

Lt. Warren

do

do

do

do

W. M- Magraw...
Dr. J. G. Cooper..

R. D. Cutts

do

Lt. Williamson...

do

J. X. de Vesey. . .

Grig.

No.

Collected by-

W. S. Wood,

Dr. Cooper...
Mr. Oe Vesey
Dr. Hayden..

do

do

do....

do

Dr. Cooper.

Dr. Ileermann
do

Length.

5.08
4.92
5.25
4.92
4.83
4.75

5.25

5.00
4.75
4.75

4.75
4.50
5.00

Stretch
of wings.

9.0O
8.75
8.83
8.67
8..50
8.50

8.75

8.50
8.75
8.75

8.75
8.58
8.75

Wing.

3.00
2.83
2.92
2.75
2.75
2.75

3.00

2.87
3.25
2.50

2.50

2.87

Remarks.

Iris, bill, and feet dark brown.

Eyes black?...
Iris ash color.

Iris, bill, and feet dark brown.
Bill black, feet flesh color.

CHRYSOMITRIS PSALTRIA., Bo nap.

Arkansas Finch.

Fringilla psallria, Say, Long's Exped. R. Mts. II, 1823, 40.— Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 85 ; pi. 394.

Fringilla {Carduelis) psaltria, Bon. Am. Orn. I, 1825, 54 ; pi. G, f. 3.

CardutUs psnltria, Aui). Syn. 1839, 117.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 134; pi. 183.

Chrysomilris psaltria, Bp. List, 1838. — Ib. Consp. 1850,516. — Gambel, Jour. A. N. S.SdsoriosI, 1847,52. (Female.)

Sp. Ch. Upper parts and sides of head and neck olive green. Hood, upper tail coverts, wings, and tail black. IJeneatli

bright yellow. A band across the tips of the greater coverts, the ends of nearly all the quills, the outer edges of the tertiurics,
the extrenio bases of all the primaries, except the outer two, and a long rectangular patch on the inner webs of the outer three
tail feathers near the middle, white. Female with the upi)or parts geuenilly, and sides, olive green ; the wings and tail brown,
their while marks as in the male. Length, 4.95 ; wing, 2.41) ; tail, 1.85.

//ad. — Southern Rocky mountains to the coast of California.

This goldfinch is more like C. trislis than any other of our species. Tlie upper parts are,
however, oUve green, instead of yellow. The whole under parts are yellow, even including
the under tail coverts. Tlierc is no white on tlio lesser wing coverts. The bill is slenderer
and more curved. The tliird quill is longest ; the first, second, and fourth successively a little
shorter. The tail is less deeply forked than in C. Irislis.

BIKDS FRINGIIXIDAE CIlUYSOMITlilS IIKXICANUS.

423

List of specimens.

Cmal.
No.

Sel.

Lociliiy.

1

Weil eollfcled.

Whence ob-
Uined.

0.is'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
ofwingH.

W'iiigri.

Ki'iiiarkn.

6397

Wimaini' river, N.M..

do

do

Feb. 12, ie.'>4
Feb. e,KM
do

Lt. VVhippIo...

do

do

97

78
74
7G

•
Dr. Kenncily..

do

4

S.SO

3

G;i99

do

do

4
4

7
6

3.50
2.50

&400

do

do

do

31-"

Monten-y, cm

Oo»umnc(< river

June 20, 1848

Iris very dark, bill and Tcct
flceli colnr, dark gray iibovc

6401

tt. Williamson
do

Or. llcenii.'inn.

6402

39£l

J93a

do

do

i

J. X.de Vcscy.

'

,

1

CHRYSOMITRIS MEXICANA, Bo nap.

niack Goldfinch; lUexicau Goldfinch.

Carduelis nuxicamis, Sw.vins. Syn. Birds iMcx. Phil. Mag. 1827, 435.— Wagler, Isis, 1831, 525.

Cltrysomitris mexicanus, Bp. Consp. Av. 1850, 516. (Quotes Aud. tab. 427.)

,'Islrai;alinus mcxicanns, Cab. Mus. Hein. IS5I, 159.

Frinccilla melanoxaiillta, (LicHT.) Waci.er, I.^is, 1831, 525.

? yringilla catotol, Gm Sy.it. NaU I, 1788, 914.

Fritigilta texcnsis, Giraud, 16 Sp. Birds Te.\. 1841 ; pi. v, f. 1. (Gives white belly.)

Sp. Cn. — Upp<"' parts continuously and entirely black; the feathers of llio rump white subterminally, and shuwin" this
thrciugh the black ; a few of the feathers with greenish yellow between the white and black ; a tew, perhaps, without black
tips. The bases of the third to seventh primaries, and tlie ends of the terliaries externally white. The tail is black, except
the outer three feathers, in which the outer webs and tips only are this color ; the rest white. Inside of wiirn- black. Under
parts of body pale yellow. Female with the black of the head and body replaced by olive green. Length, 4.12 inches ; wing
2.25 ; tail, 2.00.

Jlab. — Mexican side of the valley of the Rio Grande, southward ; Copper Mines of the Gila.

All our Cltrysomitris have the concealed white on the rump, but it is more hidden ; where
the black tips are wanting, the greenish is broader, and comes to the surface. There i.s a little
black on the side of the breast under the wings ; the axillaries ahso are mostly black. The
black of the nape and neck is first greenish and then whitish within the black tip. There is
a yellow spot below the eye.

The bill of this species is stouter than in C. tristis, the wing shorter and more rounded, the
tail less deeply forked. The third quill is longest ; then the second aud fourth ; the first is
appreciably shorter.

The female of this species resembles very closely that of C. psaltria ; tlie hill is shorter and
more obtuse, however ; the white spot at tlie base of the primaries more conspicuous. In the
imperfect character of the specimens before me I am not prepared to state the diiferences in
coloration, although the under parts appear of a brighter yellow.

There is a closely allied species from South America (C. columbianus^) which is larger, the
bill especially. There is, however, no white on the tail nor on the wing, except at the base of
the primaries. The yellow of the under parts is much deeper.

'ClIRTSOMITRIS COLCMBIANUS, Baird.

Jisiragalinui cohimbi:inxts. Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 159.

Chnjsomitris xanlhogastra, Dobus, Bull. Acad. Belg. XXII, i, 18.55, 150.

424

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

A specimen from the Copper Mines (6404) differs in having the feathers of the back olive
green, tipped occasionally with black. Instead of the one or two spots of white on the tips of
the greater wing coverts there is a continuous band. The axillaries are olive green, instead of
black. None of these differences^ however, are inconsistent with a not quite mature specimen
of the C. mexicanus.

List of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence ob-
tained.

Orig'l Collected
No. 1 by-

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wings

Tail.

Remarks.

4077

Santa Catarina,New Leon,

Me.x.
Agua Nueva, Coahuila, Mei .

April— ,'53

May —,'53
June 1,'S3

Lt. Couch..

....do

do

183

4

7.50

4
4.12

2.50

6.37
7.25

2.37
2.25

Eyes dark brown, bill bluish lead
color,feet light brown or slate.

6396

S34

407ti

6403

J. G. Bell..

6404

Maj. Emory

! Mr.Clark

CHRYSOMITRIS LAWRENCIl, Bo nap.

Carduelis lawrencii, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct. 1850, 105 ; pi. v, (California.)
Clirysomitris laicrcncii, Bon. Cotnptes Rendus, Dec. 1853, 913.

Sp. Ch. — Hood, sides of head anterior to tiie middle of the eye, chin, and upper part of throat, black. Sides of head, neck,
and body, upper part of neck and the back, and upper tail coverts, ash color. Rump and lesser wing coverts yellowish green.
Throat below the black, breast, and outer edges of all the quills, (except the first primary, and passing into white behind,)
briglit greenish yellow. Wings black. Tail feathers black, with a white square patch on the inner web, near the end ; outer
edges grayish ; quills black. Female similar, with the black of the head replaced by ash. Lengtii, about 4.70 ; wing, 2.75 ;
tail, 2.30.

Hab. — Coast of California.

In this species the second quill is longest ; the first intermediate between the third and fourth.
The tail is quite deeply forked. There is a slight tendency to olive green in the middle of the
back. The yellowish green may be said to cover the whole wing coverts, although the black
bases of the greater coverts are somewliat exposed ; the green on these passes into yellowish ;
their extreme tips grayish. The axillaries and under wing coverts are white.

The young bird is like the female, with obscure blotches beneath ; the yellow margins of the
wing coverts and secondaries brownish.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Eex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

3927

c?

s

California

3928

do

do

6405
10225

Cosumncs river

Fort Tcjon, Cal

Lieut. Williiunson

J. X. dc Vcscy

Dr. Heermiiun ..

niBDS — FBINOILLIDAE — CITRYSOMITRIh PINUS.

425

CHRYSOMITRIS PINUS, Bonap.

Pino Finch.

Fringillii ylnus, Wii.sos, Am. Orn. II, 1810, KO ; |)I. xvii, f. 1.— Ai u. Orn. Biog. 11, 1834, 455 : V, 509 ; pi. IHO.

Fringilla (Carduclis) pinus, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 103.

Linaria pinus, AvD. Synopsis, 1839, 115. — Is. BIrda Amer. Ill, I84I, ll}.') ; pi. 180.

Chrysomilris piniu, BoNAr. Consp. 1850, 515.

?.' Chrysomitrii macroptera, DuBUS, E^q. Orn. tab. 23, (Mexico.) — Bp. ConBpcctus, 18.')0, 515.

Si'. Ch. — Tail deeply forked. Above brownish olive. Beneath whitish, every feather streaked distinctly with dusky. Con-
cealed b:iscs of tail feathers and quills, together with their inner edges, sulphur yellow. Outer edges of quills and tail feathers
yellowish green. Two brownish white bands on the wing. Length, 4.75 ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 2.20.

Uttb. — Nortli America from Atlantic to Pbcific.

The lower part of the belly is less spotted thaa elsewhere.

In winter tlie yellow colors are much less distinct, scarcely appreciable on the body, in fact ;
the brown streak less sharply defined. In young specimens it is scarcely appreciable, even on
the wings and tail.

The extent of the yellow at the base of the quills and tail feathers varies with the individual.
Sometimes it is visible more or less distinctly beyond the wing coverts and spurious quills.
Sometimes the streaks beneath are less distinct, leaving the under parts almost white. Some-
times the upper parts, the rump especially, arc tinged with yellow.

I do not find before me any North American specimens differing from types in the greater
length of quills and tarsus, as is said to be the case in C macroptera, Dubus, (Bonap. Consp.
1850, 515.) The yellow of the wings and tail given as peculiar to macroptera is found in all
full plumaged specimens of pinus.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Se».

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

25:23

9

c?

9
S
<?

Oct. 16,1845
May 28, 1841
Oct. 26,184-2

....do

May 28, 1841
Oct. 26,1842

S. P. Baird

436

do

do

4.83
4.75
4.67
4.83
4.83

8.50

9.

8.50

9.25

9.

838

do

do

do

do

do

2.83
2.75

837

....do

. do

43S

836

do

2 83

S887

Unknown

S. F. Baird

J. J. Audubon....

6783

Rockport, Ohio

July, 1849....
Sept, 15, 185C
do

Dr. Kirtland

5393

Lit. .Mii^ouri river, Neb.
do

5394

....do

. do

6410

..„..

Fort Thome, N. M

Dr. T. C. Henry....

10235

Fort Tejon, Cal

J. X. do Vesey

727

6409

Sacramento, Cal

Shoalwater Bay, W. T.
do

Oct., 185-1 ....
do

6406

6407

do

6408

do

do

. ,do

5.25

8.50

1

54 b

426

U. S. p. B. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEKAL KEPOET.

CURVIROSTRA, Scop

1 .

Loxia, LiNNAEDS, Syst. Nat. 1758. Type Loxia curviroslra,L. Not of 1735, which has for type Loxia coccothraustes , L.
Ciirrirostra, " Scopoli, 1777." Type L. cunirostra.
Ch. — Mandibles much elongated, compressed and attenuated ; greatly curved or falcate, the points crossing or overlapping to
a greater or less degree. Tarsi very short ; claws all very long, the lateral extending beyond the middle of the central ; hind
claw longer than its digit. Wings very long and pointed, reaching beyond the middle of the narrow, forked tail.
Colors reddish in the male.

The elongated, compressed, falcate-curved and overlapping mandibles, readily characterise
this genus among birds.

The United States species of Curvirostra are readily distinguished by the presence of white
bands on the wing in leucoptera and their absence in americana.

As Loxia was first assigned by Linnaeus, in 1T35, to his L. cocotliraustes, I do not understand
why G. E. Gray and Cabanis have not retained the genus for the last named type.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.

No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

5801
1215

Curvirostra leucoptera. .
do

Philadelphia

do

Q
C?
C?

9

5.80
6.80
5.34
5.10
5.75
5.70
6.00
5.50
6.16

10.25

3.34
3.70
3.26
3.22

2.56
2.76
2.32
2.28

0.62
0.64
0.62
0.62

0.68
0.72
0.78
0.78

0.24
0.32
0.24
0.25

0.64
0.64
0.58
0.54

0.64
0.06
0.54
0.S6

Skin

Skin

5803

Curvirostra americana. .
do

do

Skin

6441

Shoalwater bay

Skin

Fresh

3727

do

Calitbrnia

Laramie Peak

3.66
3.66
3.50
3.38

2.56
2.50
2.38
2.30

0.70
0.70

0.70
0.64

0.88
0.82
0.86
0.74

0.30
0.30
0.30
0.26

0.70
0.82
0.62
0 63

0.70
0.76
0.64
0.64

Skin ...«

8963
6440

do

do

do

Skin

Skin

4485

Des Chutes basin...

Skin

CUEVIROSTKA AMERICANA, Wilson.

Red Crossbill.

Curvirostra americana, Wils. Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 44 ; pi. xxxi, f. 1, 2.

Loxia americana, Bo>i. List, 1838 — Id Conspectus, 1850, 527. — Bon. & Sciilegei., Moii. Loxicns, 5, tab. vi. —

Newberry, Zool. California and Oregon Route, P. R. R. Rep. VI, iv, 1857, 87.
Loxia curvirostra, FonsTEn, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, No. L'3.— Ann. Biog. II, 1834, 559: V, 511 ; pi. 197.— Id. liirds

Amor. HI, 1841, 180 ; pi. 200.
" Loxia pusilla, Illiger." (6p.)
" Loxia fusca, Vieillot." (Bp.)

Sr. Cn. — Male dull red ; darkest across the back ; wings and tail dark blackish brown.

Female dull greenish olivo above, each feather with a dusky centre ; rump and crown bright greenish yellow. Beneath
grayish ; tinged, especially on the sides of the body, with greenish yellow. Young entirely brown ; paler beneath.
Male about 6 inches ; wing, 3.30 ; tail, 2.25.
Hab. — North America generally, coming southward in winter. Kosident in the mountains of Pennsylvania.

The immature and young birds exhibit all imaginable combinations of the colors of the male
and female. They all agree in the entire absence of wliitc b;iuds on the wings.

I have not enougli materials before me to determine wliether wcHtern specimens differ from
eastern. One (447C) has a larger bill and longer, more pointed wings than any eastern skin I

BIRDS FRINOILLIDAE— CURVIROSTRA LEUCOPTERA.

427

have at hand, (wing 3.f>5 inches.) No. 89G2 has a still larger bill. In fact, there appears to bo
a great difference in the size of the bill in diflorent specimens, and this indiscriminately in
both eatitcrn and western skins.

The difference between the European and American Crossbills appears to consist chiefly in the
larger size, with larger and stouter bill of the former.

A Loxia mexicaiia, described by Strickland, is said by Bonaparte to have the same relation-
ship to the amer{ca7ia that pyfioj^sitlaciis has to curvirosfra, namely, a larger bill. I cannot
now lay my hand on lilr. Strickland's article, but I doubt whether the characters furnished by
a comparison of a small number of specimens will lead to very satisfactory results, in view of
the great differences observable in size of bill in specimens from the same locality.

List of specimens.

CaliU.
No.

Sci.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'i
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

Q

0

Juno 18,1648
do

3o71

do

do

seo3

Jan. — , 1856

do

do

Acad. Nat. Sciences

do

do

C. Drctler

5804

do

do

do

S8U5

do

508

New York?

507

do

frt35

Fort Sceilacooni, W. T.
do

Aug. 1, 1856
Mar. 30, 1854
April 1, 1854

do

do

Dr. G. Suckley ....
do

573

58

sg

64
75

,

6436

6437

do

do

do

do

...do

.. . do

6.25

9.50

3.37

6438

6439

6440

c?

Shoalwatcr bay, W. T. .
do

Mar. 4, 1854
do

6.00
5.75

5.75

10.50
10.25

10.25

6441

do

Iris bill and
brown.

feet

6443

do

do

1855

do

4476

Des Chutes river, 0. T. .

do

California

4485

.Mar. —,1854

do

do

3727

W. Hution

8963

Laramie pe.nk, Neb ? . . .
do

1657

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Hayden

8963

1857

do

CURVIROSTRA LEUCOPTERA, Wilson.

White-winged Crossbill.

Loxia leucoptera, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 540.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 467 ; pi. ,364.— Id. Birds Amcr. Ill, 1841,
190; pi. 201. — BoNAP. Conspectus Av. 1850, 527. — Bon. & Sciil Mon. Loxiens, 1850, 8; pi. ix.
Curvirostra leucoptera, WiLs. Am. Orn. IV, 1811. 48; pi. xxxi, f. 3.
Cruciroslra leucoptera, BRt,uii, Naumannia, I, 1853, 254, fig. 20.
Loriafalciroslra, Lath. Index Orn. I, 1790,371.

Sp. Ch. — Bill greatly compressed, and acute towards the point. Male carmine red, tinged with dusky across the back ; the
sides of body under tlie wings streaked with brown ; from the middle of belly to the tail coverts whitish, the latter streaked with
brown. Scapulars, wings, and tail black ; the broad bands on the wings across the ends of greater and median coverts ; white
spots on the end of the inner terliaries.

Female brownish, tinged with olive green in places; feathers of the back and crown with dusky centres; rump bright brownish
yellow.

Length, about 6.25 ; wing, 3.50 ; tail, 2.60.

Hab. — Northern parts of North America generally

428

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND 8DRVEY8 — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAI, REPORT.

Immature and young specimens are intermediate in color.

The bill of this species is much more compressed and slenderer than in C. americana
wings are more pointed ; the claws larger

The
The white bands on the wing distinguish the two

in all stages.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Streich
of wings.

Wing.

5793

Q
Q

Philadelphia, Pa

do

Jan. —,1856

Acad. Nat. Scien.
do

C. Drexler

5802

do

2882

Pennsylvania

Nelson river, H. B. T.
Laramie peak, Neb..

do

10228

Aug. 25,1857

8965
8964

Lt Warren

do

Dr. Hay den

do

6.50

10.25

3.38

AEGIOTHUS, Cab an is.

Jicanthis, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, not of Bechstein, 1802, nor Keys. & Blag. 1840.
Jlegiothus, Cabanis, Mub. Hein. 1851, 161. Type Frlngilla Unaria, Linn.

Bill very short, conical, and acutely pointed, the outlines even concave ; the commissure straight; the base of the upper
mandible and the nostrils concealed by stiff, appressed bristly feathers ; middle of the mandible having several ridges parallel with
the culmen. Inner lateral toe rather the longer, its claw reaching the middle of the middle claw ; the hind toe rather longer,
its claw longer than the digital portion. Wings very long, reaching the middle of tlio tail ; second quill a little longer than the
first and third. Tail deeply forked.

The specimens before me do not indicate more than one species, A. Unaria, although the A.
canescens of Greenland, in all probability, is found in Northern America.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.

No. ;

Species.

Locality.

Ser.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

1

9224

Leucosticte arctous .'. . .
Leucosticte teplirocotiy.

Aegiothus linaria

do

6.20
7.10
5.20
5.50
5.12
4.93
S.OO
•4.92
5.50
5.00

9.00

8.42
8.50

4.50
4.28
3.04
3,08
2.94
2.72
2.75
2.83
8.83
3.86

3.36
3.04
2.72

0.84
0.80
0.55

0.89
0.82
0.56

0.24
0.24
0.22

0.46
0.44
0.34

0.54
0.54
0.44

900
do.

Carlisle, Pa

do

c?

Skin

7109
9C2
do.

do

do

do

do

do

do

Pliiladcli)liia,Pa....

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

do

3.49
2.38

0.58
0.54

0.56
0.50

0.24
0.21

0.S6
0.35

0.44
0.42

Skin

Skin

82.
do.

3.58

0.54

0.50

0.20

0.33

0,38

Skin

8883

Ann Arbor, Mich...

3.58

0.60

0.50

0.30

0.38

0.40

Skin

AEGIOTHUS LIN ARIA, Cabanis.

licsser Red Poll.

Fringilla Unaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17CG, 322.— Aun. Cm Biog. IV, 1838, 538 ; pi. 375.

Fringilla {.icanthia) Unaria, Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Europ. 1840, No. 115, page 161.

Jlcanlhis Unaria, Be. Conspectus, 18.50, 541.

Jlegiollius Uyiaria, Cabanis, Miih. Hoin. 1851, IGl.

Unaria minor, Sw. F. l5or. Am. II, 1831, 2G7.— Aun. Syn. 1839, 114.— In. Birds Aincr. Ill, 1841, 122; pi. 179.

BraDS FRINOILLIDAE — AE0I0THU8 CANESCEN8.

429

Sr. Cn. — Abofe light yollowiah, each feather streaked with dark brown. Crown dark crimson. Upper part of breast and
sides of the body tiiijjed with n lighter tint of the same ; the rump and under tiiil coverts also, similar, bin still I'ss vivid, and
with dusky btrcaks. Ilcst uf under parts white, streaked on tlie sides with brown. Loral region and chin dusky ; cheeks,
(brightest over the eye,) and a narrow front, whitish. Wing feathers edged externally, and tail ftulhcrfl all round with white.
Two velluwish white bands across the wing coverts; secondaries and tertiarics edged bruudly with the same. liill yellowish,
tinged with brown on tlie culmon and gonys ; the basal bristles brown, reaching over half the bill. Length, 5 50; wing, 3.10 ;
Uil, a. 70.

llab. — Throughout eastern North America, coming south in winter. Washington Territory. — (Cooper.)

The specimen described above is a male, (900) in winter dress. The spring plumage has much
more of the red. The female winter specimens lack the rose of the under parts and rump ; the
breast is streaked across with dusky.

I have not met with any specimens apparently indicative of more than one North American
species, although the A. canesccns, of Greenland, may possibly be found within our limits. This
is much larger, has the tail 3^ inches long instead of 2\ ; the rump never with dusky streaks.

The A. ru/escens, of Europe differs in the smaller size, the tail scarcely two inches long, the
rump tinged with rufous. The A. holbolli, of Europe, has a very large yellow bill, a large
gular patch and the lores, black.

List of specimens.

Catal.'
No.

Scs.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Licngth.

Stretcli
of wings.

Wing.

1
902 1

9
(?

Carlisle, Pa

Dec. 6, 1842

Oct. 20, 1842

S. F. Baird

5.00
5.50
5.50

8.42
8.50
9.00

2. 75

821

do

do

New York

. do

2.83

900

Dec 6, 1842

do

3.08

494 '

do

1588 '

TAI Rr.>wi.r

7419

Cleveland, Ohio.

Dr J P Kiitlanil

5824

Bacine, Wii,

1852

Dr. P. R. Hoy

9225

England

S. l'\ Baird

AEGIOTHUS CANESCENS, Cabanis.

Mealy Red Poll.

Lmaria canescetis , Gocld, " Birds Europe, Tab. 193."

Lincta canescens, Bokap. List, 1838.

^canthis caneseens , Bon. Conspectus, 1850, 541. — Bok. & Schlegel, Mon. Loxiens, Tab. li.

.^egiolhus canescens, Cabaxis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 161.

"f"riiigi//a fcorco/is, Temminck, 1835. Not of Vieillot." Bonaparte.

'FringiUa borealis, Ann. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 87 ; pi. 400.

}Linariaborealis, Ann. Birds Amer III, 1841, 120 ; pi. 178.

"Linorta homemanni, Holboll, Kroyer Nat. Tidskr. 1843."

Sp. Ch. — Size large. Bill short. Claws elongated. Rump white, (in the spring male tinged with rose,) never streaked ; the
quills broadly margined with white. Tail lengthened. Length, 6 inches ; tail, 3.17.
Hab. — Greenland.

The preceding description, taken chiefly from Bonaparte, is of a species which doubtless occurs
in the northern portion of our continent, and is introduced for the purpose of completing the

430 U. 8. P, R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

history of the genus, though I have never seen a specimen. It differs from the other in the
larger size, generally hoary appearance, and the pure white or rosy rump, never with dusky
streaks, as in the female and young of A. linaria.

LEUCOSTICTE, Swain son.

Leucosticle, Swainson, Fauna Eor. Amcr. II, 1831, 265. Type Linaria tcphrocotls, Svr.
Ch — Bill conical rounded, rather blunt at the tip ; the culmen slightly convex ; the commissure slis;htly concave ; the nostrils
concealed by depressed bristly feathers ; a depressed ridge extending about parallel with the culmen above the middle of the bill.
Another more conspicuously angulatod one, extending forward from the lower posterior angle of the side of tho lower
mandible, nearly parallel with tho gonj-s. Tarsus about equal to the middle toe. Inner too almost the longer, its claw not
reaching beyond tho base of the middle one. Hind toe rather longer, its claw longer than the digital portion. Wings very
long ; first quill longest. Tail forked.

This genus differs from Aegiothus in the more obtuse and curved hill, the ridge on the lower
mandible, the lateral toe not reaching beyond the base of the middle one, and possibly a longer
hind toe. The measurements will be found with Aegiothus.

Several species are indicated as North American ; only one, however, L. tephrocotis, seems
to have been found in the United States. The others belong to the Aleutian Islands, but without
specimens I cannot introduce them here.'

LEUCOSTICTE TEPHKOCOtiS, Sw.

Gray-crowned Finch.

Linaria {Leucoslicle) tephrocotis, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 255 ; pi. 1.

Leucosticte tephrocotis, Sw. Birds, II, 1837. — Bon. Consp. 1850, 536. — Baird, Stansbury's Salt Lake, 1852, 317.
Ei-ythrosplza tephrocotis, Bon. List. 1838.— Apd. Syn. 1839.— Id. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 176 ; pi. 198.
Fringilla tephrocotis, AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 232 ; pi. 424.

Sp. Cii. — Head above and nape bounded below by a line from the commissure a little below the eyes, light ashy ; dusky in
the loral region. Crown with a distinct patch of sooty black, reaching nearly to the base of the bill. Lesser wing coverts and
axillaries, outer edges of primaries and tail feathers, with ends ot the feathers of the posterior half of body all round, pale rose
red. Rest of body dark umber brown, tinged with dusky on tho chin and throat. Wings and tail feathers blackish . The
greater coverts are tipped, and tho secondaries edged, with white. Length, 7.10 inches ; wing, 4.30 ; tail, 2.90.

Hoi. — Northern Rocky mountains. Vicinity of Salt Lake City in winter.

' The following are the diagnoses of the species said to belong to tho northwest coast of America :

LiEucosTiCTE GRisEiNUCHA, Bonap. — Russian America and tho Aleutian Islands.

Linaria griseinucha, Brandt, "Orn. Ross. 1842 "
Leucosticte griseinucha, Honap. Consp. 18.')0, 537.
Leucosticte griseogenys, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. July, 1843, 104.— In. Voyage of Silphur, I, 1844, 42; pi. xxii.

Sp. Oh. — "Brown. Forehead and throat blackish. Nasal feathers always whitish. Checks and back of the neck gray.
Interscapular region and breast chestnut brown, the feathers narrowly bordered with ferruginous. Fcalliers of sides and abdomen,
wing coverts and tail, broadly margined with rose. Bill yellow ; blackish at tip.

" Female entire olivaceous ferruginous. Quills and tail feathers brown, bordered with pale rosy. Wing coverts and scapulars
with a broad ferruginous margin.

"Similar to L. tephrocotis, but duller, and beneath more tinged with rosy. Cheeks and neck abo\je distinctly gray. Length,
7.G6 inches." — Bonaparte.

Ledcosticte AncTOns, Bonap. — Kurile Islands and Kamtschatka. Russian America. (Cabanis.)
Passer arctous, var. a, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-As. II, 1811, 21.

leucosticte arctoa, Bon. Consp. 18.50, .537.— Cad. Mus. Ilein. 1851, 154.— Bon. & ScnLECEi,, Mon. Loxicns, 18.50,
tab. xlv.

Sp. Ch. — "Dusky ))urplish. Neck above pale yellowish. Forehead and nasal feathers blackish (scarcely tinged wilh purple).
Outer web of the quills and greater wing coverts, tho tail feathers, the feathers of iho rump and crisaum, silvery gray, with a
very narrow outer margin of rosaceous, and the shafts black. Bill small, lilackish at tip. Length, 6 inches." — Bonaparte.

BIRDS — FRINOILLIDAE — PLECTKOPIIANES. 431

The only specimen before me of this excessively rare species was taken in winter, when tlio
colors may he less brilliant than in spring. The wing is very much pointed ; the first three
primaries considerably longer than the fourth.

List of specimens.

Catal. No. Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

3701 Siilt Liike Citv, Utiih

March 21, 1850

Captain Stansbury -

PLECTROPH AN LS, Meyer.

Pkctro/iAaiui, Meter, "Taschcnbuch, 1810." Agassiz. Type £m4crtso niuoJu.
Ctntrophatws, Kadp, " Entw. Gesch. Europ Thierwclt, 1829," Agassiz. Type £. lapponha.

Cu — Bill variable ; conical ; the lower mandible higher than the upper ; the sides of both mandibles (in the typical species)
guarded by a closely applied brush of stitVencd bristly feathers directed forwards, and in the upper jaw concealing the nostrils ;
tlio outlines of the bill nearly straight, or slightly curved ; the lower jaw considerably broailer at the base thau tlie upper, and
wider than the gonys is long. Tarsi considerably longer than the middle toe ; the lateral toes nearly equal, (the inner claw
largest,) and reaching to the base of the middle claw. The hinder claw very long; moderately curved and acute ; considerably
longer than its toe ; the toe and claw together reaching to the middle of the middle claw, or bo)'ond its tip. Wings very long
and much pointed, reaching nearly to the end of the tail ; the first quill longest, the otiiors rapidly graduated ; the tertiaries a
little longer than the secondaries. Tail moderate, about two-thirds as long as tlio wings j nearly even, or slightly cmarginated.

In this group there is considerable diversity in the species as respects the size and shape of
the bill and claws. In the P. nivalis the bill is very small and short, the lower mandible
higher than the upper, the sides of the bill conpicuously margined by appressed bristly feathers ;
the hind toe with its claw is rather shorter than the middle one. In P. lapponicus the bill is
larger and longer ; the hind claw much longer than its toe, and with it reaching beyond the
middle claw. P. omatus has the hind toe (without the claw,) proportionally longer than in the
last ; the claw rather shorter ; the two together, however, longer than the middle too and claw.
In P. maccownii again the bill is much larger and stouter ; the hind toe and claw rather shorter
than in the latter, and about as long as the middle one. Unless all be thrown into one genus,
it will be difficult to get along with less than three, instead of the two hitherto adopted by
systematic writers.

The males of the species are all strongly marked, but the females resemble the streaked
sparrows very closely. They are either white, with black back, as in P. lapponicus, or else
streaked on the back ; the head striped with white and black ; the under parts white with a
large black patch on the throat or breast. All have the outer tail feathers white. The species
may be arranged as follows :

A. PLECTROPnANES, Meyer. — Bill very small. Hind toe not longer than the middle one.

White; middle of back, inner tail feathers, and ends of wing quills, black. ...P. nivalis.

B. Oextrophaxes, Kaup. — Bill more elongated but rather slender. Hind toe longer than
the middle one. Neck with a chestnut collar behind ; hood black.

Chin and throat black; belly white; legs black P. lapponicus.

Entirely buff beneath; legs flesh color P. pictus.

Bill slenderest; chin and throat white; entire breast black; shoulders brown. .P. ornatus.
Similar to the last ; .shoulders black P. mdanomus.

432

U. 8. P. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

C. KnYNcnoPHANES, Baird.' — Bill very large at the base ; hind claw shorter. No rufous
nuchal collar.

Crown hlack ; shoulders chestnut ; beneath white, with a black pectoral crescent.

P. maccownii.
The essential characters of the genus, as usually understood, consist in the very long and
pointed wings ; the moderate, nearly even tail ; the very long, little curved, hind claw.
Whether the elongated and nearly straight hind claw be not an arbitrary character embracing
species otherwise dissimilar I do not pretend to decide. Bonaparte considers the P. maccownii,
so totally distinct from the other species, as to warrant a place in a different family.

Comparative measurements of species.

Calul.

Species.

Locality.

J3

o
■= 1

6
o

■3 «;

It
a

t

a.

Specimen

No,

a

K

&

bo
a

i

3

13

■a

is

a

■a T=

is ■=

0.58

1^

B
<

measured.

1S89

Ploctrophanes nivalis ..

North America

6.70

4.24

3.07

0.81

0.75

0.23

0.34

0.43

0.43

Sllin

7107

... ....do

6.10

4.14

9.84

0.79

0.S6

0.28

0.66

0.36

0.40

0.51

Sliin

6701

Plectrophaneslappoiiicus

Dane county, Wis. .

S

6.2U

' 3.81

2.73

0.86

0.80

0.26

0.76

0.44

0.44

0.52

SItin

8246

do

50 miles west Fort

do

Pleclroplianes pictus. . .

5.60
6.12
5.50

3.78

10.75 3.75
3.40

2.85

0.85

0.85

0.29

0.79

0.46

0.43

0.49

Skill

8246
1941

do

Presli

Fort Unionj N. M ....

0

2.50

0.85

Poet

broke

n off..

0.45

o..™

Skill

10S54

do

Pembina, Minn ....

6.60

3.42

2.73

0.81

0.78

0.20

0.64

0.33

0.40

0 47

Skill

1907

Pleclroplianes ornatiis . .

Fort Union ■

i

5.10

3.14

2.14

0.76

0.74

0.19

0.72

0.36

0.44

0.46

Skill

do

Plectrophanes melano-

Bijou Hill

$

5.10

3.26

2.59

0.73

0.72

0.21

0.72

0.39

0.39

0.54

Skin

9-218

5.50
5.42
5.32

3.26

3.27

3.40

2.58
2.36
3.62

0.73
0.73
0.75

0.74
0.64
0.74

0 23
0.16
0.20

0.41
0.40
0.37

0.44
0.48
0.41

Skin

6299

do

do

$

0.68
0.65

0.36
0.32

Skill

6290

Mimbres to RioGrande

Skin

6293

do.

Pleclroplianes maccow-

Q

5.40

3.24

2.41

0.74

0.71

0.18

0.66

0.32

0.4U

0.45

Skin

62b2

nii

do

rT

5.50

3.58

9.47

0.81

0.74

0.20

0.60

0.26

0.44

0.62

Skill

6263

do

An

9

5.42

3.38

2.27

0.76

0.69

0.18

0.64

0.35

0.43

0.53

Skill

PLECTROPHANES NIVALIS, Meyer.

Snow Buuting.

Emberiza nivalis, L. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 308. (Not Fiingilla nivalis, L.) — Fouster, Pliila. Trans. LXII, 1772,403.-

WiLSON, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 86 ; pi. .xxi.— Aud. Orii. Biog. II, 1834, 575 : V, 1839, 496 ; pi. 189.
Emberiza {Plectrophanes) nivaiu, Bon Obs. 1825, No. 89.

" Plectrophanes nivalis, RIever."— BoN. List, 1838.— AcD. Syn. 1839, 103.— Id. Birds Amor. Ill, 1841, 55; pi. 155.
Emberiza monlana, Gmelin, SysL I, 1788, 8G7, 25.
Emberiza mustelina, Gmelin, Syst. I, 1788, 867, 7.
Emberiza ^lacittlis, Latham, Ind. Orn. 1, 1790, 398.

8p Ch. — Colors, in full plumage, entirely black and wliito. Middle of back between scapulars, terminal balf of primaries and
tertiarics, and two innermost tail feathers, black ; olsewliero pure white. Logs black at all seasons. In winter dress white buiicith ;
the head and rump yellowish brown, as also some blotches on tlio side of the breast ; middle of back brown, streaked with black ;
white on wings and tail much more restricted. Lengtii, about G.75 ; wing, 4 35 ; tail, 3.05 ; first quill longest.

Ilab Northern America from Atlaiilic to Pacific ; south into the United Stales in winter.

This species varies much in color, and tlie male in full plumage is seldom if ever seen within
the limits of the United States.

' It is my imprcBsion that Bonaparte lias proposed a name lor this suction in removing it to aiiutlier luniily, but 1 am unable
to find it.

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — PLECTROPHANES LAPPONICUS.

433

Cafal. No. I

issy
7107
7425

lioaility.

I'liknown

PliiliulelpUia, Pii.
Cleveland, Ohio.
Illiuuis

List of spprimtnix.

Wlii-n collected.

9530 Siiiiiiihmoi) buy, \V. T | November 9, 1857.

Whence obtuined.

S.F. Build...
John Cassin. .
Dr. Kirtlund.
R. Kennicott.
A. Campbell .

Collected by-

J. J. Audubon.

Dr. Keunerly .

[PLECTROPHANES LAPPONICUS, S e 1 b y .

Laplaud liOiigsimr.

" Fringilla lapponica, Linn. Fauna Suecica, 17G1, sp. 235" — In. Syst. Nat. I, 17CG, 317. — Fokster, Phil. Trans.

LXII, 1772, 404.
Emberiza (Plecirophants) lapjtonica, Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 248 ; pi. xlviii.
£Hi6fri:ii lappomca, AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 473 ; pi. 3G5.

PUclrophanes lapponicits, " Selby." Bon. List, 1838.— Add. Syn. 1839, 98.— Ib. Birds Amor. Ill, 1841, 50 ; pi 152
"Cenlrophauex lapponicus, Kaup, F.iitw. Gesch. Europe Thierw. 1829." — Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 127.
" Fringilla calcarnia, Pall. Itin. 710, Sp. 20. "—French ed. Ill, 1793, 464 ; pi. i.
CeiilrojiAones calcaratus, Gray, Lisi, Gen. 1841, app. 1842, 11.

Sp. Cn. — First quill longest. Legs black. Head all round black, this e.\tending as a semicircular patch to the upper part of
breast ; side* of lower neck and under parts white, with black streaks on the sides, and spots on the side of the breast. A short
brownish white streak back of the eye. A broad chestnut collar on the back of the neck. Rest of upper parts brownish yellow
streaked with dark brown. Outer tail feathers white, except on the basal portion of the inner web. Length, about 6.25 inches ;
wing, 3.90 ; tail, 2-80.

Hob — Eastern Northern America into the United States in winter. Not found much west of tlie Missouri.

This species is very seldom seen in full spring plumage in the United States. In perfect
dress, the black of the throat probably extends further down over the breast. In winter the
black is more or less concealed by whitish tips to the feathers beneath, and by yellowish
brown on the crown. Some fall specimens, apparently females, show no black whatever on the
throat, which, with the under parts generally are dull white, with a short black streak on each
side of the throat.

Lint of specimens.

CaiaL
No.

Sci. ] Locality. VVheiicol-
1 leclecl.

Whence obtained. Oris.

Collected by—

Lcngtb.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

434.5

Racine, Wia

Spring

A. C. Barry

6701

^ Dane couniy, Wis

1

2714

, On^ttun

S.F. B.nird

do

S. Cabot

538

NcwVork '

1

(^ Pembina, Minn Sei>t. 25, 1857

N.W. University..
Dr. J. G. Cooper . . .

do

227

U. Kennicott

1.

ffi45
6^46

' 50 miles west of Lcav-

1 enwortli.K.
1 do

Nov. 5, ltfo7
do

6.12
6.12

10.75
10.75

3.-.5
3.75

Iris brown, hill pale
brown, feet black.

1

434

U. S. p. K. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAIi REPORT.

PLECTROPHANES PICTUS, Swain son.

Smith's Bunting.

Emheriza [I'ledrophanes) picla, Sw. F. B. Arn. II, 1831, 250 ; p], , (spring.)— Nutt. Man. 11, 589.

Pkctrophaius pictus, Aun. Syn. 1839, 1)9. — Ib. Birds Amor. I[l, 1841, .W ; pi. 1.53, ((liclKirdson's Bpecinien.)

Emberiza picitt, Aid. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 91 ; pi. 400.

Centrophanes pictus. Cab, Mus. Hein, 1851, 127.

PIcclrophancs smilliii, Add. Birds Amer. VII, 1844, 337 ; pi. 4s7, (winter.)

Sp. Ch. — Hood bliick ; a lin'! passing over the eye, a small spot on tlie nape, another on the ears, and a largo patch on the
wings, white; nuchal collar and the whole under plumage brownish buff yellow. Legs flesh color. Length, 5.50 inches;
wing, 3.50 -, tail, 2.75 ; bill, 45.

Ilab. — Prairies of ll'inois in winter ; in Bummer north to the Saskatchewan.

In the absence of fully plumaged specimens of this bird, I have borrowed the above diagnosis
from the Fauna boreali-americana, based on Saskatchewan specimens. As far a.s I know, none
in this plumage have ever been taken in the United States, although immaturely marked ones
are not unfreciuent in early spring throughout Illinois.

The specimen before me has the bill of the size and shape of that of F. lapponica ; the hind
claw is, however, considerably smaller. The upper parts are yellowish brown, broadly streaked
witli dark brown ; there is a trace of a light line on the middle crown, and another on each side
of it, as of a light spot on the nape ; the light spot on the ear covers is also obscurely indicated.
There is also a trace of a light line along the scapular region. There is a maxillary row of
spots ; the under parts generally are pale brownish yellow, streaked on the breast and sides
with brown. The lesser wing coverts have the feathers partially tipped with white. The tail
feathers are brown, except the outer, the exposed portion of which is white, with a brown
streak on the outer web towards the end, and a narrow edging on the inner web at the base ;
the second has a long narrow stripe of white along the inner border of the shaft. This
character will distinguish the species from F. ornatus and maccoionii, although something
similar is seen in P. lapponicus. Its relationships generally are much closest to the latter species.
The hind claw, however, is scarcely more than half as long ; the others also shorter. The bill
is smaller. The covered jjortions of the jugular feathers show no black whatever ; the sides of
the throat and the breast show short streaks of brown ; the under parts arc more fulvous. The
outer tail feathers show more white, there being as much on the second of pictus as on the first
of lapponicus , the second of lapponicus having almost none at all, instead of most of the featliers
being white. The light brownish flesh color of the legs instead of nearly black, is an important
feature.

List of specimens.

C'atal. No.

Locality.

When culleotcd.

Whence uhtnlucd.

CuUcclcil by—

1041

Edwafflsville, lllincii.s

.1..

1843

S. F. BainI

18C2

1843

];.i. Harris

10254

A pri 17,1K.)7

NiJilhwcBtcrn Llnivuihity..
do

102SS

do

BIRDS — KRINGILUDAi: — PLECTROPIIANKS ORNATLS.

■i35

PLECTROPITANES ORNATUS, Towns.

ChcstiiuUcullurcd Uuutiui;.

rteelroiilianes oniaiui, Townseno, J. Ac. Nut. Sc. VII, 1837, 180.— Is. Narrative, 1839, .■)44.— A«i>. Syn. 1839,

99.— Ib. Birds Amcr. Ill, 1841, 53 ; pi. 154.— Ndtt. Man. I, 2d cd. 1840, 537.
Embrrittt omala, AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 44 ; pi. 394, f. 1.
Cinlrophams ornalus, Cabanis, .Mils. Ilein. 1851, 1*^7.

Sp. Cii. — Hill dark plumbeous. Crown, a narrou' crescent on the side of the liead, with a line runninjr into it from behind the
eye, entire breast and upper part of telly all round, black ; throat and sides of tlic head, lower part of belly and under tail
coverts, with bases of the tail feathers, white. The white on the tiil feathers runs forward ns an acute point. A chestnut band
on the back of the neck extending round on the sides. Rest of upper parts grayish brown, streaked with darker. Lesser wing
coverts like the back. Length about 5.25 inches ; wing, 3.20 ; tail, 2.30 ; tarsus, .75.

llab. — Plains of the Upper Missouri.

In this species the line of demarcation between the white of the throat and the black of the
breast is very strongly marked. The black of the crown is margined on the sides by the white
of the head, and in some specimens there is an indication as if a narrow white line were
continued round on the occiput so as to margin the black ; the black crescent may possibly be
continued forward to near the base of the lower jaw, making the markings of the head very
similar to those of P. picttis. There is a very faint indication of a white band along the edges
of the lesser coverts, which, towards the elbow joint, increases considerably, but by its position
is more or less concealed. There is, however, no tendency to black. Tlie first and second tail
feathers are entirely white, the latter with a faint trace only of brownish near the end
externally ; the third, fourth, and fifth have the tips and sides near the end brown ; the
innermost feather is white only near the basal portion of the inner edge. The white runs out
to an elongated acute point in tlie feather. The wing feathers are edged with paler, but there
is no white.

Specimens not in full breeding plumage have the black feathers margined more or less with
brownish white.

A young bird probably of this species has the top of the head streaked like the back, and
concealed traces only of the black of the breast. The female shows no black ; this is replaced
below by brown streaks on brownish yellow ; there is a row of streaks on each side the throat.
The top of the head is streaked like the back.

The black breast, white throat, and chestnut collar sufficiently distinguish this species from
its congeners, except P melanomus.

lAst of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected. Whence obtained.

Collected by—

1 Length.

Stretch

Wing.

No.

of wings.

1907

S

Fort TJoion, Neb

Bijou Hills, Neb

June 21,1843 S. F. Baird

May 14, 1856 Lt. Warren

4827

Dr. Hayden

5917

9
3

Fort Pierre

June 2G,185G

do

do

. 5.50

10. 12

5.00

5378

Medicine DiU

June 23,1856

. 5. 75

9.87

3.25

5377

S

Medicine Uutte

do

do

do

.' 5.37

10.00

3.12

5379

3

Medicine creek. Neb..

June 12,1856

■"-""

^^

. 6.25

10.50

3.25

436 U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SUEVETS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PLECTROPHANES MELANOMUS, Baird.

Sp. Ch. — Bill jellowisli, dark brown along the culmen. Crown, a short stripe beliind the eye, and a ehort crescent behind
the ear coverts, entire breast as fur back as the thighs, and the lesser wing coverts, black. The black on the breast margined
with dark cinnamon. Sides of head, chin, throat, and region behind the black of the belly, white. A broad half collar of dark
cinnamon brown on the back of the neck. Tail feathers mostly white ; the innermost tipped with dark brown ; the white ending
in an acute angle. Length, 5.30 ; wing, 3.40 ; tail, 2.60. (No. 6290.)

Hab. — Eastern slope of the Rocky mountains, Mexico, on the table lands.

This species is exceedingly similar in size and color to the Plectrophanes ornatus, although
readily distinguished by certain characteristics. The hill, though slender, is rather short ; the
culmen and gonys gently curved. The tarsi are considerably longer than the middle toe ; the
hind claw is gently curved, and rather longer than its toe ; the two about equal to or even a
little longer than the middle toe. The wings are long and pointed, and reach about to the
middle of the exposed portion of the tail ; the second quill is longest ; the first about equal to
the fourth. The tail is considerably shorter than the wings and very nearly even ; the
feathers rather acute towards the ends, but rounded off at the tips.

In addition to the colors already mentioned, there is a square white spot on the back of the
head in the middle of the jiosterior edge of the black of the crown, as in most Plectrophanes.
The white on the sides of the head is interrupted by the dark line behind the eye and the short
crescent behind or a little below the ear coverts. There is a tinge of dirty brownish yellow on
the white of the chin and upper part of the throat ; on the lower part, however, the color is
more pure, and occupies the inferior half of the neck, the chestnut half collar completing the
zone. The black leathers on the middle region of the under surface of the body are all much
margined and tipped with dark cinnamon brown, darker than that on the back of the neck ;
the external black feathers all round are more or less margined with whitish, though this may
be indicative of immaturity. There is a whitish patch on. the side of the breast, covered by
the bend of the wing. The lesser and middle wing coverts are black, although the posterior
row of the i'ormer is white internally, or towards the back ; some of tlie innermost of the middle
coverts, too, are edged with white. The general color of the upper parts is dirty brownish
yellow, streaked centrally with dark brown. A considerable portion of the inner webs of the
tertiaries and inner secondaries, with their tips, is white ; the outer edges of the primaries, with
nearly the whole outer web of the first quill, are sharply white ; the tertials just beyond the
greater wing coverts are pale rufous. The outer two tail feathers on each side are entirely
white, with a faint trace of dusky along the midrib near the end, most distinct on the upper
surface. The rest are margined terminally and tipped with brown, the amount of this increasing
towards the innermost feathers.

As already stated, this species is very similar to P. ornatus. It is, however, a very little
larger, or, at any rate, with considerably longer wings. The bill, however, is shorter and
stouter ; the hind claw decidedly longer. The chestnut of the back of the neck is darker. The
white on the outer web of the tertiaries and secondaries is much purer and wider. The
rufous margins of the pectoral feathers I have never seen in ornatus. The most striking
peculiarity, however, is in having the slioulders black, instead of brown like the rest of the wing

BraDS — FRINGILLIDAE — PLECTROrUANER MACCOWNII,

437

feathers, edged with paler. Both liavo tlie white posterior row of lesser wing coverts. The
color of bill ditt'ers in each.

An immature male (C291) has the black of the head mixed with brown, and a maxillary
scries of spots on each side the throat. A female has a similar series of spots ; the under parts
gouerally being brownish white, the shafts across the breast and along sides streaked with
brown, the concealed portions of the feathers light brown, fading out to the whitish exterior.
There is no black on the shoulder, nor chestnut on the nape.

List of specimens.

Cauil.

No.

Sex and
nje.

Locality.

When col-
Kcled.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Strelcli

of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

9IIS

"s"

9

<?

O

29951

9318

do

esM

6««

New Mexico

1854

Lieut. I'arkc

do

6293

do

1851

5717

6936
8925

Pole creek

Black Hills

do

Kunninf* water

Aug. 1,1656
Sept. 90, 1857

do

Aug. 14,1857

Lieut. Bryan

Lieut Warren....

do

do

187

W. S. Wo..d

Dr. Hoyden

do

do

6.00
6.50
6.00

10.75
10.50
10.50

3.50
3.50
3.25

Iris dark brown....
do

PLECTROPHANES MACCOWNII, Lawrence

PUcirophanes moceoicnii, Lawrekce, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, Sept. 1851, 122. Western Te.\as. — Cassin, Illust. I, viii,
1855,228; pi. xxxix.

Sp. Ch. — Bill very stout and large. Head above, a sharply defined semi-lunar crescent on the upper part of the breast, and
probably a short maxillary lino on each side of the chin and throat, black ; rest of under parts, with a superciliary stripe, white;
shoulders chestnut. Rest of Uf per parts yellowish brown, streaked with darker. E.xlernal tail feather white ; the rest white,
tipped and margired externally with brown, the white line of separation going almost transversely across the whole of the inner
web, instead of running forward in an acute point. The innermost feather like the back.

Length, about 5.50; wing3.60; tail, 2.50; bill above .46.

Ilab. — Eastern slopes of Rocky Mountains ; from Fort Thorn, N. M., as far east as the Black Hills north of Platte.

In this species the bill is considerably larger and stouter than in any other I have seen. It
measures .4G of an inch above, and the distance between the basal portions of the upper and
under outlines amounts to .31 of an inch. The tail is quite deeply forked. The claws appear
to be straighter than in the other species ; the hinder one unusually short, measuring only .36
of an inch.

The most perfect specimen before me does not appear to be quite mature, although the
markings are pretty well indicated. There is only a faint trace of a black maxillary line.
There is no trace of the chestnut or rufous collar seen in all the other North American species,
excepting P. nivalis. The loral region and line over the eye are brownish white, purer behind.
The upper rows of lesser coverts immediately along the edge of the wing are like the back, not
chestnut, like the rest of these coverts. The peculiarity of the transverse termination of the
white in the exterior tail feathers, I have seen in no other species. The innermost feather has

438

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AKD SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

no white at its base ; the next has the outer web and tip brown ; in all the rest the whole
feather is white, the terminal half, or three quarters of an inch, alone being brown, this color
extending furthest back on the outer web.

A female specimen agrees in the characters of bill and tail. The black crown and pectoral
crescent, with the chestnut shoulders, are wanting. The whole upper parts are brownish yellow,
streaked with darker. There is a short maxillary stripe of brown dots. The chin, throat, and
upper part of the breast are tinged in places with brownish. There are no brown streaks on
the breast.

The combination of the black pectoral crescent and crown, with the absence of a chestnut
collar, and the chestnut shoulders will readily distinguish this species from any other. The
female will be best known by the stout bill and transverse outline of the white on the tail feathers.

The Flectrophanes maccownii is quite different from the other species of the genus in the
enormously large bill and much shorter hind claw, so much so, in fact, that Bonaparte places it
in an entirely different family. As, however, many of the characteristics are those of Flectro-
phanes, and the general coloration especially so, I see no objection to keeping it in this genus
for the present.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Localiiy.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

5039

C?
9

Organ mountains, N. M.
New Mexico

Capt. J. Popo

Lt. J G. I'aike

179

6.25

11.50

3.50

Bill light br'n, eyes gray, Pt
reddish gray,gtims yellow.

6^0

do '..

Dr. T. C. Henry.
do

62B8

do

....

8237

8954
8955

40 miles west of Fort

Kearney.
Eastern Black hills

, do

Oct. 19, 1857

Sept. 29, ie57

SL>pt. 20, 1857

..do

Wm. M. Mograw.

Lt. Warren,D S.A.
do

ai9

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Uayden....

6.25

5.12
6.00
6.50

11.50

11.75
11.75
12.00

3.75

3.50
3.50
3.75

Iris brown, bill brown and
white, feet dark brown.

do

8956

do

.In

"'

Sub-Family SPIZELLINAE.

Cii. — Bill variable, usually almost straight ; sometimes curved. Commissure generally nearly straight, or slightly concave.
Upper mandible widsr than lower. Nostrils exposed. Wings moderate ; the outer primaries not much rounded. Tail variable.
Feet large ; tarsi mostly longer than the middle toe.

The species are usually small, and of dull color. Nearly all are streaked on the back and
crown ; often on the belly. None of the United States species have any red, blue, or orange,
and the yellow, when present, is as a superciliary streak, or on the elbow edge of the wing.

In the arrangement of this sub-family, as of tlie otliers belonging to the Fringillidae, I do
not profess to give anything like a natural system. The species belonging to it at my com-
mand are too few, and my knowledge of exotic forms too limited to permit anything more than
an attempt at a convenient artificial scheme by which the determination of the genera may be
facilitated.

A. — Tail small and short ; wings considerably or decidedly longer than the tail, owing either
to the elongation of the wing or the shortening of the tail. Lateral toes shorter than the middle,
without its claw. Species streaked above and below.

BIEDS — PRIXGILLIDAK — SPIZELLINAE. 439

a. Tliickly streaked everywhere above, on the sides, and acrosa the breast. Wing pointed ;
longest primaries considerably longer than the secondaries. Tail forked.

Centronyx. — Hind claw very large ; rather longer than its digit. The hind toe
and claw, together, as long or longer than the middle toe and claw. Otlier toes
as in Passerculus. Claws gently curved. Tertials shorter than the .sucondaries.
Tail forked, but the lateral feathers shorter.

Passerculus. — Hind claw as long as its digit ; the toe equal to the middle one
without its claw ; lateral toes falling considerably short of tlio middle claw.
Wings very long ; first primary longest. Tertials us long as the jjrimaries.
Tail forked ; feathers acute.

PooCi'ETES. — Hind claw shorter than its digit ; the whole toe less than the middle
toe without its claw. Lateral toes nearly equal to the middle one, without its
claw. Tertials but little longer than secondaries. Tail stiffened, forked ;
feathers acute, outer ones white.

b. Moderately streaked above, on the sides, and on the breast ; tlie dorsal streaks
broader, the others fainter than in the last. Wings short, reaching a little beyond the
base of the tail. Not much difference between the primaries and secondaries. Tail
short, graduated, and the feathers lanceolate, acute.

CoTURXicuLUS. — Bill short ; thick. Tertials almost equal to the primaries ; trun-
cate at the end. Claws small, weak ; hinder one shorter than its digit. Out-
stretched feet not reaching the tip of the tail. Tail feathers not stiffened. (In
one species tail nearly equal to the wing.)

Ammodramus. — Bill slender, small at base, and elongated. Tertials not longer
than the secondaries ; rounded at tlie tip. Claws large, hinder one equal to its
digit. Outstretched toes reaching considerably beyond the end of the stiffened
almost scansorial tail.

B. — Tail longer and broader ; nearly or quite as long, sometimes a very little longer than
the wings, which are rather lengthened. The primaries considerably longer than the secondaries.
None of the species streaked beneath, and the back alone streaked above.

a. Tail rounded or slightly graduated.

Chondestes. — Tail considerably graduated, not emarginated. Lateral toes con-
siderably shorter than the middle toe, without its claw. Wings very loniT
decidedly longer than the tail, reaching the middle of the tail. First quill
longest. Head striped. Back streaked. White beneath. A white blotch on
the end of the tail feathers.

ZoNOTRicHiA. — Tail moderately graduated. Wings moderate, about as long as the
tail, reaching about over the basal fourth of the tail ; first quill less than the
second to fourth. Feet large. Head striped witli black and while. Back
streaked.

440 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

JuNCO. — Tail very nearly equal to the wings, slightly emarginate, and decidedly
rounded. Outer toe rather longer than inner, reaching the middle claw. No
streaks anywhere ; black or ash color above ; belly white ; with or without a
rufous back and sides. Outer tail feathers white.

PoospiZA. — Tail lengthened, slightly graduated ; the feathers unusually broad to
the end. Bill slender. Wings about as long as the tail, reaching but little
beyond its external base. Tertials broad, and, with the secondaries, rather
lengthened. Second to fifth quills nearly equal, and longest. Bill dark lead
color. Tail black. Uniform brown above ; white beneath. Sides of head with
stripes of black and white.

h. Tail decidedlj'' forked ; a little shorter than the wing, sometimes a little longer,

Spizella. — Size rather small. Wings long. Lower mandible largest. Uniform
beneath, or with a pectoral spot or black chin.

C. — Tail lengthened and graduated ; decidedly longer than the wings, which are very short,
scarcely extending beyond the external base of the tail. Feet reaching but little beyond the
middle of the tail. Species all streaked above ; streaked or nearly unicolor beneath. No white
on wings or tail. Outer lateral toe the longer. First quill not the shortest of the primaries.

Melospiza. — Culmen and commissure nearly straight. Claws stout ; hinder one
as large as its digit. Tail feathers rather broad. Body streaked beneath.

Peucaea. — Culmen and commissure curved. Claws weak ; hinder one not much
curved, decidedly shorter than its digit. Tail feathers narrow. Without streaks
beneath, excej^ting a narrow maxillary stripe.

D. — Tail rather short, and much graduated ; longer than the wings ; the midrib more median.
Culmen curved. Tarsus considerably longer than middle toe. Outer toe longer. But little
diiference in the length of the quills ; the outer ones much rounded ; even the second quill is
shorter than any other ijrimary except the first.

Embernagka. — Color, olive green above.

CENTRONYX, Baird.

Cii. — Bill elongated ; the lower mandible smaller ; outlines nearly straight. Tarsus Icnglhcned, considerably exceeding the
middle toe. Lateral toes equal, not reaching the base of the middle claw. Hind too very large ; tho claw rather longer than
its digit, and in its elongation resembling Phclrophmus, but more curved ; the digit and claw together rather longer than tho
middle toe and claw. Wings very long, reacliing beyond the middle of the tail, and beyond the end of the coverts. Tertials
nhoTter than the primaries, and but little longer than the secondaries. Tail sliorl, much less tlian from the carpal joint to end
of secondaries ; little more than livotiiirds the entire wing. It is slightly forked, and moderately rounded laterally; tho
feathers all acute. Color somewhat as in PmscrculaS'

This genus differs from Passerculus, as stated in the description of the species further on. It
would be taken for Fleclrophanes on account of its lengthened hind claw, wliicli, however, is
more curved than in that genus ; the tarsi are much longer, the tertials less elongated, and the
coloration different, tliough closely resembling that of the female Fleclrophanes.

BIRDS — FUINGILLIDAE — PASSEKCULUS.

441

CENTRONYX BAIRUII, Biiird.

Embrriza hairdii, Ai'dibon, Birds Amor. VII, 1843, 359 ; pi. .WO.
Colurniculus bairilii, llos. Syii. lt*M, -ISl.

Sr. Cii. — Suiiifwiiat aimilnr in general appearance to Passtrciilus saranna. Back grayish, streiikod with diieky. Crown
nearly covered by black streaks, but divided by a broad median band or brownish yellow. Eyelids and a faint sHporciliiry
stripe yellowish while. lioneatli white, with a nia.\illary blackish stripe and some narrow streaks on the ujjpcr part of tlio
breast, and sides of Uie throat and body. Outer edges and tips of tail foathors white ; the two outer feathers obsolotely white.
Bend of wing white. Lcngtii, 4.75 ; wing, 2.«0 ; tail, 2.20.

//a*.— Mouth of the Yellowstone.

This species lias somewhat of the general appearance of Passerculua savanna, but with im-
portant differences both of form and color. The hill is much longer, and more slender in
proportion. The wings are quite unusually long ; the primaries more than half an inch longer
than the tertiaries ; the first quill as long as the fourth, and but little less than the second and
third. The tail is very short ; the feathers narrow and pointed. The feet are large ; the hind
claw very long, and considerably curved, as are the other claws generally.

The yellow patch on the crown ; the longer bill, hind claw, and wings ; the absence of yellow
over the eye and on the wing ; the much less amount of spotting on the breast ; the white of the
outer tail feathers, &c., all distinguish this species very readily from P. savanna and its allies.

This species appears closely related to some PleclropJianes in the lengthened wings and very
long hind claw. This, however, as well as all the claws, are considerably curved ; the legs are
much larger and stouter, and the tertials and inner secondaries are shorter. The coloration is
that of female Plectrophanes, especially P. piclus.

List of specimens.

$.

". i

^

6
>

V

a.

Cnlal.

Localit)

When col-

Whence ob-

ColleclcU by—

^

3

o

•s S

X

Specimen

No.

lected.

tained.

s

c

g

Eh

1

a "

B a

a

c
o

<

measured.

1

18l<5

Fort Union,

Neb.

1843

S. F. Baird....

J. J. Audubon..

4.64

2.77

2.10

0.84

0.73

0.18

0.72

0.34

0.49

0.50

' Skin....

PASSERCULUS, Bonaparte.

Passermlus, Bonap. Comp. List Birds, 1838. Type Fringilla savanna.

Bill moderately conical ; the lower mandible smaller ; both outlines nearly straight. Tarsus alKiut equal to the middle toe.
Lateral toes about equal, their claws fdUing far short of the middle one. Hind loe much longer than tlie lateral ones, reaching
as far as the middle of the middle claw ; its claws moderately curved. Wings unusually long, reaching to the middle of the
tail, and almost to the end of the upper coverts. The tertials nearly or quite as long as the primaries ; the first primary
longest The tail is quite short, considerably shorter than the wings ; as long as from the carpal joint to the end of the
secondaries. It is emarginate, and slightly rounded ; the feathers pointed and narrow.

Entire plumage above, head, neck, back, and rump streaked. Thickly streaked beneath.

The essential characters of this well marked genus lie in the elongated wings, longer than
the tail, the tertiaries equal to the primaries, the first quill almost longest. The legs are
long, the outstretched toes reaching to the end of the tail; the lateral considerably shorter than
the middle, which is not much longer than the hinder. The tail is short, narrow, and emargi-
nate ; the featliers acute.

1 have, with some hesitation, referred the Emheriza roslrata of Cassin to this genus. It
agrees in most respects, but the bill is much larger, the upper outline decidedly convex
56 b

442

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

througlioiit, the commissure concave and slightly sinuated, the gonys straight. The claws are
straighter, or less curved. In other resijects of form, &c., there is a very close relationship.

Synopsis of the species.

Back with well defined dark brown streaks. A yellowish superciliary streak from the hill,
and a distinct median liglit line along the top of the head. Bill moderate.
Superciliary stripe decided yellow throughout.

Fore part of breast only streaked. Bill above, .40 ; wing, 2.65 P. savanna.

Similar to last, but larger and darker. Bill above, .50 ; wing, 2.95.

P. sandwichensis.
Breast and fore part of belly thickly streaked. Under parts with a reddish tinge.

Bill, attenuated, .42 ; wing, 2.66 P. anthinus.

Superciliary stripe pale, with little or no yellow.

Fore part of breast sparsely streaked. Bill slender, elongated P. alaudinus.

Back grayish brown, with very obsolete and rather darker streaks. No distinct median light
line on the crown. Bill enormously large P. rostratus.

Comparative measurements of species.

C'atal
No.

6339

6340

10145

102o0

78U

780

781

102(13

6343

6343

63)5

6315

4311

4341

5554

4342

4343

5E55

6330

Species,

Passerculus rostratus

.do .
.do..
■ do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.,
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.,
.do.
.do.
.do .
.do .

....do

...Bavauna....

....do

....do ,

Locality.

San Diego

do

VVasliingt(>ii,D. 0.

Soutll Illinois

CarH.sIn, Pa

do do

do I do

..sandwicllonsisi Russian America..

do

do....

do....

do....

.alaudinus
.... do....

do....

do....

do....

,do....anlliinus .
.do do?....

Slioalwater bay. . . .

, do

Fort Steitacoom ....

do

Tamaiilipao, Mcx..

do

Pelaluma, Cal

Tamaulipas, Mcx ..

do

Petaliinia, Cal

Bunicia, Cal

5.30
5.30
5.40
5.40
4.84
5.25
5.06
5.30
5.60
6.12
5.64
6.12
5.00
5.25
5.14
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.90

§'S

8.57

9.25
9.37
9.00

2.63
2.82
2.77
2.63
2.53
2.64
2 65
2.S9
2.80

2.95

2.27
2.36
2.29
2.13
2.14

2.12

2.37
2.33

2.57

2.76

2.25.'

2.90

2.50

2.50

2.66

2.56

2.30

2.37
2.03

2.24
2.00

0.85
0.89
0.84
0.78
0.76

0.78
0.83
0.86

0.85
0.81

0.84
0.77

0.79
0.80

0.79

0.84
0.80
0.76
0.73

0.78
0.78
0.66

0.82
0.78

0.77
0.73

0.76
0.78

0.20
0.20
0.19
0 21
0.17

O.IS
0.18
U.24

0.22
0.22

0.18
0.19

0.20
0.20

S a

0.60
0,61
0.64
0.61
0.60

0.62
0.66

0.66
0.62

0.63
0.59

0.62
0.62

a

0.29
0.28
0.30
0.30
0.30

0.28
0.29

0.34
0.31

0.30
0.28

0.30
0.27

0.50
0.52
0.40
0.41
0 39

0.54

I 0.56

I 0.48

0.46

0 44

0.40
0.39
0.50

0.43
0.42

0.56
0.52
0.52

Specimen
measured.

0.40
0.40

0.45
0.44

0.42
0.42

0.15
0.50

Skin ..
Skin ..
Skill ..
i^kiii ..
Skin ..
Fresh .
Skin ..
Skin ..
Skin ..
Fresh .
Skin ..
fresh .
Skin ..
Fresh .
Skin ..
Skin ..
Fresh .
Skin ..
Skin ..

PASSERCULUS SAVANNA, Bo nap.
Savanuah Sparrow.

FringUlu i«ii«ii,i«, Wii.so.-j, Am. Orii. Ill, 1811, 55 ; pi. 23, C 2.— lu. IV, lisll, 72 ; [il. ai, I'. J.— .Aid. Oiii. Ilio};.

II, 1834, 63 : V, 1839, 51G ; pi. 109.
fusserculus savanna, Hon. List, 18.38. — In. Coiispcclus, IH.'iO, 480 — Cab. lilus. Meiii. 1851, 1,'il.
Emherizn savanna, Ai.D. Syii. 18:i9, 103.— In. Uiicl-s Amer. Ill, 1841, 08 ; pi. 1G(I.
'/ Filngilla hijenialis, Gm. 1, 1788, 922. — Licirr. Vcrzcicliniss, 1823, No. 2.50. Gmcliii'ii description, based on

I'oTinant Arctic iiool. II, .370, (winter fiiicli,) npplies ei|iially well to a lui;ju iiiiniliuiorBjiucios.
J.lnai-ia savanna, Kiciiaiiusun, List, 1837.

BIRDS FRINOILLIDAE — PASSERCULUS SAVANNA. 443

Sr. Cii. — Feallicrs of tlio upper parts gcnorally with a contra! streak of blackiHli brown ; llio streaks of the back with a
sliglil rufous sulfusiou laterally ; tlio feathers ctlged with (rriiy, which is li(»htest on Iho scnpulars. Crown with a broad median
stripe of yellowish gray. A superciliary streak from the bill to the back of the head, eyelids, and cdjfo of the elbow, yellow.
A yellowish white maxillary stripe curving behind the car coverts, and margined above and below by brown. The lower
margin is a scries of thickly crowded spots on the sidis of the throat, which are aUu found on the sides of the nock, across Iho
upper part of Iho breast, and on the sides of body. A few spots on Ihc throat and chin. Rest of under parts white. Outer
tail feather ind primary edged with white. Length, 5.5U ; wing, 3.7U ; tail, 3.10.

llab. — l^isteru North .America to the Missouri plains

In this species the bill is rather short ; the tarsus and midiUe toe with its claw about equal.
The wing is acute ; the first quill longest ; the tertiaries as long as the primaries. The tail is
short and somewhat forked ; the feathers narrow and rather acute, but rounded at the tips.

The spots on the under parts of the body have a rufous suflusion externally, scarcely appre-
ciable on the breast in spring specimens. The outside edges of all the wing feathers, excepting
the primary quills have a yellowish rufous tinge more conspicuous than elsewhere on the body.
Tliere is sometimes a tinge of greenish on the smaller wing coverts.

With a considerable number of specimens from the western coast at hand I have been much
puzzled to decide how many species there are, and upon their relationship to P. savanna. One
series from Oregon and Washington Territory is much the largest, considerably exceeding the
P. savanna of the east. These agree exactly with a specimen from Sitka, collected by
Wosnes.«jensky, the taxidermist of the St. Petersburg Academy, and labelled Zonotrichia
chrijsops, Pallas, probably by Brandt. Another series is composed of specimens that are smaller,
though varying considerably in size, and the bill is generally slenderer. In one (55.54) the
superciliary stripe has only a faint tinge of yellow, and the colors are rather paler than common.
The spots on the breast are rather sparser than usual. The bill is rather slenderer than in
eastern specimens, but instead of being shorter is actually longer. This agrees with specimens
from Northeastern Mexico in Lieutenant Couch's collection. Other specimens have the yellow
as bright, that on the axillaries even brighter, than in any eastern ones ; the spots blacker and
more numerous, extending over the whole breast. In another, otherwise similar, the bill is
unusually long, and the spots on the middle of the breast are aggregated into a larger one.

Without feeling assured of an actual specific difference I shall follow Bonaparte in referring
the large billed series to P. chrysops of Pallas, (sandwickensis ;) that with the gray colors, few
pectoral spots, whitish superciliary stripe, and attenuated bill to P. alaudinus ; and that with
dark colors, yellow superciliary stripe, and numeroiLS pectoral spots to P. anthinus.

444

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Cata].
No.

Ses.

Locality.

VVIien col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
o( wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

10341

""e"

Q

s

10145

946

May 6, 1843
Oct. 6,1842
Oct. 7, 1842
Sept. 18, 1841
do

S. P. Biiird

5.50
5 25

9.17

8.58

2.83
2.67

780

ds

do

do

781

do

449

do

do

448

do

do

5.25

8.75

7108

9

1

4333

Calciisicu, La

Soutli Illinois

1854

1

10260

May 13, 1857
April 22, 1855
Sept. 10, 1857
1857

N.W. University

do

102S1

do

10362

Red River settlement

Fort Riley, K. T

do

do

6536

Dr. W. A. Hammond.

Lieut. G. K. Warren .

do

do

4807

Vermilion river, Neb

Mouth of Big Sioux, Neb...
Ulaek Hilh, Neb

May 8,1856
May 3, 1856
Sept. 20, 1857
Sept. 11, 1857
Sept. 10, 1857
Aug. 19, 1857

4808.'

do

do

5.50
5.25
5.50
5.00
5.25

8.50
9.00

8.50
9.00

2.50
2.50
3.00
2.50
2.75

*895B.'

8957.'

do

do

do

W. M. Magraw

do

O"

Dr. J. G. Cooper .

do

8968.'

lo

8786.'

North fork of Platte

* These specimens, in autumnal plumage, scarcely ailmit of an accurate determination.

PASSEECULUS SANDWICHENSIS, B a i r d .

Emberiza sandwichensis, Gm. I, 1788, 875.

Emberiza arclica, Latham, Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 414.

Fringilla arctica, Vigors, Zool. of Blossom, 1839, 20, (perliaps one of the smaller species.) — " Brandt, Icon. Ross.

2,6."
Euspiza arctica, Bp. Conspectus, 1850, 469.

Emberiza chrysops, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-As. II, 1811, 45 ; tab. xlviii ; fig. 1, (Unalasclika )
Sandicich Bunting, Lath. Syn. II, 1783, 202.
Unalascha Bunting, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 363, 320, No. 229. (Not of p. 364, No. 233.)

Sp. Ch. Almost exactly like P. savanna, but half an inch larger, witli niucli larger bill. Length, 6 12 inches : wing, 3.00 ;

tail, 2 55.
jjab. — Northwestern coast from the Columl)ia river to Russian America.

This species is extremely similar to the F. savanna, and is only distinguishable by its greater
size, and more western locality. The tail feathers also are rather more acutely pointed. There
is also a greenish yellow shade on the top and sides of tlie head, brighter than that seen in P.
savanna. The bill is considerably larger and longer, measuring .51 of an inch above instead
of .44.

The Sandwich Bunting of Latham (Synopsis of birds) and the Unalascha Bunting of
Pennant (page 303, No. 229) seem to belong unquestionably to this species, and as Gmelin
bases his sandwichensis upon these descriptions, it must be retained. The name has no refer-
ence to the Sandwich Islands but to Sandwich Sound, on the northwest coast. The Unalascha
Bunting of Pennant, page 304, No. 233, is a diU'eront species.

The "temporibus atria" is not a very accurate expression in the species, but sufficiently near
not to be inconsistent with it. At any rate, as the descriptions of sandivichensis, arctica, and
chrysops, all seem to apply equally well, it will be best to take the oldest name as a provisional
one at least.

niUDS — KRINGILLllUE — PASPERCULCS ANTHINUS.

445

List of specimens.

Caial.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whi-n col-
Ifcicd.

Wbcro obtained.

Orlg'l

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Siritcli
orwlngs.

KrniiirkFi.

iu-a>j

Ruulnn America

Fort SleilBi-ooni, W. T..

Sboilwiilrr bay, W.T..

do

do

Mar. 13, IB4:3
Apnl — , 18i6
May 15, 1654

do

Ocl. 15,1854

S. F. B.lird..,.

Dr. G. Surkloy...

Dr. J. G. Cooper.

do

do

308
73
73

Wo»ncii!iJcii»ky.

6345

6.13
6.1-2
6.13

a. 37

9.35
9.35

634i

IriH brown
do...

6343

6344

PASSERCULUS ANTHINUS, B o n a p .

Paaerculus anihinus, Bonap. Coinplcs Rendus, XXVII, Dec. 1853, 919, Russian America. — Ib. Notes Ornitli.
Delatlre, 1834, 19.

Sr. Cii. — Similar to P. savanna, but smaller. Beneath tinged witli reddish. Breast and upper part of belly thickly spotted
with sharply defined sagittate brown spots, exhibiting a tendency to aggregation on the middle of the belly. Superciliary stripe
and one in the middle of the crown decided greenish yellow, the head generally tinged with the same ; as also the back and
sides of the neck. Length, 5.00 -, wing, 3.6G ; tail, 3.34.

Hab. — Coast of California, near San Francisco ; Russian America -, Kodiak. (Bonaparte.)

This species is the smallest of its group, and differs from all in the much greater amount of
spotting on the under parts. The streaks, indeed, extend over the whole breast and upper part
of the abdomen, instead of being mainly confined to the jugulum. They are dark brown, well
defined, and unusually sagittate. The superciliary stripe is bright greenish yellow, as is also
a stripe along the median line of the head above. The feathers on the sides of the head behind
the auriculars, are strongly tinged with the same color. There is an indication of a brown
tinge around the lower part of throat, as in Lincoln's finch. The feathers in the middle of the
back are darker than usual.

This species differs from alaudinus in the strong shade of yellow on the head, the much
darker tints above, and the thick crowding of larger and better defined spots beneath, with a
faint tinge of reddish. The under tail coverts are more distinctly streaked.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

6331
6331
5555

Locality.

ISan Francisco, Cal.
Benicia, Cal.
Petalama, Cal

When collected.

May 8, 1854 ..

....do

March, 1856 ..

Whence obtained.

Lt. Trowbridge.
Lt. Williamson.
E. Samuels

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Dr. Heermann.

143 \.

446

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PASSERCULUS ALAUDINUS, Bo nap.

Passerculus alaudlnus, Br. Comptcs Rcndus, XXXVII, Doc. 1853, 918, California.— Ib. Notes Ornithologiques
Delaltre, 1854, 18. (Reprint of preceding. )

Sp. Ch. Similar to P. savanna, but smaller ; the bill rather slenderer and elongated. Little of yellow in the superciliary

stripe, (most distinct anteriorly); the rest of the head without any tinge of the same. General color much paler and grayer
than in P. savanna. Breast with only a few spots. Length, 5.25 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.30.
Hab. — Coast of California, and Lower Rio Grande of Texas and Mexico.

This species, if really distinct from P. savanna, differs in tlie rather smaller size, although
the difference is not great, and in the considerably paler colors. The superciliary stripe shows
a very faint trace of yellow, especially anteriorly, near the hill. In some specimens, as 4342,
there is none at all. The spots on the fore part of the breast are rather few and not large. The
bill is slenderer and more attenuated.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Length.

1
Stretch IWing.

of wings.

Remarks^.

6332
5554
4340
4341
4344

Shoalwatpr bay, W. T..

Petaluiua, Cal

Brownsville, Texas ....
Tamaulipas, Mexico ....
do

Aug. 30, 1854

1856

Feb. — , 18.S3
Mar. — , 1853
do

Dr. J. G. Cooper.
E, Samuels

88
124

5.50

8.50

Iris brown ; bill and feel brownish flesh color.

4.75
5.25
S.OO

7.75
9.00
8.50

2.50
2.25
3.50

Eyes dark brown ; bill and legs light brown..

do

80

Eyes dark brown ; bill slate ; feet whitish ...

PASSERCULUS ROSTRATUS, Baird.

Emberiza roslrala, Cabsin, Pr. A. N. So. VI, 1852, 348.
.Smmodramus rostratus, Cassin, 111. I, 1855, 226 ; pi x.xxviii,

Sp. Cii. — Bill very long, (.55 of an inch above). Whole upper parts and sides of head and neck pale grayish brown, nearly
every feather with a darker central blotch, darkest along the shaft. A scarcely appreciable central stripe in tho crown, and an
obscure yellowish white superciliary, and a whitish maxillary one. Under parts pure white ; streaked on the breast and
the sides of throat and body with dark brown, (the streak paler externally). Under tail coverts unspotted white. Tail and
wing feathers and wings margined with the color of the back ; tho edges of tortiaries rather paler. Length, 5.30 ; wing, 2. DO ;
tail, 2.30.

Hab. — Coast of California, near San Diego.

The hill of this species is very long and conical, the cutting edge nearly straight. The wings
are rather long, the tertiaries nearly as long in the closed wing as the primaries ; the second,
third, and fourth quills longest, the first rather longer than the fifth. The tail is short and
emarginate, the feathers narrow, acute, and moderately stiff. The tarsi are long ; the claws
little curved.

This species resembles the Passerculus savanna rather more than any of tho other sparrows
with spotted breasts ; the bill is, however, very much longer and larger, exceeding any of our
American species of its size. Its colors are much paler, and it lacks the yellow on the head
and wing. The much shorter tail and entire ah.senco of rufous distinguish it from the spotted
Melosinzas. The shape of the bill is like that of Ammodramus caudaculus, but larger ; tho
head lacks the yellow, &c.

BIRDS FRINOILLIDAE POOCiETES GRAMINEUS.

447

List of specimens.

CKt4il.No. Sex.

Lociility.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

6339 j <J

Siin Diego, Cul

do

I.t. Williamson

U340 ' g

do

do

1

1

POOC^ETES, Baird.

Ch. — Bill rather large; upper outline eliglitly dccurvcd (owards tlic end, lower straight; commissure slightly concave.
Tarsus about iqual to the middle too ; outer toe a little longer than the inner, its claw reaching to the concealed base of the
middle claw ; hind toe reaching to the middle ol'tlie middle claw. Wings unusually long, reacliing to the middle of the tail as
(Ur as the coverts, and pointed ; the primaries considerably longer than the secondaries, which are not much surpassed by tlio
terliaries; second and ihird quills longest ; first littlo shorter, about equal to the fourth, shorter than the tail ; tlio outer feathers
scarcely shorter ; the feathers rathers stifl" ; each one acuminate and sharply pointed ; the feathers broad nearly to the end when
they are obliquely truncate. Streaked with brown above everywhere ; beneath, on the breast and sides. The lateral tail
feather is while.

The eesential character of the genus consists in the long and pointed wings, longer than the
tail and without long tertials ; and the rather stiff, forked tail, with its acute feathers.

In the long wings and short forked tail this form differs from our other plainly colored and
streaked sparrows. It comes nearest to Fassercidus, but the tail is stiffer and more forked ■ the
feathers more acute. The tertiaries are but little longer than the secondaries, instead of nearly
or quite equal to the primaries. The middle toe is considerably shorter.

Comparative measurements.

c

t

Species. Locality.

Q

B

1

1

o
3 =

1 i

a

.5 1

o

.5 "

s

m

o.

c
5

to c

10147
101-16

PoocffiiC!! graniincus... Washington, D. C. ,.
do do

3
9
9

5.74
5.78
5.81
6. 75

10.75

3.07
3.10
3.37
3.7S

2.58
2.64
3.10

...

O.ffi ' 0.70
0.81 0.76
0.69 0.79

0.18
0.23
0.34

0.53
0.56
0.55

8.23
0.25
0.26

0.45
0.43
0.49

0.47
0.45
0.50

Skhi

Skin

Skin

Fresh

8945

do do

POOCyETES GRAMINEUS, Baird.

Grass Finch; Bay-winged Bonting.

Fringilla graminea, G.m. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 922.— Ann. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 473 : V. 502 ; pi. 90.
£iiift«rt:og7-ami)iea, Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 51 ; pi. xxxi, f. 5. — Acn. Syn. 1839, 102. — Id. Birds Amer.

Ill, 1841, G5; pi. 159.
Fringilla {Zcnolrichia) graminea, Swainsoh, F. B. Ami. II, 1831, 254.
Zonotrichia graminea, Bos. List, 1838. — Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 478.

Sp. Ch. — Tail feathers rather acute. Above light yellowish brown ; the feathers everywhere streaked abruptly with dark
brown, even on the sides of the neck, which are paler. Beneath yellowish white ; on the breast and sides of neck and body
streaked with brown. A faint light superciliary and maxillary stripe ; the latter margined above and below with dark brown ;
the upper stripe continued around the ear coverts, which are darker than the brown color elsewhere. Wings with the shoulder
light chestnut brown, and with two dull whitish bands along the ends of the coverts ; the outer edge of the secondaries also
is white. Outer tail feather, and edge and tip of the second white. Length, about (5.25 ; wing, 3.10.

Ilah. — United Slates from Atlantic to the Pacific ; or else one species to the high central plains, and another from this to the
Pacific

448

U. S p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

In autumn the dark streaks are less sharply defined, and there is a tinge of very pale cinna-
mon on the breast.

The form of this species differs considerably from that of Melospiza melodia. The bill is less
sinuated along the edge of the mandible. The wing is much longer, and more pointed ; the
first quill nearly as long as the fourth ; the second and third equal, and longest. The tail
feathers are acuminate, pointed, and quite stiff; the toes are shorter ; the claws rather straighter.

I find a good deal of difference in specimens before me, but I am unable to say how important
these are for want of a sufficient number of eastern skins to determine the limits of variation
in the species. Western specimens, however, apjjear larger, grayer, and with fewer and
narrower streaks on the breast ; the legs in some appear longer ; the bill more slender. The
colors generally are more gray. Young birds of the western variety are marked almost exactly
like the adults, except that they are paler above ; the feathers edged broadly with light grayish.
Without being assured that there is a difference of species, it may be as well to recognize a
western variety conjinis, characterised as grayer than the eastern species, legs and wings longer,
bill more slender and straighter, streaks on the breast narrower.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

10264

713

1047

19

10147

10146

5408

5407

6219

5406

54 .'4

5405

5714

57ia

5712
5711
7085
8943
8944
8945
894i2
8947
8796

4344
eS20
6331
C«9

Sex iind

age.

9

ooQ
Q

s

Q

9
<?
<?
9
9
9

o

9
9
(?
9

Red river, Min

Union county, Illinois,.

Carlisle, Fa

do

Washington

do

do

Yellowstone, Neb

do

Fort Union, Neb

do

do

Yellowstone river. Neb,
Pole creek, K,T

When col-
lected.

April
Sept,
June
April

July

Aug,
July

.do,.

Medicine Butte c'k,K,T,
do

Blnck Hills

Black Hill«,Neb,
do

Loup rorkofPlaite.

do

do

Near Laramie

Aug,

Aug,
Aug.
July
Sept,
Aug,
July

Aug.

Fort Laramie . . . . .
Tntnaulipafi, Mcx .

20,1857

8. 1842

3. 1843
15,1842

do

do

19,1854

do

11,1833
19,1856

do

do

4, 1856
do

7, 1856
25,1856
21,1857
24, 1857
18,1857
29,1857

do

do

26,1857

do

Unca Grande, .Mi;x

Knpln, Mex

Tijon Valley, (,'ol

do ,

Fori Sieilicaom, W. T

Sept. 8,1857
Aug. —,1853

Mar. —,1853
Mar, —,1855
do

Whence obt-tined.

N. W, University.,

do

S. F. Baird

do

Wm, M, Baird

do

do

Lt. G, K, Warren..

do

Gov. Stevens

Lt. G. K, Warren,,

do

do

Lt. Bryan

do

do

do

Dr.W, A,IIararaond

Lt. Warren

do

do

do

do

W. M, Magraw ....

do ,..

Lt, Ooucli,

do

Major Kniory

do

Lt. Williuntsrm

, lo

Dr. Q. Siickley

Orig'l
No,

191
260
223
303
54

169

190
56

Collected by-

R. Kennicott. .

J. C, MeGuire ,
lo

Dr, Hajden.

Dr. Suckley ,
Dr, Hayden .
do

do

W. S, Wood,

do . ...

do

do

Dr. Ilaydcn

do

do

do

do

Di. J, G. Cooper,

Dr, Kcnncrly ..

lo

Dr. llecrinanii,
do

Length,

Stretch
of wings.

4,50

6.00
6.50
6,00

6,25

6.25
6,75
6,75
6,00
6.40
6,50

7,251

9,00

10.37
10,87
10,50

Wing,

3,25
3.50
3,25

11.50
10,50
10,75
10,25
10. V5
10,50

1U.12
9,00

3.25
2.75
3.75
3,25
3.25
3.50

3.25
3.00

3,75

Remarks.

Iris dark brown.
Iris dark brown .

Iris brown .
,...do

Iris br'n ; bill black
and (Icsh color ;
feet gray

Iris brown ; hill and
feet flesh color,

Kyes dark ; upper
mandible slate cti-
lor ; lower lighier ;
feet light brown..

...do do ....

BIRDS — FKINGILLIDAE — COTUKNICULUS.

449

COTllRNIOULUS, B o n a ]. a r t e .

Cotumicului, BoNAFARTC, Gcop. List, 1838. Type /V«ii|rt//a;iajseriiia, Wils.

Bill very largo nnd atoul ; the under niaiidiblo broader, but lower timu the upper, wliicli ia considorubly convex at the ba.«al
portiiin of its upper outline. Leits inodfralc, apparently not reaching to tho end of the tail. Tlie tarsus appreciably longer
than the middle toe; the lateral toei equal, and with their claws falling decidedly short of the middle claw ; the hind too
inicrmcdiatc between the two. The wings are short and ruunded, reaching to the base of tiie tail ; llie tertiaries almost as long
ns the primaries ; not much ditVerence in the lengths of tho primaries, although the outer lliroe or four are slightly graduated.
Tho tail is short and narrow, decidedly shorter than tho wing, graduated laterally, but slightly emorginale ; tho feathers all
lanceolate and acute, but not stitVuned, as in ^Immodromus.

The upper parts generally are slreakod ; the blotches on the interscapular region very wide. The breast and sides arc gen-
erally streaked more or less distinctly. Tho edge of tho wing is yellow.

This genus agrees with Passerculus in the short and narrow tail. Tlic wings are much
shorter and more rounded ; the feet shorter, esijccially the middle toe, whicli is not as long as
the tarsus. The tail feathers are more lanceolate. The bill is much larger, and more swollen
at the base.

The essential characters of this genus consist in the swollen convex bill ; the short toes com-
pared with the tarsus ; the short and rounded wings ; and the very small, narrow, slightly
graduated tail, with its lanceolate acute feathers.

In some respects there is a resemblance to Ammodromus, in which, however, the bill is very
much more slender ; the wings still shorter, and more rounded ; the tail feathers much stiffer,
and even more lanceolate ; the toes extending beyond the tip of the tail ; the middle toe rather
longer than the tarsus, instead of considerably shorter.

Synopsis of species.

Head without a median stripe above ; body beneath whitish ; the sides and across the breast
light brownish, without any streaks. Sides of head ashy G. manimhe}

Head with a median light stripe. Breast and sides of head and body yellowish brown, with
obsolete streaks of darker. Neck above streaked with rufous C. passerinus.

Head with a median light stripe. Under parts reddish white, conspicuously streaked on tho
breast and sides with black. Head and neck above tinged with greenish yellow C. henslowi.

Head with a median light stripe. Under parts fine buff, with a yellowish white median line.
Sides streaked, but not the breast. Above light yellowish red, streaked with brownish
black C. leconiii.

Comparative measurements

of the species.

6 ]
. ; Species. [ Locality.

1 I «

5 ' a

i

o

.5

i

9

OB

1

i

o
2 «

II

11

n

3,

to

g

<

= 5

^1

5.52
5.00
4.37
4.80
5.16
4.78
4.92

8.00
8.16

2.27
2.51
2.62
2.34
2 42

2.03 ' 0,77
2.13 0.71

0.69
0.68

0.18
0.14

0.58
0.50

0.24
0.22

0.44
0.42

0.49
0.48

Skin

S

Skin

Frcsil

1T28 do do

"q'

1.96

0.74

0.66

0.14

0.57

0.24

0.43

0.49

Skii

Frcsli

10212 Cotumiculus Uenslowi ... Liberty counly, Ga...
1897 do Washington, D.C....

?

2.05
2.22

2.14 0.63
3.29 0.66

0.64
0.73

0.12
0.14

0.67
0.60

0.23
0.25

0.46
0.47

0.43
0.48

Skin

Skin

' CoTDRNicuLus MAKiMBE, Cabanis. — South America, Brazil.
FringUla manimhe , LtCHT. Verz. 1823, 25.
Cotxxrnicvlvs manbnhe , Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851,133.

57 b

450 U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

COTURNICULUS PASSERINUS, B o ii a p .

Yelloiv-winged Sparrow.

Fringilla passenna, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 76 ; pi. xxvi, f. 5.— Addub. Dm. Biog. II, 1834, 180: V, 4U7 ;

pi. 130.
Fringilla (Spiza) piisserina, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1895, No. 111.
Coturnicuhis passerina, Bonap. List, 1838. — Is. Conspectus, 1850, 481.
Emberizapasserina, Aud. Syii. 1839.— Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 73 ; pi. 162.
Fringilla saimnarum, (Gm.) Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 494.— Is. 2d od. 1840, 570.— (An G.melin, Syi?t. Nat 1, 1788,

921.)
>> Fringilla cmiducula, Lath. Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 459.— Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 505.
.' Passerina pratensis, Vieillot.

Si'. Ch. — Feathers of the upper parts brownisli rufous, margined narrowly and akruptly with ash color ; reddest on the lower
part of the back and rump -, the feathers all abruptly black in the central portion ; this color visible on the interscapular region
where the rufous is more restricted. Crown blackish, with a central and superciliary stripe of yellowish tinged with brown,
brightest in front of the eye. Bend of the wing bright yellow ; lesser coverts tinged with greenish yellow. Quills and tail
feathers edged with whitish ; tertiaries much variegated. Lower parts brownish yellow, nearly white on the middle of the
belly. The feathers of the upper breast and sides of the body with obsoletely darker centres. Length, about 5 inches ; wing,
2.40; tail, 2.

Hab. — Eastern United States to the High Central plains, (Loup Fork.) Also, along the valley of Gila and Colorado.

The young of this species has the upper part of the breast streaked with black, much more
distinct than in the adult, and exhibiting a close resemblance to C. hensloivi.

Specimens from the far west have the reddish of the back considerably paler ; the light stripe
on the head, with scarcely any yellow ; a decided spot in front of the eye quite yellow.

This species is not dissimilar in general appearance to Peucaea bachmani ; it is, however,
smaller, tail much shorter, &c.; the marking also differs considerably. It is distinguished from
henslowi by the absence of distinct spots on the breast. O. manimbe, of South America, lacks
the red of the rump, ajid the median stripe on the head ; the sides of the head are more ashy ;
the breast is tinged with brownish ash, but there are no indications whatever of even obsolete
streaks.

The Savannah finch, of Latham^ II, 270, from Jamaica, (upon which Gmelin's Fringilla
aavannarum is based,) answers in a general way, and may, possibly, be the same species, but in
the great uncertainty on the subject I do not follow Nuttall in adopting the name. The Frin-
gilla caudamta, of Latham, also has some relationship to this species, but is eiiually indefinite.

niRD.S — FRINGILLIDAU:— COTURNICULUS HENSLOWI.

451

Li^l of specimens.

OlUl.
No.

731
1191

Hiea

8188
8IM
8979
8971
8974

Sex And

■fC.

Localliy.

<?

9

o

c?

S
<?
<?
9

CaiUilF, Pa.

.do.
.do.,

Shnnrnee Mission, K. T.

8973

9

8978

9 '

esea

c? •

8970

c? '■

8977

S '•

OUgft

.^ •

8976

c? •

(S75

9 •

6334

6333

do

do

Loup Fork

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Bill Williams- Fork, NM
Los Nogales, Mexico. . .

When col-
lected.

Sfpl. 90, 1849
Oct. '.!3, 1844
July 15, IS43
July 3, ieS7

July 4, 1857
July — , 1857

July 27

July 21

Aug. 3

July 27

July 24

Aug. 3

July 3

July 27

July 28

July 3

July 27

June — , 185S

Whence obtained.

S. F. Bnird

do

do

Win. M. Magraw.

do

Lieut. Warren . .
do

do

do

.do.
• do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.

do

do

Lieut. Whipple.
Major Emory....

Orlf 'I Collected by-
No.

119 j Dr. Cooper .,

133
130

175
85

do

Dr. Hayden..

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Dr. Kennerly.
do

IjengUi.

Stretch
ofwinga.

4.37
5.16

5.35

S.OO
5.35
5.25
5.13
4.67
4.75
5.50
5.19
4.87
4.75
4.75
5.13
4.87

8.00
8.16

8.25

8.25
7.87
8.50
8.25
7.75
8.25
9.00
8.37
8.00
8.50
8.00
8.62
8.25

Wing.

3.62
3.43

2.63

3.63
i!.25
2.50
2.37
2.75
2.50
3.50
3.50
2.50
3.63
2.50
3.62
2.25

Iria brown ; bill sintc and

flesh ; feet brown

do do

, do do

Jris light brown.

Iris brown .

Eyca black. ,

COTURNICULU.S HENSLOWI, Bo nap.

Henslow's Banting.

Emierua/itiu/oici, Add. Om. Biog. I, 1831,360; pi. 77.— Ib. Syn 1839, 104.— Ib. Birds Anier. Ill, 1841, 75; pi.

163.— NuTTALi., Man. I, 1832. App.
Columiculus henshwi, Bon, List, 1838 — Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 481.
Fringilla henstowi, Nuttall, Man. I, (2d ed.) 1840, 571.

Sp. Ch. — Upper parts yellowish brown. The hood, neck, and upper parts of back tinged with greenish yellow. Inter-
scapular feathers dark brown, suffused externally with bright brownish red ; each feather with grayish borders. Tertiaries,
rump, and tail feathers abruptly dark brown centrally, the color obscurely margined with dark red. Crown with a broad black
spotted stripe on each side ; these spots continued down to the back. Two narrow black maxillary stripes on each side the iiead ,
and an obscure black crescent behind the auriculars. Under parts light brownish yellow, paler on the throat and abdomen.
The upper part of the breast, and tlie sides of the body, conspicuously streaked with black. Edge of wing yellow. A strong
tinge of pale chestnut on the wings and tail. Length, 5.25 ; wing, 2.15 ; tail, S.15.

Hab. — Eastern United States as far north as Washington ; westward to the Loup Fork of Platte.

There- are few birds whose colors are more difficult to describe than those of Coturniculus
henshwi und passer i7ius. Far from having exhausted all the varied patterns and tints of the
present species, I have, however, given enough to show the principal diiferonces from its allies.

The bill is very thick and large ; the wings very short ; the tertiaries as long as the primaries ;
the first five primaries nearly equal. The tail feathers are stiff, very narrow, and acute ; pointed
on both webs ; the tail itself considerably graduated.

A specimen from Kansas (5716) has the under part dirty white ; the spots smaller, fewer, and
more sharply defined. The distinct spots on the breast, and the yellowish head and neck above,
without ashy margin, will readily distinguish this species from O. passerinus; the reddish being
also confined to the interscapular region. The form of the two is, however, much tlie same.

Western specimens are paler in tint, with the streaks on the under parts smaller and narrower.

452

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

lAst of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

10343

Q

Liberty county, Ga

Dec— ,1848

Prof. Jos. Leconte .
S. F. Baird

1897

1111

Prince George's, Md

East or Fort Rili-y,' K. T
Loup Fork of Platte ...

July 4, 1843
June 13, 1856
June 10, 1857

do

W. M. liaird ....
W. S. Wood

5.25

7.12

2.17

5716

Lieut. F. T. Bryan .

7

8968

Dr. Hayden

4.75

6.88

2.12

COTURNICULUS LECONTII, Bonap.

Licconte's Bunting.

EmbcHza hcontii, Aud. Birds Amer. VII, 1843, 338 ; pi. 488.
Culumiculus hcontii, Bon. Conspectus, 1850, 481.

Si'. Ch. — " Bill much more slender than in Einberiza henslowi. First quill the longest, the rest diininishing rapidly. Tail
emarg-inate and rounded, with the feathers acute. Upper parts light yellowish red, streaked with brownisli black ; the margins
of the feathers and scapulars pale yellowish white. Tail feathers dusky, margined with light yellowish. Lower parts, with
the cheeks and a broad band over the eyes, fine buff. Medial line yellowish white. The bufif extending to the femorals and
along the sides, streaked with brownish black . Throat, neck, and upper parts of the breast without any streaks, and plain
buff. "

Hub. — Mouth of Yellowstone.

" Length, 4.40 ; wing, 2.13, fir.st quill longeist ; tail, 1.90 ; bill along ridge, .37, along edge,
nearly .50 ; both mandibles dark blue, lighter along the edges. Eyes brown. Legs, feet, and
claws dull flesh color. Tarsus, .56; middle toe, .50; its claw, .12; hind toe, .24, its claw
rather more than .25."

I am obliged to copy the description of this rare sparrow from Mr. Audubon, as I have no skin
at hand. The type of the species was presented to me many years ago by Mr. Audubon, but
it has somehow been mislaid. I do not feel sure that it is not an Ammodramus rather than a
Coturniculus.

AMM ODROM US, S w a 1 ii s o n .

Ammodramus, Swainson, ZooI. .Tour. Ill, 1827. Typo Oriolus cauJncutus, Gm.

Ch. — Bill very long, slender, and attenuated, considerably curved towards the tip above. The gonys straight. The legs
and toes are very lonij, and reach considerably beyond the tip of the short tail. The tarsus is about equal to the elongated
middle toe ; the lateral toes equal, their claws falling considerably short of the base of the middle one ; the hind claw equal
to the lateral one. Wings short, reaching only to the ba-ie of the tail ; much rounded ; the secondaries and tertials equal, and
not much shorter than the primaries. The tail is sh»rt, and graduated laterally ; each feather stiffened, lanceolate, and acute.

Color. — Streaked above and across the breast ; very faintly on the sides.

The essential characters are the slender and elongated bill, more so than in any other North
American sparrows ; the long legs reaching considerably beyond the tail, with the lateral claws
falling con.siderably short of the middle one ; the very short rounded wings, and the cunoale
tail, with its stiffened and lanceolate feathers.

A species, A. samuelis, is closely related, although more densely streaked below, and with
less stiffened and lanceolate tail feathers. It is, in some points, more like Fringilla palustris.

Synopsis of species.

Bill blue ; a yellow spot in front of the eye ; above nearly uniform olivaceous ; a white max-
illary stripe, with a black one below it ; breast with obsolete plumbeous streaks.... yf. maritimivi.

BIRDS — FRINRILLIDAE— AMMODROMIT8 CAUDACUTCS.

453

Under mandible yellowish ; a superciliary and maxillary stripe light chestnut, the latter
bordered below by black ; feathers of back sharply edged with yellowish ; breast and sides tinged
with brownish yellow with very distinct streaks A. caudacutus.

Back with distinct dusky streaks, but without well deliiied light edges; beneath white ; sides
of neck and body, and across the breast, with black streaks ; maxillary stripe white ; wing
coverts orange rufous, and no yellow on the edge of the wing A. samudis.

Comparative measurements of species.

6

1

Species.

Locality.

M

ij

"5
1'^

c

i

9

1

1

a

hi

o

s "

ll
X 3

Hind toe
alone.

Bill above.

1

r

11
11

7111
609

TOiK

do.

■VkW

^minodmiiuis maritinius . , .
Amiiiodrniuus caudacutus . .
Aiiimudniiiius sauiuclid ....

Philadelphia

Cape .May, N.J... .
Pctalunia, Oal

5.74
4.94
5.30
5.50
5.08

6.75

2.47
2.30
a. 4-2
2 SO
2.20

2.55
2.07
2.56

0.90
0.60
0.82

0 90
0.7B
0.76

0.20
0.19
0.20

0.66
0.5(t
0.58

0 30
0.26
0.26

0.&7
0.50
0.5U

0.60
0.56
0.54

Skin

Skii

Skill

Frish

(?

2.50 0.76

0.74

0.18

0.52

0.25

0.51

0.52

Skin

AMMODROMUS CAUDACUTUS, Swains on.

sharp-tailed Fiuch.

Orioltu caudacutus, Gmelin, 1, 1788, 394. — Latham, Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 18C. (Not Fringilla eaudacuUi, Lath.)
FringUla caudacuta, Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 70 ; pi. xxxiv, f. 3.— Aud. Orn. Biog. 11, 1834, 281 : V, 499 ; pi.

149.
Fringilla (Spiza) caudacula, BoN. Syn. 1828, 110.
Passerina caudacula, Vieillot.
^mmodromus caudaculus, Swainson, Birds, II, 1837, 289.— Aud. Synopsis, 1839, 111.— Ib. Birds Amer. TH, 1841,

108 ; pi. 174.— BojjAP. Conspectus, 1850, 482.
Fringilla IMoralis, Nhttall, Man. I, 1832, 504. (,2d ed. 1840, 590.)
Sharp-tailed oriole, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 261. New York.

Sp. Cb. — Upper parts brownish olivaceous. Head brownish, streaked with black on the sides, and a broad central stripe of
ashy. Bacb blotched with darker. A broad superciliary and maxillary stripe, and a band across the upper breast buff yellow.
The sides of the throat with a brown stripe ; the upper part of the breast, and the sides of the body streaked with black ; rest
of under parts white. Edge of wing yellowish white. Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.30.

Hab. — Atlantic coast of the United States.

The young is of a more yellowish tinge above and below ; the streaks on the back more
conspicuous ; the scapular feathers without the whitish edging.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

1954
496
609

Sex and
age.

c?

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Rayner S. Long Island .. . Aug. 4, 1831 S. F. Baird G.N.Lawrence.

New York do. i John G. Bell...

Cape Slay, N.J June —, 1840 do i W. M. Baird...

454

D. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

AMMODROMUS HARITIMUS, S w a i n s o n .

Sea-side Pinch.

Fringilla marilima, Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 68 ; pi. xxxiv, f. 2.— Aon. Orn. Biog. 1, 1831 ; pi. 93.
.immodramxis maritimus, Sw. Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 328. (Ti/pe.)— Bonap. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 482.— A uD.

Synopsis, 1839, 110.— Ib. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 103 ; pi. 172.
Fringilla {Ammodraimis) maritima, Nutt. Man. I,- (2d ed.) 1840, 592.

rnnsilla macgiUivrayi, Add. Orn. Biog. 11, 1834, 285 : IV, 1838, 394 : V, 1839, 499 ; pl. 355.
Jlmmodramus macgillivrayi, Bon. List, 1838. — Ib. Conspectus, 1850,482. — A«D. Syn. 1839. — Ib. Birds Amer. Ill,

1841, lOG; pl. 173.
Fringilla {^mmodronms) macgiUivrayi, Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 593.

Sp. Ch. — Above olivaceous brown ; beneath white ; the breast and sides of body yellowish brown, obsoletely streaked with
plumbeous. Sides of head and body, a central stripe on the Iiead above, a maxillary stripe, and indistinct longitudinal streaks
on the breast, ashy brown ; the sides and the breast tinged with yellowish. The maxillary stripe cuts off a white one
above it ; a superciliary stripe is bright yellow anterior to the eye, and plumbeous above and behind it. Edge of wing
yellow ; bill blue. Length, abuut 6 inches ; wing, 2.50.

Hab. — Atlantic coast as far at least as Long Island.

The appearance of streaks on the breast is caused by the feathers being plumbeous, and edged
with dirty brownish yellow. The scapular feathers are edged with grayish, the wing coverts
and tertial with rufous. The region around the eye is dark brown ; the sides of the head above,
and the back of the neck faintly streaked with blackish.

A bird in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, labelled Ammodramus macgiUivrayi,
has much the appearance of a young bird of A. maritimus. The bill, feet, wings and tail
are almost exactly the same. The chief differences are in the less distinctness of the yellow at
the base of the bill, the edge of the wing being white, instead of yellow ; the under parts dirty
■white, with sharply defined narrow dusky streaks across the breast, instead of the obscure
dusky broad centres of maritimus. This, however, is common in young sparrows, even where
the adults are unspotted beneath, and the looseness of the plumage, and its downy character
are such as to render it very j^robable that the full plumage has not been attained. It is
different from A. caudacutus in the larger size, especially of the bill, and the lack of the brownish
yellow on the sides of the head, as of the light edges of the doisal feathers. Another specimen,
(43G2,) from Beesley's Point, New Jersey, and unquestionably very young, as the bill is not
fully grown, has the back and head conspicuously streaked with dark brown, without lighter
edges ; the streaks on the breast and sides as well defined as those of A. caudacutus.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex&
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wiugs.

Wing.

1153

CU8

3
o
o

Cape May, N.J

do

July 20, 1843
June --,1840

S. F Baird

do

W. M. lUird

do

5.75

8.17

2.42

2894

do

4362

Becelcy'a point, N.J.

Aug. — , 1866

do

7497

Acad. Nat. Sciences.

BIKDS — KKINOILLIDAE — AMMODKOMUS SAAIUKLI8 CIIONDESTES.

455

AMMODROMUS SAMU*:LIS, Baird.

^Immoiromua samutlis, Bairo, Pr. Boston Soc. N. II. Tor Juno, l$5S-

Sp. Cii. — Soniowliat like Melospiza mclodin, but considerably smaller and darker. Dill slender, attenuated, nnd acute.
Tarsus not longer limn middle toe and claw. Above streaked on iho head, buck, and rump with dark brown, the borders of
the feathers paler, but without any rufous. Beneath bluixh white ; the middle of tliu breast, witli xidcs of throat and body,
spotted and streaked with blackish brown. Wings above nearly uniform dark brownish rufous. Under tail coverts yellowish
brown, conspicuously blotched with blackish. An ashy superciliary stripe, becoming nearly white to the bill, and a whitish
maxillary one ; the crown with faint grayish median line. Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.20 ; tail, 2.35.

This species is somewhat similar in pattern of coloration to the Melospiza melodia, but is
readily distinguished on comparison. It is ranch smaller, the bill longer and much more
slender, attenuated and acute. The wing is more rounded ; the first primary is shortest of all,
and les.s than the secondaries. The middle toe appears unusually long. The colors throughout
are much tlarker than in JUelosjnza melodia, the streaks blacker, more abrupt and numerous,
and without the light reddish brown margins. The rump, and upper and under tail coverts
are strongly streaked with blackish, instead of being nearly immaculate. The wings appear
more conspicuously and darkly rufous.

The abrupt blackish spots and streaks will readily distinguish this species from the Cali-
fornian spotted Mdospizas, except hermannii, but it is smaller, with much shorter wings and
slenderer bill.

There is a considerable difference in the proportions of the feet compared with 3L melodia.
Thus the middle toe is so much elongated tliat, with its claw, it is as long or even longer than
the tarsus, instead of shorter.

The precise position of this species in the series is a matter of uncertainty. It appears to
connect Ammodromus and Melospiza. The bill and wings are those of the former, while in
general coloration it is most like the Melosjnza melcdia. It is not unlikely, in fact, that it may
be quite properly placed in the latter genus, and be called M. samuelis.

The spots on the breast appear farther back than in other spotted species, leaving a greater
extent of throat without marking. The pectoral spots exhibit a tendency to aggregation in
the middle of the breast.

List of specimens.

CatiU.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

' Wien collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

■
Stretch

of wings.

Wing.

5523

<?

Petaluma, Ca!

do

... May 9, 185G

7098

do

1

do

5.50

6.75

2.50

CHONDESTES, Swainson.

Chondestts, Swaikbok, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 435. — Id. Fauna Bor. Amer. II, 1831. Type Cliondestes Hrieutus, Sw.,
•qual to Frin^itla grammaca, .Say.

Ch. — Bill swoUcn ; both outUnes gantly curved ; the lower mandible as high as the lower ; the commissure angulated at
the base, and then slightly sinuated. Lower mandible rather narrower at the base than the length of the gonys ; broader than
the upper. Tarsi moderate, about equal to the middle toe ; lateral tous equal and very ihorl, reaching but little beyond the

456

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

middle of the penultimate joint of the middle toe, and falling considerably short of the base of the middle claw. Wings long,
pointed, reaching nearly to the middle of the tail ; the fertials not longer than the secondaries ; the first quill shorter than the
second and third, which are equal. The tail is moderately long, considerably graduated, the feathers rather narrow, and
clliplically rounded at the end.

Streaked on the back. Head with well defined large stripes. Beneath white, with a pectoral spot.

But one species of this genus is at present known,
different specimens are as follows :

The comparative measurements of

Comparative measurements.

Catal.
No.

Speciei.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tar-
sus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw Hind toe
alone. &claw.

Hiud toe
alone.

Bill
above.

Along Specimen
gape, imeasurcd .

1

1903
10267

Chondestes grammaca .
do

FortUn*on

North Illinois

Fort Union, Neb..
Petaluua, Cal

9
C?

5.40
6.84
5.70
6.10

3.25
3.69
3.26
3.37

2.69
3.54
2.80
3.23

0.81
0.77
0.78
0.80

0.80
0.77
0.78
0.80

0.19
0.20
0.22
0.22

0.54
0.51
0.56
0.56

0.24
0.24
0.25
0.26

0.48
0.48
0.46
0.49

0.53 Skin....
0.53 Skin....

1902

do

0.53 Skin....

5557

do

0.53 Skin....

CHONDESTES GRAMMACA, Bo nap.

Iiark Finch.

Fringilla grammaea, Say, in Long's Exped. R. Mis. I, 1823, 139. — Bon. Am. Orn. I, 1825, 47 ; pi. v, f. 3. — Aud.

Cm. Biog. V, 1839, 17 ; pi. 390.
Chondestes grammaca, Bon. List, 1838. — Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 479.
Etnberiza grammaca, Aud. Synopsis, 1839, 101. — 1b. Birds Ainer. II], 1841, 63 ; pi. 158.
Chondeitei strigalus, Sivainson, Philos. Mag, I, 1827, 435.

Sp. Ch. — Hood chestnut, tinged with black towards the forehead, and with a median stripe and superciliary stripe of dirty
whitish. Rest of upper parts pale grayish brown, the interscapular region streaked with dark brown. Beneath white, a round
spot on the upper part of the breast, a maxillary stripe and a short line from the bill to the eye, continued faintly behind it,
black. A white crescent under the eye, bordered below by black and behind by chestnut. Tail feathers dark brown, lipped
broadly with white. Length, 6 inches ; wing, 3.30.

hub. — From Wisconsin and the prairies of Illinois (also in Michigan ?) to the Pacific coast ; south to Texas and Mexico.

The black maxillary stripe does not reach quite to the base of the bill ; it cuts off above a
white band, that curves round back of the chestnut colored auriculars, which turn into black
anteriorly under the eye. The entire outer web of the first tail feather and about an inch of
the tip are white ; the white of the other feathers decreases to the one next the innermost,
which is like the back. The outer edges of the j^rimaries are white, the color widening
towards the base. The other wing feathers also have paler margins. There are two whitish
bands across the coverts.

The colors of the female are duller than in the male ; the black markings very indistinct.

The young bird has the breast and throat with a good many spots of dark brown instead of
the single large one on the breast. The other markings are more obscure.

Specimens vary considerably in size, as will be seen by reference to the table of measurements.

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — ZONOTRICniA.

457

List of specimens.

Bex.

Localiiy.

Wbsn col-
lected.

1(H67 '
KMSe

*mo

<?

4881

a

4693

(?

4833

<?

S384

(?

S38S

<?

S389

(?

5383

(?

1903

KHVl

c?

West Nonlillcid, 111.

Cairo, 111

L'ppcr .Mii^ouri ....

Jo

Btg Sioux rive
do

Fort Lookout, Neb.

5890
5701
5700
8333

839S
8376
7531
9£!8
9339
9338
0334
9330
9333
9338
9233
9331
933B
9237
5031
496i!
4083

4590
6299
5557
5.158
4393

<5

o

do

Powder river. Neb..

do

Fort Cnioit. Neb ... .

do

Fort Riley, K. T

Repub. Fork, K.T.,
Pliille river, K. T..,
Independcacc, Mo.,

April 38, 1855
May 9, 1837
May H, 1856

do

Whence obtained.

N. W. Uiiiveriiity..

do

Lt. O. K. VVurcn .

Orig.
No.

.do.

May 14 do.

JunoSS do.,

do

Aug. 1, 1836
Aug. 4, I85G
June — , 1813

.do .
.do..

1 Oct. 18, 1856
July 19, 1856
May 6, 1837

June 3, 1857
Jan. — , 1857

do....

Loup Fork.
do....

.do.,

.do.

.do..

s

3
Q
9

do

do

do [

do

Fremont, on Platte

Sand HilU

Western Texas

Fort Chadbourne, Texas. |
New Leon, Mexico .

August 5. ....

Augllst4

do

July 30, 1857

Atigudt 6

July 38

August 5

July 27

• do.,
.do..

do

S. F. Baird

do

Dr. Hammond

Lt. Bryan

do

Wm. M.Magniw .

.do.,
.do.

do

Lt. Warren.

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

August 4 do

July I I do

.August 12 i do

I Capt. J. Pope .

385
133
56

Collected by—

11. Kennieoii.

do

Dr. Hayden..

.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do..

do

J.J. Audubon,

do

Mr. De Vcsey ,
W. S. Wood. .

do

Dr. Cooper....

..do

..do

Port Thome, N. M.
Colorado river, Cal.
Tcjon Valley, Cal .

Petaluma, Cal

do

Fort Dalles, O.T...

Dec. 30, 1854

Dr. Swift, U.S. A.
Lt. Coucb

Dr. T. C. Heury.
Major Emory ...
Lt. Williamson..

E. Samuels

do

April— ,1836

May 21, 1855 Dr. G. Sucklcy.

176

do

Dr. Uaydcn ...

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Lengtli,

Stretch
oi'vingti.

6.37
6.50
6.37
6.50

6.75
6.50
6.50

6.75

6.75
7.00

7.12
5.75
7.00
6.75
7.00
6.25
6.75
6.75
6.50
6.75
7.00

9.75
11.00
10.62
11.13

11.00
10.75
11.00

11.00

11.25
10.50

11.25
10.35
10.75
10.75

10 50
10.75
11.00
11.25
10.25
11.00

Wing.

3.50

3.50
3.50
3.75
3.62

2.75
3.50
3.00

3.50

3.25
3.25

Remarks.

Iris light brown ; pupil

black.
do

Iris liRhl brown ; pu|)il
black.

do

do

do

A. Schott

Dr. Heermann.

10.00

10.87

3.75
3.35
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.23
3 50
3.50
3.75
3.25
3.50

Iris dark brown .

.Iris gray.'

Iris brown

Iris gray?

Iris brown

3.35

[ris brown ; bill black ;
feet grayish.

do

d.i

[ris brown .

Iris dark brown .

Iris brown .

Eyes brown ; bill bluish
lead color; feet dark
flesh color.

Iris hazel ,

ZONOTRICHIA, Swainson.

Zonotrtchia, Swainsok, Fauna Bor. Am. II, 1831. Type Etnberiza Uucophrys.

Ch. — Body rather stout. Bill conical, slightly notched, somewhat compressed, excavated inside ; tlic lower mandible
rather lower than the upper ; gonys slightly convex ; commissure nearly straight. Feet stout ; tarsus rather longer than
middle toe ; the lateral toes very nearly equal. Hind toe longer than the lateral ones ; their claws just reaching to base of
middle one. Inner claw contained twice in its toe proper; claws all slender and considerably curved. Wings moderate, not
reaching to the middle of the tail, but beyond the rump ; secondaries and tertials equal and considerably less than longest
primaries ; second and third quills longest ; first about equal to the fifth, much longer than tertials. Tail rather long, moderately
rounded ; the feathers not very broad.

Back streaked. Rump and under parts immaculate. Head black, or with white streaks, entirely different from the back.

This genus embraces the most beautiful of American sparrows, all of the largest size in their
sub-family.

June 15, 1858.

58 b

458

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

Synopsis of the species.

Feathers of interscapular region blackish centrally, passing into rufous hrown and edged
witli paler. Rump and upper tail coverts uniform olivaceous ashy brown. Two white bands
on the wings ; the tertials edged with rufous. Beneath without streaks. Head above marked
with black, and generally with white. Cheeks plumbeous.

a. Median light stripe on the top of the head.

Chin, throat, and breast nearly uniform ashy. Head above black. Median and
superciliary stripe pure white. A narrow black line from the black lores,
through and behind the eye, cutting off the superciliai-y stripe anteriorly.

Z. leucophrys.

Similar to the last, but the lores ashy and continuous with the white superciliary
stripe , Z. (jamhelii.

Chin ashy like throat and breast. Top of the head black ; the median stripe yellow
anteriorly, ashy posteriorly. A little yellow above the eye Z. coronata.

Chin abruptly white ; median head stripe white. A broad superciliary stripe,
yellow anteriorly, white behind Z. albicoUis.

b. Head above entirely black.

Head all round, neck above and throat, black. Cheeks behind gray. Breast and
belly pure white, with a few black streaks on the sides of the breast.. Z. quervla.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.

No.

Species.

Locality.

■S
,3

o

s

is

3
&

V

o

0)

13

o
2 "

5 g

*" a!
a
■a =
.£ "
S

4J
1

t

a
o

<

Specimen
measured.

1506

Zonotricliia leucophrys.

Carlisle, Pa

3

6.50
7.08
5.70
6.24
S.60
7.06
6.8U
6.30
7.00

10.50
9.75

3.13
3.25
3 39
2.83
2.90
3.26
3.36
3.01
3.08

3.23

0.91

0.88

0.24

0.64

0.30

0.46

0.50

Skin

do..

do

6199
6205
6198
278U
1940

......do do

do....gaint)elJi . ..

..... do do

do ... . coronata . . .

do....qucrula ....

do....atbico]li8

MirnbrfsloRioOrande
Sacramento valley,,.
Minibres tu RioQrandc
Columbia river

3.33
3.08
3.02
3.52
3.32
3.13

0.97
0.86
0.83
0.91
0.95
0.90

0.93
O.HO
0.81
0.89
0.90
0.90

0.24
0.21
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.25

0.63
0.53
0.58
0.64
0.60
0.60

0.31
0.25
0.29
0.31
0.31
0.30

0.47
0.43
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.45

0.47
0.45
0.42
0.49
0.56
0.50

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin

1434

Carlisle, Pa

c?

Skin

do..

do

Frcsli

i

ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS, Swain son.

White-crowned Sparrow.

Emhtriza leucophrys, Forsteh, Pliilos. Trans. LXII, 1773, 382, 42G.— Gmelin, Syat. Nnl. I, 1788, 874.— Wilson,

Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 49; pi, .\.\.\i, f. 4.
Fringilltt (Zonotricliia) Uucopltrys, Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 255.
Zonolricliia leucophrys, Bok. List, 1838. — In. Coiisp. 1850, 478.
Fringilla Uucoplmjs, Add. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 88 : V, 515 ; pi. 114 —In. Syn. 18.39, 121,— In. Birds Amcr. Ill, lf<ll,

157 ; pi. 192.
ii'hiU-crotcned Sparrow, Pennant.
Kii;uf.;d in Bltfon, Oi«. IV, 192, pi. 223, f. 2. Winter.

BIRDS — PllIKGILLIDAE — ZONOTRICUIA LEUC0P11RY8. 459

Sr. Cil. — Hoad above, upper Imlfof lural region from tlio bill, and a narrow lino tlirougli and buliind the oyo to tlio occiput,
black ; a longitudinal patch in tlio middle ol' the crown, and a short lino from tibuvo the anterior corner of* the cyo, the two continent
on the occiput, while. Sides of the head, fore part of breusl, and lower neck all round, pale asli, lightest beneath and shading
insensibly into the whitish of the belly and chin ; sides of belly and under tail coverts tinged with yellowish brown. Interscapular
region streaked broadly with dark chestnut brownish. Kriges of the tertiarics brownish chestnut. Two white bunds on the
wing.

Female similar, but smaller ; ininiaturo male with the black of the head replaced by dark chestnut brown, the while tinged
with brownish yellow.

Length, 7.10 inches; wing, 3.S5.

llah. — United States from Atlantic to the Rocky nioiintaiiis, where tlicy become nii.xed uj) with X. ^umhcVxX. Greenland,
Reinhardt.

The white of the crown separates two hlack lines on eitlier nides, rather narrower than itself.
The black line behintl the eye is continued anterior to it into the black at the base of the bill.
The lower eyelid is white. There are some obscnre cloudings of darker on the neck above. The
rump is innuacuhite. No white on the tail, except very obscure tips. The white crosses the
ends of the middle and greater coverts.

Eastern specimens of this species vary considerably in size, while the smallest are from
southern Texas and California. Even here, however, specimens are occasionally as large as
those from Pennsylvania. Oregon skins are generally as large as those i'rom the last mentioned
State.

The only difference I can detect between eastern and western skins is, that in the former there
is a short black line from the upper side of the anterior canthus of the eye to the black stripe on
each side of the crown, the white superciliary stripe being cut off by this from the whitish gray
of the lores, while in all from the Pacific coast the superciliary white is continuous vith the
grayish lores. Whether this is constant throughout I cannot say. The specimens from Texas
and east of the Rocky Mountains are like those from Pennsylvania. Of two specimens from the
Mimbres, one (6199) has this line ; the other (6198) is without it. A specimen from San
Elziario, Texas, is also without it. Some California specimens appear to have the tarsus yellower,
and a little longer.

The specific name of gamhelii has been assigned to the western white-crowned sparrow, on the
strength of its inferior size, and will answer very well for it, if really distinct.

Note. — Since writing the preceding paragraph, the examination of many additional specimens
has substantiated the indications of differences between eastern and western birds. Of fifty
specimens from the west, all have the superciliary stripe continuous from the bill, while all the
eastern have it interrupted. Immature specimens, however, can only be distinguished by the
more hoary lores.

460

TJ. S. P. E. R. EXP. AND SURVETS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Caial.
No.

Sei.

Locality.

Wlien col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Oris.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Keniarks.

817

Carlisle, Pa

Oct. 19,1842
May 11, 1(H4
do

S F. Baird

6.75
7.08
7
7.17

10

10.60
10.42
10.33

3.17
3.25
3.33
3.17

1506

do

do

do

1

1507

do

2643

do

May 12, 1846

do

...!:.i.::.":. ■...■.■■.:;:.■.

7397

6196

Fort LeaTenworlh

do

Oct. 23, 1854
Oct. 21, 1854
May 8,1856

Lt. Couch

do

Lt. G. K. Warren.
do

5

6197

4794

Q
C?

<3

Veruiition river, Neb...

Dr. Hayden

7
6.87

9.75
9.87

3.50
3.25

S403

5709

Republic-Ill river. Neb..

Black Hills.Ncb

Pole creek, Neb

Cheyenne Pass

Sept. 20, 1856
Sc-pt. 19, 1857
July -28, 1856
July 20, 1857

Lt. P. T. Bryan. . .

359

W. S. Wood

9283

Dr. Hayden

W. S. Wood.

6.00

9.25

3.00

5708

Lt. F. T. Bryan..
do

170
300

48

68
4

7034

4080

Lt. Couch

do

C.25

6

6. 75
6.50

9.50

9
10
9.50

3.25

3

3.25
3.25

Eyes dark brown, bill and

feet reddish brown.
do

4082

do

4U81

9
S

Brownsville; Texas

Prontera, Texas

May 4,

do

do

619S

6199

ZONOTRICHIA GAMBELII, Gam be 1.

Fringitla gambclii, Nutt. Man. (I, 2cl ed.) 1840, 556.— Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. I, 1643, 262. (California.)

Zonotrichia gambtlii, Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. 2d series, I, Dec. 1847, 50.

Zonotrichia leucophrys, Newberry, Zool. Cal. & Or. Route : Rep. P.R.R, VII, iv, 1857, 87.

Sp. Ch.— Precisely similar to Z, leucophrys, but rather smaller ; the lores are gray throughout, this color continuous with a
white superciliary stripe along the side of the head.
Length, 6.25 ; wing, 2.8.3 ; tail, 3.08.
Hab. — Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast.

As stated in the previous article, the only appreciable and constant difference between this
species and the preceding is found in the character of the black stripe on the side of the crown.
In leucophrys the black passes down over the upper half of the lores, and in front of the eye, to a
line continuous with the cutting edge of the bill, and sends back a short branch to the eye
which cuts off the white superciliary stripe. In gamhelii the superciliary stripe i)asses continu-
ously forward to the ashy lores, cutting off the black from the eye. The lower edge of the black
anteriorly is much higher than in leucophrys, and nearly on a line with the nostrils.

The difference of size, supposed to establish this species, is hardly characteristic, but depends
mainly on the latitude of the specimen.

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — ZONOTRICHIA COKONATA.

4G1

List of specimens.

Catm.
No.

Sri
i age.

Locality.

When eol-
leeted.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretell
of wings.

Wing.

Kfiimrkt4.

.MTSS

Oppo^Ui' Veriuitlton river.
Diirinn's Hill, Ncbranka ..

8.11) KliEtirtii, Ti-xurt

Kon Thorn, N. M

May 7, \ese
May 9, l«6
Dec. — , 1854
do

Ll. Warren

Dr. Uayden

do

Dr. Kennerly

7.00
6.37
6.
6

10.13
9.13
9.50
9

3.25
3.00
3.25
3

M7M

do

Major Cniory

Dr. Henry

a

S300

eisii

6301

VVIilloCliir Creek

do

Feb. — , 1854
do

Lt. A. W. Whipple.
do

65
64
61

Kcnn. Sc Mtilll

do

ftXB

6J03

do

do

do

do

O

Q

G3M

Tejon Vnlley, CHlirumia..

Lt. Williamson

6905

S.icr.inienio, California. , .

do

3311

Winter '53-1
Jan., 1853....
May, 1853....
May, 1855....

Dr. Wilson

4334

San Fnincisco

R. D. Cutts

SS06

do

Ll. Trowbridge

6^7

do

do

5551

.... do

E. Samuels

do

Dr. Suckley

do

393
608
158

87
378
313
384

76

I

5553

do

April 37, 1855

7.17
6.75

10
9.50

3.25
3

43S7

Fort Dalles, 0. T

6308

Fort Slejlacooni, W. T. ..
do

MarL-h, 1856..
do

eao9

do

6-211

do

April 19, 1856
March, 1856..

do

6.50

10.75

6-210

do

do

6313

Shoalwater Bay, W. T. ..
do

June 16, 1854
do

Dr. Cooper

do

6 62

9.37
9

Bill yellow, tippi'd
Willi brown ; iris
brown: legs yel-
low.

The same

G-313

6.25

3978
5979

Straiis of Fuca, W.T

do

April, 1655...

do

do

)

1

ZONOTRICHIA CORONATA, Baird,

Golden-crowned Sparrow*

JEmberiia coronata, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. If, 1811, 44 ; plate.

Embcriza alricapilla, AuD. Orii. Biog. V. 1839, 47 ; pi. 394 ; (not of Gmeliii.)

Friugilla alricapilla, AcD. Sinopsis, '839, 122.— Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 1C2 ; pi. 193.

Fringilla aurocapilla, Ndttall, Man. I, (2d cd.) 1840, ."iSS.

Zonolricliiaaurocapilla,Bos.Conap. 1850,478. — Newberrv, Zool. Cal. &. Or. Route, Rep. P.R.R.VI, iv, 1857,

88.
Emheriza alricapilla, Gm. I, 1788, 875, in part only. — Lath. Ind. 415.
Btack-crotcned JSunling, Pennant, Arc. Zool. II, 364.— Lath. II, i, 202, 49 ; tab. Iv.

Sp. Cii. — Hood, from bill to upper part of nape, pure black, the middle longitudinal third occupied by yellow on the anterior
half, and pale ash on the posterior. Sides and under parts of head and neck, with upper part of breast, ash color, passing
insersibly into whitish on the middle of the body ; sides and under tail coverts tinged with brownish. A yellowish spot above
the eye, bounded anteriorly by a short black line from the eye to the black of the forehead. This yellow spot, however, reduced
to a few feathers in spring dress. Interscapular region, with the feathers, streaked with dark brown, suftused with dark rufous
externally. Two narrow white bands on the wings.

Length, about 7 inches ; wing, 3.30.

Uttb. — Pacific coast from Russian America to southern California ; Black Hills of Rocky Mountains. .'

la the Oregon specimen described above, (2780) and wliich served as the original of Mr.
Audubon's description and figure, the black stripes on the crown extend down as far as the pos-
terior canthus of the eye, obliterating any black line behind it. In 5550, from Petaluma, Cali-
fornia, however, there is an ashy streak above the eye bordering the black, similar to the pattern

462

U. S. p. E, R, EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

in Z. hucophrys, which, like the median stripe of the crown, is yellow anteriorly. There is a
dusky line back of the eye. The dark strii^es on the crown are more brownish than black, and
considerably narrower. An immature specimen (5980) has each feather of the crowa streaked
with blackish ; the forehead blackish ; the whole anterior portion of the crown yellowish,
brightest over the eye.

This species is very closely related to the Z. leucophrys, which it slightly exceeds in size. It is
a little more rufous on the back, and has less ash on the nape. The pattern of coloration of the
Petaluma specimen is precisely the same, the median stripe on the head being yellow anteriorly
and grayish posteriorly, instead of pure white ; in the one from Columbia river, the black on
the sides of the crown passes outward so as to obliterate the light superciliary stripe, except in
its anterior yellowish portion, as also the dark line behind the eye. This, however, is, I suspect,
rather a question of coloration with season, the black in full spring dress being broader and
purer, extending down to the eye, while in other seasons it is narrower, leaving a superciliary
ashy streak. This is the case with all the California specimens before ine, (amounting to over
thirty, all in summer or fall dress,) while all those from Washington Territory have the i:)urer
and more extended black.

In Lieutenant Bryan's collections are two young sparrows (7032, 7033,) which I am inclined
to refer to this species. The back js more broadly streaked with black, the throat, breast, and
sides beneath with distinct dusky streaks. The head above shows an obscure median whitish
stripe and another superciliary one from above the eye ; the rest of the head above is spotted
with blackish and brown.

Latham (Synopsis II, 202,) describes a black-crotvned Bunting frora theSandwcih Islands, and
incidentally mentions the i)resent species as a variety from Nootka Sound. Gmelin bases an
Emberiza atricapilla upon that name, and includes both original and variety. If his name
can be retained lor either one, however, it must be for the Sandwich Island species, which is
very diii'erent from ours.

List of specimens.

C.-ilal. ' Sex and

6316
6217
2TB0

5550 '
6214
6315 j

&'jeo

7039=1
7033?

9

C?
C?

Locality.

When
collccled.

Whence obtained.

Fort Steilacooni, W. T Dr. Suckley ....

do April S6, 18.56 | do

Culumliia river April—, 1830 S. F. Biiird

Port D.llles, O. T May 11,1855 Or. Siuklcy

Pctaliima, Cal I R. Samuels

Sacramento, Cal ... Lt. Williuinson. .

do do

Santa Clara, C.il Nov. —, 1855 Dr. J. Q. Cooper

Fort Tejon, Cal

W. Fork Med. Bow niuunt'tf. Aug. 5, 1857
do do

J. X. de Vesey..
Lt. F. T. Bryan.
do

Orig
No.

311

174
261

377
»78

Collected by-

Length. Stretch
I of wings.

J. K. Townsend.,

Dr. lleennaini.
do

W. S. Wood.
, do

7.00 16.50

7.00 9.75

7. as I 9.75

Wing.

3.33 •

3.25 Iris dark hazel..

i Bill, liroivn and
I fle.<Ii color.

ZONOTRICHIA QUEKULA, G a m b c 1

Harris's riiicli.

FrinffiZ/n (/uervla, Nlttali., Man. I, (2d cd.) 1840, .'">5.''>. (Wcet|><.rt, Mo.)

'/MHolrichia (ytirru/n, Gamiiel, J. A. N. Sc. 2ti Sor. 1, ia47, 51.— Honai>. Coiisp. IBSO, 478.

Fringilla liarrisii, At;D. Birdn Amur. VII, 1843, 331, pi. 4«4.

Fringilla coniala, Pr. Ma.\. Keisu II, lUi't.

Zonotrichia comala, ]iv. CoriBp. 1850, 479.

BIRDS — FRINOILLIDAE — ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS.

463

Sr. Cii. — Hood and napo, side* of head anterior to and including the eyes, chin, throat, and a few Bpots in the middle of
the upper part of the brcaBt and on it^ Bides, black. Sides of head and neck ash gray, with tlio trace of a narrow crescent back
of the car coverts. Interscapular region of back, with tlio feathers reddicli brown streaked with dark brown. Breast and belly
clear white. Sides of body light brownish, streaked. Two narrow »vhilo bands across the greater and middle coverts. Length,
alwnt 7 inches ; wing, 3.40 ; tail, 3.G5.

Hab. — Missouri river, above Fort Leavenworth.

The bill of this species appears to be yellowish red. Moye immature specimens vary in having
the black of the head above more restricted. The nape and sides of the head to the bill pale
reddi.sh brown, lighter on the latter region. Others have the feathers of the anterior portion
of the hood edged with whitish. In all there is generally a trace of black anterior to the eye.

This species has a considerably larger bill than Z. leucophrys, the mandible especially.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

S«z.

Locality.

When col- Wbunce obtained,
lectcd. \

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length. Stretch
of wings.

Wing. Remarks.

KIB

(?

Fort loavcDWorth.K.T.

Oct. 21,1854 Lt. Couch

April 31, 1666 Ll. Warren

2

4797

Dr. Uayden ..
do

7.50
7.25

10.25
10.37

3.37 1 Eye hazil

4798

1940

Kickapoo Co., Mo. R.
Bald Island

May 5, 1643 3. F. Baird

April a4,lSS6 L . Warren

J. J. Audubon

4799

5400

Medicine Creek, K.T.

Oct. 8 .do

do

7.50

10.75

3.25

ZONOTKICHIA ALBICOLLIS, B o n a p .

White-throated Sparrow.

Fringilla albicoUis, Gmeliv, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 92G.— Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 51 ; pi. x.\ii, f. 2 —Light. Verz.

Doubl. No. 247, (1823.)
Zono(ricAia albicolHs, Bp. Consp. 18.50, 478. — Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 132.
Passer pcnnsylranicus, Brisson, 1760. Appendix 77.
Fiingilta pennsyhanica, Lath. Index, I, 1790, 445.— Aud. Orn. Eiog. I, 1831, 42 : V. 497 ; pi. 8.— Ib. Syn. 1839,

121.— Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 153 ; pi. 191.
Fringilla (Zono(ricAio) pennsyhanlca, Sw. F. B. Am. 11, 1831, 256.
Zonolrichia pcnnsylvanica, Bos'. List, 1838.

Sp. Ch. — Two black stripes on the crown separated by a median one of white. A broad supercili.ary stripe from the base of
the mandible to the occiput, yellow as far as the middle of the eye and white behind this. A broad black streak on the side of
the head from behind the eye. Chin white, abruptly defined against the dark ash of the sides of the head and upper part of
the breast, fadmg into white on the belly, and margined by a narrow black maxillary line. Edge of wing and axillaries
yellow. Back and edges of secondaries rufous brown, the former streaked with dark brown. Two narrow white bands across
the wing coverts. Length, 7 inches ; wing, 3.10 ; tail, 3.20.

Ilah. — Eastern United States to the Missouri.

Female smaller, and the colors rather duller. Immature and winter specimens have the
white chin patch less abruptly defined ; the white markings on the top and sides of the head
tinged with brown. Some specimens, apparently mature, show quite distinct streaks on the
brea.st and sides of throat and body.

As Brisson's nomenclature is not binomial, and hi.s names merely literal translations into
Latin from the French vernacular, consisting usually of three or more words, rather than two, I
have followed Cabanis, Bonaparte, and most modern authors in rejecting them altogether.

464

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex. Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

Remarks.

s
s
s
s

.„..
s

3
3
$
S
8

s

3
..„..

Carlisle, Pcnn

..... do .

May a, 1844
April 24, 1844
Sept. 28, 184-2
April 26, 1841
Nov. 15, 1842

S. F. liaird

7.00
6.25
6.42
6.80
6.67

9.75
9.42
9.50
9.42
9.17

3.08
2.92
3.00

1388

do

do

do

310

do

do

do

2.67

7544

W. Hiitton

5893

Prairie Mi.*r Iloiige, La.

J. Fairie

4790

Big Nemaha ft., Neb..

do

April 23, 1856
....do

Lt. G. K. Warren....
do

Dr. Hayden

6.75
6.75
6.50
6.50
6.00
7.37
6.50
6.87
7.00
7.62
7.37
7.50
. 6.50

9.62
9.62
9.50
9.50
10.00
9.75
7.50
9.50
9.62
9.50
9.50
8.25
9.

2.87
3.87
3.12
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.00
3.00
2.87
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.75

do

do

4788

Wood's Bluff, Nftb....
BI:ck Bird Hill, Neb.,
do

May 1, 1856
May 2, 1856
May a, 1856
May 3, 1856
May 8, 1856
....do

do

do

4787
4785

do

do

do

ao

Ill)

ilo

lo

Big Sioux river, Neb..
Vermilion river, Neb..
do

4789

do

do

4784
4786

Big Siou.v rivur, Neb..
Vermilion river, Nt-b,.
Big Sioux river, Neb.,

....do

....do

....da

Oct. 14

Sept. 6

do

.do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

5402
5101

Iris gray

Iris brown ,

White Earth river

do

JUNCO, Wagler.

Jxmco, "Wagler, Isis, 1831. Type Fringilla cinerea, Sw.
J^iphoea, Aitdobon, Syn. 1839. Type Emberiza hyemalis, Gm.

Bill small, conical ; culmen curved at the tip ; the lower jaw quite as high as the upper. Tarsus longer than the middle toe ;
outer toe longer than the inner, barely reaching to the base of the middle claw ; hind toe reaching as far as the middle of the
latter : extended toes reaching about to the middle of the tail. Winga rather short ; reaching over the basal fourth of the
exposed surface of the tail ; primaries, however, considerably longer than tlio nearly equal secondaries and terlials. The
second quill longest, the third to fifth successively but little shorter ; first longer than si.xtli, inucli exceeding secondaries. Tail
moderate, a little shorter than the wings; slightly emarginate and rounded. Feathers rather narrow; oval at tho end. No
streaks on the head or body ; color above uniform on the head, back, or rump, separately or on all together. Belly white ;
outer tail feathers white.

The essential characters of this genus are the middle toe rather shorter than the short tarsus ;
the lateral toes slightly unequal, the outer reaching the base of the middle claw ; the tail a
little shorter than the wings, slightly emarginate. In Junco cinereus the claws are longer; the
lower mandible a little lower than the upper. The species have the upper parts ashy or
plumbeous, the belly and lateral tail feathers white.

SYNOPSIS.

A. — Interscapular region, greater wing coverts, and tertials reddish.

Head and neck all round black, the color not extending along the sides J. orcgonus.

Head light plumbeous above. Lores abruptly bjack. Beneath very pale a.shy, miicli
lighter than the head. Whitish on the belly J. cinereus.

B. — Interscapular region alone reddish.
Above light plumbeous ; beneath nearly white tinged with ash. fjores abruptly
black -f- dorsalis.

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — JUNCO CINEREUS.

465

Above darker plumbeous, this continued around the head and neck, and extending along
the sides, although a little paler than above. Lores darker J. canicejps.

C. — Interscapular region without any red.

Body throughout nearly uniform dusky plumbeous, the belly and crissuni beneath
abruptly white. Claws rather shorter , J. hyemalis.

Comparative measurements of species.

6

i

Specie*.

Locality.

H
CO

i

s

o

&

e

t

i

1

S

o

ii

•a z
.= o

S

1

a

s

B
O

<

8p<;cinieii
measured.

8060
IM7

Junco cifiLTCUs

Junco orcgonud ....

do

do

Mexico

Columbia river

California ....

do

1.

"q"

6.-40
6. 32
S.60
S.6U
6.00
6.30
5.94
6.00
5.80
6.35

3.15
3.95
3.04
a.79
3.00
3.35
3.12
3.23
3.12
3.08

3.26
2.76
2.85
2.78
3.(B
3.53
3.03
3.04
2.94

o.m

0.79
0.82
0.78
0.85
0.86
0.79
O.Si
0.84

0.76
0.80
0.75

0.23
0.21
0.19

0.5S
0.56
0.53
0.52
0.62
0.60
0.50
0.59
0.56

0.30
0.27

o.as
n.26

0.30
0.28
0.23
0.28
0.25

0.45
0.44
0.42
0.43
0.48
0.46
0.40
0.44
0.43

0.45
0.50
0.46
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.40
0.48
0.46

Skill

Skill

Skin

3921

0.72 0.18

Skm

9270
9-272

Junco dorsalis

"»

Junco caniceps ....
do ..

ForlThorn, N. M

do

San Francisco mouniains...
Black IlilU

0.76
0.78
0.70
0.74
0.73

0.20
0.22
0.17
0.17
0.20

Skin

Skin

Skin

7036

Skin

Junco hyeuialis .,,.

<?

Skin

do.

Ar.

9.25

Fresh

'*° 1

1

JUNCO CINEREUS, Cabanis.

Fringilla cintrea, Sw. Syn. Birds Mc.\. in Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 435.

Junco cinereus, Cabakis, Mus. Hein. 1850, 134.

" FringUla rufidorsis, LiCHT." Bonaparte ; prob.ably a catalogue name.

Junco phaeonotus, Wagler, Isis, 1331, 526.— Bo.vap. Comptes Rcndus, XXXVU, 518.

Sp. Cii.— Bill black above, bright yellow below. Feet yellow. Above, including the outer edges of the primary and secondary
quills, grayish ash or plumbeous. Entire interscapular region, scapulars, greater wing coverts, and outer webs of tertials
reddish chestnut. Lores abruptly blackish. Under parts generally pale ashy white ; purest on the middle of the belly. Two
outer tail feathers white, the basal portion dark brown ; the third with a white spot at the end. Length, 6.40; wing, 3.15 ;
tail, 3.26.

I lab. — Mexico.

In this species the bill is quite elongated and rather slender. The outer tail feather is brown
for the basal third, this color extending obliquely forward along the inner edge. The brown is
more extended on the second feather, and it covers the entire outer web. The white of the
third feather is confined to a stripe on the end.

Although the Junco cinereus has not yet been found within the limits of the United States, it
yet occurs on the table lands of Mexico. I describe it here, however, chiefly to serve as an
illustration of the other closely allied species of the United States. The specimens before me
are both Mexican; one. No. 8060, received from Mr. John Gould; the other, 9117 <? , from Mr.
Verreaux.

Jane 16, 1868.

59 b

466 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

JUNCO OREGONUS, Sclater.

Oregon Snow Bird.

Fringilla oregona, Toivnsend, J. A. N. Sc. VII, 1837, 188 — Ib. Narrative, 1839, 345. — Audubon, Orn. Biog. V,

1839, 68; pi. 398.
SlniAus oregonus, Boa . List, 1838. — Ib. Consp. 1850,475. — Newberry, Zool. Cal. & Or. Route ; Rep. P. R.

R. VI, IV, 1857, 88.
Jfiphoea oregona, AvDVBOt;, Synopsis, 1839, 107 — Ib. Birds Amcr. Ill, 1841, 91; pi. 1G8. — Cab. Mus. Hein.

1851, 134.
Junco orcgonus, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857, 7.
Fringilla Imdsonia, Licht. Beit. Faun. Cal. in Abli. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, for 1838, 1839, 424. (Not F. Uudsonia,

Forster.)
" Fringilla atrala, Brandt, Icon. Rosso-As. tab. ii, f. 8." (Cab.)

Sp. Ch.— Head and neck all round sooty black ; this color extending to the upper part of the breast, but not along the sides
under the wings. Interscapular region of the back and exposed surface of the wings dark rufous brown. A lighter tint of the
same on tlie sides of breast and belly. Rump brownish ash. Outer two tail feathers white; tlie third with only an obscure
streak of white. Length, about G.50 inches; wing, 3.00.

Hab. — Pacific coast of the United States to the eastern side of the Rocky mountains. Stragglers as far cast as Fort Leaven-
worth in winter and Great Bend of Missouri.

In this species the wing is rather pointed ; the second and third quills equal, and longest ;
the fourth appreciably shorter ; the first intermediate between the fourth and fifth.

Oregon specimens have the back of a darker rufous than California ones, in which this region,
as well as the sides of the body are considerably paler.

Immature, and most winter specimens do not have the black of the head and neck so well
defined, but edged above more or less with the color of the back ; below with light ashy.

The Oregon snow bird in full plumage is readily distinguishable from the eastern species by
the purer white of the belly ; the more sharply defined outline of the black of the head passes
directly across the upper part of the breast, and is even convex in its posterior outline, without
extending down the side of the breast, with its posterior outline strongly concave, as in
hyemalis. The absence of black or ashy brown under the wings, with the rufous tinge, are
highly characteristic of oregonus. The head and neck are considerably blacker ; the rufous of
the back and wings does not exist in the other. The wings and quills are more pointed ; the
second quill usually longest, instead of the third, &c. The dusky of the throat reaches in S.
oregonus only to the upper part of the breast ; to its middle region in hyemalis.

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — JUNCO DORSALIS.

467

List of specimens.

C.I.
No.

S«.

LocaJUy.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orln'l
No.

Collected by—

Lengtll.

Slrclch
orwingo

Wing.

Kentarks.

6^1

Fort Sfrllncooni

do

Jnn —,1854
Feb. — , I«4

Gov. Sicrcnt ...
do

93

Dr. Sucklfv .

do

Dr. G. Snckley...

do

do

do

95
950
361

5.75

9.95

3.25

6m

Mar. — , 1838

do

Feb

JIar. — , 1856
Dec. 39, 1653

do

Oct. 16,1834
Oct. 5, IS34
Jan. 96, 1856
Winter 1854..

6.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
6 00

6.0O

9.00
9.00
9.0U
9.00
9.00

9.00

6iS6

331

6i57

6 '
....

c?

9 '
Q

do

do

. ...do

Gov. Stevens

do

S. F. Baird

do

9T0

973

1

6361

6J6J
ItHS
IW7
-1593
6363

Port Vancouver, W.T.

do

Columbia river

do

Si. Helens, O. T.,..
dan Franci:^co

Dr. Coopur ....

rln_

Bill flesh color; iris and legs
brown.

J. K.Townsend

' do

Dr. Suckley

R. D. Cults

2O0

1

6.50

9.87

3.25

39^/0

do

do

6i364

Dr. Cleerciann.

An

6-365

. do. ....

6366

ZuBijN. M

Foil Thoriio K M

I. ...

Ll. Whipple

Dr. IlL'nr\*

30

6250

6a6l

FortRiley, K. T

do

Dr. Hammond ...
do

6349

Fort Lcavenworlll . . .
Medicine Creek, Neb.
Great bend ofMo. river

Oct. 31, 1854
Oct. 8, 1856
do

■:::::"■■:;::::::::::::::;::

5379
5374

Lt. G. K. Warren.
do

Dr. [Jaydcn....

5.87
S.63

8.50
9.

3

3.25

JUNCO DORSALIS, Henry.

Junco dorsalis, Hemrv, Pr. .\. N. Sc. X, May, 18.58, 117.

Sp. Ch. — Bill black above ; light brownish below. Above, including the entire upper surface of the wings and scapulars,
light grayish ash ; the interscapular region reddish chestnut brown. Beneath ashy white ; the middle of the belly almost pure
white. Lores abruptly black ; quills and tail feathers nearly black. Three outer tail feathers white; two entirely so, the
third with brown on the inner edge. Length, G.25 ; wing, 3.05 ; tail, 3.10.

Hab Fort Thorn, New Mexico.

In this species the wing is rounded ; the third and fourth quills longest ; the second and fifth
very little shorter ; the first ahout equal to the sixth. The tail is very slightly rounded.

The bill of this species is consid'erably larger than that of Junco hyemalis, and is black
above, instead of red ; the claws, too, are larger.

This species differs from Junco cinereus in having the chestnut of the back restricted to the
interscapular region, instead of having it to extend over the scapulars, wing coverts and
outer webs of the tertials.

The closest relationships are to J. canicep.t. The plumbeous of the back is, however,
much lighter ; the under parts generally are nearly white, instead of plumbeous anteriorly
this color extending backwards on the sides in marked contrast with the white belly. The lores
are much more abruptly blackish. The bill is larger ; the upper mandible black instead of
yellowish ; the white of the tail is much the same.

The only specimens yet known of this species are those collected at Fort Thorn by Dr. Henry.

468

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENEEAL EEPOET,

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

9270

Dr. T. C. Henry

JUNCO CANICEPS, Baird.

Struthus caniceps, Woodhouse, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, Dec. 1852, 202. (Now Mexico and Texas.)— Ib. Sitgreave's
Report Zuni & Colorado, 1853, 83 ; pi. iii.

Sp. Ch. — Bill yellowish ; black at the tip. Above dark plumbeous, the head and neck all round of this color, which extends
(paling a little) along the sides, leaving the middle of tlie belly and crissum quite abruptly white. Lores conspicuously, but
not very abruptly darker. Interscapular region abruptly reddish chestnut brown, which does not extend on the wings, except
perhaps a faint tinge on some of the greater coverts. Two outer tail feathers entirely white ; third with a long white terminal
stripe on the inner web. Length, 6.00 ; wing, 3.23 ; tail, 3.04.

Hab. — Rocky mountains ; from Black Hills to San Francisco mountains, New Mexico.

This species is very similar to the common J. hyemalis in color, excejit that the plumbeous of
the under parts and sides is not quite so dark and less abruptly defined against the white. The
conspicuous chestnut patch on the back will distinguish them. The outer web of the third tail
feather is brown, not white. It differs from oregonus and cinereus in having no chesnut on the
wings, especially the tertials, and from the former in the extension of the ash of the neck along
the sides. It is darker above than J. dorsalis, which also lacks the distinct plumbeous of the
throat and sides, has the bill blacker, the lores more abruptly darker, &c.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected. Whence obtained.

'collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

WinR.

7036
8960
8961

3

Black Hills, Cheyenne riv.

Laramie peak.

do .. . ..

July 21,1857 \ Lt. F. T. Bryan .

Aus. 25, 1857 Lt. Warren

do 1 do

W. S. Wood

Dr. Hayden

do

6.25

9.00

2.75

9281

San Francisco mountains. -

Oct. 14, 1857 ' Capt. Sitgreaves .

1

Dr Woodhouse

JUNCO HYEMALIS, Sola tor.

8iiow Bird.

Fringilla hyemalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 10th ed. 1758, 163. (Not of Gmclin or Latham.)— Aim. Cm. Biog. I, 1831,

72: V, 505; pi. 13.
Fringilla (Cpiza) hyemalis, Bon. Syn. 1828, 109.
Emberizu hyemalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 308.
Struthus hyemalis, 1!on. List 1838. — In. Consp. 1850, 475.

J^ifhoea hyemalis, Aui>. .Synoj sis, 1839, 106.— In. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 88; pi. 107.
Jutico hyemalis, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857, 7.
Fringilla hudsonia, Korxter, Philos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 428.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 926.— Wilson's Index, VI, 1812,

p. xiii.
Fringilla nitalis, Wilson, II, 1810, 129 ; pi. xvi, f 6.

Sp. Cii. — Everywhere of a grayish or dark ashy black, deepest anteriorly ; the middle of the breast behind and of tliu l)elly,
the under tail coverts, and first and second external tail feathers, white. The third tail feather white, margined with black.
Length, 6.25; wing, about 3. •

Hab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri, and as far west as Black Hills.

BIRDS — FRINOILLIDAT; — POOSPIZA.

469

The wing is rounded ; the second quill longest, the third, fourth, and fifth, successively, a
little shorter ; the first longer than the sixth. Tail slightly rounded, and a little emarginate.
In the full spring di-ess there i.s no trace of any second color on the hack, except an exceedingly
faint and scarcely appreciable wash of dull brownish over the whole upi)er parts. The markings
of the third tail feather vary somewhat in specimens. Sometimes the whole tip is margined
with brown ; sometimes the white extends to the end ; sometimes both webs are margined with
brown : sometimes the outer is white entirely ; sometimes the brownish wash on the back is
more distinct.

List of specimens.

Cntal.

Sex.

No.

1987

a

976

<?

10138

(T

6248

<?

4816?

5706

'i

5707

Q

8959?

5373

Locality.

Carlialo, Pa

do

Washington, D. C

Fort Leavenworth

Vermilion river, Neb...
Bepub. Forks, K.T....

do

Blacic llill»

Cannon Ball river

When col-
lected.

Mar. 9, 1644
Mar. I, 1841

Oct. 21, 1854
May 6, 185G
Oct. 20,1856

do

Sept. 14, 1857

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

do

J. C. McGuiro . .
Lieut. Couch . . .
Lieut. G. K. Warren
Lieut. F. T. Bryan.

do

Lieut. Warren. ..
do

Grig.
No.

389
387

Collected by — Len^'lh.

Dr. Elayden...
W. S. Wood..
do

5.50

Dr. Ilnyden.
do

Stretch
of wings.

9.25

Wing.

3.08

Remarks.

POOSPIZA, Cab an is.

Poospiza, Cabanis, Wiegmann's Arcliiv, 1847, i, 349. (Type Emberiza nigro-nifa, Orb., or Pipilo personala, Svr.)

Ch. — Bill slender, conical, both outlines gently curved. Under jaw wiih the edges considerably inflected ; not so high as the
upper. Tarsi elongated, slender ; considerably longer than the middle toe Toes short, weak ; the outer decidedly longer than
the inner, but not reaching to the base of the middle claw. Hind too about equal to the middle without its claw. All the claws
compressed and moderately curved. Wings rather long, reaching about over the basal fourth of the exposed portion of the
rather long tail. Tertiaries and secondaries about equal, and not much shorter than the lengthened primaries ; the second to
fifth about equal and longest; the first considerably shorter, and longer than the seventh. Tail long, slightly emarginate,
graduated; the outer feather abruptly shorter than the others. Feathers broad, linear, and rather obliquely truncate at the
ends, with the corners rounded.

Color, — Uniform above, without streaks. Beneath white, with or without a black throat. Black and white stripes on the
head.

In the selection of Cabanis's genus Poospiza, for the present group, I follow Mr, Sclater.
One of the species has the throat white, the other black.

Comparative measurements of species.

6

2
o

Species.

Locality.

s

,3

Stretch of
wings.

Wing.

'3

2

Is

as

ll

6
1

.■3

n

o.

Specimen
measured.

633S

do.

6354

Poospiza belli

do

Poospiza bilineaia —
do....

Cosumnes river, Cal

Camp 6, Little Colorado..

3
..„..

'9

5.74
6.20
5.30
5.20
5.12
4.30

2.77

3.13

' 2.67

2.55

8.00 2.75
......; 2.33

3.05
3.25
2.83
2.50

0.82
0.84
0.70
0.74

0.75
0 74
0.66
0.65

0.!H
0.30
0.17
0.16

0.53
0.57
0.50
0.47

0.28
0.3U
0.24
0.20

0.41
0.40
0.43
0.40

0.44
0.45
0.50
0.48

Skin

Skin

Skin

6318

Skin

do.

do

do

do

FresI

6330

2.30

0.63

0.63

0.16

0.43

0.21

0.40

0.43

Skin

470

U. S p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

POOSPIZA BILINEATA, Sclcater.

Black-throated Sparrow.

Emberiza biUneala, Cassis-, Pr. A. N. Sr. Ph. V, Oct. 1850, 104, pi. iii, Texas.— In. Illust. I, v, 1854, 150 ; pi xxiii.
Poospiza bilineata, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857, 7.
Sp. Ch. — Above uniform unspotted ashy gray, tinged witli light brown ; purer and more plumbeous anteriorly. Under parte
white, tinned with plumbeous on tlie sides, and with yellowish brown about the thighs. A sharply- defined superciliary and
ma.'iillary stripe of pure white, the former margined internally with black. Loral region black, passing insensibly into dark
slate on the ears. Chin and throat between the white maxillary stripes black, ending on the upper part of tho breast in a
rounded outline. Tail black, edged externally with white. Bill blue. Length, 5.40 ; wing, 2.75 ; tail, 2.90.
Hab. — Valley of Rio Grande and of Gila. (As far west as Janos and the Mohave villages.)

This species in external form is very similar to P. belli, and will probably fall in the same
genus. The cutting edges of the bill are much inflexed. The first quill is shorter than the
sixth. The tail is a good deal rounded ; the feathers broad.

The white maxillary stripe does not come quite to the base of the under jaw, which there is
black. There is a hoary tinge on the forehead. The white superciliary stripes almost meet on
the forehead.

In the immature bird the throat is white, the upper part of the breast streaked with brown.

List of specimens.

Calal .
No.

40S8

63-20
6321
6333
6317
6318
6319
6323
6304
6316
6315

Sex and
age.

9

O

Locality.

When col-
lected-

Whence obtained.

Tamaulipas, Mexico Mar. — , 1853

Ringgold Barracks, Tex. July —,1853

Texas

do

Fronlera, Texas |

do I May 5, 185-2

do I do

New Mexico '

do

El Paso, N. M Dec. — , la!i4

Boca Grande, N. M....' Mar. — , 1855

Lieut. Couch .

Major Emory..
Lieut. J.G Parke

do

Major Emory .

do

do

Lieut. J. G. Parke

do

Major Emory .
do

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

J. H. Clark...
Dr. Ili'erniaim

J. H. Clark .
do

do

Dr. Hccrmann,
do

J. II. Clark ....

Dr. I^nnerly.

Length. Stretch | Wing,
ofwings.

5.25 7.50

5.12 8.00 { 2.75
5.00 7.62 2.50

5.50 I 8.00

Remarks.

Eyes dark brown ; bill
black ; feet lead color.

Eyes black. (?).

POOSPIZA BELLI, Sclater.

Bell's Finch.

Embtrixa belli, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. V, Oct. 1850, 104 ; pi. iv. San Diego, Cal.
Pootpita belli, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857, 7.

Sp. Ch. — Upper parts generally, with sides of head and neck, uniform bluish ash, tinged with yellowish gray on the crown
and back, and with a few obsolete dusky streaks on tho interscapular region. Beneath pure white, tinged with yellowiali brown
on the sides and under the tail. Eyelids, short streak from the bill to above the eye, and small median spot at the base of hill,
white. A stripe on the sides of the throat and spot on tho upper part of tlic breast, wiili the loral space and region round tho
eyts, plumbeous black. Tail feathers black -, the outer edged with white. Wing feathers all broadly edged with brownish
yellow ; tho elbow joint tinged with yellowish grocn. Bill and feet blue. Length, ().25 ; wing, 2.90.

Ilab. — Southern Cnlifornia and valley of Gila and Colorado to Fort Thorn.

This remarkable sparrow needs comparison with no other known North American species for
its identification. The tail is very long and considerably emarginated, and tlie outer feather

niRDS — FRINtilLLIDAE — SPIZELLA.

471

quite ubruptly shorter ; tlie feathers are unusually broad to near the end. The wings are short
and considerably rounded ; the second, third, fourtli, and filth nearly equal ; the first rather
shorter than the sixth. The bill is rather small.

List of specimens.

CHt«I. No.

6237
6338
6335
6336

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtsiimcl.

Tosa creek, C'nl . . .

CosumDes river...

Fort Thorn, N. SI.

I Colorado river

Dec. 15, 1853 ,

Lt. Williamson -
do

Dr. T. C. Henry.
Lt. Whipple

Collected by —

Dr. Heennann
do

Kcnnerly and MiiUhausen..

SPIZELLA, Bonaparte.

Spizella, BoNAP. Geog. and Comp. List, 1838. Type Fringilla canadensis, Lath.
S;iini<», Cabanis, Mus Ilciii. 1851, 133. Typo Fringilla socialis, Wils.

Oh. — Bill conical, the outlines slightly curved ; the lower mandible decidedly lower than the upper ; the commissure
gently sinuated ; the roof of the mouth not knobbed. Feet slender ; tarsus rather longer than the middle loo ; the hinder toe
a little longer than the outer lateral, which slightly exceeds the inner ; the outer claw reaching the base of the middle one, and
half as lonwasits toe. Claws moderately curved. Terliaries and secondaries nearly equal ; wing somcwhatpointed, reaching
not quite to the middle of the tail. First quill a little shorter than the second and equal to the fifth ; third longest. Tail rather
long, moderately forked, and divaricated at the tip ; the feathers rather narrow. Back streaked ; rump and beneath immaculate.
Hood generally uniform.

This genus differs frona Zonotricliia in the smaller size and longer and forked, instead of
rounded tail.

Synopsis of the species.

Interscapular region with the feathers streaked centrally with black. Rump and back of
the neck without streaks. No spots or streaks beneath.

A. Head above and back chestnut. Two white bands on the wings. A light super-
ciliary stripe.

A chestnut streak behind the eye^ and a dull rufous spot in the middle of the breast.

Eump yellowish brown. Tail feathers edged with white. Bill black above ;

under mandible chiefly yellow S. monticola.

Smaller ; a chestnut streak behind the eye. No spot on the breast. Rump

yellowish brown. Tail feathers edged with ash. Bill red S.pusilla.

Forehead and a line from the bill through and- behind the eye black. Superciliary

streak white. Rump bright ash. Bill black ^S*. socialis.

B. Head above streaked with black and gray, a light superciliary stripe. Beneath
dirty white.

Head above with. a broad median light stripe and a conspicuous superciliary

one S. pallida.

Head above without median stripe S. breweri.

C. Body generally plumbeous, except the wings and interscapular region ; becoming paler
on the middle ofthe belly. Forehead, lores, chin, and throat, black. Bill red.

S. atrigularis.

472

tr. S. p. K. E EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

6

1

Species.

Locality.

OQ

•s

s

•J

0

C

'5

1

i

o

73
•a

i

■3 %

o

2 «

1 i

li

.s «
a

>
o
.a
a

s

i

&fi

c
o

<

Specimen
measured.

871

Spizella monticola....

(?

5.80
6.25
5.30
5.16
5.25
5.14
5.14
5.70
4.90
5.10
5.04
5.50
5.42

3.02
3,08
2.61
2.43
2.42
2.71
2.74
2.90
2.46
2.46
2.53
2.51
2.50

3.04

0.79

0.74

0.20

0.54

0.24

0.35

0.41

Skin

do

do

9.66

Fresh,..

10151 Spizella pusilla

Washington, D. 0

2.93
2.06

0.67
0.69

0.66
0.67

0.18
0.18

0.48
0.43

0.21

0.20

0.39
0.35

0.40
0.36

Skin

Skin

7.

75

Fresh

10150
5556

10269
1937

Spizella socialis

do

do (?)...

Spizella pallida

Spizella breweri

do

Spizella athgularis. ..
do

Washington, D. C

3

2.41
2.60
2.69
2.53
2.64
2.62
3.07

0.65
0.62
0.64
0 67
0.69
0.70
0.76

0.60
0.62
0 65
0.67
0.63
0 60
0.72

0.15
0.17
0.16
0.16
0 16
0.14
0.18

0.46
0.44
U.44
0.40
4.40
0.42
0.48

0 20
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.22

0.36
0.48
0,38
0.36
0.32
0.35
0.38

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.40
0.39
0.34
0.46

Skin

.Skin

Red river, Pembina

Skin

Skin

Rocky Mountains

do

Agua Nueva, Coahuila . . .
do . .-

3
9

Skin

1905
4335
do

7.75

Skin

Skin

Fresli

1

SPIZELLA MONTICOLA, Baird.

Tree Sparr w.

Fringilla monticola, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 912.

Zonolrichitt monlkota, Gray, Genera.

Spinites monlicolus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 134.

Passer canadensis, Brisson, Cm. Ill, 17G0, 102.

Fringilla canadensis. Lath. Index, I, 1790, 434.— Aud. Cm. Biog. II, 1834, 511 : V, 504 ; pi. 188.

Emberiza canadensis, Sw. F. B. Am. 11, 1831, 252.— Add. Syn. 1839.— Ib. Birds Amor. HI, 1841, 83 ; pi. 166.

Spizella canadensis, Bon. List, 1838. — 1b. Conspectus, 1850, 480.

Fringilla arborea, Wilb. Am. Orn II, 1810, 12 ; pi. xii, f. 3.

Moineau du Canada, Boffon, PI. Enl. 223, f. 2.

"Mountain Finch, Lath. Syn. II, i, 265."

Sp. Ch. — Middle of back with the feathers dark brown centrally, then rufous, and edged witli pale fulvous, (sometimes with
whitish.) Hood and upper part of nape continuous chestnut; a line of the same from behind the eye. Sides of head and
neck ashy. A broad light superciliary band. Beneath whitish, with a small circular blolch of brownish in the middle of the
upper part of the breast. Edges of tail feathers, primary quills, and two bands across the tips of the secondaries, white.
Tcrtiarics nearly black ; edged externally with rufous, turning to while near the tips. Lower jaw yellow ; upper black.
Length, 6.25 inches ; wing, 3.

Hab. — Eastern North America to the Missouri ; also on Pole creek and Little Colorado river. New Mexico.

This species varies in the amount of whitish edging to the quills and tail.

List of specimens.

Caul,

No.

1380
666
871
7561
1591
10330
6352
C353
5409
MtO
*7la
•SM

635S

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Carlisle, Pa Feb. 28, 1844

do Nov. 22, 1842

do do

Wasliinglon, D.C

Boiiton,MiiHs

Shctburne, Masa '

Fort Leavenworth.. ..I Nov. 27, 1854

do Jan. 20, 1K-.5

Cedar Inland, Neb.... Oct. 15, 1850

Medicine river Oct. 8,1856

Pole Creek, K. T | Aug. 2, 1850

UtUc Ool'do rivcr,N.M Dec. 18, 1853

.do Dec. 20,1853

Whence obtained.

8. F.. Baird

do

do

Wni. llutton <

T.M. Brewer

A. 8. Ualicock....

Lieut. Couch

do

Lieut. Warren

do

Lieut. F. T. Bryan,

Lieut. \Vtii|t|ilo...,

.do ,

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Dr. llnyden.
lo ....

Kcnnerly and

Miilhnuaen.
do

Length

6.25
6. 00
6.25

5.87
6.12

5.50
5.50

Suetch
of wings.

9.50
8.83
9.67

Wing.

3.00
2.75
3.08

8.50
9.25
9.
8.50

8.50

3
3.25

EycH brown .

B I RDS — FRINGILLIDAE — SPIZELL A. 80CIALIS.

473

SriZKLLA PUSILLA, B o n a p .

Field Sparrow.

Fringilla pusitla, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 121 ; pi. xvi, f. 2.— Liciix. Vorzoiclin. Doubl. 1823, No. 252.— Auo.

Oro. Biog. II, 1834,299; pi. 139.
Spiz'lla pusilh, Bonap. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspoc. 1850,480.
Emberiza puiitla, ArD. Syn. 1839, 104.— 1b. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 77; pi. 1G4.
Spiiiiirs piuri/ZuJ, Cab. Mus. Uciii. 1851, 133.
Fringilla juiuonim, Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 499; 2d od. 1840, 577. (Supposed by him to be jMotacilla juncorum,

Gmelin, I, 952; Sylvia juncorum, L.\tham, Ind. 11, 511 ; I.itlle Brown Sparrotu, Catesby,

Car. I, 35.)

Sp. Cii. — Dill red. Crown continuous rufous rod. Back somewhat similar, streaked with blackish. Sides of head and neck
(including a superciliary stripe) ashy. Ear coverts rufous. Beneath white, tinged with yellowiifh anteriorly. Tail featfiers and
quills faintly edged with white. Two white bands across the wing coverts. Length, about 5.75 ; wing, 2.34.

Ilab. — Eastern North .Vmerica to the Missouri river.

This species is about the size of jS". aocialis, but is more rufous above ; lacks the black forehead
and eye stripe ; has chestnut ears instead of ash ; has the bill red instead of black ; lacks the
clear ash of the rump ; has a longer tail, &c. It is more like monticola, but is much smaller;
lacks the spot on the breast, and the predominance of white on the wings, &c. The young have
the breast and sides streaked.

Although it is quite possible that the " little brown sparrow," of Catesby, refers to the
present bird, yet "small sparrow, entirely brown," is scarcely a sufficient diagnosis upon
■which to found a species.

List of specimens.

CauU

No.

436

1378

m*

1374
730
10I3I
1592
8234
4803
4«00
4801
6413
MI3

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Q

9
S
Q

Carlisle, Pa May 31, 1841

do ' April 2-J, 1844

do Oct. 20,1642

do April 19, 1644

do Sept. 20, 1842

Washington

Boston, Ma^s

Independence, Mo June 6,1857

Fort Leavenworth , April 21, IS.^

Big Siom river, Neb j May 3, 1856

.... do ' May 24, 1856

Fort Lookout, Neb | June 21, 1856

Knife river, Ncli Sept.—, 1856

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by-

S. F. Baird .
, do

.do..

.do..

do

J. C. McQuire...

S. F. Baird

W. M. Magraw...
Lt. G. K. Warren.
do

.do...
.do...
.do...

T. M. Brewer.
Dr. Cooper ...
Dr. Hayden...
do

...do...
...do...
...do...

Length.

Stretch Wing,
ofwings.

5.25
5.17
5.25
5.75
5.25

5.75

5.87
5.50
5..'i0
5.25

Remarks.

8.00
7.75
7.75
8.17
7.50

3.33
2.42
2.33

8.50

8.25
8.12
8.00
8.50

2.75

2.75
2.50
2.75
2.73

Eyes dark .

Eye black (?)

SPIZELLA SOCIALIS, Bo nap.

Chipping Sparrow.

Fringilla socialis, Wilso.v, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 127; pi. xvi, f. 5.— Aid. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 21 : V, 517 ; pi. 104.

Spi:e{fa sociaiu, Bon. List, 1838. — Is. Conspectus, 1850, 480.

En\btTiza aoci<dia. Aid. Syn. 1R39.— 1b. Birds Amer. HI, 1841, 80 ; pi. 165.

SpiniUi soeialis, Cabanis, Mus. Hcin. 1851, 133. (Type.)

Sp. Cii. — Rump, back of neck, and sides of neck and head, ashy. Interscapular region with black streaks, margined with
pale rufous. Crown continuous and uniform chestnut. Forehead black, separated in the middle by white. A white streak
over the eye, and a black ono from the base of the bill through and behind the eye. Under parts unspotted whitish, tim'cd
with ashy, especially across the upper breast. Tail feathers and primaries edged with paler, not white. Two narrow white
bands across the wing coverts. Bill black. Length, 5.75 ; wing, nearlj' 3.00.
Hab. — North America, from Atlantic to Pacific.
June 17, 1858.

GO b

474

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGT — GENERAL REPORT.

The young have the chestnut of the crown varied with narrow hlackish lines, sometimes the
chestnut little appreciahle. The upper part of the breast and sides streaked with brown.

This species is readily distinguished from S. moniicola by its black bill and forehead ; black
line behind the eye instead of chestnut ; absence of black spot on the breast, and of white on
the tail, &c., as also by the much smaller size.

List of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sex and Locality.
age.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ol'wings.

Wing. 1 Remarks.

10150

t?
c?

<?

o o

""f

9
9

1424

Carlisle Pa

May 9, 1844
Sept. 16, 1842
July 5,1843
Sept. 26, 1857
April 25, 1857
June — , 1856
Aug. — , 1856
1854

S. F. Baird

5.67
5.50

8.75
8.60

2.92

721

do.

do

1106

do

do. .

Bald Island, Neb

Fort Lookout, Neb

Lt. G. K. Warren..
do

Dr. Hayden....

do

W. S. Wood.

5.00
5.25

8.00
8 50

3.63
3.75

5411
5715 =

do

6348

Fort Steilacooin, W . T. .
do

Dr. Suekley

do

92
93
94

298

I

6349

1

6350

,,.. do

1854

do

1 1

6351

April — , le.^
May — , 1855
May 5,1855
May 2, 18.55
May 4, 1855
May 24,1855

do

5.50
5.50

9.00

5981

8.50

i

4417

o

c?

Fort Dalk-?, 0. T

Dr. Suekley

do

do

165i

161

165

889

1

5.87
5.63

9.00

8.75

3.83

4384

do

Dr. Heermann .
do

6347

do

J. X. de VesGV ...

8054

J Gould , ...

SPIZELLA PALLIDA, Bonap.

Clay-colored Buuting.

Emberiza pallida, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 251. (Not of Audubon.)

Spizella pallhlii, Bonap. List, 1838.

Spinilcs pallidus, Cabanis, Mus. Ilein. 18.51, 133. /

Emberiza skattuckii, Add. Birds Am. VII, 1843, 347 ; pi. 493.

Spizellu shttttuckii, Bon'ap. Conspectus, 1850, 480.

Sp. Ch. — Smaller than S. socialis. Back and sides of hind neck ashy. Prevailing color above pale brownish yellow, with a
tinge of grayish. The feathers of back and crown streaked conspicuously with blackish. Crown with a median ashy and a
lateral or superciliary ashy while stripe. Beneath whitish, tinged with brown on the breast and sides, and an indistinct narrow
brown streak on the edge of the chin. Ear coverts brownish yellow, margined above and below by dark brown. Length,
4.75 ; wing, 2.55.

Ilah. — Upper Missouri river and Iligli Central plains to the Saskatchewan country.

The ashy collar is quite conspicuous, and streaked above with brown. The rump is immacu-
late. The streaks on tlie feathers of tlie crown almost Ibrm continuous line.'^, about six in number.
The brown line above the ear coverts is a post ocular one. Tlio brown line on the side of the
chin forms the lower border of a white maxillary stripe which widens and curves around behind
the ear coverts, fading into the ashy of the neck. The wing feathers are all margined with
paler, and tliere is an indication of two li^bt baiuls across the ends of tlie coverts.

The young of this species is thickly streaked beneath over the throat, breast, and belly, with

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — SPIZELLA RREWERI.

475

brown, giving to it an entirely different appearance from the adult. The streaks in the upper
parts, too, are darker and more conspicuous. The margins of the feathers rather more rusty.

This species is readily distinguishable from the other American SphcllaSy excepting S. hreiveri,
(wliich see,) in the dark streaks and median ashy stripe on the crown, the paler tints, the dark
line on the side of the chin, &c.

List of specimens.

Caul. Sex.
No.

less
1U3;

MM
MIS

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Wlieiico obiaincd.

Fori Union, Neb 1843 S. F. Baird

do 1M3 lo

do July 18, 1843 ] Lt. G. K. Warren.

Oluckfoot country do do

g!M ! Cheyenne river Sept. 10, 1857 | do..

ABO* Bijoui Hills May H, I8j7 j do

4803 (J I Nebra.<lta do do

.1715 ^ I PoleCreek, K. T Aug. 1,1858 Lt. F. T. Btyan.

6359 ' Texas Ca|it. Pope

■1091 ' T.imaulipas, Mex.... .Mar. —, 1855 : Lt. Couch

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Ed. Harris . ...
J. J. .Audubon.
Dr. Uayden . . .

do

do

do

do

W.S.Wood.

Length.

5.00

5.00
5.62
5.37

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

7.50

7.00
7.75
7.50

7.25

Remarks,

2.50

Irifl dark brown .

2.50 Iris hazel

a.25

2.35 Eyes dark brown ; feet light
brown ; b:ll binte.

SPIZELLA BEEWEEI, C a s s i n .

Brewer's Sparrow.

Embtriza pallida, Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 66; pi, 398, f. 2.— Is. Synopsis, 1839.— In. Birds Amor. Ill, 1841,

71;pl.lGl. (Not of Swainson, 1831.)
Spizttla brciceri, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. VIII, Feb. 1856, 40.

Sp. Cii. SimiUr to S. pallida; the markings more obsolete ; no distinct medlitn and superciliary light stripes. The crown

streaked with black. Some of the feathers on the sides with brown shafts. Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.50.
Hab. — Rocky mountains of United States to the Pacific coast.

This species, if really distinct, is so very similar to the S. pallida as to require very close and

critical comparison to separate it. One feature is the more obsolete character of the markings,

which have not the sharpness and definition of pallida. The streaks on the back are narrower,

and the central ashy and lateral whitish stripes of the crown are scarcely, if at all, appreciable.

The clear ash of the back of the neck, too, is mostly wanting. The feathers along the sides of

the body, near the tibia, and occasionally elsewhere on the sides, have brownish shafts, not

found in the other.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

No.

2890

<?

1905

9

6361

<?

6360

<S

6357

6358

....

6356?

Q

Locality.

When collected.

Rocky mountains

do

Tejon v.iUcy

do

Boca Grande, Mex

Camp 127, N.M., Bill

Williams' Fork....

EI Paso, Texas

June 15, 1831

Mar. —,1855

Feb. 26, 1854
May 4, 1852

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

do

Lt. Williamson.
do

Major Emory

Lt. Whippplc . .
Col. Graham

Orig.
No.

40
174

Collected by — | Length.

Stretch
of wings.

J. K. Townsend

do !

Dr. Hcermann .
, do

Dr. Kennerly - .

, do...

C. Wright.

5.25 7. '^5

Wing.

2.25

476

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

SPIZELLA ATRIGULARIS, Baird.

Black-chiuiied Sparrow.

Spinites alrigularis, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 133.

Stivtims atrimcntatis. Couch, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, April, 1854, G7.

Sp. Ch. — Tail elongated, deeply forked and divaricated. General color bluish ash, paler beneath, and turning to white on
the middle of the belly. Interscapular region yellowish rusty, streaked with black. Forehead, loral region, and side of head
as far as eyes, chin, and upper part of throat black. Quills and tail feathers very dark brown, edged with ashy. Edges of
coverts like the back. No white bands on the wings. Bill red. Length, 5.50 ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 3.00.

Hab. — Mexico just .south of the Rio Grande.

This species is aLout the size of 8. pusilla and socialis, resembling the former most in its still

longer tail. This is more deeply forked and divaricated with broader feathers than in either.

The wing is much rounded ; the fourth quill longest ; the first almost the shortest of the

primaries.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
No.

Sex. Locality.

When
collected.

Wbence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

4335

^ AguaNueva, Coahuila,Mex.

May, 1833....

Lieut. D.N. Conch

5.62

7.75

2.50

Eyes and feet dark brown ; bill light
red brown.

MELOSPIZA, Baird.

Ch. — Body stout. Bill conical, very obsoletely notched, or smooth ; somewhat compressed. Lower mandible not so deep
as the upper. Commisure nearly straight. Gonys a little curved. Feet stout, not stretchincr beyond the tail ; tarsus a little
longer than the middle toe ; outer toe a little longer than the inner ; its claw not quite reaching to the base of the middle one.
Hiud toe appreciably longer than the middle one. Wings quite short and rounded, scarcely reaching beyond the base of the
tail ; the tertials considerably longer than the secondaries ; the quills considerably graduated ; the fourth longest ; the first
not longer than the tertials, and almost the shortest of the primaries. Tail moderately long, and considerably graduated ; the
feathers oval at the tips. Crown and back similar in color and streaked ; beneath thickly streaked. Tail immaculate.

This genus differs from Zonotricliia in shorter, more graduated tail, rather longer hind toe,
much more rounded wing, which is shorter ; the tertiaries longer ; the first quill almost the
shortest, and not longer than the tertials. The under parts are spotted ; the crown streaked
and like the back.

I have placed in this section, which has the Fringilla melodia as its type, the Fringilla palus-
tris of Wilson. This differs in the uniform rufous crown of the male, streaked, however, in the
female, and in having only obsolete streaks on the breast. The Fringilla lincolnii is more
aberrant ; it is spotted beneatli, but the wing and first primary are a little longer. These two
might form a separate section, Ilelospiza, agreeing in the narrower and shorter tail, smaller
and more slender bill, more slender toes, &c.j with the Fringilla palustris as type.

Synopsis of species.

Melospiza, Baird.

A. Beneath uniform whitish from chin to anus, thickly streaked on the breast and sides.
Head streaked.

Streaks of back and under parts distinctly black in the central portion. Bill stout.

Prevailing color ligiit reddish gray. Feathers of back edged with gray. Strijies
of breast with distinct rufous suffusion externally. Wing 2.68 inches.. meZoofia,

BIRDS — FRINGILLIBAK — MELOSPIZA MELODIA,

477

Prevailing color above olivaceous gray. Stripes of breast purer black, with little
or no rufous suffusion externally. Wing 2.50 inches heermanni.

Similar to the last but much smaller. Wing 2.10 inches Var. gouldii.

Streaks above and below dark rul'ous, witliout black centres. Bill slender.

Above decidedly rulbus brown, the streaks very obsolete, without gray edges.
Beneath thickly streaked rufina.

Above brownish gray. Streaks distinct ; feathers with gray edging. Beneath
rather sparsely streaked , .fallax.

Helospiza, Baird.

B. Under parts white ; breast reddish yellow, with distinct, well defined streaks. Head
streaked lineolnii.

C. Head above uniform reddish. Beneath white, without streaks, or with very obsolete ones,
except on sides of breast. Breast tinged with plumbeous .palustris.

Comparative measurements of species.

e

5

i
Spmies.

Locality.

M

DQ

u

B

,3

"o

f i

5

=

h

S
&

1

i

o

'-i

li

jl

i

%

ce

5

i

§
■<

S|iPcimen
measured.

1590

.MclOfipiKa raelodia ...
do . t

6.42
5.70
6.08
5.20
6.16
6.40
6.22
S.OO
4.70
6.46
5.50

s.ae

5.66
5.30
5.50
5.24
5.58
4.84
5.57

8.33
8.84

8.93
9.50
8.35
8.00

2.62
2.50
2.43
2.68
a.75
2.60
2.54
2.42
2.10
2.76
2.71
2.33
2.42
2.20

3.08
2.76

0.84
0.83

0.80
0.85

0.20
0.23

0.54
0.58

0.26
0.28

0.47
0.44

0.45
0.50

Skin

HIS

Carlit^lej Penn

9

Skin

do.
3637

do.
9528

do

do . ....

Kri-sh

do

do

<?

2.88

0.80

0.77

0.20

0.56

0.26

0.48

0.54

Skin

Fresh

Mctospizs rufina

Mt'lospiza heermanni .

do

>lelospi2a f*ouldii

.Mc-lo.xpiza fallax

do

Melospiza palustris. ..
do

9
<?
(?

2.93
2.94
2.78
2.38
3.18
3.24
2.54

0.89
0.92
0.86
0.79
0.78
0.86
0.82

0.83

0.20

0.60
0 06
9.64
0.54
0 62
0.58
0.62

0.30
0.30
0.31
0.26
0.28
0.26
0.28

0.47
0.49
0.44
0.44
0.40
0.44
0.44

0.51
0.50
0.51
0.50
0.44
0.46
0.47

Skin

6ii7

Tejon Valley

0.87 [ 0.23
0.82 0.24

Skin

8053
10-!81
6225
934
do.
375
do.
937
do.
972

Skin

California

Cainp]U6,Pueblocr.,N.M.
Mimbri'S to Rio Grande ..

Carlisle, Penn

do

0.79
0.78
0.82
0.78

0.18
0.20
0.22
0.18

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fresh

do

do

do

,,,,do

9?

2.41

0.79

0.74

0.17

0.56

0.25

0.41

0.44

Skin

Melospiza lincolnt....
do

do

(?

2.60
2.58
2.34
2.33

2.42

0.76

0.82

0.20

0.58

0.26

0.44

0.48

Skin

Fresh

do

do

do

9

2.32

0.80

0.74

0.18

0 52

0.25

0.43

0.48

Skin

dn.

do

MELOSPIZA MELODIA, Baird.

Song sparrow.

Frin^Ho meJodtn, Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 125 ; pi. xvi, f. 4.— Licht. Verz. 1823, No. 249.— Add. Orn. Biog.

I, 1832, 126 : V, 507 ; pi 25.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 120.— Is. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 147 ; pi. 189.
ZonofricAta metodia, Bon. List, 1838. — Is. Conspectus, 1850, 478.

??FrtngiHa/ascio(a,' Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 922.— Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 562.
??Fringilla hyemalis, Gmei.in, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 922.

Sp. Ch. — General tint of upper parts rufous brown, streaked with dark brown and ashy gray. Tho crown is rufous, wilh a
superciliary and median stripe of dull gray, the former lighter; nearly white anteriorly, where it has a faint shade of yellow ; each
feather of the crown with a narrow streak of dark brown. Interscapulars dark brown in the centre, then rufous, then grayish

' The fasciated sparrow of Pennant, Arctic Zuo\. II, 375, upon which Gmelin's name is based, answers pretty well for our
species, but the tail is said to be crossed by numerous dusky bars, which is not the case with melodia. The winter sparrow of
Pennant, II, 376, Fringilla hyemalis, Gmalin, is equally uncertain.

478

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

en the margin. Rump grayer than upper tail coverts, both witli obsolete dark streaks. There is a whitish maxillary stripe,
bordered above and below by one of dark rufous brown, with a similar one from behind the eye. The under parts are white ;
the breast and sides of body and throat streaked with dark rufous, with a still darker central line. On tlie middle of the
breast these marks are rather aggregated so as to form a spot. No distinct white on tail or wings. Length of male, 6.50 ;
wirg, 2.58; tail, 3.

Hab. — Eastern United States to the High Central Plains.

Specimens vary somewhat in having the streaks across the breast more or less sparse ; the
spot more or less distinct. In astumn the colors are more blended, the light maxillary stripe
tinged with yellowish, the edges of the dusky streaks suffused with brownish rufous.

The young bird has the upper parts paler, the streaks more distinct ; the lines on the head
scarcely appreciable. The under parts are yellowish ; the streaks narrower and more sharply
defined dark brown.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
No.

Sejt and
age.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

IS94

3

Carlisle, Penn

do

Mar. 9, 1844
Oct. 13, 1840
May 11, 1846
June 2, 1843
Oct. 17, 1842
July 19, 1843

3. F. Baird

6.08

8.25

2.58

123

do

2637

o
9

"q"

o

do

do

do

6.17

8.83

2.75

1080

do

808

do

Cape May, N.J

do

6.08

8.33

2.42

1147

do..

T. M. Brewer

W. M. Baird. .

1590

4817
8750.'

Bald I., Neb

Loup ForkofPl.ittc.
Boca Grande, Me.x.

April 25, 1S56
Sept. 11, 1857
Mar. — , 1855

Lt. G. K. Warren.
do

Dr. Hayden..
do

6

8.50

2.50

Iria brown; pupil bluish ....

6!^?

Major Emory

39

Dr. Kennerly.

5.50

7.50

2.50

MELOSPIZA HEERMANNI, Baird.

Heermaun's Song Sparrow.

Sp. Ch. — Somewhat like mdodia. The streaks on the back and under parts blacker, broader, more distinct, and scarcely
margined with reddish, e.xcept m winter plumage. General shade of coloration olivaceous gray rather than rusty. Length,
G.40; wing, 2. .56 ; tail, 3.

Uab. — Tejon Pass, California.

In the collection of sparrows before me is a 3Idospiza from the Tejon valley (0227) (winter)
labelled Zonotrichia guttata by Dr. Heermann, and resembling it somewhat, but differing very
appreciably from a large number of specimens from Washington and Oregon Territories. It
difiers in having the bill considerably larger, broader, and more convex, and bulging laterally
at the base ; the commissure more sinuated ; the tarsus shorter. The under parts arc of a
purer white ; the streaks are less numerous, but larger and more sharjjly defined, being
blackish brown anteriorly, with a slightly rufous edging in places. The sides and under tail
coverts are yellowLsh brown, as in rufina, but with darker streaks. The ground color of
the upper parts is nearly the same, (darker than in melodia,) but the streaks and blotches,
instead of being obsolete, are strongly marked. The blotches on the upper surface are even
darker than in melodia and more extended ; they are margined with darker and more brownish
rufous, and lack the well defined grayish edges to tlie feathers. The spots on the under parte,
too, are blacker and larger than in melodia, with less rusty brown on the sides ; the sides of
body and under tail coverts are darker and more blotched. The black blotches on the breast
distinguish this sjjccies from Z.fallax,

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — MELOSPIZA GOULDII.

470

Although it is very difficult to exprees the characters of this sparrow by an absolute diagnosis,
yet it will most probably prove permanently and specifically different from the more northern
and typical guttata. Tlie latter appears to be a northern species, several of the specimens
having been collected on the Columbia river and northward in January and February, and con-
sequently winter residents, while the locality oi the other at Tejon Pass is nearly twelve degrees
(or more than eight hundred miles) further south, witli no intermediate localities recorded.

After carefully considering the circumstances of the case, I have come to the conclusion that
the species is worthy of specific separation, and have accordingly named it 3Idospiza hcermanni,
after its accomplished collector and discoverer.

Since writing the preceding article, I have had the opportunity of examining a large collection
of this same species made at Fort Tejon by Mr. De Vesey, and am still better satisfied of its claim
to a specific separation. A spring bird has the spots on the breast and sides entirely black,
without any rufous edging, as is also the case with those on the back. Tlie feet are larger and
the claws longer than in melodia. The tail feathers are much darker, and the tints above,
instead of being light rufous, are decidedly grayish olivaceous. The differences from rufina
consist in the much stouter and thicker bill, and the very distinct dark, usually black, streaks,
instead of rufous brown.

The colors of the winter specimens have the usual soft blended appearance peculiar to this
season, but the spots still retain their well defined blackness, with only a slight tendency to
passing externally into dark rufous.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained. Orig. No.

Collected by—

6127

c?

9

Tejon valley. Cal

Fort Tejon

Lt Williamson

J. X. de Vesey ' 38

1

do

10274

10273

do

MELOSPIZA GOULDII, Baird.

Sr Ch. — Similar to JW. mtlodia, still more so to .1/. hecrmanni, but very much smaller. Breast and sides conspicuouBly
slreaked witli black ; back and head above distinctly streaked. Lenj^lh, 4.70 ; wing, 2.10 ; tail, 2.38.
Hob. — Calirornia.

In a collection of birds presented by Mr. John Gould to the Smithsonian Institution is a
perfectly adult specimen (No. 8053) marked " California," which has a certain resemblance to
the song sparrow, but diff"ers in being very much smaller, much less, in fact, than any other
known species of the group. The difference in size is much greater than is usually allowed to
exist in the same species. The wing measures only 2.10 inches, or less than in Ammodroraus
samudis.

The bill is a little more slender than in melodia, the legs much the same size, the wings and
tail much shorter. The sides of the throat and body with the breast are distinctly streaked with
black, which has a slightly rufous suff"u8lon externally. The black streaks on the back are also
well defined as in JJ. lieermanni. The bill and feet are nearly as large as in this species, but
the wings and tail are very much shorter. This disproportion of feet, with the difference in

480 U. S. p. R. R, EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAX, REPORT.

size, leads me to consider the species as a good one, as, if it were merely a smaller race of another
species, the general proportions would be retained.

MELOSPIZA EUFINA, Baird.

" Emberiza rufina, ERA>fDT, Desc. Av. Rossic. 1836, tab. ii, 5, Sitka." Bonaparte.

Passerella rvfina, Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 477.

Fringilla cinerea, (Gm.) Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 22; pi. 390.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 119.-13. Birds America, III, 1841,

145; pi. 187.
Passerella cinerea, Bp. List, 1839. — Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 477.
? Zonotrichia cinerea, Bp. Conspectus, 1850, 478.
?.' Fringilla cinerea, Gmelin, I, 1788, 922.

Fringilla {Passerella) guttata, Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 581.
Zonotrichia guttata, Gambel, J. A. N. So. I, Dec. 1847, 50.

Sp. Cii. — Bill slender. Similar in general appearance to M. melodia, but darker and much more rufous, the colors more blended.
General appearance above light rufous brown, the interscapular region streaked very obsoletely with dark brownish rufous,
the feathers of the crown similar, with still darker obsolete central streaks. A superciliary and very obscure median crown
stripe, ashy. Under parts bromiisli whitish; the breast and sides of throat and body broadly streaked with dark brownish
rufous; darker in the centre. A light maxillary stripe. Sides of the body tinged strongly with the colors of the rump,
and leaving only a narrow space of the belly white. Under coverts brown. Length, G.75 ; wing, 2.70 ; tail, 3.00.

Hab. — Pacific coast of the United States to Russian America.

This species appears larger than M. melodia, and will he readily distinguished hy the absence
of the blackish brown centres to the brown streaks, and of any marked contrast of color in
different parts of the feathers, as well as by the general dark rufous shades of color. There are
no grayish edges to the feathers of the back, nor blackish streaks. The spots beneath are
broader, more blended, and more thickly crowded ; the sides and under tail coverts much
darker. The bill is smaller and considerably more slender and conical. The light and dark
markings about the head are less strongly contrasted.

The color of the spots on the breast is much as in 3I.fallax; they are broader and much
more numerous, however ; the sides and under tail coverts much darker. The upper parts, too,
are much darker and more rufous ; the feathers lacking the grayish edges, so conspicuous in
fallax as well as in melodia. In fact, the upper parts are frequently so uniform as almost to
resemble Passerella townsendii, there being only a faint trace of darker centres.

The bill is more slender and attenuated than in any of our large song sparrows.

The young has the head above olivaceous rufous without any streaks ; the feathers of the
back are brownish rufous with obsolete central blotches. The spotting is thus much less than
in melodia.

I do not agree with Nuttall in considering Fringilla cinerea of Gmelin so far removed from
the present species; in fact, it is quite possibly the same, as based on the cinereous finch of
Pennant. — (Arctic Zool. II, 378.) Still, as the species is not cinereous and there is yet much
uncertainty about it, it may be best not to take Gmelin's name.

The next name in order appears to be rufina of Brandt, which I identify from Bonaparte's
description, not having the original reference at hand.

There is yet much to be done in tlie determination and identilication of the numerous spotted
sparrows from the northwest coast, described by Pennant, Gmelin, and other authors.

mi5P.<? — KRINGILLIDAK — MELO.SPIZA I'ALLAX.

481

List of specimens.

Cam.

Ko.

"*ei and
age.

Localliy.

When col-
Icclod.

Wheoc« obulncd.

Orl(.
No.

Colliiclcd liy—

Lciigili.

cilwing«.

Wing.

nmiarkM.

Strniitf of Fuca, W. T..
Wultiii£ton Territory..

Su'ilacoom, W. T

do

Mar. — , 18SS

, 18S6

Fob. 5, 1856

-t:;io

do

do

318
347
349
355
359
362
85

6.50
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00

8.75
9.0O
9.00
9.0O
9.00

2.62

fi-231

do

5-233

A,\

do ,,,.

6i34

o

9

do

do

.Mur. -, 1856

do

do

6*>*'8

Sboal water bay, W. T.,

do

iio

July 5,1854

do

Sept. — , 1854

Jan. 18,18.16

Dr. J. G. Cooper...
do

6.75
6.75
6.75

8.75
8.75
8.75

Iris brown

Q>K>9

do

do

1860

a p n.iird

59

feet the Bttnie.

1943

do

do

do

10*275 >

Q

J.X. doVcscy

861

MELOSPIZA FALLAX, Baird.

ZanolnchiafttUax, Baibd, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, June, 1854, 119. (Puoblo creek. New Mexico.)
? ZAmolrichiafasciata, (Gm.) Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. 2d Series, I, 1847, 49.

Sp. Ch. — Similar to Z. mtlodia, but with wings and tail longer, and bill smaller. Dark centres to the brownish streaks of the
feathers of upper and under surfaces obsolete or wanting. Superciliary light stripe ash color anteriorly. Lengtii, 6.65 ; wing,
2.75; tail, 3 36.

tlab. — Rocky mountain region from Fort Thorn to the Colorado. Fort Tejon?

Although this species is very similar to the M. melodia, yet, when specimens are compared
with an extensive series of the la.st mentioned species, an impression of difference will at once
be conveyed. The bird is rather larger, especially the tail, as shown by the accompanying
table, while the feet and especially the bill are smaller. The line above the eye is grayish ash
throughout, without the whitish immediately at the base of the bill. The dark brown centres
in the brownish rufous streaks of the head, back, and under parts, are almost entirely wanting
or very obsolete ; the color of the rufous streaks, too, is paler.

I do not, however, feel sure that this species will stand as perfectly satisfactory, as there is a
specimen (622fi) from Boca Grande, Mexico, before me which has all the dark markings of eastern
specimens, with a decidedly inferior bill. At any rate, I consider it as less strongly established
than any of the others before me. It has certain relationships of coloration to the 31. guttata,
but is much grayer.

As far as I can judge the middle toe and claw are proportionally longer than in M. melodia.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

.Whea collected.

6225
10271?

Pueblo creek. Camp 106,N.M. Jan. 22, 1854

Fort Thorn, N. M

Fort Tejon, Cal

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

Lieut. Whipple..
Dr. T. C. Henry .
J. X. de Vesey...

51

656

Collected bv —

Kennerlvand MoUhaueen.

June 17, 1856.

Gl b

482

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

MELOSPIZA LINCOLNII, B a i r d .

I^incoln's Finch.

Fringilla lineohni, Acd. Dm. Biog. II, 1834, 539, pi. 193.— Nutt. Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 569.

Linaria lincolnii, Rich. List, 1837.

Passerculus lincolnii, Eonap. List, 1838.

Peucaea lincolnii, AnD. Synopsis, 1839, 113. — Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, llfi, pi. 177. — Bonap. Consp. 1850, 481. —

Ib. Comptcs Rendus XXVII, 1854, 920.
Passercxtlus zonarius, (Bp.) Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856, 305.

Sp. Ch. — Crown chestnut, with a median and two lateral or superciliary ash colored stripes; each feather above streaked
centrally with black. Back with narrow streaks of black. Beneath white, with a maxillary stripe curving round behind the
ear coverts, a well defined band across the breast, extending down the sides, and the under tail coverts, brownish yellow.
The maxillary stripe margined above and below with lines of black spots. The throat, upper part of breast, and sides of the
body, with streaks of black, smallest in the middle of the former. There is a chestnut stripe back of the ear, streaked with
black. The pectoral bands are sometimes paler. Length, 5.60 ; wing, 2.60.

Hub. — United States from Atlantic to Pacific, and south through Mexico to Guatemala.

This species is easily known among the American sparrows by tlie well marked yellowish
band across the breast and the maxillary stripe of brownish yellow relieved against the white
of the under parts generally. Ammodromus caudacutus has these stripes somewhat similar ;
but the superciliary stripe is also yellowish, not ash color, and the middle of the throat is
unspotted. The bill is much longer, and the generic characters otherwise different.

lAst of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Keniarka.

937

S

9

Carlisle, Pa ^

do

Iowa Point, Neb

Dald island, Neb

May 4,1843
May IC, 1843
April 23, 1856
April 25, 18.56

Anril .^ft 1R«if{

8. F. Baird

5.58
5.58
5.37
5.50
5.75
5.50
5.37
6.00
5.50
6.00

8.33
8.00
7.62
8.00
8.37
9..'J0
8.00
8.00
8.12
9.50

2.58
2.33

2.37
2.62
2.62
3.00
2.50
2.50
2.75
3.12

972
4S1)

do

Lt. G. K.Warren.
do

16

Dr. Hayden

do

Iris very dull brown —

4809 j (?

4814 ' S

4815 ' .^

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

52

do

do

do .. .

Big Sioux river. Neb .. . April 5,1856
Vermilion liver. Neb... April 8, 18!)6
do. . i"nv R lf«fi

4812
4813
4810
5416

3
3

do

do

do

do

Blackfoot couniry.Neb.

Upper Missouri

May 6,1856
May 8, 1856
July —,1855
1843....

, , do

do..

1864
8218

Sept. 10, 1857
Mar. 21, 1850
Mar. — , 1853

W. M. MuRravv...

198

Dr. Cooper

5.25

7.50

2.50

Tainaulipas, Mcx

Lt. Couch

do

55

7

9

100

5..'i0

4.87
4.75

7.50

8.00
6.50

2.50

2.50
2.50

Eyes dark br'n, bill slate

color, yellow at base.

Eyes dark brown

40^9

4090

do 1

,,lo

KfiS
6700

NewMcxico,(Campl2l) Feb. —,1854

Lt. Whipple

Kenn and Milll

Fort Tcjon

3904 '

6326 -^

do

fwa

do ....

UIKDS — FRINGILLIUAE — MELOSPIZA rALU-'^TKlS.

483

MELOSriZA PALUSTKIS, B a i r d .
Swamp Sparrow.

FringUta palustrU, Wilsok, Am. Oni. Ill, ISII, 49; pi. x.tii, f. 1.— Auoijbon, Orii. Biog. I, 1831, 331 : V, 508;

pi. 64.
rringiUa {SpUa) palustria, Bonap. Obs. Wilton, 1825, No. 105.
PiissircuUis paliislris, Bonap. List, 1838.— Id. Conspectus, 1850, 481.
.iiiimoi/roimu ;)o/uj(r«, Ai'D. Syn. 1839.— Ib. Birds Amor. Ill, 1841, 110; pi. 175.

? fViiifiV/n georgiana, Lath. Indux Orn. I, 1790, 460. (May Peuccca aesiiiiaiis.)- Licm. Verz. 1823, No. 251.
Fringitia (.Immodromus) gcorgiana, Nltt. Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 588.
Sp. Cii.— Middle of the crown uniform cliestnot ; forehead black ; superciliary streak, side* of head and back and sides of
neck, ash. A brown stripe behind tlie eye. Back broadly streaked with black. Beneath whitish, tinged with ashy anteriorly,
especially across the breaat, and washed with yellowish brown on the sides. A few obsolete streaks across tlie breast, wliich
become distinct on iu sides. Wings and tail strongly tinged with rufous ; the tortials black, the rufous edgings changing
abruptly to white towards the end. Length, 5.75; wing, 2.40 inches.

Female with the crown scarcely reddish streaked witli black, and divided by a light line.
Httb. — Extern United States from the Atlantic to the Missouri.

In autumn tlie male of this species has the feathers of the crown each with a black streak ;
and the centre of the crown with an indistinct light stripe, materially changing, its appearance.

The forehead is usually more or less streaked with black.

A supposed young of this species from the Missouri plains has the head above nearly uniform
blackish ; the back pale yellowish brown streaked conspicuously with black, the under parts
dirty white, the breast and sides distinctly streaked with black.

In the uncertainty whether the Fringilla georgiana of Latham bo not rather the Feucaea
aestivalis than the swamp sparrow, I think it best to retain Wilson's name. It certainly
applies as well to the latter, which has the black sub-maxillary streak, and the chin and
throat more mouse colored than in palusti-is.

List of specimens.

CataX. Sex.
No.

Locality.

When collected.' Whence obtained.

809

375

Q

810

(?

776

934

<?

10277

4806

o

Carllde, Pa Oct. 17,1842

do May 13, 1841

do Oct. 17,1842

do Oct. 3, 1842

May 2, 1843

Union county, HI April 20, 1857

Vermilion river, Neb. . ... ..

S. F. Baird.
do....

-do.
.do.

-do.

N. W. University.
Lt. G. K. Warren .

Collected by-

R. Kennicott.
Dr. Hay den..

Length.

5.25
5.50
6.00
5.58
5.67

Stretch
of wings.

5.62

7.75
7.50
8.00
8.00
8.83

7.75

Wing.

2.33

2.42
2.42
2.42

2.50

484

U. S p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPORT.

PEUCAEA, Audubon.

Pcucaea, Audubon, Synopsis, 1839. Type Fringilla aestivalis.

Ch. — Bill moderate. Upper outline and commissure decidedly curved ; gonys nearly straight. Legs and feet small ; the tarsus
about equal to the middle toe; the lateral toes equal, their claws falling considerably short of the middle one ; the hind toe
reaching about to the middle of the latter. The outstretched feet reach only to ihe middle of the tail. The wing is very short,
reaching only to the base of the tail ; the longest teriials do not exceed the secondaries, while both are not much short of the
primaries ; the outtr three or four quills arc graduated. The tail is considerably longer than the wings ; it is much graduated
laterally ; the feathers, though long, are peculiarly narrow, linear, and elliptically rounded at the ends.

Color beneath plain whitish or brownish, with a more or less distinct dusky line each side of the chin. Above with broad obso-
lete brown streaks or blotches. Crown uniform, or the feathers edged with lighter. Inner tail feathers wilh obsolete transverse
dusky bars.

This is a very well defined groui^, with a curved upper mandible ; short toes ; very short and
much rounded wings, less than the tail ; a long, much graduated tail, with the feathers narrow,
liaear, and elliptical at the end. This character of the tail, with that of the unspotted under
parts and black streak on each side of the chin, and the yellow edge to tlie wings in two of the
species, are all strong distinctive features.

Synopsis of species.

A. Maxillary black streak narrow; edge of wing yellow (inconspicuously.) Head above streaked.

Feathers above with the central portion dark chestnut ; those of the back with broad
streaks of brown. Throat, breast, and sides tinged with yellowish ash P. aestivalis.

Feathers above paler ; those of back with narrow central streaks of brown, or else
wanting. Beneath paler ; throat nearly white P. cassinii.

B. Maxillary stripe very distinct. Head above nearly uniform reddish. Edge of wing
grayish white P. ruficeps.

Comparative measurements of species.

c

Species.

Locality.

K

5

C
.J

o
jn S}

1

3
1

2

s

c

li

S

13

0)

o.
%

5

Specimen
measured^

Pcucaea ruliceps

Peucaea caesinii

do

Pcucaea aestivalis

5.48
5.82
6.10
5.10
5.70
6.00
6.50

7.50

8.00

2.30
2.64
2.56
224

2.80
3.05
3.12
8.50

0.77
0.73
0.84
0.72

0.72
0.6!)
0.79
0.70

0.17
0.17
0.18
0.16

0.50
0.56
0.64
0.55

0.23
0.26
0.28
0.24

0.42
0.46
0.49
0.45

0.47
0.50
U.48
0.50

Skill

6328

s

r

9

6327
3070

Lo9 Xogales, Mex

Skin

Skin

Fresh

10244
do.

do

Liberty county, Oa

<?

2.36
2.50

2.78

0.76

0.74

0.14

0.60

0.24

0.44

0.52

Skin

PEUCAEA AESTIVALIS, Cabanis.

Bachinaii's Finch.

Fringilla aeslivalis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 25, No. 254.— Bonap. Conspectus, 1850, 481.

Peucaea aestivalis, Cabanis, Mus. Ilein. 1850, 132.

Fringilla bachmani, A«d. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 3CG; pi. 165.

Jlmmodromus bachmani , Bon. List, 1838.

Peucaea bnchmani, AtiD. Syn. 1839.— Is. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 113 ; pi. 176.— Bon. Consp. 1850, 481. (Typo.)

Fringilla aesliva, Nutt. I, 2d ed. 1840, 568.

" Sunimerftnch, Latham, Synopsis, 2d cd. VI, I3C." Nuttall.

BIRDS — FKINGILLIDAE — PEUCAEA CASSINII.

485

Sp. Cm. — Foatlienof tlio upper parta rather dark brownisli red or cliestnut, margined with bluiuh aeli, which almost forms iv
median atripe on tlio rrowii. Intcracnpular region and upper tail coverts with the feathers lioconiiiig browner in the contio.
An indistinct ashy superciliary stripe (yellowish anleriorly-) Under parts pale yellow brownish, tinged with ashy on llio sides,
and with darker biownish across the upper part of the breast. A faint maxillary dusky line. A few obsolete small spots across
ttie breast. Edge of wing yellow ; lesser coverts tinged with greenish.

Length, 6.25; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.76.

//(i6. — Georgia.

The female does not ilift'er, except iu the smaller size. Specimens, probahly not quite mature,
have tlie breast auil sides distinctly streaked with dark brown. The maxillary dark line is very
di.stiDCt.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sox.

LoaUity.

When collected.

Whence obtjiined.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch

Wing.

Xo.

of wings.

10245

I

Indian Springs, Ga

Prof. Jos. Leconte.

S. F. Baird

do

I02U

Savannah, Oa

do

2404

do

2407

s

do

do

6.25

7.75

2. .-JO

3311

Liberty county, Ga

do

1846

do

W. L. Jones

5 70

7 SO

3J62

3

1846

do

5.80

8.00

2.50

3310

a

do

1846

do

do

5.70

7.60

2.50

3316

Q

do

184C

do

Jo

5.30

7.80

2.30

3065

<?

do.. . .

do

do

5.70

7.80

2.40

3071

do

1846

W. L. Jones

do

3068

s

do

1846

do

6.00

8.00

2.30

3070

9

do..

1846

do

do

5.70

7.50

2.00

3314

s

do

1846

do

do

5.80

7.80

2.20

3066

9

do

1846

do

do

5 62

7 50

2 25

3316

do

1846

'

5.30

7.80

2.30

PEUCAEA CASSINII, Baird.

Zonotrichia casrinii, Woodhouse, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VI, April 1852, 60. (San Antonio.)
Passerculus cossinii, "Wooduocse, Sitgreavcs' Rep. Zuni and Colorado, 1653, 85 ; Birds, pi. iv.
(Apparently related to Zonotrichia botleri, Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857, 214, Orizaba?)
Sp. Ch. — Similar to P. aestivalis, but paler ; wings and tail longer. Above light chestnut, all the feathers margined and
tipped with bluish gray. Interscapular and crown feathers with a narrow streak of brown. Beneath white, tinged with ash
across the breast, and with brown towards the tail. An obsolete light superciliary, and narrow dusky maxillary stripe. Tail
feathers obsoletely blotched with bluish white at the end . Bend of wing yellow ; lesser coverts tinged with greenish yellow.
Length, 6 inches ; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.75.
Ilab. — San Antonio, Texas, to Los Nogales, Sonera .

This species has a considerable resemblance to P. aestivalis, but differs in some appreciable
points. The brown of the upper parts is paler, and the ashy edging to the feathers appears
rather more extensive. The dark brown blotches on the back are of much less extent, being
confined to a mere streak along the shaft, widening a little at the end, instead of occupying
nearly all the feather. The upper tail coverts have a distinct subterminal black bar, and are
tipped with bluish white ; the tertiaries arc margined all round with white, much lighter than
in aestivalis. The middle tail feathers are dusky in the centre, with obsolete dentations of the
same color on either side. This I have not noticed in the other species. The sides of the head

486

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

are lighter, the superciliary stripe scarcely appreciable. The under parts are much whiter and
without any of the yellowish brown ; the breast tinged with pale ash. The obsolete blotches
at the tip of the tail feathers are more distinct. The wing appears a good deal longer.

A skin from Los Nogales (G327) is still more similar to P. aestivalis, and if of the same
species as those first described, is probably considerably older. The back is, however,
lighter than in aestivalis, the interscapular blotches narrower and more restricted to the very
middle of the back. The under parts are paler. The resemblance is^ however, so close, that if
the sjjecimen were from Georgia it would be considered merely as a slight variation from
the type. This specimen measures 6.20 inches ; the tail, 3.15 ; the wing, 2.60. It has a
certain resemblance to the Zonoirichia botteri of Sclater, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1857, 214, from Orizaba,
but is probably sufiiciently distinct.

List of specimens.

Oatal. Locality.
No.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

Dr. Woodhouse
Dr. Heermann.

6328 Texas

Lt. J. G. Parke

5035 Camp on Pecos river, Tex..

July 7,1855
June — , 1855

Capt. J. I'ope

Major Emory

104

84

COO

7.50

2. SO

Eyes brown i feetyellow..

PEUCAEA RUFICEPS, B a i r d .

Mimodronms ruficeps, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. VI, Oct. 1852, 184. (California.)— Ib. Illusl. I, v, 1854, 135; pi. xx.

Sp. Ch. — Above brownish ashy. The crown and nape uniform brownish chestnut. Tlio interscapular region and neck with
the feathers of this color, except around the margins. A superciliary ashy stripe, wliiter at the base of the bill. Beneath pale
yellowish brown, or brownish yellow, tlarker and more ashy across the breast and on the sides of body ; middle of belly and
chin lighter ; the latter with a well marked line of black on each side. Under tail coverts more rufous. Length, 5.50 ; wing,
2.35; tail, 2.85.

Hab. — Coast of California.

This plainly-colored species has the bill rather slender ; tail rather long, and considerably
rounded ; the outer feathers .40 of an inch shorter than the middle ; the feathers soft, and
rounded at the tip. The wing is short ; the primaries not much longer than the tertials ;
the second, third, fourth, and fifth, nearly equal ; the first scarcely longer than the secondaries.

There is a blackish tinge on the forehead, separated by a short central line, as in Spizella
socialis. The eyelids are whitish, and there is a short black line immediately over the upper
lid. There is a faint chestnut streak back of the eye. The chestnut of the nape is somewhat
interrupted by pale edgings. The blotches on the back melt almost insensibly into the colors
of the margins of the feathers. The outer edges of the secondaries and tertials, and the
outer surface of the tail, are yellowish rusty. The middle tail feathers show obsolete narrow
transverse dusky bars.

List of specimens.

Catal.No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whouco obtained.

Collected by—

3831

3

California

Dr. Hccrraann ,■......

6341

Calaveras county, ('al._

Lieut. "Williamson.

Dr. Hcerniaiin - - .

47296

R. D.Cutts

Fort Teion- fliil _ _ _ .

J. X. (le Vcsoy

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAK — PASSERKLLINAK.

487

EiMBKRNAGllA, Lesson.

Emhemagra, Leison, TrnitF d'Omilli. 1831. (Agnssiz.) Typo Sol/o/or liriJis, Vieillot.

Ch. — Bill conical, elon|;ate<l, comprossod ; the upper ontlino considerably curved, llio lower struiglil ; llio conimisBUro sliglitly
concave, and faintly notched at lhc> end. Tarsi lengthened ; considerably longer than the middle too. Outer too a little longer
than the inner, not reaching <iuito to the base of the middle claw. Hind toe about as long as iho middle without its claw.
Wings very short, and much rounded ; the tcrtials nearly equal to the primaries ; the secondaries a liltlo shorter ; the outer
four primaries much graduated, even tho Rcond shorter than any other quill. The tail is moderate, about as long as the wings,
much graduated ; tho feathers rather narrow, linear, and elliplically rounded at tho end ; tho outer webs more than usually
broad in proportion to llie inner, being more than one-third ae wide. Tho upper parts are olive green, the under whitish.

The position of this genus is a matter of considerable uncertainty. On some accounts it
would be better placed among the Spizinae.

EMBERNAGRA RUFIVIRGATA, Lawrence.

Embemagra rtifivirgala, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, May, 1851, 112 ; pi. v, f. 2. Texas —Sclater, Pr. Zool.
Soc. 1656, 306.

Sp. Cii. — Above uniform olivaceous green. Sides of tho hood, and a stripe behind the eye, dull brownish rufous, not very
conspicuous ; an ashy superciliary stripe rather yellowish anteriorly. Under pafta brownish white, tinged with yellowish
posteriorly, and with olivaceous on the sides ; white in the middle of the belly. Edge of wing, under coverts, and axillaries,
bright yellow. Length, 5.50 ; wing, 2.60 ; tail, 2.70.

y/oi. — Valley of tho Rio Grande, and probably of Gila, southward ; iVIazatlan, Mexico.

In this species the bill is rather loug ; the wings are very short, and much rounded ; the
tertials equal to the primaries ; the secondaries rather shorter ; the first quill is .05 of an inch
shorter than the seventh, which is longest. The tail is short ; the lateral feathers much grad-
uated ; the outer half an inch shorter than the middle.

A specimen of this species from Mazatlan, in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy,
has the bill rather stouter at the base, and the stripes on the head much better defined. Tiiose
on the crown are continued, though less distinctly, down the back of the neck to the upper part
of the back. This is probably a male, and No. G246 a female.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

6246

New Leon Mexico

5.50
6.25

8.00
8.50

2.75

6247

Ringgold barracks, Texas .-.

Major Emory

J. H. Clark

2. G2

Sub-Family PASSERELLINAE.

Ch. — Toes and claws very stout ; the lateral claws reaching beyond the middle of the middle one ; all very slightly curved.

Bill conical, the outlines straight; both mandibles equal ; wings long, longer than the even
tail, reaching nearly to the middle of its expo.sed portion. Hind claw longer than its digit ; the
toe nearly as long as the middle toe ; tarsus longer than the middle toe. Brown above, either
uniformly so or faintly streaked ; triangular spots below.

488

U. S. P, R, R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

This section embraces a single North American genus, chiefly characterized hy the remarkable
elongation of the lateral toes, as well as by the peculiar shape and great size of all the claws ;
the lateral, especially, are so much lengtliened as to extend nearly as far as the middle. The
onl}' aj^ijroach to this, as far as I recollect, among United States Conirostres, is in Pi^Alo meya-
lonyx, and Agelaius icier ocephal us.

PASSERELLA, Swain son.

Pttsserella, Swainsov, Class. Birds, II, 1837, 288. Type Fringilla iliaca, Merrem.

Ch. — Body stout. Bill conical, not notched, the outlines straight; the two jaws of equal depth; roof of upper mandible
deeply excavated, and vaulted ; not knobbed. Tarsus scarcely longer than tho middle toe ; outer toe little longer than the
inner, its claw reaching to the middle of the central one. Hind toe about equal to the inner lateral ; tho claws all long, and
moderately curved only ; the posterior rather longer than the middle, and equal to its too. Wings long, pointed, reaching to
the middle of the tail ; the tertials not longer than secondaries ; second and tliird quills longest ; first equal to the fifth. Tail
very nearly even, scarcely longer than the \ving. Inner claw contained scarcely one-and-a-half times in its toe proper.

Color. — Rufous or slaty ; obsoletely streaked or uniform above ; thickly spotted with triangular blotches beneath.

The following species constitute the known members of the genus from the United States :

Back, breast, and sides of neck and body streaked distinctly with light brownish red ; of
which color are the wings and ta'il P. iliaca.

Wings and tail dark brownish rufous ; rest of upper parts uniform olivaceous rufous. Under
parts with thickly crowded, more or less confluent, spots of the same P. toionsendii.

Wings and tail dark brownish rufous ; rest of upper parts uniform slate gray. The under
parts with distinct triangular spots of the same P. schistacea.

Comparative measurements of species.

6 1

^ Speciea.

LocaUty.

•A
en

c

5

o c

1 '^

bb

c:

d
&

3

iS

1

•3

ll

ll

>
o

la

t

S
O

Specimen
measured.

831

Passeretla iliaca

do

9

6.34
6.8-3
6.50
7.42
6.70
6.76
6.90
6.83
6.80

11.00
11.25

3.32
3.42
3.46
3.50
2.94
3.58
3.46
3.26
3.08

3.00

0.89

0.90

0.28

0.70

0.34

0.42

0.53

Skin

do.

do

Fresh

1323

do

do

<?

3.10

0.96

0.92

0.28

0.70

0.36

0.47

0..50

Skin

do.

do

do

Fresh

2874

PasserellB townsendii..
..do

Passerclla schistacea? .

Pasaerella schistacea.. .
do

Q

i

Q
S

3.04
3.24
3.38
3.66
3.40

0.91
1.00

i.oa

0.90
0.94

1.95

1.01
1.00
1.00
0.87

0.32
0.38
0.35
0.40
0.26

0.78
0.83
0.79
0.83
0.73

0.42
0.47
0.42
0.50
0.38

0.46
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50

0.51
0.61
0.60
0.50
0.56

Skin

6341

10280
10379

Sacramento valley

Fori Tcjon, Cal

do

do

Skin .' ...

Skin

Skill

Skin

PASSERELLA ILIACA, Swain son.
Fox-colorcd Sparrow.

Frvngilla iliaca, Mebrem. " Beitr. zur besond. Gosch. dor Vogol, II, 1786- '87, 40 ; pi. x." — Gm. Syst. Nat. I,
1788, 923.— AuD. Orn. Biog. 11,1834,58: V, 512; pi. 108.— In. Syn. 1839.— Ib. Birds Amer.
Ill, 1841, 139 ; pi. 186.

Passeretla iliaca, Sw. Birds, II, 1837, 288.— Bon. List, 1838.— Id. Conspectus, 1850, 477.

Fringilla rvja, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 53 ; pi. xxiv, f. 4.— Licht. Vorz. 1823, No. 248.

Fringilla ferrvginea , Wilson, Catalogue, VI, 1812. — Hall's ed. Wilson, II, 255.

" Emberiza pralensis, Vieill." Giay.

Sr. Ch. — Middle of the back dull ash, each feather with a largo blotch of brownish red ; top of head and neck, with rump
similar, but with smaller and more obsolote blotches. Upper tail coverts, with exposed surface of wings and tall, bright rufous.

BIKD.S — KRINOILLIUAE — PASSEKELLA TOWNSKNDII.

4S9

Beneatli whits, witli ths upper part of the breaat and 8id<3s oftliroat and body with triangular spota of rufoua, and a fuw smaller
onea of blackish on the middle of tho breast. Inner edges of quills and tail feathers tinged with rufou!) pink. No light linoK
on tho head, but a patch of rufous on tho chocks. First quill rathur less t!>an the fifth. Hind too about equal to its claw.
Length, about 7.50 ; wing, 3.50.

llab. — ICaslern United States to tho .Mississippi.

Sometimes the entire head above is reddish like the back.

List of specimens.

Cntal.
No.

Sex.

LocaUty.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Winp.

1323

a

April 2, 1846

Oct. 29, 1842

S. F. Baird

do

... 7.42
... 7.17

11.25
11.58
11.00

3.08

816

do

3.42

831

9
S
9

do

Washington, D. C.

Oct. 22 1842

do

.__ fi. 8.1

3.42

10134

J. C. McGuire

10133

do

do 1

727«

Cleveland , Ohio

May— ,1852

1
J. P. Kirtland '

PASSEKELLA TOWNSENDII, Nut tall.

FrinffiHa loiriwetwiii, Aid. Orn. Biog. V, 1S39, 23G ; pi. 424, f 7.— Ib. Syn. 1839.— Ib. Birds Amor. Ill, ISll, 43 ;

pi. 187.
Fringilla {PassereUa) loionsendii, Nott. .Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 533.
Paajerella towtucndii, Bo.v. Conspectus, 1850, 477.
Fringilla meruloida, Vic. Zool. Blossom, (Montere3',) 1839, 19.
Emberiza unalaschetisis, Gm. I, 875, probably has some relation to tho present species. It is based on the Unalascha Bunting of
Pennant Arctic Zool. II, 364.

Sp. Ch. — Above very dark olive brown, with a tinge of rufous, the color continuous and uniform throughout, without any
trace of blotches or spots ; the upper tail coverts and outer edges of the wing and tail feathers rather lighter and brighter. The
under parts white, but thickly covered witli approximating triangular blotches like the back, sparsest on the middle of the body
and on the throat ; the spots on the belly smaller. Side almost continuously like the back ; tibiae and under tail coverts similar,
the latter edged with paler. Claws all very large and long ; the hinder longer than its toe. First and sixth quills about equal.
Length, about 7 inches ; wing, about 3.00.

Hab. — Pacific coast of United States as far south as Sacramento. Fort Tejon ? ?

This species differs a good deal ia form from P. iliaca. The claws are much larger and
stouter, the wing a good deal shorter and more rounded. The differences in color are very
appreciable, the tints being dark olivaceous brown instead of red, and perfectly uniform above,
not spotted ; the under parts much more thickly spotted.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Wlien collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Extent.

Wing.

Remarks.

5a75

Siniu of Puca,W.T

do

Port Sicilacoom

March, 1855...
April, 1855

Dr. J. G. Oooper, ..

7.00
7.25

10.12
10.38

Bill bl'k and yellow.

5976

do

6-23S

February, 1856.
April, 1856

Dr. Suckley, U.S.A.

do

do

235
296
317

6237

do

7.50
7.00

9.50
9.00

3.00

6238

do

2874

9

Feb. 15,1836...
January, 1854..
do

S. F. Baird

J.K.Townsend.
Dr. Cooper. . . .

do

Dr. Ilecrmann.

6-239
6340

Fl. Vancouver,W.T

do

Sacramsnto, Cal

Gov. Stevens

do

12
15

7.50
7.25

11.00
9.50

Feet and iris brown,
do

6241

Lt. Williamaon

1

Jane IT, 1858.

62 b

490

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PASSERELLA SCHISTACEA, Baird.

Sr. Ch. — Bill very thick ; the upper mandible much swollen at the base ; under yellow. Above and on the sides uniform
slate gray ; the upper surface of wings, tail feathers, and upper coverts dark brownish rufous ; ear coverts streaked with white.
Beneath pure white, with broad triangular arrow-shaped and well defined spots of slate gray like the back everywhere, except
alone the middle of the belly ; not numerous on the throat. A hoary spot at the base of the bill above the loral region. Length,
6.80; wing, 3.08; tail, 3.40.

Hab. — Head waters of Platte to Fort Tejon, California.

This species is readily distinguished from P. iliaca by the slate back and spots on the breast,
•without any streaks above. The bill is much stouter and the claws longer. From townsendii it
differs in having the head, back, sides, and spots beneath slate colored, instead of dark reddish
•brown. The spotting beneath is much more sparse, the spots smaller, more triangular, and
confined to the terminal portion of the feathers, instead of frequently involving the entire outer
edge. The bill is stouter. The wings and tail are the same in both species.

The essential characters of the preceding diagnosis are based on a specimen (5118) from the
head of the Platte, and collected by Lieutenant Bryan, in 1856. Since then I have had the
opportunity of examining a large number of Passerellas collected at Fort Tejon, by Mr. Vesey,
and among them skins in the pure slate colors just described. Others, however, have this
tinged, both above and on the spots below, with reddish brown, and there is a gentle grada-
tion to what appears to be the true P. toivnsendii, I still think, however, that the species as
described is distinct, even though in some stages of plumage it is difficult to draw the line, as
in a large number of specimens, both of winter and summer, from Washington Territory, there
is not the very slightest trace of the slate, the entire upper parts being of a uniform reddish
brown, only a little brighter on the tail.

One specimen. No. 10279, is remarkable for the unusual shortness of the claws, as shown in
the table of measurements.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

Collected by —

5718
10278
10279
10280

Q
9

Platte river, K.T

July 19,185G...

Lt. P.T.Bryan

131

1408
1299
1397

W. S. Wood

do . -

do

do

do -

Sub-Family SPIZINAE.

Ch. Bill variable, always large, rnucli arched, and with the culmen considerably curved ; sometimes of enormous size, and

with a great development backwards of the lower jaw, which is always appreciably, sometimes considerably broader behind
than the upper jaw at its base ; nostrils exposed. Tail rather variable. Bill generally black or rod. Winga shorter than in
the first group. Gape almost always much more strongly bristled. Few of th» species sparrow-like or plain in appearance ;
usually blue, red, or black and white ; seldom (or never?) streaked beneath.

The preceding diagnosis is intended to embrace the brightly colored passerine birds of North
America different in general appearance from the common sparrows. It is difficult to draw the
line with perfect strictness so as to separate the species from those of the preceding group, but
the bill is always more curved and larger, and the colors brighter. The shorter wings, and the

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE— SPIZINAE. 491

absence of the stiff bristly feathers concealing the nostrils distin^nishes them from the first
section. The rictus, however, is almost always very strongly bristled.

The species may be conveniently divided, however artificially, by the proportional length of
the tii^ as follows :

A. — Tail decidedly shorter than the icings; nearly even.

a. Bill elongated ; upper mandible rather deeper, or as deep as the lower. Feet large and

strong.

C-\LAMO.«rizA. — Bill moderate ; slightly convex above. Outer lateral' toe rather

longer, but falling considerably short of the middle claw. Hind toe large ;

equal to the middle, without its claw. Claws large, with an indented groove

on each side. Outer four primaries equal and abruptly larger than the rest ;

tertials as long as the primaries. Color black, with white on the wings.

EtJSPiZA. — Bill rather more slender ; commissure distinctly sinuated. Tertials
little longer than secondaries ; first quill longest, the others regularly gradu-
ated. Lateral toes reaching nearly to the base of the middle claw. Back
streaked. Crown and rump nearly uniform. No streaks below, where the
colors are white, black, and yellow.

h. Bill stouter, and more curved above; upper mandible generally not so deep as the lower.
Feet smaller.

GuiRACA. — Bill enormously large ; the lower mandible wider at base than the
length of gonys. Outer web of external tail feather considerably expanded towards
the end. Tail even. Hind claw much curved ; decidedly longer than the middle
anterior one. Second quill longest. Wings reaching to middle of the tail.
Size large. Color blue, or with black head.

Ctanospiza. — Size very small. Outer web of exterinal tail feathers narrow ; but
little expanded at the end. Claws all about equal. Both culmcn and commis-
sure gently curved. Color more or less blue.

B. — Wings and tail of the species about equal in size.

Spermophila. — Smallest of American Conirostres. Bill greatly curved above and
very short, scarcely longer than high. Tail feathers widened at the end ; acu-
minate, mucronate. Wing broad, short ; quills all nearly equal. Claws long,
not much curved ; hinder considerably longer than anterior. Color black, or
brown and white.

C. — Wings much shorter than the tail, tvhich is broad and graduated ; pr-iviaries graduated ; the

first seldom longer than the secondaries.

a. Head crested. Prevailing color red. Bill red.

Ptrkhuloxia. — Bill pyrrhuline, very short, and greatly convex ; shorter than high.
Hind claw less than its digit ; not much larger than the middle anterior one.
Tarsus equal to the middle toe.

Caedinalis. — Bill coccothraustine, very large ; culmen very sliglitly convex.
Wings more rounded. Feet as in the last, except that the tarsus is longer than
the middle toe.

492

V. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

b. Head not crested. No red. Bill dusky.

PiPiLO. — Bill moderate ; ciilmen and commissure curved. Hind claw very large
and strong ; longer than its digit. Tarsus less than the middle toe.

CALAMOSPIZA, Bonaparte.

Calamospiza, Bonap. JasI, 1838. Type Fringilla hicolor, Towns.
Corydalina, Audubon, Synopsis, 1839. Same type.

Ch.— Bill rather Urge, much swollen at the base; the culmen broad, gently but decidcly curved; the gonys nearly
straight ; the commissure much angulated near the base, then slightly sinuated ; lower mandible nearly as deep as the upper,
the margins much inflected, and shutting under the upper mandible. Nostrils small, strictly basal. Rictus quite stiffly bristly.
Legs large and stout. Tarsi a little longer than the middle toe ; outer toe rather longer than the inner, and reaching to the
concealed base of the middle claw ; hind toe reaching to the base of the middle claw ; hind claw about as long as its toe. Claws
all strong, compressed, and considerably curved. Wings long and pointed ; tho fiist four nearly equal, and abruptly longest ;
the tertials much elongated, as long as the primaries. Tail a little shorter than the wings, slightly graduated ; tho feathers
rather narrow and obliquely oval rounded at the end.

Color. — Black, with white on tlie wings.

This genus is well characterized by the large swollen hill, with its curved culmen ; the large
strong feet and claws; the long wings, a little longer than the tail, and with the tertials as
long as the primaries ; the first four quills equal, and abruptly longest ; the tail short and
graduated.

The only group of N. American Spizellinae, with the tertials equal to the primaries in the
closed wing, is Passerculus. This, however, has a diflferently formed bill, weaker feet, the inner
primaries longer and more regularly graduated, the tail feathers more acute and shorter, and
the plumage streaketl brownish and white instead of black.

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length. 'Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

IMiddle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along Hind toe
gape, and claw.

Hind claw
alone.

Specimen
measured.

2869

Calamospiza bieolor..
do

Rocky mountains

New Meiico

do

6.40
j 6.24

3.43
3.55
3.36

2.95
2.96
2.96

1.00
0.92
0.98

0.98
0.90

0.88

0.24
0.20
0.19

0.56
0.54
0.54

0.58
0.58
0.56

0.72
0.66
0.G2

0.32
0.32
0.28

Skin

Skin

6306

do

Skin

CALAMOSPIZA BICOLOR, Bonap.

Lark Bnnting; White-winged Blackbird.

• Fringilla bieolor, Townsenp, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, 1837, 189.— Ib. Narrative, 1839,346.— AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839,
19; pi. ,390.
Calamos])iza bieolor, Bonap. List, ]S38.— 1b. Conspectus, 1850, 47.^.
Corydalina bieolor, AuD. Synopsis, 1839, 130.— In. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 19.''>; pi. 201.
DuUchonxjx bieolor, Ndttall, Manual, I, 2d cd. 1840, 203.

Sp. Ch.— JV/o/c entirely black; a broad band on tho wing, with tho outer edges of the quills and tail feathers, white.

Female pale brown, streaked with darker above; beneath white, spotted and streaked rather sparsely with black on the breast
and sides. Throat nearly immaculate. A maxillary stripe of black, bordered above by white. Region around tho eye, a faint
stripe above it, and an obscure crescent back of the car coverts, whitish. A broad fulvous white band across the ends of the
greater wing coverts. Tail feathers with a while spot at tho end of tlic inner web. Length, about 6.50; wing, 3.50 ; tail,
3.20 ; UrsuB, 1 .00 ; bill above, .60.

i/at.— High Central Plains to the Rocky mountains ; southwesterly to valley of Mimbres and Sonora.

BIRDS — PRINQILLIUAE — EUSPIZA.

493

In tliis species the bill is large and much swollen. The tail is Klightly emarginate, and a
good deal rounded. The second quill is longest; the third, fourth, and first are scarcely shorter.
Tlie tertiiiries are much elongated, within a quarter of an inch aa long as the primaries. The
claws are large ; moderately curved. The tarsi are large and strong.

Tlie white patch on the wing is confined to the greater and middle coverts. The elongated
tertiaries are conspicuously edged with white. Some of the feathers on the posterior part of
the body have white niargiua.

A young male is similar to the female, but the chin and quills, with the lesser wing coverts,
as also the tail, are black. There is also a tendency to black in the anterior part of the belly.
Very young birds have the characters of the female, the white patch on the wing usually quite
distinct, sometimes wanting.

Lisl of specimens.

Caial.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Reniarki}.

3869

9?

<??
C?

9
9?

S
c?
9

C?

9?

(?
9

c??
c?

(?

9

(?

Mi&'^ouri Plain>i;

.S. P. n.-lirH

J. K. Townsend

Dr. Haydeu....

Hn

5378

Juno 30, 1856 I.I. G. K. W.-lrren..

7.25
6.75

13.00

11.00

4. CO
3.37

5375

70 miles atiovc Yellow-

Elone River, Neb

Plalte river

do

July 29, 1856
July 19

do

In

5734

127

W.8. Wood...

.iTas

.... do

do

57-22

S.Fk. Plauc

July 19

do

129
146

do

8999

Aug. 6

Aug. 1

Aug. 17

Aug. 13, 1S57

Aug. 20, 1857

July 25

July 21, 1857
Aug. 13, 1856

Lt. Warren

do

do

VVm. M. Magraw . .

do

Lt. Bryan

7.50
8.75
7.00
7.00

7.25

12.00
12.00
10.75
11.25

12.00

3.50
3.25
5.00
3.50

4.00

892»

do

do

DiTideFks. Plane

N. Fk. riatlc river

Pole creek, K.T

Black IlilU

do

do

8931

8773
8990

5720

H6
163
152

Dr. Cooper

do

\T. S.Wood....

Iris brown; bill black;

feet pale.
Iris brown ; bill brown fit

white ; feet brown.

7038

do

An

5721

do

258 do

7.00
7.00

11.50

a

e3l3

3.50

Eyes black ; feet gray ;

5032

May 13, 1855

do

80

6305

Dr. Hoermann..
.... do

6306

do

do

63U7

Fort Thorn, N. M

*

6301

Souora, Mfilco

do

Major Emory

.... do

'

6302

Hr. ;

6303

9

E^pia, Mexico

March, 1855..

do

do

6304

do

do... .

do

do

EUSPIZA, B o n a p a r 1 0 .

Etupiza, Bo.vAPARTE, List, 1838. Typo Embcriza amerkana, Gmelin.
Euspina, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 133. Same type.

Ch. — Bill large and strong, swollen, and without any ridges ; the lower mandible nearly as higli as the upper ; as broad
at llie base as the length of the gonys, and considerably broader than the upper mandible ; the edges much inflexed, and shut-
ting much within the upper mandible ; the commissure considerably angulated at llie base, then decidedly sinuatcd. The tarsus
barely equal to the middle toe ; the lateral toes nearly equal, not rtaching to the base of the middle claw ; the hind toe about
equal to the middle one without its claw.. The wings long and acute, reaching nearly to the middle of the tail ; the tertials
decidedly longer than the secondaries, but much shorter than the primaries ; first quill longest, the others regularly graduated.
Tail considerably shorter than the wings, though moderately long ; nearly even, althouifh slightly emarginate ; the outer
feathers scarcely shorter. Middle of back only striped ; beneath without streaks.

494

U. S. p. R, R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

This genus comes nearer to Calamospiza, but has shorter tertials, more slender hill, weaker
and more curved claws, &c.

Synopsis of species.

Top and sides of head light slate ; forehead tinged with greenish yellow. A superciliary
stripe, a maxillary spot, sides of breast, and middle line of breast and belly, yellow. Chin
white, throat black, shoulders chestnut. Female with the black of the throat replaced by a
crescent of spots E. americana.

Body throughout, (including the jugulum,) dark ash, tinged with brownish on the back and
wings. Superciliary and maxillary stripe, chin, throat, and middle of belly, white. A maxil-
lary line and a pectoral crescent of black spots. No chestnut shoulders JE. toivnsendii.

Under the head of Cyanospha, page 500, will be found some remarks upon the genera Euspiza
and Spiza, of Bonaparte. The name of S2nza was first used in connexion with the Emheriza
americana, but so mixed up with types of several other modern genera as to render it uncertain
whether to apply it to one rather than another. Under the circumstances, therefore, it may be
best to retail! Euspiza, although if Sjnza pointed more unraistakeably to the E. americana it
might, perhaps, be necessary to adopt it.

Comparative measurements of species.

6
1

o

Species.

Locality.

B

1-^

o
1 .5

&

3

1

o
«

S i

" §

.2 i

.5 «
H

>
o
.a
cs

i

i

a
o

5

Specimen
measured.

1459

Euspiza americana

c?

G.06
6.66
5.64
6.50
5.59
5.40
5.75

10.75
10.50

9.00

3.26
3.42
3.34
3.50
a. 98
2.86

2.80

0.90

0.90

0.26

0.67

0.30

0.53

o.co

Skin

9266

do..

10133

ioa«2

do..

do

do

do

Euspiza townsendii

do

Frfimont on Platle —
do

Wasiiington, D. C...

Chester county, Pa . . .
do

3
..„..

2.68

0.90

0.90

0.24

0 66

0.30

0.57

0.66

Skin

Fresh

2.50
2.56

0.80
0.80

0.80
0.80

0.23
0.23

0.60
0.53

0.28
O.iM

0.52
0.48

0.56
0.56

Skin

Skin

Fresh

EUSPIZA AMERICANA, Bo nap.

Black-throated Buutiu:;.

Emberiza americana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 872.— Wilson, Am. Cm. Ill, 1811, 80 ; pi. iii, f. 2.— AnoDBON,
Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 579 ; pi. 384.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 101.— Ib. Birds Amer. HI, 1841, 58 ;
pi. 150.

Fringilla (Hpiza) americana, Bonap. Obs. Wils. 1625, No. 85.

Euspiio americana, Bonap. List. 1838. (Type.) — Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 469.

Euspina americana, Cabanis, Mfts. Hoin. 1851, 133. (Type.)

Fringitla IJaiicollis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 926.

" Emberiza mexicnna, Latham," Syn. 1, 1790, 412. (Gray.)

Passerina nigricollis, Vieillot.

Yellow-throated fmch, Pennant, Arc. Zool. II, 374.

Sp. Ch.— Jl/o/c. Sides of the head, and sides and back of the nock ash ; crown tingod with yellowish green and faintly

streaked with dusky. A superciliary and short maxillary line, middle of the breast, a.xillarics, and edje of the wing yellow.

Chin, loral region, spots on sides of throat, belly, and under tail coverts white. A black patch on the throat diminishing to

*the breast, and a spot on the upper part of the belly. Wing coverts choBtniil. Interscapular region streaked with black | rest

ofback immaculate. Length, about 6.70 j wing, 3. .50.

Female with the markings less distinctly indicated ; the black of the breast replaced by a black maxillary lino and a streaked
collar in the yellow of the upper part of the breast.

} I ah. —Vnittd States from the Atlantic to the border of the High Cenlrdl Plains.

lilRDS FRIN(ULLIDAE — EUSPIZA TOA\'NSENDII.

495

In specimens from the bonier of the plains the black on the throat is restricted to the upper
portion, immediately under the head. The streaks on the back are broader and less distinct.
The first quill is longest, as in most specimens.

In a younjj male, from Carlisle, the tail feathers are all acute and acuminatoly pointed.

List of specimens.

Cauu.
No.

Sei.

Locality.

When col-
luded.

'Wboiicc obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
ufwingi^.

Wing.

RcmarkH.

1169
1067
US9

ess

8178

eiifi

53S0
&381

sass

9i!61
9i!6S
9258
9363

9ieo

92S4
9348
9270
9X3
9356
9363
9264
9349
9257
5703
5704
7087
5705
6381

Carliilo, Pa.
, do

.do..

We<t Norlhlield, III .

Union CO., Ill

Indopondence, Mo. .

Bhawnee mission, K. T.

do

Fort Pierre, Neb....
Fort Lookout, Neb.,

.do..

Loup Fork of Platte.

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

Elk Born river

do

Aug. SS, 1843 8. F. Oaird .

Jan. 19,1843' do

May 6,1844 I do..

May 19

April SO

May 6, 1857

July -,1857

July 3,1857
June 18,1856
June 11,1656

July 10

Aug. 30

Aug. 3

July 29

6.75
6.08
6.GG

11.00
8.33
10.73

3.43
3.00
3.43

N. W. Univeri^it}'

do. ......

Woi. M. Magraw.

do

do

Lieut. Warren...

R. Kcnnicott .
do

Dr. Cooper .

114

do..

.do..

do

Dr. Hayden
do

.do..

do

Fremont on Platte

East of Fort Riley, K.T.

Republican Fork

do

Platte river

Texas

July 10 .
....do....
July 34 .
July 3 .
July 1 .
June 30 .
....do....

.do.,
.do.,
.do.,

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do.,
.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do..

.do..

....do

....do

July 1

June 16,1856
July 3,1856
June 12,1857 ,
July 19

.do.,
.do..
• do..

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

do

do

Lieut. Oryan ..

do

Or. Hammond.
Lieut. Bryan. ..
Capt. J. Pope..

14

54

1

124

, do

, do

, do

W. S. Wood.
do

W. S. Wood ,

6.75

6.25
6.00
6.25
6.23
7.00
6.75
6.00
6.75
7.00
6.37
6.00
6.37
6.62
6.62
6.75
6.37
6.37
6.12

10., 10

9.75
9.75
10.00
9.75
10.50
10.25
10.00
10.00
10.25
10.00
9.75
9.50
10 50
10.87
10.62
10.75
10.50
10.50

3.37

3.25
3.37
3.00
3.00
3.37
3.35
3.35
3.50
3.37
3.25
3.00
3.00
3.50
3.50
3.37
3.50
3.37
3.37

Iris brown, bill and feet

grayish.
Iris br^n, bill hl'k, anil
tlesh color, feet brown.

Iris light brown.

Iris dark brown.
Iris dark brown.

Iris dark brown .

EUSPIZA TOWNSENDII, Bonap.
Townsend's Bunting.

£m*eri:o loumsendii, Ahd. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 183: V, 90 ; pi. 400.— Ib. Syn. 1839.— 1b. IJirds Amer. Ill, 1841, G2;

pi. 157.— NoTTALL, Man. I, 2d cd. 1840,528.
Euspixa totonsendii, Bon. List, 1838.

Sp, Ch. — Malt. Upper parts, head and neck all round, sides of body and fore part of breast slate blue ; the back and tipper
surface of wings tinged with yellowish brown ; the interscapular region streaked with black. A superciliary and ma.xilUiry line,
chin and throat, and central line of under parts from the breast to crissurn, white ; the edge of the wing, and a gloss on llie breast
and middle of belly, yellow. A black spotted line from the lower corner of the lower mandible down the side of the throat,
connecting with a crescent of streaks in the upper edge of the slate portion of the breast.

Length, 5.75; wing, ii.SG; tail, 2.56.

Hab. — Chester county, Pennsylvania. But one specimen known.

This curious bird has long been a puzzle to ornithologists in the uncerlainty whether it is
only a variety of the Euspiza americana or a distinct species. Thus far but one specimen is

496 U. S. p. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

known, the one before me, kindly lent to the Smithsonian Institution by Doctor Michener, and
previously figured and described by Mr. Audubon. I do not feel able to decide the question of
its true relationships to E. americana, but will merely remark that the fact of the original of
Mr. Audubon's description being unique is no argument against its being a true species, as
several other unquestionable species of even the best known portions of the United States, as
Dendroica Idrtlandii and carbonata, Begulus cuvieri, &c., are in the same category, while several
others are not much better known.

The first quill is longest, the others successively shorter. The plumbeous of the rump and
upper coverts is glossed with yellowish brown like the back. The streaks on the back are very
narrow and inconspicuous, much less distinct than in americana.

The peculiarities of this bird, compared with E. americana, consist in an extension of the
slate of the sides and back of the neck over the entire head above, and to a less degree on
the back, across the breast, and along the sides. The yellow of the head is wanting entirely ;
the superciliary stripe narrower, not passing so far backward, and white. The white maxillary
stripe is very distinct, and linear^ for a greater distance than in the other species. There is
none of the chestnut red on the shoulders, these parts being yellowish brown like the rest of the
wing.

The pattern of coloration in this bird (though marked male,) is much like that of the
female americana in the black maxillary line, the spots across the breast, and the absence of
black on the throat. The female americana, however, never has the pure slate of the sides and
top of the head, as well as across the breast ; the maxillary light stripe is much less distinct,
and, with the superciliary, is strongly tinged with yellow. ^

GUIRACA, Swain sou.

Guiraca, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, Nov. 1827, 350. Type Loxia aerulea, L.

Coccoborus, Swainson, Class. Birds, II, 1837, 277. Same type.

? Goniaphea, BowDicH, " Excursions in Madeira, 1825," Agassiz. Type Loxia ludoviciana, L. according to Gray.

Hdbia, Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. 1850 ; plate xxviii. Type Loxia ludoviciana, L.; not JJabia, Lesson, 183L

Hcdymeles, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 153. Same type.

Bill very large, nearly as high as long; the culmen curved, with a rather sharp ridge; the commissure conspicuously
angulated just below the nostril, the posterior leg of the angle nearly as long as the anterior, both nearly straight. Lower jaw
deeper than the upper, and extending much behind the forehead ; the width greater than the length of the gonys, considerably
wider than the upper jaw. A prominent knob in the roof of the mouth. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe; the outer toe a little
longer, reacliing not quite to the base of the middle claw ; hind toe rather longer than to this base. Wings long, reaching the
middle of the tail ; the secondaries and tertials nearly equal ; the second quill longest ; the first less than the fourth. Tail very
nearly even, shorter than the wings.

1 The following extract from a letter received from Doctor Michener, dated December 23, 1857, contains some interesting
details respecting this species :

" The accompanying paragraph, taken from my note-book, contains the information youdcsiro respectingTownsend'sbunting.
The bird was killed by Mr. Townsend himself, in an old field grown up with cedar bushes, near Now Garden, Chester county,
within half a mile of the New Garden meeting house :

'•May 11, 1633. — This morning J. K. Townsend, in company with .Tohn Richards, shot a bunting in Wni. Brown's cedar
bushes, which is believed to be a nondtficript. We have given it the provisional name (until further examined) oC Kmherita
albigula., or White-throated Hunting. The following brief description was drawn up from the recent bird ;

** JSJale. — Upper mandible black, middle edge wliito, lower light iilue with a longitudinal strij)e extending from the point half
wav to the base ; head dark plumbeous, checks and breast lighter pIuml)oouH, lino over the eye while ; back varied with black
and brown ; wings brown, the first and second j)rimaries equal and longest, the two josser coverts edged with paler ; the throat
white, margined with black extending down upon the breast, beneath which is a small spot of ochroous ; sides light plumbeous ;
belly and vent brownish while. Length, 5J inches ; extent, 9 inches."

BIRDS — FRIN'GIT.LTDAE — GITIRACA LmOVICIANA.

497

The essential character of the genua, as hero established, lii-s in tlio very thick, slightly arched
bill, the pointed wings, longer than the even tail, and the tarsi shorter than the middle toe.

Taking G. va-rulea as the type of the genus. It differs from huloviciana and melanocephala
in liaving a larger and deejier lower jaw, in proportion to the upper ; the commissure more
abruptly anguhited ; a more distinct ridge ; the lateral toes rather shorter. Tlic Cijanoloxia
purdlina of Bonaparte, assigned to the same genus by him, is radically different, the bill being
more like Cyanopiza in the comparative weakness of the lower jaw ; the feet are much more slender,
the tail shorter and much more rounded. According to G. R. Gray, the genus Ooniaphca of
Bowilich, has the Loxia ludoviciana as type.

The species may be grouped as follows:

GUIRACA.

Blue ; wings banded with chestnut brown (r. ccerulea.

GONIAPHEA.

Black ; breast rose colored ; belly white. Under wing coverts of female saffron yellow or
fulvous G- ludoviciana.

Black ; mediiin band on the crown, nuchal collar, rump aud under parts yellowish cinnamon ;
central line of belly yellow. Under wing coverts of female clear lemon yellow... G. melanocephala.

Comparative meastirements of species.

c

"5

5

Species.

Locality.

5

.J

I

3

1

6
2

o

1

o
2 "•

2i

II

3

c3

>

s.

a
1

i.

a

to

§

Specimens
measured.

H96

Guimca ludoviciana.,..

^

7.20
8.41
7.10
7. -10
7.30
6.20
7.16
5.90

13.08
11.32

4.13
4.10
3.82
4.14
4.10
3.33
3.50
3.15

3.48

0.87

0.92

0.28

0.61

0.36

0.64

0.73

Skin

do

do

Fresh

7018

....do do

Giiiraca niclanoceplinla.

St. Louis

3.21
3.64
3.46
2.79

0.87
0.96
0.91
0.80

0 91
0.94
0.94
0.84

0.2.5

0.60

0.24
0.28
0.26
0.23

0.60
0.73
0.64
0.63

0 66
0.76
0.75
0.69

Skin

1867
1868

Fort Union, Mo

do

0.28 ! 0.65
0.25 0.60
0.20 ' 0.57

Skin

Skin

1484

Giiiraca cacrulnn

Carlisle, Pa

Skin

do

do

Frps^li .

10139

....do do

Washington, D. 0

9

2.75

0.80

0.90

0.30 0.60

0.28

0.59

0.00

Skin

GUIRACA LUDOVICIANA, Swainson.

Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

toxin ludoticiana, LiKN. Syst. Nat. I, 17GG, 306.— Wilson, Am. Orn. 11, 1810, 135 ; pi. .wii, f. 2.

Guiraca ludovinana, Swainso.v, Pliil. Mag. I, 1827, 438.— Bonap. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, .501.

FringiUa ludoviciana, AoD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 166: V, 513 ; pi. 127.

Pyrrhula ludoviciana, Sab. Zool. App. Franklin's Narr.

CeecothrausUs ludoviciana, Rich. List, Pr. Br. Ass. 1837.

Coccoborus ludovicianus, Add. Syn. 1839, 133.— In. Birds Ani. Ill, 1841, 209 ; pi. 205.

" Goniaphea ludoviciana, Bowdich."

Iledymelea ludoviciana, Cabakis, Mus. Hcin. 1851, 153.

FringiUa punicea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 921. (Male.)

Loxia obscura, Gmelix, I, 1788, 862.

Loxia rosea, Wilson, Am. Orn. pi. xvii, f. 2.

Coccolhraustcs rubricotlis, Vieillot, Galeri des Ois. I, 1824, G7 ; pi. Iviii.

Sr. Ch. — Upper parts generally, svilli head and neck all round, glossy black. A broad crescent across the upper part of the
breast, extending narrowly down to the bcllv, axillaries, and under wing coverts, carmine. Rest of unrlcr parl.'j, rump and upper
tail coverts, middle wing coverts, spots on llie tertiaries and inner great wing coverts, basal half of primaries and secondaries,
and a large patch on the ends of the inner webs of tlic uuler three tail feathers, pure white.
.In UP 1!), 18.58.

r.3 b

498

U. S p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Female, without the white of quills, tail, and rump, and without any hiack or red. Above yellowish brown streaked with
darker ; head with a central stripe above, and a superciliary on each sice, white. Beneath dirty white, streaked with brown on
the breast and sides. Under wing coverts and axillars sallVon yellow. Length, 8,50 inches ; wing, 4.15.

Hob. — Eastern United States to the Missouri plains, south to Guatemala.

In the male the black feathers of the back and sides of the neck have a subterminal white bar.
There are a few black spots on the sides of the breast jnst below the red.

The young male of the year is like the female, except in having the axillarfes, under wing
coverts, and a trace of a patch on the breast, light rose red.

The tint of carmine on the under parts varies a good deal in different specimens.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex and

No.

age.

6945

C?

2455

9

13S

c?

722

o

2157

<?

1496

f?

8348

(?

8318

t?

7013

f?

4849

c?

4648

c?

4851

9

4852

9

8061

Locality.

Selkirk Setllem't, H.B.T.

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

do

do

Independence, Mo

do

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

, Donald Gunn

Sept. 3, 1845 S. F. Baird

Sept. —,1840 i do

Sept. 16,18-ia do

April28,I815 do

May 1U,1844 , do

June 18,1857 i Wm. M.M.igraw..
May 29,1857' do

St. Louis, Mo

Vennilion river....
Ponka Island, Neb.
Running Water....

Bijou Hill, Neb

Guatemala...,

May 12,1857 ] Lieut. F. T. Biyan..
Sept. 8, 1856 Lieut. O. K. Warren

May 10,1856 do

May 12,1856 do

May 16,1856 ' do

' J. Gould

Grig.

No.

35

Collected by — 1 Length. I Stretch
lofwings,

Dr. Cooper..
do

W.S. Wood....
Dr. P V. llayden
do

.do.,
.do.,

8.00
8.00
8.42
8.00
7.37

7.37
7.87
8.12
8.25

12.75
12.75
13.08

12. as

12.00

12.12
12.50
12.50
12.62

Wing.

4.00
4.17
4.25

4.00 Iris brown ; bill black
and white; feetgrny.

3.12
3.87
3..'J0
4.13

GUIRACA MELANOCEPHALA, Sw.

Black-headed Grosbeak.

Gittroco melanocephala, Sw. Syn. Mex. Birds, Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 438.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 503.

CoccothrausUn melanocephala, Rich. List, Pr. Brit. Ass. for 183G, 1837.

FringUla melanocephala, Avd. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 519 ; pi. 373.

Coccobvrus melanocephalus. Alio. Synopsis, 1839, 133 — Ib. Birds Amcr. Ill, 1841, 214 ; pi. 206.

Gonittphca melanoceplialay Sclater?

I ledijmelcs melanocephala, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 153.

FringUla xanlhomaschalis, Wacler, Isis, 1831, .'525.

Pitylus guilulus. Lesson, Rev. Zool. 11, 1839, 102.

?Guiraca tricolor. Lesson, Rev. Zool. II, 1839, 102.

gp.Cii. — Head above and on the sides, with chin, back, wings, and tail, black. A broad median stripe on the crown, a stripe
behind the eye, a well marked collar on the hind neck all round, edges of inteiscapular feathers, rump, and under parts generally
pale brownish orange, almost light cinnamon. Middle of belly, axillaries, and under wing coverts, yellow. Belly just anterior
to the anus, under tail coverts, a large blotch at the end of the inner wobs of first and second tail feathers, a band across the
middle and greater wing cover'.s, some spots on the ond.s of the tertiaries, the basal portions of all the (|uill.s, and the outer
three primaries near the tips, white.

Female similar, with less black ; wings and tail more olivaceous, the latter unspotted ; the black of the head anteriorly
replaced by whitish. The under wing coverts bright yellow. Length of male, nearly 8 inches ; wing, 4.25 ; tail, 3.50.

]Iah, — High Central Plains from Yellowstone to the Pacific. Tabic lands of Mexico.

This species has the bill similar to that of G, ludoviciana, a little more swollen, perhaps, and
of a blacki.sli cohir. Tlie .second (luill is longest, tiien tlie third, fourth, and first. Tlie tail is
slightly emarginate and rounded.

BIRDS — FRINGILLIPAK — Gl'IRACA CAKRDLKA.

499

Tho female is readily ilisfinguisliaLle from that of G. ludovidana hy the wliatlo of light
ciunaiuou brown beneath, without streaks or spots, (or else very obsolete,) and the existence of
the same color on the back. The tail is more olive groen, and the quills are white at their
bases. An uuuiistakeable character is found in the under wing coverts and axiliaries, wliicli,
in the female hulov.ctana, are sallron or orange yellow instead of the clear lemon or gamboge
yellow of mdanocephala.

List of specimens.

Catal. 8cx Locality.
No. >a(eJ

i !

When col- Whence obuiined.
Iccted. 1

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Lengtii.

Si retell
ofwing*.

Wing.

Keircirki'.

1867

5588
4850

s

9

June <ili,l»43
lfi|3

iln

Powdur river, Neb

Aug. 1,1856 Lt. G. K. Warren.

Dr. nayden....
do

7.87
8.25

12.75
12.75

4.37
4.25

3873

9

July 28,1835

May 17,1856

. do

S. F. Oaird

J. K.Townscnd
Dr. H.iydcn ....

do

do

4851

Hiinu HtlU Neb

Lt. a. K. Warren.

do

do

Dr. Cooper

do

do

187
188

8.87
8.25
8.25
8.50
8.00

12.50
12.75
12.62
12.75
12.00

3.25
4.25
4.12
4.75
4.00

Iris dark brown

4550

Jo

4853

do

May 16,185(1
Sept. 8,1857
.... do

8351
6378

do ...

. ..do

o

Port Thorn N. M

Dr. T. C. Henry,,

6380
5545

Poaa CrceK, Cal

May 11,1856
May 24,1856

Dr. Hecrmann .

E. Samuels

do

842
888

8.00

11.00

4.00

^46

,,(J0

GUIRACA CAERULEA, Swainson.

Bine Grosbeak.

Loxia caeruUa, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 306. — Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 78 ; pi. .\xiv, f. G.— r Wagler, Isis,

1831,525.
Guiraca caetuUa, Swainson, Birds Mex. in Pliil. Mag. I, 1827, 438.
Friii-iHa caeriUea, Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 140 : V, 508 ; pi. 122.
Coccoburus caeruUus, Sw. Birds II, 1837, 277.— Aud. Syn. It39.— Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841,204; pi. 204.— Cabanis,

Mus. Hcin. 1851, 152.
Cyanolozia caeruha, Bp. Conspectus, 1850, 502.
Goniaphoea caeruUa^ Bp.
Blue grosbeak, Pennant, Arc. Zool. II, 1785, 351.

Sp. Ch. — Brilliant blue ; darker across the middle of the back. Space around base of the bill and lores, with tail feathers,
black. Two bands on the wing across the tips of the primary and secondary coverts, with outer edges of tertiaries, reddish
brown. Feathers on the posterior portion of the under surface tipped narrowly with grayish white.

Female yellowish brown above, brownish yellow beneath ; darkest across the breast, and lightest on the throat. Wing
coverts and tcrtials broadly edged with brownish yellow. A faint trace of blue on the crown. Length of male 7.25 ; wing,
3.50; tail, 2.80.

Hab. — More southern United States from Atlantic to Pacific, south to Mexico.

This species exhibits but little variety of coloration, except in the purity and intensity of its
blue.

500

U, S. r. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex
& age.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by-

Length.

Stretch
ofwinga.

Wing.

Keniarks.

1484

9

c?

9

9
9
3

9

c?
c?
c?

(?

9

c?

0

..„..

Carlisle, Pa

do

May 8, 1844
May 10, 1843
Aug. 29, 1840
May 17,1843
April 39, 1844
1845

S. F. Baird

7.25
6.50

11.50
10.37

3.50
3.17

969

do

135
671

do

lo

1400

do

do

6.50

10.50

3.17

2417

do

HO

187

Jos. Leconte.

4092

New Leon, Mexico ....

April—, 1853
do

Lieut. Couch

do

7.25
6.0U

11.25
10.00

3 75
3.25

Eyes brown ; bill .^laltr color
and blue ; feet slate coi'd.

Eyes brown ; feet lead color;
bill lead and dove color.

4093

()384

Eagli; Pass, Texas

Peco?, Texas

FfontcrJi, Mexico

May 2, 1855
May — , 1853

\, Schott....

Capt. J. Pope

93

8.00

11.00

3.00

6382

6385

Dr T. C. Iletiry

6383

Major Einoiy

do

80

J. II. Clark.

Los Nogalcs, Mexico. . .

Posa creek, Cal

(io

June — , 1855

Or. Kcnm-rly.

Dr. Ileennann

..do

6388

Lt. Williamson ..
do

6389

do

Dr. Newberry.
Dr. llaydeii ..
do

Loup Fork, Plalte

do

do

Aug. 5, 1857
Aug. 4, 1857
do

7.50
7.25
7.12

11.50
11.50
10.75

3.75
3.25

9I!86

do

do

9389

lo

do

J. Taylor ...

do

8063

<?

Mexico

Sept. — , 1836

J Gould

i

CYANOSPIZA, Baird.

Passeriiia, Vieillot, Analyse, 1816. Not of Linnaeus, used in Botany.
Spiza, BoNAPARTK, Synopsis, 1«28. Not of 1825.
Cijanosidza, Baird. Type Taiuigra cijaiiea, L.

Ch. — Bill deep at the base, compressed ; tlio upper outline considerably curved ; the cotiiniissure rather concave, with an
obtuse, shallow lobe in the middle. Gonys slightly curved. Feet moderate ; tarsus about equal to middle toe ; the outer lateral
toe barely longer than the inner, its claw falling short of the base of the middle ; hind toe about equal to the middle without
claw. Claws all much curved, acute. Wings long and pointed, reaching nearly to the middle of the tail ; the second and third
quills longest Tail appreciably shorter than the wings; rather narrow, very nearly even.

The .species of this genus are all of very small size and of showy plumage, usually blue, red, or green, in well ditincd areas.

The species usually associated in this genus vary somewhat in certain points. Tluis, in C.
amoena, the bill is moderately curved, and distinctly sinuated ; the tertials not longer than the
secondaries, the first primary a little shorter that the fourth; the lateral claws falling consider-
iihly short of the base of the middle one. In C. cyanea, with the hill somewliat similar, the
tertials are much longer than the secondaries, equal to the sixth primary, the lateral toes rather
longer. In C. ciris the hill is larger and more curved, the lateral toes reaching nearly to the
base of tlie middle claw ; the wing more rounded, the first primary shorter than the filtli ; (lio
tertials a little longer than the secondaries.

In the so called Spixa versicolor the upper mandible, the commissure especially, is more
curved ; the latter witliout any sinuation ; the wings are shorter ; the first primary shorter
than the seventh ; the tertials a little longer than llie secondaries.

The Cyanoloxia parelUna of Bonaparte is sufliciently similar to species of Ci/onospixa to he
placed among or at least near them. The bill, larger, more swollen, and much curved, though
dill'ering Irom iluiraca in liaving tiie under jaw much weaker, shorter, and scarcely wider than

niRDR — FRINGILUDAK — CYANOSPIZA. 501

the njipor. The three tirst (luills are coiisideralily graduated, the necond u little longer than
the sixtli, the first about equal to tlie secondaries. The wing is but little longL-r than the tail.
The hind claw is not longer than the middle anterior, but a little stouter. Tiie tail feathers are
as in (itiiraca. Bonaparte places this species under Cyanoloxia or Guiraca, and it may be
entitled to generic separation both from this and Ci/anospiza, but 1 i)ief'er retaining it with
the latter, which it connects with (hdraca.

Tiie following sketch may serve to distinguish the species of Cyanospiza, as far as color is
concerned :

Dark dull indigo blue ; brightest on the forehead, luuip, and elbow C. parellina.

Eump, forehead, and beneath towards the tail, blue. Back part ol crown, back, tliroat,
and breast, reddish . Forehead and lores, black C. versicolor.

Head and neck (except below) blue; back green; rump atul beneatli, red C. ciris.

Bright ultramarine blue, darkest on head and belly C. cyanea.

Head and neck all round, and back blue ; breast rusty ; belly white ; a white band on

the wing C. amoena.

It is with much reluctance that 1 tind it necessary to abandon tlie name of Spi:'.a for this
group, after it had been so well established by general consent, but a strict adherence to the
rules of ornithological systematists renders this necessary. The usual date given for Spixa,
Bonaparte, is 182.S, as published in the Annals of the New York Lyceum, with the Eraheriza
amoena of Say as type. His first mention of it, however, is in his observations on the nomen-
clature of Wilson's ornithology, published in Vol. IV, i, August, 1824, Journal Philadelphia
Academy of Natural (Sciences, under the head of Eraheriza americana, Gmelin, No. 85. Here he
states that "the americana {Euspiza americana of 1838) is certainly not an Emberiza, and is
evidently congeneric with some of Wilson's Frixgillae ; such as F. melodia, savanna, socialis,
jaasserina, &c. For these birds I was about to propose the adoption of a new genus under the
name of Spiza, (Greek appellation of the Frixuilla coelehs,) intermediate between Frinqilla
and Emberiza, but much more closely allied to the former. After an attentive examination of
the intermediate species, I shall, however, consider it a sub-genus under Fringilla." * * *
"The bird under consideration must, according to this innovation, be ranged under the sub-
genus Spiza, and be called Fkinculla americana."

None of the species of modern Sjnza are mentioned on this page. On a subse(|uent one, No.
90, speaking of ^mtema ci'm, he says: " Tliis bird and the one that Wilson so accurately
called Fringilla cyanea belong not only to the same genus, but are very closely allied, and may
be placed under the sub-genus Spiza, if they will not constitute a small one of themselves."

In the American Ornithology, vol. I, 1825, 01, in the article on Fringilla amoena, after
referring to his remarks on the nomenclature of Wilson's Ornithology, published the previous
year, Bonaparte says: "As a species it {Fringilla amoena) is more intimately allied to Fringilla
ciris and F. cyanea, which I stated in that paper (observations on Wilson) to differ so much
from their congeners, (i. e., the sub-genus Spiza,) particularly in tlie greater curvature of the
upper mandible, as to deserve perhaps a separation into a small sub-genus by themselves, (i. e.,
distinct from Spiza); this would unite Fringilla to Tanagra, as Spiza, on the other hand, shows
its transition to Emberiza."

I do not know what species Vieillot gives as type for his Passerina in "Analyse," but in the
Nouv. Diet. XXV, 1817, 3, the first species mentioned is P. oryzivora (Dolichonyx).

For these reasons, whatever may be the propriety of restoring the name of Spiza to Euspiza,

502

U. S p. E R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

there seems little doubt that the former name cannot he retained for the present group.
Passerina of Vieillot, if otherwise apj^licable, is preoccupied in Botany.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Localily.

CQ

i

B

o

.5

I

1
Eh

1
.2

c

a i

i

3

>

n

o.

bD
bo

1

Siiiicinien
measured.

4076
do

Cyanospi/.a parellina...

Sierra Miidre, N. Leon .
do

"7'

5.00
5.00
5.00
5.50
4.80
5.66
4.74
5.40
.1.30
5-50
5.00
5.10

8.00
8.25
9.08

8.60

2.76
2.75
2.64
2.75
2.77
2.90
2.-52
2.79
2.70
3.80
2.90
2.69

2.43

0.73

0.66

0.19

0.44

0.20

0.42

0.44

Skin

Fresh . ...

do ... . versicolor . .

2.38
3.36

0.60
0.69

0.67
0.69

0.18
0.20

0.44
0.46

0.20
0.21

0.40
0.41

0.43
U.44

Skill

do..

do

2645
do

do....cyanea

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

San Antonio, Texas....

Georgia

,]o

Skin

Fresh

416

2085
do

do do......

do.. ..ciris

do do

2.12
2.37
2.41

0.69
0.73
0.73

0.69
0.70
0.70

0.17
0.20
0.20

0.4G
0.46
0.50

0.18
0.20
0.20

0.40
0.40
0.40

0.45
0.44
0.40

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fresh

189a

6267

do. . . . ainocna

do do

Fort Union, \eb

Posa creek

3
9

2.41
2.32

0.69
0.68

0.69
0.68

0.19
0.19

0.46
0.44

0,18
0.20

0.43
0.43

0.46
0.48

Skin

Skin

CYANOSPIZA PAKELLINA, B a i r d .

Cyannloxia parellina, Bonap. Conspectus, 18.50, 502.

?Pitylus lazulus, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1842, 174. Speaks of chestnut.

Sp. Cn. — General color dark bine, almost ukramarine, brightest on the rnnip, les-sor wing coverts and top of head, shading
on the hood to whitish blue on the forehead. Sides of head, including lores, and chin, with tail black. A few blue feathers
on the lower jaw below the eye. Bill black. Length 5 inches ; wing, 2.50 ; tail, 2.50 ; tarsus, .75 ; bill about .45.

Hub. — Northeastern Mexico to the Rio Grande.

The hill of this si^ecies though full and turgid, is not as deep as that of Guiraca coerulea,
the lower not larger than the upper. The wing is much rounded ; the fourth quill longest, the
third and fiftli little sliorter ; the second and sixth about equal ; the first not longer than the
secondaries. In Guiraca coerulea the second is longest, the first rather shorter than the fourth.
The tail is nearly even ; very sliglitly emarginate and rounded.

A specimen received from Mr. Gould lias the bill longer and not so black as that of Lieut.
Couch.

This species connects Cyanospiza with Guiraca, and may possibly be entitled to separate
generic rank.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

Length.

Stietch

Wing.

Remarks.

No.

No.

of wingB.

•

4076

Sierra Miulre, New

April—, IS.';:! Lt. Couch

151

5.00

S. 50

2.75

Eyesbr'wn, bill bl'U,

Leon, Mexico.

feet Bliite color.

8059

Tamautipus, Mex

J. Gould

1 1

BIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — CYANOSPIZA CIRIS.

503

CYANOSPIZA VERSICOLOR, B a i r d .

Spizj rtrsicolor, Bo«. Pr. iCool. Soc. 1837, 120. — Id. Conspectus Av. 1850, 475. — Caii. Mus. Iloiii. 1S5I, 143.
Cardutlu lusuosus, Lessus, Kcv. ZuuI. It'3'.l, 41.

Sr. Cii. — Posterior half of hood, with throat dark brownish red; interscapuliir region, tiimilar jjul ilurkor. Foro piirt of
hood, lcsst>r wing coverts, bnckof tlie neck, and riimp, purplish bhic ; the liUtiT puruKt blue ; the bolly ruddisli |)urpl(', in places
tinged witli blue, more obscure posteriorly. Feathers of wing and tail dark brown, edged with dull bluish. Loral region and
narrow frontal band black. Length, 5.50 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 3.38.

Jlab. — Northeastern Mexico, probably to the Rio Grande. Peru, Bonaparte.

This beautiful Splza is sufliciently distinct from the other North American species not to
reiiuire any comparison between adult males; the female I have never seen. Tlie hill is
stouter and more swollen to the end, and the mandible is much more curved than that of
C. cyanea, and its perfectly concave commissure, without any shiillow lobe in the middle,
and the much more arched ridge, would almost separate the two generically. The wing is
shorter and more rounded, the fourth quill longest, then the tliird, second, and fifth. Tiie first
is only a little longer than the seventh. The tail is decidedly rounded; rather more so than in
C. cyanea.

List of specimens.

Ciital.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtjiined.

Orig.
No.

Length.

Stretch
>f winjfs.

Wing.

Kemarks.

4075

(?

Boqiiillo, New Leon,
Mexico.

Lt. Couch

151

5.50

8 25

2.75

Eyes br'n, bill dark purplish,
feet very dark purple.

CYANOSPIZA CIRIS, Baird.

Noupareil— Painted Bunting.

Emberiza ciris, Linn. Kong. Sv. Vet. Aknd. Hand. 1750, 278 ; tab. vii, f. 1.— Ib. Syst. Nat. I, 17CG, 313.— Wilson,

Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 63; pi. .\xiv, f. 1, 2.
Passerina eir'is, Vieillot, Gal. Ois. I, 1824, 81 ; pi. I.xvi.
Frii^illa ciris, Ald. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 279 : V. 517 ; pi. 53.
Spizaciria, Bos-, List, 1838.— Is. Conspectus, 1850, 47G.— Add. Syn. 1839, 108.— Ib. Birds Amer. Ill, 1841, 93 ;

pi. 169.
Painitd finch, Catesbt, Pennant.

Sp. Ch. — ■Malt. Head and neck all round ultramarine blue, excepting a narrow stripe from the chin to the breast, which,
with the under parts generally, the eyelids, and the rump, (which is tinged with purplisli,) arc vermilion red. Edges of chin,
loral region, greater wing coverts, inner tertiary and interscapular region, green ; the middle of the latter glossed with yellow.
Tail feathers, lesiser wing coverts, and outer webs of quills, purplish blue. Length, about 5.50 inches ; wing, 2.70.

FtmaU. — Clear dark green above ; yellow beneath. Young, intermediate.

Hab. — South Atlantic and Gulf States to the Pecos river, Texas. South into Mexico.

Tail very slightly emarginate and rounded ; second, third, and fourth quills equal ; first
rather shorter than the fifth.

The female is readily distinguishable from that of O. cijanea by the green instead of dull
brown of the back, and the yellow of the under parts.

Specimens from southern Texas are smaller than those of Georgia.

504

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

CataL
No.

Sex&
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by-

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1953

c?
<?

9
9
$
$
S
S
9

0

9

c?
c?

9
J
9
S
S
S
9
9
<S
9

Southern States

S. F. Baird . . .

Jos. Leconte

2409

Savannah, Ga

Liberty county, Ga.
do

.lo

Calcasieu, La

1845

... do .... ..

do

2413

1845

do. ..

W. L. Jones

3080

1846

do

do

5.40
5.30
5.62
5.50
5.60
5.25
5.50

8.00
8.50
8.30
8.75
8.50
8.37
8.60

2.80

3077
3081

1846

1846

do

do

Jos. Leconte

W. L Jones....

Jos. Leconte

do

2.80
2. 70

3075

1846...

do.

2. 75

3324

1846

do

2.30

3083
3085

184C

1846

do

2.75
2. 80

4310

Spring of 1854

G, Wurdenianii

6271

Lt. J. G. Parke..

Dr. Heerniaun

6272

do

J. H. Clark

do

Dr. Kennerly

5.25
5.50

9.00

8.25

3. 00

6273

.. ..do

10
14

17

2. 25

6277

San Antonio, Tex..

July — , 1853
do.

Lt. Whipple

do

6278

do

6279

6280

do

do

5034

River Pecos ...

San Pedro, Tex

May 25, 1855

do

Col. Graham

do

94
20

6.25
2.50

9.00
6.00

2. 50

6274

J. H. Clark

do

8. 50

6275

6276

San Elizario, Tex..
Monterey, Mex

do

5.87
4.75

8.50
8.00

2. 12

6270

May — , 1853

Lt. Couch

204

2.50

CYANOSPIZA AMOENA, Baird.

Lazuli Fiucli*

Emberiza amoena, Say, Long's E.\ped. II, 1823, 47.

Fringilla {Spiza) amoena, Bonap. Am. Orn. I, 1825, Gl ; pi. vi, f. 5.

Fringilla amoena, AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 64, 230 ; pis. 398 and 424.

Spiza amoena, Bonap. List, 1838.— Ann. Syn. 1839, 109.— Ib. liirils Am. Ill, 1841, 100 ; pi. 171.

Sp. Oh. — Male. Upper parts generally, with the liead and neck all round, greenish liliie ; the intersrapular region ilarker.
Upper part of breast pale brownish chestnut, separated from the blue of tlie throat by a faint wliito ercscont ; rest of under
parts white. A white patcli on tlic middle wing coverts, and an obscurely indicated while band across the ends of tlie greater
coverln. Loral region Idack. Longih, about 5.50; wing, 3.90; tail, 2.60.

Female . Brown above ; wliitish beneatli, with a trace of a bull' pectoral band .

//aft. — High Central Plains to the Paeilic.

Tliis species ia about tlie size of C. cyanea ; the bill exactly similar. Tlie females of tlie two
species are scarcely distinguishable, except by the faint traces of one or two white bands on the
wings in amoena. Sometimes both the throat and upper part of the breast are tinged with
l)ale brownish buff.

BIRDS — FKINGlLLIUAE — CYANOSPIZA CYANEA,

505

List of specimens.

Cmul.
No.

^Illid
■(a.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence ublaincd.

Orig'l
No.

CoIIocioil by—

Lcntfth.

Slrctcli
ol'wlnga.

Wins.

Kcmarkri.

S.199

i

(?
<?

■1
"s"

9
S
<?
<?
9

9

o

Fort Dnion, Ni'b

Fort I'icrn", Nub

June 36, 1843
June 36, 1666
JunnaS

l.t. 0. K. Warren..
do

\

do

5.50

8.75

8.50

.<^3gg

do

do

do

. . do

do.

do

Eyes black

dn

....do

....do

Aus.91

May 15, 185.')
Juno 3, 1836

do

5.00
5.75
5.50
5.60

9.00
9.00
8.25
6.75

2.75
3.00
a. 75

&398

do. ...

do

do

do

Fori Sicilncoom, W. T. .

3870

S. F. Batrd

lass

Dr. Suckley

173

6.25

9.50

2.92

3897

SS49

«96

6369

Snn Fnitiei.«co, Cat. . . .

K. D. Cutta

6267

Li. Williaiii^oiK...
(l«i

1 Dr. Heennann ..

' do

6968

do ....

CYANOSPIZA CYANEA, Baird.

Indigo Bird.

Tanagra cyanta , LiKN. Syst. Nat. I, IT6G, 315.

Emheriza ci/anca, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 178B, 876.

Fnngilla cyanta, Wilson, I, 1811), 100 ; pi. vi, f. 5.— AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 377 : V, 5(13 ; pi. 74.

Passtriiia cijanea, ViEiLL. Diet.

Spi50 ci/onea, Bon. List, 1833.— Ib. Consp. 1850, 474.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 109.— Ib. Birds Ainer. Ill, 1841, 96 ; pi.

170.
'Emberiza cyanella, Gm. I, 1788, 887.
.' Emberiza caeruUa, Gm. Sysl. Nat. I, 1788, 876.
Indigo bunting, and Blue bunting, Pennant and L.\tham.

Sp. Cu. — Male. Blue, tinged with ultramarine on tiic lieud, tliroat, and middle of breast ; elsewljero witli verdigris green.
Lores and anterior angle of chin velvet black. Wing feathers brown, edged externally with dull bluish brown.

Female. Brown above ; whitish, obscurely streaked or blotched with brownish yellow, beneath. Immature males similar,
variously blotched with blue.

Length, about 5.75 inches ; wing, nearly 3.00.

Hab. — Eastern United States to the Missouri ; south to Guatemala.

In this species, which may be considered the type of the genus, the tail is slightly emarginate;
the second quill is longest, the first shorter tlian the fourth.

One specimen before me has the primary quills white. This is, however, merely an indication
of albinism.

Jnne 19, 1838.

64 b

506

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAX, REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

iex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

7538

St. Louis, Mo

(? 1 E. of Ft. Riley, K.T.

^ St I.miia

May, 1857....
June 16, 1856
May 12, 1857
May 12, 1846
May 8, 1844
May 28, 1841
May 30, 1843
Oct. 3, 1842
Sept. 20,1842

5738

lit. Bryan

12
GO

W. S. Wood

7024

fin

5.50
5.67

2645

Carlisle Pa

S. F. Baird

9.50
9.00
8.50
8.33
8.00
8.25

2.92

1479

Hn

.do

1

S4?.

2. 67

429

(? do

9 do

do.

(7 dn

do

5.42
5.42
5 33
5.00

1040

do

2. 67

777

do

2.33

732

..do

2.75

8057

J Gould.

SPERMOPHILA, Swainsoii.

Spermophila, Swainsov, Zool. Jour. Ill, Nov. 1827, 348. Type Pyrrhula fakirostris, Temm. (SufSciently distinct

from Spcrmojihilus, F. Cuv. 1822.
SporopAiia, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 148. Type Fringilla hypoleuca, Licht.

Ch. — Bill very short and very much curved, as in Pyrrhula, almost as deep as long; the commissure concave, abruptly
bent towards the end. Tarsus about equal to middle toe ; inner toe rather the longer, (.') reaching about to the base of the
middle one ; hind toe to the middle of this claw. Wings short, reaching over the posterior third of the exposed part of the
tail; the terliaries gradually longer than the secondaries, neither much shorter than the primaries which are graduated, and
but little different in length, the first shorter than the sixth, the second and fourth equal. The lail is about as long as the
winirs, roundfd, all ihe feathers slightly graduated, rather 6hari)ly acuminalo and decidedly mucronato. Smallest of American
passerine birds.

The essential characters of this genus are the small, very convex bill, as high as long ; the
short broad wings, with the quills differing little in length, the outer ones graduated ; the tail
as long as the wings, widened towards the end, and slightly graduated, with the acuminate and
mucronato tip to the feathers.

As the name of Spermophila is sufEciently distinct from Spermophilus, of prior date, I see no
necessity for the change of name with Cabanis to SporopMla.

Comparative measurements of species.

6

i

Bpecica.

Locality.

■3

a

2

o

a *

m

1

3

1

a

1.
" g

Hind claw
alone.

Hind claw
alone.

1

s

i

c
o

<

Specimen
measured.

4095
do.

4090
do.

Spermophila ntorek'tii

do

do

do

do

4.00
4.50

6.25

1.93

a. 00

l.Dfi

0.60

0.60

0.20

0.40 ; 0.20

....1 .

0.33

0.30

do

New Leon, Mcx

4.00 1 a. 05

3.75 5.00 ' 2.00
4.04 1 atu

a. 00

0.C3

0.60

0.19

0.46 ! 8.21

0.32

0.30

Skin

do

Skin

1.98

O.GO

0.64

0.21

O.Sa 1 0.43

0.33

0.32

SPERMOPHILA MORELETII, Pucheran.

Spermophila niorclrtii, (I'lriiF.iiAV,) Bonap. Conspectus, IH.'iO, 497. — Sci.ateu, Br. Zo(d. Soc. 1850,302.

SpnrophUa miirelcin, i^'/LU. Mus. Mviii. 18."il, 15(1.

Sptrmoplula atbigularia, (SiMX,) Lawhenck, Ann. N. Y. L.yt;oum, V, Sept. I''.")!, 124. Texas. (Not of Spix.)

BIRDS — PRINOILLIDAE — PYRRHULOXIA,

507

Sp. Cii. — Tlio lop and sides of tlio lioad, back of tlio nock, a broad band acroan tlio upper part of tlio breast oxtondinir all
round, ibe iniddio of llio back, tlie wings and tail, wilb tbo posterior upper coverts, black. Tlio cliiri, ii|)pcr throat iind iici:k
all round, but interrupted bcbiiid, the rump, with the loinainiiijr under and literal piirliuiis of tlio body, white ; the latter tiiijed
with brownish yellow. Two bands on the win^, across the greater and iiiidillo coverts, with the concealed buses uf nil llio
quills, also white. Longtli, about 4 inclics ; wing, 3.05 ; tail, 1 .90.

Female, dull yellow ; olivaceous above, brownish yellow beneath. Wings and tiiil Bomewlmt as in the male.

Hab.— Rio Grande of T«.xaa ; south to Honduras.

The speciiiion upon which the })rccedin<^ description of the male has been based is the only
one in full plumage I have seen, and was kindly lent by Mr. P. L. Sclater. It was collected in
Honduras. Some of the feathers of the back have grayish tips. The specimen described by
Mr. Lawrence as S. albogularia, though male, is, in most respects, like the female, except that
the wings and tail are darker, the color of the upper part grayer, and the interscapular feathers
blotched with black. The black of the head is strongly indicated, the feathers, however, all
with gray margins. In this and another, a little further advanced, from San Diego, Mexico,
(4096,) there is a very faint indication of the black pectoral band, and there is no trace of the
whitish of the rump.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sei.

Locality.

Wlien
collected.

Whence obtained.

Original
No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

4096
4093

San Diego, N.L«on,MfX.
Miinlerey, Mex

Mar. — , 1853
April — , 1853

Lt. D. N. Couch

do

113
163

3.75
4.50

5.00
6.25

2.00
2.00

Bill black; feet brownish slate....
Dill ruddir^h sliite, lighter beneath;
eyes brown.

9118

PYRRIIULOXIA, Bonaparte,

Pi/rrAu'oxia , Bonaparte, Conspectus, 1850, 500. Type Cardinalis slnuatus, Bonap.

Cn — The bill is very short and much curved, the culnien forming an arc of a circle of GO degrees or more, and endinu'
Bt a right angle with the straight gonys ; the commissure abruptly much angulated anterior to the nostrils in its middle point ;
the lower jaw very much wider than the upper, and wider than the gonys is long ; anterior portion of commissure straight. Tarsus
longer than middle toe ; outer lateral toes longer, not reaching the base of the middle ; wing considerably rounded, first quill
longer than secondaries. Tail much longer than the wing, graduated ; the feathers broad, truncate. Head crested.

Color. — Gray, with red feathers and patches.

The essential character of this genus lies in the greatly curved, very short, and broad bill,
something like that of Fyrrhula. In other respects like Cardinalis, but with less graduated
wing, and longer and broader tail.

Comparative measurements of species.

6
X

S
&

Species.

Locality.

M

Lengtli.

Stretch of
wings.

Wing.
Tail.

Middle toe.

Its claw
alone.

Hind toe
and claw.

Hind claw
alone.

>
iS

t

§

<

Specimen
measured.

6370

Pyrrhuloxiasinuala...

do

Cardinalis virginianus.
do

Texas

a

8.00
7.70
8.90
7.70
8.50
8.60
7.75

11.25
10.00

1
3.79 4.66

3.66 1 4.34

3.76 1 4.68

3.54 ' 4.24

3.50 1

1.00
0.96
0.97
0.99

0.98 0.27
0.94 1 0.30
0.90 0.22
0.8U ' 0.24

0.64 0.29
0.64 0.30
0.6(1 : 0.26
0 60 o OR

0.62
0.59
0 68
0.66

0.52
0.55
0.74
0.74

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin

6369

10283

4030

Brownsville, Texaii

do

do

do

do.

do

do

do.

40a2
do.

3.59 { 4.49
3.50?j

0.84

0.90 0.26

1

0.58

0.28

0.70

0.72

Skin

1

508

U. S. p. R. R EXP AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PYRKHULOXIA SINUATA, B o n a p .

Cardinalis sinuatus, Bp. Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. V, 1837, 111. (Mexico.)— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1851,116.—

Cassin, Illust. I, VII, 1854, 204 ; pi. xxxiii.
Pyrrliuloxia sinuala, Bon. Consp. 1850, 500.

Sp. Ch. — Head with an elongated, pointed crest, springing from the crown. Upper parts generally pale ashy brown ; hood,
sides of neck, and under parts of body, rather paler. Long crest featliers, bill all round including lores and encircling tlie
eye, wing and tail darli crimson. Chin and upper part of throat, breast, and median line of the belly, under tail coverts,
tibia, edge and inner coverts of the wings, briglit carmine red. Bill yellowish.

Female similar with the under part brownish yellow ; middle of belly and throat only tinged with red.

Length about 8..50 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 4.50.

Hab. — Valley of the Rio Grande of Texas.

In this species the hill is very short and greatly curved, much higher than long. The upper
outline almost forms the quadrant of a circle, the commissural outline abruptly bent at an
angle of about sixty degrees in its middle. In this respect it differs greatly from Cardinalis
virginianns, in which the bill is much longer, straighter, and witli the angle of the commis-
sural outline much further back.

The wing is considerably rounded, the fourth and fifth quills longest; the first as long as the
secondaries, the second longer than the seventh. The tail is long, graduated on the sides ; the
outer about half an inch shorter than the middle. The feathers are very broad to the end and
obliquely truncate. They are rather broader than in Cardinalis virginianus. The crest is
narrower and longer, confined to the middle of the crown; it extends back about 1.80 inches
from the base of the bill.

The carmine of the breast is somewhat hidden by grayish tips to the feathers ; that of the
throat is streaked a little with darker. The exposed surfaces of the wing coverts and of second-
aries and tertials are like the back. The tail feathers are tipped with brownish.

List of specimens.

Caial.
Mo.

Sex.

Locality.

When

collected.

Wlience obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Strrtcll
ofwiugs.

Wing.

Remarks.

(?

9
9

New Leon, Mexico

May — , 1853
Mar. —,1853
1 .o

Lt. Couch

do

20<J
47
59

8.00
7.50

8.75

11.50
10.50
10.50

3.5U Eye brown; bill

feel dove color.

3.50 En! tirnwn: hill

4028

Not here

dull ycl-

4029

do

do

3.25

lov^ ; feet lead.

6366

UiDggold Barracks, Tex.

July — , 1853

6367

do

do

6368

Jan. — , 1855

do

26

Dr. Kcnnerly. .

'

6370

do

do

CARDINALIS, Bonaparte.

Cardinalis, Bonaparte, Saggio di una distribuzione metod. dei Aiiimagli Vertebrati, 1831, (Agassiz). Type
Loxia cardinalis, Liim

C, Bill enormously large; culmen very slightly curved, commissure siniiatcd ; lower jaw broader than the length of

the Bonys, considerably wider than the upper jaw, about as deep as the latter. Tarsi longer than middle loo ; outer too
rather the longer, reaching a little beyond the base of the middle one ; hind too not so long. Wings moderate, reaching over
the basal third of the exposed part of the tail. Four outer quills graduated; the first equal to the secondaries. Tail long,
decidedly longer than the wings, considerably graduated ; feathers broad, truncated a little obliquely at the end, the corners
rounded. Colors red. Head crested.

BIRDS — FRINOILUDAE CARDIVALIS VIRGINIANUS. 509

Tlie essential characters of this genus are the crested head ; very large and thick bill extend-
ing far back on the forehead, and only moderately curved above ; tarsus longer tliaii middle
toe ; much graduated wings, the first jiriniary equal to the secondary iiuills ; tliu long tail
exceeding tlie wings, broad and much gnidimtcd at the end.

CARDINALIS VIRGINIANUS, B o u iv !> .

Red Bird; Cnrdiiml.

rocco(Arqii5(n rirginiono, Brisson, Orn. Ill, 17G0, Q53.

Loxia eardinatis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, .1766, 300.— Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 38 ; pi. vi, f. 1, 2.

Cotcothramtts cardinalia, Vieill. Did.

Fringilla (Coccolhrausles) eardinatis, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 79.

Fringilla eardinatis, Nutt. Man. 1, 1S32, .519.— Add. Orn. liu,g. II, 1834, 336 : V, 514 ; pi. 1.VJ.

Pilytus eardinatis, Afd. Syn. 1839, 131.— Ib. Birds Amcr. II!, 1841, 198 ; pi. 203.

Cardinalis tirginianus, Bo.v. List, 1838. — Ib Consp. 1850, 5U1.

Groibec dc y'irginii. Buff. PI. oul. 37.

Sp. Cii. — A flaUoned crest of feathers on the crown. Bill red. Body generally bright vermilion red, darker on the back,
rump, and tail. Narrow band around tlie base of the bill, with chin and upper part of the throat black.

Female of a duller red, and this only on the win^s, tail, and elongated featheis of the crown. Above light olive ; tinged
with yellowish on the head ; beneath brownish yellow, darkest on the sides and across the breast. Black about the head only
faintly indicated.

Length, 8.50 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 4.50.

Hab. — More southern portions of the United States to the Missouri. Probably along valley of Rio Grande to Uocky moun-
tains.

The bill of this species is very large and shaped much like that of Gtdraca ludoviciana.
The central feathers of the crest of the crown are longer than tlie lateral ; thej' spring from
about the middle of the crown and extend back about an inch and a half from the base of the
bill. The wings are much rounded, the fourth longest, the second equal to the seventh, the
first as long as the secondaries. The tail is long, truncate at the end, but graduated on the
sides ; the feathers are broad to the end, truncated obliquely at the end.

Some males, probably immature, have the vermilion replaced by a pale rose color, the back
strongly tinged with olivaceous.

510 us, p. K. R. EXP. AND STJRVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAI. REPORT.

List of s^oecimens.

Caial.
No

Sm.

Localily.

When col-
lected.

Whence ob-
tained.

Orig'l
No.

"olleetcd by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

6479

3
S
(?
S

%

s

3

3

3
..„..

3
9
3
3
3
9

3

C. Drexl.r.,..
S. F. Baird...

a(!9U

do

1096

Washington June 12. 1843

do

Wni. M. Raird
do

8.50

U.OO

3.75

610

do

Feb. — , 1842

do

613

do

Mar. 26, 1842

do

do

4919

Amelia Island, Fla.
Key niscayne, Fla..
Iowa Point, Neb...
Ft Lcavenwortli,K.T

do

Independence, Mo.

G. Wilrdeinanri
do

7.50

11,50

3.60

6526

May 9, 1856
April 23, 1856
April 21, 1856
Nov. — , 1854
June 2, 1&57

1856

May 8, 1857
Mar. — , 1855

4854

Lieut. Warren.
Lieut. Couch ..

do

W. M. Majjraw.
Lt. F. T. Bryan.

do

Capl. J. Pope

H

1
9

23

Dr. Ilaydcn..

7.37

8.50

14.60
12.00

4.50
3.H

4855

do

6365

8381

l)r. Cooper..
W. S. Wood.
do

9.00

12.25

4.00

5731

7031

5029

Indinnola, Texas...

3947

Cant. Van Vliet

4030

do

Feb. — , 1853
April 19, 1855

Lieut. Couch ..
Capt. J. Pope..
Lieut. Couch ..
do

Dr. T.C.Henry.

23
41
12

127

8.50
9. CO
7.75
9.00

11.25
12.50
10.00
U.OO

3.50
4.00
3.50
3.75

Bill light scarlet, feet reddish brown.
Eyes dark, feel dark gray

S028

Rio Seco, Texas

4033

4031
4364

New Leon,Me.\ieo.
Fort Thome, N. M.

April — , 1853

Bill scarlet, feel light brown, eye
brown.

PIPILO, Vieillot.

Pipt/o, ViEiLLOT, Analyse, 1816, (Agassiz.) Type Fringilla crythrophlhalma, Linn.
Kicncritt, Bonap. Comptes Rcndus, XL, 1855, 356. In part.

Ch. — Bill rather stout ; the culmen gently curved, the gonys nearly straight ; the commissure gently concave with a
decided notch near the end ; the lower jaw not so deep as the upper ; not as wide as the gonys is long ; but wider than the base
of the upper mandible. Feet large, the tarsus as long or a litt'e longer than the middle toe ; the outer lateral too a little the
longer, and reaching a little beyond the base of the middle claw. The hind claw about equal to its toe ; the two together
about equal to the outer toe. Claws all stout, compressed, and moderately curved. Wings reaching about to the end of the
upper tail coverts ; short and rounded, though the primaries are considerably longer than tiio nearly equal secondaries and
tcrtials ; the outer four quills are graduated ; the first considerably shorter than the second, and about as long as the secondaries.
Tail considerably longer than the wings ; moderately graduated externally ; the feathers rather broad ; most rounded otf on the
inner webs at the end.

The colors vary ; the upper parts are generally uniform black or brown ; the under white or brown ; no central streaks on
the feathers. The hood sometimes dill'orently colored.

The essential characters of the genus are in the curved culmen and commissure ; the strong
feet; the outer toe rather longer than the inner; the wings rounded, but the primaries decidedly
longer than the others ; the outer four quills considerably graduated, but the first usually not
shorter than the secondaries. The graduated tail longer tlian the wings.

Of thi.? genus there are three sections well marked by color in the United States species.

In the examination of a large series of specimens of Pipilo, belonging to section A, from
different parts of North America, I found it very difficult to assign all of them satisfactorily to
their respective species. It was quite possible to select typical 8i)ccimcns of the four black
onea described, but there were intermediate forms which connected the extremes. I am,
however, satisfied that we have these four, and am inclined to believe that many of tlie uncer-
tain specimens are really hybrids, as appears to be certainly the case with No. 811)3.

In the following synopsis I have been obliged to go into more detail than usual with section
A, in order to show the exact relationship of the new r. megalonyx to its allies.

BIRDS— FRINc;iI.MT)AE — I'lPILO. 51 1

A. First primary nearly equal to the secondaries. Tail moderately graduated, outer ieiitlier
about a quarter of an inch shortest. Above, with head and neck, black; middle ol'lully wiiite;
sides che.Ktuut brown. Tail featliers with white i)atches.

Hind claw scarcely longer than its digit, the toe and claw as long as the middle too
without its claw. Inner lateral claw reaching the base of the middle one. Middle toe
and claw as long as the tarsus.

White of tail occu]iying nearly the terminal half. Outer web of exterior tail
feather almost entirely white, a black streak usually at the end. No white on
the wing coverts and scapulars. Outer primaries edged with white through-
out, this sometimes interrupted in the middle P. eryihrophihalmus.

Wing coverts with rounded, and .scapulars with elongated oval spots of white on
the tip of outer webs of the feathers, the white rarel}' extending to the edge of
the feather. Outer web of exterior tail feather entirely black ; the terminal
white inner spot short. Primaries without white edges towards the base.

Throat feathers without concealed white spot P. oreyonus.

Hind claw a little longer than its digit ; the toe and claw together a very little longer
than the middle toe without it. Inuer lateral toe and claw reaching a very little be-
yond the base of the middle claw. Middle toe and claw a little longer than the tarsus.
Wing coverts and scapulars with spots at the ends of outer webs extending to the
tip, and without black border on the edge. Outer web of external tail feather
white, this entirely confluent with the extended terminal spot. Outer primaries
broadly edged with white throughout. Throat feathers with concealed white

spots P. arvticus.

Hind claw nmch larger than its digit ; hind toe and claw reaching nearly as far as the
middle of its middle claw ; the inner lateral claw reaching nearly as far ; the middle
toe and claw longer than the tarsus.

Wing coverts and scapulars with large sub-rounded and elliptical white spots.
Scapular spots with a narrow edging of black externally ; the covert spots
generally white to the edge, but not extending to the extreme end of the outer
web. Primaries edged externally with white towards the end. Throat feathers
with concealed white spots P. viecjalonyx.

B. Tail more graduated ; outer feather half an inch shortest. First primary mostly less
than the secondaries. Above light brown; beneath similar but lighter. No v\hite on wiu<Ts or
tail.

Hood tinged with chestnut. Middle of belly white ; a dusky spot on the middle
of the breast. Chin and throat lighter, encircled by spots P. mesoleucus.

Hood almost like the back. Beneath uniform light brown, without the spot.
Chin and throat much as in the last P./uscus.

Nearly uniform yellowish brown, paler beneatli. Lores and chin dusky. P. aberii.

C. Tail intermediate. First quill longer than the secondaries. Upper parts^ with wings and
tail olive green.

Hood chestnut. Chin and throat abruptly white, surrounded by dark ash.

P. cldorurus.

I do not venture to give names to sections B and C in my ignorance of the numerous allied

genera of South America and Mexico. Bonaparte makes a genus, Kieneria, (Comptes Rendus,

512

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL REPOET.

XL, 1855, 356,) witli Pyrgisoma kieneri, of Conspectus^ 186, as type {Pyrgisoma is based upon
Arremon hiarcnatns, of Lafresnaye, figured in Voyage de la Venus, tab. vi, and erroneously
assigned to California.) The other species given as belonging to the genus are Pipilo rujipihus,
(chlorurus) torquatus, rufescenis , fuscus , and aherti. It is probable that the P. chlorurus would
be our North American type of Kieneria. I am not prepared to suggest a name for section B.

Gray gives Ildozone (not Meloxene) of Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat. pi. Ixxix, 1850, as ante-
dating Pyrgisoma of Pucheran, 1851. The name, however, is given in Conspectus Avium, 20
Julv, 1850, although according to the title page, pi. 79 of Reichenbach was j)ublislied June
1, 1850.

Comparative measitremenfs of species.

No.

2135

An.
8194

do.
819.3

do.
1944
5736

do.
4845

do.
2867
39J0
10284
6717
5559
3710
6830
6245

Species.

Pipilo erytlirophthalmu?
, do

.do.,
.do..

.do..

do

Pipilo arclicus .

.do..

.do.,
.do.,

■ do..

Pipilo oregonu3...
Pipilo megalonyx .
do

.do..

Pipilo fuscus

do

Pipilo iiiesoleucus .
Pipilo chlorurus . . ,
do

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa

do

Fori Leavenworth, K.T.
do

.do.,
.do..

Fort Union

Hepublican Fork.
do

Bon Homme island.
do

Colorado river

California

Fort Tejon

Kurt Thorn

Petaluma, C^\

Monterey

Los Nogales, IVIcx..
Tijon valley, Cal..
Uocky mountains ..

s

9
S
S
S

9
,.„.,

7.70
8. 75
6 84
7.25
7.50
8.25
7.50
8.00
8.25
7.20
7.75
8.00
7.52
7.62
8.00
8.90
7.84
8.60
6.72
6.80

11.50

10.00

3. .'4
3. 7.'-.
3.08
3 37
3.45
3.56
3.39
3.36

3.08
3.25
3.32
3.24
3.39
3.46
3 86
3.42
3.77
3.00
3.05

4.30

3.99
4.44

3.86

4.04
4.14
4.24
4.46
4.90
4.38
4 58
3,70
3.3U

1.08
1.07

1.00

1.05
1.06

1.10
1.08
1.08
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.01
0,90
0.96

1.02

1.08
1.06

1.02
1.06
1.10
1.12
1.12
1.09
1.00
0.90
0.92

0.30
0.30

0.30

0.31
0.31

0.30

0.27
0.36
0.38
0.30
0.30
0.32
0..'J0
0.28
0.28

0.72

0.74
0.74

0.74

0.74
0 80
0 90
0.86
0.79
0.80
0.70
0.66
0.66

0.40

0.35

0.39
0.41

0.38

0.37
0 50
0.53
0.40
0.40
0.44
0.33
0.37
0.36

0.54

0.55
0.55

0..'>6
0.60
0.5S
0.54
0.62
0 56
0.64
0.44
0.47

0.69

0.66
0.66

0.70
0.68
0.68
0.69
0 67
0.63
0.86
0.48
0.54

Specimen
nieniiurcd.

Skin...
Fresh .
Skin. ..
Fresh .
Skin...
Fresh .
Skin. ..
Skin...
Fresh .
Skin. .,
Fresh .
Skin..,
Skin..,
Skill...
Skin. .,
Skin..,
Skin. ..
Skin...
Skin..,
Skin...

PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, Vieillot.

Ground Robin ; ToAvhec ; Chewink.

Fringilla erythrophthalma, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, .318.— Aud. Or.i. Biog. I, 1832, 1.'">1 : V, 511 ; pi. 29.

Emberiza erylliroplilhalma, Gm. SysL Nat. I, 1788, 874.— Wilson, Am. Dm. VI, 1812, 'JO ; |>1. liii.

Pipillo erylkrophlhalmus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. I, 1824, 109 ; pi. IxxK.

Pipilo erythropluhulmm, Bon. List, 1838— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 487.— Add. Syn. 1839, 124.— Ib. Birds Anicr. Ill,

1841, 167; pi. 19.5.
Pipilo aler, Vieill. Nout. Diet. XXXIV, 1819, 292.
Towhee Bird, Catesdt, Car. I, 34. -Towhte Bunting, Latham, Syn II, i, 1783, 199.— Pennant, IT, 1785, 359.

gp. Cii. Uppnr parts generally, head and neck all round, and upper part of the breast, glossy black, abruptly defined against

the pure wliitc which extends to the anus, but is bounded on the sides and under the wings by :igbt chestnut. Under coverts
similar to sides, but paler. Edges of outer six primaries with white at the base and on the middle of the outer web ; inner
two tcrtiaries also edged externally with white. Tail feathers black ; outer web of the first, with the ends of the first to the
third while, decreasing from the exterior one. Iris red. Length, 8.75 ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 4. 10.

Female with the black replaced by brown.

//aft.— Eastern United States to the Missouri river.

In this species the cutting edge of the mandible is slightly concave, and not sinuated. Tlie
wing is short and rounded ; the fourth quill longest ; the first about fqual to the secondaries.

niKDS — KKINCILLIDAi: I'lril-O ORKGONUS.

il3

The tail leathers are only moderately graduated on the sides ; the outer about .40 of an inch
shorter than the middle. Tlio outer tail leather has the terminal half white, the outline
trausverse ; the white of the second is about half as long as that of tlie first ; of the third half
that of the second. The chestnut of the sides reaches forward to the black of the neck, ami is
visible when the wing? are closed.

A young bird has the prevailing color reddish olive above, spotted with lighter; beneath
brownish white, spotted thickly with brown.

In most western specimens the white of the base of primaries is connected with that on the
middle so as to have the entire edge of these quills white. One specimen, 81'J3, from Fort
Leavenworth, has a few white spots on the scapulars only, the wing coverts without them,
exhibiting an approach to P. arcticus. This is probably a hybrid between the two.

List of specimens.

Caul. Sex (L
No. ag«.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Suctcli Wing,
ofwingi.

Remarks.

6338

<?

s
s
s

o
..„..

Selkirk Settlcin't,U.B.T.

Carlisle, Pcnn

do

Oct. 19, 1842
May 4, 1847
April 2a, 1845
July 27, 1844
April 22,1856
April 25, 1856
do

820

3. F. Baird

8.50
7.75
8.75
8.42
8.12
8

8.75
7.75
10.62
8.02
7.50
7.75

11.50
10.07
11.50
11.00
10.75
11.00
11.50
10.50
3.75
11. OO
10.75
11.00

3.33
3.33
3.58
3.42
3.37
3.50
3.87
3.25

3374

do

SI3S

do

KSi

do

483S

St. Joseph V, Mo

Bald Island, Ho. river..

do

do

Lt. G. K. Warren.
do

10

Dr. F.V.Hayden
do

4833

4e;s

do

90

do

do

Eye reddish brown

4^8

April 24, 1856
April 25, 1856
do

do

4836

do

do

41
42

17

do

do

do

do

4829

do

do

3.50
3.12
3.62

4833

April 23, 1836

do

4834 1 (J

4835 1 9

5735 J
8350 -

Wood's Bluff

do

May 8

do

do

Lt. F. T. Bryan...
W. M. Magraw..

do

do

do

60

77

76
56
130
129

W. S. Wood

Independence, Mo

do

do

June IB, 1857

"0

June 3, 1857
July la, 1857
do

10.75

11.00
11.25

3.50

3.75
3.50

8349
8E7
8174

o

do

do

do

8.00

yellow ; feet flesh color.

do do

Iris red; bill lil'k; ft. brown.

8l9a>

do

do

do

8.35

11.25

3.87

? Hybrid, witii arclicw^

PIPILO OREGONUS, Bell.

Oregon Ground Robin.

PipOo ortgomti, Bell, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1852, 6. Oregon.— Bonap. Comptes Eendus, XXXVII, Dec. 1853,

922. — In. Notes Orn. Dclattre, 1854, 22, (same as prec.)
FringiUa arctiea, AcD. Om. Biog. V, 1839, 49 ; pi. 394.
PipUo arciica, AiB. Syn. 1839, 123.— In. Birds Am. Ill, 1841, 1G4; pi. 194, (not of Swainson.)

Sp. Ch. — Upper surface generally, with the head and neck .ill round to the upper part of the breast, deep black ; the rest of
lower parts pure wliite, except the sides of the body and under tail coverts, which arc light chestnut brown ; the latter rather
paler. The outer webs of scapulars (usually edged narrowly with black) and of the superincumbent feathers of the back,
with a rounded white spot at the end of the outer webs of the greater and middle coverts ; the outer edges of the innermost
tertials, white ; no white at the base of the primaries. Outer web of the first tail feather black, occasionally white on the
extreme edge ; the outer three with a white tip to the inner web. Length, 8.25 ; wing, 4.40 ; tail, 4. Female with the
black replaced by brownish.

Oab. — Coast of Oregon and Washington Territories.

Jane 19, 1858.

65

514

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

This species is readily distinguished from P. erythrophthalmus by the white on the scapulars
and wing coverts. Its relationships to arciicus are much closer. There is not much difference
between the two in the white of the scapular region, except that the white marks here, as
elsewhere on the wing, are rounded, the extreme end of the outer web of the feather being black
instead of running out acutely white to the very tip of the outer webs of the feathers. This
gives rather less extension to the white. In fact, most of the white marks are edged externally
with black, converting them into spots. There is no white whatever at the exposed base of the
outer web of the second to fifth primaries, and there is only a trace of white near the end,
instead of having a conspicuous white edging from base to near the tip.

The outer web of the outer tail feather, instead of being entirely white for the exposed
portion, is only very slightly edged with white ; usually entirely black. The white at the end
of the feathers is much more restricted, and extends only over the three outer feathers ; usually
not reaching to the shaft.

List (if specimens.

Catal.
No.

8416
5973
5974
453-2
5974
6739
4531
4553
2867
6737
438C-

Locality.

Simialimoo Bay

Wliilby island, W. T

, do

Washington Territory

do

Steilacoom

Washington Territory

do

Columbia riv(;r

Fort Vancouver, W. T. .
Fort Dalles, Oregon

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Sept. 17, 1857

1856..

June 25, 1856

1856

1856

May 27, 1835
Jan. 19,1854

A. Campbell

Gov. Stevens

Dr. J. G. Cooper .

Dr. Suckley

Gov. I. I.Stevens

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Suckley

do

S. F. Baird

Gov. Stevens ....
Dr. Suckley .

156

Collected by-

Length.

Dr. Kennerly .
Dr. Cooper....

Dr. Suckley .

J. K. Townsend.
Dr. Cooper

8.00
8.60

8.00

8.25
8 25

10.25
10.50

10.25
10.00

Wing.

3.50

Iris red, bill slate.

Iris olive brown.
Iris red

Iris red

Iris orange, bill black .

PIPILO ARCTICUS, Swain son.

Pyrgita (I'ipilo) arclica, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 260.

Pipih arctkus, Nittall, Man. I, 1832, 589.— Is. 2d ed. 1810, 010.— Bell, Ann Now York Lye. V, 1852, 7.

Sp. Cii — L'pper parts generally, willi licad and neck all round to the iijipcr part of the brea.st, lilack. Middle of breast
and of belly white ; sides cliestnut ; under tail coverts similar, but paler. Outer webs of scapulars and of dorsal feathers
immediately above them, ends of primary and secondary coverts, (on the outer web,) outer edges of tliree innermost tertiala,
and of the second to the fifth primaries, conspicuously white. Outer web of the first and ends of the first to tlie fourlli tail
feathers, white, tlie amount diminishing not very r.ipidly. T,engt)i about 8 inches; wing, 2.40; tail, 4. 10; liind toe and
claw, .74.

Female brown instead of black.

77a4.— High Central Plains of Upper Missouri, Yellowstone, and Platte.

This species is similar in form to the P. erythropldhalmus, which, however, is readily distin-
guished by the entire absence of white on the scapulars and wing coverts. The amount of white
on the tail decreases much less rapidly. The differences between it and P. oregonus will be
found detailed under the head of the latter species.

One specimen (8193) from Fort Leavenworth, with a few white spots only on the scapulars,
may perhaps be considered a hybrid between arclica and erythropldhalmus.

muus — rKiNGiLLiDAi: — I'iru.u mlualo.nyx.

.15

List of specimens.

Calal.

tJcl.

No.

I<M4

C?

Kl-V

i-c-o

V^"

USW

(?

4M7

Q

•1*«

Q

4»t3

9

464j

4639

^

4BI0

c?

4»4S

Q

4838

(?

S73G

(?

ati»

Q

Lmllljr.

When col-
Icclcil.

5387.-: S

4844:'

4841.'
5736?

3
3

Flirt Union, Neb j

Yt'llun>u>ne Augn<l, \iX

Fun Luokoui JuncOJ, I8K

(lu ilo

Bijou llllla .Mny 1

do May 15

do ' do

do .May II

Don Uonimo island May <J

do do

do do

do I do

Rrpnblican Forks ' ScpU 35

Fort Laramie ' Sept. 13, 1857

Variety tith-ajcticus. i

Fort Pierre June 26, 1850

Bijou Hills May 15

The Tower .May 11

Republican Fork Sept. 25, 1856

Whence obtained.

Oris'l
No.

3. F. Uniid

Lt. O K. M'arren,

do

do

.do ,
.do.,
.do.
.do ,
.do.
.do.
.do.

do

Lt. F. T. Bryan .
Dr. Cooper

Lt. G. K. Warren.

do

do

Lt. F. T. Bry.,n...

(.•ollected by—

J. J. Audubon.

Or. Uayden...

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

.do
.do.
.do.
.do

356

Dr. Ilayden

do

do

W. 8. Wood.,

Longtii.

Strilili Wli.u
ifwini;'*

10.25
11.25
10 50
10.75
10.37
11.35
10.35
9.75
10.00
11.50
10.00
11.25

.■1.50
4.00
3..'i0
3.50
3.25
3 50
3.75
."■.SO
3.25
3.SU

lti-|li;ilk>

Eyes red.
Iriit rcil..

Iris dark red.

Iris red...
Eyes red.

3.75 [ris chestnut.

9.37 2.87

10.87 3.87

10.75 3.50

10.25

Iris dark browi..

PIPILO MEGALONYX, Baird.

Sp. Ch. — Similar to P. arclicus in amount of white on the wings and scapulars, though this frequently edged with black. Outer
edge of outer web of external tail feather white, Bometimes confluent with that at tip of tail. Concealed white spots on feathers
of side of neck. Claws enormously large, the hinder longer than its digit ; the hind too and claw reaching to the middle of the
middle claw, which, with its too, is as long, or longer, than the tarsus. Inner lateral claw reaching nearly to the middle of middle
claw. Length, 7.G0; wing, .3.40; tail, 4.25; bind toe and claw, .90.

llab. — Southern coast of California and across through rallies of Gila and Rio Grande.

This form, if not a distinct species, constitutes so strongly marked a variety as to be worthy
of particular descrijition. The general appearance is that of P. arctictis, which it resembles in
the amount of white spotting on the wings. This, however, does not usually involve the whole
outer web at the end, but, as in oregonus, has a narrow border of black continued around the
white terminally and sometimes externally. There is not quite so much of a terminal white
blotch on the outer tail feather, this being but little over an inch in length, and tlic outer web
of the same feather is never entirely white, though always with an external white border,
which sometimes is confluent with the terminal spot, but usually leaves a brown streak near the
end never seen in arcticus, which also has the whole outer web white except at the base. From
wegonus the species differs in the much greater amount of white on the wings and the less
rounded character of the spots. Oregonus, too, has the whole outer web of external tail feather
black, antl the terminal white spot of the inner web less than an inch in length. I have never
seen in oregonus any of the concealed white spotting on the sides of the head.

The greatest difference between this species and the two others is in the stout tarsi and
enormously large claws, as described, both the lateral extending greatly beyond the base of
the middle one, the hinder toe and claw nearly as long as the tarsus. The only North American
Passerine birds having any approach to this length of claw are those of the genus Fasserella.

A Pipilo macronyx of Swainson ajipears to have a .similar development of claws, but is
described as olive with black head and throat, the light marks on the wings and tail yellow.
The P maculatus has the body olivaceous ; the head and throat black.

516

U. S. p. K. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The specimens exhibiting the highest development of claw are from Fort Tejon, but the other
localities mentioned illustrate the same peculiarity very readily. Specimens frequently occur,
however, which it is difficult to refer positively to any one of the three species with spotted
scapulars ; some of them may possibly be hybrids.

Lkt of sjKcimens.

Catal .
No.

Sm.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Wltcnce obLiined.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

"q

Francisco county, Cal..

Winter, 1853
April 25, 1854

do

6740

6734

8.25

10.50

5971
6730

do

.... do

do

(Jo

T

"q"
S

Lt. R. S. Williamson.
do

6738
3910

do

do

Heights of San Pasqual

12

6741

8.75

10.75

3.00

7.50

10.25

3.25

5036

5037
6732
6717

Cspt Pope

Eyes dark; bill b'k;
feet dark brown.

Organ mountains, N. M.

Mar. 10, 1855

do

181

J. ll.Cla.k

8 50

10.12

2.37

Fort Thorn ....

Dr. T. C. Henry ....

do

6719

do

do

6720

do

do

0733

Pueblo ck, Op. 104,N.M.

Lieut. Whipple

49

Kcnn.ScMJIIhaus

Eyes reddish yel.

PIPILO ABERTII, 13 air d.

Pipih abcrtii, Haihd, Stansbury's Rep. Great Salt Lake, Zoology, June 1852, 325. (New Mexico.)
Kieneria abertii, Bonap. Comptee Kendue, XL, 1855, 356.

Sp. Ch. — General color of upper parts pale brownish yellowish red ; beneath brighter, especially on the under coverts, palest
on the middle of the belly. Sides of bead anterior to eyes, and chin dark brown. Bill yellowish.
Length, 9 inches; wing, 3.70 ; tail, 4.85.
I/ab. — Base of Kocky Mountains in New Me.xico. Valley of Gila and C(dorado.

This plainly colored bird is among the largest of the North American species, and is without
any blotches, spots, or variations of importance from one color, except on the chin and sides of
the head. The bill is similar to that of P. erythropldhalmus, but the cutting edge is less concave
and more sinuated. The tail is more graduated ; the claws thicker and stronger. The wings
are short and much rounded ; the first quill shorter than the secondaries.

DIRDS — FRINGILLIDAE — PIPILO FUSCUS.

il7

lAst of specimens.

CttUl. No.

Sex.

Loaility.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

Collected by—

Mi'w Mexico

Lt. Abort

C"Jl

Cuuip 120, Kill Williiuns'

Fork, N. M

Camp 114, N. Mexico

do

Feb 12,1854...
B'cb. 6,1854...
Feb. l.{, 1856...

Lt. Whipple

92

72

101

Kcnii. (in<.l &full

6750
6i49

do

do

Lt. J. (i. Tiuke

do

do

6747

Gila river, N. M

C748

do

do

do

4C04

Fort Yumii, Gil

Major i;inory

do

30

A. Scliott

4578

Colorado river, Cul

PIPILO FUSCU.S, S w a i n s 0 n .

ripUo ftuca, Sw. Ph'ilos Mug. I, 1627,434.—? Ib. Aiiim. in Menag 1838, 347.— Bo.vap. Conspectus, 1850,487.

Cassis, Illuet I, iv, 18o3, 124 ; pi. xvii. (Tlio figure eeeins to be of the California species, the
description more like nusulmcus.) — Newbeiiry, Zool. Cal. &. Or. Eoute, Eep. P. R. K. VI, iv, 1857, 69.

Kientria futca, Bonap. Couiptos Kendus, XL, 1855, 356.

FringiUa crissalis, Vicors, Zool. Blossom, 1839, 19.

Sp. Ch. — Above dark olive brown, the crown v.ith a very slight tingo of scarcely appreciable dark rufous. Under parts with
the color somewhat similar, but of a lighter shade, and washed «iih grajiBh; uiidillo of the belly asliy white; llie under tail
coverts pale rufous, shading into lighter about the vent and sides of lower belly ; chin and upper part of throat well defined pale
rufous, margined all round by brown spots, a few of them scattered within the margin. Eyelids and sides of head, anterior to
the eye, rufous like the throat. One or two feathers on the lower part of the breast with a concealed brown blotch. Outer
primary not edged with white.

Length, 9 inches ; wing, 4 ; tail, 5.

/JTaA.— Coast region of California.

In this species the bill is sinuated as in P. dberiii, differing from that of P. erythropldhalmus.
The wing is much rounded ; the fourth quill longest ; the first shorter than the secondaries.
The tail is considerably graduated ; the feathers broad ; the outer about . 70 of an inch shorter
than the middle ones.

This species is much darker than P. abertii, and lacks the black on chin and side of head ;
the chin and throat are abruptly different from the breast ; the light patch margined with
black spots.

I do not feel sure that this species is really the P fuscus of Swainson. His description of
" Gray, beneath paler ; throat obscure fulvous, with brown spots ; vent ferruginous. Length, 8;
bill, . 70 ; wings, 3.50 ; tail, 4 ; tarsi, . 90 ; hind toe and claw, . 70," as given in 1827, differs
from that of 1838. "Grayish brown above; beneath white; chin and throat fulvous, with
dusky spots ; under tail coverts fulvous ; tail blackish brown, unspotted. Bill and legs pale,
the latter smaller, and the claws more curved than in any other known species ; crown with a
pale rufous tinge. Length, 7.50 ; wings, 3.50 ; tail, 4 ; tarsus, , 90 ; middle toe and claw the
same; hinder toe, .05." These proportions are certainly quite different from those of the
California species, nor are the colors of either paragraph the same. It is possible that the first
description is that of the present bird, and the second that of a species allied to P. mesoleucus,
but it is quite as likely that both of these are entirely different from Swainson's P./tiscus.

518

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtaiaed.

Orig. No.

Collected by —

674i

K. D. Cutts

G745

do

do .. . ...

6742

s

Prpsiflio Till

Lt. Trowbridge ......

5559

April — , 185G —

653

4

4943

59701

Smt-i C'lii-i Hill

Gov. Stevens. .......... .

Dr. Cooper

do

596S

do

do

59G7

do

.do

do

6746
3710

s

9

Dr. Heermann

June 22, 1848...

Wm. Ilutton

Fort Tcinii P;l1

J Xantus do Vesev......

6743

^

Lt. Williamson ..

Dr. Heermann

3911

J- Length, 9. 00 ; extent, 12. 50 ; iris, reddish brown.

PIPILO MESOLEUCUS, Baird.

Fijnlo mesoleucus, Baiiid, Pr. A. N. Sc Ph. VII, June, 1854, 119. (Rocky Moiintaius.)

Sp. Ch.— Above olivaceous brown, with a grayish tinge ; hood dull chestnut, conspicuously different from the back. Sides
beyond the edge of the wing like the back, but paler ; posteriorly, and about the vent and under tail coverts, pale brownish red.
The ashy olive brown of the sides scarcely meeting across the breast, the lower portion of which, with the upper belly, is rather
pure «hite. The chin, throat, and upper part of the breast pale yellowish rufous, spotted on the tides and across the breast
with brown ; an obscure spot in the middle of the breast ; edge of outer primary white.

Length, e. 50 inches ; wing, 3. 80 ; tail, 4. 70.

Ilab. — Valley of upper Rio Grande and across to the Gila river East to Santa Caterina, New Leon.

This species is similar in general appearance to the P.fuscus, but the olive brown and rufous
are both of a lighter shade. The crown is of a decided chestnut, conspicuously diiferent from
the back, instead of nearly the same tint. The light reddish under the head is wider throughout
and extends down to the upper part of the breast, blending with the colors of the breast and
belly, instead of being narrower, more sharply defined, and restricted to the chin and throat.
The isolated larger spot on the breast is more conspicuous ; the breast and belly are quite pure
white, shaded with obsolete brownish blotches, instead of being uniform grayish brown, with
only an approach to whitish in the very middle. The edges of tlie wing and tail feathers are
a good deal lighter, the outer web of the first primary being sharjily edged with pure white,
instead of obscure grayish brown. The size generally is rather smaller.

UIKDS — I'niNGILLIDAE — riPILO ClILOKURUS.

519

I'nliil.

SfX.

No.

r- 1

c?

£835

9

6&iS

6831

CS33

68.>7

6830

6^9

S

l.tH'ulily.

8U. Cateriiia, Mex .

Copper mines, N. M.
, do

List of specimens.

Fort Tliorn, N. M . . .

do

Dill Williauia' Fork.
Lo<t Nogaleti, Mcx...
OMa rivi^r

Wli.ii col- W.
lected.

April-, I83U

Feb. 5, ISM
June — , 1855

Ll. Couch .

Col. Graham

Maj. Einor)'

Dr. Henry

do

Ll. A. W. Whipple,

Mnj. Emory

Li. J. O. I'arkc....

Oris.
No.

Collected by—

J. II. Clurk .
do

Length ,

Stretch of, U in|{. ,
■ingi.

7.50
8.00

07

Ecnn. anil Moll.
Dr. Keitnerly ...
Dr. Ilcermanil...

Remarks.

10.50

3.50

11.00 3.0:1

Dill elate and while,
feet dark tlii^h.

PII'ILO CHLORURUS, B a i r d .

Ulaiiding's Finch.

Fringilla chlonira, (To\v>-sk.vd,) Aid. Ora. Biog. V, 1839, 336. (Young.)

Zonolrichia chtorura. Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. 2d Series, I, 1817, 51.

EmUmaffra chlorura, Bonai'. Conspectus, 1850, 483.

Fringilla Uandinjiana, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. I, April, 1843, 260.

Embemagra Uandingiana, Cassin, Illus. I, III, 1853, 70 ; pi. xii.

Pipilo nij'ipileus, Lafressate, Bev. Zool. XI, June 1848,176. — Bp. Conspectus, 1850, 487.

Kieiuria rvjipikui, BoN. Comptes Rendus XL, 1855, 356.

Sp. Ch. — Above dull grayish olive green. Crown uniform chestnut. Forehead with superciliary stripe, and sides of tlic
head and neck, the upper part of the breast and sides of the body, bluish ash. Chin and upper part of throat abruptly
defined white, the former margined by dusky, above which is a short white maxillary stripe. Under tail coverts and sides
of body behind brownish yellow. Tail feathers generally, and exterior of wings bright olive green, the edge and under
surface of the latter bright yellow ; edge of first primary white. Length, about 7 inches; wing, 3.20 ; tail, 3.65.

Ilah. — Valley of Rio Grande and Gila ; Kocky mountains north to the South Pass ; south to Mexico.

In this species the wing is considerably rounded, the tertials considerably shorter than the
primaries, and not exceeding the secondaries ; the fourth quill longest, the first shorter than
the sixth, the second and fifth quills considerably longer than the rest. The tail is long and
considerably graduated, the outer feather half an inch shortest ; the feathers broad and obtusely
pointed, the corners rounded.

The extent of the chestnut of the crown varies somewhat ; more extended probably in the
males. The region on the side of the head, adjoining the nostrils, is whitish ; the small feathers
under the eye are spotted with the same. The posterior outline of the ash of the breast is much
less sharply defined than the anterior.

Specimens vary in the brightness of the olive above, which is never as pure as that of the
wings and tail. The olive of the tail, too, is darker than that of the wings.

A very young bird (1896) has the whole under parts dull white, streaked and spotted on the
sides of the throat, and on the breast, with dark brown. The crown and back are also thickly
spotted. In 5734 the ash of the breast has made its appearance ; the middle of the belly is
white, spotted ; the chin white, encircled by spots. The spots above are restricted to near the
head, and there is a small central patch of chestnut on the crown.

No. 1896 is the original green-tailed sparrow killed July 12, 1834, by Townsend, and described
in an extract of a letter to Mr. Audubon, published page 336 of volume V, Orn. Biog. It is

520

tl. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

unmistakeably the Fipilo here described, and settles the question in favor of the priority of the
name chlorurus.

List of specimens.

Caul.
Ne.

Sex and

age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch of
wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

6745

c?

""f

oo

s

Q
oj
c?
9
Q

? Tejon Valley, Cal . . .

Lieut. Williamson. .

Dr. Heermann .
A. Scliott

46u9

Colorado river, N.M.

Anril 10.1855

Miijor Emory

do

do

60
23

6243

San Elizario, Texas.. Dec. 16,1854
Eagle Pass, Texas,.,. Fall of 1852

Ur. Kennerly ..

Eyes chocolate brown.

6343

A. Scliott

6244

Lieut. J. G. Paikc
Dr.W. A.Hammonii
Lieut. F. T. Dryan.
do

55
264
301
264

Dr. Heermann ,

7086

Black IIill:8

July 21,1857
Aug. 25,1856
do

5732

Medicine Bow Creek.
do

W. S. Wood...

5734

do

5733

Auir. 15.18.56

do

do

1896

S. F. Baird

J. K. Townsend
Dr. Hayden....

do

do

7. .50
7.00
7.50

9.25
9 25
10.00

2.75
2.25
3.50

Type of Fr. cMorura.

Iris brown

do

do

9278
9277
9370
9376

Laramie Peak

do

do

Aug. 24, 1856
Aug. 2,1856
Aug. 24,1856

Lieut. G. K. Warren.

do

do

J. Gould

BIKDS — ICTERIDAE — AGKLAINAE. 521

Family ICTEllTDAE.

Cii. Primaries nine. Tarsi scutcllato anteriorly ; plated behind. Bill long, generally equal to llio head or longer, straight

or "entlv curved, conical, without any notch, tho coniini:^8Ure bending downwards at an obtuse angle at the base. Gonys
generally more than half tho cuhnen. Basal joint of the middle too free on tho inner side ; united half-way on tho outer.
Tail rather long, rounded. Legs stout.

This family is strictly confiaotl to the New "World, and is closely related in many of its
members to the Fringillidae. Both liave the angulated conimisNure and the nine primaries ;
the bill is, however, usually much longer ; the rictus is comijlL-tcly without brisllen, and the
tip of the bill without notch.

The affinities of some of the genera are still closer to the family of Sfurnidae or Starlings, of
which the Slurnus vulgaris may be taken as the type. This family is, however, exclusively
Old World, and readily distinguished by the constant presence of a rudimentary outer primary,
making ten in all.

There are three sub-families of the Ideridae — the Agelainae, the Iclerinae, and the Quiscalinae.

Sub-Family AGELAINAE.

Cii. — Bill stout, conical, and acutely pointed, not longer than the head ; the outlines nearly straight, the tip not decurved.
Legs adapted fur walking, longer than the head. ClaH's not much curved. Tail moderate, shorter than tho wings; nearly even.

The Agelainae, through Molothrus and Dolichonyx, present a close relation to the Fringillidae
in the comparative shortness and conical shape of the bill, and, in fact, it is very difficult to
express in brief words the distinctions which evidently exist. Dolichonyx may be set aside as
readily determinable by the character of the feet and tail. The peculiar sub-family character-
istics of Molothrus will be found under the generic remarks respecting it.

The following diagnosis will serve to define the genera :

A. Bill shorter than the head.

Dolichonyx. — Tail feathers with rigid stiffened acuminate points. Middle toe very long,

exceeding the head.
Molothrus. — Tail with the feathers simple ; middle toe shorter than the tarsus or head.

B. Bill as long as the head. Feathers of crown soft. Nostrils covered by a scale which is
directed more or less downwards.

Agelaius. — First quill shorter than the second and third. Outer lateral claw scarcely

reacliing to the base of middle ; claws moderate.
X.\STHOCEPHALUS. — First quill longest. Outer lateral claw reaching nearly to the tip of

the middle. Toes and claws all much elongated.

C. Bill as long as, or longer than, the head. Feathers of crown with the shafts prolonged
into stiffened bristles. Nostrils covered by a scale which stands out more or less horizontally.

Sturnella. — Tail feathers acute. Middle toe equal to the tarsus.
Trcpialis. — Tail feathers rounded. Tarsus longer than the middle toe.

June 24, 1858.

66 b

522

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

DOLICHONYX, Swain son.

Dolichcnyx, Swainson, Zool. Juurn. Ill, 1S27, 351. Type Einberiza oryzirora, L.

Cii. — Bill sliort, stout, conical, little more than lialfthe liuad ; the commissure sliirhtly sinuated ; tlie culmon nearly straight.
Middle toe considerably longer than the tarsus (which is about as long as the head); the inner lateral toe longest, but not
reaching the base of the middle claw. Wings long, first quill longest. Tail fealhers acuniinately pointed at the tip, with the
shafts stifl'ened and rigid, as in the woodpeckers.

The peculiar characteristic of this species is found in the rigid scansorial tail and the very long
middle toe, hy means of which it is enabled to grasp the vertical stems of reeds or other slender
plants. The color of the known species is black, varied with whitish patches on the upper
parts.

In coloration, this genus bears a close relation to Calamospiza, although the other diiferences
are very decided. Both are black, with white patches on the wings. Dolichonyx has, in
addition, a white patch on the rump and a yellowish one on the nape.

But one species is at present known to naturalists.

Comparative measurements.

Ciiial.
No.

Species.

Locality.

0)
CD

C5

C

CO

K

o
1 *

bio

a

-■3

1

O

'3
•a

is

2i

■- s

>

s

S

a

c
o

<

Specimen
measured.

977

Dolichonyx oryzivorus.
do

3

6.70
7.25
6.30
7.08
6.00
7.50
6.U0
6.84
6.60

12.00
12.00
10.50

3.76
3.90
3.90
4.00

3..'->a

3.50

4.oa

4.34
3.70

3.12

1.03

1.10

0.29

0.84

0.40

0.59

0.60

do.

do.

6522
do.

do ,...

do

Indian Key, Fla

do

3

3.:o

1.02

1.07

0.30

0.85

0.42

0.60

0.63

Skin

Fresh

6524

do

.... do

9
..„.

9

2.96

0.94

1.00

0.26

0.78

0.40

0.56

0.60

Skin

do.

do

Molnthrus pccoris

do

do

Colorado river, Cal.,.
Philadelpliia ...

Fresh . , . ,

6486

3.18
3.38
2.98

0.94
1.02
0.94

0,89
0.90
0.86

0.28
0.22
0.24

0.75
0.72
0.65

0.34
0.31
0.30

0.66
0.66
0.58

0.64
0.69
0.61

Skin

Skin

611

do

Skin

DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS, Swain son.

Uoblink; Reed Bird; Rice Bird.

Emberhtt oryzirora, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17Cfi, 311.— Gm. I, 1788, 850.— Wilson, Am. Orn. II, 1810, 48 ; pi. xii ;

f. 1,2.
Passerina oryzivora, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXV, 1817, 3.
Dolichonyx oryzivora, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1^27, 351.— Ib. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 278.— Bon. List, 1838.— In.

Conspectus, 185U, 437.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 139.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 10; pi. 211.—

GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 229.
Icterus agripennis, Bonaf. Obs. Wils. 1824, No. 87.— Add. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 283 : V, 1839, 486 ; pi. 54.— Nhtt.

Man. I, 1832, 185.
Iclcrus {Emberizoiilr.s) agripennis, Bon. Syn. 1828, 53.
Dolichonyx agripciuiis, Rich. List, 1837.
Psarocolius caudacutus, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1627, 32.

Sp. Ch. — General color of male in spring black ; the nape brownish cream color ; a patch on the side of the breast, the
scapulars and rump while, shading into light ash on the upper tail covers and the back below the interscapular region. The
outer primaries sharjily margined with yellowish v/hito; the tcrtials less abruptly ; the tail feathers margined at the tips with
pale brownish ash.

Female yellowish beneath ; two stripes on the top of the head, and the upper i)artH throughout, except the back of the neck
and rump, and including all the wing fcalhorH generally, dark brown, all cd^cd with brownish yellow, which becomes whiter
near the tips of the quills. The sides sparsely streaked with dark brown, and ii similar stripe behind the eye. There is a
superciliary and s median band of yellow on the head.

Length of male, 7.70 ; wing, 3.83 ; tail, 3.15.

Hab. — Eastern United Stales to the high central plains. Seen 50 miles east of Laramie.

BIRDS — ICTERIDAE — MOLOTHRUS.

523

This well known bird varies considerably in color, with differences in the maturity of plumage.
Sometimes the black feathers generally have yellowish uiaigins both above and below. The
bill is generally bluish black, but in the specimens from Florida the lower mandible is white.

Tlie male maintains the black plumage tor a comparatively short time. Shortly after mid-
summer the female dress is assumed and kept until the ensuing spring.

Liat of specimens.

Caial.
No.

U77
977
i:.17
117-1
6Jai
63>>
6333

Gia4

8931
6932

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.

do

do

.do.,

Indian Key, Fla..
do

.do..

do

Norlli Illinois

Fon Pierre

Red river, Minn

Loup fork of Platte .
do

When col-
lected.

May 8, 1»44
May 17,1843
May \S,\»H
Sept. 8,lfrl3
.May 9, 1857
do

.do..

du

Sprin;;

June 23,1836

July 11.
July 20 .
SO mile^ E or Ft.Laramii'l Aii;. 30 .

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird .
do

.do.,
.do..

Q. WUrdeiuaon .
do

Grig.

No.

do

do

K. ]\cnnicott

Lieut. Warren

N. W. University..

Lieut. Warren

do

Wm. M. Magraw ..

Collected by— Leng;Ui.

Stretch Wing,
ofwings.i

Dr. Haydcn . . .
R. Kennieott .
Dr. Hayden . , .

7.12

.do.,

Dr. Cooper .

7.00
7.25
7.25

7.66

12.41

7.25

12.00

7.33

12.25

6.58

11. 00

7.50

12.00

7.08

12.00

7.50

10.50

7.50

10.50

12.12

12.00
13.00
12.00

3.91
3.91
3.83
3.41
4.00
4.00
3.50
3.50

3.75

4.00
3.75_
4.00*

Rcninrks,

Iris brown .
,...do

MOLOTHHUS, Swain son.

Mololhrits, SwAi.vsox, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 277; supposed by Cabanis to be meant for Molobrus. Type Fringilla
pecoris, Gm .

Ch. — Bill short, stout, about two-thirds the length of head; the commissure straight, culmenand gonys slightly curved, convex,
the former broad, rounded, convex, and running back on the hrad in a point. Lateral toes nearly equal, reaching the base
of the middle one, which is shorter than tarsus; claws rather small. Tail nearly even ; wings long, pointed, the first quilj
longest.

The genus Molothriis has the bill intermediate between Dolichonyx and Agelaius. It has the
culmen unusually broad between the nostrils, and it extends back some distance into the fore-
head. The difference in the structure of the feet from Dolichonyx is very great.

The genus Molothriis resembles some of the FringilUdae more than any other of the Icteridae.
The bill is, however^ more straight, the tip without notch ; the culmen running back further
on the forehead, the nostrils being situated fully one-third or more of the total length from its
posterior extremity. This is seldom the case in the American families. The entire absence of
notch in the bill and of bristles along the rictus are strong features. The nostrils are perfectly
free from any overhanging feathers or bristles. The pointed wings, with the first quill longest,
and the tail with its broad rounded feathers, shorter than the wings, arc a dditional features to
be specially noted.

Of several species of the genus found in the New World, but one belongs to the United States.
This, the well known cow bird, never incubates, but deposits its eggs in the nests of others,
usually smaller birds, to be hatched out by them, as is done also by the European cuckoo. One
at least of the South American species is known to possess the same habit, and it is probably
the same with all of them.

The measurements of M. pecoris will be found with Dolichonyx.

524 TJ. S. p. R. B. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

MOLOTHRUS PECORIS, Swain son.

Cow Black bird; Cow bird.

FringUla pecoiis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 910, (female).— Lath. IjkI. Orii. I, 1790, ■143.— Light. Verzeicli. 1823,

Nos. 230, 231.
Emboizajiecoris, Wils. Am. Orii. II, 1810, 145; pi. xviii; f. 1, 2, 3.

Iclenis pecoris, Bonap. Obs. Wilson, 1824, No. 88.— Aud. Oin. Eiog. 1,1831, 493: V, 1839, 233, 490; pi. 99 and 424.
Icterus (Emberizoides) pecoris, Bon. Syn. 1828, 53. — Ib. Specehio comp. No. 41. — Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 175; 2d ed.

190.
Pttsserina pecoris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. XXV, 1819, 22.
PsarocuUus pecoris, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 20.

J\lolothrus pecoris, Swxifisof!, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 277.— Rich. List, 1837.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 1850,
436 — AuD. Syn. 1839, 139.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 16; pi. 212.— Cabanis, Mus. llein. 1851 ,
193.
? Oriolusfuscxts, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 393.
? Sturnus obscurus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 804. Evidently a Moluthrus, and probably, but not certainly, the

present species.
"Icterus emberizoides, Daitdin."

9 Slurnus junceli. Lath. Ind. I, 1790, 32G, (same as Sturnxis obscurus, Gm.)
? Fringilla a7nbigua, TfcTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 484, (yomig).

Sp. Ch. — Second quill longest ; first scarcely shorter. Tail nearly even, or very slightly rounded. Male with the head,
neck, and anterior half of the breast, light chocolate brown, rather ligliter above; rest of body lustrous black, with a violet
purple gloss ne.vt to tlie brown, of steel blue on the back, and of green elsewhere. Female liglit olivaceous brown all over,
lighter on the head and beneath. Bill and feet black. Length 8 inches; wing, 4.42; tail, 3.40.

Ilab. — United States from the Atlantic to California; not found immediately on the coast of tlie Pacific'

The young bird of the year is brown above, brownisli white beneath ; the throat immaculate.
A maxillary stripe and obscure streaks thickly crowded across the whole breast and sides.
There is a faint indication of a paler superciliary stripe. The feathers of the upper i)arts are
all margined with paler. There are also indications of the light bands on the wing.s. These
markings are all obscure, but perfectly appreciable, and their existence in adult birds may he
considered as embryonic, and showing an inferiority in degree to the species with the under
jiarts perfectly plain.

The Frinr/illa pecoris of Gmelin, from which the specific name of the bird is usually derived
is based essentially on the Fringilla virginiana of Brisson. Tlie description is "brown, beneath
paler, tail sub-bifurcated." This is scarcely a satisfactory diagnosis, althougli the descriptions
of Pennant and lAatham, likewise quoted by Gmelin, are very accurate. The Sturnus obscurus
of Gmelin is evidently a Molotlirus, but described from Mexico, and may possibly not be the
present species, although the chances are in its favor. The 0;vWms/«.5cms of Gmelin is j^robably
the present bird, but may be a Scolecophagus. Under the circumstances, therefore, it may bo as
well to retain the name oi pecoris, about which, from the context there can be no doubt, in pre-
ference to using any of the really prior names oi fuscus or oiscurus.

BIRDS — ICTERIDAE — AGELAIU8.

525

List of specimens.

Catal.

Si-i ant)

No.

■{».

14U5

<f

lisa

<f

611

9

6486

(J

KHl

<?

8378

0

Localily.

WIT
9336
9334
4365
536»
4655
5327
56*4
5681
5678
5011

5009

5013
4967
4966
6759
8761
8763
4580
4585
4583
do.
45«
6764

V

9
(?
•<?
9
S
Q
9
<?
3
<?

9
9

When col-
luded.

Cariiilc, ra April 30,1844

do Miy 2«,18-I4

do April 2,1844

PhUadelphia

rndepondcnce, Mo June 30,1857

do June 20,1857

Fort lUli-y, K. T.

Loup fork .
do....

.do..

MouUi of Yellow.'ione

do ,

Port Pierre

Medicine Uill

Platte river

do

Pole creek, Neb. T....
Pecos crossing, Tcxeis.

Devil's river, Texas...

Aug. 3, 1857

do

Aug. 1,1857
July 23,1856
July 2-3,1656
May 3,1855
June 24, 1856
July 16,1856

do

July 24, 1856
May 8, 1855

May 4, 1855

Rio Frio, Texas April 21 , 1855

Fort Cliad'iourne, Texas

do !

Eagle pass, Texas...
Los Nogaleti, Mexico

Fort Yuuia, Cal

, do

do ! Jim. 28,1855

Whence obtained.

Orlg'l Collected by— Length.

I No.

.do..

Colorado river, Cal. .

Gila river, N. M

~ i'-'ramento valley, .

,.do.

Dec. 6,1854

S. P. Baird

do

, do

0. Drrilcr

Wm. M. Magraw..,
do

Dr. Ilnniniond and
J. X. du Vcsoy.

Lt. Warren

do

do

do

do ,

Col. Vauglian

Ll. Warren

Lt. Bryan

do

do

Capt. Pope

. do.

do

Dr. Snifl

do

Major Emory...

do

Lt. Williamson..
Major Emory . . .

do

do

do

do

Lt. Williamson .

117
115
149
106

C9

Dr. Oooper .
do ....

Dr. llaydcn.
do

.do.,

do

do ,

do

do

W. S. Wood.

do

do

Stretch Wing,
of wings.

8.00
8.00

8.00
7.75

13.66
13.50

13.75
13.00

7.50
6.75
7.12
8.00

7.75

A. Scliolt

Dr. Kcinierly.
Dr. Hecrmann
A. Scliolt

.do..

do

do

do

Dr. Heermann.

13.75
12.62
12.25
13.50

4.41
4.41

4.50
4.25

4.25
3.87
4.00
4.37

4.0O

Iris dark lirtiwn .
, do

.do.,
.do..

Eyes dark br-n ; gums
yellow ; feel gray.

Eyes bPk ; gums blue ;
feet gray.

AGELAIUS, Vieillot.

^gelaitu, Vieillot, "Analyse, 1816." Type Oriolus phoeniceus, L.

Cu. — First quill shorter than second ; claws short ; the outer lateral scarcely reaching the base of the middle. Culmen
depressed at base, parting the frontal feather's ; length equal to that of the head, shorter than tarsus. Both mandibles of equal
thickness and acute at lip, the edges much curved, the culmen, gonys, and commissure nearly straight or slightly sinuated ; the
length of bill about twice its height. Tail moderate, r ounded, or very slightly graduated. Wingspointed, reaching to end of
lower tail coverts. Colors black with red shoulders in North American species.

The nostrils are small, oblong, overhung by a membranous scale. The bill is higher than
broad at the base. There is no division between the anterior tarsal scutellae and the single
plate on the outside of the tarsus.

The Agelaius tderocep/tato of North America (type of genus Xantlwceplialus) differs from true
Agelaius in a nearly even tail. The claws are considerably larger, and the inner lateral reaches
to the middle of the middle claw. The first primary is longest.

526

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURATEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of the species.

c

1

Spocies.

Locality.

o

j= a,

§

9

o
ii

O

2 "

^1
li

■V o

a

>

o

n

3

t

§

Specimen
measured.

5531

5530

Agelaius giibernalor

do

Petalunia, Cal

do

6.70
7.00
7.75
8.60
9.50
7.40
7.10
9.04
7.20
9.80
10.30
7.20

11.50
15.50

4.96
4.16
4.75
4.84
5.00
3.83
3.96
4.82
4.24
5.58
5.50
4 49

4.00
3.26

1.20
1.04

1.15
1.00

0.34
0.30

0.89
0.80

0.43
0.38

0.85
0.73

0.86
0.76

Skin

Sltin

do.

do

do

1386

Ag(!lattis phoeniceus

do

S

4.06

1.14

1.08

0.31

0.84

0.38

0.94

0.94

Skin

do

do

Fresh

'003

do

dt. Louis, Mo

Q
Q
<?
9
S

3.18
3.40

3 78
3.44
4.46

4 56
3.60

1.02
1.05
1.18
1.04
1.36
1.40
1.16

0.96
l.no
1.10
0.98
1.30
l.K
1.14

0.28
0.29
0.34
0.28
0.41
0.38
0.38

0.74
0.80
0.87
0.76
1.04
1.04
0.86

0.34
0.40
0.40
0.34
0.48
0.50
0.44

0.74
0.76
0.94

0.80
0.98
0.89
0.70

0.78
0.80
0.96
0.88
1.00
0.88
0.72

Skin

9174

do

Skin

2835

Stiita Barbara, Cal.,.
Sacramento Valley. . .

Skin

8596

do

Skin

3912

Agelaiiis iclerocoplialus ..
do

Skin

8555

Skin

6557

do

Poit Riley, K. T

Skin

Synopsis of species.

Tail rounded, or graduated; height of bill half or more than its length. Hhoulders and lesser
coverts bright crimson.

Median wing coverts brownish yellow to the end. Bill with longitudinal wrinkles on

both mandibles /. phoeniceus.

Median wing coverts black for the exposed portion, brownish yellow at the base. Lower

jaw with transverse wrinkles A. gubernator.

Tail nearly even ; height of bill at base less than half its lengtli. Shoulders and lesser
coverts dark brownish orange ; median coverts white A. tricolor.

AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS, Vieillot.

Swamp Blackbird; Red-wing Blackbird.

Oriolus phoeniceus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 161.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 386.— Lath. Ind. Cm. I, 1790, 428.

JIgdttixxs jihoenictus, "Vieillot, Anal. 1816." — Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 280. — Bonai'. List, 1838.— Ib.

Consp. 1850, 430.— AuD. Syn. 1839, 141.— In. Birds Ainer. IV, 1842, 31 ; pi. 216.
Iderm phoeniceus, l.icirr. Verz. 1823, No. 188.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1824, No. 68.- Add. Cm. Biog. I, 1831, 348: V,

1839, 487 ; pi. 67.
Psarocoliiis phoeniceus, Wacler, Syst. Nat. 1827, No. 10.

Icterus {Xnnlhormis) phoeniceus, Bonap. Syn. 1«38, 52.— Nbttall, Man. I, 1832, 167 ; 2d ed. 179.
Sturnus praedatorius, Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 30 ; pi. xx.x.
Red-ioinged oriole, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 255.

Sp Cii. — Tail much rounded ; tlio lateral feathers about half an inch shorter. Fourth quill longest ; first about as long as the
fifth. Bill large, stout ; half as high, or more than half as high as long.

J)Iale. — General color uniform lustrous velvet black, with a greenish reflection. Shoulders and lessor wing coverts of a bright
crimson or vermilion red. Middle coverts brownish yellow, and usually paler towards the tips.

Female. Brown above, the feathers edged or streaked with rufous brown and yellowish ; beneath white, streaked with brown.

Fore part ofthroat, superciliary, and median stripe strongly tinged with brownish yellow. Longthof male, 9.50; wing, 5 ; tail, 4.15.

IJab. — United States from Atlantic to Pacific.

The bill is nearly straight in its outlines ; the commissure, except at base, perfectly so ; the
thickness of both mandibles the same, measured at the bend of the commissure, and perpendicular
to the upper and lower outlines. There are faint indications of striae on tlie liill proceeding

BIKDS — ICTEIUDAE — AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS. 527

from the nostrils and parallel with the upper outline, as well as at the base of the lower jaw
nearly parallel with the gonys. The greatest depth of the hill, measured at the base of, and
perpendicular to the lower outline, is just half the length of the culmen, which is about as long
as tho skull. The third and fourth quills are longest ; the first about ecjual to the fifth. The
tail is considerably rounded, the lateral ones about .30 to .50 of an inch shorter. The tarsus is
about equal to the middle toe.

The female differs greatly in appearance. Tlie prevailing color above is brownish black, all
the feathers margined with reddish brown ; some of those on the back with brownish yellow,
which on the median and greater wing coverts forms two bands. Tlic under parts are dull
whitish, each feather broadly streaked centrally with dark brown ; the chin and throat
yellowish and but little streaked. There is a distinct whitish superciliary streak alongside the
head tinged anteriorly with brownish yellow, and another less distinct in the median line of the
crown. There is usually no indication of any red on the wing, but in one specimen, (2174,)
marked barren female, the plumage generally is darker and ai)proxiraating to that of the male;
the shoulders red, streaked with black ; the light markings about the head tinged with rose
color. The immature males exhibit every possible condition of coloration between that of the
old male and of the female.

There is some variation in the shade of red on the shoulders, which is sometimes of the color
of arterial blood or bright crimson. It never, however, has the haematitic tint of the red in
A. tricolor. The middle coverts are sometimes uniform brownish yellow to the very tips ;
sometimes some of these middle coverts arc tipped at the end with black, but these black tips
are usually of slight extent.

There is some variation in the size and proportions of the bill. The most striking is in a
series of three from the lied River settlement, decidedly larger than more southern ones, (wing,
5.15 ; tail, 4.40.) The bill is about as long as that of Pennsylvania specimens, but much
stouter, the thickness at the base being considerably more than half the length of the culmen.
One specimen from San Elizario, Texas, has the bill of much the same size and proportions.

A specimen (4050) from Saltillo has the lobe in the commissure larger, and the terminal
portion of the commissure much emarginated.

528

U, S p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal .
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Linglll.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1367

Q

April 17,1844
April 21,1841
Oct. 19,1842

S.P.Baird

8.91
9.50
7.50

14.66
15.50
12.50

4,66
5.00
3.75

1386

do

do

816

cJo ,

do

10'.38

WashiiiKl'Mi, D. C

J. C. McGuire ...

6941

Red river, 11. B.T

do

6942

do

8589

18,i3

Gov. Stevens.,..
do

40

Dr. Suckley.
... .do

8590

do

1853

s
s

...

$
$
S
c?
S
$
$

s
s
s

Q
S
9?

"'s'
s

"T
"9"

Q
(?
(?
<?

April 23,

May 8,1857
Junc 6,1857

April 27,1855

N. W. University

Lt. Bryan

Wm. M. Magraw.
Col, Vaughan ...

Lt. Warren

do

R. Kennicott
W. S. Wood.
Dr. Cooper...

7003

8338

9.25

14.75

5.12

4644

Fl. Pifrrc

5325

do

....do

9.25
7.85
9.25

8.37
8.75
9.25
9.50
8.50

15.75
12.50
15.00
15.12
15.00
15.25
15.25
15.75

5.00
4.00
4.75
5.00
4 75
4.87
5.00
5.00

5326

Medifiiic Hill

June 25.1856
April 23,1856

July 1,

Aug. 1,

Aug. 10,

July 3,

July 1,

July 14,1856
Oct. 25,1857
June 12,1857
Miir. 29, 1855
Feb. 11,1853
M.-ir. -,1851
April —,1853
May — , 1853
Dec. —,1854
Nov. 11,1855
Nov. 3,1855

4757

Bg Nemaha, K. T ,

do

do

9332

do

do

9331

Sand Hills of Platte

do

.do

do

9:Q9

do

do

9330

Loup Fork of Platte

do

do

.... do

9333

do

do

5670

Lt. Bryan

Win. M. Magraw.

Lr. Bryan

Capt. Pope

Lt. Couch

do

104
226

34
40
2U
170
182
17
7
155
153

W. S. Wood.
Dr. Cooper .
W. Hammond

E344

100 miles E. of Ft Kearncj
Rfipublican river, K. T

9.62

15.75

5.25

"092

5000

y.50
7.00
8.50
6.50
8.00

13.50
11.75
13.50
11.50
13.00

4.50
4.00
4.75
3.75
4.75

4048

4049

4047

do

do

4050

.-!altlllo, Mes

San Elizario

do

8591

Maj. Emory

Capt. Pope

do

Dr. Kenncrly.

5001

9.00 l.'i aa

5. 00
5.25

.')003

., ,.do

9.25

16.00

8579

Fort Thorn, N M

6574

Furl Conrad, N. M

Cold Spri[i<^, N. M

C'p 150, Cocornongo ranch,
Cal.

Oct. —,1853

Nov. 17,

.Mar. 19,1854

Lt. Whipple

du

do

23

187

45
14
19
342
341
339
31U

8576

do

8578

do

do

8.50

15.01)

5.50

8573

Maj. Emory

A.J.Grayson....
Gov. Stevens....

Dr. Sueklcy

do

4952.'

8582

Ft. Vancouver, 0. T

Ft. Steilacoom, \V. T

Jan. 20,1854

April

April 25,1856
do

Dr. Cooper...

8.S5
8.0U
10.00
9 50
9.50

12.75
12. CO
14.00
14.00
13.00

8583

8584

8585

do

do

8586

do

do ....

do

BIRDS — ICTERIDAE — AOELAIUS GUBERNATOE. 529

AGELAIUS GUBERNATOR, Bon.

Red-shoul<Irn<d lilackbinl.

PsaroeoUus gubenialor, VVaclrr, lais, 1830, iv, 281.

.Igelaius suOemalor, Bon. List, 1»J38.— Ib. Conspectus, 1S50, 430.— Ann. Syn. 1839, 141.— lu. Birds Amor. IV, 1842,

29 ; pi. 215.— Newdebrt, P. R. R. Rep. VI, iv, 1857, 86.
Itterus (Zanthomus) gubemator, Ndttill, Man. I, 2d od. 1840, 187.

Sp. Ch. — Bill rather sliortcr than tlio head, without any longitudinal sulci, but with faint traces of transverse onos at tlio
base of the lower jaw. Tui! rounded. First quill nearly equal to the fourth.

.Male. Througliout of a lustrous velvety black, with a greonisli reflection. The shoulders and lesser coverts rich crimson ;

the middle coverts brownish yellow at the base, but the exposed portion black.

Female. — Dusky, varied with paler. Length, 9 ; wing, 5 ; tail, 3.80.

//oil.— Pacific coast of the United States. Colorado river.'

The Lill of tliis species is ratlier small, being .scarcely as long as the head. It is about half
as high at the base as long, and exhibits no sulci on the upper mandible. At the base of the
lower jaw are some sulci or wrinkles perpendicular to the commissure. The second, third, and
fourth quills are nearly equal ; the first between the fourth and fifth. The tail is considerably
rounded ; the lateral feather about .30 of an inch sliortest. The feet are rather slender.

A female is throughout of a dark brownish black, scarcely varied at all, except on the chin
and throat, which are reddish wliite streaked with brown. There is a rather distinct super-
ciliary stripe of reddish white. The shoulder feathers are edged with darkish rose color.

I find it exceedingly difficult to distinguish satisfactorily this species from the A. pJioeniceus
in certain stages of plumage. The bill is a little smaller, with a tendency to transverse
sulcatioiis on the lower mandible ; the proportions are ranch the same ; stouter than in tricolor.
The tail is almost as much rounded ; much more so than in A. tricolor. The red on the
shoulder is of much the same brilliant crimson, but it is confined to the lesser coverts ; the
bases of the middle row of coverts are brownish yellow, but the exposed portion is black instead
of being brownish yellow as in phoeniceus, or white as in tricolor. Sometimes, however, by the
elongation of the yellowish basal portion, some of this color shows beyond the red as in
phoeniceus. Wherever, however, these middle coverts were all tipped with black, even if
not very broadly, 1 have referred the species to gubemator, as in a large series of phoeniceus I
have seen but one or two with a black tip to even some of these coverts.

The females are scarcely to be distinguished from those of A. tricolor, except possibly by the
more rounded tail, and stouter, shorter bill. It was at one time supposed that the female of
gubemator was the darker, but there are three specimens before me, (4598 — 4600,) which, in
the amount of light color beneath, approximate to A. phoeniceus. It is quite jjossible that there
may be another species mixed in with the supposed tricolor and gubemator, and distinct from
phoeniceus, but the specimens before me are not sufficient to decide the question.

The transverse striae or wrinkles at the base of the lower jaw, and the absence of any on the
upper, appear in most cases to be quite characteristic and appreciable, (in the adult males at
least,) as compared with the longitudinal wrinkles on both mandibles of A. phoeniceus and
iTicolor.

The females of both A. tricolor and gvhernafor appear to lack the trace of a median stripe on

the crown seen in phoeniceus.

Jane 25, 1858.

G7b

530 V. 8. P, B. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

2835

3
S

s

Q

c?
9

S F. Baird

J. K. Townsend .

6531

Petaluma, Cal

do

do

San Francisco Cal

Feb. —,1856
May 14,1856

E. Samuels

R. D. Cults

195
183
839

5526

5530

7.75

11.54

4.33

8599

6933

Santa Clara Cal

Gov. Stevens

Dr. Cooper

. do

8.00
8.12

13.00
13.50

5935

do.

do

8601

Lt. Williamson..

8597

Camp 150,Cocomongo

ranch, Cal.
Colorado river, Cal..

May 19,1854

Lt. Whipple....

Major Emory

do

188
50

Kenn. & Moll...

4599?

A. Schott

4600 ':

do

do

4598?

do

Mar. —,1854

50

..do

AGELAIUS TRICOLOR, Bon.

Red and white-shonldered Blackbird.

Iclerus tricolor, " Nuttall," Aud. Orn. Bio?. V, 1839, 1 ; pi. 338.— Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 18G.
Jigelaius tricolor, BoN. List, 1838.— Ann. Syn. 1839, 141.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1849, 27 ; pi. 214.

Sp. Ch. — Tail nearly even. Second and third quills longest ; first a little shorter than the fourth. Bdl slender, not hall' as
high as long.

Male — General coliir uniform lustrous velvet black, with a decided greenish reflection. Shoulders and lesser wing coverts
brownish red, of much the color of venous Ijlood ; the median coverts of a well-defined and nearly pure white, with sometimes
a brownish tinge.

Female.— Da.rk brown, variegated with darli grayish ash. No median stripe on the crown, nur any ma.villary one, and scarcely
a superciliary.

Length, 9.20 ; wing, 4.85 ; tail, 3.90.

Hab. — Coast of Califjrnia. Colorado river .'

The bill of this species is about the length of that of A. phoeniceus, it is, however, lower ; the
greatest height perpendicular to the base of the gonys being considerably less than half the
culmen. There are distinct wi inkles or striae extending from the nostrils parallel with the
culmen, and sometimes on the lower jaw nearly parallel with the gonys. Tail very nearly even,
or slightly rounded. Tarsus about equal to the middle toe. The second and third quills are
longest ; the first much longer than the fifth.

The female of this species is dark brown above, the feathers margined with brownish gray ;
the under parts dark gray, the feathers broadly streaked with dark brown. The throat is con-
spicuously streaked, its ground color lighter than on the belly. There is a faint indication of a
paler superciliary stripe, most distinct behind the eye. In one specimen there is no red on the
wing ; in another it is quite distinct. The under surface of the wing and the axillaries are
sooty plumbeous brown.

Immature males sometimes have the white on the wing tinged with brownish yellow, ns in
A. phoeniceus. Tlie red, however, has the usual brownish orange shade so much darker and
duller than the brilliantly scarlet shoulders of the other species. Tlie relationships generally
between the two species are very close, but the bill, as stated, is slenderer and more sulcate
in tricolor, the tail much more nearly even ; the first primary longer, usually nearly equal to or
longer than the Iburth instead of the filth.

BIRDS — ICTERIDAE — XANTHOCEniALUS ICTEROCEPIIALUS.

581

The female of A. Iricdor is much grayer than phoeniceus, lacking the yellow and reddish brown
margins to the fcatlicrs of the latter. The light margins beneath are gray, not white ; besides,
being narrower. There is no median stripe on the head ; and the superciliary stripe is scarcely
visible. There is none of the yellow about the head seen in phoenicem; the throat is more
streaked, and there is no light maxillary stripe cut off by an inferior one of black.

Tiio relationships of the female to that of A. guheiiiaior are, however, very close; so much
so that, in the absence of a sufficiently large series of well established specimens, I can only
refer to the usually slenderer and longer bill and more even tail of tricolor, to distinguish them.

List of specimens.

Catal. No. Sex.

Iiocality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

Collected by—

4601 -

Colorado liver, Cal

Santa Barbara, Cal

Santa Clara, Ciil

Dec. — , 1854...

Major Emorv

19

Dr. Kcnnerlv

2836

9?
9
9

S. F. Baird

Thomas Nuttall (Type).
Dr. Cooper

...do . ..

593*

59361

do

do

8595

Sacrnmento valley .....

Lieut. Williamson ...

Dr ITeermann

8596

do

do

. ...do

8593

Presidio, Cal

July 9, 18.53....

Lieut. Trowbri(ij;e

147

5532

Petaluma, Cal

1 Length, 8. 00 ; Extent, 13 inches.

XANTHOCEPHALUS, Bonap.

Xanlhoctphalus, Bon-af. Conspectus, 1850, 431. Type Icterus icterocephalus, Bonap.

Oh. — Bill conical, the length about twice the height ; the outlines nearly straight. Claws all very long ; much curved ; the
inner lateral the longest, reaching beyond the middle of the middle claw. Tail narrow, nearly even, the outer web scarcely
widening to the end. Wings long, much longer than the tail ; the first quill longest.

This genus differs from typical Agelaius in much longer and more curved claws, even tail, and
first quill longest, instead of the longest being the second, third or fourth. The yellow head
and black body are also strong marka. The measurements will be found in the table with
Agelaius.

XANTHOCEPHALUS ICTEROCEPHALUS, Baird.

Yellow>headed Blackbird.

Icterus icterocephalus, Bohap. Am. Orn. I, 1825, 27 ; pi. iii.— Nutt. Man. I, 1832, 176.— Ib. 2d ed. 187. Not Oriolus

icterocephalus, Linn.
Agelaius icterocephalus, Caba.ms, Mus. Hein. 1851, 188.

Icterus (Xanlhomus) xanthocephalus, Bos'ap. J. A. N. Sc. V, ii, Feb. 182G, 222.— Ib. Syn. 1828, 52.
Icterus zanlhocephalus, AcD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 6 ; pi. 388.

Jigelaius xanthocephalus, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 281.— Bon. List, 1838-— Ann. Syn. 1839, 140.— Ib. Birds
Araer. IV, 1842, 24 : pi. 213.— Newberry, Zool. Cal. and Or. Route; Rep. P. R. R.
Surv. VI, IT. 1857, 86.
Agelaius longipes, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 436.
Psarocolius pers])icillatus, "Licht." Wacler, Isis, 1829, vii, 753.
Icterus perspicillatits, "Licht. in Mus." Wacler, as above.
Xanihocephalus perspicilltttus, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 431.

Icterus frenatus, Licht. Isis, 1843, 59.— Reinhardt, in Kroyer's Tidskrift, IV.— Ib. Vidensk. Meddel. for 1853,

1854, 82. Greenland.

Sp. Oh. — First quill nearly as long as the second and third, (longest,) decidedly longer than the third. Tail rounded, or

ilightly graduated. General color black, including the inner surface of wings and axillarics, base of lower mandible all round,

leathers adjacent to nostrils, lores, upper eyelids, and remaining spaca around the eye. The head and neck all round ; the fore

532

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

part of the breast, extending some distance down on the median line, and a somewhat hidden space round tlie anus, yellow. A
conspicuous white patch at the base of the wing formed by tlie spurious feathers, interrupted by the blaclt ahila.

Female smaller, browner ; the yellow confined to the under parts and sides of the head, and a superciliary line. A dusky
inaxillar3' line. No white on the wing. Length of male, 10.00 inches ; wing, 5.60 ; tail, 4. .50.

Hab. — Western America from Texas, Illinois, Wisconsin, and North Red river, to California, south into Mexico. Green-
land, Reinhardt.

The color of the yellow in this species varies considerably ; sometimes being almost of a lemon
yellow, sometimes of a rich orange. There is an occasional trace of yellow around the base of
the tarsus.

The female differs considerably in appearance, as above mentioned. Sometimes the superciliary
stripe is broader, and involves much of the side of the neck. The feathers on the middle of the
breast are sometimes edged with wliitish. Tlie young male of the year is like the female, but
larger, and likewise lacks the white of the wing. Immature males of more adult condition
have the yellow of the head and neck variously clouded with black margins, especially on the
upper surface.

A very young bird has the head and back brownish yellow, the wing coverts with a broad
bar of white.

This sjjecies is very widely distributed throughout the North American continent, having

even been found in Greenland. Its eastern limit in the United States appears to be Illinois. It

is essentially a prairie bird.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks,

O
9

""s"

3
S
9
3

S
S

.......

9

""q"

(?

Racine, Wis

Dane county. Wis

Rtd River, H. B.T

Fort tJnion, Neb

April

1854

N. W. University.

Dr. Hoy

4332
6tl43
1873
1872
S840
4653

S. F. Baird

do

J. J. Audubon..

do

do

Plains of Missouri R...

do

K. Harris

Fort Pierre, Neb

15 miles below Ft. Pierre

South Plane River

Fort Laramie, Neb

do

April 25, 1855
June 2S, 1856
Aug. 95, 1857
Sept. — , 1857
Sept. 12, 1857
July 15, 1856
Aug. 20

Aug. 26, 1857
Sept. 25, 1856

Col. Vaughau ....

Dr. Hayden.. ,.

i323
7003

do

Lieut. Bi'jnn

Win. M.Magraw..

do

Lieut. Br>an

Wm. Magraw....

do

Lieut. Bryan

Dr. Win. A.Ham-
mond.

435
203
204
113
65

167
354

W. 8. Wood...

8320

Dr. Cooper ...
do

W. S. Wood...

10. .10
10.00

17.25
17.00

5.50
5.50

Feet black

5674
8799

Forks of Platte River...
North Fork Platte

1 5 miles east Ft. Laramie

Republican River

Fort Rilev K. T

do

W. S. Wood...

10.50

17.25

6.00

black

8794
5671

do do

6556

4045
4046
4996

4997
4998
8564
8570
8554
4594

New Leon, Mez

do

May — , 1853
do

do

Del. Creek and Pecos..

July 16, 1856

April 26, 1856
May 2, 1855

Capt. Pope

do

109

193
63

10.00

10 on

15.50
16.50

5.00
5.25

Eyes dark brown ; gums

yellow.
Bill and feet black

Devil's River, Texas ....
Uimbrcs to Rio Grande.

do

Bill brown ; feet gray.

::;::;::::::::::

Lieut. Ileckwtlh..
Major Emory ....
J. X. de Vesey. ..

15
55

Mr. Kreutzfeldt.

8572

Lieut. Williamson

Dr. llcernianu .

4561

8571

5S34

4475
Ilia

Prc-Bidin, Cal

April, IB-W...

K. .Samuels

Lieut. Williamson

466

Dr. Newberry. .

BIRDS — ICTERIDAE— TKOPIALIS M1LITARI8.

533

TRUPIALIS, Bonaparte.

Trupialis, BoNAr. Conspectus, 1850, 439. Type Slumiu mitilaris, L.
PtzUts, Cabanis, Mu8. Hein. 1851, 191. Type S/umiu hyca, Mul.

Cu. — Form of Slumilta. Bill elongated ; lenglli about two and a lialf times tlic height. Feathers on top of liead witli bristly
shalls. Tail feathers broad, widening at the ends ; the inner corner rounded ofl°. Hind toe nearly as long as the middle.
Above banded ; lliroat and beneath red, without any crescent.

This genus, formerly united with Siurnella, is very similar, having the same general appear-
ance The bill is higher at the base, and more like Jgtlaius; it is longer than the head, and
about eciual to the tarsus. The tarsus is longer than tlie middle toe, which is scarcely longer
than the hinder. The toes are much shorter, the claws shariK-r and more curved, than in Siur-
nella. The tail is differently formed, being rather broad and rounded, with feathers widening
externally at the tip, instead of being formed of narrow, lanceolate, acute feathers, with the
outer web the same throughout.

Comparative measurements of species.

Species.

Localily.

M

c

Stretch of
wings.

Wing.

t

i

i

i

i

0
2 =

£ S

ll

03

D.
c:
w

c
c

<

Specimen
nieaiiured.

1303

Stumclla ludoviciana . .
do

Carlisle, Pa

(?

9.10
I0.S8
7.60
9.00
9.50
10.00
8.00
8.30
8.70
9.00
7.50
8.90
9.30
8.62

I4.79

16.08 4.91

\'-^

14.50 4.41

4.81

15.50 4 '•'i

3.60

1.60

1.46

0.32

1.22

0.54

1.32

1.48

Skin

do

do

Fresh

1555

do

do

9

2.80

1.57

1.38

0.33

i.ia

0.47

1.12

1.21

Skin

do

Frcah

86U
do.

533fi
do

SiurncIIa neglecta

E.-^pia, Mexico

do

3
9

3.28

1.47

1.40

0.33

1.13

0.46

1.38

1.46

Skin

Fresh

do

do. ...

Moutb of Vellowiiione
do

14 SO

4.36
4.50
4.88
4.96
4.16
4.29
4.-4
4.22

2.79

1.45

1.18

0..T3

1.07

0.47

1.12

1.23

Skin

F^e^h

lft»93
10316
9G93
1930
4230
1794

de

do

Sturnella tnppocrepis. . .
SiurncIIa mohdionalis..

TrupialU militaris

Trupialis brevirostiis. ..

Fort Tejon, Cal

Pembina, Minn

Mexico

Brazil

Sau Francisco, Cal . . .
Mexico?

S

3.88
3.33
2.95
3.21
3.98
2.80

1.58
1.46
1.66
1.62
1.40
1.92

1.20
1.36
1.45
1.40
1.16
1.28

0.26
0.33
0.38
0.3li
O.E
0.32

1.00
1.09
1.28
1.22
1.18
1.00

0.40
0.48
0.55
0.53
0.46
0.43

1.32
1.28
1.16
1.58
1.27
1.13

1.40
1 40
1.15
1.66
1.24
1.10

Skin

Hkin

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin

TRUPIALIS MILITARIS, Bonap.
Red-breasted Lark.

Sturntis mU'ilaris, LixN. Mantissa, 1771, 527. — Cmelik, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 803. (Falklands.)

Trupialis mililaris, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 429.

PtzUttloyca, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 191.
Sp. Ch. — Bill lunger than the head ; shaped like SftiriieHa. First quill between fourth and fifth in length. Tail slightly
graduated ; the lateral feathers about .20 of an inch shorter. Above dark brown, each feather edged with yellowish brown ;
the cjcposed surfaces of wings, tail coverts, and tail almost an olive brown ; the rump grayer ; all banded narrowly and trans-
versely with dark brown, of which color are the concealed portions of wing and tail. A spot in front of the eye, bend of
ibings, extreme shoulder, with the under parts, red. The fides of the head, neck, and body, with the hinder part of the
abdomen and under tail coverts, black, the feathers edged with gray, and showing indistinct transverse bands. The red of the
chin passing up on the side of the lower jaw. A faint median, and conspicuous superciliary stripe, with the under wing coverts,
white. Tibia brown. Length, 9.50 ; wing, 4.90 ; tail, 4.10.

Hot. — West coast of South America, around to Falkland Islands. Perhaps in Brazil. Coast of California.'

In this species the blackish on the .side of the neck extends inwards so as to leave a very narrow
streak of red just on the upper part of the neck. The red extends nearly as far back as the

534

U. S p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

amis. There is a strong shade of gray on the feathers of the sides of the body and the rump.
The exposed surface of the closed wing and tail exhibits transverse bars going entirely across
the web of the feathers ; most distinct on the upper tail coverts. The bars on the tail are
mainly confined to the two median feathers, but may be seen on the tips of the others. The
outer edge of the first primary is broadly white ; a less pure shade of the same on the others.
The white superciliary stripe on the side of the head and nape is very distinct, and changes
anteriorly to red. The lower eyelid and a small maxillary spot are white.

A single specimen of this species (4230) was obtained in San Francisco by Mr. R. D. Cutts
of the Coast Survey, from a collector, who asserted positively that it had been shot by him in
San Francisco county. It is mentioned in the " Voyage de la Venus" (Zoologie, I, 1855, 203)
as having been shot at Monterey by Dr. Neboux, surgeon of the expedition. There is still
some uncertainty, however, as to whether it be really entitled to a place in the fauna of the
United States, as Mr. Cutts may have been deceived by his informant, and the indications of
the Zoologists of the Venus as to the existence of other species of Vertebrata in California are
certainly erroneous, owing doubtless to accidental transposition of labels.

The specimen sent in by Mr. Cutts agrees perfectly with those collected in Chile by Lieutenant

Gillis, and which are considered by some to be the true Slurnus loyca of Molina. Cabanis considers

the S. militaris of Linnaeus to be the ^S". clefillippii of Bonaparte, a species found in Brazil,

Paraguay, Montevideo, &c., similar in other respects, but with the under wing coverts blackish,

not white. Another species from Brazil, Chile, and Mexico, (?) (1794,) has the bill much

shorter and higher at the base, (nearly half as high as long, and more like that of an oriole.)

The red of the breast does not pass on to the belly at all, nor that of the chin on the side of the

jaw. The white on the inside of the wing is purer. There is no median stripe on the crown.

There are no transverse bars on the tail and its upper coverts, except faint indications on the

edges and tips. The tibia are pure white instead of brown, and the black of the under parts is

clearer. This is described by Cabanis as Pezites brevirostris, and referred by him in part to the

Trupialis loyca of Bp. Conspectus, 429. Cabanis also considers the true ^S". militaris of Linnaeus

to be tlie one with the black under wing coverts. It is difficult to say whether Cabanis or

Bonaparte be correct in their determinations, but there is no question that the subject of the

present article is found as far north on the east coast of South America as the Rio Negro,

whence specimens were brought by the United States Exploring Expedition. There is no

evidence that the black-winged species occurs as far south as the Falkland Islands or the

Magellan region, from whichit appears that the specimens of Linnaeus and of Buflbnwere obtained.

The short-billed species is also found in Chile, as shown by the collections of the United States

Exploring Expedition. The bird described by Gay as Chilian, under the name of Leistes

americanus (on the plate as Sturmis militaris) is said to have black under wing coverts, and

thus refbrrible to S. deJiUippii of Bonajiarte. As, therefore, all three species appear to be found

in Chile, it is impossible to say what is the true S. loyca of Molina, and it may be best to follow

Bonaparte in his identification.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

When eoUectoii.

Whence obtained.

4230

9

1853-54

U. I). Cutts -

8627

Chile

8628

do

do

BIIIDS — ICTEBIDAE — 8TUENELLA MAGNA. 535

STURNELLA, Vieillot.

StuTtulla, Vieillot, Analyse, 1816. Typo Mauda ma^tio, L.

Cii. — Body lliick, stoul ; legs large, Iocs rcacliini; lipyond tlio tail. Tail short, oven, willi narrow acuminate foalliors. Bill
slender, elongated ; length about three times the height ; commissure straight from the basal angle. Culmen flattened bosally,
extending backwards and parting llie frontal feathers ; longer than the head, but shorter than tarsus. Nostrils linear, covered
by an incumbent membranous scale- Inner lateral toe longer than the outer, but not rcacliing to basul joint of middle ; hind
too a little shorter than tho middle, which is equal to the tarsus. Hind claw nearly twice as long as tlio middle. Feathers ot
head stiflonod, and bristly ; tho shads of those above oxtondcd into a black seta. Tcrtials nearly equal to the primaries.
Feathers above all transversely banded. Beneath yellow, with a black pectoral crescent.

The two species will be best distinguished by the following diagnoses :

Yellow of chin and throat not extending on the side of the lower jaw. Tail feathers and
tertials with the centres dusky, and sending out scollops or dentations of the same color towards

the margins S. magna.

Yellow of chin and throat extending on the side of the lower jaw. Tail feathers and tertials
with a tendency to transverse isolated bands S. neglecta.

STURNELLA MAGNA, S w .

JUeadow Lurk ; Old Field Lark.

Mauda magna, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1758, IG7, ed. 10 ; (based on Jllauda 7nngna, Calosby, lab. ,33.) — Ib. 12th cd.
1766, 289.— Gm. I, 1788, 801.— Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 20 ; pi. xi.\.— Doughty, Cab. I,
1830,85; pi. V.
Stumtlla magna, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 436.
Stumta ludovicianus, Linnaeds, Syst. Nat. 1,1766, 290.— Gm. I, 802.— Lath. Ind. 1, 1790, 323.— Eon. Obs.

Wils. 1825, 130.— LicHT. Verz. 1823,No. 165.— Acd. Orn. Biog, II, 1834,216: V, 1839,

492 ; pi. 136.
Sturnella ludoviciana, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 282 Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 147.— Bon. List, 1838

Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 429.— Add. Syn. 1839, 148.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 70; pi. 223.—

Cabanis, Mas. Hein. 1851,192.
Sturnella coUaris, Vieill. Analyse, 1816. — Ib. Galerie des Ois. I, 1824, 134 ; pi. ic.
Stumus collaris, Wagleb, Syst. Av. 1827, 1.— Ib. Isis, 1831,527.
" Cacicui alaudarius, Daudin," Cabanis.

Sp. Ch. — The feathers above dark brown, margined with brownish white, and with a terminal blotch of pale reddish brown.
Exposed- portions of wings and tail with transverse dark brown bars which on the middle tail feathers are confluent alonir the
shaft. Beneath yellow, with a black pectoral crescent, the yellow not extending on the side of the maxilla ; sides, crissum, and
tibiae pale reddish brown, streaked with blackish. A light median and superciliary stripe, the latter yellow anterior to the eye ;
a black line behind.

Length, 10.60; wing,5; tail, 3. 70; bill above, 1.35.

Ilab — Eastern United States to the High Central Plains. South to Mexico? Cuba.'

In this species all the feathers of the upper parts have a border of brownish white tinged with
yellow in moderately distinct conlrast, (except on the sides of the head,) a broad stripe from the
bill along side the head, (yellow anterior to the eye,) and a median stripe on top of the head,
which are entirely of this color. The feathers of the back are dark brown, passing rather
abruptly through reddish brown to the light margins described ; they are also tipped with the
same, or, perhaps, barred subterminally. The primary quills are ashy brown externally^ plain
brown on the inner web, this color entering the pale tints of the outer web in obtuse dentations
not quite reaching to the outer margin. The secondaries and tertials are somewhat similar; the
ground color of the outer web rather more rufous, the intrusion of the brown more linear. In

536 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

many of these feathers there are corresponding, but very ohsolete, indentations of dark brown in
an obscure shade of reddish brown, but this is evident only in the uppermost (|uills towards the
inner margin, the central portion inside the rib being continuously brown. The dentations on
the outer web are connected also by a narrow strij^e of brown along the outer edge of the shaft.

The outermost tertials and the exposed tips of the others have dark bands going entirely
across, and separated entirely by broader ones of dull light rufous brown. The tail feathers are
somewhat similarly marked with the wings, but the brown is always continuous on both sides
the shaft, extending outward in toothed angular lobes, but not reaching the margin ; the inner
webs, except on the innermost feathers, being continuously brown, except near the tip, where
are some obsolete fasciae. The shafts of the four outer feathers are white and bordered through-
out the whole length with white, which, though narrow on the fourth feather, widens succes-
sively on the rest until the outer feather is entirely white, with a small dusky streak at the end.
The upper tail coverts are streaked centrally with black, with indistinct bands at the ends.

The under parts are bright yellow (much like the yolk of an egg) from the bill to the anus ;
the sides, under tail coverts, and tibiae are dull brownish rufous white, the two former broadly
streaked with blackish brown. The larger blotches on the sides have a terminal spot of lighter.
There is a rather broad crescent of black, the horns of which go half way up the side of the
neck ; there is also a black stripe behind the eye, and a fine streak above it caused by the black
eyelashes. The yellow on the chin and upper throat is confined strictly within the rami of the
lower jaw and does not pass round on the side of the maxilla. The bill is blue, becoming
almost black on the ridge, and towards the tips ; the legs are yellowish.

The edge of the shoulder is yellow ; the axillars white ; the uader wing coverts grayish white.
There is a strong shade of bluish ash on the lesser coverts.

The specimen which I have described above is a very perfect male from Carlisle, Pennsylvania,
(1303) in which the continuity of the transverse bars on the exposed surface of the tertials is
remarkably distinct. It is more the rule that these brown bars are confluent along the shaft.

The female is similar, but smaller.

A young bird, likewise from Carlisle, (1629,) has the under parts yellowish, tinged with
brownish on the sides and across the breast ; the pectoral crescent entirely wanting, and the
sides of the breast thickly streaked with blackish, with a slight pectoral band of the same. The
feathers above are brownish, with a w-pU defined and continuous border of brownish yellow, and
with one rather large terminal spot o.i the back and a series on each web of the tertials of dull
light reddish brown, all within the brownish ground color. In the larger quills and tail
feathers these light spots are confluent externally and extend entirely to the lighter exterior.
The yellow spot in front of the eye is wanting.

Specimens vary considerably in the extent and intensity of the dark markings above, as well
as in size and length of bill.

Through the kindness of Dr. Hartlaub, of Bremen, I have had the opportunity of examining
a specimen of Slurnella hippocrepis, Wagler, Irom Cuba. According to Wagler, this differs
from S. magna in smaller size, different tail, more curved bill, and absence of the black
streak behind the eye. The skin at my command is not perfect enough to admit of a very just
comparison, but I see little tliat is dillerent from continental specimens, except a narrower
pectoral collar.

A skin from Brasil (1956) differs in having a longer bill than in any other that has fallen
under my notice, measuring above l.CO inches. The size is smaller, the color darker above.

BIRDS — ICTERIDAE — STURNELLA NEOLECTA.

537

In other respects there is a great similarity. Tlic species may, however, prove to be distinct.
TIjo American meadow hirk was first named by Linnaeus in the tenth edition of Syst. Nat.
1758, and called Alauda magna, after Catesby's uninistakeiible fij^ure. In tiie twell'th edition
" Slninus I uihvicianus" ma'jes its appearance from Brisson. Tlie second description is absolutely
inaccurate, (" throat black,") and there is no mention of the yellow under parts. As there is a
decided priority for the name of magna, therefore, and the description accompanying it is
suihciently accurate, while that of ludoviciana is not so, 1 restore the foimer, as used by
Wilson and Swainson.

List of specimens.

Caul.
No.

8«x.

1303
1613

7504

2CS9
4Q»4
ei90
8177
8180
5687
6555
»3a7
9326
9X2S
8631

(?
(?
Q
Q

<?
<?
(?
<?

3
3

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.

, (!• ,

, do

When col-
lociud.

Whence obtained.

Wasliington, D. 0....

, do

Salem, III

Racine, Wis

niinoid

Calcasieu Pass, La . .
Fort Leavenworth.. .
Shawnee Mission, K.
do

Mar. 21, 1844
Jiino 24, 1844 !
May 20, 1844
Winter

S. F. Baird .

do....

do

April 7.

Mar. — , 1844

1854

July 12, 1857
T. July 3,1857
...do

East of Fort Riley, K.

Fort Riley, K. T

Loup Fork ,

.do..

do

Fort Thorn .

lo ,

Wdi. Ilutlon ,

N. W. University.

do ,

S. F. Baird

G. WUrdeniann ..
W. M. Magraw..

do

June 13, 1856

July

Aug. 13.

do

Lieut. Bryan...

Dr. H.immond .

Lieut. Warren.
do

do

Dr. Henry.

Orig.
No.

126

113

116

5

Collected by— i Length.

Stretch
of wings

R. Kcnnicott. .
do

10.58
9.75
9.00
7.25

Dr. Cooper. .

do

do

W. S. Wood .

Dr. Qaydcn .
do

.do.,

9.73
10.25
10.00

10.35
10.00
9.75

16.08
15.50
14.50
14.00

16.00
15.35

16.00
15.50
15.75

Wing.

Remarks.

4.91
4.66
4.41
4.58

4.75
4.87
4.75

Peel brown.
Feet flesh...
do

5.00 Iris dark brown .
4.50 I Iris light yellow.
4.75 ' Iris dark brown.

STURNELLA NEGLECTA, Aud.

Western I^ark.

Slurnilla negUcta, Aud. Birds Amer. VII, 1843, .139 ; pi. 487.— Newberuy, Zool. Cal. & Or. Rovite ; Rep. P. H. R.

Surv. VI, IV, 1857, 86.
?Stumelta hippocrepis, )Waoner,) Heermann, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. 2d series, II, 1853, 269, Suisun.

Sp. Ch.— Feathers above dark brown, margined willi brownish white, with a terminal l)!otch of pnle reddish brown. Exposed
portion of wings and tail with transverse bands, which, in the latter, are completely isolated from each other, narrow and
linear. Beneath yellow, with a black pectoral crescent. The yellow of the throat extending on the side of the maxilla. Sides,
crissura, and tibia very pale reddish brown, or nearly white, streaked with blackish. Head with a light median and superciliary
stripe, the latter yellow in front of the eye ; a blackish line behind it. Tlio transverse bars on the feathers above (less so on the
tail) with a tendency to become confluent near the exterior margin. Length, 10 inches ; wing, 5.25 ; tail, 3.25 ; bill, 1.25.

//aft— Western America from High Central Plains to the Pacific ; east to Pembina, and perhaps to Wisconsin.

This species is so very closely related to the S. magna as to render it very difficult to
distinguish them. The same description as to pattern, colors, size, &c., will apply almost
equally well to both. The prevailing shade of color is, however, decidedly paler in neglecta,
the light margins to the feathers being purer, the intervals of the dark markings being not
reddish brown so much as olivaceous, with a faint trace only of chestnut. As a general rule
where the dark brown in S. magna margins the shaft of the feather and sends off angular
dentations towards the exterior, in S. neglecta it is thrown into separate narrow transverse
bauds going entirely across, and not connected by brown along the shafts. This is most
June 25, 1858.

08 b

538 U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SVRVEYS- — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

particularly the case on the outer wehs of the tertials and of the middle tail feathers, and to a
less marked extent on the inner webs. In some specimens of S. magna the dark bands are
entirely transverse on the exposed part of the tertials, but in the concealed portions they are
more or less confluent, and in all cases they are broader. The tip of the middle tail feathers of
S. magna very rarely shows a few completely transverse bands, but they become confluent
towards the middle, and exhibit a general tendency to angularity, whereas in S. neglecta the
sides of the bands are more or less parallel and, in fact, often widen at the exterior, and become
nearly or quite confluent.

There is no difi"erence observable in the under parts, except that, as a general thing, the sides,
tibia, and crissum are whiter, although this is not constant. There is, however, a slight tinge
of reddish in the white of S. magna scarcely found in neglecta. The yellow is rather lighter.
There seems to be a constant tendency in neglecta to an extension of the yellow of the throat
over on to the side of the lower mandible, instead of being confined strictly to the inferior surface
of the head and neck.

To sum up the preceding remarks it may be stated that the real difierence between the
species lies in the greater tendency to narrow transverse bands on the upper surfaces, especially
of the middle tail feathers. Although there is an average difference in the paler tone of color
above and below, yet there are specimens, especially from Washington Territory, in which such
difference does not exist.

The yellow on the side of the lower mandible appears to be a pretty good mark. It is
not to be denied, however, that the difficulties of separating the specimens of the two species
are exceedingly great, and that in many cases it is necessary to take an average of characters,
no single one furnishing a sufliciently permanent peculiarity, and for quite a number of
western specimens, as 8621, from Fort Thorn, 8604, 8608, 8610, from Fort Steilacoom, and 8624,
from Presidio, California, I am entirely at a loss which name to assign. No. 8608, in fact, agrees
in every respect with eastern specimens.

In discussing the question of specific distinction between the two birds, the remarkable
difference in their notes, as attested by all observers from Lewis and Clarke down to the present
day, must be kept in mind.

BIRDS — ICTKRIDAE — STUKNELLA NEGLECTA.

539

List of specimens.

Calol
No.

1909

S338

SJ34

5341

S3je

8t03

S33S

•4749

S339

5339

5330

4748

4753

4751

S(>68

93-29

9321

9316

9314

9318

9319

9307

9317

9315

9313

SC89

7U94

S69U

S030:

8611

4064

5016

5018

8613

8616

5015

3705

SOU

8612

8614

8615

4573
8634
8625
4939
4455
8630
8623?:
8618
5537
8609
8605
8804
8606
8610
5937
9334

Sex anil.
•f»- i

Locnlily.

6

Y

9

<?

<?
(?

Q
S
<?
<?
5
9
Q
9
9
9
<?

9

<?

Pciiibiiin, Minn

Fori ITiiioii, Nt'b

...<lo

When col-
lected.

S.-pl. 24

June 30, 1843

do

Telloivsione.
do

Port BenlOD

Fort Pierre, Nob

He Tower

Fort Pierre

Little Cbeyenne, Mo

Fort Lookout

Nebnuka

do

do

Little Powder

SO miles above moutb of Platte,

Loup Fork

do

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

do

Platte river

Pole creek, Neb

W. Fork Uediciae Bow.,

TndianoIa,Tex

Matamoras

Coahuila, Mex

Pecos Crossing

Guadaloupe Mountains..

San Elizario, Texas

Fort Conrad, N. M

Fort Fillmore, N. M

Salt Lake, Utah

Camp 117, N. M

Camp 126,N.M

Espia, Mex

Fort Yuma, Cal

Fort Tcjon, Cal

San Diego, Cal

Tulare valley

Sacramento valley

San Joe6, Cal

Tacaville,Cal

San Francisco

Presidio, Oal

Bodega, Oal

Petaluma, Cal

Ft. Vancouver, W. T....
Slioalwaler bay,W. T. .

Fort Steilacooni

do

do

July 2.-., 1856
July 33, 1856
Sept. 5,ia''>3
Oct. 4,1856

May II

June 25, 1856
July 1,1856
July 17,1856
May 15, 1856
do

Whence obtained.

N. W. Cnlversiiy.

S. F. Daird

Lt. Warren

do

Sept. 4.,

July 11

do

July 28

Aug.3

July 3

Aug.3

July 22

July 13,1857
July 12,1856
July 18, 1857
Aug. 35,1856
Feb. 19,1855

June 22, 1855
Sept.37,1855
Dec, 1855...
Oct., 1853....
Oct. 11,1855
Mar. 21,1857
Feb. 9,1854
Feb. 19,1854
March, 1855
Nov., 1854..

Whitby's island, W. T.
N. W. America

Dec, 1854...
April 19, 1856
Jan. 30,1854
Sept. 23, 1854
May 13, 1856

May 3

March, 1855

.do.,

,do

Gov. Stevens.
Li. Warron ...

.do..

.do.,
.do..

.do..

.do,,
.do.,
.do..

Lt. Bryan . . .
Lt Warren.

do

do

do

.do.,
do.,
.do..

do

do

do

Lt. Bryan

do

do

Capt. Pope

Lt. Couch

, do

Capt. Pope... .

, do

Major Emory...
LI. Whipple ....

Capt. Pope

Oapt. Stansbury.

Ll. Whipple

do

Major Emory...

do

J. X. de Vcscy..
Major Emory.,,
Lt. Williamson.
do

A. J.Grayson...
Lt. VVil]i:unson.

R. D. Cutis

Lt. Trowbridge .

do

E. Samuels

Gov. Slovens....
do ...

Dr. Suckley.,

, do

, do

Gov. Stevens.
J. Gonld

Orlg'l
No.

Collected by—

25

48

398

19

100
138

19

144

19

22

97

387

K. Kennlcntt..
J. J. Audnhon,
Dr. llayden...

do

do

do

Dr. Suckley,,,
Dr. Hayden...

do

do

do

do ,

do

do

do

W.S.Wood...
Dr. Hayden....

do ,

do ,

do

do ,

do

do ,

do

do

do

W, S. Wood..,

do

do

Length,

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

9.35
8.50
8.63
8.50

9.50
10.00
9.63
8.37
9.35
9.87
10.13
9.35

14.00
14.50
13.00
14.50

Berlandier.

Dr. Kennerly. .
do

Kcnn. & Mull.

do

Dr. Kennerly.
A. Schott

9.00
9.50
9.75
10.00
8.50
8.75
9.00
9,75
8.50
9.35

10.00

6.50

A. Schott

Dr. Heermann.
do

Dr. Newberry,

T. A, Szabo,

Dr. Cooper.
do

8.33
10.00
11.25

10.50
9.87
10.00

Oapt. Beeehey .

14.50
15.63
16.37
13.75
15.511
16.13
16.35
15.25

13.75
17.00
16.75

13.50
14.00
14.35
15.150

14.50
14. .10

11.16
16.00
16.75

15.00
16.00
16.25

4., 50
4.50
4 37
4.50

4.50
5.00
5.25
4.50
4.50
5.25
4.75
5.35

4 13
5.35
5.00
5.00
4.25
4.35
4.00
4.00
4.50
4.50

4.95

4.50

Eyes brown .

Eyes brown.

540 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sub-Family ICTERINAE.

Ch. — Bill slender, elongated, as long as the head, generally a little decurved, and very acute. Tarsi not longer than the
middle toe, nor than the head ; claws short, much curved ; outer lateral toe a little longer than the inner, reaching a little
beyond base of middle toe. Feet adapted for perching. Tail rounded or graduated. Prevailing colors yellow or orange, and
black.

The species of this sub-family are all as strikingly characterized by diversity and brilliancy
of plumage as the others are (with few exceptions) for their uniform sombre black, scarcely
relieved by other colors In certain respects there is a decided resemblance to some of the Sylvi-
colidae, from which, in fact, the much larger size is, in some cases, the chief apparent distinc-
tion.

In studying the North American Orioles I have found it exceedingly difficult to arrange them
in any sharply defined sections, as whatever characters be taken as the basis of classification, the
other features, will not correspond. Thus, species with the bill of the same proportions and
amount of curvature differ in the shape and graduation of the tail, while tails of the same form
are accompanied by entirely dissimilar bills and wings. The bill is sometimes much attenuated
and decurved, as in /. cucullatus, while in melanocephalus and haltimore it is stouter and straighter.
The tail is usually much graduated ; in I. haltimore and bullocJci it is only moderately rounded.
These last mentioned species constitute the genus Yphantes. Many of the species have a naked
space round the eye ; very evident in 1. vulgaris, less so in melanocephalus. I. vulgaris is
peculiar in having the feathers of the throat pointed and lanceolate as in the ravens.

In view of the difiiculties attendant upon the definition of subordinate groups among the
United States Icterinae, I propose to consider them all under the single genus Icterus, leaving
it for some one with a fuller series of specimens at his command to establish satisfactory divisions
into genera.

The colors of the Orioles are chiefly black and yellow, or orange, the wing sometimes marked
with white. The females are much duller in plumage, and the young male usually remains in
immature dress till the third year. In^all the North American species the rump is of the same
color with the belly ; the chin, throat, and tail, black.

The following synopsis may serve to distinguish the species as far as color is concerned.

A. Head and neck all round black.

Back black, se^iarated from that of the head by the color of the belly.

Orange, yellow, and black. Greater wing coverts and edges of secondaries, white ; lesser
coverts and tail black, the latter white at the extreme base /. vulgaris.

Back greenish yellow ; wings and tail black ; the lesser coverts yellow. Colors yellow and
black.

Greater coverts and quills edged with white 7. audubonii.

No white edges whatever on the wings and tail. Smaller size and stouter bill.

I. melanocephalus.
Back black, continuous with that of the neck. Lesser coverts like the belly.

Yellowish orange and black. Entire tail, with ends of upper and lower coverts, black.
No white on the wings /. wagleri.

Yellow and black. Edges of greater coverts and of quills white. Tail yellow ; middle
feathers and terminal third, with all of upper and under coverts, h\a,ck...I.pari8orum.

BIRDS — ICTERIDAE — ICTERINAE.

nil

Chestnut and black. Tail black, except at extreme base ; a slight edging of white on
the quills and greater coverts /. spuriua.

Brilliiiut orange, red, and black. Greater coverts and quills edged with white. Tail
orange ; the middle feathers, and basal half of all the rest, black 7. balUmore.

B. Sides of head and neck like the belly.

Orange and black. Forehead, sides of the throat, and tail, orange ; tlie iimermost tail
feathers, and median spots on the others, black. Coverts continuously white ; edges
of quills white ^. Indluckii.

C. 2'op of head and neck like the belly.

Forehead, lores, and whole throat, with the interscapular region, black.

Orange and black. Lesser wing coverts and tail, except at extreme base, black. Two
bands on wing, and edges of quills, white /. cucullatus.

Yellow and black. Lesser and middle coverts, and tail, yellow ; middle tail feathers,
and bases of the rest, black; quills slightly edged with white I. mesovielas.

Comparative measurements of species.

No.

BpccUa.

Locality.

V

c
■a

K

B
.J

f 1

in

c

I

I

S. i

^ a

o

2 °

2 i

cs

c
■S =

6
n

D.
C

o
5

Specimen
measured.

2527

Icterus vulgaris

Iclcrus auduboDli

do

"

9.10
9.00
9.25
9.34
8.70
9.37
8.70
8.75
7.70
8.50
7.70
8.25
7.20
8.00
8.80
9.50
8.20
6.50
7.25
6.40
6.20
6.12
5.92
7.60
7.50
6.90
7.50
7.40
7.00
7.30
8.06
7.70
7.62
7.34
6.90

12.25

12.23
11.50

11.75
12.00
12.00

11.33

10.00
10.00

13.00

4.86
3.96
4.00
4.04
3.90
4.00
3.84
3.75
3.75
4.20
4.02
4.00
3.90
4.00
4.16
4.50
3.75
3.22
3.2S
2.98
3.00
2.93
2.88
3.42
3.25
3.19
3.25
3.49
3.82
3.64
4.02
4.10
4 23
3.B4
3.38

4.43
4.54

1.36
1.10

1.30
1.01

0.38
0.29

0.96
0.76

0,42
0.32

1.37
0.97

1.33
0.96

Skin

4063
do

Taaiaulipas, Mei ....
do

Skin

Fresh

ICGOS

4.45
4.46

1.03
1.06

1.00
0.93

0.29
0.30

0.77
0.73

0.30
0.32

1.06
0.86

1.04
0.90

Skin

67ia
do.

do

do

.. .. do

Ringgold barracks....
do

Skin

Freah

4U62

4.31

1.04

1.00

0.30

0.78

0.35

1.02

1.00

Skin

do.

Fresh

loaui

10-293

Icterus melanoccphaluij.

Icteru!$ parijsorum

do

Mexico

4.18
4.12
3.70

1.00
0.90
0.93

0.90
0.90
0.92

0.24
0.26
0.24

0.66
0.67
0.67

0.30
0.29
0.31

0.92
0.89
0.85

0.88
0.90
0.92

Skin

Skin

4056
do.

NcwLcen, Mex

3

Skin

4057
do.

do

do

do

do

3.54

0.92

0.94

0.26

0.66

0.31

0.90

0.93

Skin

Fre<h ....

405S

4.60

1.02

0.96

0.27

0.72

0.35

0.96

1.02

Sliin

do.

do

do

8oa

1542

do

Guatemala

..„..

..„..

s
s

Q

s

4.40
3.23

0.98
0.88

0.82
0.80

0.22
0.22

0.62
0.57

0.25
0.25

0.87
0.71

0.83
0.75

Skin

Skin

do.

do

do

do

do

Fresh

150

2.92
3.13
2.86
2.80
4.06

0.86
0.86
0.79
0.80
0.87

0.80
0.84
0.73
0.73
0.81

0.^
0.24
0.21
0.20
0.21

0.62
0,62
0.56
0,56
0.60

0.26
0.30
0.23
0.24
0.27

0.70
0.67
0.64
0.62
0.77

0.75
0.70
0.69
0.67
0.86

Skin.

43«6
6711
670ti

do

do

do

Calcasieu Pass, La. . .
San Antonio, Tex....
do

Skin

Skin

4066
4066

Ictcrua cucullatus

do

Tamaulipas, Hex

do

Skin

do.
4069

do

do

Icterus mesouiclas

Icterus baltimore

do

Icierodbullackii

do

do

do

do

do

do

9

s

9
<?
<?

"s"

3.74

0.89

0.83

0.26

0.61

0.29

0.71

0.80

Skin

du.

4.32
3.26
3.17
3.56
3.54

1.10
0.91
0.90
0.94
1.00

0.90
0.83

0.87
0.80

0.27
0.27

0.23
0.23

0.68
0.66
0.64
0.66
0.63

0.30
0.28
0 26
0.31
0.-27

0.81
0.73
0.72
0.78
0.74

0.83
0,76
0.80
0.84
0.78

Skin

6721

Cnrlietej Pa.

Skin

75%
909-2

Wa^shington, D. C...

Skin

Skin. ...

53M
do .

Farm Island, Neb

"0

Pctolunia, Cal

Skin

Fresh

SS'24
3900

3.42
2.96

0.96
0.92

0.80
0.84

0.21
0.23

0.65
0.60

0.28
0.27

0.75
0.71

0.77
0.78

Skin

Skin

542

U. S. p. R. R. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

ICTERUS VULGARIS, D a u d i n .

Troupial.

Oiiolus icterus, hjnn. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 161.

Icterus vulgaris, " Daudin."— Add. Birds Araer. VII, 1844, 357 ; pi. 499.— Bp. Conspectus Av. 1850, 434.

Le Iroiipiale vulgaire, Bdffon, PI. eiil. "532." (535, Bp.)

Sp. Ch. — Bill curved. Throat and chin with narrow pointed feathers. A naked space around and hehind the eye. Tail
feathers graduated. Head and upper part of neck all round, and beneath from tail to upper part of breast, interscapular region
of back, wings, and tail, black. Rest of under parts, a collar on the lower hind neck, rump, and upper tail coverts, yellow
orange. A broad band on the wing and outer edges of secondaries, white. Length, 10 inches ; wing, 4.50 ; tail, 4.50 ; bill
above, 1.35.

Hab. — Northern South America and West Indies. Accidental on the southern coast of the United States.

This is tlie largest of the Orioles found in the United States, and diflfers from the rest in its
longer bill, and pointed, elongated feathers on the throat. The hill is attenuated and somewhat
decurved. The third quill is longest ; the first quill almost the shortest of all the primaries.
The outer tail feather is ahout .60 of an inch less than the middle.

There is only a trace of whitish on the edges of the primaries. The broad white edges to the
eecondaries are continuous in the folded wing with the white on the greater coverts, the lowest
row of which, however, is black. The extreme and concealed base of the tail is white.

One specimen has the light markings yellow instead of orange.

This species is given by Mr. Audubon as North American, on the strength of occasional
stragglers from the West Indies to the southern coast. One of the specimens described was
received from Mr. Audubon, (2842,) and is, possibly, North American ; the other was a cage
bird.

Jjist of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Remarks.

2812

S

S. F. Baird

2527

do -

Lacruavra

April — , 18i6

do

Cage bird _ , ,

C. W. Welch

In alcohol ,

ICTERUS AUDUBONII, G i r a u d .

Audubon's Oriole.

Icterus aiidubonii, Giraud, sixteen new species Texas birds, 1841. (Not paged.)

Xanthornus mclanoceplutlits, Bon. Consp. 1850, 434. (Not the description of the young.)

Icterus melanoccphalus, Cassin, 111. I, v, 1854, 137 ; pi. xxi. (Tlio description, but perhaps not tlio figure.)

Sp. Ch. — Bill stout; upper and lower outlines very little curved downwards. Tail much graduated. Head and neck all
round, (this color extending down on the throat,) tail, and wings, black ; rest of body, under wing coverts, and ihiddio and
lesser upper coverts, yellow ; more olivaceous on the back. An interrupted band across the ends of the greater wing covorls,
with the terminal half of the adgcs of tho (juills, white.

Supposed female similar, but tho colors le.sa vivid.

Length, 9.25; wing, 4.00; tail, 4.G5; tarsus, 1.10.

Hub, — Valley of the Lower Rio Grande of Texas, southward.

BIEDS — ICTERIDAE — ICTERUS MELANOCEI'IIALUS.

513

The bill of this species is shaped very much as in I. haliimore, a little more attenuated at the
lip, but not more decnrved. The tail is long and much graduated; the outer leather 1.10 of an
inch shorter than the inner.

In this species there is no yellow below the black of the feathers of the head, the basul portion
being plumbeous. The outline of the black on the upper neck is at the same distance from the
bill all round, except on the throat, where it extends three quarters of an inch further back as
a semicircular patch on the upper part of the breast. Tiiere is a slight orange tinge on the
brea.st ; the sides under the wings, and back, more greenish. The tail feathers are entirely
black to their bases ; some of them tipped with whitish. Females and immature males liave,
sometimes, an elongated patch of dusky greenish yellow on the exterior of some of the tail
feathers. The white outer edges of the wings are seen only on the terminal half of the prima-
ries and secondaries ; the band across the wing is scarcely continued to its external edge.

The third quill is longest ; the fourth and fifth, successively, a very little shorter than the
second ; the first shorter than the seventh.

From an examination of the description of Wagler it is, I think, clearly evident that he had
in view the smaller species of the Black-headed Oriole. (See the next article.) The measure-
ments are exactly the same, and the narrow grayish margins of the quills and the greenish
edges of the tail feathers, are merely indicative of immaturity. No mention is made of the
broad white or yellowish white borders of the coverts and quills. The dimensions given,
(Length, 8 inches ; bill from forehead, .75 ; tail, 3.88 ; wings, 3.38 ; tarsi, 1.00,) allowing for
the larger size of the German inch, will be almost exactly those of the smaller bird, and neces-
sarily much inferior to that from the Rio Grande.

As far as I can judge, the Icterus graduacauda of Lesson, (alis caudaque nigerrimis,) belongs
to the smaller bird. The I. audubonii of Giraud, on the other hand, has the white edges
of the wings and is large enough to belong to the more northern species, which, accordingly,
should take its name.

The Xanthornm melanocephalus of Bonaparte probably refers to the northern bird, but the
description of the young is probably that of true melanocephalus.

List of specimens.

Caul.

Sei.

No.

4063

<?

40fia

9

4053

6713

lo-joa

Locality.

Cbarco Eacondido, Tamaul-

ipaa, Hex.
do

Uatamonis, Mex

Ringgold barraeka, Tex.
Mexico

When col-
lected.

May.

Whence ob-
tained.

Lt. Couch .
do ....

do ,

Maj. Emory..
P. L.Sclater.

Orig'l
No.

Collected
by-

Berlandier.
J. H. Clark

Length.

Stretch
of wings,

9.25
8.75

9.37

12.25
11.50

13.35

Wings

4.00 I Eyes dark brown ; bill dark slate.

3.75 Eyes dark brown; bill black;
lower mandible light blue, lead
colored at base

4.00

ICTERUS MELANOCEPHALUS, Gray.

PaarocoUus mtlanocephalus, Wagler, Isis, 1829, 756.

Icterus melanocejthalus. Gray, Genera. — Sclater, Pr- Zool. Soc. 1858, 97.
A'anMorniu melanocephalus, Bon. Consp. 1850, 434. Description of young only.
? Icterus gradaucttuda. Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1839, 105.
Sp. Ch.— Similar to J. audubonii, but without any wliite whatever on the wing. Head and neck all round, wings, scapulars,
and tail, uniform pure black. Rest of body, including beneath the wing and tibia and the lesser wing coverts, orange yellow ;

544 U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS- ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

clouded Willi olivaceous green on the back, less so on tlie rump. Bill and logs plumbeous, the former whitish at base. Length
7.70; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.80.
Hob. — Warm parts of Mexico.

A specimen of this species, (No. 10201), a native of the warmer parts of Mexico, was presented
to the Smithsonian Institution by Mr. Sclater, and I introduce it here to show its near relation-
ship to the /. auduhonii. It is very like the auduhonii, but is smaller, the bill much stouter,
shorter, and the culmen more curved. The third quill is longest ; the fourth, fifth, and second
successively a little shorter ; the first and seventh about equal. The black of the head and
neck comes further behind and on the sides than in auduhonii. The wings are totally destitute
of the white edges of quills and coverts as seen in auduhonii. The tail, too, is entirely black.

A criticism of the difierent names applied conjointly to this species and the I. auduhonii will
be found in the preceding article.

ICTERUS Pi^RISORUM, Bo nap.

Icterus pm-mrum, ("Bon. Acad. Ronon. 1836.") Bp. Pr. Zool. Soc. V, 1837, 109.

Xanlhornus parisorum, Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 434.

Icterus nielanocbriisxtra, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1839, 105.

Icterus scoilii, Couch, Pr. A. N. Sc. Piiil. VII, April 1854, 66. (Coahuila.)

Sp. Ch.- — Bill attenuated ; not much decurved ; tail moderately graduated. Head and neck all round, breast, interscapular
region, wings, and tail, black. Under parts generally, hinder part of back to the tail, middle and lesser upper, and whole of
lower wing coverts, and base of the tail feathers, gamboge yellow ; a band across the ends of the grcattr coverts, with the edges
of the inner secondaries and tertiaries, white. Length 8.25 ; extent, 11.75 ; wing, 4 ; tail, 3.75 ; tarsus, .95.

Hab. — Valley of the Rio Grande; south to Guatemala. In Texas, found on the Pecos.

The bill is slender and attenuated, very little decurved, much less than in I. cucuUahis,
slenderer and a little more decurved than in /. haltimore. The tail is moderately graduated,
the outer feather .45 of an inch less than the middle.

In this species the black feathers of the neck, except below, have a subterminal bar of yellow ;
elsewhere it is wanting. The black of the breast comes a little posterior to the anterior
extremity of the folded wing. The posterior feathers in the yellow patch on the shoulders are
tinged with white. The white in the bar across the ends of the greater coverts is confined
mainly to the terminal quarter of an inch of the outer web. In the full plumage, there is only
a faint trace of white on the edges of the primaries. The yellow of the base of the tail only
extends on the middle feather as far as the end of the upper tail coverts ; on the three outer it
reaches to within an inch and a quarter of the end of the tail.

An immature male has the yellow more tinged with green, the black feathers of the head and
back olivaceous with a black spot.

In this species the second and third quills are equal and longest ; the first intermediate
between the fourth and fifth.

A specimen of this species collected in western Texas by Captain Pope, and the only one yet
found within the limits of the United States, difi'ers from those of Lieutenant Couch in being
considerably larger ; the black feathers of the neck lacking entirely any subterminal yellow.
The outer tail feather is j)roportiouatelly a little longer. There is, however, nothing upon wliich
to found a specific distinction, the difl'erence in size being in accordance with what is usually
Been between specimens of the same species from northern and southern breeding localities.

BIEDS — ICTERIDAE— ICTERUS WAGLERI.

545

List of specimetis.

Cnbil Sex &
No. Ago.

Locality.

When collected. Whence obtaiined.

Orig.
No.

liength.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Ueinarlig.

405'=

4057
10293

c? Sta. Catarina, New April — , 1853
Leon, Mex. 1

od"

.Jo.

.do.

Pecos river, Tex... 1856 Cnpt. J. Pope

Lt. D. N. Couch.

.do.

185

191

8.25

8.00

11.75

12.00

4.00

4.00

Eyes brown, bill
black and blue,
feet blue lead.

ICTERUS WAGLERT, S c 1 a t e r .

lelmis troj/fri, Sclateb, Pr. Zool. Sec. 1857, 7.
Psarocoliusjlavigasttr, Wagler, Isis, 1829, 756. (Not of Vieillot.)
Pendulinus doniinceiin^, Bp. Consp. 1850, 432. (Not of Linn.)

Sr. Ch. — Bill much attenuated and considerably decurved. Tail considerably graduated. Head and neck all round, back,
(the color extending above over the whole interscapular region,) wings, and tail, including tlie whole of the lower coverts and
the tips of the upper, black. Lesser and middle upper, with lower wing coverts, hinder part of back, rump, and under parts
generally, (except tail coverU,) orange yellow. Length 9.50 inches ; extent, 12 ; wing, 4.50 ; tail, 4.25 ; tarsus, 1.15.

Hab. — Nortlieastern Mexico to Rio Grande valley ; south to Guatemala.

In this species the bill is slender, and very similar to that of /. cucullatus. The tail is long,
much graduated ; the outer feather an inch shorter than the inner. The feathers are very
broad, measuring three-quarters of an inch ; the difference in this respect, when compared
with /. auduhonii, is very striking.

There is no yellow on the black tipped feathers. The orange yellow varies very little in
different parts of the body. The quills and tail feathers are entirely black to their bases. The
whole outer surface of the wing is pure black, except the yellow coverts. The tips of the
posterior upper tail coverts are black ; the whole of the lower are black except for a short dis-
tance beliind the anus.

This species is quite similar in external form and size to Icterus auduhonii, but the bill is
much more slender and decurved.

The third and fourth quills are longest ; the second longer than the fifth ; the first interme-
diate between the fifth and sixth.

A specimen from Guatemala (8089) is considerably smaller than that described, thougli other-
wise similar.

The rectification of synonymy, as quoted above, I borrow from Mr. Sclater's article.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

405S
8089

3

Saltillo, Coahuila,
Mex.

May — , 1853

Lieut. Couch

J Gould

3

9.50

12.00

4.50

Eyes dark brown.

1

Jnne 25, 1858.

G9 b

546

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

ICTERUS CUCULLATUS, Swain son.

Hooded Oriole.

Iclcrus aicullalus, Swainson, Pliilos. Mag. I, 1827, 436 —Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, May, I85I, UC, (first

introduced into fana of United States.) — Cassin, 111. I, ti, 1853, 42 ; pi. viii.
Pendulinus cucullatus, Bon. Consp. 1850, 433.

Sp. Cii. — Botli mandibles much curved. Tail much graduated. Wings, a rather narrow band across the back, tail, and a
patch starting as a narrow frontal band, involving the eyes, anterior half of clieek, chin, and throat, and ending as a rounded
patch on the upper part of breast, black. Rest of body orange yellow. Two bands on the wing and the edges of the quills
wliite.

Female without the black patch of tlic throat ; the upper parts generally yellowish green, browner on the back.

Length, 7.50; wing, 3.25.

Hab. — Valley of Lower Rio Grande, soulhward.

In this species the bill is slender towards the attenuated acute tijj ; both mandibles consider-
ably curved downwards. Third and fourth quills longest ; fifth scarcely shorter ; first less
than the sixth. Tail rather long, cuneate, tlie feathers much graduated; the outer an inch
shorter than the inner.

The orange color varies in diff'erent parts of the body, being much redder on the head and
breast ; the orange feathers are white towards the base, and pass through yellow to the tints at
the tip. The tibia and under wing coverts are yellow. The tail feathers are black, though
their extreme concealed bases are light yellow ; each one has a slight brownish white tijJ. The
upper white baud on the wing is formed by the lower series of secondary covert feathers,
which are white to their bases ; the second band across the edges of the greater coverts is much
narrower. Tlie quills are entirely black. The black mark on the head has the eye in its
posterior upper corner. The black band on the back is about an incli long. The bill is blacky
but plumbeous at the base of the lower mandible. The eye is said to be brown.

This species somewhat resembles /. mesomelas, (PsarocoUus mesomelas, Wagler, Isis, 1829,
Too) ; the latter, however, has a much stouter bill ; the colors clear yellow instead of orange^
except on the head ; the wing coverts yellow, not black, and the wings without white ; the tail
feathers chiefly yellow, not black, &c.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex&

No.

age.

4067

c?

406G

3

4068

0(?

4069

9

9091

s

Locality.

When collected

Mar.

1853

Charco Escondido,
Tamaiilipas, Mc.\.

Tamaulipas ' do

...do ' April

do I Mar.—, 1858

Mexico

Whence obtained.

Lt. Couch ,

-do.

do.

do

M. Verrcaux.

Grig.
No.

S3

91

159

90

Length.

8.00

7.50
7.75
7. 25

Stretch
of wings.

9.75
10.00

Wing.

10.00 3.25

10. OU , J. 25

3.00
3.25

Remarks.

Eyes dark brown.

BIRDS — ICTERLDAE — ICTERUS SPURIU8 547

ICTERUS SPURIUS, Bon.

Orcliurd Oriole.

Oriolus sjiiiriiij, Linn. Sjel. Nat. 1, 176G, 162.— G.m. I, 1788, 389. (Very inaccurate description ; only identified by

lliu references.)
IcUnts spuriM, Bon. Obs. on Norn. Wils. 1825, No. 44.— AuD. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 221 : V, 465 ; pi. 42.— Ib. IJiidB

Amer. IV, 1842, 46 ; pi. 219.
Oriolus rarius, Gmeliv, Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 390.
Tmulus aUr, Gm. Syst. 178S, I, H'tS, 831.

Orio/i« caslamiis, Latha.m, Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 181. (Same citations as 0. rai-iits, Gm.)
TnrJus jugularis, L.itiiam, Ind. Orn. 1, 1790, 361. (Same citations as Turilus aler, Gm.)
YpbantiS 5o/if<iria, Vieill, (?.
" Pindulinus nigricoUis, Vieill. O. — ririiiis, Ib."
Oriolus nuUalus, Wii.soN, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 64 ; pi. 4, f. 1—4.
.Von/Zioriiitj affinis, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. l.yc. N. II. \', .Miiy, I8.">1, 113. (Small race from Texas.)

Sp. Ch. — Bill slender, attenuated, considerably dccurved ; tail moderately graduated.

Mate. — Head and neck all round, wings, and interscapular region of back, with tail feathers, black. Rest of under parts,
lower part of back to tail, and lesser upper wing coverts, witli the lower one, brownish chestnut. A narrow lino across the
wins, and the extreme outer edges of quills, white.

Female. — Uniform greenish yellow beneath, olivaceous above, and browner in the niidille of the back ; two white bands on
the wings. Young male like the female, with a broad black patch from the bill to the upper part of the breast, this color
extending along the base of the bill so as to involve the eye and all anterior to it to the base of the bill.

Length of Pennsylvania male specimens, 7.25 j wing, 3.25.

//o4.— United Slates from the Atlantic to the High Central Plains, probably througliout Te.vas ; south to Guatemala.

In this species the hill is slender, attenuated, and a good deal decurved to the tip. The
second and third quills are longest; the first intermediate hetween the fourth and fifth. The
tail is rather long; the feathers moderately graduated, the greatest difference in length
amounting to half an inch.

The black of the throat extends backwards as far as the bend of the wing, and ends as an
obtuse angle. The tail feathers are entirely black, with dull whitish tips when not fully mature.

Specimens are found in all stages between the characters given above. When nearly mature,
some yellowish feathers are found mixed in with the chestnut ones.

As in most birds with an extensive summer range, the specimens from southern limits are
smaller than from northern. The difference is more strongly marked between skins from the
lower Rio Grande of Texas and New York or Pennsylvania, and upon the former Mr. Lawrence
has founded his Xanthornus offinis. The difference is not greater, however, than in nearly every
other species of similar habits as to summer range. The table of measurements of species
will illustrate the variations in size.

The pattern of coloration in this species resembles that of I. hallbnore, but the orange red is
replaced by dark chestnut ; there is less wliite on the wing, and tlie tail is entirely black. The
bill is considerably slenderer and more attenuated and curved. The tail also is more graduated.

548

U. S, V. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

List of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sei
and age

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
otwings

Wing.

Remarks.

4286

C?
(?
(?

o
9
c?

(?

<S
<S
c?
(?

Calcasieu, La

1854

G. WUrdemann ..

3813

Eutaw, Ala

A. Winchcll

1542

Carlisle, IVi

May 17, 1844
July 9, 1844
Sept. 7, 1840
May 8,1844
May 3, 1844
May 15,1857
June 14, 1856
June 21, 1856
May 29, 1856
June — , 1856
May 29, 1856
May 30, 1856

S. F. Baird ....

7.25
7.00

11.33
9.75

3.25
3.17

1626

do

do

do

150

do

1475

do

do

St. Louis, Mo

do

7 25 1" -13

3.33
3.83

1437

do

6.83

10.08

7012

Lieut. Bryan

Lieut. F.T.Bryan.

72
9

Wm. S.Wood
do

5695

East of Fort Biley,K.T.

Farm Island, Mo

do

do...

5351

Dr. Hayden..

do

do

6.60
6.50

9.25
9.75

3.25
2.25

5348

do

do

5349

535S

do

do

dn

do ....

6.75
6.75
6.75
6.75
5.50

7. a-,

6.00
6.00
5.50
6.50

9 50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50
6.50
9.25

3.25
3.00
3.00

Eyes dark brown , .

S352

do

do ....

5344

do

do

do

do

5353

do

1856

do

5345

Fort Lookout, Neb

do

do

June 15, 1856
June 21, 1856
do

do

do

do

do

do

3.00
3.00
3.00
3 25

Eyes brown ....

5347

... .do

5346

5343

do

June — , 1856
July 2, 1856
Aug. 5,1857

do

do

do

5694

s

Woods Creek

Lieut. Bryan

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Swift

58

W. S. Wood.
Dr. Hayden..

9339

Loup Fork

2 75

4957

Ft. Chadbourne, Texas .
San Antonio, Texas..,.
do

6706

July — , 1855

Lt. A. W. Whipple
Lt. J. G. Parke,

6711

Dr. Heermann
J. H. Clark...
do. ..

6707

9
9
<?

Western Texas

6..'-.0

9.00

2.50

6708

do

do

6712

do

do

..do

6.75
6.75

9.25
9.62

2.75
3.75

6710

do

Mimbres to Rio Grande.
Texas

do

6709

Dr. T. C. Henry..

6704

5033

May 12, 1855

do

78

6.75

9.50

3.00

Quins and feet yellow; bill
black.

S090

Guatrniala

J. Gould

1 1

ICTERUS BALTIMORE, Daudin.

Baltimore Oriole; Golden Robin; Hang Nest.

Oriolus hallimore, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 162.— Wilson, Am. Dm. I, 1808, 23 ; pi. i.— Ib. VI, 1812 ; pi. liii.

" Icttnis baltimore, Dabd."— Ann. Dm. Biog. I, 1831, C6 : V, 1839, 278 ; pi. 12 and 423.— Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842,

37 ; pi. 217.
Yphantes baltimore, Vieillot, Gal. dcs Ois. I, 1824, 124 ; pi. 87.
Psarocolivs hallimore, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1825, No. 26.
Le Batlimore, Bufk. PI. Enl. 506, f. 1.

Sp. Ch. — Tail nearly even. Head all round and to middle of back, scapulars, wing.i, and upper surface of tail, black ; rest
of under parts, rump, upper tail coverls, and lesser wing coverts, with terminal portion of tail feathers, (except two innermost,)
orange red. Edges of wing quills, with a band across the tips of the greater coverts, while. Length, 7.50 inches ; wing, 3.75.

Hab. — Frr.m Atlantic coaBt to the High Central Plains, and in their borders, south to Guatemala.

The female is much less brilliant in color ; tlie hlack of tlie head and back generally replaced
by brownish yellow, purer on tlie throat ; each feather with a black spot.

BIRDS — ICTEniDAK — ICTEUUS BULLOCKII.

549

List of specimens.

Caml.
No.

Svi and

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Win .

ReniarkH.

159!)

0

c?

(?

9

9

"f
9

c?
c?

<?

Corlifle, Pa

S. F. Baird

1

877

do

do

Nov. 2J, 1842
May 4,1844

July 27,1844
May 8,1857
May 31,1856

do

7.50
7.92
7.50

12.00
12.50
13.00

3.Y5
4.00
3.58

1443

do

1653

do

81. Louis, Mo

7<10i

Lieut. Br>'an

28

W. S. Wood

5355

Dr. lliiyden

ilo

8.25
7.37
8.00

11.75
11.50
13.35

3.75
4.00
4.25

Six

do

do

4745

May 17

do

1 do

6715

do

.In

5357
5358

Mouth Powder river....

Near Powder river

Yellowiilone

Aug. 4

June VJ,\ex
June 31,1856
Juno 30,1857
July 25,1857
May 27,1857

do

do

do

Lieut. P. T. Bryan.
do

Lieut. Warren ...,
do

33
50

do

do

do

W. S. Wood

8.2.-.
8.00
7.25

12.12
12.00
11.50

4.00
4.00
3.12

Iria very dark br'wn.

5359

569';2

Eaator Fort Riley

Clear creek, K. T

Clkliom river

Lnup fork, Plotlc

Indepi^ndfuce, Mo

5fi93

dn

Dr. Hayden

do.

7.62
7.75
7.50
7.75
7.62

11.50
11.75
11.75
11.75
11.50

aw3

9341

3.50
4.00

83)7
6714

W. M. Magraw....

Col. Qrakaui

J.Gould

23

Dr. Cooper

J.H.Clark

Iris brown

8091

ICTERUS BULLOCKII, Bon.

Ballock's Oriole.

XaiUAorniis fciiHocfrii, Sw. Syn. Mex. Birds, Taylor'a Phil. Mag. 1, 1827, 436.

.'Igtlaius bullockii, RtcH. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1837.

httrus bullockii, Box. List, 1838.— Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 9 ; pi. 388 and 433.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 43 ;

pi. 218.— Newberry, Rep. P. R. R. VI, iv, 1857, 87.
Psarocolius auricoUis, Maxiu. Raise Nordam. I, 1839, 367. (Fort Pierre, Neb.)

Sp. Ch. — Tail very slightly graduated. Upper part of the head and neck, back, wings, two central tail feathers, line from
base of bill through the eye to the black of the nape, and a line from the base of the bill running to a point on the throat,
black. Under pans generally, sides of head and neck, forehead and line over the eye, rest of tail feathers, rump, and upper
tail coverts, yellow orange. A broad band on the wings, involving the greater and middle coverts, and the outer edges of the
quills, while. Young male with the black replaced by greenish yellow, that on the throat persistent ; female without this.

Length, about 7.50 inches ; wing, 3.80.

//aft. — High Central Plains to the Pacific ; rare on upper Missouri ; south into Mexico.

The subterminal portion of all the feathers in the black of the head above and back, (except
on the posterior portion of the latter) ia yellow. The black on the throat is as wide as the base
of the bill, and extends along the sides of the bill to the black in the loral region. The rump
is olivaceous yellow, the tail feathers brighter yellow. All the tail feathers are yellow at the
base ; the exposed portions of the two inner are black ; the rest with a blackish tip, diminishing
from the fourth to first. The shafts of all are black above towards the base. The under surface
of the wings is orange yellow.

In the female and young male the upper surface is olivaceous yellow, browner on the middle
of the back. The black band through the eye is faintly indicated. Nearly mature males have
a much broader orange frontal band ; the top of head is much spotted with the same.

The bill and tail are shaped very much as in /. baltimore. It is a larger species, and is
readily distinguished by the yellow of the front and sides of the head and neck, with a black
line through the eye, instead of having the whole head and neck black ; lesser wing coverts
black, not yellow ; a much broader white band on the wing, &c.

550

U. S. p. E R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL REPOET.

Tlie Fendulinus aheillii of Lesson, according to Bonaparte, differs from hullockii in having the
flanks black ; it is stated to occur in California.

lAst of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Wlien col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

5930
672G
6728
4379
3900
3901
1253
1891
5525
5524
6523
6724
2844
2843
6727
6725
6723
5354
9082

7.25

7.2S
7.12

8.08

12.00

12.00
11..^0
12.25

June 5, 1855
June 6, 1855
May 7, 1855

do

'"s"

do

do

Fort Dulles, O.T

Dr. Geo. Buckley.

108

4.00

do

do

S. P. Baird

J. J . Audubon

do

9

a
<?

s

May 11,1856
April — , 1856

E. Samuels

do ,

815
591

do

do

Sacraimmto, (.'al

Lt. Williamson ..

S. F. Baird

do

J.K. Townsend

do

Guadalupe caflon

1855

Major Emory ... .
D.T. C. Henry,.,.

68

Major Emory .. .

1856

7.62

13.00

4.25

Mexico

M. Verreaux

29891

The following Icterinae, not embraced in the preceding pages, are said, though probably
without foundation, to occur in the United States,

1. Xanthormis mexicanus, (Brisson) Vigors, Zool. of Blossom, 1839, Pacific coast of (North ?)
America,

2. Fendulinus abeillii, Lesson, Eev. Zool. Bonap, Oomptes Rendus, 1853, 834. California.
Said to differ from Icterus hullockii in black flanks, and to be the Oriolus costototl of Gmelin.

3. Icterus californicus, Lafresnaye,

Pendulinus calif ornianus, Lesson, llev, Zool, VII, Dec, 1844, 436, California. — Bonap.
Conspectus, 1850, 433,

4. Icterus pmtulatus, LicuT. Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus, XXXVII, 1853, 835. Notes
Delattre, 12.

Sub-Family QUISCALINAE.

Cm. — Bill rallier attenuated, as loiifj or longer than the liead. The ciiliiinn ciirvoii, tlie tip inucli bent down. The cutting
edges inflected so as to impart a somewhat tubular appearance to oacli inaudible. Tlic commissure sinuated. Tail longer than
the wings, usually much graduated. Legs longer than the head, fitted fur walking.

The bill of the Quiscalinae is very different from that of the other Licridae, and is readily
recognized by the tendency to a rounding inward along the cutting edges,, rendering the width
in a cross section of the bill considerably less along the commissure than above or below. Thu
culmen is more curved than in the Afjelalnae.

The only genera in the United States are as follows :

ScoLECOPllAGUS, — Tail shorter tlian the wings ; nearly even. Bill shorter tliaii tlie head,

QuiscALUS, — Tail longer than the wings ; much graduated. Bill as long as or longer than
the head.

BIRDS — ICTERIDAE — SCOLECOPIIAGUS FERRUGINEUS,

551

SCOLEC'OPHAGUS, S w a i ii s o n .

ScoUcopkagus, SwAinsos, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831. Typo Oriolui fcmigintus, Gmclin.

Cii. — Rill shorter than the head, rather slender, the edges infloxed as in Qiiiscafiu, which it otherwise greatly resembles ; the
commissure sinuated. Ciilnien rounded, but not flattened. Tarsi longer than the middle too. Tuil even, or slightly roiindud.

The above characteristics will readilj' distinguish the genus from its allies. The i'oriu is
much like tliat of Agdalus. The bill, however, is more attenuated, the culmcn curved
and slightly siuuated. The bend at the base of the commissure is shorter. The culmeu is
angular at the base posterior to the nostrils, instead of being much flattened, and does not
extend so far behind.

Comparalive measurements.

6

2*pOcifii.

Locniity.

c

o

.= a,
« =

I

at

S

<0
O

i

o
3 «

Si
ll

S a

c5
n

a

i

a

s
o

<

Specimen
measured.

1322
Ido.

do.

Scolccophagus rcrnigineus

Carlisle, Pcnn

do

s

8.60
9.32

8.20

9.12
8.10
9.00
9.26

9.73
8.64
8.52

14.75

15.25
13.75

1G.25

4.62
4.72
4.58

4.25
4.26
4.25
5.23

4.03

1.24

1.11

0.25

0.80

0.34

n.78

0.94

Skin ....

do

do

Twenly miles below

Sioiix Oily.
lo . ....

<?

3.72

1.20

1.11

0.28

0.82

0.36

0.80

0.89

Skin ....
Pre.*!i..

1353

do

do

9

3.65

1.16

1.10

0.28

0.74

0.40

0.78

0.92

Skin

do.

do

do

Fresh . . .

8706
do.

dcolecophagus cyanoce-

phalus.
do ,

Fori Vancouver, W.T.
do

(??

4.48

1.30

1.06

0.27

0.85

0.38

0.84

0.90

Skin

3915

do

do

9

4.68
4.66

3.90
3.94

1.22
1.19

1.06
1.05

0.27
0.28

0.@
0.80

0.33
0.40

0.70
0.75

0.60
0.Y8

Skin ....

10394

Pembina, Minn

Skin....

SCOLECOPHAGUS FERRUGINEUS, Swainson.

Rusty Blackbird.

Oriolus ferrugineus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 393, No. 43. — Lath. Ind. I, 1790, 176.

Gracultt femtginea, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 41; pi. xxi; f. 3.

QuUcalitsferrugineus, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1824, No. 46.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 199.— Acd. Orn. Biog. 11, 1834, 315 :

V, 1839, 483; pi. 147.— Ib. Synopsis, 1839, 146.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 65; pi. 222.
Scolccophagus femiffineus, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 286. — Eon. List, 1838.
}} Orioltis niger, Gmelin, I, 1788, 393, No. 4, 5, (perhaps (iuiscalus.)
Scolecophagus niger, Bonap. Consp. 1850, 423. — Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 195.
?.' Oriolusfuscus, Gmelin, Syst. I, 1788, 393, No. 44, (perhaps Molothrus.)

Turdus hudsonius, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 818 Lath. Ind.

Tardus noveboracensis, Gmelin, I, 1788, 818.

Turdus labradorius, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 832.— Lath. Ind. I, 1790, 342, {labraJorus).

" Pendulinus aler, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet."

Chalcophancs virescens, Wagler, Syst. Av. (Appendix Oriolus 9).

? Turdus No. 22 from Severn river, Forstor, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 400.

Sp. Ch. — Bill slender ; shorter than the head ; about equal to the hind toe ; its height not quite two-fifths the total length.
Wing nearly an inch longer than the tail ; second quill longest ; first a little shorter tlian tlio fourth. Tail slightly graduated ;
Mie lateral feathers about a quarter of an inch shortest. General color black, with purple reflections ; the wings, under tail
coverts, and hinder part of the belly, glossed with green. Female dull brown. Lcngtii 9. .50 ; wing, 4.75 ; tail, 4.00.

Uab — From Atlantic coast to the Missouri .

The female of this bird is of a dull plumbeous brown beneath, blacker above, the feathers

552

U, S, p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

faintly margined with brownish rusty; the wings and tail purer. In autumn both sexes have
the black on the body, and on the edges of the wings more or less concealed (sometimes entirely
so) by yeHowish brown margins to the feathers ; the shade lighter below. There is also a lighter
superciliary stripe over the eye and a darker one through it.

The Oriolus niger of Gmelin is based upon the Icterus wij/erof Brisson, from Jamaica, and the
Black oriole of Pennant, from North America. The latter two are probably distinct and
possibly refer to Quiscali, but to different species ; the one to lariius, the other to versicolor ;
possibly, however, to Sc. ferruglneus.

A specimen of this bird in the collection of the exploring expedition is labelled Columbia
river, Oregon. This is the only one I have ever seen said to be from the Pacific coast.

Catal.
No.

Sex. Locality.

1

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1322

Carlisle, Penn

April — , 1844
Mar. 28,1844
April 17, 1844
April 13, 1844

do

April 8,1845
Oct. 28

S. F. Baird

9.33
9.17
9.25
9.00

8.75
9.08
9.12

14.75
14.50
14.00
13.75
13.58
14. (10
15.25

4 75

1314

3

Q
Q

Q

do

do

do

do

do

do

4 75

1369

do

4.50

1358

do

4. 25

1. ■?.<;«

2081

do

do..

4.25
4 33

5322

......

20 miles below Sioux City.

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Hayden ..

4.25

SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS, Cab. '

Brewer's Blackbird.

Psarocolius cyanocepltalus, Wagler, Isis, 1829, 758.

Scolecophagus cyanoceplialus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 193.

ScoUcophagus mexicanus, Swainson, Anim. in Men. a| cent. 1838, 302. — Bon. Conspectus, 1850, 423. — Newberry,

Zool. Cal. and Or. Route ; Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, iv, 1857, 86.
Quiscalus breiceri, AuD. Birds Amer. VII, 1843, 345 ; pi. 492.

Sp. Ch. — Bill stout, quiscalinc, tlie commissure scarcely sinuated ; sliorter than the head and the hind toe ; the height
nearly half the length above. Wing nearly an inch longer than the tail ; the second quill longest ; the first about equal to the
third. Tail rounded and moderately graduated; the lateral feathers about .35 of an inch shorter. General color of male
black, with lustrous green reflections everywliere except on the head and neck, wliich are glossed with purplish violet. Female
much duller, of a light brownish anteriorly ; a very faint superciliary stripe. Length about 10 inches ; wing, 5-30 ; tail, 4.40.

JIab. — High Central Plains to the Pacific ; south to Mexico. Pembina, Minn.

There are considerable differences in the bills of different specimens of this bird. The culmen
is sometimes much curved from the very base, sometimes quite straight ; the size of the bill
varies considerably. The third quill is sometimes longest, the first nearly equal to or
shorter than the fourth. Tlie graduation of the tail, too, differs by a quarter of an inch in
specimens.

The females and immature males differ from the adult males in much the same points as
S./errugineus, except that the "rusty" markings are less prominent. The differences gene-
rally between tlie two sjiecies are very appreciable. Thus, in S. cyanocephalus, the bill, tlidugh
of tlie .same length, is niucli higher and broader at the base, as well as much less linear in its
upper outline ; the point, too, is less decurved. The size is every way larger. The purplish
gloss, which in ferrugineua is found on most of the body except the wings and tail, is hero

BIRDS — ICTERIDAE — QUISCALUS.

553

confined to the head and neck, the rest of the body being of a richly lustrous and strongly marked
green, more distinct than that on the wings and tail of /erruj/tnewa. In one specimen only,
from Santa Rosalia, Mexico, is there a trace of purple on some of the wing and tail feathers.

List of specimens.

Oaul.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col- Wlienco obtained,
lectcd.

Orig'l
No,

Collected by—

Lengtii.

Stretch
ofwingii

Wing.

Remarks.

IO-i!£

T

ri-inbinn,Minn

.Muuth of Big Neiuaha..
Fort KandallfOn Mo....

Stpt. 20.1857 1 N. W. (Jiiivcrsilv.

R. Keiiiiicott.. .

April 23, 1856
Oct. 18, 1656

Dr. ll.'iyden...

do

do

10.00
10.25
9.25
9.00

16.37
16.50
14.67
15.87

5.25
5.37
5.25
5.25

sno

(Ill

4753

(io

4755

do

do

do

34

138
157
305

517
37

194
157

....do

do

se6j

c?

9
9
(?
<?

C?

9

9

S

9

riatic river

Fort Laramie, Neb

do

do

.do

do

do

do..,.

Fort Riley, K. T

Gaudaloupti botiom,Tex.

Devil's river, Texas

Cagic Pass, Texas

July 2S,1»S6 Lieut. Dryan ....
Scot. .1857 W. M. \f;iFrnnr...

W. S. Wood...

ft253

Sept. 13,1857

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

,,..do

do

do

9.35
9.15
10,50

10.00

14.50
14 50
16.75

16.00

5.00
5.50

5.50

Iris brown

83U
t<3S4

do

8356

Irin yellow, bill and

black.
do

feet

8313

Sept. 8,1857
do

do

do

8357

6704

Dr. Hammond...

:::;::::i::::::::

5006

Capt. Pope

do

41

10.50

15.50

5.00

5007

April 39, 1855

8713

A. Scliott

8713

Santa Rosalia. Mexico..
DuQa Ana, N. Mexico..

Mar. —,18.13
Nov. 10,1855

Lieut. Couch ,. .

10.35
9.50

16.25
16. oe

5.50
5.50

5005

Capt. Pope

Lt. IVilliainson..
A. J. Grayson,,..

156

8705

Dr. Heermann.

4943

San JosC', Cal

8711

San Francisco, Cal

Lt. Williamson .,

Dr. Heermann.

8709

5538

E. Samuels

do

do

125
173

797

m

148
17
18
18

11.00
5.66

15.00
13.54

5.00
4.54

8710

do.

do

Feb. —,1856
May 10,1856
May 9, 1855
Dec. 29,1854
Jan. 33,1854

5539

4381

9

"a"

Fort Dalles, 0. T

do

Fort Vancouver, W. T..

do

Dr. Suckley

do.....

9.63
9.50
9.75
9.50
9.50

14.83
15.50
16.35
14.75
14.75

4.75
5,25

43ffi

8706

Dr. Cooper . , , ,

do

do

8707

Jan. 20,1854 do

8708

do

do

QUISCALUS, Vieillot.

Q,uiscalus, Vieillot, Analyse, 1816- (Gray.) Type Gracula quiscala, L.

Ch. — Bill as long as the head, the culmen slightly curved, the gonys almost straight; the edges of tlie bill iiiHected and
rounded -, the commissure quite strongly sinuated . Outlines of tarsal scutellae well defined on the sides ; wings shorter than
the tail, sometimes much more so ; tail long, the feathers conspicuously and decidedly graduated. Colors black.

The excessive graduation of the long tail, with the perfectly black color, at once distinguish
this genus from any other in the United States. The species are best known by the compara-
tive size and length of the tail, as shown in the following table of measurements.

JuDC 'iH, 1858.

70 b

554

U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

4)

■o

i

I
S

-' =

o

5 "

I i

2i

c

>
o

a

'£

i

em

c
o

5

Specimen
measured.

3948

Quiscalus uacrourus. , ,
do

Brownsville, Texas . .
do

3

18.20
18.00
16.00
12.80
13.00
14.10
15 00
11.10
13.00
11.40
10.04
10.40

7.48
7.50
6.96
5.68
5 50
6.94
7.00
5.70
6.00
5.60
4.96
5.08

9.26

1.92

1.80

0.45

1.30

0.55

1.58

1,74

21

.50

8088

do

9?
9

8.10
6.32

a 03
1.54

1.88
1.50

0.48
0.47

1.44
1.13

0.62
0.56

1.60
1.26

1.76
1.46

Skin

3949

do

do

Fort Brown, Texas ..
. . do

do.

17

.00

4923

Quiscalus major

do

Amelia Iijland, Fla. . .
do

S

7.34

1.98

1.82

0.46

1.34

0.59

1.52

1.64

do.

29

.00

2104

Uuiscatus Temcolor . . .
do

Carlisle, Peiin

do

3

■5.72

1.34

1.30

0.37

0.98

0.46

1.24

1.36

Skin

do.

18.00

1363

do

do

Quiscalus baritus

do

do

Key Biscayne, Fla...

Q
3

5.54
4.86
5.24

1.46

1.38
1.38

1.32

1.14
1.27

0.34
0.30
0.38

1.00

0.88
0.98

0.48
0.42
0.45

1.24
1.12
1.35

1.31
1.22

1.48

Skin

1364

6529

QUISCALUS MACKOURUS, Sw.

Great-tailed Grakle.

QuiscoJus macrourus, Swainson, Anim. in Menag. 9' centen. 1838, 299, fig. 51, a.
Chalchophanes macrourus, Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 196.

Sp. Ch. — Bill longer than the head, edge slightly sinuated. Feathers of the crown short, close, and velvet-like. Tail very long,
equaling the head and body, the lateral feathers 3| inches the shortest. Wing considerably shorter than the tail ; third quill
longest ; first longer than the fifth. General color a lustrous black ; the head and neck, fore part of back, and under parts with
a purple violet gloss ; the rest of back, wings, and tail, including under coverts, glossed with green, the colors blending insen-
»ibly. Length 18 inches ; wing, 7.50 ; tail, 9.30 ; bill above, 1.70.

JIab. — Valley of the lower Rio Grande of Texas, southward.

The graduation of tail in this species is very great, the distances between the tips of the outer
tail feather and the next Leing 1.30 inches, and decreasing successively with the rest. There is
Bomething quite peculiar in the softness and closeness of the feathers on the head, which stand
almost erect like the pile of velvet.

The female is much smaller and of a dark olive brown, lightest on the head and beneath.
There is a strong tinge of brownish yellow in the throat ; rather less of it on tlie side of the
head, where there is a faint indication of a dusky streak behind the eye.

This species is somewhat like the Quiscalus major of the southern States, but is much larger ;

the tail especially is more highly developed, being nearly two inches longer than the wing

instead of nearly the same size. The soft velvety feathers of the head are quite peculiar. The

feet are of nearly the same size. The first primary is shorter in proportion. The color is quite

different ; the purple gloss extending further down the back, and the entire under parts being

purple instead of green*

List of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

9948 j c? DrownHviiJe, Tex.

394!) ' Q Fl. Brown, Tux.

S353 ' Texas

«551 I , Eagle Plum, Tex .

«55!l

W88

do..

Mexico. ,

When col-
lected.

VViienco obtained.

Mar. 28, 1 853 Copt. Van Vliet .

do do

Maj. Emory

do

do

Sept. —,1836 Julin Gould

Orig'l
No.

Collected liy-

. Scliotl .
...do...

.do.,

Length.

18.00
13.00

John Taylor.

Stretch
of wings

31.50
17.00

Wing.

7.50 Eyes yellow .
5.50

HiRnS — ICTKRIDAE QUISCALUS VERSICOLOR.

555

QUISCALUS MAJOR, V i c i 1 1 .

BoaUtniled (irnkic; Jitckdaw.

Gracuttt harila, Wilson, Indoi Am. Cm. VI, 1812, (not of Linnaeus.)

Graeula quiscala, Ord. J. A. N. Sc. 1, 1818, 253, (not of Linnaeus.)

Quisealus major, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXVIII, 1819, 487.— I!on. Am. Orn. I, 1825, 35 ; pi. iv.— 1b. List, 1839.—

Is. Consp. 1850, 424.— Add. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 504: V, 1838, 480; pi. 187.— U. Syn. 1839,

146.— Id. Birds Amor. IV, 1842, 52 ; pi. 220.
ChaUophantt major, " Temji." Cab.\nis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 196.

Sp. Cii. — Bill longer than tlio liead. Foatliors of tlie crown stilF ami coarse. Tail moderate, about equal to tlio wing, much
graduated, the lateral foatliors about 2.50 inches sbortosl. General color lustrous black ; the head, neck, and fore part of tho
breast glos-wd with purple, passing insensibly on the rest of tho body to greon.

Length, about 15 inches ; wing, 7 ; tail, 7.25. Bill above 1.55.

//a*.— Southern Atlantic and Gulf coast. Mouth of Rio Grando, Texas.

A specimen from Brownsville, Texas, though associated there with M. macrourus, appears to
possess all the characters of major. The loral region and space around the eye are quite bare of
feathers.

List of specimens.

Catftl.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1932

3

Southern U. S

S. F. Baird

23S1

Savannah, Ga

Amelia island, Fla.

1S45

......do _ - -.

4923

G, Wurdemann

15.00
13.00

22.00
19.50

7.00
6.75

4044'

Lt. Couch

6

Iris yellow

QUISCALUS VERSICOLOR, Vieillot.

Crow Blackbird; Purple Grakle.

Graeula quhcala, Link. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 165. — G.MELI11, I, 1788, 397. — Latham, |Ind. I, 1790, 191. — Wilson,
Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 44 ; pi. xxi, f. 4.

Chalchophants quiscalus, Wagler, Syst. At. 1827, (Graeula.) — Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 196.

7 ? Oriolus ludovicianus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 387 ; albino var.

? ? Oriolus niger, G.meliv, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 393.

? Graeula purpurea, Bartram, Travels, 1791, 290.

q,uuealus versUolor, Vieillot, Analyse.' 1816— Ib. Nout. Diet. XXVIII, 1819, 488.— Ib. Gal. Ois. 1,171; pi.
cviii.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1824, No. 45.— Ib. Am. Orn. I, 1825, 45 ; pi. v.— Ib. List, 1838.—
Ib. Conspectus, 1840, 424.— Sw. F. Bor. Am. 11, 1831, 485.— Ndttall, Man. 1, 1832, 194.—
Am. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 35 : V, 1838, 481 ; pi. vii— Ib. Syn. 1839, 146.— Ib. Birds Amer.
IV, 1842,58; pi. 2;31.

Graeula barila, Ord. J. A. N. Sc. I, 1818, 253.

" Q,uisealus purpureus, Licht."

Quiscalus niUns, Liciit. Verz. 1823, No. 164.

Quisealus purpuralus, Swainson, Anim. in Menag. 1838, No. 55.

Purple Grakle, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II.

Sp. Ch. — Bill above, about as long as the head, more than twice as long as high ; tho commissure moderately sinuated and
considerably decurved at tip. Tail a little shorter than the wing, much graduated, the lateral feathers 1.10 inches shorter.
Third quill longest ; first between fourth and fifth. Head and neck all round well defined steel blue ; the rest of the body with

566

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

varied reflections of bronze, golden, green, copper, and purple, the latter most conspicuous on the tail, the tail coverts, and
wings. The edges of primaries and of tail greenish. Female similar, but smaller and duller, with, perhaps, more green on the
head.

Length, 13 inches ; wings, G ; tail, 5.80; bill above, 1.25.

Hab. — From Atlantic to llie High Central Plains.

In No. 2104, as in other Pennsylvania specimens, there is a strong shade of violet just above
the steel blue on the feathers of the neck. Specimens from the west have a more brassy shade
on the blue of the neck, and the back is of a nearly uniform shade of greenish bronze. These
differences appear to be nearly constant with the two localities. One specimen from Carlisle
has the steel blue on the head replaced, in a great measure, by purple and violet, owing to the
extension of this latter color to the tips of the feathers. It is probably to a specimen of this
variety that Swainson ap2)lied the name of Quiscalus purpuratus.

In a series of about thirty specimens there are two males, the bills of which are much shorter
than in the majority, measuring barely over an inch, and shorter than the head, (Nos. 6558,
4763.) I find a somewhat similar condition in a specimen from Carlisle, (833,) and as the
difference is unaccompanied by any other tangible character, I see no ground for specific
distinction.

The young of the year are throughout of a dull brown.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Scs.

Locality.

Wlien col-
lected.

Whence ohtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

3104

3
S
9

Carlisle, Pa

April 12, 1845
April 16, 1844
do

S. F. Baird

13.00
12.75

18.00
18.00

6.00

1363

do

do

5 65

1364

do

do i

833

do

Oct. 24, isa

1867

1
.do 1

11.40

16.00

5.00

7581

"c?
3
9

C?

c?

W. Hulton

4432

Quasquiton, Iowa

E. C. Bidwell

6944

Redrivcr,H. B. T

4761

Big Nemaha

Bald Island, Missouri river

do do

do do

do do ,

Apriiaa, 1856
April 25, 1856
do

'"'

do

12.75
12.50
11.12
12.25

18.12
17.12
16.00
17.25

5.75

4762
4766

do

do

do

do

39
36

do

do

5.25

4758
4760

do

do

4767

April -, 1856

do

do

lo.. . ,

11.50

16.50

5.25

4513

"s"

9

Cedar Island

8312

Independence

Fort llilcv, K.T

May 27, 1857

Wni. M. Maf^'i-aw

29

12.50

18.00

5.75

6558

5666

Little Blue river, K. T

Jenny Or. of Republican

July 4, 1846
July 2, 1856

68

5665

do

do

QUISCALUS BARITUS, Vieillot.

Gracula harila, Linn» Syst. Nat. I, 17GC, 165, (based on Icterus nigcr, Hr ) — Gmklin, I, 1788, 39G. — Lath. Ind. I,

1790, 191.
Q,uiscttliis baritus, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XXVIII, 1819, 487.— D'Onn. Dc la Sagra Cuba, Avos, 95.
Chalcophanea baritus, WAr.LEn, Systenia Avium, IH27, Gracula Expos. No. 4. — Cabanis, Miia. Hoin. 1851, 197.
? Quiscalus crassirostris, Swainson, Anim. in Mciiag. 1838, ,3.55. — Gossi-., Rirds Jamaica, 1847, 217.

Sr. Cii. — Bill about three times as long as high, much longer tlyin the head or the tarsus ; the commissure scarcely sinuated ;
^ho tip lengthened and dccurvcd. Tail about as long as the wing, considerably graduated ; the lateral fcalhcrs about .85 of an
inch shorter. The second quill longest ; first shorter than the fourth. The head steel blue, passing on tho neck into decided
purplish ; the body, wings, and tail bronze green, with a purplish violet shade on the tcrtials and rump.

Length, 10. GO; wing, 5 ; tail, 5; bill above, 1.40; tarsus, 1.40.

JJab. — Florida coast and West Indies.

BIRDS ICTERIDAE — QUISCALUS BARITUS,

557

This species, now for the first time introduced into the fauna of the United States, from
specimens collected at Key Biscayne by Mr. Wurdemann, in of April 1857 and '58, is the smallest
ofthe genus within our limits. The wing and tail each are about an inch shorter than in Q.
versicolor. The bill, however, is much longer and more slender, and the tip considerably more
produced and decurved. The feet are stouter and much coarser, the pads of the toes very
scabrous as if to assist in holding slippery substances, a feature scarcely seen in versicolor.

The second and third quills are longest ; the first a little shorter only than the fourth.

The colors are quite dissimilar to those of versicolor, a purplish violet predominating on the
neck. Tlie green of the back and belly is more decided as well as duller and darker than even
in western specimens of versicolor. The gloss on the tail and most of the wings is green, not
purplish violet. The general style of coloration is most like that of Quiscalus major, although
the bird is much smaller.

This species does not appear to be the Quiscalus baritus of the earlier authors, which is stated
bj' Latham to be 13 inches long, the bill 1^ inches, consequently much larger. The colors, too,
are chiefly purple, not green. Q. luguhris is smaller, the bill especially ; the lustre purple, not
green. Q. minor of Cabanis is smaller still, with a violet blue lustre. The Quiscalus haritus of
Vieillot comes nearer to it in size of body and bill, but is also said to have the body purplish
instead of greenish, the wing coverts greenish instead of steel blue.

It is possible that the species may really be the Q. crassirostris of Swainson, (2J cent. 355,)
but I cannot identify it from his description. The size is considerably smaller, while the bill is
larger than in the Florida bird.

The female is smaller and rather duller in plumage.

List of specimens.

Caial.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Wlience ob-
tained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wings.

Remarks.

6oS9

Key Biscayne, Fla

Cape Florida

do

April 8,1857
Mar. 31,1858

April 15, IS58
do ....

G. Wurdemann
do

10335

11.50

11.50
12.00
12.00
11.00
11.75
10.25
11.12

16.00

15.25
15.50
16.50
15.25
16.25
13.75
14.50

5.50

5.00
5.00
5.12
5 25
5.00
4.75
4.75

Bill and feet black ; ir

do

10336

10337

(?
c?

c?
Q
9

do

do

10340

do

April 22,1858
April 9,1858
M.ly 18,1858
Mar. 31,1858
April 22,1858

do

10341

do.

10312

do

do

10339

do

10338

do

do

558 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Family CORVIDAE.

Ch. — Primaries ten ; the first short, generally abont half as long as the second (or a little more) ; the outer four sinualed on
the inner edge. The nasal fossae and nostrils usually more or less concealed by narrow slifluned bristles, (or bristly feathers,)
with short appressed lateral branches extending to the very tip, all directed forwards. Tarsi scutellate anteriorly, the sides
undivided (except sometimes below) and separated from the anterior plates by a narrow naked strip, sometimes filled up with
small scales. Basal joint of middle toe united about equally to the lateral, generally for about half the length. Bill generally
notched.

The preceding characters distinguish the family of crows quite markedly from all others. In
some respects there is a resemhlance to the Paridae or Titmice, especially among the garruline
birds ; the nature of this relationship will hereafter be adverted to. The features of the
bristles of the bill, and the separation of the lateral and anterior scales by a narrow interval,
are worthy of particular attention. The commissure is without the obtusely angular bend near
the base, seen in the Icteridae.

There are some genera of Corvidae with the nostrils not covered by bristly feathers, such as
Psilorliinus, Gymnorliinus, Gymnohitta, &c.

There are two sub-families of Corvidae represented in America, one embracing the true crows,
the other the jays. They pass very insensibly into each other, and it is difficult to mark the
dividing line. We may, perhaps, restrict the Corvinae to such forms as have a long bill, equal
to the head ; the tail short, and nearly even ; the wings long and pointed, considerably longer
than the tail, the tip formed by the third, fourth, and fifth quills. The Garrulinae are birds of
smaller size, shorter wings, which do not exceed the graduated tail, and are sometimes much
shorter ; the tip of the wing formed by the fourth, fifth, and sixth quills. Where Gymnokitta
should come is a little uncertain, but probably among the true crows.

In most genera of Corvidae the inner lateral claw is a little larger than the outer, and pro-
jects beyond it ; in the true crows they reach about to the same point ; generally the lateral
claws extend as far as the base of the middle one ; the hinder is longer.

The row of small scales is usually present on both sides of the tarsi in the Corvinae, but in
the jays is generally restricted to the inner face.

Sub-Family CORVINAE.

Ch. — Wings long and pointed ; longer than the tail, and, when closed, reaching nearly to its tip, extending far beyond the
under tail coverts ; the third, fourth, and fifth quills forming the tip of the wing.

The character given by Swainson of lateral toes equal in Corvinae and unequal in Garrulinae,
is subject to much uncertainty of determination. The features mentioned above, if not defining
a natural sub-i'amily, at least apply well to three genera of North American Corvidae. The
following diagnosis may serve to distinguish them.

A. Nostrils large, covered by bristly feathers ; wings reaching the tip of the rounded tail.

CoKVUs. — Color throughout black. Bill thickened ; culmen very much curved. Bristly

feathers at base of bill half as long as culmen.
PicicoRVUS. — Color, grayish. Wnigs and tail above, black; lateral feathers white. Bill

slender, attenuated, decurved. Bristly featliers at base of bill one-fourth the culmen.

B. Nostrils small, completely exposed ; wings reaching to the posterior fourth of the nearly
even tail.

Gymnokitta. — Color, nearly uniform dull blue.

BIRDS — CORVIDAK — CORVUS. 559

CORVrS, Liiiiiaous.

Corrus, I.is'N'AEiis, S>st. Nat. 1735. Typo Corvus corax, L.

Cii Tlio nasal fuatlicrs li-iictlioiir<l, rcacliiii),' to or liojuml the middle of llie liill. Nostrils larje, circuliir, ovcrliunc behind

by iiioiubraiie, tbo edges rounded ulnowliero. Rictus without bristles. liill nearly us long us lliu tursus, very stout ; much higher
than broad at ilia base ; culnion much arched. Wings reaching to or nearly to the tip of the tail. Tarsi longer than the middle
toe, with a series of small scales on the middle of each side scparatmg the anterior scutcllato portion from the posterior con-
tinuous plates. Side of the head occasionally witii nearly naked patches. Tail graduutcd or rounded ; the outer four primaries
siouated internally.

The true crows are readily distinguished from the other Corvidae by the characters assigned
ahove, the GarruVine forms, with long wings, being distinguishable by other characters. The
leathers at the base of the bill completely conceal the nostrils, and extend over the basal half
of the bill, or even more. The lateral toes are equal, and reach nearly to the base of the middle
claw ; the hind toe a little further. The hind claw is a little shorter than its digit, but larger
than the middle anterior claw. The lower parts of the postero-lateral plates of the tarsus
exhibits a few transverse scutellate divisions.

The determination of the species of crows is a matter of much uncertainty, owing to the
uniformity of their plumage, and the fact that it is difficult to find them with the feathers
alW'ully developed at the same time. Nearly one half of all the specimens in the collection
before me have some of the quills only partly grown out. There also appears to be much vari-
ation in size with age and with locality, as well as in proportions, and I am inclined to
think that, contrary to what has been observed to be the case in other families, the Corvidae of
the same species in southern localities are larger than those from points further north. Should
this be substantiated it may tend materially to reduce the number of North American species.
Thus the Corvus cacalotl may be only a large southern carnivorus, the caurinus a uorthern, and
Y&T . Jloridanus a southern americanus. Four species are certainly permanently distinct : C.
carnivorus, C. cryptoleucus. C. americanus, and C. ossifragus, whatever be the fate of the others.

The following diagnosis may serve to distinguish the American crows from each other.

A. Ravens. — Feathers of the chin and throat stiffened, elongated, narrow, lanceolate, and
with their outlines very distinct.

Length about 24.50 inches ; wing about 17 ; tail, 10. Outer tail feathers about 1.60
to 1.90 inches shorter than the central one C. carnivorus.

Length about 24 inches ; wing near 18 ; tail, 10.50. Outer tail feather about 2.30 inches
shorter than the central C. cacalotl.

Length about 21 inches; wing, 14; tail, 8.50. Outer tail feather about 1.25 inches
shorter than the middle one. Feathers of the neck and breast pure snowy white at
the base C. cryptoleucus.

B. Crows. — Feathers of the chin and throat short, soft, broad, obtuse, and with the webs
blended.

Middle toe and claw rather shorter than the tarsus measured from the beginning of scu-
tellae. Inner lateral claw reaching to the base of the middle. Black, with violet
reflection on the belly. Length, 19.20 inches; wing, 13 to 13.50 ; tail, 8 inches.

C. americanus.

Similar to the preceding, but smaller. Length, IC to 17 inches; wing, 11 to 11.50.
tail about 8 inches C. caurinus.

560

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

About the size of C. americanus of the north ; the tarsus much longer ; bill larger.

0. var. floridanus.

Middle toe and claw decidedly longer than tarsus measured from the beginning of the
scutellae. Inner lateral claw not reaching to the base of the middle. Black, with
greenish reflection on the belly. Length 14 to 15 inches ; wing, 10.50 ; tail, less
than 7 inches C. ossifragus.

CORVUS CARNIVORUS, B a r t r a ra .
American Raven.

Coitus carnhorus, Bartram, Travels in E. Florida, 1793, 290

Comis corax, Wilson, Am. Orn. IX, 1825, 136 ; pi Ixxv, f. 3 — Bonap. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 36.— Ib. Syn. 1828,
56.— Doughty, Cab. N. H. I, 1830, 270; pi. xxiv.— Rich. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 290—

NuTTALL, Man. I, 1832, 202.— Aud Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 476 ; pi. 101.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 150

Ib. Birds Amer, IV, 1842, 78 ; pi. 224.

Con-US cacalotl, " Wagler," .'Bonap. Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 115. (Perhaps true cacaloll.) — Ib. List, 1838. Probably
not of Wagler. — Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 387. — Maximilian, Reise innere Nord Amer. II, 1841,
289. Does not consider it different from European. — Newberry, P. R. R. Rep. VI, iv, 1857, 82.

Corvvs lugubris, Agassiz, Pr Best. Soc. N. H. II, Dec. 1846, 188.

Sp. Cn. — Fourth quill longest ; third and fifth about equal ; second between fifth and sixth ; first nearly equal to the eighth.
Length, about 24 or 25 inches ; extent, 50 to 51 ; wing, about 17 ; tail, 10. Tail moderately graduated ; the outer aboutw60
to 1 .90 of an inch less than the middle. Entirely glossy black, with violet reflections.

Hab. — Entire continent of North America. Rare east of the Mississippi.

In this species the feathers of the head above and body are compact and blended ; those of the
back of the neck are very smooth and even, but do not show the outlines of each separately as
elsewhere. On the chin and throat the feathers are elongated and lanceolate, each one more
or less pendent or free, with the outlines distinct to near the base. The bill is very long, (3
inches,) and considerably curved, the upper mandible extending considerably over the upper at
the end.

The feet appear very short and stout ; the tarsi with but seven scutellae ; rather longer than
the middle toe and claw ; the lateral claws about equal, and extending to a little beyotod the
base of the middle claw. The fourth quill is longest ; the third about equal, to the fifth ; the
second considerably longer than the sixth ; the first about equal to the eighth primary. The
distances in inches from the end of tlie longest primary to the tips of the others are as follows :

5186
.5865

Upper Missouri ,
Riley

Ist.

2.1.

3.1.

4th.

5th.

6th.

7th.

8th.

5.65
5.30

1.60
1.50

.25
.25

.25
.29

2.80
2.30

4.35
3.85

5.45
5.00

9th.

6.40
5.70

The tail is quite considerably graduated, the ends of all the feathers being visible from below.
The outer is about l.GG inches shorter than the inner, in one specimen, (58G5,) in another, it
is 1.90, (5186.)

The color is everywhere lustrous black, dullest on tlie belly and top of the head. Tiierc is
generally a strong violet reflection on the lustrous feathers_, more greenish on the outer primaries.

In the series before me I find considerable variation in size and proportions, even in specimens
from adjacent hicalities. Thus No. 5865, from Fort Kiley, has tlie bill 1.08 inches high or

BIRDS CORVIDA.E CORVUS AMERICANUS. 5C}{

deep, wliile 518(», from the upper Missouri, has it only .97 of an inch. Tlie amount of gradua-
tion in the tail varies from l.GO to l.tlO inches.

A male bird, o7>4o, from Petalunia, California, compared witli 5180, from Fort Kaudall, has
a siuirter win<;, (one inch,) tiie first ^uill a little longer (equal to instead of a little sliorter than
the eighth.) In 5185, from the upper Missouri, however, the first quill is nearly a quarter of an
inch longer than the eighth ; 0857, again, from Utah, has the first quill but little shorter than the
seventh. In 4503, from Jamacha Ranch, California, the first quill is ecjiial to the seventli. In
fact, very few specimens exhibit precisely the same proportions of the quills.

The southern specimens, upon the whole, appear smaller than northern, as will be seen by
the table of measurements.

No. 6856, from Steilacoom, has a curious attachment to the chin in the form of a curved horn,
about an inch long, pendent from the middle of the chin between the rami of the maxilla, and
about IJ inches from its point.

As a general thing the thickness of the bill varies considerably ; the stoutest before me is from
Fort Riley. Sometimes it is quite slender, especially in specimens from Oregon, where the
upper mandible is more decurved, and its inferior edge much more concave than usual. This
feature, however, is not seen in all, some being like tlie average of eastern specimens. I find
it impossible to detect any tangible differences between the Pacific coast series and those from
the Missouri, though it should be remarked that no comparisons are made with any from the
Atlantic States, owing to the want of specimens, and that it is quite possible that the latter
may be entirely distinct.'

In the next article I have separated a raven from Bill Williams' Fork of the Colorado of the
west on account of its longer wings and more graduated tail. I am not very decided in the
opinion that this is really distinct, and wait for further material to settle the question.

In the accompanying table of measurements of the three ravens here described are columns
numbered, successively, one to eight, and showing the progression of size of the diilerent quills.
Where two are in the same column it indicates that they are about equal. Thus No. 5185 has
the third and fourth quills equal and longest, then, successively, come the fifth, second, sixth,
seventh, first, and eighth. The second is thus shorter than the fifth, but longer than the sixth ;
the first shorter than the seventh, but longer than the eighth. The measurements of tarsus
and middle toe cannot be regarded as very precise, the stiffness of the dried leg and the shortness
of the basal joint of the toe, with its large overlapping scales rendering it very difficult to say
where the tarsus ends and the toe begins.

According to Prince Maximilian the only difference discernable to him between the European
and American ravens is in the more slender bill of the latter. He finds the size, proportions,
notes, and habits quite the same.

I have not at hand specimens of the European raven for the purpose of making a critical
comparison with our own, but most recent authors agree in considering them distinct, although
Mr. Audubon maintained the contrary opinion.

Bonaparte (though possibly with a Guatemala skin before him) states that in cacalotl the
first quill is shorter than the seventh, the second and sixth equal, the third shorter than the

'Since writing the preceding remarks I have had the opportunity of examining a skin of a raven from the coast ol New
Jersey, belonging to Mr. Lawrence. This is not in high plumage, the feathers without much lustre, and the indications
generally are that it ia a young bird just attaining maturity. Under the circumstances a fair comparison cannot readily bo
made. The first primary appears to bo longer in proportion to the others ; the primaries generally broader, and more acutely
pointed at the end.

June 28, 185H.

71 b

562

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

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BIRDS — CORVIDAE — C0RVU8 CACALOTL.

563

fifth, tlie fourth longest, the second much shorter than the fourth, whicli is longer than the
third and fifth. In the European hird the second quill is longer than the fourth, the third
longest of all.

The first .listinctive name for the common North American raven seems to be that of Bartram.
The C. cacalotl of Wagler, from Mex'co, is probably a different species, as described further
on. Prof. Agassiz named our bird C. luguhria in 184C.

List of specimens.

Cital. Sri.
No.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

5e6S
Site
VM

5787
5785

10S96

9

<?

S

Great Egg Harbor, N. J.< G.N. Liiwrenei^ . .

Fort Kile) , K. T 1857 Dr. W. A. Ilunimond

Fort Randall, K. T , Oct. 18, IB.'iS ! Lieut. Warren

Heal of Lillle Mo Oct. If , 1855 ' do

Fort Pierre, Neb Oct. .SiesS

.do...
.do...

L'eaa qui Court, Neb

Ft. Larantie

St. Mary's, Rocky mis..; Oct. 15,1853 Qov. Stevens

Oct. SO, 1856
Ft. Laramie | Sepl. 13, 1857 W. M. Mnqraiv

6857

0 I.. ..
6856 .. ..
5543 I (J

4563 '

10898 ' (?
8U83.>

San Rafael, Utah ....

Fort Steilacoom

do

Peta uma, Cal

Jamr.cha Ranch, Cal.

Espi.i, Sonora

Mexico

Mar. ^0,1856
April —,1854

Cnpt. Bcckwith.
Dr. G. Suckley .

do

E. Samuels

MaJ. Emory ....

.do..

J. Verreaux..

Grig. I Collected by-
No. I

Dr. Uayjen 35.50

Lenglli.

Stretch
ofwlngt*.

Dr. Hayden ,
do

305

51

299

9

51

17212

Dr. Suckley.

25.50
24.00
25.00

Mr. Kreuzfeldt..

k.. Sclioit

Dr. Keonerly.

22. OU

50.00

50.nn
40. Ou

46.50

Wing.

IT.jO
17.00
18.25

1 * primary, not grown

out.
...do io....

IrU brown

1» primary not grown
out.

16.50

With horn on c!iin.

Eyes black .

CORVUS CACALOTL, Wagler.

Colorado Raven.

.'Coreuj cacalotl, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 527, Me.xico.

Sp. Cb. — Win^ formula as in the other species. Length about 25 inches ; wing, 18 ; tail, 10.50. Tail much graduated ; outer
feather about 2.?0 inches shorter than the middle. Color glossy black, with violet reflections. Tarsus rather shorter than ths
middle toe and claw }

Hah. — Coloraio river of California, (southward?)

In this beautiful raven, which is very similar to the common species (the bill very much so),
the fourth quill is longest, then the third, fifth, second, sixth, and seventh. The first and ei|;hth
are about equal. The distances from the tip of the longest quill to that of the others is as
follows :

1st.

2d.

3d.

4th.

5th.

6th.

7 th.

8 th.

9 A.

No. 6835, Camp 115

No. 10297, Camp 110...

6.30
4.76

1.30

1 26

.15

0.
.50

.20
3.80

2.20
4.20

4.40
6.10

5.60
6.

6.50

The tail is rather long, and the feathers more graduated than in the other species, obtusely
acumiuattd, or mucronate, the outer 2.26 inches shorter than the middle. They are also
rather broader than in the other species.

The feet are short and stout ; the tarsus a little longer than the middle toe and claw ; the
lateral claw reaching to the base of the middle one.

£64 U. S p. K. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

A second specimen of this species is a good deal smaller and lias the third quill longest.
This I am, however, inclined to consider a monstrosity, as I can find but eight primaries, the
fourth, at least, probably wanting. In this skin the outer tail leather is 2.30 inches shorter than
the middle.

Number 10295, from the Colorado desert, I am inclined to consider the same, although the
very great amount of graduation in the tail is owing partly to the fact that the feathers have
not fully grown out. The tail feathers are very broad ; the inner ones fully two inches wide.

In comparing a skin of this species (No. 6855) with a typical one of C. carnivorus from Fort Ran-
dall, 5186, almost no difference is appreciable in the bill ; the wing is a little longer, with much
the same proportion of quills, the first intermediate between the seventh and eighth, instead of
equal to the seventh, (a proportion rather peculiar to 5180.) The tail is much more graduated,
the difference amounting to near half an inch. The colors of the two, as far as I can judge, are
precisely the same. It is, perhajis, a question, whether it be really different from the eastern
bird, but as the wings are longer, the tarsi shortef , and the tail rather more graduated, I shall,
for the present, separate them.

In looking out for a name to give this more southern species, if really distinct, I find that of
Corvus cacalotl, Wagler,' to answer best. This is described as being 25^ inches long ; the
•wing, 17 ; the tail^ nearly 10 ; the tarsus, 2\ ; bill along the rictus, 3^ ; circumference of bill
in the middle, 2^ ; height, 11 lines. "It is similar, in general, to the European ravens, but
with longer, more slender tarsi, more compressed and slender bill, and longer, more cuneate
tail, &c." Allowing for the greater size of the German foot, the description would come
sufificiently near to that of the skin from Bill Williams' fork, and I shall therefore adopt this
name.

The Corvus sinuatus of Wagler is said to have the tomia sinuated and bent outwards, the nostrils
concealed posteriorly only ; the region beneath the eye somewhat naked, &c. The length, 25'
inches; wing, 16 j^^; tarsi, 2^; middle tail feather, 9^; outer, almost 7; bill from forehead, 3^.
Hab., Mexico.

I owe to Mr. Lawrence the opportunity of examining a raven from Texas, which is even
larger than that from the Colorado. It is unfortunately moulting some of its quills and tail
feathers and its full characters cannot be ascertained. The bristly feathers of the nostrils are
growing out, their basal portion still enveloped in its sheath, leaving the nostrils exposed.
This may have been the case in the specimen of Corvus sinuatus described by Wagler.

The general appearance is that of the Colorado raven, although it is rather larger, and
the middle toe is shorter in proportion. The lustre is much the same. The size is every way
greater than that of the North American raven.

In the uncertainty as to what limits of variation may be allowed to the North American
Corvidae, and in the imperfect condition of Mr. Lawrence's specimen, I sliall not venture to
make it distinct from cacalotl, whicli itself is perliaps very uncertain. Should it be dift'ercnt, it
may properly be called C. nobilis, Gould, unless the C. sinuatus of Wagler should prove to be

' Other references to Mexican species oP ravens arc as follows ;

Corvus sinuatus, Waci.kr, Isis, 1821), VII, 748. Mexico.
Cori'us coco(o((, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 527. Mexico.

Corvus nobilis, Godld, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1837, 79. — Bon. Conspectus, 1850, 386.

Corvus splendens, " Goiii.n." — Bom. Pr. Zool. Soc 1837, 115. (Not of Vieillol.) An erroneous quolation of Goiilil,
by Bunaparle.

BIKDS — CORVIDAE — C0RVU8 CRYPTOLEIJCUS

565

the same. Tlie Corvus nohilis, according to Gould, is distinguished from both the European bird
and that of the United States by more metallic lustre of plumage, more lengthened and slender
bill, longer primaries, and more cuneate tail. The length is given at 25 inches; wing, 18;
tail, 11 ; tarsi, 3 ; bill, 3^.

Lifil of spcdmens.

CatiU. No.

locality.

6855

1029T?
10295 r

Bill WillianiB' fork, Cnrnp

115, N. M '..

Camp 110

Colorado Desert

When collected.

Whence obt^tincd.

Orig. No.

Collected by-

Feb. 7,1854 Lieut. Wliipplo....

Jan. 31, 1854 do

.........I Lieut. Williamson.

73
54

Kcnnerly and MBlIliauRcn.
do

Dr. Heermann.

CORVUS CRYPTOLEUCUS, Couch.

White-necked Crow.

Corvus cryploU\UMS, Couch, Pr. A. N. Sc. VII, April, 1854, 66. Tamaulipas, Mexico,

Sp. Ch. — The fourth quill is longest ; the third and fiftli e(|ual ; the second longer than the sixth ; the first ahout equal to the
sevcDth. Glossy black, with violet reflections ; lealliers of neck all round, back, and breast, snow while at tlio base. Length,
about 21 inches; wing, 14.00 ; tail, 8J. Feathers of throat lanceolate ; bristly feathers along the base of the bill covering it for
nearly two-thirds its length.

Hab. — Valley of Rio Grande and Gila. Abundant on the Llano Estacado.

In describing this curious raven, the smallest of our North American species with pointed
feathers on the throat, I have selected a specimen (10300) which is rather larger than the Texan
ones, but is otherwise much the same. Considerably smaller than the common raven, the bill
is also smaller ; the incumbent feathers of the nostrils reach over the basal two-thirds of the bill
instead of over one-half only as in the other species. The tarsus is a very little longer than
the middle toe and claw ; there are eight scutellae in front.

The porportions of the quills are expressed in the following table of distances from the tip of
the longest to the tip of each primary :

1st.

2d.

3d.

4th.

5th.

6th.

7th.

8th.

9th.

No. 10300,. .

4.45

1. 10 . n.i ! 0.

.50

2.30

3.90

4.70

5 25

The first primary is thus intermediate between the seventh and eighth.

The tail is moderately long, and not much graduated ; the outer feathers about 1 J inches
shorter than the inner. The middle feathers have nearly parallel outlines. The lanceolate
feathers on the throat are quite distinct, though possibly not so long projjortionately as in the
common raven.

The general color of this raven is a lustrous black, with violet reflections, almost exactly as
in the commoa species. Its most striking distinctive feature, however, is seen in the leathers
of the neck all round, upper part of the back, and the whole breast, which are pure snowy

566

U. 8. P. E. E, EXP, AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENEBAL EEPOET.

white for about their basal half. The feathers of the head are jiluraheons at the base ; the
greatest iutensity of white is on the lower part of the neck; the cjlor failes out on the back and
belly into plumbeous. In no other North American crow is there any approach to this cottony
whiteness.

This character, with its smaller size, will at once serve to distinguish this species from any
other ravens in the United States.

As already stated, No. 10300 is rather larger than ekins from Texas, the largest of which
(4995) measures a little less in the body; the bill, too, is smaller, measuring 2.20 inches from
the rictus. The others are all decidedly smaller.

The Corvus jamaicenais of Gmelin is said to have the downy portion of the feathers white.
The size is much less, however; -the measurements, as given by Gosse, being: Length, 16.50;
extent, 28; wing, 9.50; tail, 5.75; rictus, 2; tarsus, 2; middle toe, 1.50. Bonaparte,
in notes on Delattre's Collection, page 7, says that C. leucognaphalus of Vieillot likewise has
white down ; but that the skin is naked at the angle of the bill, and the nostrils but little
covered, very different in this from C. cri/pioleucus.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collect- ' Whence obtained.
ed.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length .

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

10300

April — , 1855
April 14, 1856
May 23, 1855
May 25, 1855
May — , 1853

Maj. Emory

Capt. J. Pope

do

64
190
90
92

Dr. Kennerly . .

4995

21.00
20.00
19.00
18.75

43.00
40.50
36.50
33.00

12.50
14.00
13.00
13.50

Eyes dark brown...

Eyes brown

do

4994

4993

... do

do

4118

9

Cliarco E?coiidido

COEVUS AMERICANUS, And.

Common Crow«

Corvus corone, Wilson, Am. Cm. IV, 1811, "9; pi. xxv, f. 3.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1824, No. 37.— Ib. Syn. 1828,56.—

Rich. F. B Am. II, 1831, 291.— Ndttall, Man. I, 1832, 209. Not Conus comne of Linn.
Corvus americanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 317 : V, 477 ; pi. 156.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 150.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842,
87; pi. 225.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib. Consp. 185(1, 385.— Nhttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840,221.—
Maxim. Reise, I, 1839, 140 -Newberry, Zoo). Cal. & Or. Route, P. R.R. Rep. VI, iv, 1857,82.

Si'. Ch. — Fourth quill longect ; second shorter than sixth ; first shorter than ninth. Glossy black witli violet reflections, even
on the belly. Length, 19 lo 20 inches ; wing, 13 to 13.50 ; tail about 8. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw.
JJab. — North America to the Missouri region ; also on the coast of California. (Not found on the High Central Plains.')

(4538 <? Washington, D. C.) The bill of this species is con.siderably narrower than high
or much compressed. It is gently curved from tlie very base ; rather more rajiidly towards the
tip. The incumbent feathers of the nostril reach half the distance from the base of the bill to
the end of the lower jaw, and not quite half way to that of the upper.

The tarsus has eight scutellae anteriorly, and is rather longer than the middle toe and claw ;
the lateral toes are very nearly equal ; the inner claw the larger, and reaching to the base of
the middle claw.

The webe of the throat feathers are a little loose, but lie quite smoothly, without the pointed
lanceolate character seen in the ravens.

BIRDS — COKVIDAE — COHVUS AMEKICANi:S.

567

The wings are elongated ; the fourth quill is longest ; then the fifth and the fourth, which
are successively a little shorter ; the fifth to the ninth are graduated rapidly, the diminution in
length becoming successively less. The second quill is, however, about intermediate between
the sixth and seventh ; the first is about tho leugtli of the first secondary, shorter than the last
primary. The comparative lengths of the (luills will be expressed by the following table of
distances from the tip of the longest primary to each one in succession :

Cat*l

No.

Sax.

Locality.

Longest
primary.

Ist.

2d.

3.1.

4th.

5th.

6th.

7th.

8th.

9lh.

Second-
ary.

4358

<?

Washington ..

4

6.85

1.75

.35

0.

.15

.90

2.40

3.40

4.05

4. CO

The tail is rounded, the feathers graduated; the lateral 1.20 of an inch shorter than the
middle one. They are rather truncate at the end ; the outer webs most rapidly rounded ; the
outer and inner webs of the innermost feathers very nearly equal.

The color everywhere is black ; lustrous above ; duller on the head and beneath. There is a
violet gloss above, except on the primaries, where it is green.

Specimens vary somewhat in the length of the bill and other dimensions. California skins
appear to have the tail rather less graduated ; the middle toe proportionately shorter, the size
less. In a skin from the Upper Missouri (5191) the bill is rather more slender and less high,
although this is probably an indication of immaturity.

According to llr. Audubon, the chief difference between the European Corvus corone and
American crow consists, in the first place, in the smaller size of the latter, measuring 18
instead of 20 inches ; the wings 12 instead of 13|-. This difference, however, is not very
decided, as will be seen from the table of measurements, where some skins are as large as in
C. corone. The bill and feet are also said to be weaker. The most important feature of
distinction appears to lie in the structure of the feathers of the head and neck, which in C,
corone are narrow, with the tips distinct, while in the American bird these tips are blended
together and do not maintain their individuality. The feathers on the fore neck in corone
are also lanceolate and distinct, showing the outline of each one as in the raven, while in the
American crow they are three times as broad, rounded, and entirely blended. Mr. Audubon
further remark-, that the neck of the European bird is glossed with green and blue, while that
of the American has a decided purplish brown tinge.

Prince Maximilian states, in addition, that the note differs in the two species.

668

U. S p. R. E. EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

Detailed measurements of species.

Locality.

c

Bill— .

Succession of quills from longest.

i

s

a

o

1

s

R

g

"a

t

fn

.a

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

a

1

a
D

M
OQ

B

B

S

bo
S

1

00

9

2

1
u
to

bs

a
o

<

1
1

i

ta
O

o
M

.1

DQ

10093

Washington, D. C.

(?

18.80

12.60

7.81

a.38

2.04

0.57

1.97

1.89

2.09

0.83

3,5

6

2

7

8

9

Dry...

4358

do

r?

18.60

12.90

8.38

2.32

1.99

0.62

1.97

1.87

2.10

0.78

3,5

6

3

7

8

9

Dry...

do.
9994

do

Trtmont, III

11.00
11.70

18.20

7.96

2.42

2.12

0.60

1.97

1.82

2.06

0.78

.1,5

6

2

7

8

9

Dry...

6559

Fort Riley, K. T...

...■

19.10

13.30

8.28

2.44

2.02

0.54

2.02

2.04

2.24

0.74

4.5

3

6

2

7

8

9

Dry...

5191
do.

10305:

Fort Union, Neb...

17 20

12.40
13.00
12.72

7.83

2.34

1 93

0.56

1.84

1.72

2.04

0.68

Dry...

19 50 ■■»! no

Tulare Vulley

cT

18.30

7 83

2.33

1.86

0.54

a. 10

2.02

2.08

0.80

3,5

6

2

7

8

9

Dry...

10303:

Ft.Vaiicnuver,W.T.

....

17.10

12.1(1

7.74

2.25

1.9U

0.56

1.80

1.73

1 99

0.72

4.5

3

6

2

7

6

9

Dry...

10304.'

Presidio, Cal

....

18.20

11. SI

7.48

2.18

1.82

0.60

1.80

1.76

2.08

0.75

3,i

6

2

7

8

9

Dry...

List of specimens.

Oatal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

4358
10092
9994
6919
6559
5192
5191
5190

<?

Feb. 13, 1855

1

20

39.50

""q"

O

o

Oc?

W. J. Shaw

Nelson river, H. B.T

1857

Oct. 25, 1856
July 19, 1856
do..

19
19.50

37.00
36.00

12.50

Port Union, Neb

do

do

1 do

13.00

do

do

5189
5188
10305
10304
«854?

do

do

do

Mouth Powder river. Neb

Aug. 1, 1856

do

do

Lieut. II. S. Williamson . .

Dr. Heermann

June 6,1853
July 15, 1853

Gov. I. L Stevens

1

!

CORVUS AMERICANUS, var. FLORID ANUS, Baird.

Florida Crow.

Sp. Ch — About the size of C. americanus, but bill and feet larger. Tail less rounded. Third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly
equal ; third rather longer than fifth. Color less violet above. Length, 19.50 ; wing, 12 ; tail, 7.70 ; tarsus, 2. GO.
Ilab. — Southern peninsula of Florida.

The reception of this bird, as the article on Corvus is going through the press, prevents any
very elaborate critici.sra of its characters, but there are so many peculiarities in it as clearly to
show that it is, if not a distinct species Irom the common crow, at least a very remarkable
variety. Although perhaps rather smaller than the O. americanus, the bill and feet, especially
the latter, are very considerably larger. The nasal feathers extend over the basal two-fifths of
the bill instead of the half. The proportions of the bill are about the same; in the Florida bird
it is rather the longer. The greatest difference is in the feet. The tarsal joint of tlie tibia is
bare, the feathers scarcely coming below it, even anteriorly, instead of projecting some distance.
The tarsus is almost a quarter of an incli longer ; covered anteriorly by nine scutellae instead of

BIRDS — CORVIDAE — CORVUS CAURINUS.

569

eight. The outer lateral toe is shorter, not reaching the base of the middle claw. The middle
toe and claw are considerably shorter than the tarsus ; the middle claw is shorter than in the
northern bird.

The wings fornuilii differs soniewhiit; the third, fourth, and fifth (juills lire nearly equal, the
third even longer than the fifth instead of shorter. The tail is short and very nearly even, the
difi'erence in length of feathers being less than half an inch instead of an inch. This, however,
may in part be owing to the absence of the middle pair.

The colors differ somewhat from those of the common crow. There is less violet, and the
feathers of the back have almost a brassy gloss on their margins, as in Grotophaga.

The specimen upon which these remarks are based, though apparently perfectly mature, is
changing some of its feathers, such as the inner primaries, the middle tail feathers, and the greater
coverts. Tlie long primaries and ten tail feathers, however, are of full length. It is possible
that tlie bird is really as large as the northern crow, although this is hardly probable. It was
killed on the main land of the extreme southern portion of Florida, not far from Fort Dallas.

No comparison of this bird is required with the fish crow, which has the middle toe and claw
longer than the tarsus, not shorter, and the proportions much less. It is much larger than the
curious little Corvus minutus of Cuba, a specimen of which has been supplied by Mr. Lawrence.
Tlie Corvus minutus^ is, of course, still smaller than the C. americanus, the bill stouter at the
base ; the third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest. The chin is more bristly,
the feathers of the throat more distinctly defined. Although about the size of the fish crow, it
has much stouter bill and legs, and the tarsus is much longer than middle toe and claw, not
shorter. The Corvus miimtus and var. Jloridanus are more nearly allied in every respect than
either is to C. americanus. Their measurement will be found in the accompanying table, the
first specimen referring to the Florida bird, the second to the minutus.

Bartram, in his list of North American birds, (Travels in Florida,) mentions a "Corvus

maritimus, Great Seaside Crow," but without specifying locality or giving any description. If

a Florida bird, it quite probably refers to the present species, which is doubtless quite maritime

in its habits.

Detailed measurements of species.

Bill—

Succession of quills from longest.

■g

o

J

£

C

S

i

Locality.

»

.

§

>

Z

3

B

3

f

CS

Ht

o

c

3

s

o

C3

'3

1

(9
BO

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

S3

1
S

o

£

5

m

%

H

a

s

S

<

u

a

a.

10374

Florida Oloruianui)

rf

12.30

7.68

2.60

1.90

0.52

2.10

1.94

2.22

0.60

4

3.5

2

7

8

1

9

Dry...

do..

....do

Cuba^ (minutus) .

7

19.50
15.10

36.00

la.oo

10.00

6.56

2,12

1.70

0.52

1.90

1.76

1.86

0.76

4

3.5

6

2

7

8

9

1

Dry....

CORVUS CAURINUS, Baird.

Northwestern Fish Crow.

Sp. Cu. — Fourth qaill longeit ; fifth and third about equal ; second longer than sixth ; first shorter tlian ninth. Color black,
glossed with purple. Tail nearly even. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw. Length about 16.50 inches ; wing about 11 ;
tail about 7.

Hah. — Washington Territory and northwestern coast.

By the above name I wish to indicate a small crow from the northwest coast, which, though

' CorrtiJ minuliu, Gundlach, Cabanis Journal fiir Ornithologie, IV, March, 1856, 97. Cuba.
June 29, 1858.

72 b

570

U. S p. K. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

not much like the eastern fish crow, appears to possess its peculiar hahits. la all essential
ieatures it is like the common Corvus amtricanus; so much so, indeed, that but for the slight dif-
ference in size it would he difficult to tell skins of the two apart. According to Drs. Cooper and
Suckley, they are maritime, feeding on the sea beach at low tide, and coming about the settle-
ments with considerable familiarity, being much less shy and susi^icious than the common crow.
The note, too, is said to be a little different.

The species is readily distinguished from the eastern fish crow by the larger size, the absence
of green gloss on the belly ; the tarsi longer than the middle toe and claw instead of shorter,
and the second quill being generally shorter than the sixth instead of longer. It is so much
like the Corvus amerkanus as to be only distinguishable by its infeiior size and habits. Indeed,
it is almost a question whether it be more than a dwarfed race of the other sj)ecies.

Crows from California and one from Vancouver (10303) agree, by their larger size, with the
eastern Corvus americanus, and may thus be distinguished from the C. caurinus.

Detailed measurements.

»■

Locality.

i

60

S

o

1

CO

be

&

o

g

Bill—

Succession of quillft from longest.

1

£

3
C

O

3

cs
O

g

to

B
O

"5)
'5

w

e

i

1

1
a

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

G.

7.

8.

3

V

S
a
»
E
'3
a.

9811
10310
10211
10:!0S
10315

Puget Souuil

FonSieilacoom..
do

do

do

do

Shoalwatcr bay..
do

Fort Sieilacoom..
do

17.70
16.00
17.00
16.30

11.32
11.33
11.00
10.92
10.90

7.06
7.08
6.92
6.82
6.70

2.01
2.13
2 06
2.00
2.10

1.80
1.84
1.75
1.78
1.88

0.50
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.53

1.84
1.59
1.72
1.68
1.78

1.80
1.53
1.58
1.60
1.70

2.03
1.73
1.61
1.90
1.98

0.82

0.62
0.66
0.70

4
4

4
4
4

5.3
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5

6
6
6

2
2
2
2
2

8
8
8
8
8

9
9
9
9
9

• 1

Dry

Dry

Dry

Dry

Dry....
Fresh.,

do..

16.60
16.10
16.50
16.40
17.20

32.00
33 00

10306
ilo..

10.72

6.80

2.12

1.98

0.56

1.60

1.56

1.90

0.64

4

3.5

6

2

7

8

9

Dry

Fresh..

10308
10307

10.90
10.70

7.34
6.78

1.96
1.96

1.71
1.72

0.52
0.51

1.85
1.80

1.69
1.69

2.00
1.95

0.66
0.70

4
4

3.5
3.5

6
6

2
2

7

8

8

9
9

Dry....
Dry

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained

Grig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
uf wings.

9811

Simiabmoo bay, W. T.

Steilacoom, W. T

do

Dec. 20, 1857
Feb. — , 1856
April 25, 1856

A. Campbell

Dr. Suckley

do

87
230
322
241

Dr Ive'nnerlv

10310

10311

10308

do

do

10309

do

February

April 25, 1856
do

Sept. 14,1854

-,---do

do

do

Dr Cooper

231

324

324

96

10307

do

10312

c7

do

Shoalwater bay, W. T.

16. 50
16.50

32.00

10306

3.!. 00

BIRDS — rORVIDAE — C0RVU8 OS8IFRAGUS.

571

CORVUS OSSIFRAGUS, Wilson.

Fish Crow.

Corcuj oaifragiis, W11..0X, Am. Orn. V, 1810, 27 ; pi. .xxxvii, f. 2.— Bom. Obs. Wilg. 1835, No. 39.-10. Syn. 1838,

57. Id. Conspectus, IH.iO, 385. — WAci.En,S_vsl. Avium, 1827, Corvus, No. 12 — NuTTAi.i.,Man.

I, 1832, 216.— Abd. Orn. Biog. 11, 1834,208: V, 4"9 ; pi. 14G.— 1b. Syn. 18.39, 151.— lu. Birds
Amer. IV, 1842, 94 ; pi. 22G.

Sp. Cii. Fourtli quill longest ; second riither longer ihan seventh ; fir.st shorter than the ninth. Glossy lilack, with green

and violet reflections; the gloss of the belly greenish. Length, about 15.50 inclies ; wing, 10.50 ; tail, loss than 7 inches ;
tarsus shorter than tlie niiddio toe and claw.
Ilab. — South Atlantic (and Gulf?) coast.

In this .species the hill is shaped much as in the common crow, ^le upper outline perhaps a
little more convex. The hristly feathers at the base of the bill reach nearly halfway to the tip.
I find no bare space at the base of the lower mandible, although the feathers are not quite so
thick there as in the common crow. The tarsus has eight transverse scutellae, and is decidedly
shorter than the middle toe with its claw. The lateral claws do not reach within one-tenth of
an inch of the base of the middle claw.

The wings are long and acute ; the fourth is longest ; next the third, fifth, second, and sixth;
the first is about as long as the secondaries. The distances from the tip of the longest quill to
each primary are as follows :

Longest
quill.

1st.

2d.

3d.

4th.

5th. i 6th.

7th.

8th.

9th.

4515 Washington -„ 4th.

3.55

1.05

.15

0.

.25 1.10

2.10

2.85

3.00

The four outer primaries are cut out on the inner web as in G. americanus.

The tail of the fish crow is nearly even, or only slightly rounded^ the outer feathers about
.40 of an inch less than the middle ones. The innermost tail feather has the webs on both sides
nearly equal.

This species is everywhere lustrous black, with a partly violet and partly green gloss on the
back ; a decidedly green gloss on the belly.

The fish crow of the Atlantic States is readily distinguishable from the common crow by the
much smaller size, (16 inches instead of 20 ; wing about 11 inches instead of 13 ;) the bill is
broader at the base and tapers more rapidly to the end ; the middle toe and claw are longer than
the scutellate portion of the tar.sus, not shorter, the inner claw not reaching to the base of the
middle one. The tail is less rounded. The gloss on the belly is green instead of violet ; that
on the hack is mixed with green, not entirely violet.

Audubon and Wilson describe the fish crow as having a space bare of feathers at the base of
the bill. This I have not found in any of the specimens before me, (all adult,) and am inclined
to consider it a feature of the young, as shown in Mr. Audubon's plate. In these adults the
face is quite as fully feathered as ever in our common crow, which itself sometimes has the
feathers in front of the eye, thickened and sparse.

672

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Detailed measurements.

i

c

5

BiU—

Succession of quills from longest.

•a

«

QJ

cd

CS

a

f

Locality.

K

to

J3
.J

o

c

'3

n

6
o

S
'5

■3

>

s

0

§

<

1
g

0
0

t
S

e

n

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

s

e

a
•s

4515

Washington, D. 0.! t?

15.50

10.56

6.88

1.84

1.84

0.53

1.52

1.42

1.61

0.56

4

3.5

6.2

7

8

9

1

Diy...

do.

do

New Jersey

15.56
14.50

31.50

10. 5P
10.3(1

Fresh .

10314

6.72

1.86

1.93

0.59

1.64

1.56

1.60

0.59

3

4.5

2

6

7

8

1

Dry . . .

10313

do

14.80

10. 7t

6.45

1.84

0.58

1.73

1.60

1.80

0.57

3.4

5

2

6

7

8

9

Dry...

3049

Liberty county,Ga[....

15.60

10.44

6.42

1.82

1.90

0.63

1.76

1.60

1.78

0.58

4

3.5

2

6

7

8

9

Dry...

52849

do

9

14.10

».9(;

e.oo

1.71

1.84

0.54

1.50

1.42

1.66

0.57

3.4

5

2

6

7

8

9

Dry...

6530

Indian Key, Fla..

<?

15. SM

10.40

6.73

1.80

1.94

0.64

1.66

1.58

1.90

0.57

4

3.6

2

6

7

8

9

Dry...

do.

do

33.00

10.00

1

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

4513

3
S

Washington, D. C Feb. — , 1855...

New Jersey -_ ... .L----. -v. -------

Marlset

10313

J . Cassin .......... ..--.

10314

do -- . - --

. do

3049

9

Libertv countv Ga

S F RairH

2849

do

I -----

1 fin _-_ _- - _ _

6530

Indian Kev Florida

Feb. 3. 1857

G. Wurdemann ... .......

33.00

10.00

PICICORVUS, Bonaparte.

Picicorvus, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. 1850, 384. Type Conus colwnbianus, Wils.

Ch. — Lead color, with black wings and tail. Bill longer than the head, considerably longer than the tarsus, attenuated,
slightly decurved ; tip without notch. Culmen and commissure curved ; gonys straight or slightly concave, as long as the tarsi.
Nostrils circular, completely covered by a full tuft of incumbent while bristly feathers. Tail much shorter than the wings,
nearly even or slightly rounded. Wings pointed, reaching to the tip of tail. Third, fourth, and fifth quills longest. Tarsi
short, scarcely longer than tlie middle toe, the hind toe and claw very large, reaching nearly to the middle of the middle claw,
the lateral toe little shorter. A row of small scales on the middle of the sides of tarsus.

Without a specimen of Nucifraga conveniently at hand I cannot express exactly the difference
between it and the present genus. Judging from descriptions, however, the hill is more
curved, the culmen being decidedly convex ; the nasal feathers are longer ; the wings extending
only to the middle of the tail, instead of near the tip. The very long wings distinguish it from
all other American genera, except Corvus, which has a much thicker bill, &c., and is entirely
black. The short tarsi and lengthened lateral and hinder toes are quite remarkable. TJie hind
claw is rather longer than its digit. The sides of the tarsi exhibit the row of small sciiles seen
in Corvus. The commissure is considerably curved, more convex than the culmen, which bends
very gently throughout from the very base. There is a general approximation to the Sturnella-
like bill more decidedly visible in Gymnokllla. Tlie nostrils are small, witli tlio anterior portion
less deeply bevelled off than in Corvus.

BIRDS — CORVIDAE — PICICORVUS COLUMBIANUS.

573

Comparative measurements of species.

6

Spcclei.

Locality.

H

i

2

2 =

00

t
g

g

1

1

•3

o

a"

il

1

ia

i

O

Spoclnian
measured.

4461
W96
du.
»46«

do.

ricicon-tu columbiaDU* .

do.... do

do do

Oyiiinokitia cynuocepbola

Cascade iiiounlailis ..
Kawtiidu peak, Nub..

do

75 niik'8 wen of Al-
buquerque.

9-

13.C0
U.X
13.S0
9.66

10.00

31.50
18.00

7.70
7. 03
7.12
5.88

6.00

5.16
4.73

1.36
1.42

i.«

1.46

O.Sl
0.53

1.73
1.G8

1.80
1.73

1.03
1.06

0.56
U.6U

Skin

Skill

Fresli

4.70

1.46

1.12

0.36

1.34

1.40

0.84

0.44

Skin

Fre»l

1

PICICORVUS COLUMBIANUS, Bon.

Clarke's Crow.

Corvus eolumbianus, Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill, 1811, 29 ; pi. x.\.— Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1824, No. 38.— 1b. Syn. 1828,

57.— NcTTALL, 1, 1832, 218.
.Vuci/'rflffaco/um5iano, Acn. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 459; pi. 362.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 15G.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842,

127 ; pi. 235.— Bon List, 1838.— Nuttall, Man. I, 2d cd 251.
Picicorvus eolumbianus, Bonap. Consp. 1850,384. — Newberry, P. K. R. Hop. VI, iv, 1837, 83.
" Co'vu3 megonyx, Wagler."

Sp. Cii. — Tail rounded or moderately graduated, the closed wings reaching nearly to its tip. Fourth quill longest ; secon
considerably shorter than the sixth. General color bluish ash, changing on tlio nasal feathers, the forehead, sides of head,
(especially around the eye,) and chin, to white. The wings, including their inner surface, greenish black, tlie secondaries and
tettials, except the innermost, broadly tipped with white ; tail wliite, the inner web of the fifth feather and the whole of the sixth,
with llie upper tail coverts, greenish black. The axillars plumbeous black. Bill and feet black.

I ength of male, (fresh,) 12 inches ; wing, 7 ; tail, 4.30 ; tarsus, 1.20.

Hab. — From Rocky mountains to Pacific. East to Fort Kearney.

The tail of this species is nearly even, or but slightly rounded, the lateral feathers being
about .20 of an inch shorter than the other white ones. Sometimes, however, the middle black
feathers project beyond the rest for nearly half an inch.

There is considerable variation in the size of this species, as well as a striking difference in the
length of the bill. Thus, in 4460, from the Cascade mountains, the bill is nearly two inches long,
slender and attenuated, exceeding by half an inch that of 8239. The length is 12.50 inches ;
wing, 7.50 ; tail, 4.65. The general color is sometimes quite pale bluish ash, becoming appre-
ciably lighter on the head. The female is quite similar.

lAst of specimens.

Calal.
No.

6*72
8240
8i!39
8878
8870
8871

88ra

8874
8875
1!H9
69y<l
8473
8475
8474
4460
4461
8470
8471

Sex.

Locality.

Wben col-
lected.

Milk river. Up. Mo Sept. 2, 1853

30 miles cast of Ft. Kearney. Oct. 24,1857
do do

Black Hilto.Neb Sept. IS

do ' do

.... do June 29

do. Sept. 12

do ! Sept. 14

Raw Hide Peak, Neb Sept. 6

Rocky mountains June 16,1834

Medicine Bow, Neb July 26,1857

Mimbres to Rio Grande I

75 mites west of Albuquerque Nov.

95 do Nov.

Cascade mountains, O.T

do

15, 1853
16,1853

Takima river, W. T.
do

Aug.
Sept.

5,1853
1,1853

Wlience obtained. Orig'l
No.

Gov. Stevens...
W. M. Magraw.

do

Lt. Warren....
do

222
231

.do..

.do..

.do..

do

S. F. Baird.
Lt. Bryan...
Dr. Henry...
Lt. Whipple.
do

Lt. Williamson..

, do

Gov. Stevens...
do

Collected by-

Dr. SuckJey.
Dr. Cooper .

do

Dr. Haydtn.

do

do

do

Lcngtti.

Stretch
of wings.

.do..

.do..

J. K. Townsend.
W. S. Wood....

Kennerly & Mull
do

Dr. Newberry.
do

Dr. Cooper....
do

11.75
12.25
13.00
11.00
11.00
11.25
12.00

21.50
22.00
22.00
20.00
21.50
21.50
24.00

Wing.

7.12
7.75
7.75
7.00
7.00
7.25
7.50

7.12

BUI and feet black.
do

Iris brown.
Iris gray...

574 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

GYMNOKITTA, P r. Mux.

Gijmnorhinus, Pr. Max. Reise Nord. Aincr. II, 1841, 21. Type C. ctjanocephala.

Gymmkitta, Pr. Max. " 1850," Gray.

Cyanocephalus, Bonap. " 1842," Preocoupied in Botany.

Ch. — Bill elongated, depressed, shorter than the tarsus, longer than the head, without notch, similar to that of Slurndla
in shape. Culmen nearly straight ; commissure curved ; gonys ascending. Nostrils small, oval, entirely exposed, the hristly
feathers at the base of the bill being very minute. Tail short, nearly even, much shorter than the pointed wings, which cover
three-fourths of the tail. Tarsi considerably longer than the middle toe.

This is a very remarkable genus of Corvidae, and is readily distinguished among North
American forms by the naked nostrils, and short, even tail. The nostrils are small and oblong,
not circular, the anterior wall scooped out. There is a striking likeness in the shape of the
bill to that of Sturnella ludoviciana, even to the depressed culmen at the base, extending back
into the Ibrehead. With a general resemblance to Ficicorvus in the attenuation of the bill, the
culmen is nearly straight to near the tip ; the gonys convex at the base, then straight, and
ascending ; the tip of the bill in both is broad, flat, and without notch. The edges of the bill
are not inflected towards the base, as in Ficicorvus. The tarsi are proportionately longer, the
lateral toes shorter.

In both genera there is a slight indication of a row of small scales along the posterior edge
of the tarsi on the inner edge.

The proper generic name for this species is a matter of some uncertainty. In the first edition
of Gray's list of genera, in 1840, Gymnorldna was proposed for a genus of Corvidae, which,
according to his views, prevented the subsequent use of Gymnorhinus of Prince Maximilian.
The year quoted for the latter name is 1843, but this is the date of the French translation, the
original German work bearing the imprint of 1841. It is a question whether both names cannot
be used, as I have contended in other instances. In the present case, however, as the new
appellation for the group is by the same author as the oil one, and the conflicting names are in
the same family, it may, perhaps, be as well to accept Gymnokitla. I have not been able to lay
my hand on the place where this genus is first introduced.

GYMNOKITTA CYANOCEPHALA, P r . Max.

Maximilian's Jay.

Gymnorhinua cyanocephalus, Pr. Ma.mmilian', Ileise in das innereNord Amerika, II, 1841, 21. — Ib. Voyage dons Am.

du Nord, III, 1843, 29G.
Gymnokitla cyttnocephttla,"PR. Mat." 1850," Br. Conspectus,|1850, 382.— Cassin, Illust. I, vi, 1854, 1G5 ; pi. .x.wiii. —

Newberry, Rep. P. R. R. VI, iv, 18!;7, 83.
Ptilorhinui cyanocephalus, Gray, Genera.
Cyanocorax cassinii, M'Call, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, June, 1851, 21G.

Sp. Ch. — Wings considerably longer than the tail, and reaching to within an inch of its tip. Tail nearly oven. General
color dull blue, paier on the abdomen, the middle of which is t.nged with ash ; the head and neck of a much deeper and more
intense blue, darker on the crown. Chin and fore part of the throat whitish, streaked with blue. Length, 10 inches ; wing,
5.90 ; tail, 4.50 ; tarsus, 1.50.

Uab. — Rocky mountains to Cascades of California and Oregun. Not on the Pacific coast..'

The bill of this species is longer tlian the liead. The wings are long and pointed ; tlie tliicd,
fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal, tlie second a little longer than the sevcntli, but half ;in iiicli
less than the longest ; the exposed portion "f tlio first about half tliat of tlio longest.

BIRDS — COKVinAE — GARRULINAE.

575

Specimens vary considerably in size. Tims No. 8488, from Fort Mapsaclmsetts, marked
female, is 11.50 inches long ; tlie wing C ; the tail 4.80. The color, too, is of a more intense
blue throughout.

List of specimens.

Catn). Six.
No.

Lociility.

Wbea collected.

8488
8466
8468
4466 '....

Fort Mass. N. M

Mimbrcs to Eio GrnnJe.
95 mis. W. Albuquerque.
Des Cluit«s basin, 0. T..

Mar. 28, 1856

Nov. 16, 185.S

Whence obtained.

Ur. Peters

Ur. T.C.Henry.
Lt. Whipple...
Lt. Williamson.

Orig.
No.

14

Collected by-

Length.

11.25

Kenn. & MiiU..
•J. S. Newberry.

Sub-Family GARRULINAE.

Oil. — Wings short, rounded ; not longer or mucli shorter tlian tlie tail, which is graduated, sometimes excessively so. Winga
reaching not much beyond the lower tail coverts. Bristly feathers at base of bill variable, liill nearly as long as the head, or
shorter. Tarsi longer than the bill or than the middle toe. Outer lateral claws rather shorter than the inner.

The preceding diagnosis may perhaps characterise the garruline birds, as compared with the
crows. The sub-divisions of the group are as follows :

A. Nostrils moderate, completely covered by incumbent feathers.

a. Tail very long.

Pica. — Tail excessively graduated ; nearly twice as long as the wings.
attenuated, falcate. Head without crest.

First i)rimary

h. Tail about as long as the tuing, or a lilile longer.
Cyandrus. — Head crested. Colors of wing and tail blue, banded with black.
Cyaxocitta. — Head without crest. Color above blue, with a grey patch on the back.
Perisoreus. — Bill .scarcely half the head, with white feathers over the nostrils. Plumage dull.
Xanthoura. — Head without crest. Color above greenish ; the head blue ; lateral tail feathers
yellow.

B. Nostrils very large, naked, uncovered by feathers.

PsiLoRHiNus. — Head smooth ; tail broad ; wings two-thirds as long as the tail.
Calocitta. — Head with a recurved crest ; wings less than half as long as the tail.

There is a very close relationship between the jays and the titmice, the chief apparent difference
being scarcely anything else than in the sf?e. The feathers at the base of the bill, however, in
the jays are bristly throughout, with lateral branches reaching to the very tip. In Pai-idae
these feathers are inclined to be broader, and the shaft projecting considerably beyond the basal
portion, or the lateral branches confined to the basal portion, and extended forwards There is
no naked line of separation between the scutellae on the outer side of the tarsi. The basal joint
of the middle toe is united almost or quite to the end to the lateral, instead of half way. The
first primary is usually less than half the second, instead of rather more ; the fourth and fifth
primaries nearly equal and longest, instead of the fifth being longer than the fourth.

576

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PICA, Brisson.

Coracias, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1735. Gray.

Pica, Brisson, Ornitliologia, 1760, and of Cuvier, (Agassiz.) Type Corvus pica, L.

Cissa, Barrere, "Cm. Spec novum, 1745."

Cteptes, Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. 2d Ser. I, 1847, 47.

Ch. — Tail very long, forming much more than half the total length ; the feathers much graduated ; the lateral scarcely
more than half the middle. First primary falcate, curved, and attenuated. Bill about as high as broad at the base ; the
calmen and gonys much curved, and about equal ; the bristly feathers reaching nearly to the middle of the bill. Nostrils nearly
circular. Tarsi very long ; middle toe scarcely more than two-thirds the length. A patch of naked skin beneath and behind
the eye.

The peculiar characteristic of this genus, in addition to the very long graduated tail, lies in
the attenuated, falcate first primary. Calocitta, which has an equally long or longer tail, has
the first primary as in the jays generally, (besides having the nostrils exposed.)

A specimen of P. nuttalli has the lateral tarsal plates with two or three transverse divisions,
on the lower third. This does not occur in P. hudsonica.

The bill of Pica, in every respect, is very similar to that of Corvus, except that it is shorter.
The bristly feathers are also alike. The nostrils are smaller, more nearly circular; the axis not
oblique, nor the anterior margin scooped out, as in Corvus.

The two North American species are readily distinguished by the black bill in hudsonica,
and the yellow one of nuttalli.

The first distinct name applied to the magpies is Coracias, Linnaeus, in 1735. Both this and
Cissa, of Barrere, appear to have been proposed before Pica, of Brisson. Why Mr. Gray has
passed by both these names I do not know, but presume he had some good reason for so doing.
He rejects Pica, on account of its similarity to Picas, and takes Dr. Gambel's name of Cleptes,

1847.

Without the original references before me, I follow Mr. Gray in passing over Coracias and
Cissa, but retain Pica, as sufiiciently dissimilar from Picus.

Comparative measurements of species.

■i

3938

vns.

4547
do.

Species.

Pica nuttallii

Pica inetanoleucil .
Pica hudsonica ...
do

Locality.

California.. .

Europe

Fort Pierre .
do

1 *

'5

3

•a

i

1.

S.

li

1 .

-a o
= «

3!

i

«
03

c
tn

bo
c
o

<

Specimen
measured.

17.30

7.42

10.26

1.95

1.43

0.45

1.00

0.49

I.2G

1.53

Skin

16.90

6.97

9.20

1.93

1.42

0.40

1.02

0.50

1.28

1.50

:?kin

18.50

8.08

11.20

1.90

1.42

0.4«

0.97

0.50

1.30

1.54

Skin

18.75

24.25

8.50

Prush

■ 1

PICA HUDSONICA, Bonap.

magpie.

Corvus pica, Fobster, Phil. TranH. LXXII, 1772, 382.— Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 75 ; pi. x.v.\v.— Bon. Obs.
WiU. 1825, No. 4U.— lu. Syn. 1828, 57.— Nuttali., Man. 1, 1832, 219 — Aiiu. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838,
408 ; pi. 357. Not of Linnaeus.
Corvus hudsonica, Jos. Sadine, App. Narr. Franklin's Journey, 1H23, 25, (i71.

Picus liudsonica, Bonap. List, 1838.— lu. Conspectus, 1850, ,'jH3.— Maxim. Reisu Nord. Amor. I, 1,S3!), 508. — In.
Cttbanig' Journ. 1856, 197.— Newberry, Zool. Cal. & Or. Iloute, Bep. 1'. R. R, VI, iv, 1857,
84.
VleplcH liudsonicus, Gamukl, J. A. N. Sc. 2d Sor. 1, Doc. 1847, 47.
Vica mclanoleuca, " ViKii.i.." Ann. Syn. 1839, 157.— Ii.. Bird- Auior. IV, 1842, 99 ; pi. 227.

BIRDS — CORVIDAK — I'lCA IIUDSONICUS, 577

Sr. Cii — Ilill and naked skin behind tlio cyo, black. General rulur bliick. The belly, scapulars, and inner webs of Iho
primaries wliito ; hind pari uf back grayish; exposed portion of the tail fcal'iers glossy green, tinjred with purple and viulct
near the end ; u'ings glossed with grocii ; the socuiidarics and tertijis with blue ; throat feathers spotted with white. Length,
10. OU; wing, 8.50; Uil, 11.00.

Hab. — The Arctic rcfrions of North America. The United Slates from the High Central Plains to tho Pacific, north of
California.

The tail feiithers arc brilliant lustrous' green, interrupted, however, a few inches from the tip
by a shatle of golden, which passes into violet, then into bluish, the extreme tip greenish again.
This prevails on both webs of the middle feathers, but on the others is confined to the outer ;
the inner webs dull blackish, with a shade of indigo. On the wings the prevailing shade is a
beautiful blue on tlie exposed surfaces, this color margining tlie greenish of the secondaries
rather abruptly.

Bill and feet black. Head and neck all round, fore part of breast, interscapular region, rump,
base of the tail all round, under wing coverts, axillars, and tibia, dull black, with a shade
of very dark blue, except the interscapular patch, which is greenish. Feathers of the hood
stiftened, and tij)ped W'ith metallic greenish. Under parts, inner web of primaries, (except at
tips,) scapulars, and tips of the feathers on the hind part of the back, white. Bases of the
feathers on the middle of the throat with a spot of white. Wings and tail glossy green, the
latter tinged subterminally with purple, violet, and golden, the latter glossed with blue.

Exposed portion of the first primary falcate, half as long as that of the second ; fifth quill
longest ; second between eighth and ninth. Tail much graduated ; lateral feather rather more
than half the longest, 5.25 inches shorter than the longest; the tips about equidistant, except that
of the terminal one, which is about one and a half times more remote from the penultimate.

The American magpie is very closely related to the European, but differs in a much longer
tail, and in the white spots on the feathers of the throat. The voice and habits are said to be
entirely difiierent.'

' In an elaborate article on the American magpie in Cabanis' Journal fiir Ornithologio, Prince JNIaximilian takes strong ground
in relation to its specific distinction from the European species, and sums up tho argument as follows :

1. The American magpie is the larger.

2. Ita iris has a grayish blue outer ring, while that of the European magpie is altogether dark.

3. The bill of the American bird is proportionally larger and thicker.

4. The feathers on the lower neck are spotted with white in the American bird, while they are entirely black in tho European.

5. The voice is totally distinct in tho two.

6. The American bird has but two young,

7. The eggs are differently formed, and a little differently colored.

Jnue 30, 1858.

73 b

578

TJ. S. P. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

CalHl.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

1
Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

8477

I.

S
..„..

s

Dr. Suckley ...
Dr. Hayden...

18.75
19.00
18.75
19.50
18.50
21.25
23.25
20.00
19.75
19.00
16.50

23.25
24.50
24.95
25.00
24.50
25.25

25.75
25.25
34. CO
23.75

8.00
7.50
8 50
8.37
975
8.25
7.75
8.50
7.75
8.00
8.50

S198

Fort Derthold, Neb

Lieut. Warren

do

...

4547

Oct. 27,1856
Oct. 20, 1856
Oct. 10, 1856
Oct. 8, 1856
Oct. 15, 1856
Oct. 16, 1856
Oct. 17, 1856
Oct. 3, 1856
Sept. 24, 1856

5193

Running Water, Mo

Great Bend of Missouri

12 miles bilnw Ft. Pierre

Ft Randall, on Missouri....

do

do

do

do

do

do

5197

S196

do

do

5194

do

do

do

do

do.

19

do

do

do

do

do

.... do

S19S

5199

9060

N.brancli Fork of Cbcyenne

BlackHills, Neb

... do

9058

9063

9057

'"$

do

do

do

Sept. 25, 1856

Sept. 13, ItifiB

do

do

18.00
20.50

32.75

24.75

7.50
8.75

9059

do .,

do

do

.... <io

9063

9067

do

Sept. 29, 1856
Oct. 5, 1857
Oct. 20, 1857
Aug. 12, 1857
Aug. 9, 1857
Feb. 4, 1856

do

215

87

255

231

3

7

14

do

20.50
18.50
21.00

25.00
23.50
S6.00

8.50
8.50
8.50

8233

9

Bill and feet black.,
do.

8-238

30 miles west of Ft. Kcarncj

North riattc

Medicine Bow creek

Fort Massachusetts, N. Mex.
do

do

Lieut. Bryan

do

S663

W. S. Wood...

5S64

du

8485

6481

I.ieut. Beckwitli...
do

Mr. Kreutzfeldt
do

8480

4tb camp, Little Colorado. . .
St. Mary's, Rocky mount's.
Fort Steilacoom

Dec. 8, 1853
Oct. 12, 1853
Aug. — , 1866
Aug. 4, 1853
Sept.-, 1856
Aug.2

Eenn.aitd Mtill.
Dr. Suckley ...

17.00
21.50

19.00
25.50

6.00

8478

Gov. Stevens

8483

Dr. Suckley

Gov. Stevens

Dr. Suckley

533

7
534

8479

Yakima river, W. T

BelliugliainBay

I'uget Sound

8482

8417

PICA NUTTALLI, A u d .

Yellow-billed Magpie

Pkanuttalli, Acn. Cm. Biog. IV, 1838, 450; pi. ."SG-a Ib. Syn. 1839, 152.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 104 ;

pi. 228.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib. Conspectus, 1850, 383.— Nuttall, Man. I, 2ded. 1840,236.—

Newberrt, Rep. P. R. R. VI, iv, 1857, 84.
Cleptes nultalli, Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. Pli . 2d Series, I, 1847, 46.

Sp. Ch. — Bill, and naked skin behind the eye, bright yellow ; otherwise similar to P. kudsonica. Length, 17 ; wing, 8 ;
Uil, 10.

Hab. — California.

This species, in every ajipreciahle respect, is precisely similar to the coinmon magpie, with
the exception of the bill and naked skin around and behind the eye, which are bright yellow.
Soinefimee this is rendered darker from the fact that the transparency of the horny covering of
the bill allows the bone to be seen through it. The size is rather smaller, but this may be the
result of its more southern locality. It is a very serious question, whether the bird it; anything
more than a permanently yellow-billed variety of the common bird. It is well known that in
Psilorhinua morio, and other garruline birds, tlie bill may be either yellow or black, almost in
the same brood of young ; and if niagiiies witli these differences were habitually associated
throughout the continent, tjiere would probably be no hesitation in combining tiiem. The
restriction of the yellow billed magpie to the coast region of California, where it is unmixed
with black billed individuals, except in the northern portion of the State, is an interesting fact.

BIRDS — CORVIDAE — CYANURUS.

579

List of (tpccimens.

C'Htal. No.

I>x«lily.

Whi'ii collectctl.

■\Vlicnco olitaiint'd.

8476 Siin Fnincisco, Oil R. P. C'litts...

6899 Siinta Clara, CttI 1855 Dr. Cooper

2845 Soiita Hurbara, Cal S. K. Biiird. ..

4937 San Josd, Cal A. J. Grayson.

4567 San Diego, Cul Dr. Hiunmond.

CoUectoil by—

.1. J. Auilulion

CYANUIiA, Stt ainson.

Ci/onurus, SwAiSBON, F. Bor. Am. 11, 1S31, 495, Appendix. Type Corviis cristalus, Linn.

Cyanoeilla, Cabank, Mus. Hein. 1851- Not of Strickland, 1845.
Cii. — Head crested. Wings and tail blue, with transverse black bars ; head and back of the same color. Bill rather slendor,
somewhat broader than high at the base ; culmun about equal to the head. Nostrils larfjo, nearly circular, concealed by bristles.
Tail about as Ion: as the wings, lengthened, graduated. Hind claw large, longer than its digit.

The culmen is straight to near the tip, where it is gently decuived ; the gonys is convex at
the base, then straight and ascending. Tlie bill has a very slight notch at the tip. The
nostrils are large, nearly circular, or slightly elliptical. The commissure is straight at the
base, then bending down slightly near the tip. The legs present no special peculiarities. The
crest on the head consists of a number of elongated, narrow, lanceolate occipital feathers.

The C. cristata differs from C. stelleri, and still more from C. macrolophus, in having a shorter,
stouter, and more convex and curved bill ; the nasal bristly feathers with black shafts, and the
lateral branches ash color, instead of the whole being black. The tarsi are shorter, the colors
quite different.

Synopsis of species.

Common characters. — Wings and tail blue, conspicuously banded with black. Head with a
prominent crest.

Bill short. Lateral tail feathers tippsd with white. Under parts whitish ; breast with
a crescent of black connected with a half collar on the neck above C. cristata.

Bill longer. Body blue. Head, neck, and upper part of back dull sooty black.

Occipital crest rather short. Frontal feathers slightly glossed with dull blue.
No white about the eyes C. stdleri.

Occipital crest very long. Frontal feathers conspicuously streaked with bluish
white. A white streak above the eye O, macrolophus.

580

IT. S. r. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

i

"a

5

Species.

Locality.

s

09
CO

CO

S

I

3

E

i

V

c

2 S

— c

^ i

— o

~ re

=

>

a

0)

o.
a

to

5

<

Specimen
measured.

urn

do

Cyanura eristam

do

Carlisle, Pa

do

9

10.12
11.00
11.02
12.25
10.90
12.80
11.30
11.70
12.00
11.20
10.30
11.26
10.44
10.70
11.10
11.70
12.80
12.10
13.00
10.70
11.50
13.10
10.90
10.50
11.00
10.90

16.00
17.75

17.00

19.00
18.00

14.25

5 02
5.17
5.62
5.66
5.34
5.71
5.93
6.00

5.22

1.22

1.04

0.34

0.80

0.40

1.01

1.12

Skin

Fresh

1423

do

do

5.84

1.36

1.16

0.36

0.86

0.40

1.18

1.20

Skin

do

do

do

8376

Cyanura ^telleri

do

Cyanura macrolnphus,.

iln

do

do

5.18
6.10
5.90
6.10

i.no

1.82
1.65
1.C6

1.18
1.36
1.16
1.28

0.36
0.44
0.32
0.38

1.13
1.18
1.10
1.24

I.IB
1.40
1.25
1.38

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fresh ....

8372

8486

8352

do

Fori Steilacooin

Fort Mass, N. M....
Onmp lO.i, N. M..

. ...do

City of Mexico ....

"q

1.02
0.90
0.96

0.50
0.46
0.46

4419

5.46
4.43
4.75
4.65
4.82
5.31
5.20
6.54
6.33
0.50
5.82
6.00
6.52
5.78
4.71
4.75
4.. 58

5.70
5.91
5.65
5.64
5.54
5.96
6.08
6.54
6.28

1.58
1.44
1.52
1.60
1.47
1.60
1.64
1.70
1.64

l.IO
I.IO
1.24
1.20
1.16
1.12
1.16
1.28
1.30

0.38
0.30
0.40
0.37
0.33
0.34
0.34
0.41
0.36

0.90
0.83
0.84
0.90
0.72
0.80
0.77
0.94
0.90

0.47
0.34
0.44
0.41
0.30
0.38
0.40
0.44
0.44

1.10
0.98
1 14
1.10
1.10
0.94
1.10
1.1-2
1.10

1.26
1.10
1.20
1.22
1.25
1.08
1.21
1.32
1.30

Skin

1919

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin*

Skin

Skin

5903
8435
9345
8465

Cyanoeilla californica . .

do

do

do

Santa Clara, Cal....

Ti-jon Pass

San Francisco

9

8484

Cyanoeilla woodtiousii .

Cyonoeitta nordida

do

do

Gyanncitta uttraniarina.?
do

Fort Thorn, N. M

9095

Skin

8469
do

Copper Mines, N. M
do

Monterey, Me.^

do

Skin

Fresh

4112
do

5.43

1.22

0.43

0.94

0.47

1.15

1.33

Skin

9096

8452

4032

do

Pftri-soreus canadensis..! Sangrc Cristo Pass.
do do

6.94
5.94
5.62

1.59
1.32
1.60

1.27
0.98
1.12

0.40
0.34
0.36

1.00
0.74
0.89

0.48
0.40
0.41

1.10
0.87
1.06

1.33
0.94
1.16

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fresh . .

9094

do

5.12

1.48

1.12

0.35

0.S5 0 41

1.04

1.16

Skin

CYANURUS CRIST ATUS, Swainson.

Blue Jay.

Coritis crhlatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, lOlli ed. 17.58, lOG ; 12th ed. 1766, 157.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 369.—
Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 2 ; pi. i. f. L— Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1824, No. 41.— Dodghtv, Cab.
N. H. II, 18.'?2, 62 ; pi. vi.— Add. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 11 : V, 1839, 475 ; pi. 102.

Garrulus crislatus, " Vieillot, En?yc]op. 890."— 1b. Oict. Xt, 477.— Bon. Syn. 1828, .58.— Sw. F. Bor. Am. II,
1831, 293.— Vieillot, Galerie, I, 1824, 160 ; pi. cii.— Aud. Birds Am. IV, 110 ; pi. 231.

Pico crhlttla, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1627. Pica, No. 8.

Cyamirus cristalus, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, App. 495.

Cyanncorax cristatti3, Boh. List, 1838.

Cyanoeilla cristala, Strickland, Ann. Mag. N. II. 1845, 261. — Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851,221.

Cyanogarrulus cristahis, Bon. Consp. 1850, 376.

Sp. Cii. — Crest about one-tbird longer than the bill. Tail iniicb graduated. General color above light purplish blue ; winga
and tail feathers ultramarine blue ; the secondaries and tertials, the greater wing coverts, and the exposed surface of tho tail,
sharply banded with black, and broadly tipped with while, except on tho central tail feathers. Beneath white ; tinged with
purplieh blue on the throat, and with bluish brown on the sides. A black crescent on tho fore part of tho breast, tho horns passing
forward and connecting with a half collar on the back of tho neck. A narrow frontal lino and loral region blank ; feathers on
the base of the bill, blue like the crown. Female rather duller in color and a liltio smaller. Length, 12.25; wing,5.65 ; tail,
5.75.

Hub. — Eastern North America, west to tho Missouri.

In addition to what lias been already stated, there is a narrow black line behind tlie eye
running into the cervical collar, which is overhung by the feathers of the crest ; the posterior
concealed ones of these also black. The amount of white on the tail decreases from the exterior.

BIRDS — CORVIUAE-

.•YANURirs STELLKKI

581

List of specimens.

c«ui. e«x.

No.

MOT

9

14-23

(?

TWO

9

6946

frUU

83»

3

KB5

5t«6

Locality.

WaiiliifiRlon, D. 0..

Carliiilc, Pcno

do

SI. Louis

Knrlnr, Wii

Rid Rivt-r, H. n....
Flirt Lctvenworth..
lodcpendcnce, Mo.

do ,

Foil Rilpy, K. T.

When i^ol-
lictid.

April 30, IMJ
May 2, IBAt
May e, 18iT

Oct. 33, IBM
May 27, I8S7

May 29, 1857

Whence oblainod.

Wm. lliitton.
8. F. naird ..

.do.

Lieut. Ilrynn

Robert Keonicott .

Orig.

No.

Gollectod by — Length.

Stretch
ofwingti.

Wing.

11. (Ill ic.oo
1 J. •.'.-. 17.75

W. S. Wood.

Lieut. Couch

W. M. Magmw

do

Hammond & DeVesey

Dr. Cooper 12.S0

...do..

13.50

16. SO
16.50

5.16
5.65

5.50
5.50

RrmarkK.

Iris brnwn ; bill and

feet black.
do do. ..

CYANURA STELLERI, S w a i u s o u .

Stellcr's Jay.

Corvus sitlleri, Gmelin, Sjst. Nnt. I, 17S8, 370.— Lath. liid. Oni. 1, 1790, l.'iR.— Pali.as, Zoo?. Rosso-As. I, 1811,
393.— Bo.NAP. Zoo). Jour. Ill, 1827, 49.— Ib. Siippl. Syii, 1828, 433.— AtiD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838,
453; pi. 362.

Gamtlus sUlleri, Vieillot, Diet. XII, 1817, 481. — Uonap. Am. Orii. II, 1828, 44; pi. .xiii. — Nuttall, Man. I,
1832, 229.— Ahd. Syn. 1839, 154.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 107 ; pl. 230. Not of Swain-
son, F. Bor. Anier..^

Ci/nniiriii stelleri, Shainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 495, App.

Puaslelkri, Wacler, Syst. Av. 1827, Pica, No. 10.

Cynnocorax stelleri, Bos. List, 1838.

Cijanocilla fUlleri, Cab. Mus. llcin. 1851, 221.— Newberrt, P. R. 11. Rb|>. VI, iv, 1857, 85.

CyanogaTrrulus stelleri, Bokap. Conspectus, 1850,377.

SlelUr's croic, Penna.st, Arctic Zool. II, Sp. 139. — Lath. Syn. I, 387.

Sp. Ch. — Crest about one-third longer than the bill. Fifth quill longest ; second about equal to the secondary quiils. Tail
graduated ; lateral feathers about .70 of an inch shortest. Head and neck all round, and fore part of breast, dark brownish
black. Back and lesser wing coverts, blackish brown, the scapulars glossed with blue. Under parts, rump, tail coverts, and wing,
greenish blue ; exposed surfaces of lesser quills dark indigo blue ; tertials and ends of tail feathers rather obsoletely banded
with black. Feathers of the forehead streaked with greenish blue. Length, about 13 inches ; wing, 5.85 ; tail, 5.85 ; tarsus,

1.75, (1921).

Hob. — Pacific coast of North America ; east to St. Mary's Mission, Rocky mountains.

In many specimens there is an appearance of greyish on the chin, owing to the exposed bases
of the feathers. There is a faint gloss of bluish gray on the blackish or dark brown of
the back, but it is scarcely appreciable. The shafts of the quills and tail feathers are black.
The upper surfaces of the tail feathers are blue, not so dark as the secondaries and tertials ; the
inferior surfaces brownish black. Bill and feet black. The wings reach about to the end of the
upper tail coverts.

There is some difference in specimens as to the shade of blue, which sometimes has much less
of green in it than as described. Tiie black bands on the wings and tail also vary in extent &nd
intensity. The sexes do not differ appreciably in color.

The specimens in the collection before me are all from the regions of the Pacific towards the
coast, except one procured at the Catholic Mission of St. Mary's, among the Flatheads. This,
however, is on the western slope of the mountains. The bird figured by Richardson appears to

582

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVtYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

be the C. macrolcphus, as shown by the whitish on the forehead and over the eye ; the desci iption,.
however, answers sufficiently well to C. stelleri.

The Pica cyanochlora of Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 9, Fica, and the Graculus (error for
Garrulus) melanogaster, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XII, 1817, 478, referred to this species by authors,
do not answer at all to it.

List of sjpecimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

844

C?

1841

S. F. Baird

Wosnesjensky

4448

5901

Slraiis of Fuca, W. T

8360

Fori Steilacooiii, W. T

Dec. 26, 1854
Feb. -,1854
Apiil 28, 1856
March

Gov. Stevens

do

Dr. Suckley

30

a50

244
336

Dr. Suckley

8370

do

do

13.00
12.00
13.00

19.00
17.00
17.50

8373

..„..
9

do

do

.do

do

do

April 25, 1856

do

4583

Dr. Potts

8367
8368
1921
4380
4449

do

do

Columbia river

Fori Dalles, Oregon

Cascade mountains

Jan. 31, 1854
Jan. 30, 1854
1834

do

do

S. P. Baird

23
21

do

do

12.25
12.25

18.00
18.00

Jan. 7, 1855

Dr. Suckley

167

Lieut. Williamson

do

Dr. Newberry

4447
5541
4223

do

680

San Francisco county, Cal

Carmel, Redwoods, Cal

Monterey, Cal

Winter '53-54

Sept. 4

May 12, 1847

R. D. Cutis

3718

do

J X. de Vesey

8371

St. Mary's Mission, R. mountains

Dr. Suckley

13.00

18 00

5 75

CYANURA MACROLOPHUS, Baird.

liong-cresled Jay.

Cyanocitia macrolopha, Baird, Pr. A. N. Sc. Pliila. VII, June, 1854, 118. Albuquerque.

? Garrulus stelleri, Sn ainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 294 ; pi. liv. The plate, probably, if not the description. Head
waters of Columbia. Not Corvw stelleri of Gnielin.

Sp. Cn. — Crest nearly twice the length of the bill. Tail moderately graduated ; the lateral feathers about .60 of an inch
shorter than the middle. Fourth and fifth quills longest ; second shorter than the secondaries. Head all round, throat and fore
part of the breast, black, the crest with a gloss of blue ; rest of back dark ashy brown with a gloss of greenish. Under parts,
rump, tail coverts, and outer surfaces of primaries, greenish blue ; greater coverts, secondaries, and tertiale, and upper surface
of tail feathers, bright blue, banded with black ; forehead streaked with opaque white, passing behind into pale blue ; a white
patch over the eye. Chin grayish. Length, 12.50 ; wing, 5.85 ; tail, 5.85 ; tarsus, 1.70, (8351.)

Uab. — Central lino of Kocky mountains to table lands of Mexico.

This species is very similar to the C. stelleri, but is readily distinguishable on comparison
The most striking peculiarities are the much longer and fuller crest, the streaks on the forehead
white, not blue ; and the white patch over the eye, not found at all in stelleri. Tlie head is
much blacker; the crest feathers having also a gloss of blue, instead of opaque dark brown.
The back is dusky bluish ash, not opaque brown. The chin is more gray; the blue of the
breast extends further forward and is much less abruptly defined. The black bands on the
wing feathers are more distinct, especially those on the greater coverts, which, obsolete in
stelleri, are very conspicuous in the other.

BIRDS CORVIDAE — CYANURA MACROLOPHDS.

583

la inUlition to the peculiarities of colovatiou, the bill is much more sleader, ami the tail less
rounded.

The bird figured by Richardson in Fauna Boreali Americana appears to be this species, from
the white forehead and patch above the eye ; the description, on the contrary, applies pretty
well to slt^Ueri.

Recognizing fully the close relationship which the present species bears to C. coronata^ of
Swainson, I am yet inclined to consider it as di.stinct, notwithstanding a previous impression to
the contrary. Swainson's species appears to have the same long crest and the white superciliary
patch, but it is described by him as blue, the sides of the head blackish, the wing coverts
and tertials with blackish lines. As no mention is made of such lines on the tail, it is presumed
that they are wanting. Bonaparte says the bird is entirely blue, the head duller, but with a
bluer crest, the quills and tail feathers obsoletely banded. He adds that the adult has the head
blackish ; the young with the head blue. Cabanis says that the crest is blackish blue, the rest
of the head and fore neck more or less blackish according to age. In the present bird the head
and neck all round are black, and the crest having only a gloss of blue, scarcely appreciable,
and the tail is very distinctly banded with bhuk.

There seems to be a regular succession of jays of the present group between two extremes of
color. Thus, the C. stelleri has the head and neck opaque black, with a frontal wa.sh of dark
blue. C. macrolophus has the head even blacker, the crest only glossed with blue terminally,
the frontal wash and a superciliary spot whitish ; the tail and wings strongly banded with
black. C. diademata, Bonap., from southern Mexico, apparently lacks the superciliary white
spot, the general color is ashy, the rump and abdomen blue. Tiie qviills and tail feathers are
conspicuously banded. It differs from luacrohjjhus in having the crest only black, and the color
more ashy. C. coronata has the head and neck with the crest bluish, the sides of the head black,
a whitish frontal and superciliary sjrot ; and finally C. galeata, Cab., (Mus. Hein, 222,) from
Bogota, has the head entirely blue, the borders of the crest only blackish.

The Garrulus slelleri of the F. B. A. appears to be the present species, and one strong reason
for believing it distinct from the coroiiala is the fact, that Swainson did not identify his supposed
slelleri with the bird he had described only a few years before as Garrulus coronatus.

List of specimens.

C.Mal.
No.

S<.'X and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Wlience obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

S8S6

3

Laramie Peak

Aug. 27

Aug. 26

Feb. 9, 1856
dn

Lt. Warren

Dr. Hayden ....
do

12.00
11.75
11.75
11.75

18.25
21.75

6.25
7.00

8857

do

do

Dr. Peters

6
4

8486

Q
3

FortMa8s.,N. M

do

84S7

do

8356

8351
4419

100 iiiilM west of Albuquerque..
Gamp 105

Nov. 17,1853
Jan. 33,1854

Lt. Whipple

do

20
5J

Kenn. kMiill..
do

11.00
12.00

18.00
17.00

7.00
7.00

Eyes black...
do

Ctancra coronata, Swainson.

Garrulus coronatus, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 437. Table lands Mex. — Jardine & Si^lby, 111. lab. Ixiv.

Pica coroiiala, Waoleb, Isis, 1829, 750. Possibly C. macrolophus.

Cyanurus coronatus, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 495.

Cyanocorojc coronatus, Bonap. Pr. Zool. Soc. V, 1837, 115.

Cyanogarrulus coronatus, Bon. Conspectus, 1850, 377.

CyanocUta coronata. Cab. Mus. Hein, 1851, 222.

5S4 TJ. S. p. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

CYANOCITTA, Strickland.

Cyanocitta, Strickland, Annals and Mag. N. H. XV, 1845, 260. Type, GarrtUiis callfornkus, Vigors.
Jiphelocoma, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 221. Same type.

Ch. — Head without crest. Wings and tail blue, without any bands. Back with a £ray patch, different from the head. Bill
about as broad as high at the base, and the culmen a little shorter tlian the head , Nostrils large, nearly circular, and concealed ,
Tail shorter or nearly equal to the wings, lengthened, graduated.

This genus has much the general character of Ci/anura or the hlue jays, hut is readily
distinguished by the absence of a crest and of black bars on the wings and tail. The wings
generally are shorter ; the general characteristics, however, appear much the same.

The G. idtramarina differs from the other species in having the wings considerably longer, or
fully equal to the tail, which also is nearly even, instead of considerably graduated.

Synopsis of species.

Blue of sides of head extending over the sides of the breast to its middle. Chin, throat,
and breast white ; the feathers of the latter margined with blue. Interscapular gray patch
conspicuou.sly different from the head. A superciliary streak of white.

Eelly and under tail coverts dull white. Forehead blue. A well marked superciliary

stripe C. californica.

Belly light brownish ash ; under tail coverts blue. Forehead blue like the crown.

Interscapular region glossed with hlue. SujDerciliary stripe distinct G. tcoodhouseii.

Belly brownish ash ; under tail coverts blue. Forehead and sides of crown bluish hoary,
conspicuously different from the blue crown, the superciliary stripe not well marked.

G. floridana.

Under parts without any bluish edges to the pectoral feathers ; breast bluish ash ; belly and

crissum pure white. Interscapular region scarcely different from the remaining upper surfaces.

Tail nearly even, considerably shorter than the wing C. idtramarina.

Tail rounded, nearly as long as the wings G. sordida.

CYANOCITTA CALIFOEKICA, Strickland.

California Jay.

Garrulus californicus, Vigors, Zool. Becchey's Voyage, 1839, 21 ; pi. v.

Cfjanocilla californica, Strickland, Ann. Mag. XV, 1845, 342. — Gambf.l, J.A.N. So. 2d series, I, Dec. 1847,

45.— BoN. Conspectus, 1850, 377.— Newberry, P. R. R. Rep. VI, iv, 1857, 85.
Cyanocorax californicus, Gambkl, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, Ap. 1847, 201.
Jlfheloeoma californica, Cabanib, Mus. Hein. 1851, 221.— Bon. Coniptos Rendus, XXXVII, Nov. 1853, 828; Notes

Orn. Delattro.
Corvua vUramarinus, Add. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 456 ; pi. 362. Not Garrulus nlltamarinus, Bon.
Garrulus ultramarimis , Ann. Syn. 1839, 154.— Ib. Birds Amcr. IV, 1842, 115 ; pi. 232. Not of Bonaparte.
Cyanocilla superciliosa , Strickland, Ann. Mag. XV, 1845, 2G0. Typo of genus Cyunocitla.
" Corvuspallialus, Drapif.z," Bonap.

Sp. Cm. — Width of bill at base of lower mandible rather more than half the length of culmen. Lateral tail featlierg about
an inch shortest. Tail an inch longer than the wings. General color above, including the surface of the wings, bright blue,
without any bars. The whole back, including to some extent the interscapulars, brownish ash, very faintly glossed with l>lue
in the adult. A streaked white superciliary line friiMi a little anterior to the eye as far as the occiput. Sides of the head and
neck blue, the region aroimd and l)ebind the eye, including lores and most of ear coverts, black. The blue of the siilns of thu
nock extends across the fore pari of the breast, forming a crescent, interrupted in the middle. The under jiiirls anterior to liie

PIRDS — COUVIPAE — CYANOCITTA WOODIIOI'SKII.

585

crencont, while streaked wiUi blue ; bcliind it dull wliilo ; the eidca tinged willi brown. Lenglli, 12.25 ; wing, f) ; tail, C. 15 ;
tarsus, 1.55. (2841.)

Hall. — I'acific coast from Columbia r:ver south. Not in the interior.

The forehead anil nasal feathers are uniform blue with the crown. The blue extends on the
fore part of the back ; it is scarcely found on the rump, although the upper tail coverts are like
the crown. Tiiere is no trace of blue on the belly, although a very faint wash is perceptible on
the lower tail coverts. The blue streaks on and anterior to the pectoral collar are on the edges
of the feathers, not the centres.

I find considerable ditlerences in size in different specimens of this bird. Thus, No. 8456,
from San Francisco, measures nearly 14 inches ; the wing, 5.25 ; the tail, 6.40. No. 8455,
(male,) from Tejon Pass, on the contrary, measures 10.40 inches ; the wing, 4.65 ; the tail,
5.50. The more southern specimens are smaller, and have the ashy brown of the back less
glossed with blue. In most specimens the tail feathers are nearly truncate ; in 2841, however,
they are quite acute.

In young birds the head is generally like the back, with only a faint shade of blue. There
is a brownish pectoral collar, but no streaks of blue.

List of spechneiis.

CuUil.
So.

2641

8458
5542
4225
5902
5903
4949
8457
3716
4565
8455

8461
8462

Sex.

(?

Loca'iity.

Columbia river, 0. T-

Bodega, Cal

Petaluma, Cal

San Francisco, Cal. . .

Santa Clara, Cal

do

When collected.

Oct. 11, 1834
.Tan. — , 1855

Wint. 1853-' 4

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

Lt. Trowbridge.

E. Samuels

R. D. Cutts

Dr. Cooper

do

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

169

J. K. Towiisend.
T. A.Szabo

San 3osk, Cal. ..

Presidio, Cal

Monterey, Cal

San Pasqual, Cal

Tejon pa£S

Fort Tejon, Cal..
San Felipe, Cal..
Camp 149, Cal ..

July 27, 1853
Aug. 24, 1857

Mar. 16, 1854

A. J. Grayson..
Lt. Trowbridge.

W. Hutton

Major Emory

Lt. Williamson.
J. X. de Vcsey.

Major Emory

Lt. Whipple...

13

A. Schott

Dr. Heermann.

A. Schott

186 I Kenn. and Miill .

CYANOCITTA WOODHOUSEII, Baird.

Woodhouse's Jay.

Sp, Oh. — Sizo and general appearance of C. califomica. Graduation of tail one inch. Blue, with a very obscure ashy
patch on the back. Sides of the head and neck and incomplete pectoral collar, blue ; throat streaked with the same. Breast
and belly uniform brownish ash glossed with blue ; under tail coverts bright blue. Sides of head, including lores, black, glossed
with blue below; a streaked white superciliary line. Length, 11.50 ; wing, 5..35 ; tail, 6.10 ; tarsus, 1.60.

//at. — Central line of Rocky mountains to table lands of Mexico.

This species has so close a relationship to C. ccdifornica that it may not seem proper to separate
themj but the differences are readily perceptible in large series. All of the Rocky mountain

July 1, 1858.

74 b

586

U. S. p. R. R. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT

specimens have coramon characters in which they differ from Caliroriiia jays. The most
striking of these differences is in the much darker shade of the under parts, in which there is no
white at all, exce])t perhaps immediately around the anus. The under tail coverts are of a clear
blue, almost as bright as that on the upper coverts, and there is a general faint gloss of blue
beneath, especially along the middle of the body, while in californica there is only a faint trace of
blue on the under coverts. The back is more strongly glossed with blue ; so much so as almost
to take away the impression of any gray patch at all. The lores are quite black, without the
mixture of hoary, seen in californica. The wing is rather longer in proportion ; the tail rather
less graduated. The bill is more slender.

A specimen, 84G5, from Mexico, doubtfully referred here, is quite similar to those from the
Eocky mountains ; the tail is, however, rather less graduated, and the under tail coverts are
white. There is little or no trace of the superciliary line of white spots. The bill is much
shorter, broader, and more obtuse.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collect-
ed.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Extent.

Stretch
of wing.

Wing.

Remarlcs.

5035

..„.

Independence Springs,
N. M.

Fort Thorn, N. M

Sept. 27, 1855

Capt. J. Pope...

137

13.00

15.00

5.00

Bill and feet black;

eye

8484

9345

San Francisco Mts., N.M
Mexico

Oct. 11, 1851
Sept. — , 1836

Dr. Woodhoiise.

8465?

CYANOCITTA FLORID ANA, B o n a p .

Florida Jay.

Corvusjlorxdanus, Bartram, Travels, 1791, 291.— Aud. Cm. Biog. I, 1831, 444 ; pi. 87.

Garrulusfioridanus, Bon. Am. Orn. II, 1828, 11 ; pi. xi.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 230.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 154.— 1b.

Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 118; pi. 233.
Cyanurus fioritlanus, Swainsok, F. B. A. II, 1831, 49.'>.
Cyanocvrax Jloridatius, I3oN. List, 1838.
Cyanocitta Jloridatia, Eon. Consp. 1850, 377.
.Sphelocomajloridana, CAHiMB, Mils Hein. 1851,22.
Gamilus cyaneus, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XII, 1817, 476. (Not described.)
? Garrulus cacruUscens, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XII, 1817, 480.— Ord. J. A. N. Sc. I, 1818, 347.
Pica caerulescens, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, Pica, No. 11.

Sp. Ch. — Tail munli graduated ; lateral feathers more than one inch shortest Tail an inch longer tlian the wings. Above
hluc ; middle of the back brownish ash. Forehead and sides of the crown, including the nasal fealhors, hoary white. Sides
of head and neck, blue ; the former tinged with blackish, the latter sending a streaked collar of the .-ianie across the breast ;
region anterior to this collar dirty white streaked on the edges of the feathers with blue ; rest of under parts dirty whitish
brown ; under tail coverts blue, the tibia tinged with the same. Length, 10.50 ; wing, 4.40 ; tail, 5.70 ; tarsus, 1 .45.

This species is very similar to the Eocky mountain C. tvoodhouseii in the color of the under
parts, including the brown belly, the blue crissum, the pectoral band, &c. Tlie back, however,
is much lighter and better defined grey, more so even tlian in G. californica. It differs from
both species in the hoary on the forehead and sides of the crown, and iu the absence of tliu
superciliary line of white spots, as also in being considerably smaller.

BIRDS— CORVIDAE CYANOCITTA SORDIDA. 587

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

1919

Florida

S. F. Baird

CYANOCITTA SORDIDA, Baird.

Gamtlus sordidus, Swainson, Philoa. Mag. I, June, 1827, 437. — In. Zool. 111. N. .S. tab. Ix.xxvi.

Cyanogarrulus sordidus, Bonap. Consp. IS-W, 378.

.Ilihelocoma sordida. Cab. Mus. Hein. I85I, 221.

Pico sieberi, Wac.ler, Syst. Avium 1827, Pico, No. 23.

Sr. Ch. — Bill short ; thick ; half as high as long. Wings about as long or but little longer than the tail, which is graduated
.H5 of an inch. Abore and on sides of head and neck bright blue, scarcely duller in the middle of the back. Beneath
white ; the throat and breast tinged with very faint bluish, especially across the latter. Tibial feathers dull bluish ash ; crissum
white, the tips of posterior feathers very faintly tinged with bluish grey. Length, 13 inches ; wing, 6.60; tail, 6.60; tarsus,
1.C.5 ; culmen, 1.00; height of bill at base .45.

Uab — Mimbrcr' "^gion of Rocky mountains, and south to table lands of Mexico.

Fourth aud fifth quills longest, sixth little shorter ; second quill a little longer than the
secondaries. Tail lengthened, about equal to or a little shorter than the wings. Lateral
feathers about .85 of an inch shorter than the middle.

This species is very much like the C. uUramarina, having precisely the same coloration,
except that the upper surface of the tail is more blue, and the middle of the back more like the
rest of the upper surface. The form is, however, very different ; the bill is much thicker at the
base and the gonys curved nearly as much as the culmen, instead of much less. The size is
larger, and while the wings are nearly the same length, the tail is an inch longer, and is
decidedly graduated by almost an inch, instead of not more than one-fourth as much.

The adult specimen described above is from Mexico, kindly furnished by Mr. Jules Verreaux,
the only government skin before me being an immature bird from Fort Webster. This
measured when fresh 13 inches; extent, 19; wing, 6.50; the tail about the same. The general
style of coloration when mature is doubtless that of C. tiUramarina, in the continuous blue of
the upper surface, slightly duller on the back. The under parts are equally destitute of a
pectoral collar or stripes; but the entire anterior half gives promise of being liglit blue, passing
behind into pale ashy blue, more whitish about the anus. It differs from C. ultrainariuus in
the more graduated tail, the lateral feathers .75 of an inch shorter, larger size, especially of the
tail ; which is equal to the wing instead of shorter. There is more blue on the throat and
breast, and a decided tinge of the same behind and under the wings. The lower mandible is
yellowish at the base, blui.sli toward the tip.

This bird appears to be the same with that described by Swainson as Garrulus sordidus, and
by Wagler as Pica sieberi, apparently from the same specimen. I do not understand why the
latter name should be preferred by some authors, as the date of publication is the same (182Y ;)
while Swainson made his description from the specimen while in Bullock's Museum of Mexican
curiosities, before its dispersion, and Wagler after the collection in question had been broken
up, and the specimen passed into Mr. Leadbeater's hands.

588

U. 8. p. R. R EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REP(JRT.

List of specimens.

CataL
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

8469

<?

Copper Mines, N. M..
Mexico

1851

Col. Graham

M. Verreaux

8
17237

J. H. Clark

13.00 , 19.00

6. 50

9095

1

CYANOCITTA ULTP.AMARINA, Strickl.

Ultrainariuc Jay.

Go»Tii/iis uUramarinus, Bunap. J. A. N. So. IV, 18:25, 386. Not of Audubon.

Cyanocilta ultramarina, Strickland, Ann. & Mag. XV, 1845, 260.— Gambel, J. A. N. Sc. 2d Sor. I, 1847, 45.

Cyanogarrulus ullramarimts, BoN. Gonsp. 1850, 378 ; quotes PI. Col. 439.

Sp. Cii.— Tail rounded, but little graduated ; lateral feather about a quarter of an inch shortest. Wings longer tlian the tail,
when closed roiching nearly to its middle. Above and on sides of head and neck bright blue ; the lores blackish ; the middle of
the back slightly duller, tbe tips of some of the feathers dark brown. Beneath brownish asli, paler on the chin and
towards the anal region, wbicli, with the crissum, is white. No trace of wliite or lilack on the sides of tlie head, nor of any
streaks or collar on the breast. Length, (fresh,) 11.50 ; wing, 6 ; tail, (dried,) 5.40 ; tarsus, 1.50.

Hab. — South side of valley of Rio Grande, near the coast, and southward.

This well marked species is quite different in form from the C. californica, having a shorter,
more even tail, much longer wings, and stouter feet. The absence of any collar or streaks on
the breast and throat, of black or white on the side of the head, and of decided ash oa the back,
are very well marked features. Tliere is also much more green in the blue of the head.

I am in considerable doubt whether this is the original Garrulus ulframarimts of
Bonaparte, as the latter appears to be much larger than Lieut. Couch's bird ; the length
amounting to 13 inches; the tail, 7 inches; the bill, 1.50 inches. The closed wings reach
almost to the middle of the tail, which is perfectly even at the tij). Gambel says the wing is
7 inches long ; the tail, 6.75 ; tar.sus, 1.75. The measurements given in Conspectus Avium, of
length 11 inches, wing 5|, answer much better to the species here described. Should there be
two species, therefore, and the smaller be not named, I shall propose to call it C. coucMi, in
honor of its indefatigable discoverer, Lieut. D. N. Couch, of the United States army, who, at
his own risk and cost, undertook a journey into northern Mexico when the country was
swarming with bands of marauders, and made large collections in all branches of zoology,
which have furnished a great amount of information respecting the natural history of our
borders and the geographical distribution of the vertebrata generally.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

Length.

Stretch

Wing.

Remarks.

No.

No.

of wings.

4112

^

Monterey, Mex

Lt Couch

156

11 60

18 00

fi 00

Eyes dark brown ;
bill and fectbl'k.

4113

s

'''^

Ai.ril -, 1853

''"

157

11.50

18.00

6.60

BIRDS — CORVIDAE — XANTHOl'KA LUXUOSA. 689

XANTHOURA, Bonaparte.

Xantlioura, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. 1850. Typo Corvus peruviatms, Gm.

Ch. — Head without crest. Tliroal black. Lateral tail feathers bright yellow. Bill very stout ; rather higher than broad ;
culnicn curved from the base. Nostrils rather small, oval, concealed. Tail longer timn the wings; graduated. The wings
concave, rounded ; the secondaries nearly ss long as the primaries. Legs very stout ; hind claw about half the total length of
the toe.

This genu8 is most easily to be recognized by tlie prevailing green color of tlie body, the blue
head, black throat, and yellow outer tail feathers. The bill is stouter and larger than in any of
our other jays, and the cuhnen more curved. The chief peculiarity of form is seen in the wings,
in wiiich the primaries are remarkably short, scarcely longer tlian the longest secondaries and
tertials. They thus reach only about as far as the end of the upper tail coverts instead of much
beyond them, a character quite peculiar among American Corvidae, except approximately in
Fsilo7'hiiius,

XANTHOURA LUXUOSA, Bonap.
Rio Craudc Jay.

Garrulus ^uxuos^lS, Lesson, Rev. Zool. April 1839, 100.

Cyanocorax /uauosus, Dbbds, Esquisses Ornithologiques, iv, 1848 ; pi. xviii. — Cassin, llhist. 1, 1S,^,3, I ; pi. I.
Xantlioura luxuosa, Bon. Consp. 1850, 380. — Cabanis, Mus. Hein. 1851, 234.

Pica chloronola, Wagler, Isis, 1829, 750. Young male. Name belongs to Corvus pcruvianus, Gm.
Cyanocorax eyanicapillM, Caban'is, Fauna Peruana, 1844-'4G, 233. (Note.)

Cyanocorax yucas, " Eoddaert," Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, April, 1851, 115. First added hero to fauna o
United States. iS'amo belongs to the C. peruvianas.

Sp. Cu. — Wings shorter than the tail, which is much graduated, the lateral feathers 1.25 inches shorter. Above green ;
beneath yellow, glossed with green ; inside of wings and outer four tail feathers straw yellow ; rest of tail feathers green,
glossed with blue. Sides of the head, and beneath from the bill to the fore part of the breast, velvet black. Crown, nape, and
a short maxillary stripe running up to the eye and involving the upper eyelid, brilliant blue ; the nostril feathers rather darker ; the
sides of the forehead white. Bill black ; feet lead color. Lengtli, 11 inches ; wing, 4.75 ; tail, 5.40 ; tarsus, 1.G5.

llab. — Valley of Rio Grande, of Texas, and southward.

The blue maxillary patch is broadly truncated behind. The feathers of the forehead are
yellowish at base. The green of the back is not uniform, but is glossed in the middle of the
back with blue ; not so deep as that of the middle tail feathers. The feathers of the under
parts are all yellow at base, which shows through the green, and is particularly distinct on the
middle of the belly, and just below the black of the jugulum. The tibia are chiefly yellow.
The white of the forehead borders the black as far as above the eye ; that of opposite sides
meets along the middle of the forehead, but is there less conspicuous.

Another specimen, 8365, is of a bright yellowish green above, with less blue on the tail.
The blue of the head is much lighter, without any purjdish shade ; the light frontal bar is
yellowish rather than white. There is more yellow visible beneath. In all the specimens I
have seen, bowever, the green of the under parts is very decided.

The description of Garrulus luxuosus by Lesson omits mention of the white frontal band.

This species is closely related to Xanthoura peruviana, which, however, is pure yellow beneath,
has a white patch on the crown, and is, besides, considerably larger. The X. guatemalensis,
with a somewhat similar crown, has the abdomen bright yellow.

590

U. S. p. K K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex

No.

8365

8357

4052

3

9094

Locality.

!When collected

Rio Grande, Tex... Oct. 2, 1855

Matamovas .-

N.Leon, San Diego. Mar. — ,1853

Mexico.

Whence obtained. Grig.
No.

A. Sdiott

L. Bcilaudier ...

Lt. Ccuch 118

M. Verreaux 29883

Length.

Stretch
of wings

11.00 I 14.26

Wing.

4.75

Remarks.

Eyes ilark Viiown ;
feet lead color.

PERISOREUS, Bonap.

Perisoreus, Bonap. Saggio di una dist. met. 1831. Type Corvus canadensis ?
Dysornithia, Swainson, F. B. Am. II, 1831, 495. Same type.

Ch. — Feathers lax and full, especially on the back, and of very dull co'ors, without any blue. Head without distinct crest.
Bill very short ; broader tlian high. Culnien scarcely half the length of the head ; straight to near the tip, then slightly
curved ; gonys more curved than culmen. Bill notched at tip. Nostrils round, covered by bristly feathers. Tail about eijual
to the wings ; graduated. Tarsi rather short ; but little longer than the middle toe.

This genus includes the sijecies of dullest colors among all of our jays. It has, too, the shortest
hill, and with this feature bears a very strong resemblance in many respects to some of the
titmice.

The dates of the two names mentioned above are the same,'but as Gray finds Perisoreus to
possess actual priority I follow him in this, not having a copy of the " Saggio" at hand.

PERISOKEUS CANADENSIS, Bonap.

Canada Jay.

Corvus canadetisis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 158.— Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 382.— Wilson, Am. Orn. Ill,

1811, 33 ; pi. xxi.— BoN. Obs. 1824, No. 42.— Acd. Orn. Biog. IT, 1834, 53 : V, 1839, 208 ;

pi. 107.
Garrulus canadensis, Eon, (Saggio, 1831.=) Syn. 1828, 58.— Swainson, F.JBor. Am. 11, 1831, 295.— Nuttall, Man.

I, 1832, 232.— Add. Syn. 1839, 155.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842, 121 ; pi. 234.
Dysornithia canadensis, Swainson, F. Bor Am. II, 1831. Appendix.
Perisoreus canadensis, Eon. List, 1838. — Ib. Conspectus, 1850,375. — Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 219. — Newbeiirt, Rep.

P. R. R. Surv. VI, IV, 1857, 85.
Garrulus fuscui, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. XII, 1817, 479.
Pico nuchalis, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827. Pica No. 14.

Garrulus Irachyrrhynchus, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. U, 1831, 296 ; pi. Iv. Young.
" Coracias inexicanus, Temminck," Gray.

Sp. Cii. — Tail graduated ; lateral feathers about one inch shortest. Wings a little shorter tlian the tail. Head and neck,
and fore part of breast white. A plumbeous brown nuchal patcli, becoming darker behind, from the middle of the crown to
the back, from which it is separated by an interrupted whitish collar. Hist ol'uppcr parts ashy plumbeous ; the outer primaries
margined, the secondaries, tcrtials, and tail feathers obscurely tipped with white. _Benealh smoky gray.^ Crissum whitish .
Bill and feet black. Length, 10.70 ; wing, 5.75 ; tail, 6.00 ; tarsus, 1.40.

Hab. — Northern America into the northern parts of United States from Atlantic to Pacific ; more south in Rocky mountains.

The young of this species are everywhere of a dull sooty brown, lighter on the middle of the
belly, and more plumbeous on tlie wings and tail. Witli increasing age the region about the
base of the bill whitens, and this color gradually extends backwards until the wliole liead,
excepting the occiput and nape, is white. The under parts are sometimes whiter than in the
typical specimens.

BIRDS — CORVIDAE — PSILomilNU?

o9i

List of specii7iens.

Cmm.
No.

Sei llnd
ogo.

Localiiy.

When
col Ice tod.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Oolleetcd by—

Length.

Stretch
ol'wingti.

Wing.

Beniarka.

&30

O

Q
9

Nurlliern Untied Statu

Jo

S. P. Baird

1920

do

■

Oct. 6

Sept. 13

Oct. 1

Sept. 13

Sept. 27

N. W. UniveraUy.

(8S0

Ulack IliJIi

do

do

do

Dr. ilayden....

do

do

ilo

10.25
10.25
11.25
11.00
11.00
11.25
10.75

16.25
17.00
18.50
16.50
17.13
17.50
15.50

5.50
5.50
6.00
5.50
5.75
5.50
5.50

tt8M

do

do

do

8iMa

tisso

Eye black

do

Oct. 1

do

do

geil

do

Sept. 37

Oct. 1

do

do

do

do

do

fSi.')

do

do

BivSS

6&4T

(?

do . .

5
554
61
61

do

12.00

18.50

fi.OO

Sangre del Crista Pass, Utali.
Port Townsind, W. T

Cnpl. Bcckwith..

Dr. Sucklcy

Gov. Stevens

do

(M6I

Aug. 26,1856
Mar. 10, 1854
do

11.25
10.50
10.50

17.25
16.50
16.75

&453

Dr. Cooper

do

6454

.VJ04

do

do

do

4463

Cascade mouniains, W. T..

Lt. Williamson...

Dr. Newberry..

PSILORIIINUS, Riippel.

Prilorhinus, Rlppkl, Mus. Senck. 1837, 188- Type Pica morio, Waaler.

Cii. — Color very dull brown above. Bill very stout, compressed, without notch ; higher than broad at the nostrils ; culinon
curved from the base. Nostrils rounded ; the anterior extremity rounded off into the bill ; not covered by bristles, but fully
exposed. Tail rather longer than the winga, graduated ; the lateral feather three-fourths the longest ; secondaries and tertials
nearly as long as the primaries. Legs stout and short, not equal to the head, and little longer than the bill from base.

This genus embraces jays of large size and very dull plumage. The thick bill, with the much
curved culmcn, the moderate tail, and the oi^en nostrils, may serve to distinguish it from its
allies. The nostril is very large, and its anterior portion is bevelled off to a greater degree than
in any genus, except in Calocitta. This last mentioned genus has the same form of bill and of
nostrils, but the head has a long recurved crest ; the tail is twice as long as the wings ; the
lateral feather nearly lialf the middle ; the lateral tarsal plates scutellate for the inferior
half, &C.

la the shape of the bill and the shortness of the primaries, compared with the broad tertials
and secondaries, there is much resemblance to Xanlhoura. The nostrils are, however, uncovered,
the legs much stouter and shorter, being shorter than the head instead of longer ; the tail
feathers are broader, &c.

Comparative measurements of species.

d
2

Bpeciea.

Locality.

ID

c

0
^&

1

vt

0
0
•0

a

0
2 °

si

l!

■a 0
= 0
X

4)

>

.0

a
3

a.

C3
UI
CD

B
0

5

Specimen
measured.

4114

do.

Fsilorhinus morio

do

do

do

China, New Leon

do

Boquillo, Mexico

do

9
"3

IS.iO
15.17
16.60
16.00
15.70
20.20

22.00
24.0U

7.16
7.12
7.70
8.00
7.56
7.23

8.53

1.80

1.48

0.44

1.42

1.48

1.20

0.56

Skin

Fresh

4116
do.

8.37

1.81

1.50

0.46

1.47

1.50

1.24

0.56

Skin

Fresh

4115
1254

do

Calocitta bullockU*

San Diego, \ew Leon..

8.54
12.50

1.82
1.72

I. SO
1.50

0.46
0.52

1.46
1.45

1.48
1.60

1.17
1.14

0.56
0.54

Skin

Skin

* Not of Audubon.

592

O. 8. P. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PSILORHINUS MORIO, Gray.

Pica moHo, Wagler, Isis, 1829, vii, 751— Ib. Isis, IS.'il, 527.— Voyage de la Favorite, V, 1839, 54. Said to havo

been lulled at San Francisco, Cal. by Bolta.
Fsilorhinusmnrie, Gray, List, genera, 1841, 51.— Bonap. Consp. 1850, 381.— Cab. Mus. Hein. 1851, 226.
" Picttfuliginosa, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. 1831, 333."
Psilorhinus mexicanus, Rlppell, Mus. Senck. 1837 ; pi. xi, f. 2.

Sp. Cii. — Tail much graduated ; the lateral feathers about two inches shortest. Second quill equal to the secondaries ; third
and fourth longest. General color dark smokj brown, becoming almost black on the head ; the breast brownish gray ; nearly
white about the anus ; under tail coverts tinged with brown ; the exposed portion of the tail with a decided gloss of blue ; bill
and feet, in some specimens, yellow, in others black. Length, 16. CO inches ; wing, 8.00 ; tail, 8.25 ; tarsus, 1.80.

Hab. — Rio Grande valley of Texas southward.

Tlie difference in the color of the bill appears to be independent of sex. The feet of the
yellow-billed birds are not of the same pure yellow.

The Fsilorhinus mexicanus of Riippel is described as having white tips to the tail feathers ;
of these there is no trace in the adult specimens, male and female, before me. He speaks of a
supposed young bird sent from Tamaulipas, by Lindheimer, as being without these white tips.

List

of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Orig. Length.
No.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

4116

S

9

Boquillo, Mcx

do

San Diego, Cal

4117
4118

do

140
109

98

16.75

24.00

7.75

Bill and feet yellow

4114

China, N. Leon, Mex..

15.25

22.00

7.25

Eye black, bill slate, feet slate.

The following species of jay have been improperly assigned a place in the fauna of the United
States.

1. Calocitta colliaei, Gray.

Pica colliaei, Vigors, Zool. Jour. IV, Jan. 1829, 353. — Ib. Zool. of Blossom, 1839^ 22 ;

pi. vi.
Corvus bullocMi, Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1831, 483 ; pi. xcvi. Not Pica hullochii of Wagler.
Pica hullochii, Aud. Syn. 1839, 152.— Ib. Birds Am IV, 1842, 105 ; pi. 229.
This species belongs to the west coast of Mexico, and is erroneously credited to California and
Oregon.

2. Cyanocokax geoffroti, Bonap.

Cyanocorax geqffroyi, Bon. Rev. et Mag. Zool. II, 1850, 5G4. California. Not of United

States.

3. ClSSILOPHA SANBLASIANA, BoD.

Garrulus sanllasianus, Lafu. Mag. Zool. 1842, Ois. tab. xxviii. Voyage de la Venus.
Cissilopha sanhlasiana, Bon. Consp. 1850, 380. Belongs to San Bias, Mexico.

4. CyANOCITTA BEECIIEYII, BoN.

Pica heecheyii , Vigors, Zool. Jour. IV, Jan. 1829, 352.— Ib. Zool. of Blossom, 1839, 22;

pi. vi. — Voyagede la Favorite, V, 1839, 52 ; pi. xx. Said to liave

been collected in California by Botta.
C'yano'citla heachii, Bon. Consp. 1850, 378. Collected on the west coast of Mexico.
(Montcreale.)

ORDER IV.

EASORES.

Ch. — Bill not longer tlian tlio head ; the terminal portion more or less vaulted, hard, with or without a soft skin intervening
bctwcon it and the head. Nostril with an overlapping fleshy or leathery scale or valve extending over its upper edge.

In the table on page 2 of the present report I have given a synoptical view of such orders
as helong to the Uniteil States, borrowed chiefly from Keyserling and Blasius. This, however,
will be found to contain several important errors, especially in reference to the position of the
hind toe. This is stated to be raised above the level of the rest in Easores, Grallatores, and
Xitlatores, and such is generally the case ; but in the Columbae and Fenelopidae, of the first
order, and the Ardeadae, of the second, it is inserted either nearly or quite opposite the others.
This is only one of the many illustrations of the difficulty of expressing the characters of the
primary groups in ornithology by a single concise phrase, the transition from one to the other
being so gradual as to render it almost impossible to say where one ends and another begins.

In the table just referred to, and in the arrangement and succession of the higher divisions
of the volume, I have not pretended to follow the more recent ideas of Bonaparte and others.
My object was merely to indicate the North American species of birds, especially those collected
by the government expeditions, with their range and distribution, and not to attempt any of the
higher generalizations. For this reason I have followed the older division into orders, although
tliat of Bonaparte in many respects is more philosophical. This author arranges birds into two
sub-classes, called AUrices and Praecoces, accordingly as their young require to be brought up in
the nest, or are able to run about immediately after birth and gather food for themselves.

Each of these sub-classes is divided into orders, which range in parallel series, as shown in
the accompanying table, taken from volume XXXVII of Comptes Rendus, for October 31, 1853.
It will be seen from the table that the Inepti (dodo, &c.,) of the AUrices represent the Slru-
ihiones (ostriches) of the Praecoces; the Gyrantes, or true doves, the gallinaceous birds ; the
Herodiones, or herons, &c. , the Grallae (sandpipers, snipes, &c.); the Gaviae, or gulls, pelicans,
&c., the Anseres, (ducks, grebes, penguins, &c.) The parallelism in this case corresponds, to a
certain degree, with that which prevails in the mammals between the Marsupiata and the
Placentalia, and the time will probably come when naturalists will as little think of mixing up
the AUrices and Praecoces in the same order, as they now do a similar combination of the
marsupial and non-marsupial mammals.

The position of the hind toe seems to have a direct relationship to the mode of life of the
bird. Those species which live on or among trees, and especially which nest and bring up their
young there, have the hind toe elongated, and placed low down more or less on a level with the
anterior ones, apparently to facilitate prehension. Such we see to be the case in the herons, and
a few other arboricole waders, and in the Penelopidae and Megapodidae of tlie gallinaceous
birds. Some of the doves exhibit a tendency to an elevation of the hind toe ; this, at anv rate,
appears to be the case in Starnoenas.
July 1, 1858.

75 b

594

U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

As already remarked, however, I shall not attempt to introduce any special innovation in the
usual arrangement of the orders of American birds, but merely indicate what has been done by
more modern writers. The combination of Columhae and Gallinae in one order, (after Keyserling
and Blasius,) is an unnatural one in some respects, but it makes little difference in the present
case. Both have a peculiar character of plumage ; the feathers large and coarse, the shafts
thickened, and inserted by a fine point, so as to be easily detached. Both have the short bill ;
the hard vaulted apex of the bill, with its blunt point, and the nostril protected by a fleshy
or leathery, sometimes tumid, scale, projecting over its upper edge, except in the Grypturidae
and Megapodidae, where the nostrils are elongated and open. This latter exception is another
instance of the difficulty of expressing the peculiarities of a group by a single character.

The following characters will serve, in a general way, to distinguish the Columhae from the
Gallinae.

CoLUJiBAE. — Hind toe on the same level with the rest, and short. Toes free, or the membrane,
when present, extending only between the middle and outer toes. Legs weak. Nasal valve
and skin at base of bill soft. Feathers of forehead extending in a point on the base of bill
along the culmen.

Gallinae. — Hind toe usually elevated above the level of the rest ; when on the same level
much lengthened. Toes generally connected at base by a membrane. Legs very stout, and
sometimes greatly lengthened. Nasal valve and base of bill hard. Feathers of forehead parted
by the backward extension of the culmen.

Tahle of orders of birds, loitli their parallelism, according to Bonaparte.

ALTRICES.

I. PSITTACI.

American, Old Woild.

IL ACCIPITRE.S.

in. Passerks.

, ,

Oscines, Volucres.

IV. COLUMBAE.

Inepti.

Gyrantes.
V. Herodiones.

VL Gaviab.

Totipalmi, Loiigipcnnes.

PRAECOCES.

VIL Struthiones.
Vin. Gallinae.

Passeripedes,

IX. Grallae.

Grain pedes.

Oursoies,

X. Anseres.

Aloctorides.

LamcllirostrcR, Urinatorcs, Ptiloptcri.

SUB-ORDER

COLUMBAE.

Ch The basal portion of the bill covered by a soft skin, in which are situated the nostrila, overhunor by an incumbent fleshy

valve, the apical portion hard and convex. The hind too on the same level with the rest ; the anterior too without membrane
at the base. Tarsi more or less naked ; covered laterally and behind with hexagonal scales.

The preceding diagnosis expresses sufficiently the chief characters of this sub-order, or rather
order, divided by Bonaparte into two tribes, one Pleiodi, including Didunculus, of Peale, the
other Gyrantes, or true doves. The Gyrantes are divided by the same author into Treronidae,
Culumhidae, Caloenidae, and Gouridae, characterized as follows :

Tkeronidae. — Bill robust, tumid ; rictus ample. Feet short, thick, half feathered ; toes
fleshy ; claws strong, hooked. Tail feathers, 14, Feathers soft, without metallic lustre ;
prevailing color green ; wing with a yellow band. The species are frugivorous and arboreal.
They are confined entirely to the old world, and are especially abundant in the islands of the
Pacific.

CoLUMBiDAE. — Bill horny at the tip. Tail feathers 12 ; only occasionally 14. Head smooth.
ITniversally distributed.

Caloenidae. — Bill lengthened ; cere swollen ; cervical feathers elongated, acute, pendulous.
Dorsal accuminate. Tail feathers 12. The single species, Caloenas nicobarica, confined to the
East India islands.

Gouridae. — Head conspicuously crested ; tail feathers 16. The two species confined to
New Guinea.

The bill of the Columhae is always shorter than the head, thinnest in the middle ; the basal
half covered by a soft skin ; the apical portion of both jaws hard ; the upper very convex,
blunt, and broad at the tip, where it is also somewhat decurved. There is a long nasal groove,
the posterior portion occupied by a cartilaginous scale, covered by a soft cere-like skin. The
nostrils constitute an elongated slit in the lower border of the scale. The culmen is always
depressed and convex. The bill is never notched in the true doves, though Didunculus shows
well defined serrations. The tongue is small, soft, and somewhat fleshy.

The wing has ten primaries, and eleven or twelve, rarely fifteen, secondaries, the latter
broad, truncate, and of nearly equal length. The tail is rounded or cuneate, never forked.

The tarsus is usually short, rarely longer than the middle toe, scutellate anteriorly, and with
hexagonal plates laterally and behind ; sometimes naked. An inter-digital membrane is
either wanting entirely, or else is very slightly indicated between the middle and outer toes.^

The valuable monograph of Bonaparte in the second part of Conspectus Avium renders the
task of arranging the American Columhae in proper sequence and of determining their synonomy
comparatively easy. He divides the family Columbidae, the only one with representatives in the
new world, into Lopholaeminae, Coluinbinae, Turturinae, Zenaidinae, and Fhapinae, the second
and fourth alone occurring in North America. They may be briefly distinguished as follows :

CoLUXUJmAE. — Tarsi shorter than the lateral toe ; feathered above.

Zenaidesae. — Tarsi stout, lengthened, longer than the lateral toes ; entirely bare of feathers.

'The preceding general remarks are taken chiefly from Burmeister, Thiere Brasilions, Vogol, II, 289.

b^6

V. S. p. R, R. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sub-Family COLUMBINAE.

Tarsi stout, sliort, with transverse scutcllae anteriorly; feathered for tlie basal third above, but not at all beliind. Toei
lengthened, the lateral decidedly longer than the tarsus. 'Wings lengthened and pointed. Size large. Tail feathers 12.

This section of doves embraces the largest North American species, and among them the
more arboreal ones. The genera are as follow :

Columba. — Head large ; tail short, broad, and rounded.
Columha. — Lateral toes equal ; bill rather short, stout.
Patagioenas. — Inner lateral toe the longer ; bill lengthened, compressed.
EcTOPiSTES. — Head very small ; tail much lengthened, cuneate.

Comparative measurements of species.

Cal'l
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length

Stretch

of wings

Wings.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimens
m«asured.

8423
do.

Columba Insciata

do

do

do

do

do

Columba flavirostris....
do

Columba leucocephala..

do

do

do

Ectopistes roigratorius..

do

do

Simiabaioo bay

do

do

do

Mimbres to Rio Grande
Los Nogilles, Mexico .
New Leon, Mexico...

do.,

Indian Key, Fla

do

do

rto

Pennsylvania

Carlisle, Pa

do .'.

s

"s"
..„..

..„..

9

14.40
14.00
15.30

12.64
12.60
12.80
14.00
12.00
13.50
12.00
13.00
15.30
14.40
16.00

_,.

25.00

25.00

22.00
22.50
20.00

23.50

8.58
8.50
8.26
8.25
8.20
7.70
7.66
8.00
7.55
7.50
7.36
6.50
8.04
8.06
8.00

6.56

1.04

1.01

0.44

0.76

1.06

Skin

Fresh ....

8421
do.

6.23

1.10

1.70

0.46

0.78

1.04

Skin

8739

8741

4111

do.

6.14
6.16
5.32

1.01
1.04

0.98

1.57
l.Cl
1.02

0.42
0.43
0.40

0.72
0.72
0.66

1.01
1.06
0.80

Skin

Skin.""
Skin

8662
do.

5.44

1.02

1..-.8

0.39

0.76

1.09

Skin

Fresh .

8664
do.

5.52

1.00

1.60

t.40

0.74

1.10

Skin

7115

1319

do.

8.42
8.18

1.08
1.06

1.42
1.30

0.36
0.32

0 63
0.70

0.99
1.02

Skin

Skiu

Fresh ....

COLUMBA, Linnaeus.

Columha, Linnaeds, Syst. Nat. 1735. Type Columha livia, L.

The characters of the genus are sufBciently indicated in the preceding paragraph for ray
present purposes. The two sub-genera represented in the United States are as follows :

Columba. — Bill stout and rather short ; culmen from the base of the feathers about two-fifths
the head. Lateral toes and claws about equal, reaching nearly to the base of the middle claw ;
the claws rather long and not much curved. Tail rather short, rounded, or nearly even ; as
long as from the carpal joint to the end of secondaries in the closed wing. Second and third
quills longest.

Ashy above. Head and under parts purplish violet. A white half collar on the back of
the neck. Tail with a subterininal band of dusky. Feathers on the sides of the neck

metallic golden green. Bill yellow, the tip black C./a data.

Head and neck chocolate red ; back olive ; remaining portion of body slate blue. Bill

and lore purple in life ; yellow in the skin. No metallic scales on the neck.. C.Jlaviroslris.

Pataoioenas. — Bill slender, elongated. Culmen measured from the base of the frontal feathers

about one-half the head. Inner lateral toe with its claw longer than the outer, and reaching

BIRPS-

rOLl'MBIDAK — COLUMBA FASCIATA. 597

to the base of the middle chiw ; the outer falling short of it. Second and third quills longest.
Tail much as in Cohtmha.

Dark slaty blue. Top of the head white. Sides of neck with golden green scales. Bill

dusky in the skin -P. leucocephalus.

The sub-genus Columha, as characterized above, includes the C. Uv'ia, or domestic pigeon, the
ditlerences between it and the American forms being very slight. Eeichenbach and Bonaparte
separate the North American birds from Columha, under the name of GMoroenas.

COLUMBA FASCIATA, Say.

Baud-tailed Pigcou.

Co/umJo/oscio/o, Sat, Long's Exped. R. Mts. II, 1S23, 10.— Bo.v. Amcr. Orn. I, 1825, 77 ; pi. viii.— Ib. Syn. 1828,
119.— Ib. List, 1838.— AVagler, Syst. Av. 1827, Columba, No. -17.— Ndttall, Man. I, 1839,
624.— Aid. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 479; pi. 367.— In. Syn. 1839, 191.— Ib. Birds Amer. IV, 1842,
312; pi. 279.— TscHUDi, Fauna Peruana, 1844- '6, No. 261.— Newbeury, Zool. Cal. & Or. Route,
Rep. P. R. R. VI, IV, 92.

Cklorotnasfasciata, Bokap. Conspectus, II, 1834, •'il.

Coluinbtt mon.lis, Vigors, Zool. Becchcy's Voyage, 1839, 20 ; pi. i.

Clilorocnas monilis, Rcicu. Jcones At. ccT.wii, fig. 2481.

Sp. Cu. — Above olivaceous tinged with ash, changing on the wing coverts to bluish ash, of which color are the hinder part
of llic back, rump, and basal portion of the tail. The terniimil third of the tail is whitish brown, with a tinge of ash, succeeding
a. narrow bar of dusky. Head all round, sides of neck and under parts, including tibia, purpli.sh violet; tho middle of the
abdomen, anal region, and crissum, whitish. Tibia and throat tinged with blue. Quills brown, narrowly margined with
white. A conspicuous narrow half collar of white on the nape ; the feathers below this to the upper part of the back metallic
golden green. Bill and feet yellow ; the former black at tip.

Female similar, with less purple ; the nuchal collar of white, obsolete or wanting.

Length about 15 inches; wing, 8.80 ; tail, 6.10.

Hob. — From Rocky mountains to Pacific coast ; south to New Leon, Mexico.

There is a strong tinge of bluish in the purplish violet around the base of the bill. The
sides of body and inside of the wings are bluish ash like the rump. The outer edges of the greater
wing coverts change to whitish. The subterminal band of blackish on the tail is about an inch
wide, and some two inches from the tip. It is scarcely appreciable on the under surface. The
whitish ash at the end of the tail is often much soiled with brownish.

The female sometimes has a distinct nuchal collar, but without extending as far round the neck.

This species was at one time supposed to occur in Chile, but it is there represented by a distinct
though closely allied species.

598

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AKD SURYEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

CataL

Sex.

No.

8740

8738

9

8734

d

8733

9

8736

1933

3

3825

9

44G3

8741

8739

4109

9

Locality.

FortSteilacoom.W. T.

Shoalwatcr b.iy

do

Fo»t Vauconvcr

Columbia river.
do

North California

Fort Tcjon, C.il

Los Nogales, Mcx

Mimbres to Rio Grande
New Lfon, Mex

Wbeu
collected.

Sept. 25

July — , 1853

July 10

July 30, 1835
May 16, 1835

July--, 1855

Whence obtained. Grig.
No.

Dr. Suckley

Gov. Stevens - .
do ,

555

do...

.-..do...

13

S. F. Baird.
do....

Lt. Williamson.
J. X. de Vesey.

Maj. Emory

Dr. Henry

Lt. Conch

Collected by —

Dr. Cooiier.
do...

.do.

J. K.Townsend.
do

LeBgth.

Dr. Newberry .
Dr. Kennerly .

Stretch Wing.

ii wings.

COLUMBA FLAVIROSTRIS, Wagler,

Red-billed Dove.

Columba ftaviroslris, W-4gler, Isis, 1831, S19. — Lawrence, Annals N. Y. Lye. V, May, 1851, 116.
Chloroenas Jiavirostris, Eonap. Consp. Av. II, 1854, 52.

? Celumba iolitaria, McCall, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. Ill, July, 1847, 233. Rio Grande, Te.ias. Description
refeiring probably to the female of this species.

Sp.Ch. — Second and tliird quills equal, and decidedly longer than llie first and fourth, also nearly equal. Tail truncate,
elighlly rounded. Head and neck all round, breast, and a large patcli on the middle and lesser wing coverts, light cliocolate
red, tlie latter deeper and more opaque red ; the middle of the back, scapulars, and tcrtials olive ; the rest of body, wings, and
tail very dark slaty blue ; the inferior and concealed surfaces of the latter black. Bill and logs yellow in the dried skin, said to
be purple in life ; eyes purple. Length, 14 inches ; wing, 8 ; tail, 5.70.

Hub. — Lower Rio Grande.

There is no trace of any metallic scale-like feathers on the neck of this species. The wing
feathers, including the greater coverts, are whitish on their external border. There is a tinge
of the red on the inside of the wing.

The Columba solitaria of McCall appears to he closely related to this gpecies, but, judging
from the description, appears to differ in having the head and neck bluish rather than red. It
may possibly be the female of C. Jiavirostris, as this sex usually has bluish instead of red ; the
smaller size, too, would favor this supjjosition.'

' CoJiunia soliiaria, McCai.l, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. Ill, July, 1847, 233. " Length, 13 inches 0 lines, &e. Alar extent 23
inches. Wing, from llic flexure, 7 inches 5 lines. Tarsus 1 inch ; middle too 1 inch 2 lines ; fimt toe 9 linos, and longer than
the iljird ; naila light flesh color ; feet and legs deep red. Iris dark orange. Bill above, 1 inch 1 line, but feathered to within 5
lino of the tip ; reddish near the base, whitish near the tip. Head, chocolate blue. Throat, cliocolate white. Neck and breast,
bluish choeulate with brilliant reflections. Back, belly, flanks, under wing coverts, and greater exterior wing coverts, light red
color, the last faintly bordered with white. Lcsssr wmg coverts chocolalo red, forming a bright shoulder spot of elliptical
thapo. Quill feathers dusky, tinged with lead color on the outer vanes. Third prmiary longest. Upper and under tail coverls
bluish lead color. Tail, 5 inches, slightly rounded, of twelve feathers dusky."

BIKUa — COLUMBIDAE — ECT0PISTE8.

599

List of specimens.

Catnl.

No.

Sex uod
ago.

Looulity.

Wlien collected.

1

Whence obtaiDc<l.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wipgs.

Wins.

»4111

<?
o

New Leon, Alex

Rio Grande, Tex..

.. Mar. — , 1853

Lt. Couch

14.00

22 GO

8.00

70'J8

Major Emory

A. Schott

' Eyes, bill, and feot purple.

COLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA, Linn.

M'hite-headod Pigeon.

Columha Uueoctiihah, Lintj. Spt. Xat. I, 17GG,2S1.— Gm. I,77Q.— Lath. Ind. 1790,594.— Bonap. J. A. N. S. Ph.
V, lSa», 30.— Ib. Syn. 119.- Ib. Am. Orn. II, 1828, 11 ; pi. xv.— Ib. Geoff. List, 1838.—
NiTT. Man. I, 1832, 625.— AuD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834,443: V, 557 ; pi. 177.— Ib. Birds
Amor. IV, 1842,315; pi. 2S0.— Temm. Pig. et Gallin. I, 4.59.— Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847,299.

Palagioenas Uuoocephalus, Reiche.vb. Syst. Avium, ltS51, p. xxv. — Ib. Iconcs Av. tab. 223 and 255. — Bonap.
Consp. Av. II, 1854, 54. — Gundlacii, Cabanis Jour. 1856, 107.

Sp. Cii. — Tail rounded. Second quill longest ; first equal to fourth. General color very dark slaty blue ; the quills an
tail feathers darker above ; black beneath. Upper half of head from bill to nape pure white, not reaching the edge of the
eyelids; margined behind by blu'sh, which, however, on the back of the neck, passes into rich purplish brown ; the lower part
and sides of the neck scaled with metallic golden green, each feather margined with black. In life the bill purple, the tip light
blue. Iris while. Legs deep dark red. Length, 13.50 ; wing, 7.50 ; tail, 5.80.

Hab. — Indian key and other southern kej's of Florida. Not on main land.' West Indies generally.

The female of this species appears precisely similar to the male. In the dried skin the red of
the bill and legs appear much the same ; the tip of the former whitish.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ijf wings

Wing.

1934

Q

Florida?

S. F. Baird

186C2

Indian Key, Fla

do

Tortugas, Fla

July 23, 1857

do

do

13.50
13.00
13.00

22.50
20.00
21.58

7.50
«. 50
7.50

8661
«8663

do

do

1 Purple bill, with light blue end ; feet red, iris whitish. « B;a:k eyes and whitish iris, bill purple, with light liluc end.

ECTO PISTES, Swain so 11.

EctopisUs, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1627, 3G2. Type Colmnba migratoria, L.

Ch. — Head very small. Bill short, black; ciilnien onc-thiid the rest of the head. Tarsi very short, half covered ante,
riorly by feathers. Inner lateral claw much larger than outer, reaching to the base of the middle one. Tail very lung and
excessively cuncate ; about as long as the wings. First primary lungest.

This genus is readily distingui.shed from the other Golumhinae by the excessively lengthened
and acnte middle feathers. It formerly included tlic Columha carolinemis, but this, with
more propriety, has been erected into a different genus^ and will be found in tiie next section.

600

U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The Edopistes migratoria is blue above, jjurplish red beneath, passing into whitish behind.
The wing above is spotted with bluish black ; the sides of the neck with metallic gloss.

ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIA, S w a i n s o n .
Wild Pigeon ; Passenger Pigeon.

Culumba migraluyia, LrNNAEUS, Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 285 — Gm. I, 389.— Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 398. —
Wilson, Am. Orn. I, 1808, 102; pi. xlir.— Bon. Obs. "Wils. 1835, No. 179.— Wacler, Syst.
Av. 1827, No. 91.— AcD. 0™. Eiog. I, 1S3I, 319 : V, 561 ; pi. 62.
Edopistes migratoria, Swatnson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 355. — Ib. F. Bor. .'Vni. II, 1831, 363.— Bon. List, 1838.— Ib.
Consp. Av. II, 1854, 59.— AuD. Syn. 1839, 194.— Id. Birds Amor. V, 1849,25; pi. 285.—
"Reich. Icones Av. tab. 949, figs. 1377, 1379."
Columba canadensis, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 284. — Gm. I, 1788, 7?5. Female or young. (Prior name.')
Columbtt americaiia, " Kalm, It. II, 527."
Passenger Pigeon, Pennant, II, 322. — Latt. Syn. II, u, 661.

Sp. Ch. — Tail with twelve feathers. Upper parts generally, including sides of body, head, and neck, and the chin, hliio.
Beneath, purple brownish red, fading behind with a violet tint. Anal region and under tail coverts, bluish white. Scapulars,
inner tertials, and middle of back, with an olive brown tinge; the wing coverts, scapulars, and inner tertials, with large oval
spots of blue-black on the outer webs, mostly concealed, except on the latter. Primaries blackish, with a border of pale bluish
tWjged internally with red. Middle tail feathers brown ; the rest pale blue on the outer web, white internally ; each with a patch
of reddish brown at the base of the inner w*cb, followed by another of black. Sides and back of neck richly glossed with metallic
golden violet Tibia bluish violet. Bill black. Feet yellow.

The female is smaller ; much duller in color ; more olivaceous above ; beneath, palo blue instead of red, except a tinge on
the neck ; the jiigulum tinged with olive, the throat whitish.

Length of male, 17 inches ; wing, 8.50 ; tail, 8.40.

liab. — North America to High Central Plains.

The blue of the side of the head extends to the throat and chin. The upper part of the back
and lesser coverts are of a darker blue than the head and rump. The inner primaries are more
broadly margined with light blue, which tapers off to the end. The axillars and under surface
of the wing are light blue. The longest scapulars have the black on both webs. There is no
blue on the outer web of the first tail feather, which is white, and the inferior surface of the
tail generally is white.

In some specimens the entire head all round is blue.

The immature male varies in having most of the feathers of the head and body margined

with whitish.

lAst of specimens.

Catal

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch

WiDg.

No.

of wings.

1182

(J

Carlisle, I'a

Kept. 25, 1813

S. V. ISidrd

17. OU

21.00

8.50

1319

3

<Io

do

April 1, 1841
June S, 184G

do

1(1.0(1
11. S7

23. 50
23.75

8. 00

1603

8. IG

7116

s

Philudelphia, I'a

I'h. Acad. Nat. Sc.
iliirket

4617

\V:i.sliington,D.C

April — , 1850

17. UO

21. 00

4857

<?

Moutli of Dig Sioux

May 3, 1856

Llout. \Van-t*n _.

Dr. llaydeii

17. IC

23. 75

8. SO

^4866

<J

do ;.

do. .....

do

do

16.87

23.76

8.26

6418

a

Above ininilh Vi lluvV8loue,

Aug. 8, 1866

do

•'•

IC. 26

23.50

8.00

' Iris rod.

BIKDS — COLUMBIDAE.

P.Ol

Sub-Family ZENAIDINAE.

Cli. — Tarsi stout, lengthened ; always longer timn the luliTuI toes, and entirely williuut rcathcrs ; the tibial joint usually
denuded. Tunus sumotiraes with hexagonal scales anteriorly. Tail foatliors sometimes 14.

This snl)-i'umily is reailily distinj^tiished f'roni the preceding hy the longer and more denuded
tnrsi, the feet much better fitteil tor a terrestrial life. The t'oUowing sections belong to it:

ZEN.\n)EAE. — Size moderate. Wings lengtliened, acute ; primaries mucli longer than the
tertials ; .•secondaries short. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, but longer than the
lateral ; scutellate anteriorly.

Melopelia. — Tail short, rounded ; orbits naked.

Zesaida. — Tail short, rounded ; orbits feathered.

Zenaidura. — Tail excessively lengthened, cuneate, of fourteen feathers ; orbits naked.
Chamaepeueak. — Size very small. Secondaries lengtliened. Tertials nearly as long as
primaries. Primaries dark chestnut internally.

Che>uepeua. — Tail sliort, rounded.

Scardafella. — Tail very long, cuneate.
Starnoexadeae. — Legs very stout ; tarsi decidedly longer than the middle toe, covered ante-
riorly with small hexagonal scales or transverse scutellae. Wings short, very broad, and much
rounded. Tail short, very broad.

Starnoenas. — Legs very stout ; tarsi covered with hexagonal scales.
Geotrygon. — Legs moderate ; tarsi covered with transverse scutellae anteriorly.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.

No.

Species.

Locality.

Scxt
age.

LeDglh.

Stretch
ofwing!^.

Wing.

TaU.

rarsus.

Middle
toe.

Lu claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
nieaijurcd.

1935

10.40

1

6.00
6.02
6.00
5.50
5.66
5.75
5.50

4.66
4.30

0.91
0.94

1.14
1.17

0.26
0.26

0.60
0.76

0.92
0.90

Skin

4107

Melopelia Icucopiera

do

Zenaidura carolinciisis . . .
do

Tamaulipoij, Mcx...

' do

Key Bi:icaync, Fia..

Carlisle, Pu-nn

do

Q

do.

11.00

18.25

C631

5.08
6.58

0.76
0.&5

0.94
1.03

0.18
0.22

0.62
0 56

0.76
0.70

Skin

1160

12.50
12.82
10.00
10.75
11.40
10.70
12.00
8.50

10.90
11.70
10.70
10.60
11.20
6.30

18.00
17.50

15.00
17.20

Skin

do.

do

do

Fresh

T-iO

do

o<?

4.82

0.84

0.97

0.21

0.53

0.80

do.

do

do

4560
5560
do.

do

do

do

Colorado river, Cal.

Peialunia.Cal

1 do

<?

Q

6.13
5.32

5.48
5.38

5.66
5.70
5.43
5.01
6.14
3.36
3.39
3.24
3.26
3. OS
3.00
3.6U
3.75

6.16
5.50

0.92
0.78

1.03
1.00

0.23
0.21

0.53
0.58

0.75
0.76

Skin

Skin

103-.M
103-2S

Zenaidura (type of margi-
na/a— VVoodh.)

do

do

Starnoenas cyaiioccpliala

Gcolrygon martiniua

do

CUamaepclia passcrina.. .

North Tork Canadian
1 river.

(?

4.33

5.76

0.84
0.69

0.95
0.96

0.21
0.20

0.57
0.59

0.72
0.60

Skin

Skin

do.

do

Floriila ;

Fresh . .,

8827

4.34
4.58
4.20
2.78
2.68

1.32
1.12
1.13
0.61
0.62

1.24
1.20
1.20
0.73
0.74

0.30
0.26
0.25
0.16
0.16

o.a!

0.73
0.73
0.5D
0.50

1.04
1.00
0.93
0.60
0.60

Skin

2836

Skin

1936

Florida

Skin

9828

Skin

4103

do.-

Taniaulipas, Mcx..
do

t?

Skin

do.

do

6.50
6.30
5.80
5.80
8.90
8.0O

10.50
11.00

FrcKh

1191
1031(5

do

Chamacpelia alliirilta .' . .

do

Scardafella squamosa. . . .

'■ Washington, D. C.

9

2.59
2.53
2.62
4.17

0.58
0.62
0.59
0.61

0.70
0.73
0.72
0.78

0.17
0.18
0,18
0.20

O.SO
0.47
0.48
0.54

0.60
0.61
0.57
0.63

Ski

Skin

10319
4110
do.

1 do

1 Cadereita, N. Leon.

..„..

Skin

Skin

Fresh

1

JdIv 1, 1838.

76 b

602

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

ZENAIDA, Bon.

Zenaida, Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838. Type Columia zenaida, Bp.

Ch. — Bill blftck ; the culmcn about two-fifllis the rest of the head. Tarsi a little shorter than the middle too and claw, but
considerably longer than t.o lateral toes. Tarsus with broad scutellae anteriorly, those on the lower half l>ifid, making two
hexagonal series. Inner lateral toe a little the longer. Hind toe and claw as long as the inner lateral without claw. Wings
lengthened ; second and third quills longest. Tail short, about two-fiflhs the wings, rounded or a little graduated. Orbits
feathered, especially anterior to the eye ; the lids bare.

But one species of this genus belongs to our fauna, and this probably is Int an occasional
visitor. The Zenaida martinicana, of Bonaparte, from MartinicLue and the Bermudas, may
sometimes reach Florida.^

ZENAIDA AMABILIS, Bo nap.

Zenaida Dove.

Coluinba zenaida, Bonap. J. A. N. Sc. V, 1825, 30.— Ib. Am. Orn II, 1828 ; pL xv.— Ib. Syn. 1828, 119.— Wagler,
Isis, 1829, 744.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 625.— Add. Orn. Biog. 11, 1834,354: V, 558 ; pi.
162.— Ib. Syn. 191.— Ib. Birds Am. V, 1842, 1 ; pi. 281.
Zenaida amabilis, Bon. List, 1838. — Ib. Consp. II, 1854, 82. — Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 307. — Reichenbach, Iconcs

Av. "tab. 255."— GuNDLACH, Cabanis' Journ. 185G, 111.
Zenaida uurila, Gray, not Columba aurila, of Lichtenstein, (Z. maculatn,) nor of Temrainck, (Z. »ii<n'(inicona,) fide
Bonaparte.
Sp. Ch. — Wings very long, reaching to the terminal third of the tail. Above reddish olive, variously glossed with gray ; the top
of the head and the under parts violet purplish red, paler on the chin and throat. Inside of wings, and sides of body, blue ; greater
wing coverts tinged with the same. Quills dark brown ; the secondaries tipped with white. Inner tail feathers like the back;
{ho others blue above ; all with a subterminal bar of black, beyond which the blue is lighter, assuming a whitish tint on the
exterior feathers. Wing coverts with concealed spots of black, which are more visible on the tertials ; a spot of the same below
the ear. Bill black. Feet yellowish. Length, 10 inches ; wing, 6.00 ; tail, 4.00.
Hab. — Florida Keys. Chiefly on or near Indian Key, and the West Indies.

The only siiecimen of this species I have at my command is one from Mr. Audubon's collec-
tion, probably procured in Florida. It is more seldom seen now than formerly on the Keys,
as a collection of birds from Indian Key did not contain any specimens of it.

List of specimens.

Catalogue number.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

1935

Khirirbi '

S. F. Baiiil

J. J Aii<IuI)on. .

MELOPELIA, Bonaparte.

McUipclia, BuNAP. Consp. II, Doc. 1854, 81. Typo Columba tcucuiilcra, L.

Ch. Similar to Z<»wi(Za ; the orbital region naked; tho bill longer; tho middle loo longer; the hinder shorter. 'I'ursal

Bcutellae in a. singlo series anteriorly. First (luill nearly as long as the second and third .

This genus, like nearly all the North American ones, is represented by but a single species in
the United States.

' 'Aenaida marfinicann, Bon. Conspectus II, 1854,82. (Columba nuitfn, Tonmiinck, cnsdmrrt, Wagler ; Zenaida bimaculala,
Gray.) .Similar to Z. amubUis, but with tho spots on the tertiary nuills margined behirul with white ; tho abdomen and lower
tail coverts vinaccous white ; tho ti|)H of thi; uiilir tail foallicrs white.

BIRDS COLUMBIDAE — ZENAIUUKA.

603

MELOPELIA LEUCOPTERA, B o n a p .

White-winged Dove.

Columba Uucopttra, LisN. Syst. Nat. I, 1766,281. (Not tlio locality— Asia.)— Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 773.—

Wagleb, Syst. Av. 1827, Columba, No. 71.— M'Cali., Pr. A. N. Sc. IV, 1848, G4.
Ztnaidtt Uucopttra, Grjlt, God.
7"ur(tir Uucoplerus, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 304.
Mclupelia Uucoplera, Bonap. Consp. Av. II, 1854, 81.
? Coiuiiiia hoUotl, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 777.
Columba Irudeaui, Aid. Birds Amor. VII, 1843, 352 ; pi. 496.

Sp. Cu. — Tail moderately graduated on tlio sides. Second and third <iuills longest ; first a little shorter ; fourth considerably
shorter. In the female the upper parts generally arc light olivo brown ; tlio head and neck above purplish, with a black spot
below the ear ; the lower part of the neck with scale feathers of metallic golden green . Forehead and under parts light bluish
gray ; more blue on the sides. Tail feathers, except the middle, bluish above, black beneath, broadly terminated with white ;
the upper surface with a bar of black in the end of the blue. Quills (except inner tcrtials) black, margined or tipped with
white ; a broad white patch along the exterior of the greater wing coverts and alular feathers. Bill black ; bill pinkish purple.
Iris purple. Length, (female,) 11 inches ; wing, 6.00 ; tail, 4.75.

Ilab. — Valley of Rio Grande, southward. California, Dr. Cooper. West Indies.

The preceding description is that of a female, no male being accessible to me. The differences
between the sexes are probably much like those in Edopistes, the blue of the breast and under
parts of the female, doubtless purplish cinnamon in the male.

List of specimens.

Catiil.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected. Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

BQinarks.

4107

9 Tamaulipas

■Mar. — , 1853

Lieut. Couch

11.00

18.25 6.00

Eyes purple, bill black,
feet pinkish purple.

ZENAIDURA, Bonap.

Zenaidura, Bonap. Consp. Avium, II, 1854,84. Type Columba coroitncnsis, L. Probably named previously in

Comptes Rendus.
Perissura, Cab. Jour, fur Om. IV, 1856, 111.

Cu. — Bill weak, black ; culmen from frontal feathers, about one-third the head above. Tarsus not quite as long as middle
toe and claw, but considerably longer than the lateral ones ; covered anteriorly by a single series of scutiillae. Inner lateral
claw considerably longer than outer, and reaching to the bass of middle. Wings pointed ; second quill longest ; first and third
nearly equal. Tail very long, equal ta the wings ; excessively graduated and cuneate, of fourtesn feathers.

The fourteen tail feathers render this genus very conspicuous among the North American
doves. It was formerly placed with the Passenger Pigeon in Edopistes, but has nothing in
common with it but the lengthened tail, as it belongs to a different sub-family.

604 U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

ZENAIDURA CAEOLINENSIS, B o n a p .

Carolina, or Couimon Dove.

Columba tarolinensis, Liknaeus, Syst. Kat. I, 1766, 2S6, No. 37.— Gmelin, I, 787.— Latham, Ind. II, 1790, 613.

Wilson, Am. Orn. V, 1812, 91 ; pi. xliii.— Bon. Obs. 1825, No. 159.— Add. Orn. Biog. I,
1831, 91 : V, 1639, 555 ; pi. 17.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 626.

Turtur carolinensis, Brisson, I, 110 ; pi. viii.

EclcpisUs carolinensis, Rich. List, 1837.— Bonap. Geog. Li.st, 1838.— Acd. Syn. 1839, 195.— Ib. Birds Amer. V,
1842, 36 ; pi. 286.

Zenaidxira carolinensis, Eonap. Consp. Av. II, 1854, 84. Type.

Perissura tarclinensis, Cabanis, Cab. Jour. 1856, 111, 112. Type.

Columba marginata, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 266, No. 40, (best description.) — Gmelin, 1, 1788, 791. — Wagler,
Syst. Av. 1827, No. 91.— Is. Isis, 1831, 519.

Ectopistes marginata, Gray, List, Br. Mus.

?£clo;)tslesmo)-ginci(«s, WooDiiocsE, Pr. A. N. Sc. VI, June, 1852, 104.— Ib. E.\-pl. Zuui & Color 1853, 93 ; Birds,
pi. V. Canadian river. Ark. Immature bird.

? Zenaidnra xnarginella, Bonap. Consp. Av. II, 1854, 85.

Sp. Cn. — Tail feathers 14. Above bluish, although this is overlaid vfith light brownish olive, leavingtliobluopureonly on thetop
of the head, the e.xterior of the wings, and the upper surface of the tail, which is even slightly tinged with this color. The entire
head, except the vertex, the sides of the neck, and the under parts generally, light brownish red, strongly tinged with purple on
the breast, becoming lighter behind, and passing into brownish yellow on the anal region, tibia, and under tail coverts. Sides
of the neck witli a patch of metallic purplish red. Sides of body and inside of wings clear light blue. Wing coverts and
scapulars spotted with black, mostly concealed, and an oblong patch of the same below the ear. Tail feathers seen from below
blackish, the outer web of outermost white, the others tipped with the same, the color becoming more and more bluish to the
innermost, which is brown. Seen from above there is the same gradation from white to light blue in the tips ; the rest of the
feather, however, is blue, with a bar of black anterior to the light tip, which runs a little forward along the margin and shaft of
the feather. In the sixth feather the color is uniform bluish, with this bar ; the seventh is without bar. Bill black ; feet yellow.
Female smaller, and with less red beneath. Length of male, 12.85 ; wing, 5.75 ; tail, 6.70.

Httb. — Throughout United States from Atlantic to Pacific. Cuba, Gundlach.

This species resembles the wild pigeon, E. migratoria, but is much smaller; has the tail
much longer than the wings, instead of equal to them, and consisting of fourteen feathers
instead of twelve. These feathers are much less acutely pointed. The sides of the head, the
front, and the chin are reddish, instead of blue. The quills lack the broad white and red
border ; the tail feathers the reddish patch. The black spot beneath the ear is not found in E.
migratoria.

In comparing a large series of specimens of doves from various localities in North America
I can perceive no differences of moment, except that the more southern are smaller. There is a
purer blue on the tail and upper parts of Pennsylvania skins, the olive brown shade above
being more conspicuous in those from the west.

The young of the year is much duller in general appearance than the adult, and is of a
decided brownish cast, with streaks of blackish on the head, breast, and elsewhere. Nearly all
the feathers are tipped with paler, forming bands. The Eclopistes maryinellus of Woodhouse is
of tliis character. It is certainly a young bird, and has nothing to distinguish it from th
common eastern species, whatever may be the case with the adult.

BIBDS — COLUMUIDAE — SCAliDAl'ELLA SQUAMOSA.

G05

lAst of specimens.

Caial . Si-i 9l Locality.
No. 1 agt. 1

When col-
lecied.

Whence nbiiiineil.

Orij.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Siri'tch
of wing).

Win(.

RcmnrkB.

^

1180 ^

Parli«li> Pa

Sept. _, 1845

8. P Uaird

do

12.82
10.75

18.00
17.50

5.75

oj

do ScpU 16, lt42

,,..,.do

8750

I_ P Kirtlnnrf

25

6i31 ' Q
669d 1

n U'lirilpmnnii

Ki-b. 5,

18S4 .

do .

4915

Calcasieu pa^^, La

do ...

An

45iSl
•IBS8

IR.'vi ' fin

Dr. Hnydcn

W. S. Wood

11.12

16.75

57*) ^
7528

July 7,1856 Lieut. Bryan

75

5739 <fr
4102 ! ^
6754

East of Fort Rik y, K. T. .

June 13 18.^ T.iom Hrvnn

6
42

VV. S.Wood

10.75
11.25

14.50
17.00

Lieut. Couch

5.75

Eyei very dark brown.

KingsoU barracks

July — , 1853

5077

;;;;;;

4960

Dr. Swift, U.S. A...

62
124

5078

recoj, Tex

Perm, camp, Pecos Riv..
Howard Springs, Tex

May 15,1855

13.00
12.00

17.00
17.00

6.00
6.00

Bill black, gums and

5076

Aug. 21, 1855 <ln

5080

May 9,1855
1855

do

purple, eyes black..

5079

fin

6757

San Elizario, Mex

8

Dr. Ecnnerly

12.00

17.12

8758 '

8748

Bill Willinms' Fork.N. M.

Feb. 28, 1854

Lieut. Whipple ....

181

4560

A. Scliott

4559

do

do

47
838

do

5561

..„..

May 13,1856
M»y 10, 1856

E. Samuels

.... do

5560

do

13.00

15.00

5.50

8749

R. D. Cutts

8751

June 2,1853

8755

Gov. Stevens

dn

111
112

8756

do

do

SCARDAFELLA, Bonaparte.

Scardafelta, Eovap. Conspecttis Av. II, 1854, 85. Typa CoJuniia squamosa, Temm.

Cu. — Bill lenglhened ; culmcn more than half the length of head measured from tlie frontal feathers. Feet as in Chamaepelia.
Wings with the tertials nearly as long as the primaries ; shorter, however, tlian the first primary. Tail considerably longer
than the wings ; much graduated, (of fourteen feathers.') ; tlie feathers narrow, linear, or tapering towards the end.

This remarkable type is a miniature of Edopistes or Zenaidwa in respect to the tail, which
is even longer compared with the wings. The only specimen before me appears to have had
fourteen tail feathers, but of this I cannot speak with certainty.

SCARDAFELLA SQUAMOSA, Bonap.

Scaly Dore.

Columba squamosa, (Temminck,) Wagler, Isis, 1831, 519.
Chamaeptlia squamosa, Gray, Genera. — Caoanis, (fide Bp.)
Oena squamosa, " Reich. Icones Av. tab. 253, fig. 3381."
ScardaftUa squamosa, Bonap. Consp. II, 1854, 85. Typo.
Female. — Above ashy olive, changing to purer ashy on the wings. Beneath ashy white, changing on the breast and throat to
pale violaceous. All the feathers on the head and body abruptly margined wilh dark brown, except on the forehead and chin.

606

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

All the quills except the innermost tertials orange brown ; the outer margins and tips dusky brown ; the under coverts orange
brown ; the axillars strongly tinged with sooty. Tail feathers blackish, tinged with gray above ; all (except the innermost)
broadly tipped with white ; the exterior with the white extending backwards on the outer web. Iris purple ; bill black ; feet
flesh color. (Female.) Length, 8 inches ; wing, 3.75 ; tail, 4.10.
Ilab. — South side of valley of Rio Grande, southward.

I regret that no males of this diminutive dove were before me in describing the species.
The single female specimen is in rather poor condition also.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.

No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

4110

Q

Cadereita, New Leon,
Mexico.

AprU 18, 1853

Lt. Couch

128

8.00

11.00

3.75

Eyes purple, bill
black, feet flesh.

CHAMAEPELIA, Swain sou.

Chamaepelia, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 3G1. Type Coiumba passerina, L.
Ch. — Size very small. Bill slender, elongated. Culmen more than half the head measured from frontal feathers. Legs
stout. Tarsi longer than lateral toes ; equal to the middle without its claw ; covered anteriorly by a single series of scutellae .
Wings broad ; the tertials excessively lengthened ; nearly as long as the primaries ; quite equal to the first primary. Tail
nearly as long as the wings ; rounded laterally.

This group embraces the most diminutive doves known to naturalists,
found abundantly in the southern United States.

A single species is

CHAMAEPELIA PASSERINA, Swainson.
Ground Dove.

ColuTtiba passerina, Linnaehs, Syst. Nat I, 1766, 285.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 787.— Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, Gil. —
Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1811, 15 ; pi. xlvi. — Wagler, Syst. Av. Coiumba, No. 88. — Ann. Orn.
Biog. II, 1834, 471 : V, 1839, 558 ; pi. 182.— Ib. Syn. 192.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 19 ; pi.
283.

Coiumba (Goura) passerina, Bonap. Oba. Wils. 1825, No. 181.— Ib. Syn. 1828, 120.— Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 635.

Chaemepelia passerina, Swainson, Zool. Jour. Ill, 1827, 358.

Chamaepelia passerina, Ijonap. List, 1838. — Ib. Conspectus, II, 1854, 77. — GossE, Birds Jamaica, 1847,311.

Sr. Ch. — Back, rump, exposed surface of tertials, and tail above, uniform grayish olive ; neck above and occiput tinged with
bluish ; forehead, sides of head, and neck, under parts generally and lesser upper wing coverts, light purplish rod, tinged with
dusky towards the tail. Feathers of the head, neck, and fore breast, margined with a darker shade of the ground color, tlio
furchead and chin, only, nearly uniform. Feathers of the breast dusky brown in the centre, this most conspicuous on the
jugulum. Under wing coverts, axillars, and quills, brownish orange; the latter margined externally and tijipcd with dusky
brown, the tertials almost entirely of this color. Middle tail feathers like the back ; the others mostly black, the outer one
edged towards the tip with white. The exposed surface of the wing variously marked with blotches exhibiting black, steel
blue, and violet. Bill and feet yellow ; the former tipped with brown.

Female with little or none of the purplish red.

Length, C.30 ; wing, 3.50 ; tail, 2.80.

Ilab — South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Lower California. Accidental near Washington, D. C.

The female of this dove is without the purplish red of the male, this being replaced by pale

BIRDS COLUMBIDAE — OKEOPELEIA MARTINICA.

607

brownish ash, more anteriorly by white. Tho forehead feathers have the darker margins as
well as the rest of the head. There is also a more ashy tinge on the back. The under tail
coverts are brown, conspicuously margined with whitish.

I am unable to detect any material dillerence between specimens from Florida, the lower Rio
Grande, and Lower California.

List of specimens.

Ciital. !scx.

1

No.

liOaility.

When collected.

Whonco obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Lcngtli.

.Stretrli
of wiugs.

Wing.

1
1191 9

3045

AVasliington, D. C- -.

Liberty county, Ga

Caiw Florida

Intliau Key, Fin

Sept. — , 1844
1846

J. C. MtGuiie

W. L. Joues

6.50
6.50

6. 00

10.20
10.50
11.00

3.50

8660

9

Oct. 30, 1857
Aug. 28, 1857

3.50

8661

do

3.50

4921 .

do

4922 Q
41U5

do

do

XiiGut. Couch....

Dr. Berlandier ..

4104 g
4103 J
3726

do

57
68

do

L;i Piu!, L. Cal .•

. .--do __

C. 50

10.50

3.36

W. Button

OREOPELEIA, Reichenbach.

Ortopeltitt, Reiciiekbacd, Handbuch dor Speciellen Ornilliol. I, i, 1851, page xxiv. Type Columba martinica, L.

Ch. — Bill lengthened, slender; culmen half the rest of tho head from the frontal feathers. Feet large, bIguI; tarsi longer
than the middle too and claw, covered anterior!}' by transverse sculcllae. Inner lateral claw longer than outer; reaching
beyond the base of tho middle one, the outer falling short of it. Hind toe and claw more than half the middle do. Quills and
tail feathers very broad ; the wings rounded ; second and third quills longest, the tirst intermcdiatu between the f'ourtli and lillli .
Tail sub-orbicular, tlio shafts convex outwardly ; the leathers rounded, a little graduated.

This genus is placed by Bonaparte as a sub-genus of Geotrycjon of Gosse.

OREOPELEIA MARTINICA, Reich.

Key West Pigeon.

Columba martinica, Gmelin, I, 1788, 781. Not of Temminck.

Giolrygon martinica, Bonap. Consp. Av. II, 1854, 74. — Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 108.

Oreopekia martinicana, Keich. Syst. Av. 1851, page xxv. — Ib. " Icones Avium, tab. 257, fig. 1431. "

Columba montana, AuD. Orn. Biog. II, 1634, 382; pi. 167 — Ib. Syn. 1839, 191.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 14 ; pi.
282.— NnTTALL, Man. I, Jd ed. 1840, 756. Not of Linnaeus.

Zenaida monlana, Bokap. Geog. & Comp. List, 1838.

" Columbigaltina montana, Temminck."

" Columia mys/occa, Lembeye." Bonap. (Not of Temminck.)
Sp. Ch. — Ground color of tlie upper parts, including wing (both surfaces) and tail feathers brownish orange ; tlie upjier part
of head and neck with metallic reflections of green and purple ; the back, rump, and wing coverts, with reflections of metallic
light purplish or violet. There is a white band from tho lower mandible along side of the head, bordered below by purplish
red, like the forehead, and a similar band through the eyes, which are without mctullic lustre. Tho breast is very light purplish
red, fading to white towards the tail and chin. The feathers of the under tail coverts are dusky brown at the base. Length,
10.70; wing, 6.00; tail, 5.75.

Hab. — Key West, Florida, and West Indies.

608

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

I am not aware whether there is any difference between the sexes of this species. It has been
referred by Audubon to the Golumha montana, L., but this appears to differ in lacking the white
bridle along the cheeks, &c.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence .and how obtained.

N.iture of specimen.

2628

Key West, Floriila

S. F. Baird

. do

193C

Jo

do

STARNOENAS, Bonaparte.

Starnocnas, Bonaparte, Geog. & Comp. List, 1838. Type Columfm cyanocephala, L.

Ch. — Bill sliort ; culinen about one-tliird the rest of head measured from the frontal feathers. Legs very stout and large ; tarei
bare on the entire tibial joint, and covered with hexagonal scales, largest anteriorly ; it is longer than the middle toe and claw.
Inner lateral claw the larger ; reaching the base of the middle claw ; all the claws short, thick, and blunt. Hind toe and claw
short, half the middle do.; wings short, broad, and concave; much rounded. Tail short, broad, nearly even, but slightly vaulted.

The single species of dove, composing the genus, in many respects resembles the partridges
or quails, both in external appearance and ia manners.

STAKNOENAS CYANOCEPHALA, Bon.

Blue-headed Pigeon.

Columba cyanocephala, Link. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 283. — Gmelin, Syst. I, 1788, 778.— Wagler, Syst. Avium, 1827,

Columba, No. 112.— AuD. Cm. Biog. II, 1834, 441 : V, 1839, 557 ; pi. 172.
Slarnoenas cyanocephala, Bonap. List, 1838. — Ib. Consp. II, 1854, 69.— Aun. Syn. 1839, 193. — Ib. Birds Amer. V,

1842, 23 ; pi. 284.— Gondlach, Cab. Journ. IV, 1856, 108.
Sternoenas cyanocephala, Reichenbacii, Systema Av. 1851, p. xxv, pi. xxiii. — Ib. Iconcs Av. tab. 260 and 266.
Geophilus? cyanocephala, Sklby, Pigeons, Jard. Nat Lib. V, 21G, pi. xxvii.
Columba (Lophyrus) cyanocephala, Nuttall, Man. I, 2d. ed. 1840, 769.
Columba tclraoides, (.ScopoLi,) Gmelin, I, 772.
Bltie-heailed turtle, Lai ham, Syn. II, ii, G51.

Sp. Ch. — Bill blue, the fleshy j)art at the base carmine. Iris brown, scales effect carmine, the interspaces white. Above and
on sides glossy dark olivaceous chocohite; beneath brownish red, liglitcr centrally. Chin and throat black, with a narrow
border of while below. A white line begins in the chin and passes under the eye to the occiput. Sides of head above this and
forehead black ; crown blue. Length, 10.70 ; wing, 5.40 ; tail, 4.35.

llab. — West India Islands; occasionally at Key West, Florida, and other southern keys.

The axillars and under surface of the wings are like the belly. The crissum is most like the
back. The outer tail feathers have a bluish tinge above.

The liind toe in this species is not strictly in the same plane with the others, but placed a
little above their point of insertion.

SUB-ORDER

CtALLINAE.

Ch. — Dill usually rather short and stout, and Icrsi than tlie hcac) . Basal portion linrJ, generally rovcrcd with feathers,
and not by a soft naked skin. Legs lengthened ; the hind toe generally elevated above the level of the rest, and short ; when
lower doBTi, it is longer. Toes connected at the base by a membrane. The feathers of forehead not extending on the culmcn
in a point, but more restricted, and parted hy the backward extension of the culmcn.

As already stated, it is difficult to define the two sub-orders of Basores so sharply as to
cover all the numerous occasional exceptions in regard to the bill, legs, and other points of
external anatomy. The case would be very simple if North American forms only were in
question, but in giving an account of higher divisions in ornithology, it becomes necessary to
take into account the many varied groups belonging to the world at large.

According to Keyserling and Blasius there is an important difference between Columhae and
GalUnae in the outline of tlie feathers on the forehead. In the former these feathers extend for-
ward on the culmen in a point, and those on the sides pass directly but obliquely across from
the angle of the mouth to the base of this point and behind the scale. In the OalUnae with
feathered heads, on the contrary, the frontal feathers are more restricted, and are actually
parted by the backward extension of the culmen ; the feathers on the side of the head extending
forward on the bill to an appreciable extent. The cutting edges of the bill, too, are said in
Cohimhae to be iuflexed, and not overlapping, while in Gallinae they are more vertical, the
upper overlapping and embracing the lower. The valve covering the nostril, and the base of
the bill, are hard, not soft, and the nasal fossae frequently more or less filled with small feathers.
The marked elevation and diminutive size of the hind toe, except in a few families, is an
important character.

Synopsis of families.

A. Hind toe lengthened and nearly on same plane with the anterior, so as to be in contact
throughout with the ground in walking.

Pexelopidae. — Tail feathers 12. Sides of head usually naked.

B. Hind toe short, elevated considerably above the level of the rest, but the end usually
touching the ground. Tail feathers generally more than 12.

Phasianidae. — Very large. Tarsi, toes, and nasal valve naked. Tarsi generally in the

male, with spurs. Head with naked spaces, or entirely bare,
Tetraonidae. — Of middle size. Tarsi, and sometimes toes feathered. Nasal fossae and

valve entirely filled in and concealed by feathers. Head usually closely feathered,

except immediately round the eye and on the superciliary region.
Perdictdae. — Size small. Tarsi long, bare. The Aasal fossae not filled by feathers,

the valve bare, the head well feathered.

Jnlr 3, 1858.

77 b

610 U, S. P, R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family PENELOPIDAE.

Ch.— Bill lengthened and rather Blender; the end vaulted and hooked, covered by a liorny plate, which extends backwards
along the commissure ; the bill posteriorly, with a membrane, which coverB the naMl fossae, the lores, and the orbital region,
leaving a broad, oval, tree nasal aperture in the anterior portion of the nasal groove, without any peculiar scale above it.
Plumage coarse. Wings much rounded, reaching to, or a little beyond, the base of the tail ; the outer four or five primaries
much graduated, pointed, sometimes attenuated and emarginate ; secondaries lengthened. Tail of twelve feathers, lengthened,
broad, even, or somewhat rounded. Legs moderately stout, the tarsus not very high, covered anteriorly by two rows of
scutellae, behind by small oval scales in several series ; sometimes reticulated. Toes long and thin, the hinder one long, inserted
low down on the heel, scarcely elevated above the plane of the others. The claws narrow, acute, and gently curved. '

The preceding characters, borrowed from Burineister, refer to a family of birds peculiar to
Central and South America, many of them of very large size. They replace in these countries
the Phasianidae of the Old World, which are there entirely wanting, and, where abundant,
furnish an important and excellent article of food. They are chiefly arboreal, living and
nesting among, and in most cases on, the trees, usually moving about in large flocks.

The family, as defined above, embraces three sub-families, the Cracinae, the Penelojnnae, and
the Oreophasinae, the first with the bill usually elevated, the culmen curved from the base.
The sides of the head are generally well feathered, and the birds are of large size. The genera
Crax and Pauxi, or Curassows and Hoccos, are known by the longitudinal open exposed
nostrils, much anterior to the feathers, and rather low bill of the first, and the very much
elevated bill, with the nostrils more vertical, basal, and concealed, of the other.

The sub-family Penelopinae is the only one represented in our fauna, and by a single genus
and species. In this the bill is weak, slender, longer than high, straight at the base above ;
the portion covered with skin longer than the horny part, and the nostrils oval, elongated, and
in the anterior portion of the groove, or extending to or beyond the middle of the bill. The
sides of the head and the throat are more or less naked, with occasional feathers or hairs. The
legs are as long as the middle toe without the claw.

Of the sub-family Oreophasinae but a single species is known, the Oreopha&is derhianus. In
this the nasal groove is filled with feathers throughout, and there is an elevated truncated knob
above the eyes.

Of the Pendopinae, the typical genera, according to Gray, have the following characters :

Ortalida. — Throat without wattles, but with two naked narrow streaks. Outer primaries
broad to and at the ends. Hind toe two-thirds the lateral ones.

Penelope. — Front of throat naked and wattled. Outer three primaries much attenuated and
falcate, linear towards the end. Hind toe nearly equal to the lateral.

Other genera are indicated by Reichenbach and Bonaparte, but these are sufliicient to
illustrate the characters of the single one belonging to the United States.

ORTALIDA, M err em.

Orlalida, Merrem, Av. rar. Iconcs et Desc. II, 1786, 40, (Gray.) Type Phasianua molmot, L.

There is little to add in the way-of characteristics to the diagnosis of this genus just given.
But one species belongs to the United States, thougli several are found in Mexico and further

BOUth.

' iJurmeioler, Tliiere Urasilicns, Viigel, li, IS.Sfi, 33.'i.

BIRDS — PKNELOPIDAE — ORTALIDA M'CALLI.

611

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

Spcrio.

Localily.

■1 <?

Length. Stretch

ofwlngi.

1

Win(.

lail.

Tantuii. Middle ris claw Bill
toe. 1 alone, above.

Alons
gape.

Spccimrn
inoa-iured .

Ortalldi HcCdli

do

New Lconf Mez. .
do

93.S0 S8.3S

8.30
8. SO

10.84

S.34 9.46

0.54 i.oe

1.13

Bkin ...
Freih ..

ORTALIDA McCALLl, Baird.

Chiacalncrn.

Ortatida rrlula, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. l,yc. V, IBril, 116. (Not Prndope rtlnln, WAcii.F.R, Ibis, 1830, 1112, and

1831.517.)
Orta/ida po/iocrpAa/o, Cassin, Illtist. I, i.Y, 1855, 267 ; pi. xliv. (Nol Penelope polioctphala,WAGi.zti,lai», 1830, 1U3.)

Sp. Ch. — Body above dark greenish olive ; beneath browiii.sh yellow, tinged with ohve. Head and upper part of neck
pluinbeotia. Tail feathers lustrous green, all lipped with white, except the middle one. Feathers along tho middle of the
throat black ; outer edge of primaries tinged with gray. Kyes brown. Kill and feet lead eolored. Length, 23.50 ; wing, 8.50 ;
tail, 11.

The bill of this species is rather long and considerably decurved anterior to the nasal groove ;
the commissure curved almost as much as the culmen. The tarsus is about et^ual to the middle
toe ; the anterior half covered by a series of large transverse scutellae, with another series on
each side meeting behind in a sharp ridge, except superiorly. Tliese lateral series are separated
from the anterior by a narrow strip of skin. The outer toe is rather longer than the inner ; the
claw falling considerably short of the middle claw. Hind too without its claw about one-third
the middle toe and claw ; it is situated on the same level with the others.

The feathers of the head are lengthened and pointed, producing a decided full crest. The
side of the head is naked to behind the eyes ; the chin is naked, with rather more than the
central third longitudinally covered by black feathers, with stiffened shafts and abbreviated
vanes. The tail is longer than the wings, broad and graduated ; the lateral feather about
three-fourths the middle. The secondary (juills are long and broad, fully as long as the
primaries. The wing is concave and much graduated ; the first and second quills much shorter
than the secondaries.

I feci considerable uncertainty as to the specific name of the subject of the present article.
The 0. velula^ is said to be olivaceous ; the head and ears slaty gray ; the flanks, crissum, and
tibia, brownish ; the epigastrium and belly somewhat rufous ; the tail feathers above bronze
green, with white tips. The length, 18 inches ; longest tail feathers, 9.17 ; the shortest, G.F>0.
The adult 0. poliocephala" is olive gray ; the head and upper part of neck slate color ; the
epigastrium, middle of bell}', and tibia, white ; the flanks and crissum fulvous ; the tail
feathers bronzed black, tipped with fulvous. The young has the head and occiput slate gray •
epigastrium, belly, and tibia brownish rufous ; the tail like the adult, (tipped with fulvous.)
Length, 23 inches ; tail, 11 inches.

The specimen before me agrees with neither species as described by Wagler. It is most like
the young of 0. polioccphala as to size and general color, but the tail is tipped with white in all

' Penelope vetula, Wagler, Isis, 1830, II12, No. 14. Mexico.

' Penelope poliocephala, Wagler, Isis. 1830, 1112, No. 15, Mexico.

612

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

ages instead of the fulvous, so strongly insisted on by Wagler as occurring in both old and
young. The size is considerably larger than that of 0. vetula; the flanks, tibia, and crissum
are more fulvous than brownish, and the entire head and upper part of the neck are slaty
instead of the head and ears only.

More adult specimens than the one before me are said to be generally of a brownish olive,
darker on the head, (probably somewhat slaty ;) the breast and belly light rufous, with
longitudinal whitish pencillings ; as nothing is said of the tibia, they are probably not white,
but like the flanks. The irids are dark hazel ; the naked skin of the chin orange red and loose.

Upon the whole, I am inclined to believe that this bird is distinct from both vetula and
jwliocephala, and therefore propose for it the name of McCallii, after Colonel McCall, late
inspector general of the United States army, whose admirable biographies of the animals of
Texas and New Mexico have added so much to our knowledge of their natural history. His
notes on the present species in Cassin's Illustrations (I, 268) furnish all on record of its habits,
and from his description has been derived the preceding account of the colors of the adult.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex. Locality.

When collected Whence obtained.

Grig.

No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

14106

1

S BoiiuUla, New Leon ..

1

Spring of 1853 Lieut. Couch .

i37

23.50

26.25

8.50

■•■ Eyes brown ; bill blue, lead color, and slate ; feet lead color.

BIRDS PHASIANIUAE — MELEAORIS. 613

Family 1' II A SI A!^ I D A E .

Cii. — Hill modcr&le ; the legs, iocs, and naxal fu«>ao, liarc ; the tarBiis usually witli oiio or moro ipurg, in tliu innlo. Tlio
hind too elevated above the level of the otlicrn. Tail feathers more than twelve. Faci jjencrally more or less iiakeil.

Of the entire (iiuiily of Phasiunidae, as above described, but a siu^le genus, Jihicayris, belongs
to America, the others being found entirely in the Old World. It includes the different
pheasants, Jungle fowl, the domestic chicken, the turkeys, the peacocks, and other well known
birds, among them by far the most important and interesting species domesticated by man.

The precise limits of the family vary with different authors, Gray making five sub-families,
Pavoninae, Phasianinac, Gallinae, Melcagrinac, and Loplwpltorinac ; while Bonaparte has ijuite a
different arrangement.

The family Numidinae of Reichenbach is equivalent to Meleagrinae oi Gray, with the addition,
however, of almost another entire family, Tinamidae, of the same author, the members all
South American. It is not my place to attempt a reconciliation of these differing views of
classification, although the association of Meleagris with Tinumus and others of this group seems
not very unnatural.

Sub-family MELEAGRINAE.

Cu. — Tail moderate, truncate. Head and ueck nearly naked, and more or less carunculatcd or with fleshy lobes.

The preceding diagnosis is quite sufficient to distinguish the Meleagrinae of Gray from his
other sub-families, the Pavoninae having the tail and its coverts much developed and dejjressed,
but broad and rounded ; the Phasiaranae have the tail greatly lengthened and attenuated,
cuneate, compressed ; the Gallinae have the tail moderate, arched, and compressed, the sides of
the head only naked ; and the Lophophorinae have the head feathered, except immediately around
the eye ; the tail moderate, broad, and rather depressed.

The two principal genera of this sub-family, as described by Gray, are as follows :

Meleagris. — Head and neck without feathers, but with scattered hairs. An extensible fleshy
process on the forehead, but no development of the bone. Tarsi of the male provided with
spurs. Tail nearly as long as the wing.

NuMlDA, — Frontal bone much developed, producing a vertical crest. Lower jaw with two
fleshy lobes. No spur on the tarsi in the male. Tail very short.

The domestic turkey is the type of Meleagris, while the Guinea fowl or Pintado represents
Numida, (N. meleagris.) The latter genus embraces five or six species, nearly every one the
type of a distinct genus of some author, and all inhabitants of Africa.

MELEAGRIS, Linnaeus.

MeUttgrit, LinKaeus, Syet. Nat. 1735. Type Meleagris gallopavo, Linn.

Cu. — Legs with transverse scutcllae before and behind ; reticulated laterally. Tarsi with spurs." Tail rounded, rather long,
usually of eighteen feathers. Forehead with a depending fleshy cone. Head and the upper half of the neck without feathers.
Breast of male in most species with a long tuft of bristles.

The above diagnosis will be sufficient to distinguish the true turkeys from their allies,
the nearest being Numida, according to most authors. In this, besides "the differences already

614

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SDRVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

mentioned, the tarsi have two series of scutellae before, instead of one ; the posterior and lateral
surfaces reticulated. The tail is very short, and concealed by its coverts.

The species of turkey have usually been considered as two, the North American wild bird,
from which the domestic turkey was supposed to have descended, and the ocellated turkey, M.
ocellata, of Honduras, and other portions of Central America. The latter is one of the most beautiful
of known birds, with numerous small fleshy tubercles on the head, different from those of the
domestic turkey. The feathers exhibit reflections of metallic bronze, gold, green, and blue,
while the tail coverts and tail exhibit four series of large ocellated spots. The tail is said to
have but fourteen feathers.

The question has been recently agitated whether the supposed single species of common
turkey, tame and wild, is not really divisible into two or even three, and in the following
pages the reasons wijl be presented upon which an opinion of the kind may be based. In the
mean time, the following diagnoses will serve to show the differences which really appear to
exist in the series of wild turkeys of the type of the North American bird.

Common characters. — Head livid blue, legs red, general color copper bronze, with copper and
green reflections, each feather with a velvet black margin ; all the quills brown, closely barred
with white. Tail feathers chestnut, narrowly barred with black ; the tip with a very broad,
subterminal black bar.

Tail coverts dark purplish chestnut throughout, with the tips not lighter. Tip of tail

feathers scarcely paler chestnut than the ground color M. gallopavo.

Tail coverts chestnut, the tips much paler, sometimes almost white. Tip of tail feathers
light brownish yellow ; sometimes with the coverts broadly whitish M. mexicanus.

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex
& age.

Length.

Stretch
ofwinga.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

1
Middle Its claw Bill from
toe. 1 alone. | nostril.

i i

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

5148

Meleagris fncxicana. .
do

Llano Eatacado,Xfxas .

NearM" S

Llano Estacado

Red Fork of Arkansas.,

Republican River

do

c?

9
9
S
oc?

•48.50
•37.00
M2.00
•44.70
•34.80
41.00
47.00
50.00
42 00

57.50

64.50

19.00
17.30
17.00

ao.oo

18.80

14.60
15.80
14.00
15.50
14.00

6.46
4.95
5.68
6.54
6 45

4.08
3.45
3.68
4.50
4.00

0.90
0.84
0.91
0.80
0.84

1.04
0.98
0.97
1.05
1.06

2.31
1.9ti
2.14
2.23
1.90

Skin

Skin

.0147
100-29
S748

do

Meleagrin gallopavo..
do

Skin

Skin

Skin

do

Fresh ....

1196

do

Washington, D. C

do

(?

21.00
20.00
20.00

17.50

6.00

4.28

0.90

1.05

2.16

Skin

do.

do

10322

do

do

c?

16.50

6.24

4.16

■
1.04

1.00

2.10

Skin

BIRDS — PHASAIDIDAE — MELEAGRT8 GALLOPAVO. 615

MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO, h.

k

Wild Turkey.

Meltagris gallopavo, Lihhaeus, Sysl. Nat. I, 176C, 268.— Gmelin, 1, 1788, 732.— Latham, liul. Orn. II, 1790, C18 —
Wilson, Index, VI, 1812.— Stephen?, in Shaw's Zool. XI, i, 18I'J, 15G, (ilomeslic bird.)—
BoNAP. Am. Orn. 1, lH2r),79; pl.ix.— Ib. Syn. 122.-18. List, 1838.— Aiu. Orn. Biog. I, 1831,
1 and 33: V, 1839, 559 ; pi. 1.— Ib. Syn. 1839.— 1b. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 42, pi. 287, 288.—
NuTTAi.i., Man. I, 1832, f)30. — Rkicuenbach, Systenia Av. ift.'il, pi. xxvi. — Ii>. Icoiich Av.
tab. 5^9.

Meltagris an\ericantt, Bahtram, Travels, 1791, 290.

Meltagris sylvtslris, ViEiLLoT, Nouv. Diet. IX, 447.

Gttlloparo syli'tslris, Leconte, Pr. A. N. .Sc. Phil. 1857, 179.

Meleagrisfera, Vieillot, Galcrie Ois. 11, 1824, 10 ; pi. x.

Wild Imkey, Clayton, Philos. Trans. XVII, 1G93, 992.— Pf.nnavt, Philos. Trans. I.XXI, 1781, C7.— Ib. Arctic
Zool. No. 178.

.American turkty, Latham, Syn. II, ii, 676.

dailnparo sylvtitris, Jfovat angliat, Rav, Syn. 51 .

Galloparo sylceslris, Catesby, Carol. I, 1730, App. p. xliv. — Brisson, Orn. V, 17t)0, 1G2.

Bill elongated, slender ; culnien rising a little at the base, then gently and equally convex to
the tip. Commissure concave from the base. Nostrils elliptical, linear, much overhung by an
incumbent scale ; about two-fifths its distance from the tip of the bill. Head and upper part of
neck all round, as well as the whole throat, bare of feathers, and covered sparsely with short
fleshy processes, ])laced transversely, scarcely to be seen on the under side. The feathers of the
lower neck extend narrowly along the median line to the nape. The bare portion thinly covered
■with short, black hairs, or hair-like feathers. At the point of junction of the bill and head is
a long fleshy process, capable of much erection and distension, and well covered with hairs.
The jugulum of the male is provided with a close tuft of bristles six or eight inches long.

The tarsus is long and stout, much longer than the middle toe and claw. It is entirely bare
of feathers, including the superior joint of the tibia. Anteriorly it is covered by a double row
of about eighteen pentagonal scales from tibial joint to the toes, embracing the anterior half,
the lateral edges of these rows being straight. There is also a double row behind, the external
extending nearly to the hind toe ; the inner reaching to the spur. The space between these
four rows of scales, and not occupied by them, is covered by small subhexagonal scales. There
is in the male a large spur, its centre situated about four-tenths the length of the tarsus from
its lower edge. It stands nearly perpedicular to the tarsus, directed postero-internally, is about
an inch long, conical, and slightly curving upwards. The lateral toes are about equal, the
claws not reaching the base of the middle. There is a membrane extending between the bases
of the anterior toes, and slightly continuous between the inner and posterior. The hinder toe
is situated about its length (excluding the claw) above the inferior edge of the tarsus.

The wings are moderate ; when closed reaching nearly to the middle of the tail. They are
rather rounded ; the first primary shorter than the tenth ; the sixth longest. The secondaries
and tertials are long and broad ; the longest reaching to the tip of the eighth primary, and
much longer than the first.

The tail is about as long as from the carpal joint to the end of the secondaries ; it is broad,
the feathers all graduated quite evenly, and diminishing successively about half an inch. The

616 U. S. p. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

feathers are eighteen in number, nearly truncate at tip ; or obtusely angular, the corners
rounded.

The naked skin of the head and neck is blue ; the excrescences purplish red. The legs are
red. The feathers of the neck and body generally are very broad, abruptly truncate, and each
one well defined and scale-like ; the exposed portion coppery bronze, with a bright coppery
reflection in some lights, in the specimens before me chiefly on the under parts. Each feather
is abruptly margined with velvet black, the bronze assuming a greenish or purplish shade near
the line of junction, and the bronze itself sometimes with a greenish reflection in some lights.
The black is opaque, except along the extreme tip, where thei-e is a metallic gloss. The
feathers of the lower back and rump are black, with little or no copper gloss. The feathers of
the sides behind, and the coverts, upper and under, are of a very dark purplish chestnut, with
purplish metallic reflections near the end, and a subterminal bar of black ; the tips are of the
opaque purplish chestnut referred to. The concealed portion of the coverts is dark chestnut
barred rather finely with black ; the black wider than the interspaces. The tail feathers are
dark brownish chestnut, with numerous transverse bars of black, which, when most distinct,
are about a quarter of an inch wide and about double their interspaces ; the extreme tip for
about half an inch is plain chestnut, lighter than the ground color ; and there is a broad
subterminal bar of black about two inches wide on the outer feathers, and narrowing to about
three-quarters of an inch to the central ones. The innermost pair scarcely shows this band,
and the others are all much broken and confused. In addition to the black bars on each
feather, the chestnut interspaces are sprinkled with black. The black bands are all most distinct
on the inner webs ; the interspaces are considerably lighter below than above.

There are no whitish tips whatever to the tail or its coverts. The feathers on the middle of
the belly are downy, opaque, and tipped obscurely with rusty whitish.

The wing coverts are like the back ; the quills, however, are blackish brown, with numerous
transverse bars of white, half the width of the interspaces. The exposed surfaces of the wing,
however, and most of the inner secondaries, are tinged with brownish rusty, the uppermost
ones with a dull copper or greenish gloss.

The female differs in smaller size, less brilliant colors, absence generally of bristles on the
breast and of spur, and a much smaller fleshy jjrocess above the base of the bill.

The position of the spur in the male varies somewhat in diff"ereut specimens, and even at
times in the two legs of the same bird.

The wild turkey of eastern North America differs in several points, both of structure and
manners, from the domesticated bird, as recently insisted on by Major Leconte. I have not at
hand a skin of the barn yard turkey for comparison, and owing to the season they are not to be
found in our markets ; but according to Major Leconte, there is a great diflerence, in the
possession by the latter of an enormous dewlap, extending from the base of the lower mandible
to the large caruncles on the lower part of the neck, not found in the other. The color of the
skin of the head and neck is not livid blue, but more of a fleshy tint, which in the breeding
season of the male becomes fiery red, owing to the turgidity of the caruncles. This skin, too,
appears to be more destitute of hairs. According to Honaparte, the domestic turkey, even in
those which have the closest resemblance to the wild bird, may always be distinguished by a
whitish tip to the tail, and the tail coverts edged with whitish, never seen in the other.

BIRDS — rHASIANIDAE — MELEAQRIS QALLOPAVO. 617

Major Leconte states furthermore, that the wiUl turkey has never been so domesticated as to
propagate its race in confinement, notwithstanding the many efforts made to accomplish this
result.

The difference in the color of the flesh of the two birds when cooked is quite appreciable, that
of the wild bird being much darker.

It is upon the whole exceedingly probable that the two birds are specifically distinct.
Whether the domestic species be descended from the one recently described by Mr. Gould, or
not, remains to be ascertained. In the next article I describe skins which appear to be referable
to Gould's ^[. mexicana, and this certainly indicates a near approach to the tamed turkey in
the whitish bars of the tail coverts and the tail. The skin of the head, however, appears to be
of the same color, and no difference in the carunculation of the throat was noticed, although
this may have been obscured by drying. The skin of the head appeared more pilose, but there
was the same caruncle at the base of the bill.

If the dewlap be characteristic of a species at present only known in captivity, then, as
Major Leconte remarks, it should bear the name of il/. gallopavo, as based by Linnaeus
essentially upon the description by Brisson of Gallopavo sylvestrls, in which this dewlap is
particularly mentioned. In this event our wild bird will be entitled to a new name, which
might be that of Bartram, in 1791, Meleagris amencana. Should the M. mexicana be the
original of the domestic species, Gould's name will become a synonym, if it be jjroved that
gallopavo refers to the same bird.

In conclusion I venture to suggest the following hypothesis, which, however, is not original
with myself: That there are really three species of turkey, besides the M. oceUata, a
fourth species from Central America, entirely different from the rest. That one of these, 3T.
americana, is, probably, peculiar to the eastern half of North America ; another, M. mexicana,
belongs to Mexico, and extends along the table lands to the Rocky mountains, the Gila, and
the Llano Estacado, and a third is the M. gallopavo, or domesticated bird. That it is not at all
improbable that the last was originally indigenous to some one or more of the West India islands,
whence it was transplanted as tamed to Mexico and other parts of America, and from Mexico
taken to Europe about A. D. 1520. Finally, that the wild turkeys were probably completely
exterminated by the natives, as has been the case with equally large birds in other islands, as
the dodo and solitaire.

This hypotliesis will explain the fact of our meeting nowhere <at the present day any wild
turkeys resembling the domestic one. I have an indistinct recollection of a statement that our
barn yard turkey came originally from Bermuda or Jamaica, but I cannot speak positively
in regard to it.

The entire subject is one of much interest, and deserves to be investigated thoroughly. It is
quite possible that a careful examination of the external form and habits of the New Mexican
bird may do much to throw full light on the whole question.

July 3, 1858.

78 b

618

U. S. p. R, R, EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

WTience obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

10322

(?

s

Washington, D. C. ..
do

Red fork of Arkansas.
Republican river

Mar. — , 1855
Dec. — , 1843
July — , 1850
Oct. 16, 1856

Wash, market...

1196

S. F. Baird

50.00

64.50

20.00

10029

Capt. Sitgreaves .
Lieut. Bryan

381

Dr Woodhouse.

5748

W. S.Wood

MELEAGRIS MEXICANA, Gould,

Mexican Turkey*

Meleagris mtxicatut, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1856, 61.

In the series of turkey skins before me, I find that all from the vicinity of the Rocky
mountains differ strikingly from those east of the Mississippi in the feathers of the sides of the
body behind, and in the upper and under tail coverts. These are all tipped with light brownish
yellow for about half an inch, more or less, with the region, and the tail is tipped with the
same. The chestnut ground of the tail and coverts is also considerably lighter. The gloss on
the feathers of the rump is green, not purple. The coverts, too, lack in a measure the purple
shade in the chestnut. The metallic reflections generally have rather more green than in the
eastern bird.

In one specimen (female, 10030, from Fort Thorn) the light edgings are almost white, and
BO much extended as to conceal the entire rump. All the feathers of the under parts of the
body are edged broadly with white, and the tail is tipped with the same for more than an
inch. This specimen also has the head considerably more hairy than in the eastern skins, but
the others from the same region do not differ so much in this respect from eastern ones.

Whether these differences can be considered as establishing a second species for the United
States is a question yet to be decided. It is certain that these peculiarities are constant in all
before me, while the eastern skins all agree precisely in their characteristics as described. The
New Mexican turkeys, with white tips to the tail feathers and coverts, correspond, in a very
striking degree, with the M. mexicana of Gould.

List of specimens.

Catal. No. i Sex.

10030
5147
5148

Qf

Locality.

Fort Thorn, Now Mexico.

Llano Kstacado

do

Whence obtained.

Dr. T. C. Henry.

Capt. Pope

do

BIRDS — tetkaonidat:. 619

Family TETRAONIDAE. The Grouse.

As already stated, the Telraonidae are pre-eminently characterised among gallinaceous birds
by their densely leathered tarsi, and by the feathers of the nasal fossa or groove, which fill it
comitletely, and conceal the nostrils. The toes are usually naked, (feathered to the claws in
the ptarmigans,) and with pectinations of scales along the edges. The tail feathers vary from
sixteen to eighteen and even twenty in number ; the tail is rounded, acute, or forked. The
orbital region is generally somewhat bare, with a naked stripe above the upper eyelid, beset
by short fringe-like processes.

The following synoptical table will give a general view of the North American Telraonidae,
although the arrangement is probably much more artificial than natural. The species of Telrao
and Bonasa inhabit wooded regions ; Lagopus belongs to the more arctic portions of the
continent and the snowy ridges of the Rocky mountains, while the others are found in the
great prairies of the west, Centrocercus being confined to the sterile plains covered with sage or
wormwood.

Synopsis of genera.

A. Legs feathered to and on the basal membrane of the toes. No ruff on the side of the
neck, which, however, has an extensible bare space.

Tetrao. — Tail broad, nearly even, or truncate, and rounded laterally ; two-thirds the

wing. Nasal fossae scarcely half the culmen.
Centrocercus. — Tail excessively lengthened and cuneate ; longer than the wings. Nasal

fossae two-thirds the culmen. Shafts of feathers on the lower throat very spinous.
Pediocaetes. — Tail very short, but graduated, and with the two middle feathers (perhaps

tail coverts) lengthened beyond the rest, and two-thirds as long as the wing ; tlie

next longest, half the wing. Nasal fossae not half the length of culmen. Shafts of

throat feathers normal.

B. Legs scarcely feathered to the extreme base of tarsus, the lower joint of which is bare,
with large transverse scutellae.

CuPlDo.viA. — Tail very short, truncate, but laterally graduated ; half the wings. Sides
of neck with long, pointed, or lanceolate, stiff feathers. Nasal fossae scarcely one-
third the culmen.

C. Legs feathered to the claws.

Laoopus. — Tall about two-thirds the wing, truncate ; of sixteen to eighteen feathers.
Most species becoming white in winter ; none of the other genera exhibiting this
peculiarity.

D. Lower half of tarsi bare, with two rows of scutellae anteriorly.

BoNASA. — Sides of neck with a ruff of broad, truncate, soft feathers. Tail very broad,
square, as long as the wings.

620

U. S. r. E. K, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

TETRAO, Linnaeus.

Tetrao, Likmaeus, tjyst. N;it. 174'1. Type T. urogallus, L. (Gray.)

Ch. — Tail lengthened, slightly narrowed to the square or somewhat rounded tip ; about two-thirds the wing ; tlie feathers with
Btiifeucd shafts. Tarsus feathered to and between tlie bases of the toes. No unusual feathers on the side of throat. Culmen
between the nasal fossae nearly half the total length. Color mostly black.

Inhabit wooded regions.

The American wood-grouse do not belong strictly to the genus Tetrao, as defined by later
■writers, with T. urogalliis for type. This species diflers chiefly in the pointed feathers of the
chin, but in other respects comes quite close to T. ohscurus. A genus, Canace, has been made
for the American birds, but I see no special occasion to adopt it here.

The following diagnosis will distinguish the species :

Tail of twenty feathers. General color plumbeous above, with fine mottling. Chin and
throat white and black. Tail uniform black, with slaty tij) ....T. ohscurus.

Tail of sixteen feathers. Above banded with plumbeous. Beneath black, with some white
on jugulum and sides of belly. Tail tipped with brownish orange. Upper coverts not tipped
with white T. canadensis.

Similar to last. Tail without orange tip. Upper tail coverts banded terminally with
white T. franklini.

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul
No.

Species,

Locality,

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
of wings?

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

BUI
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

4S0S
4398
do.

Tetrao obscurus ....

do

do

do

do

do

"»

Tetrao canadensis...

do

Tetrao franklini*....

do.*

Cascade mountains....

Fort Steilacoora

do

Black Hills

s
.„..

9
..„..

<?

9
S
Q

20.50
18.60
19.75
19.30
18.50
19.00
17.64
16.20
12.70

30.00

27.00

9.40
8.90
9.75
9.00
8.34
8.75
8.40
6.70
6.60
7.35
6.90

7.45
6.86

1.65
1.66

2.19
2.26

0.46
0.56

0.96
0.80

1.19
1.05

Skin

Skin

Fresh ....

5746

7.46
5.90

1.62
1.62

2.16
2.06

Q.52
0.44

1.04

1. 00

1.20

1.06

10013
do.

Fort Steilacoom, VV. T.
Black Uills

Skin

Fresh . , . ,

7046
478

6.^6
5.44
4.56
5.62
4.52t

1.61
1.54
1.40
1.38
Feet an

2.06
1,86
1.76
1.83
d bead

0.46
0.48
0.42
0.45
wanting

0.92
0.85
0.T4
0.84

1.14
0.98
0.82
0.92

Skin

do.
10025

do

St. Mary's, R. mts

do

Skin

10026

1

* Very poor specimen.

TETRAO OBSCURUS, Say.

Do»ky Grouse.

Telrac ohscurus, Sat, Long's E.xpod. U. Mts. II, 1823, 14.— Bon. Syn. 1828, 127.— Is. Mon. T<(roo, Am. Phil. Trans.
Ill, 1830, 391.— Ib. Am. Orn. Ill, 1830 ; pl.xviii.— Sw. K. Bor. Am. U, 1831, 344 ; pi. lix, li,—
NuTTALL, Man, I, 1832, 666.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 446 ; pi. 361.— Ib. Syn, 1839, 283,—
Ib. Birds Amer. I, 1842, 89 ; pi. 295.— Newbkiiry, Hep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, tv, 1857, 93.

Canace obscura , Bokaf. Comptca Ilcndus, .XLV, 1857, 428.

Trirao rUhardsonii, Dodoi.as, Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI, 1829, 141.

Sp. Ch.— Sexes dissimilar. Tail of twenty feathers. Above bluish black ; plumbeous or blark beneath. Tail uniform blai-k,and
finely and obscurely mottled above. Tail broadly tipped with light slate. Beneath uniform plumbeous. A dusky half collar on the
throat. The chin and throat above whito, varied with black. Tail about two-thirds the length of the wings, broad, rounded, com-
posed of twenty broad, even, and truncated feathers. Tarsi feathered to the toes, the feathers extending along the sides of the basal
half of the first joints of the tons. Pectinations on the sides of the toes very short. Length, 20.50 ; wing, 9,40 ; tail, 7.45,

Ilab. — Black Hills of Nebraska to Cascade mountains of Oregon and Washington,

BIRDS — TETRAONIDAE — TETRAO OBSCIIRUS.

621

The prevailing color of this species is dark brown above, with fine mottlings of phmibeous ;
beneath nearly uniform plumbeous ; the sides, however, under the wings, the scapulars, and the
outer surface of the wings arc like the back, but also niottleil finely with brown, with a t^^'udency
to li^ht ashy towards the tips of the feathers, those of the sides streakid centrally, and terminated
with white ; the cliiu and upper part of throat have the feathers white, barred ternuually with
black, and the loral feathers similarly marked ; there is, however, a dark brown stripe from the
bill beneath the eye and over the ear coverts, as well as a half collar on the lower part of the
throat, of a dark plumbeous black. The tail feathers are lustrous black beneath ; slaty black
above, with a terminal bar of ashy plumbeous, varying considerably in width. The under tail
coverts are dark plumbeous, broadly tipped with white. All the feathers on the lower part of
the neck are white, except at the tip.

The female is somewhat similar, except that the feathers of the neck and fore part of the
back have conspicuous transverse bars of brownish yellow. The outlines of the dark transverse
pectoral collar are indistinct, and the dark streak beneath tiie orbits appears to be wanting.
The plumbeous of the under parts is duller, and more obscured with white. The upper tail
coverts and inner tail feathers are banded with grayish.

There are considerable differences in different specimens of this species, varying with age and
sex. In one specimen, 4505, from the Cascades, much the largest of all, the back is quite
uniformly black, with scarcely any mottling, except on the rump and wings ; the under parts
are dark continuous slat€ color, passing insensibly into the darker collar of the throat. The
white of the chin is much obscured. In another male (5746) the feathers beneath are all edged
with whitish. This specimen (of August 3,) has the tarsi nearly bare. One specimen (2859)
has the tail entirely black, without slaty tip.

List of specimens.

Caul. Sex and
No. ' age. I

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

c?
6
o

9

Black UiUs.Neb Aug.

do Aug.

do Aug.

do

Laramie Peatc, Neb Aug.

do Aug.

do

.do..

5747 ,

7047.'

7046

8919

B9ie

8917

89-20

8915 ! do Aug. 25

8919 ' do Aug. 29

10015 ; St. Mary's PasK, R. mta Oct. 8,1853

10017 ' Rocky mountains..

4505 S Cajscade mountains

10008 Fort Dalles, Oregon

10010 Clickat.at, W. T Aug. 4,1853

10011 I FortSteilacoom July — ,I^S

10013 Q I do Au,'. — ,1854

lOOOa do Aug. —,1856

10012 do

4398 cJ I do Aprilie,1855

10014 (J I do May 3,1856

10027 (J ; do April —,1854

2,1856
3,1856
9,1657;
do...

Lieut. Bryan .
do

do

dn ,

Lt. Warren...

do

do

do

, do

, do

Got. Stevens....

, do

Lt. Williamson..

Dr. Sucklcy

Gov. Stevens ...
Dr. Suckley ....
Gov. Stevens ...

Dr. Suckley

Gov. Stevens,. ,
Dr. Suckley ....

do

Gov. Stevens . . .

Orig'l
No.

193
194
385

Collected by-

W. S. Wood.

do ,

do

do

Dr. Hayden.
do

387

sa

532
63

525
67

194

368
62

.do.,
.do..

do

do

Dr. Suckley .
do

Dr. Newberry..

Dr. Cooper .

Length. | Stretch
of wings,

19.00

19. 12 {
18.50 i

28.00
27.00

I

18.00 j 28.00

20.00 29.50

17.50 I 24.12

19.00

Dr. Suckley .
Dr. Suckley .

Dr. Buckley ...
do

19.00
18.00

19.75
20.00
19.75

26.12

27.00
2S.0O

30.00
30.00
39.00

Wing.

Remarks.

8.50

8.75

9.00
9.50
8.00

Iris brown.

Iris brown.
Head

9.75
9.75

622 U. 6. p. K. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

TETKAO CANADENSIS, Linn.

Sprnce Partridge; Canada Grouse.

Telrao canadensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 274— Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 389 — Gmelin, 1, 1788, 749.—
Sabinb, Zool. App. Franklin's E.xped. 683.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, 127 — Ib. Amer. Orn. Ill, 1830 ;
pi. xxi, f. 2, Q.— Ib. Am. Phil. Trans. Ill, N. S. 1830, 391.— Rich. F. Bor. Amer. II, 1831,
346 ; pi. Ixii, female.— Nottall, Man. I, 1832, 667.— Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 437 : V, 1839,
563; pi. 176.— Ib. Syn. 203.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 83 ; pi. 294.

Canace canadensis, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. 1851, p. x.^iix. Type. — Bonap. Comptes Rendus.XLV, 1857, 428.

Telrao canace, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 275.

Black Spotted Heatkcock, Edwards, Glean, pi. cxviii.

Spotted Grouse, Pennant.

Sp. Oh. — Tail of sixteen feathers. Feathers above distinctly banded with plumbeous ; beneatli uniform black, with a pectoral
band of white, and white on the sides of the belly. Chin and throat above, black. Tail with a broad browni.sh orange terminal
band. Length, 16.20 ; wing, 6.70 ; tail, 5.44.

Ilab. — Spruce forests and swamps of the northern United States to the Arctic seas ; west nearly to Rocky mountains.

Bill rather slender. Eyebrows with the usual papillae. Tarsi densely feathered, the poste-
rior edge hare ; the feathers extending along the sides of the toes for half the ha.sal joint.
Pectination on tlie sides of the toes very consjiicuous. Tail as long as the wing from elbow to
ends of secondaries ; nearly even ; the lateral feathers slightly graduated, (three quarters of an
inch less than the longest ;) the feathers truncate, rounded laterally, and sixteen in number.
Middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus ; lateral eq^ual, the claws not reaching the base of
middle toe ; the claws long and sharp.

Prevailing color in the male black ; each feather of the head, neck, and upper parts generally,
having its surface waved with plumbeous gray. This is in the form of two or three well-
defined concentric bars parallel to each other, one along the exterior edge of the feather, the
others behind it. The sides of the body, the scapulars, and outer surface of the wings are
mottled like the back, but more irregularly, and with a browner shade of gray, the feathers
with a central white streak expanding towards the tip, (on the wing these streaks seen only on
some of the greater coverts.) There is no white above except as described. The under parts
are mostly uniform black, the feathers of the sides of the belly and breast broadly tipped with
white, which sometimes forms a pectoral band. There is a white bar across the feathers at the
base of the upper mandible, usually interrupted above ; a white spot on the lower eyelid, and
a white line beginning on the cheeks and running into a series of white spots in the feathers ot
the throat, the lower feathers of this are banded terminally with whitish. The feathers at the
base of the bill, and the head below the eyes and beneath, are pure black. The quills are dark
brown, without any spots or bands, the outer edges only mottled with grayish. The tail feathers
are similar, but darker, and the tail is tipped with a band of orange chestnut, nearly half an
inch wide, obscured on the central feathers. The under tail coverts are black, broadly barred
and tipped with white ; the feathers of the legs mottled brown and whitish ; dirty white behind
the tarsi. The bill is black.

The female is smaller but somewhat similar, the black bars above broader, the inner gray
bars of each feather, including the tail, replaced by broader ones of brownish orange. The
under parts have the feathers black, barred with the brownish orange, which, on tlie tips of the
belly feathers, is pure white. The clear continuous black of the head and breast arc wanting.
The scapulars, greater coverts, and sides, arc streaked as in the male.

BIRDS — TETRAONIDAE — TETRAO FRANKLINII,

G23

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Wlicnce obtained.

478

9

NoTft Scotia f

S. F. Baird

479

<?

do

do

6921

9

Selkirk settlement

D. Qunn

6920

<?

do

do

TETRAO FRANKLINII, Douglas.

rrankliu's Gronse.

Tetraofranktinii, Dooclas, Trans. Linn. See. XVI, 18i29, 139.— Rich. F. Hor. .\m. 11, 1831, 348 ; pi. Ixi.
Ttlrao canademis, var. Bi>kap. Am. Orn. Ill, 1830, 47 ; pi. .\x.

? Tetrao fuica, Ori>, Guthrie's Geog. 2il Am. ed. II, 181.5, 317. Based on small brawn pheasant of Lewis & Clark,
II, 183, which very probably is this species.

Sp. Ch — Similar to T. canadensis, but with the tail feathers entirely black, without orange brown terminal band ; tlio ujiper
tail roverla broadly lijipcd with white. Wing, 7.35 ; tail, 5.63.
llab. — Northern Rocky mountains, and west.

The only specimens of this species before me are so much mutilated as to preclude any
accurate description. The difterence from canadensis, however, even in these, is sufficiently
appreciable. This consists chiefly in the rather longer tail with broader feathers, which are pure
black instead of very dark brown, and entirely without the orange terminal band. The white
streaks on the scapulars are larger terminally and much more conspicuous, and the upper tail
coverts are conspicuously barred terminally with white, not seen in the otlier. The female
differs from that of canadensis in the white bars at the ends of the tail coverts, and in having
the tail feathers tipped with whitish instead of orange brown.

The male of this bird is described and figured by Bonaparte as that of the Canada grouse,
T. canade7i-'iis.

Middendorff, in his Sibirische Reise, speaks of a grouse as occurring on the southern shores of
the Sea of Ochotsk, which he considered the same as the North American Tetrao franklini.
Hartlaub, however, naturally disbelieving a statement so much at variance with what had been
found to be the law in the distribution of the GalUnacea, made special efforts to procure
specimens, and, on comparing them with skins of the American. T. canadensis and description
of T. franklini, found that there was a very great difference in tlie primaries of the Siberian
bird, to which, in consequence, he gave the name of T. falcipennis. In this the outer five
primaries are emarginate internally and greatly falcate ; the second and third most so, a
character scarcely found elsewhere among GalUnacea, except in Penelope. There are many
differences in color, such as the upper parts being black, spotted finely with brown, and the
shafts streaked with lighter in falcipemm, instead of plain gray banded with black. Other
differences might readily be indicated, but those just mentioned are quite sufficient to
substantiate Dr. Hartlaub's position.

624

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

Collected by—

10026

9

St. Mary's, Rocky mountains..
do

Gov. Stevens ............

142

Lt. Mullen,U. S. A

10025

do

do

CENTROCERCUS, Swain son.

Centrncercus, Sivainson, P. Eor. Am. II, 1831, 49C. Type Teirao urophasianus, Ron.

Ch. — Tail excessively lengthened, cuneate, longer than the wings, the feathers all lanceolate. Tarsi featliered to tlie
joint and between the bases of the toes. Lower throat and its sides with stiffened spinous feathers. Nasal fossae extending
very far forward ; the length of culnien lietween them two-thirds the total length. Color mottled yellowish above, with large
black patches beneath.

The .single species of this genus inhahits exclusively the high and almost desert sage plains
of the far west, feeding on the Artemisia or wild sage which characterises those region.s.

Comparative measurements.

1
i

6

Species.

Locality.

V
QQ

t
1

jz a,

en

tic

i

i

3

2

o

•3

'3

o
n *

M

>

2

s

i

U)

a
o

Specimen
measured.

10018
10023

Centrocercua urophasianus.
do

13.60
11.30
11.20
11.50

12.20
11.50
9.00

2.14
2.03
1.96

2.. 12
2.34
2.10

0.58
0.46
0.40

1.64
1.42
1.42

1.34
1.20
1.23

Skin

9

29.00

Skin

5419
do.

looai

do

do

90 miles ab. mo. Yellowstone.
Jo

Skin

25.00

37.50

Fresh

do

12.42

1.58

1.40

Head and tail.

1

CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS, Swain son.

Sage Cock; Cock of the Plains.

Tttrao umphasianus, Bonap. Zool. Jour. HI, Jan. 18i8, 214.— Is. Am. Oin. Ill, 1830; pi. xxi, f. 1.— Ib. Mon.

Tetrao, in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. N. S. Ill, 1830, 390.— Dooglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI,

1829, 1.33.— NuTTAi.i., Man. I, 1832, 6G6.— Aui>. Cm. Biog. IV, 1838, 503 ; pi. 371.— Ib. Syn.

20.';.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 184i>, lOfi ; pi. 297.— Kkivberrv, Zool. Cal. & Or. Route, Rep. P. R.

R. .Snrv. VI, iv, 1857, 95.
Teirao (Centrncercus) uropUimanus, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 358 ; pi. Iviii-
C'c)i(rocercm urophasianus, Jardine, Game birds, Nat. Lib. Birds, IV, 140 ; pi. xvil.
?? Tetrao phaaianellus, Obu. Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. II, 1815, 317, bused on Lewis & Clark, II, 181.
Cock of the plains, Lewis & Ci.ark, II, 180, sp. 2.

Sp. Ch.— Tail featliers twenty. Above varied with black, brown, and brownish yellow; coverts having all tlie featliera
streaked with the latter. Beneath black; the breast white; the upper feathers with spiny shafts; the lower streaked with
black; tail coverts witli white tips ; the sides also witli munli white. Lenfjth, 29 ; wing, 11.30; tail, 11. .SO.

Ilah. — Sage plains of the northwest.

Tarsi feathered to tlie toes, the feathers extending along the .sides of the toes at the base.
Tail elongated, longer than the wings, and excessively cuneate ; of twenty feathers, all lanceo-
late acute and much graduated ; the lateral feathers about four and a half inches shorter than

BIRDS — TETHAONIDAE — mniOCAKTES.

625

the niiiUlle (or about two-thirds) and exceeded in length by the under coverts. The feathers on
the fore i)art of the breast, and especially on its side, are excessively rigid and spinous, with
the webs much worn down. The bill is lengthened, and the nasal fossa with its feathers
extends very fur forwards to a point more than half the length of the culmen.

The upper parts in this species are greatly variegated, with a mottling of black, brownish
yellow, and whitish. On the neck and fore part of the back the feathers are blackish, with
several broad, zigzag transverse bars of light brownish yellow. On the back and wings the
feathers have, in addition, longitudinal streaks of the same, the transverse bars concealed and tlie
terminal portions coarsely mottled. The tertials, in addition, have a terminal bar of brownish
yellow, the much elongated upper coverts and the tail feathers are quite similarly mottled.

The under parts, from the breast to the tail, are pure continuous black, the under coverts
black tipped with white. The lower part of the throat, with the sides of the neck, have a half
collar of black. Below this the throat is lighter ; the shafts of the feathers stiff and black.
There is a white band behind the eye curving down and crossing the throat ; the rest of the
neck is mottled with black, white, and gray. The sides beneath the wings are like the
scapulars, but the black of the belly is bordered laterally by white, somewhat blotched with
black.

Specimens vary somewhat, and it is probable that in full dress the male shows no transverse
bars on the back and neck above. The females before me are much like the males, only smaller,
more banded above ; the black of the belly more restricted ; the chin, throat above, and cheeks
dull brownish white. The feathers of the neck have stiffened shafts, but these are not
conspicuous.

List of specimens.

Caul. Sei.
No.

5743 !
S419 I
8»23 I
8921 ^
5745
5742
7045
10O23
10020
10021
10019
10022
4506

Locality.

Loup Fork

North Plane

90 miles above mouUi Tellowsionc.
Cheyenne river

.do..

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Sept. 9

Aug. 12,1856
July 28,1856
Sept. 9

Lt. Warren.

Lt. Bryan.. .

Lt. Warren.

do

do

Medicine Bow creek Aug. 8,1856

VV. Branch Medicine Bow Cr Aug. 10, 185G

Bridger's Pass July 30,1857

Cochetopee Pass

Near Snake river, Blue mountains.

Spokan Plain, W T

Vakiraa river, W. T

do

Dc3 Chutes, O. T

Sept. 16, 1853
Sept. 14,1853

Lt. Bryan

do

do

Capt. Beckn-iih ,
Gov. Stevens. . . .

do

do

do

Lt. Williamson..

Orig. Collected by —

No. i

256

sa6

238
390
21
139

Dr. Hayden.
W, S.Wood.
Dr. Hayden.

do

do

W. S. Wood.
do

do

Mr. Krcutzfcldt.

Dr. Cooper

do

.do.,
.do..

Dr. Newberry.

Lengtii. Stretch
of wings.

S4.S0

25.00
25.00
21.00

41.00

37.50
41.50
33.50

Wing.

Remarks.

12.00 1 Iris yellow.

11.50

11.50 I Iris yellow.
10.00 ....do

PEDIOCAETES, Baird.

Cii.— Tall sliorl, graduated; exclusive of the lengthened middle part, (perhaps tail coverts,) half the full rounded
wing. Tarsi densely feathered to the toes and between their bases. Neck without peculiar feathers. Culmen between the
nasal fossae not half the total length.

But one species of this genus is known to naturalists, most of whom associate it witli
C'entrocercits, from which, however, it seems to difi'er in well marked characters.

July 7, 1858.

79 b

626

U. S. p. R. R. EXr. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

4543

Fort Pierre

c?

15.30
16 50

8.50
7.90

5.24
4.98

1.74
1.70

2.02
1.98

0.55
0.48

0.94
0.92

1.12
1.00

Skin

9999

Spokan river, W. T. . .

Skin

PEDIOCAETES PHASIANELLUS, B a i r d .

Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Ted-Kop/iosianeHus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. I, ed. 10, 1758, IGO. (Not in 12th edition.)— Forster, Phil. Trans.
LXII, 1772, 394, 495.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 747.— Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 635.— ??ORn. Guth-
rie's Geog. 2d Amer. ed. II, 1815, 317.— Bon. Syn. 1828, 127.— In. Amer. Orn. Ill, 1828, 37;
pi. xi.x.— NnTTALL, Man. I, 1832, CG9 — Aod. Orn. Riog. IV, 1838, 569 ; pi. 382.— Ib. Syn.
1839, 205.— In. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 110; pi. 298.— Newberry, Zool. Gal. & Or. Route;
Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI, iv, 1857, 94.

Telrao (Cenlrocerciis) phasianellus, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 3G1.

Centrocercus phasiaiiellus, Jardine, Game Birds, Nat. Lib. Birds, IV, 13G ; pi. xvi. — Bonap. Comptes Rcndus, XLV,
1857, 428.

Tetrao urogallus, Var. 0. Link. Syst. Nat. I, ed. 12th, 273.

} Pliasianxts columbiamis, Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. II, 1815, 317 ; based on the Columbia pheasant of Lewis
& Clark, II, 180.

? Tetrao urophasianellus, Douglas, Trans. Lin, Soc. XVI, 1829, I3G. Supposed by Richardson to be young in ferru-
ginous plumage.

Long-tailed grouse , Edwards ; Sharp-tailed grouse, Pennant.

Sp. Ch. — Tail of eighteen feathers. Colors, white, black, and brownish yellow. Above with transverse bars ; the wings with
round white spots. Beneath pure white, with dark V-shaped blotches on the breast and sides. Length, 18.00 ; wing, 8. .50 ;
tail, 5.24.

Hab. — Northern prairies and plains, from Wisconsin to Cascades of Oregon and Washington.

Neck without the tuft of elongated feather of G. cupido, hut with a hare space on each side.
A papillose naked skin along the superciliary region, bordered externally hy feathers. Tarsus
very densely feathered, hut with a narrow hare space hehind ; the feathers extending on the
sides of the toes for nearly half the length of the basal joint. Middle toe and claw a little
longer than the tarsi, the sides of the toes extended and provided with a conspicuous pectination
of linear processes. Tail long, cuneate, the feathers eighteen in number and all graduated ;
the central pair elongated considerably beyond the rest, (one to one and a half inches.) The
tail coverts reach nearly as far as the tips of the third innermost pair of tail featliers ; the whole
tail is about two-thirds the length of wings.

In form this species differs from cupido in the absence of the pointed feathers of the neck. Tlie
tail is of much the same shape, but the feathers more abruptly graduated; the outer about one-
third the eighth and one-fourth the ninth ; this may possibly prove to he an extended tail
covert. The bill is much stouter, the culmcn more convex and rising at the base. The
pectinated processes of the toes are much longer, forming a broader ha,se to the toes. The tarsi
are more densely plumose, the feathers not stopping at the base of the toes, but extending
beyond them.

The general color al)ove is light brownish yellow, varied with black ; the wings with rounded
BI)ots of white. The under parts are pure white, the feathers on the breast and sides with a
brown V-shaped mark, the legs of which are nearly parallel with the outline of the feather. The

BIKDS — TirniAONlUAE — CI I'lDONlA.

G27

feathers of the sides of the belly have concealed marks of the same character. The feathers on
the back are blackish brown, variously spotted witli brownish yellow, without any decided indi-
cation of transverse bars. A usual marking towiiids tlie tip of the feathers is an uiuliilating
transverse yellowish bar, two opposite U-sliaped brown bars, the convexities resting on the shaft
and more or less confluent, the spaces between these and the tips of the feathers whitisli. The
wings are brownish grey, the coverts all with large spots of white ; both webs of the second-
aries with conspicuous transverse bars, the outer webs of the primaries with spots of the same.
The sides of tlie head and beneath are brownish yellow with a whitish superciliary band ; there is a
curved dusky line below the eye parallel with the orbits, and a dusky spot below this. Tiic tail
feathers are dotted brownish grey, becoming pure white externally and to the tip. The central
elongated feathers (or coverts) are like the back.

Specimens vary in the amount of black on the back, and in the extent of brownish yellow on
tlic tlauks.

This species differs totally from the T. cupido in the V-shaped marks on the breast and sides,
instead of transverse bands ; the pure white belly ; tlie transverse white bands on the second-
aries; the white spots on the wings; the lighter quills, and tail, independently of the more
pointed tail, more feathered tarsi, absence of pointed feathers of the neck, stouter bill, &c.

The tibial feathers are soiled white.

Catal.
No.

Scl.

Loc.llity.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

Remarks.

lOOOt

N. W. University....
An

10000

Red river, .MiDli

Fort Union, Neb

Sept. 25

do

1969

S. F. Uaird

5420

do

Dr. Hayden....
do

18. UO

3(>.00

8.35

4543

<?

Fort Pierre

do

Ocl. 23, 1855
Oct. 31, 1855
Oct. 25, 1856
Oct. 20, 1856

Oct. 5

Oct. 30, 1853

do

Eyes black

4543

do

do

5422
5431

Q
9

Mo. Vermilion river..

do

Snake ri\'er, Oregon..
Spokan river, W. T. ..

ilO

do

Gov. Stevens

Jo

140

21

do

do

18.00
16.75

28.75
26.50

8.25
8.00

Iris yellowish brown....

9999

1

CUPIDONIA, Reichenbach.

Oupidonia, Reichexbach, Av. Syst. Nat. 1850, p. x.xix. Type Telrao cujiido, L.

Ch. — Tail short, half the lengthened wings ; the feathers stiffened and more or less graduated. Bare space of the neck
concealed by a tuft of lanceolate feathers. Tarsi feathered only to near the base, the lower joint scutellate. Culmen between
tlie nasal fossae scarcely one-third tiie total length .

This genus, as far as known, is entirely peculiar to North America. Its single species, G.
cupido, is the well known prairie chicken, or prairie hen, of the west, a bird in its abundance
and importance as an article of food representing, in the prairies of the United States, the
ptarmigan or snow grouse of the north.

Comparative measurements.

Catal.
No.

LocaUty.

Sex.

Lengtb.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

BUI above.

Along
gape.

Specimens
measured.

3

<??
9?

16.60
14.00
14.50
14.80

8.60
8.10
8.30
7.80

4.70
4.30
4.18
3.42

2.03
1.86
1.66
1.59

2.35
2.03
1.78
1.76

0.62
0.42
0.40
0.34

0.87
0.84
0.88
0.90

1,09
1.09
1.08
1.14

Skin

10003

do

Skin

10007

Skin

10005

do

Skin

628 U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

CUPIDONIA CUPIDO, Baird.

Prairie Hen ; I'rairie Chicken ; Pinnated Grouse.

TeUao ctipido, Linn. SysU Nat. 1, 1766, 274 —Gm. I, 75L— Lath. Iiid. Orn. II, 1790.— Wilson, Am. Gin. 111,1811,
104, pi. xxvii —Bon. Obs. Wils. 1895, No. 183.— Ib. Mon. Tetrao, Am. Phil. Trans. Ill, 1830, 392.—
NuTTALL, Man. 1, 662.— AuD. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 490: V, 1839, 559 ; pi. 18G.— 1b. BirJs Amcr.
V, 1842, 93 ; pi. 296.— Koch, Wiegmann's Archiv, 1836, i, 159.

Bonastt ctipido, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI, 299.

Cupidoniu umericana, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. 1850, p. xxix. — Bonap. Comptes Rendus, XLV, 1857, 428.

Sp. Ch — Tail of eighteen feathers. Varied with whitish brown, and brownish yellow. Almost everywhere with well defined
transverse bars of brown on the feathers. Length, 16.50 inches ; wing, 8.80 ; tail, 4.70.

Hab. — Western prairies and plains within the limits of the United States, east of Rocky mountains ; southeast to Calcasieu,
Louisiana ; east to Pocono mountains, Pennsylvania; Long Island, and eastern coast.

Body stout, compact. A tuft of long pointed lanceolate feathers on each side of the neck,
covering a bare space capable of much inflation. Tail short, truncate, much graduated,
composed of eighteen feathers ; the lateral feathers about two-thirds the middle ; the feathers
stiffened, nearly linear and truncate. The tail is scarcely longer than the coverts, and about
half the length of the wing. Tarsi covered with feathers anteriorly and laterally to the toes,
but bare, with hexagonal scutellae behind. The middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus ;
the toes margined by pectinated processes. A space above the eye provided with a dense pecti-
nated process in the breeding season ; sometimes separated from the eye by a superciliary space
covered with feathers.

Bands on the body transverse throughout. Lanceolate feathers of the throat black ; the
upper ones with a central yellowish stripe. Eyelids and a stripe from the nostril alongside the
head, (interrupted above the eye,) brownish yellow ; the sides of the head below a dusky infra-
ocular stripe, with the chin and throat above, similar. Feathers of the body above and below
brown, with a terminal and two transverse bands of well defined white; the brown almost
black and the white tinged with rufous above. The scapular feathers sometimes showing more
black. Wings banded like the back ; the primaries grayish brown, marked only on the outer
webs with light spots ; the shafts black. Tail feathers sometimes uniform brown ; sometimes
with rufous transverse bars. Under coverts marked like the back, witli more white ; sometimes
(10006) entirely white. The membrane above the eye said to be scarlet, that of the sounding
bladder dusky orange.

The female lacks the pectinations of the space above the eye, and has but a short cervical tuft
and naked space, but is similar in general markings.

There is considerable variation in the colors of different sjiecimcns. In most cases there is an
elongated dusky spot on the side of the lower jaw, separated from the dusky infra-orbital streak.
Sometimes the colors are much darker. Texas specimens have the back more finely and
uniformly barred, without any of the dorsal black spaces.

A summer skin, from Calcasieu, Louisiana, has the tarsal feathers much reduced ; and the
tarsus bare all round for about half an inch from the toes.

The range of this species was once much wider than at the present time. It scarcely seems to
occur north of the United States line, nor, perhaps, beyond the beginning of the High Central
Plains. Eastward it probably was once abundant through the open country to the Atlantic

HIRDS — TETRAONIDAE — BONASA.

029

coast, but at the present day it is only foiiud, and tliat very sparsely, on tlio I'ocono mountains
of Pennsylvania, on Long Island, and on various other tracts of sea coast and island as far cast
as Maine.

List of specimens.

Caul.
No.

Sex
aild afn

\ Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length. Stretch
ofwlnga.

Wing.

Kcniarka.

USO

9

ISM

1

4'J49

do

18M

do

1U3I7

Missouri

S. F. Baird

10003

10006

do

do '

M-23
4541

9

6

Moutli of Itunning Water. . .
Big Sioux

Oct. 30, 1856
Nov. 7,1858
do

Lieut. Warren . . .

do

do

Dr. Hnyden

do

do

17.50
18.00
I'J.OO

28.00
29.00
30.00

8.75
9.0O
9.00

Iris deep yollow

-IMO

do

10007

1 Texas

Gapt. Pope

1

BONASA, Stephens.

Bonasa, Stefiiens, Sliaw's Gen. Zool. XI, 1819. Typo Tctrao bonasia, h.
Telrastes, Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Europ. 1840, p. l.\iv.

Ch. — Tail widening to the end, its feathers very broad, as long as the wings ; the feathers soft, and cin-hteen in number.
Tarsi naked in the lower half; covered with two rows of lic.vagonal scales anteriorly, as in the Oilyg'mae. Sides of toes
strongly pectinated. Naked space on the side of throat covered by a tufl of broad soft feathers. Portion of culinun between
tlio nasal fossae about one third the total length. Top of head with a soft crest.

This genus, in its partly naked tarsi, with two rows of scutellae anteriorly, indicates a close
approach to the American partridges, or quails. It has a single European representative.

There seems a strong probability that the Pacific coast species is different from the Atlantic.
The diagnosis will be as follows :

Common characters. — Sexes nearly similar. Colors reddish or gray, white and black. Tuft
on the sides of neck velvety black. Tail with a sub-terminal brown bar. Sides banded trans-
versely with brown ; back with cordate spots of grey.

Colors pale. Bands on the sides of body obscure brown. Under tail coverts white.

Middle toe without claw shorter than tarsus B. umbellus.

Colors very dark. Bands on the sides sharply defined dark brown. Under tail coverts
rufous, with terminal white spots. Middle toe without claw apparently longer than
tarsus B. sabini.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.
No.

Species.

Locality.

80X.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus^

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

844

Bonasa umbellus. . .
do

<?

15.5d
18.00
14.60
16.50
16 50
16.30
18.00

23.00

S3.00
23.00

7.21
7.24
7.00
7.00
7.30
7.30

6.92

1.66

1.85

0.43

0.84

1.06

do.

do

do

do

Bonasa sabini

do

9

5.50

1.62

1.90

0.46

0.80

0.90

do

6.71
6.66

1.74
1.70

2.42
2.10

0.50
0.52

0.94
0.95

1.00
1.00

Skin

9996

Ft. Vancouver, W. T. . . .
do

S

Skin....

630 U. S. p. E K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

BONASA UMBELLUS, Stephens.

Riilied Gronse; Partridge; Pheasant.

Tetrao umbellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766,275, 6.— Gmelin, I, 782.— Wilson, Am. Orii. VJ, 1812, 4G ; pi. xlix.— Bo.v.
Obs. Wils. 1825, 182.— DoncHTT, Cab. N. H. I, 1830, 13 ; pi. ii.— Ano. Dm. Biog. I,
1831, 211 : V, 560 ; pi. 41.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 202.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 72 ; pi. 293.

Tclrao [Bonasia) umbellus, Bonap. Syn. 1828, 126.— Is. Mon. Tetruo, Am. Phil. Trans. Ill, 1830, 389.— Nhttall,
Mam I, 1832, 657.

Bonasa umbellus, Stefiikns, Shaw, Gen Zool. XI, 1824, 300. — Bonap. List, 1838. — Ib. Comptes Rendus, XLV,
1857, 428.

Tetrao tognlus, Linn. I, 1766,275, 8.— Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII, 1772, 393.

Telrao lympanus, Bartram, Travels in E. Florida, 1791, 290.

Ruffed Grouse, and Shoulder-knot Grouse, Pennant and Latham.

?Telrao umbelloides, Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI, 1829, 148.

Sp. Ch. — Tail of eighteen feathers. Reddish brown or grey above ; the back with cordate spots of lighter. Beneath whitish,
transversely barred with dall brown. Tail tipped with gray, and with a subterminal bar of black. Broad feathers of tlie ruff
black. Length, 18 inches ; wing, 7.20 ; tail, 7.00.

Jjab. — Wooded portions of eastern United States towards the Rocky mountains.

Tail lengthened ; nearly as long as the wing ; very broad, and moderately rounded ; the
feathers very broad and truncate ; the tip slightly convex ; eighteen in number. Upper half
of tarsus only feathered ; bare behind and below, with two rows of hexagonal scutellae
anteriorly. A naked space on the side of the neck, concealed by an overhanging tuft of broad,
truncate feathers. There are no pectinated processes above the eye, where the skin instead is
clothed with short feathers.

The prevailing color of this species above is sometimes grey, sometimes reddish. In one specimen,
(344,) the prevailing color is chestnut, each feather of the back and rump with an elongated
sub-cordate terminal large spot of reddish grey, and mottled finely with brown, most distinct in
the cordate spot. The scapulars and coverts are streaked with light brownish yellow. The
under parts are light brownish yellow, nearly white on the belly ; the feathers with transverse
sub-terminal broad bars of obsolete brown ; the sides under the wings, however, streaked like
the wing coverts. The broad cervical feathers are uniform dark brown, with a terminal gloss of
metallic green. The quills are brown, the outer webs of secondaries mottled with rufous ; of the
primaries pale brownish yellow, with bars of brown. The tail feathers are tipped with grey,
and have a broad sub-terminal bar of black ; within this is a series of eight or ten narrow
waved transverse bars, grey posteriorly, and black anteriorly. The entire feather is, besides,
finely mottled. The upper tail coverts are marked like the tail feathers, except in lacking the
sub-terminal black. There is an indication of a darker jugular band, owing to the deeiJer shade
of brown in the sub-terminal bars of the feathers. The feathers on the side of the neck
adjacent to the cervical tufts are tipped with white, and there is an approach to a whitish
scapular band. The under tail coverts are almost clear immaculate in the exposed portion.

Douglas speaks of a smaller and ligliter variety of the rufi'ed grouse, ibund in the valleys of the
Rocky mountains north, near 54° north latitude. This is of "a liglit mixed speckled grey, the rufllc
consisting invariably of only twenty feathers, the crest feathers few and short." It is difficult
to aay whether this is identical with either of the others or distinct.

BIRD3 — TETRAONIDAE — nONASA SABINII.
List of specimnis.

fi31

Catal.

No.

Sex and
ngc.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

6922

......

o

9

Kill river, H.B.T -

Mi
16G1

Carlisle, Pa

Oct. 29, 1S42

S. F. Baird

do

18.00

23.00

7.25

10330

Georgia

Prof. Jos. Lfcontc

16.50

23.00

7.00

BONASA SABINII, Baird.

Orei^ou (^roQsc.
Te(rao sabinii, Dodolas, Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI, 1829, 137.— Rich. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 343.
? Trlrao twihellus, Rich. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 342.— Newueiirt, Zool. Cal. & Or. Route, Rep. P. R. R. Surv. VI,
IV, 1857,94.
Sp. Oh. — Similar to B. ximbellus, but much darker. Middle toe longer. Length, about 18 inches ; wing, 7.30 ; tail, C.70.
Ilab. — Rocky mountains to Pacific coast of Oregon and Wasliington.

The specimens of ruffed grouse from the Pacific coast differ very greatly iii much darker
tints of coloration, although the pattern is apparently the same. There is no shade of grey
anywhere. The upper parts are dark orange chestnut, mottled with black, the cordate light
spots very distinct. The feathers of the breast are strongly tinged with reddish yellow ; those
of the sides marked with broad and conspicuous bars of black, instead of the obsolete brown.
The under tail coverts are orange chestnut, with indistinct bars of black, and an angular
terminal blotch of white. All the light brown blotches and edgings of the eastern variety are
here dark brown or black. The jugular band between the ruffles is very conspicuously black.
The greatest difference is seen in the middle toe, which is much longer than in lunhellus, and
even without its claw, exceeding the tarsus, instead of being shorter.

I am inclined to consider this as a good species of grouse, and distinct from B. umheUus, on
account of the difference in the length of the middle toes, although this elongation may some-
times be found in B. umbdlus. When Richardson found no difference between hi.s T. umhelliis
and the T. sabini of Douglas, it is not improbable, judging from the measurements, that he
had sabini before him instead of the other species.

Idst of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

8424

c?

Simiahmoo, W.T

Fort Steilacoom , W. T

Fort Vancouver, W.T

Columbia river, 0. T

Sept. 16,1857
April — , 1856
J.in. 13,1854

A. Campbell

Dr. Kennerl V

9997

Dr. Suckley

Gov. Stevens

J. Gould

349

a

»999C
8087

Dr. Cooper

D. Doutrlas -

18.00

2:5. 00

4443

Willamette valley

Lt. Williamson ..

Dr. Newberrv

4439

Cascade mountains, 0. T..

do

4441

do

flo

4446

....

Callapooya mountains

do

^ Irig brown.

632 U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

LAGOPUS, Vieillot.

Lagopus, Vieillot, Analyse, 181G. Type Tetrao lagopus, L.
Ch. — Nasal groove densely clothed witli feathers. Tail of sixteen or eighteen feathers. Legs closely feathered to the claws.
Species snow white in winter.

The ptarmigans inhabit the northern regions of both hemispheres, and with the arctic fox
and hares, the lemmings, and a few other species, characterize the Arctic zone. They are of
rare occurrence within the limits of the United States, though further north they become
abundant. The species all become more white in winter, but in summer they are varied with
brown, black, and gray, most of the wing remaining white. There is, generally, consid-
erable diiference between the male and female, the former having the mottling finer and the
colors more blended ; and in some species having a peculiar black stripe through the eye.

As in most grouse there is a naked stripe above the eye, which is generally colored red, and
exhibiting a series of fringed processes.

There is some uncertainty as to the name proper to be used for this genus. Gray sets aside
Lagopus of Vieillot, 1816, as not the same with Lagopus of Brisson, 1760. If, however, Bris-
son be no authority for species, he may not be for genera; and, his name being disregarded,
Vieillot's Lagopus would retain its position.

The study of the American ptarmigans is rendered very difficult by the extreme difficulty of
procuring specimens in summer plumage, and with accurate indications of sex. European
naturalists, many of whom live among the ptarmigan, have not yet come to a positive conclusion
as to the number of species to be counted, whether two, three or more, while the investigation
of our own species is complicated by the extreme rarity of good skins in collections, the imper-
fect notice of locality and sex, and the remoteness from the localities where these birds abound.

In the collection before me, made up chiefly of specimens kindly presented to the Smithsonian
Institution by Mr. John Gould, and of others received from Mr. Audubon, some of them appa-
rently types of his descriptions, are various stages of plumage and structure, which might throw
considerable light on the subject, but for the unfortunate uncertainty, in some cases, as to
whether they are European or American. There are in this series certainly three species, and
indications of a fourth, possibly of a fifth, but I do not venture here to do more than indicate
three. I find none which correspond with what Mr. Audubon has called L. amertcanus.

The specimens vary considerably in the precise character of bill, which is more or less convex,
but there is a decided difierence in the average of the willow and the rock grouse. The size of
the two species differs also. Both have the tail feathers black, and differing in this respect
from the L. leucurus, in which they are wliite.

I give the accompanying descriptions of North American ptarmigans, without much assuranceof
even approximate accuracy, in respect to the number, characters, and synonymy of the
species. Their chief characters are expressed in the following synopsis :

Tail feathers hlaclc.

Bill stout, convex, broad at tip ; the distance from the nasal groove to the tip of bill equal to
or less than the greatest height of both mandibles together. No black loral stripe in the
male ^- «^^«'^-

BIRDS — TETRAONIDAE — LAGOPUS ALbUS.

633

Size smaller. Bill slender, rather compressed at tip. The distance from the nasal groove to
the tip of bill decidedly greater than the height of the bill. Male with a black stripe through
the eye L. rupeslris.

Tail feathers entireJy xvhile.
No black whatever in the winter bird L. leucurus.

Comparative measurements of species.

6

i

a
O

Species.

Locality.

H

i

o

.= e
I*

00

B

1

S

e

i

V

a

i

« «

0 52
0.75
0.35

0.74
0.68

0.68

o.en

1

i

ta

c
°

<

Specimen
measured.

Remarks.

S8Si2

Lofnpus albua . . .

do

do

Labrador? ^

16.10
18.60

8.10
7. to
7.70

7.74
7.80

7.60
7.90
7.50
7.16
7.25
8.20
8.50
7.60
8.10
7.50
7.70
7.70
7.50
7.70
7.80
7.60
7.00
7 in
7.30
7.00
754

5.02
5.07
5.34

5.58
5.33

5.14
5.33

1.56
1.42
1 SO

1.52
1.49

1.63
1.56

1.74
1.80
1.53

1.88
1.8«

1.90
1.93

6.86
0.88
0.80

o.s:

0.76

0.76
0.88

0 h6
0.87
0.86

0.88
0.83

0.84
0.80

Skin...
Skin....
Skin....

Skin....
Skin

Skin

Skin..

Summer

EO^O

I96S

SuMUncr. Very much

eireichcd.
Winter

eos<

do

do

do

do

Hudson's Bay

Troin RiviCres, between
.Montreal and Quebec.

St. Johirs, N. P.

do

IR.SO

38e7

j 14.00l

September

•tSM
til8

1
14.80

February

....do.. .

do.

do

do

do

do

do

do

Lagopiis alpiDus:

do

do

do

Lngnpus nipeKtris:

do

.......do

do

do

do

is.ao

13.00
14.40

34.50
24.00

Fresh....

Skin

Fresh ....

Skin

Skin

Skin ...

....do. ...

4519
do.

do

do

America

Red river, .Minn

Nelson river, n. B

Norway .' perhaps N. Am.

4.76

1.40

1.76

0.58

0.75

0.78

....do

do

3031

16.00
17.80
16.30
15.00
14.90

5.48
5.90
5.02
5.05
4 50
4.60
4.64
4.86
5.43
4.^
4.48
4.50
4.20
4.24

1.57
1.57
1.43
1.30
1.30
1.25
1.23
1.36
1.34
1.10
I.IG

1.23
1.16

1.80
1.90
I.8IS
1.53
1.50
1.33

0.66
0.74
0.83
0.60
0.6U
0.44

0.77
0.77
0.76
0.70
0.67
0.70
0.68
0.68
0.70
0.06
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70

0.80
0.84
0.84
O.BO
0.80
0.64
0.78
0 88
0.86
0.60
0.80
0.78
0.79
0.82

6923
6934

Very mucli stretched

8081

Skin

Skin

skin

e086

8086

Europe ,.

3494

(?

14.00
14.50
13.60
1260
13.00

....

Skin

.Skin

Skin

.Mid. claw wanting.

80S3

8C82

N. W. coast America...
do

1.6-2
1.50
1.37
1.30
1.32
1.48
1.42

0.66
0.64
0.64
0.43
0.50
0.52
0.46

2^54

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin....
Skin

Winter

2853

do

13.50

....do

Ver)' poor specimen.
....do

1008i
10081

Uigopus leucunis

do

do f

Lagopus muiu9..

W. side Rocky mis

do

do.

do

13.00

31.00

1369

15.00

5.00

1.28

0.66

0.84

Skin

Summer. Claws
wanting.

LAGOPUS ALBUS, Aud.

Willow Grouse ; White Ptarmigan.

Tttrao albus, Gmelin, I, 1768, 750. (Hndson'a Bay.)

Lagopus albus, Add. Syn. 1839, 207.— Ib. BircJs Arocr. V, 184'J, 114 ; pi. 299.

Tttrao (Lagopus) albus, NeTTiLi., Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 816.

.' Telrao lagopus, Forster, Pbil. Trans. LXIl, 1772, 390.

Tefrao so^iceli, Sabin-e, App. Franklin's Narr. 681. — Rich, App. Parry's 2d Voyage, 347. — Aud. Orn. Biog. II,

1834,528; pi. 191.
Telrao {Lagopus) saliceti, Swaikson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 351.
IFAile Grouse, Pessant.

Sp. Cn. — Bill very stout. Bill as high as the distance from the nasal groove to its tip. In summer, rufous or orange chestnut
on the head and neck ; the feathers of back black, barred rather closely with yellowish brown and chestnut. In winter, white ;
the tail black, but no black thruugli the eye. Length, lo.iiO ; wing about 8.00 ; tail about 5.00.

//oi.— Northern America. Rare in northern parts of United States.

July 7, 1858.

80 b

634 U, S. P R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Bill very stout and convex, much curved from the nostrils ; the distance from nostrils to the
tip of bill a little less than the greatest depth of both mandibles taken together ; gonys a little
less than the width of the lower mandible at the base ; upper mandibles depressed at the end,
the gape considerably inflected. Claws very long ; broad to near the end, where they are rapidly
narrowed ; the middle one as long as the culmen. Toes feathered to the claws ; the feathers
with rigid shafts. Upper tail coverts nearly as long as the median coverts, like tail feathers ;
lower reaching to the white tips of tail feathers. Wings convex ; the first quill between sixth
and seventh ; the third and fourth longest. Tail about two-thirds the wing, slightly rounded
laterally ; the feathers of nearly uniform width.

Color in winter pure white, without black loral stripe; the bill black; the tail feathers,-
except the two innermost, brownish black ; the exterior with a very narrow tip of white, which
increases to nearly a quarter of an inch to the inner ones ; the innermost incumbent pair is
entirely white; the latter, however, may really be coverts. The primaries have the shafts
brown on the upper surface, except along the extreme edges, which are white.

Summer. I have at hand no summer specimens which I can assert positively to be American ;
but two before me, received from Mr. Audubon, I have no doubt are part of his Labrador collec-
tion, and the originals of his plate. In one of these, corresponding to the male figure, (2852,) the
head and neck all round are nearly uniform rufous chestnut ; the back of the head and neck, with
the feathers blackish, except on the margins. The rest of the upper plumage has each feather
black, barred with a slightly varying shade of yellowish brown or chestnut, (different from the
head,) and narrowly margined terminally with white. The subterminal yellowish brown bar is con-
tinuous across, the others are more or less broken up, mixed, or interrupted towards the shafts. The
jugulum is somewhat like the back, the bands less distinct ; the sides of the body are similar
to the back, the bands coarser. The wings, excepting some of the middle coverts, and the inferior
surface of the body, except on the sides of the breast and the legs, are white. The toes are
bare of feathers, except towards the base, as is also the posterior edge of the tarsus. There is
only a trace of white at the tip of the tail feathers.

The supposed female (1968) is quite similar, the mottling rather lighter, and the light bands
rather broader. The head and neck have not the uniform rufous chestnut color of the other
specimen, those parts being varied more like the back, or with spots of black ; the throat, however,
is rufous chestnut, with black spots, and no white edges. The colored feathers cover the whole
belly, mixed with a good deal of white along the median line and behind. The tibial feathers
are white, barred with brown ; the tarsi and toes dirty white. The under tail coverts are like
the breast.

The coarsely mottled feathers of the breast are mixed with others more like those of the male,
being more rufous, with the barring more broken, finer, and more obsolete.

I find a considerable difference in different specimens of the large Ptarmigan before me.
Those from eastern Labrador and Newfoundland appear to have decidedly broader, stouter,
and more convex bills than tliose from the Hudson's Bay and more northern countries. I think
it not improbable that there may be two species, but without summer specimens I cannot pretend
to determine the question.

In the entire uncertainty as to the true character of the American ptarmigans, I can quote
only those descriptions that are based on American specimens. I have not at hand the means

BIRDS TETRAONIDAE LAGOPUS RDfESTRIS.

na.'i

of settling the synonymy of the diflerent species, and can only call this one Lagopus albm as a
provisional appellation. Bonaparte, in his list of Telraouidae, in Coniptes Kendus XLV, Sept.
185Y, 428, assigns to America three species: L. rupeslrls, Lath., witli L. americanus , Ami.,
and hijopus of American writers as synonyms ; L. yroenlandicus, Erehm., with L. rcinhardlii ?
Brehm, as synonyms, and L. leucurus. The European white ptarmigans are given as L.
albits, L. mulus, and L. tslandorum, Faber, the latter differing from albiis in the stouter hill.
It will be noted that this difference of bill appears to characterise the Newfoundland ptarmigan
as compared witli those from Hudson's bay. As, however, the original Tdrao albus o{ GmcWn is
bast'd jirimarily on descriptions of American specimens, such as Lagopede de la Bate de Hudson
of Buffon, White partridge of Ellis, &c., it will be proper to use it here, whatever be its
relationship to European forms.

List of specimens.

fatal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wiugs.

Wing.

4520

St. John's, N. F

do

.. ..do

Feb. — , 1856
do

......do......

Dr. Stabb

4519

14.40
15.20

24.00
24.20

7.25

4518

do . ..

7. 50

1968?

Summer

......do

S. F. Baird

. do

2852'

do

do '

3887

Trois Rivieres, Can

Red river, H. B. T

Nelson river, H. B. T .

AVinter

T. Broome '..

6923

6924

do

8084

Hudson bay

do

Winter

Summer

John Gould

8080

do

LAGOPUS RUPESTRIS, Leach

Itock I'tarmigan.

Tttrao rupeslris, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 751. Based on rock grouse of Pennant. — Latham, Ind. Orn. 11, 1790,
312. — Sadive, Supplem. Parry's First Voyage, page cxcv. — Richardson, Append. Parry's Second
Voyage, 348.— Acn. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 4S3 ; pi. 368.

Lagopus rupestris, Leach, ZooI. Misc. 11, 290.— Bo-j. List, 1838.— .\uD. Syn. 208.— Is. Birds Amur. V, 1842, 122 ;
pi. 301.

Tctro (Lagopus) rupeslris, Swains, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 354 ; pi. Ixiv.

.9ltagen rupeslris, Rcicii. Av. Syst. Nat. 1851, page xxix.

Rock grouse, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 312.

Sp. Ch. — Bill slender ; distance from the nasal groove to tip greater than height at base. In summer the feathers of back
black, banded distinctly with yellowish brown and tipped with white. In winter white, the tail black ; the male with a black
bar from bill through eye. Size considerably less than that of L. aWus. Length about 14.50 inches ; wing, 7.50 ; tail, 4.50.

Hob. — -Arctic America

Bill from the nasal groove considerably longer than the greatest depth of both mandibles
taken together. Gonys about equal to width of lower mandible below. First quill intermediate
between sixth and seventh. Claws very large and broad, equal to the culmen. Tail of fourteen
black feathers and four middle white ones. Tail about two-thirds the length of wings.

636

U. 8. P. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

The male bird in winter is pure white throughout, except fourteen tail feathers, which are
black, narrowly tipped with white, and a black line through and behind the eye. The shafts
of the larger primaries are browne xternally, except along the edges.

The female is said to be similar, but without the black stripe through the eye.

A supposed summer specimen of this species, probably a female, has the feathers of the back
black, with narrow transverse bars of yellowish brown and terminated by white. The brown
bars are largest on the basal half; the terminal ones are usually interrupted towards the shaft ;
the last of all sometimes continuous, and separated from the white tip by black. Much the
greater exposed portion of the feather is black. Beneath and to some extent on the head the
brownish bars are lighter and much broader, imparting a yellowish tint. The chin is whitish,
spotted with black. There is no trace of the black lore. The entire wing, excepting the
middle coverts and tertials, are white, as is also the middle lore of the belly. The outer web of
external tail feather is white towards the base.

A specimen from the northwest coast of America, (8082,) presented by Mr. Gould, and
perhaps a male of the rock grouse, has the feathers of a chestnut color mottled with black,
and with little or no white edging. This may, however, be a distinct species, dififerent, as it
certainly is, from the common willow grouse.

The difterences between the American rock grouse and the willow grouse are to be found in
the smaller size of the latter, and its slenderer, more elongated bill. The black stripe through
the eye of the male is not found in the willow grouse in either sex.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

8082

Northwest coast America .
do

8083

do '

2853

yummer

Winter

S. F. Baiid

do

2854

... do'

do

2855

o
o

do?

do?

Summer .--.

do

do

2856

do .

do

do

LAGOPUS LEUCURUS, Swain son.

White-tailed Ptarmigan.

Ttlrao (Lagopus) leucurus, Svvainson, Fauna Bor. Amcr. II, 1831, 356 ; pl.kiii. — Nuttai.l, Man. II, 1834,612. —

Ib. I,2dod. 1840,820.
Tttrao lexicurus, Atn. Cm. P.iog. V, 1839, 200; pi. 418.
Lagopus leucuriiJi, Aro. Syn. 1839.— 1b. Birds Amor. V, 1842, 125; pi. 302.

.Sp. Cil. — Bill slender. Pliunogo in summer b:irri'd vvitli brownish yellow. In winter pure white, including the tail feathers.
Length, 13 inches ; wing, 7 ; tail, 4.25.
Jlab. — Northern America to the west. Southward along RocUy niouiUains to Cgchotopo Pass in latitude 390.

Bill rather slender ; the length I'rora the nasal groove considerably greater than the height of
both mandibles together. Gonys longer than the width of lower jaw at the end of the lateral

BIRDS — TETRAONIDAE — LAG0PU8 AJIERICANITS,

G37

feathers ; the lower jaw with a prominent riilge on the sides below. Tail rather short, scarcely
more than half the wings. First quill intermediate between sixth and seventh.

Color in winter pure white with a faint rosy tint, even including the tail feathers. The
shafts of the larger primaries brown.

The only specimens I have seen are in winter dress. The summer plumage is said by
Eichardson to be varied with blackish brown and ochraceons.

The two skins of this bird before me, and probably the only ones in any American museum,
were collected in January, 1858, by Captain R. B. Marcy, on his march from Fort Bridger
across the Rocky mountains to Santa Fe, in search of provisions and animals for the Utah
army, under Colonel Johnston. They were met with near the summit of the mountains,
probably near the Cochetope Pass.

List of speei/iiens.

Catiil.
No.

Locality.

Whea collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

lOOSl
100S2

West side Bocky mts. , near
Cochetope p.-iss, lat. 39°..
do

Jan. — , 1858

Capt. Marcy, U. S. A.
do ,

Dr. Anderson

13.00

21.00

7.00

■

LAGOPUS AMERICANUS? Aud.

American Ptarmigan.

?" Tttrao lagopus, Sabis-c, E., Suppl. Parry's 1st Voyage, p. cxcvii.— S.ibixe, J., Franklin's Jour. 682. — Rich.

A pp. Parry's 2d Voyage, 350."
Telrao {Lagopus) mulus, Rich. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 350.
Telrao mulus, Aid. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 196.
Lagopus aintricanxts, Aid. Syn. 1839, 207.— In. liirils Amer. V, 1842, 119 ; pi. 300.

A ptarmigan, supposed by some authors to be the Lagopus mutus or alpinus of Europe, is
mentioned by authors as found on Baffin's bay and Cliurchill river. Mr. Audubon, on an
examination of specimens brought from those countries, considers them distinct, but gives no
appreciable characters to separate them. The differences are probably very slight, if they
really exist. The European or Scotch ptarmigan has the bill slenderer than in L. albiis,
though the size is scarcely less. The summer plumage, however, is very different, the tints
being mottled gray, without any of the reddish brown or yellow of the other. The winter
dress is white ; the male with a black line from the bill through the eye.

It is quite probable that some of the specimens enumerated under the head of L. rupesiris
really belong here.

638 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family PERDICIDAE. The Partridges.

Ch. — Nostrils protected by a naked scale. Tlie tarsi bare and scutellate.

The Perdicidae differ from the grouse in the bare legs and naked nasal fossae. They are much
smaller in size and more abundant in species. They are widely distributed over the surface of
the globe, a large number belonging to America, where the sub-femilies have no old world
representatives whatever. The head seldom if ever shows the naked space around and above
the eye, so common in tlie Tetraonidae, and the sides of the toes, scarcely exhibit the peculiar
pectination formed by a succession of small scales or plates.

The various species of Perdicidae have been divided by Bonaparte into four sub-families,
Perdicinae, Coturnicinae, Turnicinae, and Oriyginae, while Gray unites the first two into one.
The common gray partridge or English partridge, (Perdix cinerea,) with several other
European species, belong to the first sub-family ; the common European quail {Ooturnix
dadylisonans) to the second ; the third embraces the bush quails of the old world, while the
Orli/ginae are entirely peculiar to the new world, which has no representatives in the other sub-
families.

Sub-Family ORTYGINAE.

Ch. — Bill stout, the lower mandible more or less bidentato on each side near the end .

The Oriyginae of Bonaparte, or Odontophorinae of other authors, are characterized as a group
by the bidentation on either side. of the edge of lower mandible, usually concealed in the closed
mouth and sometimes scarcely appreciable. The bill is short, and rather high at base ; stouter
and shorter than what is usually seen in Old World partridges. The culmen is curved from
the base; the tip of the bill broad, and overlapping the end of the lower mandible. The nasal
groove is short. The tail is rather broad and long.

The species are quite numerous, the number known to naturalists being about forty. They
occur mostly in Central America and Mexico, though the genus OdoniopJiorus is chiefly com-
posed of South American species.

All the more important genera are represented within the limits of the United States, except-
ing Odontophorus. The following synopsis will convey a general idea of their character:

Synopsis of genera.
a. Head ivithout crest.
Orttx. — Tail not much more than half the wings; outstretched feet reaching beyond the tail.

6. Head with a crest of a few long narrow, Iceel-sliaped feathers.

Oreortyx. — Crest feathers very long, linear; tail scarcely more than half the wings; bill
stout; claws blunt, the lateral not reaching the base of the middle claw. Toes of the out-
etretched foot reaching beyond the tail.

LopuoRTYX. — Crest feathers widening much at the ends. Tail nearly or quite as long as
wings. Bill rather small. Claws acute, the lateral reaching to the base of middle one. Toes
not reaching the tip of tail.

DIRDS — PERDICIDAE — ORTYX.

G39

c. Crest soft, /nil and tufted; composed of short, broad and depressed feathers.

Callipepla. — Crest springing from the crown. Wing coverts normal. Tail stiflened, nearly
as long n.s the wings. Claws small, acute, outstretched feet not reaching the tip of tail.

Cyrtonvx. — Crest occipital. Wing coverts greatly developed. Tail very small and soft;
half as long as the wings. Toes short; claws very long, blunted ; outstretched feet reaching
much beyond the tip of the tail.

All the North American quails, except Cyrtonyx massena, have the inner tertiaries edged
internally with whitish or butt", forming a conspicuous line on the back when the wings are
closed.

Comparative measurements of species.

Cital.
No.

Hpcclea.

Localiiy.

Sex.

Length.

1 1
Stretch Wing.j TaU.

ofwings; |

j

Tarsus.

Middle
loe.

Ha claw
alone.

Bill
above.

Mong
gape.

Specimens
measured.

1714

Carlisle, Pa

do

9

8.64
10.50
8.60
10.00
8.00
8.70
9.00
9.00
9.50
7.76
7.75
7.70
9.00
10.00
10.70
9.50
9.80
9.74
9.10
9.30
9.40
9.0O
9.50
7.80
8.75
8.80
9.00

4.62 3.02

1.21

1.47

0.34

0.55

0.56

Skin

do

15.16 ' 4.64
4.68

Fresh....

1715

do

do

3
..„..

S

2.98

1.25

1.47

0.34

0.57

0.58

Skin

do

Savannah, Ga

DeviPs river, Tex....

15.50

14.00
14.00

13.50

13.50
16.25

4.64

2385
93.'i0

do

Onyx texaiiu^

4.44
4.35
4.00

2.70
2.97

1.24
1.20

1.40
1.30

0.30
0.27

0.55
0.56

0.56
0.50

Skin

Skin

Fresh

9354

do

do

9

4.50
4.00
4.35
4.20

2.86

1.22

1.40

0.29

0.54

0 60

Skin

do

do

(jo

Fresh

9348
9317

.10

do

San Antonio, Tex ...

Fort Clark, Tex

New Leon, Mex

lo

California

Fort Tejon, Cal

Tulare valley

California

New Mexico

Oila river

New Mexico

do

New Leon, Mex

do

S

9

S

..„..

c?
S
9

9
S
9
S

2.73
2. 66

1.20
1.08
1.10

1.38
1.40
1.28

0.27
0.32
0.27

0.55
0.54
0.53

0.60
0.58
0.57

Skin

Skin

4099

4.34 3.88

Skin

do..
3935

do

4.50
4.91

3.32

1.35
1.39
1.16
1.16
1.27
1.16
1.20
1.20
1.20-

1.56
1.63
1.50
1.45
1.46
1.36
1.37
1.42
1.34

0.36
0.40
0.40
0.37
0.38
0.33
0.37
0.42
0.30

0.66
0.55
0.53
0.50
0.56
0.54
0.50
0..W
0.54

0.57
0.58
0.60
0.56
0.56
0.54
0.56
0.54
0.57

Skii

10321

do

5.36 3.75
4.32 4.12
4.26^ 3.79

4.54 4.48
4.36 4.08

Skin

9390
3936

Lopbonyx califomicus

.... do

Skin

Skin

93:s

9361

I.opbortyx gnmbelti

do

Skin

Skin

9386
9387
3999

Cullipepla tiquainata

do

do

4.74
4.69
4.44
4.50
4.66

3.82
3.86
3.75

Skin

Skin.....

Skin

Fresh

3998

Cynonyi iiiaascna

do

Sew Leon, Mex

(Jo

<?

2.54

l.U

1.41

0.50

0.60

0.58

Skin

Fresh....

ll>258
10-356

do

do

Fort Da\i3, Tex

do

9

4.68 1 2.48
4 ta S.RO

l.IO
1.04

1.43
1.40

0.56
0.52

0.60
0.62

0.58
0.S8

Skin

ORTYX, Stephens.

Orl\)z, Stephen's, Shaw's Oen. Zool. XI, 1319. Typs Tdrao rirginianus, L.

Ch. — Bill stoat. Head entirely without any crest. Tail short, scarcely more than lialf the wing, composed of moderately
soft feathers. Wings normal. Legs developed, the toes reaching considerably beyond the tip of the tail ; the lateral toes short,
equal, their claws falling decidedly short of the base of the middle claw.

The genus Ortyx embraces numerous species, more or less resembling the well known Bob-
white of the United States. They are chiefly confined to Mexico, Central America, and the
West India Islands. An Ortyx cubanensis, from Cuba, is said by Cabanis to resemble 0. texanua
much more than virginianus.

640 U. S. p. R E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The two United States species resemble each other so closely as to require a more extended
comparison than usual to distinguish them. They can, however, be generally identified by the
following diagnoses:

Synopsis of species.

Size large. Prevailing color above brownish red, especially on the wing coverts ; the feathers
of the upper part of the back tinged with grey and obscurely mottled with dusky; transverse
bars on the edges only, and to a still less degree on the wing coverts. No distinct light spots on
the upper parts, except as transverse bars on outer webs of secondaries and tertials. Inner edges
of tertials rufous white 0. virginianus.

Small. Prevailing color above greyish, with a slight indication of brownish red on the fore
part of the back and upper wing coverts, which are conspicuousl} barred transversely with
brownish in zigzag, (from edge to edge,) especially the latter, the feathers of the upper parts
all variously edged and spotted with light brownish yellow. Inner edge of tertials dirty yel-
lowish 0. (exanus.

ORTYX VIRGINIANUS, B o n a p .

Qnail; Partridge; Bob-white.

Tctrao virginianus, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 277, IC, (female?) — Gmelin, I, 1788, 761.

Perdix virginiana, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 650. — Wilson, Am. Orn. VI, 1812. 21 ; pi. xlvii. — Doogiity's Cab.

I, 1830, 37 ; pi iv.— AuD. Orn. Biog. 1, 1631, 388 : V, 1839, 564 ; pi. 7G.
Perdix (Ortyx) virginiana , Bonap. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 203.
Orttjx virginiana, Jardine, Nat. Library Birds, IV, Game birdB, 101; pi. x — Bon. List, 1838. — Am. Syn. 1839,

199.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 59; pi. 289.— Gould, Men. Odoiit. pi. 1.
Perdix {Colinia) virginiana, Nuttall, Man. I, 1832, 64G.

Tetrao marilandicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 277, 18.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 761, 17.
Perdix marilandica, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 650.
Tetrao minor, Bartram, Travels, 1791, 290 bis.

Perdix borealis, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. — Ib. Galerie, II, 44, pi. ccxiv.
Ortyx borealis, Steph. Shaw's Zool. XI, 1819, 377.
Virginia partridge, Latham, Syn. 11, ii, 777.

Sp. Ch. — Forehead and lino through the oyo and along the side of the neck, with chin and throat white. A band of black
across the vertex, and extending backwards on the sides, within the white, and another from the maxilla beneath the eye, and
crossing on llio lower part of the throat. The under parts arc white, tinged with brown anteriorly, each Icalber with several
narrow, obtusely V-shaped bands of black. The fore part of back, tho side of the breast and in front just below the black
collar, of a dull pinkish red ; tho sides of body and wing coverts brownish red ; tho latter almost uniform, without indication
of mottling. Scapulars and upper tertials coarsely blotched with black, and edged internally with brownish yellow. Top of
head reddish; the lower p^rt of neck, except anteriorly, streaked with white and black. Primary quilla unspotted brown.
Tail ash.

Female with the white markings of tho head replaced by brownish yoUow ; the black wanting.

Length, 10 inches; wing, 4.70; tail, 2.85.

Hub. — Eastern United States to tho High Central Plains, Devil's river, Texa.".'

Tliis species is subject to considerable variations both of size and color, the more northern
being considerably the larger. Southern specimens are darker, with more black about the head,
on the wings, and the middle of the back. There is also a more appreciable mottling on the
wings, and tho feathers of the back are streaked with black.

BIRDS — PERDICIOAE — ORTYX TEX ANTS,

G41

In No. 251fi, from Carlisle, the ground tint of the izpper parts, excepting the fore part of
back and the head, is a brownish cream color, the black markings both above and below more
distinct than usual. There is also more white about the head. Rut for the fact of its having
been shot near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in a flock of normally colored birds, it might readily be
taken for a different species.

Specimens from the southern States not unfrequently have the while throat feathers margined
with black, which sometimes almost conceals the white. A skin, 9350, from Devil's river,
Texas, is doubtfully referred to this species, on account of its size and redder color.

The Ortyx vinjinianus is thebird about which there has been so much controversy as to the
name it should bear. In New York and New England, as well as in many of the western
States, it is called the quail, while in Pennsylvania and further south it is known as the part-
ridge. Where this bird is called quail, the Ruffed Grouse is generally called [tartridge; and
where it is called partridge, the larger species is known as the pheasant. In reality, however,
no one of these names can be correctly ajjplied to any American species, though to call our grouse
a partridge is, perhaps, a worse misnomer than to apply the same name to our Ortyx. It would
be much better, however, to select names for the American birds which have not been used for
other species ; such, perhaps, as Bob white for the Ortyx, and Mountain Grouse, or Ruffed
Grouse, for the other species.

List of speciviens.

Caul.
No.

1715
ITU

44.'M

Locality.

J-

When col-
lected.

Whence ubiaincd.

9

Carlisle, Pa I | S. F. Baird ....

do.... I I do .

Liberty county, Ga ' I do

Qua:?queton, Iowa ' , E. C. Bid well..

Iowa Point, Neb I April 23, 185C ! Lieut. Warren.

Devil 'ti River, Texa^ 1 Nov. — , 1854 i Major Emory .,

Orig.

No.

Collected by —

W. L.Jones.

Dr. llayden...
Itr. Kcnnerly .

Length. Stretch
ol'wingB.

8.35

11.75

Wing.

3.75

Remarks.

Eyes dull brown .

ORTYX TEX ANUS, Lawrence.

Ortyx Uxanus, Lawkesce, Ann. \. Y. Lye. VI, April, 1853, 1.

Sr. Cii. — General appearance that of 0. »irg-i)iiaiiiis. Chin, throat, forehead, andstripe over the eye wliite. Stripe behind
the eye, continuous with a collar across the lower part of the throat, black. Under parts white, with zig-zag transverse bars of
black. Above pale brownish red, strongly tinged with ash, the feathers all faintly though distinctly mottled with black ; the
lower back, scapulars, and terlials much blotched with black, the latter edged on both sides, and, to some extent, transversely
barred with brownish white. Secondaries with transverse bars of the same on the outer web. Wing coverts coarsely and
conspicuously barred with blackish. Lower part of neck, except before, streaked with black and white.

Female with the white of the head changed to brownish yellow ; the black of the head wanting.

Length, 9 inches; wing 4.35; tail, 2.85.

Ilab. — Southern Te.ia5 and Valley of the Rio Grande.

This species is very similar, in general appearance and markings, to 0. virginianus, the
common quail of the United States, being, perhaps, of smaller size, though some specimens
seem almost as large as the other species. The chief difference is seen in a much grayer shade of
coloration and a more extended and con.''picuou8 mottling of the feathers. The under parts
and head are much the same, except that in 0. texanus the black collar on the throat is narrower,
July 8, 1858.

81 b

642

U. S. r. K. K, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

and the reddish of the jiigulum is paler, Tlie stripe behind the eye has more black ; the feathers
on top of the head are black, margined with brownish yellow, instead of being reddisli and
black. There are distinct transverse bars of dusky in every feather of the upper surface, (except
the head,) and in addition there are obscure light brownish yellow spots or bars on the back and
wings, the coverts especially, not found in virginianus. This light mottling is, perhaps, more
distinct in the female than the male. The light margins to the tertials are brownish white, not
brownish yellow.

List of

specimens

•

Catdl.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence ob-
tained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

L'gth.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing

Remarks.

9348
S082
9354
S083
SOSl
9347

"q"

3

c?

April 21,1855
Nov. — , 1&54
April 27, 1855
May 15,1855

do

Maj. Emory..

Capt. Pope . .

do

do

46
SO
53
83

9.50
9.50
9.50
9.50

14.00
14.00
12.00
13.00

4.50
4.00
4.25
4.50

Devil'snver,Tex.,..
Nueces to Fort Clark.

Dr. Kennerly

Maj. Emory.
Lt. Couch. 1 .

J. H. Clark . .

9.75

14.25

.4.25

4101
4099

do

9.00
9.00

13.50
13.75

4.50
4.50

May —,1853

do

208

OREORTYX, Baird.

Ch. — Body stout, broad ; bill largi! ; crest as in Lophortyx ; tail short, broad, scarcely more than half the wing, rounded, the
longest feathers not much exceeding the coverts. Legs developed, the claws extending beyond the tip of the tail ; the lateral
toes short, the outer claw falling considerably short of the base of the middle. Very similar to Orlyx, e-xcept in the crest.

I do not find any genus already established for this bird, which appears to me worthy of
generic rank, and differing in marked characters both from Lophortyx and Callipejola. I am
unable to say whether more than one species can be included in it.

OREORTYX PICTUS, Baird.

Plumed Partridge ; Mountain Qnnil.

Ortyx picia, Douglas, Truns. Linn. Soc. XVI, 1829, 143.

Callipepla picla, Gould, Mon. Odont. pi. xv. — Newberry, Rep. P.ll.R. VI, iv, LS.")?, !Kt.

Orlyx plumifera, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. V, 1837, 42.— Aud. Syn. 1839, ^00.— Id. Birds Amer. V, 1842, (iJ ; pi. 291.

Perdix plumifera, Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 220 ; pi. 422.

Lophortyx plumifera, Nuttai.l, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 791.

Sp. Cii. — Head witli a crest of two straight feathers, much longer ihan the bill and head. Anterior half of the body grayish
plinnbcous ; the upper parts generally olivaceous brown with a slight shade of rufous, this extending narrowly along the nape
to the crest. Head beneath the eyes and throat orange chestnut, bordered along the orbits and a short distani-e behind by blacli,
Iraunded anteriorly and superiorly by while, of whicli color is a short lino behind the eye. Posterior half of the body beneath
while, a large central patch anteriorly (bifurcating behind,) with the flanks and tibial feathers orange chestnut brown, the sides
of body showing black and white bands, the former color tinged with chestnut. Under tail coverts black, streaked with orange
chestnut. IJpjier tertials margined internally with whitish.

Length, 10. .'iO inches ; wing, 5 ; tail, 3.25.

Hab. — Mountain ranges of California and Oregon towards the coast.

The forehead is of a whitish ashy, fading into the plumbeous of the liead above. The white
mark in front of the eye completely encircles tlie base of tlie lower jaw, cutting olf the chestnut.

HIUUS — I'KUDK'lDAr. — LOPITORTVX.

643

The concealed feathers of the flanks have an obliquo bar of white on tlio outer edges, the
chestnut suffused with black towards the abrupt white edge. The feathers on the sides of the body
are banded very regularly and transversely with white and black, or white and chestnut, the
colors becoming more or less suffused. Tiie region around the anus is fulvous white witliout
any markings.

A specimen, collected at Fort Tejon by Mr. Vesey, differs in licking the olive wash on the
fore part of back and the neck which are pure plumbeous ; there is also much more of the dark
chestnut on the belly. The crest is much longer, measuring 3^ inches. This is probably a
male. The female appears to exhibit very little difference, except in the rather shorter crest.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

Collected by—

4490
4309

Crtsauit: mountains, 0. T

Nuar Fort Jones, Oil

Spring of 1855

Lieut. Williamson

Dr. Suckley

Dr. Eeermann

J. X. de Vesey

192

Dr. Newberry

5935

Fort Tejon, Cal

LOPHORTYX, Bonaparte.

Lophorlyx, Bom.\p. Geog. &Comp. List, 1838. Type Tetrao califumicua, Shaw.

Cn . — Head wiUi a crest of lengthened feathers springing from the verte.\, the shafts in the same vertical plane, and the
webs roof-shaped, and overlapping each other ; the number varies from two to six or more ; they widen to the tip, whore they
are slightly recurved. Tail lenglhed and graduated ; nearly as long as the wing, composed of twelve stiff feathers. Wings
wiUi the tcrtials not as long as the primaries ; the coverts without any unusual development ; claws rather short; the lateral
reaching to, but scarcely beyond the base of the middle ; the outstretched toe not reaching the tip of the tail.

The two North American species of the genus have the anterior half of the body, and the
upper parts generally, plumbeous ; the feathers of neck above, and on the sides, pointed and
margined with black. There is a white bar across the head above, between the eyes, which,
passing backwards^ is bordered behind and internally by black ; a second commences at^he pos-
terior border of the eye and then borders the black of the chin and throat laterally and behind,
the black reaching up to the eye and bordered anteriorly by a white line i'rora eye to bill ; belly
pale buflj with a large spot in the centre ; the flanks streaked with white. The diagnoses of
the species are as follows :

Vertex and occiput light smoky olive brown ; forehead whitish ; spot in the middle of the
belly orange chestnut ; feathers of breast with narrow black edges ; sides of body olivaceous
plumbeous L. calif ornicus.

Vertex and occiput clear chestnut brown ; forehead blackish ; spot in middle of belly black ;
none of the belly feathers with black edges ; sides of body orange chestnut L. gambelii.

644 U. S. r. R. K. EXP. and surveys — zoology — GENERAL REPORT.

LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICUS, B o n a p .

Caliibrnia Quail.'

Teiruo citlifornicus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 345, (prior to 1801.)

Perdix californica, Latham, Suppl. Ind. Orn. II, App. 1801, p. Ixii. — Ano. Cm. Biog. V, 1839, 152 ; pi. 413.

Ortyx californica, Stephens in Shaw's Zool. XI, 1819, 384. — Jaedine, Game Birds, Nat. Libr. IV, 104, pi. xi. —
Cdv. R. An. lUust. ed. Oiscaux, pi. Ixiv. Bennett, Gardens &. Menag. Zool. Soc. II,
29, woodcut.— AuD. Syn. 1839, 199.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 67 ; pi. 290.

Perdix {Orlyx) californica, Eonap. Syn. 1828, 125.

Lophortyx califurnica, Bonap. List, 1838. — Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 789.

Callipepla californica, Goui.D, Mon. Odont. pi. xvi. — Reichenbach, Av. Syst. 1850, pi. xxvii. — Newberry, Rep.
P. R. R. VI, IV, 1857,92.

Sp. Ch. — Crest black. Anterior half of body and upper parts plumbeous; the wings and back glossed with olive brown.
Anterior half of head above brownish yellow, the shafts of the stilf feathers black ; behind this is a white transverse band which
passes back along the side of the crown ; within this white, anteriorly and laterally, is a black suffusion . The vertex and occiput are
light brown. Chin and throat black, margined laterally and b hind by a white band, beginning behind the eye. Belly pale
buff anteriorly, (an orange brown rounded patch in the middle,) and white laterally, the feathers all margined abruptly with black.
The feathers on the sides of body like the back, streaked centrally with white. Feathers of top and sides of neck with the
margins and shafts black. Under tail coverts buff, broadly streaked centrally with brown.

Female similar, without the white and black of the head ; the feathers of the throat brownish yellow, streaked with brown.
The buff and orange brown of the belly wanting. The crest short.

Length, 9.50 inches ; wing, 4.32; tail, 4.12.

Hab. — Plains and lowlands of California and Oregon towards the coast. Moliave river.

The white band across the middle of the head above bends abruptly at a right angle and
passes back to the occiput ; the second white stripe begins just at the posterior corner of the eye.
The imbricated pointed feathers on the neck are streaked centrally and margined with black,
although the tip of the shaft is white, producing an indentation of the black border. There is
also a tendency to a whitish subapical spot just within the black. In many specimens there is
a short white line from the anterior corner of the eye to the commissure. There is no mottling
in the feathers of the back, or else but slight indication of it. The inner tertials are margined
internally with buff.

This species supplies in western California and Oregon tlie place of the Bob white of the eastern
States, inhabiting the open lowlands and thriving in the vicinity of the settlements. It appears
to be confined chiefly to the coast regions, the only specimens from the Colorado basin in the
collection before me having been taken near the head of the Mohave river, and consequently
close to the limits of the region assigned.

piuns — rFRniciDAR — lopuortyx oamiiklii.

rA5

List of specimens.

Catul. No.

4477
4476
448 1
9395
&S63
S562
44S3
4239
4945
4936
9390
9392

9394
9396
9388

&.■!.

Loaility.

When collected.

Whouco obtained.

Oiig. No.| Collected by—

Willnmetto valley, O.T...! Lt. Willinmiion.

do... I do

Dr. Newberry.
do

9
S
Q

Fort Jones, Cnl _ do

.! Bodega, Ciil j Jan. —,1855

Petitluma, Od.
do

.do.

Lt. Trowbridge T. A. Szabo.

K. SamiielB .
do...

San Francisco, Cal.
do

San Jos6, Cal

do

Tulare valley

Tejon valley

Fort Tejon

San Diego, Cal

Near S;in Diego

Mohave river

Wint. 1855-'6

Mar. 14, 1854

Lt. Williamson .

R. D. Cutts

A. J. GravBon..

do

Lt. William.son.

do

J. X. de Vesey..
Lt. Trowbridge.

Major Emory

Lieut. Whipple.

165

Dr. Newberrv-

Dr. Heermann.
do

183

A. Scliott

Kcnn. and Moll.

LOPHORTYX GAMBELII, N u 1 1 a 1 1 .

Gambel's Partridge.

Lophortyx gambelii, "Nuttali.," Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. 1, 1843, 260.- McCai.i., I'r. A. N. Sc. V, June,

1851, 221.
Callipepla gamhelii, Goild, Mon . Odont. pi. xvii. — Cassin, Ulust. I, ii, IS-IS, 45 ; pi. ix.
CalUpepla renusta, Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. XIV, 1846, 70.

Sp. Oil. — Head with a crest of five orsix purplish black feathers, about as long as the billand head together, or alillle longer.
Upper parts, with the neck all round, and the breast, plumbeous gray ; the shafts of the feathers brown ; those on the nock
above and on the sides edged with same. Anterior half of head all round, with the chin and upper part of throat, and a large
spot on the belly, black ; the forehead streaked with hoary gray. Top of the head chestnut, bordered anteriorly and laterally
by black, immediately succeeded by an abruptly defined white stripe. A second slripo starts from the posterior corner of the
eye and borders the black on the side of head and on the throat all round. Belly pale l)rownish yellow ; the sides of the body
dark orange brown, broadly streaked centrally with white. Inner edges of tertials light brownish yellow. Tail light plumbeous.

Female witliout the black and white of the head and the black of the belly, and only a slight trace of the chestnut crown ; the
crest shorter and of fewer feathers.

Length, 9.50 inches ; wing, 4.50; tail, 4.25.

llah. — I'pper Rio Grande and Gila to the Colorado of California.

In many specimens there is a fine mottling on the outer .surface of the wings, and an appear-
ance of the same on the gray of the breast and back, but this latter is merely an optical illusion.

The feathers on the forehead are stiff and bristly, their central portions or shafts are black ;
the lateral filaments hoary gray, although the general effect is nearly black.

This fine species belongs chiefly to the Rocky mountain region, from the Upper Rio Grande
to the Colorado river. It is found as far north on this river as the parallel of 30°, and is very
abundant in. Sonora. In the limits assigned it appears to replace the L. ccdi/ornkus, which is
peculiar to the western slope.

646

U. S. p. E E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length .

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

9362

9

San Elizario, Texas....

do

do

Fort Fillmore, N.M

do

Dec. — , 1655

do

Dec. — , 1854
Oct. 20, 1855
do

Major Emory

do

do

14
13
5

150
149

Dr. Kenncrly..

9363

do

do

10.00
9.50
11.75

13.50
13.00
14.25

4.00
4.00
4.75

9364

5066

Bill black ; feet gray., , .

5085

iln

9372

Q
S
9
9
9
c?

Mimbres to Kio Grande.
DoHa Ana, N. M

5084

Nov. 27, 1855

Capt. Pope

do

167

26
44
65

11.00

10.25
10.00

15.C0

14.25
13.00

5.00

4.. 50
5.00

Bill and eyes black ; feet
gray; gums pale blue.

9373

9360

Caini)97,N. M

do

Jan. 10,1854
do

Lieut. Whipple..,.
do

Kenn. ScMoll..
do

9360*

9361

Gila river

Lt. Parke

Dr. Heermann.

9369

9370

do

do

Dr. Kennerly ..

9.50

13.00

4.00

CALLIPEPLA, Wagler.

Callipepla, Wagler, Isis, 1832. Type Ortyx squamnta, Vig.

Ch. — Head wilh a broad short depressed tufted crest of soft thick feathers springing from the vertex. Other character as
in Lophortyx,

The single United States species is of a bluish tint, without any marked contrast of color.
The feathers of the neck, breast, and belly, have a narrow edging of black.

CALLIPEPLA SQUAMATA, Gray.

Scaled or Blue Partridge.

Ottyx squamalus, Vigors,;Zoo1. Jour. V, 1830, 275.— Adert, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ill, 1847, 221.

Callipepla .iquamala, Gray, Gen. Ill, 1846, 514.— M 'Call, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, 1851, 222.— Cassin, III. I, v, 18.54, 129;

pi, xi.x. — Gould, Mon. Odont. pi. xix,
Callipepla sirenua, AVagler, Isis, XXV, 1832, 278.

Tetrao cristata, De la Llave, Registro trimestre, I, 1832, 144. (Cassin.)
Sp. Ch. — Head with a full broad flattened crest of soft elongated feathers. Prevailing color plumbeous gray, wliilish on the
belly, the central portion tinged with brownish ; the exposed surface of the wings tinffed with light yellowish brown, and very
finely and almost imperceptibly mottled. Head and throat without markings, light grayish pUimbcoiis, throat tinged with
yellowish brown. Feathers of neck, upper part of back and under parts generally, except on the sides and behind, with a
narrow but well defined margin of blackish, producing the effect of imbricated scales. Feathers on the sides streaked centrally
with while. Inner edge of inner tertials, and tips of long feathers of the crest, whitish. Crissuin rusty white, streaked with
rusty. Female nearly similar. Length, 9.50 ; wing, 4.80; tail, 4.10.

Hah. — Valley of Rio Grande of Texas. Not yet detected farther west. Most abundant on the high broken table lands and
mezquite plains.

In this species the elongated tertials reach nearly to the tip of the tail, which is long and
graduated, the lateral feathers much narrower and an inch shorter tlian the middle. Tlie white
inner margins to the inner tertials constitute a straight line down the rump, and are bordered
on the side next the shaft by a dusky line. The rump, tail coverts, and upper surface of tail
are of a less pure lead color than the fore back, and absolutely mottled like the tertials. The
pale reddish brown tinge along tlio middle of the belly, also pervade.s the scale-like margins of

niiiiis — rinji'iriDAE — cyrtonyx massena.

647

the feathers. Those on the neck are light brown, not black. The crest is tinged with brown
next to the whitish. Feathers of the breast and belly with the shafts dark brown, occupying
the centre of a dark V-niark, the apex pointing backwards, and the brandies divaricating more
and more posteriorly.

In one specimen of this bird from New Leon, 39U9, there is a large brownish chestnut spot on
the middle of the belly, ([uite conspicuously diflerent from what is seen in other skins.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

.'^•x.

Locality.

9385

9387

9386

5102

15104

15105

15103

9381

3999

9
S

9

Wbcn collected. Whence obtained.

Himbres to Rio Gmnde Dr. Henry..

New Mexico Capt. Pope .

do 1 do

Solidad caDoD, Organ mts., N. M.^ Mar. 10, 1856 | do

do....

do....

do

Mr. Clark ..

Permanent camp, Pecos, N. M Sept. 5, 1855

Pecos, N.M ' June 6,1856

Permanent camp on Pecos, N. M.
San Pedro

May 22, 1855

I

New Leon, Mexico Lt. Couch .

Orig. Length.
No.

Stretch ,
of wings, j

182
123
198
115
22
106

9.50
12.00
12.00
10.00
11.00
10.50

Wing.

13.50
14.50 {
16.00 j
14.60
15.00 I
14. 12

4.50
5.00
5.00
4.50
5.00
4 50

1 Bill and eyes brown, feet flesh-colored.

CYRTONYX, Gould.

Cijrlonyz, Gould, Mon. Odontoph. ? 1845. Typo Orhjx masstna, Lesson.

Cn. — Bill very stout and robust Head with a broad soft occipital crest of short decumbent feathers. Tail very short, lialf
tho length of the wings, composed of soft feathers, the longest scarcely longer than tlie coverts ; much graduated. Wings long
and broad, the coverts and tertials so much enlarged as to conceal the quills. Feet robust, extending considerably beyond the
lip of the tail. Claws very large, the outer lateral reaching nearly In the middle of the central anterior. The toes without the
claws, however, are very short.

This genus differs very much from its North American allies in the great development of
the feathers composing the wing coverts, the very short and soft tail, and the very short toes
and long claws. It is almost worthy of forming the type of a distinct sub-family, so many and
great are its peculiarities. The single North American representative is the only one of our
species with round white spots on the lower surface aud black ones above. A second species,
C. ocellatus, is found in Mexico.

CYRTONYX MASSENA, Gould.

Masseua Partridge.

Ortyx mosseiia, Lesson, Cent. Zool. 1830, 189.

Ci/r/oni/i masseiia, Gocld, Mon. Odont. 1850, 14; tab. vii.— M'Cali., Pr. A. N. Sc. V, 1851, iiil — Cassls, lllust.

I, I, 18.'>3, 21 ; pi. xxi. — Reichenb. Syst. Av. 1850, pi. xxvii.
Ortyx monlezumae, Vigors, Zool. Jour. V, 1830, 275.
Odonlophorus meUagris, Wacler, Isis, XXV, 1832, 279.
Tetrao gvUata, De la Llave, Rcgislro trimcstrc, I, 1832, 145. (Cassin.)

648

U. S. p. K. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Ch. — Head striped with white, black, and lead color ; chin black. Feathers above streaked centrally with whitish, lliose
on the outer surface of the wings, with two series of rounded black spots. Central line of breast and belly dark chestnut ; the
abdomen, thighs, and crissum, black ; the sides of breast and body lead color, with round white spots. Legs blue. Length,
8.75; wirg, 7; tail, 2.50.

Hab. — Chiefly on the upper Rio Grande from the high plains of the Pecos.

It is scarcely possible to describe this beautiful quail so as to exhibit an accurate idea of its
markings and coloration. It is, however, so different from any other known species as to require
mention of its more prominent features only.

Head with a broad depressed and full occipital crest. The sides of the head are striped white,
plumbeous, and black. The lead color forms a streak above and below the eye, the latter one
widening behind and with a crescent of black parallel to it on the sides of the neck. The chin
and middle of the throat, (bounded laterally and behind by white,) with two spots on the
upper eyelids and a stripe behind, starting below the middle of the eye, are also black. The
forehead is black, with two white streaks on each side, the vertex is likewise black but the
feathers are tipped with brownish yellow, of which color is the crest. The under parts are dark
bluish ash, each feather with two series of round white spots ; the central line of breast and
belly dark orange chestnut ; the thighs, anal region, and beneath the tail, sooty or velvety
black. The feathers above are all streaked centrally with brownish white or yellow, bordered
■with black ; the back and scapulars reddish brown, barred transversely with black ; the
exposed surfaces of the wings with two series of black spots on each feather. Primary quills
brown spotted with white.

A skin, probably of a young male, is without the black and plumbeous of the head and throat ;
the white, however, is speckled with brown.

The female is something like the male on the back, except that the wings lack the round
black spots. The under parts are totally different, the ground color being of a light purplish
cinnamon, the feathers of the breast and sides streaked centrally and narrowly on each side the
(light colored) shafts with black. The throat and median line of belly and anal region are
dull purplish white, without markings. The head shows none of tlie black and white
markings.

List of specimens.

Catal. I Sex.
No.

4418

10356

10357

10358

8358

9359

9356

6106

9355

3998

s

Q
S
<J

Locality.

Chihuahua

Fort Davis, Tex

do

do

Turkey creek, Tex —

Las Moras, Texas

Mimbrcs to R. Grande.

Wchtern Texas

Laredo, Texas

New Leon, Mcx

When collected.

Nov. ■
1853-

1854

April—, 1853

Whence obtained.

John Potts.

Dr. Foard, U. S. A
do

.do.

Orig.
No.

Collectedly —

Remarks.

Major Emory

Dr. Crawford

Dr. T. C. Henry .

Capt. Pope

Major Emory

Lt. Couch

25 Dr. Kennerly .

J. U. Clark.

Kyi'S (lark, bill black.

miJDS — PLRDICIDAR. 649

The preceding species of Perdicidae are all that are known with certainty to inhabit the United
States. The following are stated to occur in California, but none have been seen there by
reliable observers. They probably all belong to Lower California, or to the western coast of
Mexico.

EurSVCIlORTYX CRISTATU3, Gould.

Telrao criatalua, Linn. I, 17C0, 277.

Eupsychortyx crislalus, Gould, Mon. Odont. pi. ix.

Ortyx lemminckii, Stephens, Shaw's Zool. XT, 1819, 381.

Ortyx neoxenus, Vigors, Pr. Coram. Sc. Zool. Soc. I, 1830, 3. — Bennett, Gardens and

Menag. II, 1838, 311, cut.— Aud. Synopsis, 1839, 200.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 71 ;

pi. 292.
Perdix neoxenus, Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 226; pi. 422.
Lophortyx neoxemis, Nuitall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 792.

LoPUORTYX ELEGANS, Nuttall.

Ortyx elegans, Lesson, "Traite d'Ornith. 1831." — lu. Cent. Zool. pi. 61.

Lophortyx elegans, Ndttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 792.

Ccdlipepla elegans, Goold, Mon. Odont. pi. xviii.

Ortyx spilogaster, Vigors, Pr. Comm. Sc. Zool. Soc. II, 1832, 4. Mexico.

Lophortyx douglassii, Bonap.

Ortyx douglassii, Vigors, Zool. Jour. IV, 1829, 354. — Ib. Zool. Beechey's Voyage, 1839,

27, pi. xi. — Douglass, Linn. Trans. XVI, 1829, 145.' — Jard. & Selby, 111. pi. evil.
Lophortyx douglassii, BoN. List, 1838. — Nuttall, Man. I, 2d ed. 1840, 793.

Orttx fasciatus, Natterer.

Ortyx fasciatus, Natterer, MSS. — Gould, Pr. Zool. Soc. XI, 1843, 133. California.

' Orlyz douglasii Bill brown ; crest linear, black, one inch long. Irides hazel red. Hody fuscous-brown, willi a mixture o'

lead color and rusty or yellow streaks. Throat whitish, with brown spots. Belly foxy red or tawny white, spotted. Quill feathers
eighteen. Scapulars and outer coverts bright brown. Under coverts liglit reddish brown. Tail of twelve unequal, rount'ed
feathers. Legs reddish. Length nine inches. Girth twelve inches. Weight ten ounces. Flesh pleasant, dark colored.

July 31, 1838.

82 b

OKDEK V.

GRALLATORES.

Ch. — Legs, neck, and usually the bill, much lengthened. Tibia bare for a certain distance above the tarsal joint. Nostrils
exposed. Tail usually very short. The species live along or near the water, more rarely in dry plains, wading, never
swimming habitually, e-xcept perhaps in the case of the phalaropes.

The bill of the Grallatores is usually in direct proportion to the length of legs and neck.
The toes vary, but are usually connected at the base by a membrane, which sometimes extends
almost or quite to the claws.

Under the head of the Rasores I have already called attention to the inaccuracy of the table
of higher groups on page 2 of the jjresent volume, in reference to the position of the hind toe.
In the present order nearly the whole of the Herodiones, instead of having this toe elevated and
reduced, have it lengthened, and on or near the same level with the anterior ones. This is
especially the case with the Ardeidae, which nest on trees and spend much of their time there.

The Grallatores, like the Rasores and Natatores, are divisible into two sub-orders, according
as the species rear and feed their young in nests, or allow them to shift for themselves. The
following diagnoses express the general character of these sub-divisions :

Herodiones. — Face or lores more or less naked^ or else covered with feathers different from
those on the rest of the body, except in some Gruidae. Bill nearly as thick at the base as the
skull. Hind toe generally nearly on same level with the anterior. Young reared in nests and
requiring to be fed by the parent.

Gkallae. — Lores with feathers similar to those on the rest of the body. Bill contracted at
base, wliere it is usually smaller than the skull. Hind toe generally elevated. Young running
about at birth and able to feed themselves.

SUB-ORDER

HERODIONES,

Cii. — Bill generally thick at the base and much longer than the head. Frontal fcathcra with a rounded outline ; lores and
generally the n>gion round the eye (soraetimes most of the head) naked.

In following Bonaparte's arrangement of water birds, as sketched out in his Conspectus
Avium, vol. II, and elsewhere, I find great difficulty in constructing the diagnoses of his
higher groups, which he has generally lui't undefined. His sub-order Herodiones corresponds
very nearly with the Ardeidae of Gray, except perhaps in including Aramus and its allies,
which Gray places in the Rallidae. It would be easy enough to characterize the North
American forms by themselves, but it becomes necessary, of course, to avoid the introduction
of any phrase which would be nullified by the consideration of materials from a wider range.

The primary characteristic of the Herodiones, though physiological rather than zoological, is
of the highest importance. The young are born weak and imperfect, and are reared in the nest,
being fed directly by the parent until able to take care of themselves, when they are generally
abandoned. In the Grallae, on the contrary, the young run about freely, directly after being
hatched, and are capable of securing food for themselves under the direction of the parent.

The chief zoological character (not, however, entirelj^ without exception) is to be found in
the bill, which is generally very large, much longer than the head, and thickened at the base
so as to be nearly or quite as broad and high as the skull. The lores are almost always naked,
or if covered it is with feathers of a different kind from those on the rest of the body. The
hind toe in most genera is lengthened and on a level with the anterior, so as to be capable of
grasping ; sometimes, however, it is elevated and quite short.

I have not the material at hand for working out the different members of this sub-order, so
as to present their characteristics in an intelligible manner. I follow Bonaparte in placing in
it of North American forms Gruidae, Aramidae, Ardeidae, Tantalidae, Flataleidae, and
Phoenicopteridae. These all agree pretty well with the characters already assigned, except
Aramidae, the type of which, Ararmis, has the head feathered to the bill, as in the Grallae.
In other respects its affinities to Gi-us are very close, which itself may belong to the Grallae-
Fhoenicopterus should probably go with the Anseres, especially if the young take to the water
immediately on being hatched.

Synopsis of families.

A. Bill contracted opposite the nostrils, much compressed ; the culnien curved at the end,
sinking down opposite the nostrils and then rising again. Nasal groove broad ; the nostrils
widely open and placed nearly at the middle of the bill.

Gruidae. — Head usually with spaces bare of perfect feathers, and warty or papillose ;
the tertials elongated and pendent or decurved. Toes connected by a basal membrane.
Hind toe short and much elevated.
Aramidae. — Head feathered to the bill. Tertials not unusually elongated nor pendent.
Toes cleft to the base. Hind toe long and not much elevated.

652 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

B. Bill with llie ciilmen straight to near tlie tip, or else gently .decurving from the hase.
Nostrils nearer the hase of the bill ; not very open. Middle claw serrated only in Ardeidae.

Ardeidae. — Middle claw finely pectinated or serrated. Bill conical, angular, with the

commissure nearly straight. Forehead feathered.
Tantalidae. — Bill rounded, very long, large at the base, and then becoming rapidly

attenuated and decurved. Forehead bare.
Plataleidae. — Bill entirely depressed and flattened, very broad, and widening at the end

into a spoon sliape.

C. Bill with the edges provided internally with transverse lamellae like the ducks, bent abruptly
downwards about the middle.

Phoenicopieridae. — Legs and neck excessively lengthened ; the toes webbed to the claws.

BIRDS — GRl'IPAE — ORUS. 553

Family G H U I D A E .

The diagnosis of this family has already heen given on a preceding page. The species are
all very large, and inhabit dry plains rather than marshes. The bill is moderately long ; the
nostrils broad and pervious, the nasal groove extending but little beyond them. The legs
are long, but the toes are short ; the hind toe is very short and much elevated ; the claw
scarcely touching the ground.

The genera are few in number, but one, Grus, belonging to North America.

GRUS, Linnaeus.

Crus, LiNNAEDs, Syst. Nat. 1735. Typo .fliJca grtis, L. (Griiy.)

Cn. — Bill lengthened, straight, the upper mandible only shghtly decurved at tho extrcmo tip ; tlio commissure and other
oullincB straight. Nasal groove very large and open, extending over the basal two-thirds of the bill. Nostrils broadly open,
pervious ; tho anterior extremity half way from tlio tip of bill to eye. The upper lialf of tlio head naked, warty, but willi
short hairs.

Legs much lengthened ; toes short, hardly more than one-third tho tarsus. Inner toe rather longer, its claw much larger
than tho outer. Hind toe elevated, short. Toes connected at base by membrane. Tarsi broadly scutcllato anteriorly.
Tertials longer tlian primaries, decurved ; first quill not much shorter tlian second. Tail of twelve feathers.

The precise number of species of this genus in Korth America and their character has been
a matter of much uncertainty, and the subject cannot even now be said to be well settled.
Audubon admits but one, considering the brown sand-hill crane to be the young of the white
whooping crane. This, however, is erroneous, the species being perfectly distinct. Mr.
Cas.'iin has detected what he considers a third species among the Smithsonian collections, to
■which he gives the name of G. fraterculus. lie thinks also that in the same collection are
specimens which may even point a fourth species very similar to, if not identical with, G.
longirostris, Temm.

SytiojJsis of species.

A. Adult plumage white ; primaries black. Bill much longer than middle toe.

Bill very thick ; the gonys convex, ascending ; warty portion of head extending in
a point backward on toj) of head, and behind the cheeks below the eye ; concealed
by black hairs G. americanus.

B. Adult plumage plumbeous.

Bill slender, longer than middle toe. Gonys straight ; in line with lower edge of bill.
Warty space of head not extending below eyes, and bifurcated behind by the extension
forward in an angle of occipital feathers. Primaries brown with white shafts.

G. canadensis.

Much smaller. Bill shorter than middle toe. Gonys straight, but ascending. Head in
young feathered to bill. Primaries black, with brown shafts G. fralerculus.

G54

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

Species.

Locality.

M

to

"5
m

.g

n

CO

I
B

o
IS

i

•Si
s

s,

% .

2 S
•s S

3]

i

o
.a
d

i3

i

ClJ

B

1

Specimen
measured.

10384

Grus aoiehcanus ....
... do

Grus canadensis

do

53.00

24.00

9.18

11.80

4.86

0.86

6.00

1.30
1.22
1.20

5.60
6.00
5.40

6.02
5.70
5.48

O

3

Head ..

5786

Medicine Bow

do

22.80

8.78

10.01

4.16

0.80

4.82

do.

46.00

82.00

Fresh

9493

do

Miml)res to RioGrande

22.20
22.50

8.80
9.00

» 90
9.25

4.10
4.20

0.82
0.84

4.22
4.52

1.20
1.24
1.26
1.18
1.10
1.06
1.06
1.12
1.08
0.74
1.34

5.62
5.62

5.80
5.74
5.00
4.92
5.10
4.36
4.70
3.04
5.80

5.98
5.76
6.06
5.74
5.10
5.50
5.20
4.72
4.90
3.16
6.10

10379

do

do

do... .

8914

Sand Hill

Head....

9492

di

Takh Plain, W.T

...do

9483

do

Oregon

0

20 50
20 50
22.00
SI. 50
20.00
17.50
21.00

8.54
8 50
9.82
9.46
8.10
6.80
9.50

8.88
9.70

10.00
9.50
9.10
7.50

10.00

3.80

4.00
4.00
3.96
3.80
3.36
3.78

0.80
'0.80
0.84
0.70
0.70
0.50
0.66

4.34
4.34
4.16

3.82
2.70
5.48

do

do

do

.do

9483

do

0

o

51,00

...do

4623

do

Grus fr.ilerculus

Grus australatjianus..

Colorado river, Cal . . .
Albuquerque, N. M..

...do

10378

50.00

...do

GRUS AMERIOANUS, 0 r d .
White Crane ; Whooping Crane.

Jlrdea americana, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17GG, 234, No. 5.— Gmelin, I, 62L— Forster, Pliil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 382,
No. 37. (York Fort.)— Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814,20 ; pi. L^iiv.

Grus americana, Ord's ed. Wils. VIII, 1825.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 195.— Ib. Conspectus, II, 1855, 99.—
SwAiNsoN, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 372.-Nctt. Man. II, 1834, 34.— Aud. Orn. Bioj;. Ill, 1835,
202; pi. 226.— Ie. Syn. 219.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 188; pi. 313.

Grus clamalor, Bartram, Travels in E. Florida, 1791.

Grus strulldo, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, Grits, No. G.

Grus hmjanus, Dudley, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, April, 1854, 64. Wisconsin. — Hartlaub, Cab. Journ. Ill, 1855,
336 ; considers it the young of Grus amerieanus.

Grue blanche, Bi;ffon, Ois. VIII, 158.

" Grue d' amerique, PI. cnl. 889."

mmoping crane, Penn. Arc. Zool. il, 442, 339. — Cat. Car. — Latham.

Sp. Ch. — Bill deep, compressed. Lower mandible as deep along the gonys as the upper opposite to it. Gonys convex,
ascending, not in the same straight line with the lower outline of bill. Commissure straight to very near the tip, where it is a
little decurved and crenated. Color pure white ; primary and spurious quills, with their shads, black. Space in front of the eyes,
and extending backward between them to a point on the occiput, and below them (involving the whole cheeks) to a point behind
the ears, blackish ; this space having the feathers reduced to stiff hairy black shafts, but concealing the warty and granulated
skin. Feathers on middle of nap9 above plumbeous dusky. Length, 52 inches ; wing, 24 ; tarsus, 12 ; commissure, 6. 02.

Ilab. — Florida and Texas. Stragglers in the Mississippi valley.

The central liiie of the head above in 10384 exhibits a series of rather large excrescences,
which may, however, be abnormal.

Immature specimens have the entire head covered with perfect feathers to the bill ; the
feathers with black shafts on the regions wliich in adults are covered only with black hairs.
Color of head and neck pale grayish chestnut.

The differenccsj of form between the Grus americanus and canadensis are sufficiently marked
to leave no doubt as to their specific distinctness, independently of the entire diversity of color.
The former is a much larger bird ; the bill much stouter and higher, witli a more convex and

BIRDS — GRUIDAE GHUS CANADENSIS. G55

deeper apex to the lower jaw. The gony is convex, ascending, and far from being in a straight
line with the basal inferior outline, as in canadensis. The elongated tertials are more vertical
and curved, with more flowing plumes.

Tlie young in some ages may resemble the G. canadensis, but the diiTercnee in size of body, in
the thickness of bill, and in tlie feathers of the head, will serve to distinguish them. The color
is probably much redder, judging from the single head and neck I have had an opportunity of
examining. The Grm hoyanus of Dudley appears to be, without doubt, as suggested by Hart-
laub, the young G. ajyiericanus.

The G. americanus, though common in Texas and Florida, is yet one of the rarest birds in
collections. There are none in any of the public museums of the United States, as far as I
have been able to ascertain, and for the opportunity of describing the species I am indebted to
Mr. Thomas E. Blackney, of Chicago, who generously relinquished the possession of his specimen
to the Smithsonian Institution.

According to Wilson this species in his time was occasionally found in the marshes of New
Jersey, especially near Beesley's Point.

List of specimens.

Catalogae number. Locality.

When collected. Whence and how obtained.

Prepared by —

10381 - Chicago, Illinois

Texas

June, 1858 1 Thomas E. Blackney

F. Kaempfer

GRUS CANADENSIS, Temm.

Sand-hill Crane; Brown Crane.

.3rdea canadensis, LiNS. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 234, No. 3.— OJmelin, I, 1788, 620.— Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772,

382, No. 36. Severn river.
Gnu canademU, "Temmivck." Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1S31, 273.— Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 38.— Bon. Consp. II,

1855, 98.— Gdkdlach, Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 339.
Grus praUruis, Bartram, Travels in Florida, 1791.
Grusfasca, Vieillot, Diet.

Grus poliophaca, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, Grus, No. 7.

Grus americana, Ann. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 441 ; pi. 261.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 188 ; pi. 314. (Supposed young.)

Brotcn Crane, Pes.vant, -Arc. Zool. II, 443. — Lath. Syn. Ill, i, 43.

Sp. Ch. — Bill compressed. Lower mandible not as deep towards the tip as the upper. Gonys nearly straight ; in the same

ine with the basal portion of bill. Commissure decidedly curving from beyond the middle to the tip, where it is even, not

crenated. Color bluish gray; the primaries and spurious quills dark plumbeous brown; the shafts white. Cheeks and chin

whitish. Entire top of head (bounded inferiorly by a line from commissure along the lower eyelid) bare of feathers, warty

and granulated, thinly beset with short scattered black hairs. Feathers of occiput advancing forward in an obtuse angle;

the grey feathers along this point, and over the auricular region, tinged with plumbeous. Length, 48 ; wing, 22 ; tarsus, 10 ;

commissure, 6.

Hab. — Whole of western regions of United States. Florida.

The young Grm canadensis differs from the adult, in having the ashy feathers washed more or
less with light rusty, especially on the wings, scapulars, occiput, and nape. The feathers of
the occiput appear to extend along the central line of the crown towards the bill, and, possibly,
in the very young, cover the entire head. One specimen, 9483, at least, has the entire head

656

U. S, p. R, R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

feathered, and in another, 4623, these extend further along the occiput than in the adults.
These are smaller than typical G. canadensis, but otherwise quite similar. Mr. Cassin suggests
that, in case they he distinct from G. canadensis, they may jjossihly be referred to Grus longi-
roslris of Temminck and Schlegel, in Fauna Japonica, Birds, pi. 72.

There is much variation in size of different specimens of this species with age ; the bill, feet,
and whole body apparently growing considerably, long after the perfect feathers have been
attained.

There is an essential difference between G. canadensis and americanus in the shape of the
granulated portion of the head. In americanus this extends backwards in a point to the
occiput, and beneath the eye to behind the ear, involving the side of the entire lower jaw. In
G. canadensis it does not extend below a line from the centre of the eye to the gape, and poste-
riorly it is bifurcated by the anterior extension of the occipital feathers, instead of running
back in a point. The granulation, too, is much more conspicuous, and not concealed by black
hairs, as in the other.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex&

No.

Age.

5786

8914

9493

9394

4623

10379

9492

9483

o

Locality.

Medicine Bow creek

Sand Hills

Mimbres to Eio Grande.

Rio Grande valley

Colorado river, Cal

California

Takh Plain, W. T

Fort Stellacoom

When collected.

Aug. 7,1856
Aug. 9, 185C

Feb. 19,1855

Aug, 13,1853
Oct. 1, 1853

Whence obtained.

Lieut. Bryan

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Henry

Capt. Beckwith . .

Major Emory

Commodore Perry .
Governor Stevens.,
Dr. Suckley

Orig.
No.

224

46

4
579

Collected by-

W. S. Wood .
Dr. Hayden.

A. Schott. .
W. Heine ..
Dr. Cooper .

GRUS FRATERCULUS, Cassin.

Sp. Ch. — Size small. Bill very short ; its gnpe less than middle toe. Gonys straight, hut bent upwards. Generally similar
to the G. canailciuis, but much smaller. Color light bluish grey. Primaries entirely black ; the shalls dark brown withou,
white.

Young, with the head feathered to the bill ; the feathers generally above niiirked with pale rusty. Cheeks and chin grayibh
white ; the middle of crown and occiput reddish. Wing, 17.50 ; tarsus, 7.1)0 ; eummissuie, 3.1G.

//«6.— Now IVIexico.

This species, although in many respects similar to the young G. canadensis, differs in much
smaller size, proportionally shorter and more slender bill, and much darker primaries, which
are quite black, with dark brown sliaftSj instead of their being pluiiil)eous brown with white
shafts. The single specimen is immature, though perhaps nearly grown ; the adult probably
has the top of the head granulated and without perfect feathers.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

10378

Albuquerque, New Mexico

October, 1853

Lieut Whiimle

H. B. Mollhftuscn

BIRDS — ARAMIDAE — AR/IMUS GIGANTEUS.

657

Family AHA MID A E.

The Aramidae of Bonaparte embrace a single genus, Aramus, which most authors place in
the lialUdae.

ARAMUS, Vieill.

Aramus, Vicill. Analyse, 1816. Type Ardta Kolopacea, Gm. (G. R. Gray.)

Cil.— Bill elongated, much compressed, bolh mandibles docurvoJ at tip. Gonys very long. Bill of cijual width nearly from
base lo tip ; nostrils pervious, in the basal fourth of the bill. Head feathered to bill ; eyelids only naked. Legs Icngthoiicd ;
tibia half bare ; tarsus longer than middle toe ; toes without basal membrane ; outer lateral rather longer than inner ; middle
claw not pectinated. The tarsi arc broadly scutellate anteriorly.

The wings are broad and rounded ; the tertials equal to the primaries. The first quill is
scarcely longer than the tenth, and subfalcate. The tail is composed of twelve feathers.

Two species are at present known to naturalists, until recently supposed to be one. Cabanis
was the first to point out the difierences between them and to insist that they were distinct, and
not merely adult and young.

Comparative measurements of species

•

Caul
No.

Species.

Locality.

1
Length. Stretch
orwiligs.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle

Its claw Bill
alone, above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
meusiircd.

e69>2

Indian Key, Fla

rt..

24 00
27.50
31. DO

44.00

12.80
13.00
14.20

5.88

5.03

4.26

0.69

5.04

5.28

Skill

do.

do

Araiiius 8colopaccu9

Fresh ....

7.60

5.10

4.22

0.74

4.86

5.18

Mounted..

ARAMUS GIGANTEUS, Baird.

Carau; Crying Bird; Courlan.

Rallusgigantt\is, Box. J. A. IS'. Sc. V, 1825, 31.

Aramus scolopaceus, Bo.v. Am. Orn. Ill, 1828, 111 ; pi. x.xvi.— Ib. Conspectus, II, 1855, 104. (Young only.)— Ib.
Syn. 309.— NuTT.KLi,, .Man. II, 1834, 68.— Acd. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 543; not pi. 377, which is
A. scolopaceus.— Ib. Syn. 219.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 181 ; not pi 312, which is .?. scolopaceus.

Jiiotherodiua holostictus, Cabanis, Jour. IV, 1856, 426.

Sp. Ch.— General color olive chocolate brown, each feather except the quills streaked centrally with white, as a lanceolate
Spot ; the colors becoming lighter towards the bill ; the chin and upper part of the throat whitish. The under tail coverts and
rump almost chocofete brown and unspotted. Length, 27.50 ; wing, 13 ; tarsus, 5.03 ; gape of bill, 5.28.

Hab. — Florida and West Indies.

With a general resemblance to the typical Aramus scolopaceus^ of Brazil, the species

' Aramus ecOLOPACEns, Vieillot.

Ardea scolopacea, Gmehs, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 647.

Aramiu scolopaceus, Vieillot, Diet.- Ib. Gal. des Oia. II, 134 ; pi. 252 — Eonap. Consp. II, 1855, 103, adult, not the

suppLScd young, nor of Am. Orn.— .\rD. Orn. Biog. IV ; pi. 377.— In. Birds Am. V ; pi. 312. —

BcRMEisTER, Thicre Bras. II, 1856, 380.
Rallus ardeoides, Spix. Av. Bras. II, 72 ; pi. xci.
Rallus gigas, Licht. Verz. Doubl. 1823, 79.
Ji'olhtrodius guarauna, AVagler, Syst. Av. 1827. — Ib. Isis, 1829, vi.

July 24, 1858.

83 b

658

U S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENEEAL EEPOET.

inhabiting North America is readily distinguishable by its smaller size, although the bill is of
the same length. There is much more of the white streaks throughout. These in scolopacem are
confined to the head and neck, and indeed not seen at all on the crown and the lower part of
throat. A few concealed streaks may be found on the jugulum and middle line of the belly,
but they are not conspicuous. In the other bird, all the small feathers show streaks of white,
except on the lower part of back, rump, and crissum, and including the jugulum and top of
head. The dark colors of the Florida bird are lighter, with less of the chocolate brown shade.
Mr. Audubon appears to figure the true South American species, A. scolopaceus, although
describing A. giganieus as the young. There is nothing to show that the original of his figure
was taken in Florida.

Measurements.

d
o

3
§>

1

8:

ci

g

Locality.

When collected.

Whence and how
obtained.

Point of bill to
end of tail.

Between tips of
outst'ched wings.

a.s

o o

Kemarks.

8691

9

Indian Key, Flii-..
do

August 21, 1857.

January 17, 1858.
February 2,1858.

G. Wurdemann--
.do

26.00
27.50
20. 50
25.75

41.00
44.00
41.50
40.00

12.00
1.3. 00
12.00
12.00

IriB brown .....

8692
10372
10373

...-do

....do

...

BIRDS — ARDEIDAE. 659

Family ARDEIDAE.

Ch. Bill conical, acuminate, compressed, and acute; the edges usually nicked at the end ; tlio frantal feathers generally

extending beyond the nostrils. Tarsi scutellato anteriorly ; the middle too connected to the outer by a busul web. Claws
acute ; the edge of tlic middle one serrated or pectinated on its inner edge.

The tiiiiiily is a well marked one, and is generally distributed throughout the globe,
embracing a great number of species, a large proportion of tlieiii American. Bonaparte
assigns to it but a single sub-family Ardeinae, making Cancroma, Scojnia, and Euripya types
of separate families.

The following schedule will illustrate the principal characters of the genera belonging to
the territories of the United States. The measurements of the species of each section will bo
found under the head of its first genus.

o^

Synopsis of genera.

A. Ardeae. — Bill much longer than the head, acute, rather slender proportionately. Legs

very long and slender ; tarsus much longer than middle toe ; anteriorly broadly scutellate to the

base. Outer lateral toe always decidedly longer than inner. Tibiae lengthened, always bare

for the lower third or half. Body moderately compressed. Neck very long, usually well

eathered all round. Tail of twelve stiffened feathers.

Middle of back with elongated plumes, their fibrillae distant.

Demiegretta. — Plumes straight, faistigiate, depending, and elongated. Feathers of
the head and entire neck lanceolate, narrow, and well defined, (in this differing
from all our other genera.) Toes very short ; the lateral not more than half
the tarsus, (a character entirely peculiar to this genus.)
Garzetta. — Plumes reaching about to the tail, recurved at the end ; the fibrillae
horizontal, but not fastigiate. A full occi2)ital crest, and lower part of the
throat with similar plumose feathers ; the fibrillae fastigiate. Color white.
Herodias. — Plumes reaching beyond the tail, straight, fastigiate, dej^ending.
Head perfectly smooth.
Back without elongated plumes. Scapulars usually elongated.

Ardea. — Occiput with greatly lengthened feathers, reaching far beyond the

occipital crest. Scapulars equal to the tertials.
Audubonia. — Head without much lengthened feathers. Scapulars scarcely elon-
gated.
Florida. — Head with occipital feathers moderately elongated ; the webs decom-
pounded; those of lower throat, lanceolate. Scapulars longer than the tail.
Lower outline of bill nearly straight.
B. BoTAUREAE. — Bill rather slender, acute. Culmen very gently curved, gonys ascending.
Tibia feathered nearly to the joint. Tarsi short, less than middle toe, broadly scutellate ante-
riorly. Claws long, acute. Inner lateral toe longest. Tail of ten very soft feathers. Body
much compressed. Neck short; bare inferiorly behind. No crests nor plumes.

Ardetta. — Size very small. Plumage compact, lustrous. Back unicolor.
BoTAURUS.' — Size large. Plumage dull, loose, much spotted and streaked.

' I cannot find any important feature of form by which to separate these two genera.

660 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

C. Nycticoraceae. — Bill thick and stout, scarcely longer than head. Upper outlinede curved
from hase. Legs short, stout. Tarsi stout, short, nearly as long or a littlelonger than the
middle teo ; the scutellation with a tendency to become hexagonal anteriorly .Lateral toes
nearly equal, outer rather the longer. Claws short, much curved. Lower fourth of tibia bare.
Head with much elongated occipital feathers. No dorsal plumes. Neck short ; bare inferiorly
behind. Tail of twelve stiff feathers.

BuTORiDES. — Bill small, rather slender, gently curved. Gonys straight, but
ascending. Tarsus shorter than middle toe. No very long occipital plumes.
Nyctl\rdea. — Large. Bill very stout ; lower outline straight ; gonys slightly
concave. Tarsus about equal to middle toe. Occiput with an elongated plume.
Scapulars not longer than the tertials.
Ntctheromus. — Large. Bill stoutest and shortest of North American herons ;
inferior outline convex and curving as much as the superior. Tarsus decidedly
longer than the middle toe. Occiput with several much elongated feathers.
Scapulars reaching the tip of tail.

DEMIEGRETTA, Blyth.

Demiegretta, " Blyth, 184-," perliaps described in Catalogue of Calcutta Museum, 280. Type Jlrdea jugularis, Blyth.
llerodias, Bonaparte, Consp. 11, 1855, 120. Not of Boie, which has Ardea egretia for type.

Ch. — Bill narrow, slender ; both outlines rather concave to the terminal half, then uniformly convex. Tarsi very long,
broadly scutellate ; toes very short ; the middle scarcely more than half the tarsus ; outer longest. Claws much curved, very
short and blunt.

Back of neck well featliered. Head with a full occipital crest of elongated lanceolate feathers ; the tip of all the neck
feathers similar, as well as those on the lower part of the throat. Back with free fastigiato plumes longer than the tail.

This genus is one of the most strongly marked among the entire family of herons, and in
some respects exhibits a near approach to the cranes. The well defined lanceolate feathers and
the short toes are quite peculiar features.

There are three si^ecies belonging to the United States, which may be readily distinguished
as follows :

Plumage pure white. Bill flesh colored at the base, the terminal half abruptly black., iZ>.^ea?ew\

Head and neck (even on the throat) uniform reddish brown tinged with lilac. Body generally
grayish blue, paler beneath I), rufa.

Head, neck, and exposed upper parts slaty blue. Chin and central line of throat, with the
under parts generally and rump, white , B. ludoviciana.

I cannot determine satisfactorily wliat this genus should be called. It is not Herodias, as
stated by Bonaparte, since Boie's name was based upon the Ardea egretta of Linnaeus, and
consequently anticipates Eyretta of Bonaparte. Tiie only name I can find which has any
reference to the group is Demiegretta of Blyth, witii his Ardea jugularis^ as the type. I
therefore adopt it, but with a strong suspicion that the American birds, with Ardea ludoviciana
as type, are entitled to a new generic appellation, for which Hijdranassa would be exceedingly
appropriate.

' Jlrdta jugularis, Blyth, Notes on the Fauna of Nicoliar Islands, Jour. A«. Soc. XV, 184n, 316. — llcrodia.1 roncolor, Ron.
Conspectus, II, 1855, 121.

BIRnS — ARDEIPAE — DEMIEORETTA PEALII.

CGI

Comparative measurements of Ardeae.

0>ul.
Ho.

Specica.

Locality.

S
■
M

t

a

"3

1

o

5

i

1

i

1 .
3

■3

1

1 .

>

%

a

3

i
&

u

s
2.
<

SjKclmen
iiicasurtd.

DemirKTvita pcalii

do

Di-mit'Krplta ruft

Orniictirrttii ludoviciina.

do

do

30..10
39.30

13.50
13.00
12.50
10.70
10.36
10.50
10.20
9.60
10.00
10.12

4.66
5.06
5.30
3.70
3.60

5.70
4.84
5.42
3.86
4.00

3.30
3.16
3.26
3.02
3.22

0.45
U.4H
0.50
0.46
0.S3

388
3.38
3.40
4.74
2.66

0.63
0.76
0.69
0.60
0.60

4.02
3.80
3 50
4.04
3.94

4.90
4.90
4.54
4.64
4.50

Skin

1988
4146

1»7»

eeoi

do.
1336
ti74

lo

Skin

Skin

Eaiiem U. S..'

..„..

98.00

Skin

Skin

Jo

25.50
24.00
30.80

37.00

FrCBli....

Uarzetla cnndidiiMtiina . .

do

do

do

Cantcm U. S

4.00
3.70
4.13

3.93
3.08
3.46

2.90
2.04
2.60

0.44
0.39

3.62
3.10
3.34

0.54
0.47
0.49

3.14
2.94
3.06

3.60
3.54
3.42

Skin

Skin

Caderciiaf M<-'X

do

<?

Skin

do.
8067

37.35
26.00
33.00
41.00
33.00

38.00

Fresh ....

do

.... do

Ilcrodiis esrcua

!.•

do

do

do

do

do

do

lo

tlcrodiai Yax. caltfornica

10.60

4 44

3.86
3.76

2.72
2.74

0.46
0.43

2.78
2.54

0.62
0.54
0.82
0.70
0.06
0.79

0.86
0.70
0.76
0.86
0.82
0.8U

3.38
3.25

4.70
4.38
4.25
4.70

4.50
4.10
4.34
4.25
4.40
4.55

3.84
3.64
5.00
5.28
5.20
5.20

5.23
5.00
5.46
5.30
5.54
5.71

Skin

»169

Saornmenio Valley ...

s

10. TO
15.50
14.00
14.80
14.70
16.00
14.20
14.00
15.20
15.00
15.70
17.00
17.00
16.50
19.30
20.20
18.60
17.40
18.00
18.30
16.50
19.20
17.60
20.70
19.70

3.80
fi.50
5.92
6.34
6.50
>

6.04
6.00

Skin

Skill

!H;>9

Prairie Mer Rougc,La..

5.35
5.70
6.00

4.05
4.20
4.20

0.63
0.50
0.62
...
0.04
O.fiO
0.62
0.65
0.62
0.62

3.04
3.70
4.50

4.00
3.60
4.42
4.23
4.06
4.40

Skin....
Skin

SI08

14.70
39.00
33.30

57.00

Skin

do.

do

Prairie Mcr Rouge^La..

6.00
5 .in

4.50
4.10
4.50
4.65
4.70
4.80

Skin

Skin

10334

6.30 6. .10

Skin

WT,

33.50

6.00
7.00
6.30

5 85
6.10
6.70

Skin

8066

California'

Skin

9070

San Dicgo, Cal

43.00
43.00

60.00

Skin

do

do .

Frcsll....

4610

lo

do, .

6.30
8.73
9.00
7.58
7.39

6.25
5.86
6.87
7.06
6.14

4.90
4.20
4.84
4.90
4.72

0.69
0.80
0.72
0.71
0.64

4.34

3.. 50
4.50
4.28
4.39

0.83
1.10
1.17
1.14
1.10

5.00
4.87
5.52
5.50
5.26

8.00
6.10
7.00
7.15
6.31

Skin

4S34

Cape Flautrj-, W.T...
Fori SiL'jlacoom,W.T.
Sacrariionio Valley...

..„..

43.70
45.80
42.30

Skin

947S
947i2
4143

do

Skin

Skin

Skin

do.
1677

42.00

65.00

do

do

do

do

do

Carlisle, Pcnn

do

Mirnbres to Rio Grand<-

o9

6.84

6.23

4.52

0.56

3.52

1.00

5.95

6.09

Skin

do

■i:).00

70.00

9476

7.(10
7.20
7.40
7.92

6.57
5.96
7.94
9.10
7.70
8.80
6.80
3.52

5.00
4.13
5.66
5.60
5.20
5.62
5.04
3.00

0.66
0.53
0.90
0.74
0.61
0.74
0.70
0.50

4.36
3.36
5.36
6.22
4.60
5.88
4.32
2.48

1.14
1.00
1.24
1.85
1.18
1.26
1.19
0.62

5.46
4.36
6.48
6.16
5.20
6.50
5.50
3.00

7.02
5.70
8.14
7.50
6 00

ft.no

7.10
3.42

Skin

8U65

39.50
♦49.00

Skin

8690
9479

doutli Florida

do

<?

Skin

Skin

6539

Indian Kc}', Fla

Indian Key, Fla

Florida

c?

Skin

6540
1965

Audubonia occidenialis.

Florida co«njIea

do.....

do

41.00

19. .W
18.00
11.00
12.00
11.00
10.50
11.00

8.00

Skin

Skin

3040

Liberty county^ Ga. . .

.do

Florida

4.58

Skin

do.

22.00
21.50
19.80
19.50

36.00
39.50

Fresli ....

4S54

4.42
4.34

3.80
3.80

3.13
3.04

0.49
0.50

2 65
2.62

0.63
0.54

3.00
2.74

3.60
3.36

Skin

8680

do

do

Skin

do.

Frcsll ....

....

DEMIEGRETTA PEALII, Baird.

Peale's Egret.

Jrdeapealii, Bonap. Syn. 1828, 304.— Ib. .\m. Orn. IV, 1833, 96 ; pi. xxvi, f. I — In. Oss.Ciiv. 100.— Nuttaii.,

Man. II, 1834,49.
Egrella pealii, Gambel, Pr. A. N. Sc. IV, 1848, 127.

Sp. Ch. — Color pure white. Terminal half of bill black. Length about 30 inches ; wing, 13 ; tarsus, 5.70 ; bill abovo,
4 inches.

I lab. — Seaccastcf South Florida.

Bill, with the culiuen concave along the middle ; the gonys convex, and rising from

662

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

the angle of the same ; both culmen and gonys quite convex towards the end. Legs lengthened ;
the tibia bare for about half its length ; the middle toe short, about three-fifths the tarsus ; the
outer lateral toe about one-half. The middle anterior claw short, stout, and blunt ; the pectination
reduced to a few obsolete notches. Occiput with a crest of long lanceolate firm feathers, shorter
than the bill, and similar shaped ones on the whole neck, much elongated on the lower part of
the throat ; the pennules lax and free only at the base of the feathers. Back with long fastigiate,
nearly straight, plumes, with the fibrillae elongated and distant^ reaching the length of the
tail beyond it.

Color pure white. Bill flesh-colored, the terminal half abruptly black. Legs black in the
dried specimen ; said to be dark olive green in life ; the soles greenish yellow.

List of specimens,

Catalogue number.

Sex and age.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

2721

c?

Floriila

S. I

^ Baiid

1988

do

__do

DEMIEGKETTA RUFA, Baird.

Reddish Egret.

Jlrdeai-ufa, Eoddaert, Tabl. PI. F.nl. 1784.

ArUea rufescens, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 628. — Latham, Ind. Orii. 11, 1790, G94.— Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827 ;
JrdeaNo. 13.— Ann. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 411 : V, C04 ; pi. 236.— Ib. Syn. 1839.- 1b. Birds
Amer. VI, 1843, 139; pi. 371.
Egretla rufescens, Bonap. List, 1838.

Herodias rufescens, Bonap. Conspectus, II, 1855, 125. — Gundlacii, Caban. Jour. IV, 1856,341.
.ligrette rousse, Buffon, Ois. VIII, 378.— PI. Enl. 902.
Reddish Egret, Pennant, II, 447.
Sp. Ch. — Body grayish blue ; paler beneath. Head and neek all round uniform reddish brown, or rufous chestnut, without
white on tlic throat. Bill black on the terminal third, \oung similar, but duller. Length, about 30 inclies ; wing, 12.50 ;
tarsus, 5.72 ; bill above, 3.50.

flab. — Coast of South Florida and GuK of Mexico to mouth of Rio Grande. Cuba, Guudlach.

Middle toe about two-fifths the tarsus ; outer lateral toe more than half the tarsus ; inner,
about half this length. Tibia bare for about one-half. Pectinations quite distinct. Bill com-
pressed ; the outlines excavated, but becoming considerably convex at the tip. General external
form that of H. ijealeii.

" Bill black on its terminal third ; the rest, and the bare space on the head, pale flesh color.
Iria white. Legs and feet ultramarine blue ; the scutellae brownish black, as are the claws.
Feathers of the head and neck all round light reddish brown, tinged with lilac, the tips fading
into brownish white. BacJc and wings dull grayish blue, the long feathers of the train yellowish
towards the tips ; all the lower parts grayish blue, j>alcr than that of the upjier." — Audubon.

"Without an adult of this species before me, I copy the description of its colors from Mr.
Audubon. A young bird liiis the plumage generally plumbeous gray ; the coverts, the throat,
and the head tinged with reddish ; the back slightly glossed with the same. There is only a
rudimentary occipital crest, and ikj dorsal one whatever. The diflerences in color from the adult

BIRDS — AEDEIDAE — DEMIEGRETTA LUDOVICIANA. 663

are chiefly iu the duller blue of the body, and the absence of the decided reddish of the neck.
The bill is black at the end and reddish at the base.

Audubon and, latterly, Bonaparte, have united the H. pealeii and ru/a into one, considering
the former as the two-years stage of the latter, and, as such, capable of reproduction. I agree
with Dr. Ganibel in considering them to be distinct, as the immature II. ru/cscens is now well
known as described above. Judging from the specimens before me, the pealeii has shorter toes
and longer tarsi than the other.

List of specimens.

Catalogue number.

Sex and age. I/ocility.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

4146

o ' ^TlltAnlorfUl Texas

Lieut. Couch .............

Dr. Berlandicr .,

1

DEMIEGRETTA LUDOVICIANA, Baird.

Louisiana Ilcron.

Jlrdea Movieiana, Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 13 ; pi. xvi, f. 1, (not of Linnaeus, which is Butorides tirescens .) —
Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 192.— Kuttall, Man. II, 1834, 51.— Add. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835,
136: V, 605; pi. 217.— Ib. Syn. 266.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 156; pi. 373.

Egrella ludoviciana, Bonap. List, 1838.

^rdta Uucogaster, Ord ed. Wilaon, VIII, 125, 13.—.' Waglcr, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 14.

Egrella ruJicoUis,GossK, Birds Jam. 1847, 338.

Htrodias ntficollis, Cab. Cab. Jour. IV, 185G, 342.

Herodias leucoprymna, "Licut." Bonap. Consp. II, Jan. 1855, 124.

Sp. On. — Slaty blue on head, neck, and exposed portion of body above ; lower back, rump, under parts, longest occipital
'eatliers and the middle line of the throat, white ; occiput, nape, and neck behind, purplish. Bill brownish black above and at
tip. Legs yellowish green. Young with the blue of head and neck replaced by purplisli rufous, blotched with blue.

Length, 25 ; wing, 10.50 ; tarsus, 4 ; bill above, 4.

Hob. — Coast of South Atlantic and Gulf States.

Bill very slender and much attenuated, as long as the tarsus ; the upper and lower outlines nearly
straight, or slightly concave to near the tip, when they become gently convex. Legs rather
short ; middle toe about three-fourths the tarsus ; inner lateral toe decidedly more than half the
tarsus. Head with an elongated occipital crest, the longest feather the length of the toes ; the
feathers composing it as well as those covering the neck all round, and the upper part of the
back, are lanceolate, acute, and well defined in their outlines. The lower part of the back,
with a plumose train of feathers with the fibrillae distant, elongated, fastigiate, and nearly
straight, or curving gently downwards. In the specimen before me this train is a little longer
than the tail, but, according to Mr. Audubon, it becomes sometimes lengthened to such a degree
as to sweep the ground.

The prevailing color of this species on the head, neck, wing, tail, and exposed portion of the
body above, is slaty blue ; the occiput, nape, and lower part of neck, (except inferiorly,) purplish.
The six or eight longest feathers of the occipital crest, the chin, and central line of the throat,
and the entire body, white, except the interscapular region. The white of the lower back and
rump is concealed by the train, the feathers of which have concealed white at the base, and are
of light brownish, tinged with purple.

664

U. S, p. E. E. EXP, AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENEEAL EEPOET.

The white of the throat is much concealed in its middle and inferior portion by blue edges of
the feathers, and in places is spotted with purplish.

The bill in life is said to he brownish black above and on the sides below towards the point;
the rest yellow, as is the space round the eye. The iris bright red. Feet light yellowish green;
the anterior scutellae dusky.

A young bird differs in having the blue of the head and neck replaced by purplish rufous,
blotched with blue ; the wing coverts edged with the same rufous. Most of the bill ai)pears to
be yellow ; the upper mandible dusky ; the tip black.

There is no occasion to change Wilson's name for this bird, on account of its having been
employed by Linnaeus. The white Ardea ludoviciana is a synonym of Butorldes virescens, a
bird of very different genus.

List of specimens.

Catal .
No.

Sex
&age.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

8C81

Cape Florida. .

25.50

37.00

10.50

Upper mandible greenish^ with black end-
Lower part brownish. Iri« light yellow.

1978

S. F. Baird

10326

24.20
25.00

36.00
37.00

9.50
10,00

10337

do

.. . do.

GARZETTA, Bonaparte.

GarzMa, Bonap. Consp. II, 1855, 118. Type AritagarzMa, L. (whether of Kaup, 1829 .')
Cil. — Bill slender ; outlines nearly straight to near the tip, when they are about equally convex. Middle toe more than half the
tarsus. Tarsi broadly scutellate anteriorly. Tibia denuded for about one half. Outer toe longest. Head with a full occipital
crest of feathers having the webs decomposed, hair-Ii"ke ; feathers of lower part of throat similar. Middle of back with long
plumes reaching to the tail, recurving at tip. These plumes and the crest apparently permanent. Lower part of neck behind,
bare of feathers. Colors, pure white in all ages.

Of this genus but a single well-established species is found in the United States, a Chilian
one, (possibly occurring in California,) ^rdeaiAwZa of Molina, (Hist. Nat. Chile, 207,) is larger;
the tarsi shorter ; the bill yellow at the base instead of black.

This genus is called Garzetta by Bonaparte, after Kaup of 1829. I have not the work of
Kaup at hand to know what species is his type, but suspect it to be Ardea alba, L. Without
Macgillivray's British Birds before me, I am unable to say whether his Erodius belongs to
this genus or to Herodias.

BIHDS — ARDKIDAK — CARZETTA CANDIDISSIMA.

GG5

GARZETTA CANDIDISSDIA, Bona p.

Snowy Ilerun.

,3rdea nii'ta, Jacquin, Beit. 178J, 18. Not of S. G. Ginclin of prior dulo, nml siinio goiius. — Latham, Iiid. II, 17'JO,

696, (in part.)— LicnT. Vorz. 18-23, No. 795.
^rd<o condirfijjima, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, C33.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 120; pi. CO.— Bon. Obs,
Wils. 1803, No. 194.— Ib. Syii. 1828, 305.— Waclf.b, Syst. Av. 1827, ^n(f«. No. II.— Nutt.

Man. II, 1834, 49.— Ano. Orn. Biog. HI, 1835, 317: V, 1839, 606; pl. 242.— In. Syn. 269.—

1b. Birds Amcr. VI, 1843, 1C3.
EgreUa candidissima, Bonap. List, 1838. — Gosse, Birds Jnm. 1847, 336.
Herodias candid'wnma, Gbat, Gonora. — Gdndlacii, Cab. Joiir. IV, 1856, 342.
Garzelta candiJissima, Bonap. Consp. 1855, 119.
.irdta carolhunsis, Ord. ed. AVilion, VII, 1825, 125.
Sttoivy heron, Latham.

Sp. Cii. — Occiput much crostod. Dorsal plumes reaching to the end of tho tail. Colors puro white. Bill black; tlio
base yellow. Legs black. Length, 24 ; wing, 10.20 ; tarsus, 3.80 ; bill above, 3.15.
Ilab, — Coast of Middle and Gulf States, and across to California.

Bill compressed ; culmen slightly concave in the basal two-thirds ; terminally more convex
than the gonys. Middle toe, three-fourths the tarsus. Tibia bare for nearly one-half. Occiput
with a full crest of loosely fibred feathers as long as the bill ; the feathers on the lower part of
the throat somewhat similar. The middle of the back with a series of plumes, with the fibrillae
distant and lengthened ; the plumes recurved at tip, where the fibrillae of opposite sides are
horizontal, but approximated together in a vertical plane. They reach nearly to the tip of the
tail, sometimes beyond it.

Bill black, yellow at the base, including the loral region and around the eye, as also a larger
basal portion of the lower mandible. Leg black ; the lower part of the tarsus behind and the
toes yellow. Color of plumage throughout pure white.

A specimen from California, 9469, has the occipital crest much elongated, considerably
longer than the bill ; the other plumes also more developed.

This species differs from the Garzetta egretta, Bon., of the Old World, in having the bill shorter
than the tarsus, instead of equal. The crest in ecjretla is much smaller and less developed.

Most authors quote Jacquin for the name candldissima of this species. A reference to this
work shows, however, that he used the word nivea, already pre-occupied for the Ardea garzetta.

List of specimens.

Caul.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence ob-
tained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

liH6

Easlem V. States..

S. F. B.iird

4275

Calcasieu Pass, La.
do

1854

0. WUrdcmann.
do

4276

....do

4274

do

....do

do

t)067

"T

Taiiiaillipas

Feb. i;),ur7
April, 1853...

John Gould....

4145

Cadcreila, Mcx ....

Sacramento Valley.
Fort Tejon

D. N. Coucli...

Lt. Williamson.
J. X. dc Vc«cy.

136

27.25

36.00

10.25

Eyes yellow, bill black,
lowish black.

Feet ycl-

S469

Dr.Heermanii

July 24, 1858.

84 b

666

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

HERODIAS, Boie.

i/crorfias, BoiE, Isis, 1822,559. Type .Qrdea tgretta. NotofBonap. 1855.
Egntta, BoNAP. Saggio di una dist. Met. 1831. Type Jlrdea egretta.

Ch. — Colorwliite. Bill quite slender. Culmen nearly straight ; more convex terminally than the gonys. Middle toe more
than half the tarsus. Tibia bare for one-lialf. Outer toe longest. Claws moderate, considerably curved. Tarsus broadly scutellate
anteriorly. Head smooth. Back in breeding season with a series of fastigiate plumes longer than the tail, and curving gently
downwards. Tail of twelve broad stiffened feathers. Back of neck well feathered. Colors pure white at all times.

The white heron from southern California is much larger than that from the eastern States,
and possibly distinct.

HERODIAS EGRETTA, Gray.

White Ilerou.

.irdea egretta, Gmelin, I, 1788, 629. — Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, C94, (not of other older European writers.) —
Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 105; pi. vi. — Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827; ^rdeasp. 7.— Bonap. Oss.
Cuv. 97.— NoTTALL, Man. II, 1834, 47.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 600 ; pi. 386.— Ib. Syn. 265.—
Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 132 ; pi. 370.

Herodias egretta, Guat, Genera. — Gundlach, Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 341.

.Irdea leuce, " Illicer," Licht. Verz. 1823, sp. 793.

Egrctla leuce, Bonap. (Saggio, 1831 .') List, 1838.

Herodias leuce, Brerm, Handbuch, 1831, 585.

.irdea alba, Bonap. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 189.— Ib. Syn. 304. (Not of Linnaeus.)

Great egret, Pennant, II, 446. — Latham.

Sp. Ch. — Head smooth ; bill yellowish to the tip ; feet black. Color pure white. Length, 39 inches ; wing, 15.50 ; tarsus,
5.70; bill above, 4.70.

Ilab. — Southern portions of the United States ; straggling to Massachusetts.

Bill, with the culmen and gonys about equally curved, the commissure slightly concave near
the tip. Legs slender, elongated ; middle toe about three-fourths the tarsus. Tibia hare for
about half its length. Head without a crest; the feathers lying close. Lower part of the back,
in the breeding season, with a series of elongated feathers, with stiffened shafts, the plumulae
distant and elongated. These feathers are gently pendent (not recurved) and extend beyond
the tail by about its length ; their total length is nearly three times that of the tail. The
fieathers of the lower part of the neck but little elongated.

Color entirely white; feet black; hill yellowish, dusky above, (in 9298.) According to
Audubon, the entire bill and the iris are yellow.

This species appears to differ from the European U. alba in lacking a black tip to the bill
which is five inches long, not six ; the tarsus is about six inches long, instead of eight.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

2735

Eastern United StateH.----. --------- .-

S. F. Baird

9298

Prairie Mer Rouge, La

5892

do

do

5776

jiunHas- ----------- .

Lieut Iti'vun .....

W K Won.l

5107

Texas

Capt. Pupc -

BIRDS — ARDEIDAE — ARDEA.

GG7

HERODIAS EGRETTA, var. CALIFOllNICA, Bui id.

Ch. — Pure wliito. Larger tlian //. egretla. Loiigtli, 43 iiiclios ; wing, 17 ; tarsus, C."0 ; l>ill, 5.
Uab. — Coast of soullierii Ciiliroriiia, aiiU pcrlmps tlio Rio Graiidu of Texas.

This birti is very similar to Herodias egretta, but is considerably larger ; the tibiae are bare for
half their length. The feathers of the hack are not fully grown out, so that I can make no
comparison in this respect, hut the scapulars are more elongated and plume-like than in tlie
other species, and there is a tendency to the same along the belly. The bill appears of a more
brilliant yellow, dusky only near the tip above.

It is posHhle that this may he only a variety of the II. egretla, but the size is so much greater
as almost to warrant its specific separation.

List of specimens.

Calal. :

No. I

Locality.

94T0 San Diego, Cal A. Cassidy....

4610 ilo ; Major Emory.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

8066 Califurnia '

5108? Indianola' I Feb. 20,1855.

John Gould.
Capt. Pope. .

Stretch
of wings.

39.00

57.00

Wing.

16.00

Remarks.

Bill and gums yellow. Legs black..

ARDEA, Linn.

..irdca, Li.su. Syst. Nat. I, 1735, Type A. cinerea.

Cb. — Bill very thick ; culmen nearly straight ; gonys ascending, its tip more convex than that of culmen. Middle too
more than half the tarsus ; tibia bare for nearly or quite one-half. Claws short, much curved ; outer too longest. Tarsus
breadly scutellatc anteriorly.

Occiput with a few elonsated occipital feathers. Scapulars elongate lanceolate ; as long as the secondaries. No dorsal
plumes. Tail of twelve broad stiffened feathers. Back of neck well feathered. Size very large. Colors plumbeous;
streaked beneath.

The two North American species of the genus as restricted, are distinguished as follows :
Common characters. — Above bluish ash ; the primaries and outer secondaries blackish plum-
beous. Head white and black. Middle of throat white, streaked with black and rufous. Edge
of the wing and the tibia rufous.

Bill, 5.50. Tarsus, 6.50. Middle toe two-thirds the tarsus. Tibia bare for about one-
third. Under parts, except crissum, black ; the middle of the belly broadly streaked
with white. Neck light cinnamon brownish. Head, with the crest black ; the

forehead white A. herodias.

Bill, 6.50. Tarsus, 9. Middle toe nq^ two-thirds the tarsus. Tibia bare for nearly
half. Under parts white ; the feathers of the sides of breast and belly streaked black
and white. Neck ashy. Head, with the crest white ; the forehead streaked with
blackish A. tourdemannii.

668 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

AKDEA HERODIAS, Linnaeus.

Great Bine Heron, or Craue.

^nha hcrodiris, Linn. Sysl. Nat. I, 1766, 237, No. 15.— Gm. I, 1788, 630.— Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 692.—
Wilson, Am. Orn. VlII, 1814, 28 ; pi. Ixv.— Bon. Obs. 1825, No. 188.— Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827 ;
ArdeUyNo. 1.— Nutt. Man. 11,1834, 42.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835,87: V, 599 ; pi. 211.— Ib.
Syn. 1839.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 122 ; pi. 369.— Bp. Consp. II, 1855, 112.— Gundl. Cab.
Jour. IV, 1856, 340.
Artka hudsonias, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 238, No. 18.— Gmeli.v, I, 1788, 631.
Jlrdea rirgmiana cristala and Jirdcafreti hvdsonis, Brisson.
Large crested heron, Catesby, Car. App. pi. x.

Jish-colorcd heron, Edivabds. — Great heron and Red-shouldered heron, Pennant, Latham.
Sp. Ch. — Lower third of tibia bare. Above bluish ash ; edges of wing and the tibia rufous. Nock cinnamon brown. Head
Iblack, with a white frontal patch. Body beneath black, broadly streaked on the belly with wliite. Crissum white Middle
ine of throat white, streaked with black and rufous. Length, 42 inches ; wing, 18.50 ; tarsus about 6.50 ; bill about 5.50.
Hab. — Throughout the entire territory of the United States ; West Indies.

Bill lengthened, compressed, nearly straight to the terminal third, when there is a very
gentle convexity of the culmen and a greater of the gonys. Tibia hare for more than one-third.
Middle toe two-thirds the length of the tarsus. Outer lateral toe longer than the inner. Feathers
of the crown elongated, acute ; the occiput with two long feathers as long as the hill. Scapular
feathers elongated, acutely lanceolated.

Adult. — Bill yellow dusky at the base and greenish ahove. The forehead and central part of
the crown are white, encircled laterally and behind by black, of which color is the occipital
crest and its two elongated feathers. The neck is of a light smoky cinnamon brown, with
perhaps a tinge of purple ; the chin and throat whitish ; the feathers along the central line of
the throat to the breast white, streaked with black, and also with reddish brown, except on the
elongated feathers of the breast. The body may be described as bluish ash above and on the
sides. Tlie under parts, including the tuft of feathers on each side the breast and the belly to
the white crissum, are sooty black, much varied along the middle line with white. The tibia
and the edge of the wing are rufous. The quills are black, becoming more plumbeous internally
until the innermost secondaries are ashy, like the back. The elongated tips of the scapular
featliers have a whitish shade. The tail is of a bluish slate color. According to Mr. Audubon,
the bill in life is yellow ; dusky green above ; loral aud orbital .spaces light green ; iris yellow ;
feet olivaceous, paler above the tibio-tarsal joint. Claws black.

Young. — The upper mandible is blackish. The lower yellow, except along the commissure.
The head above is entirely dusky, without the much elongated occipital feathers. The breast
is grayish, streaked witli white and light brown, but without any pure black patches. The back
is without the elongated scapular feathers. In still younger specimens the coverts are all mar-
gined with rufous, which becomes lighter at the tip. Tlie rufous of the tibia is much lighter.

Specimens vary considerably in size as well as in shade of plumage. Washington Territory
skins are considerably darker and larger than more southern ones on the west coast. I have
before me no adult spring birds from tlie cast.

A specimen from Mexico is smaller, but otherwise apparently similar. This appears to
correspond somewhat to the Ardea leasoni of Wagler, his specimen perhaps being immature,
with the whole head ahove still blackish.

DIKUS — AKDEIDAE — AKDEA \\ LUUEMANNII.

GC9

L!st of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sex
koge.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Wlienco obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

LcngUi.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wiiif.

Remarks.

1677

Carlisle, Pn

Aug. 16,1844

S. F. Baird

43.00

70.00

18.50

4430

E. C. Bidwcll

MM

Nenr Dig Sioux

May, 1856....
1853

Lieut. Warren •.

Pr. Uayden....

49.00

73.00

20.00

9474

4143

Brownsville, Texas..

April !S, 1853

43.00

C5.00

18.00

4U4

Bill black ; KUnis yeltuw ; iris
yellow; feci bluck.

.MI4

Pecos, Texns

noHs .\nn, N. Mox...
MinibristollioOniiiik'
Boca Grande, Mex...

Jim.' 10,1855
Jan. 5,1856

Capl. Pope

do

Dr. Ucnry

96
173

43.00
40.50

Cl.OU
64.00

17.50
18.00

5115

9473

9477

.Mar, 1855....

Major Einory.,..

....

94T9

4^a3

9478

Bodega, Cal

dhoalwuter Bay,W.T.

Dec. 5, 1854

Lt. Trowbridge

Gov. Stevens

9180

9475

Fort Steilacoom

do

Cape Flaltery

Feb. 8, 1856

do

Dr.Suckley

222

Dr. Suckley...

" '

4578

4594

8065

Mexico

John riniii.l 1 '

■

AKDEA WURDEMANNII, Baird.

Florida Ilcrou.

Sp. Cii. — Lower lialfof libia bare. Above bluisli ash. Edge of wing and the tibiae rufbua. Middle of throat white, streaked
with black and rufous. Neck ash-colured. Head white, with a palcli in the forehead black. Under parts white ; the feathers
on the sides of breast and belly streaked with black. Length al)out 49.00 ; wing, 20.75 ; tarsus, 8.00 (or more) ; bill above, 6.50.

//ii6.— South Florida.

Tarsi elongated. Tibia bare for half its length. Middle toe not one-third the tarsus.
External form, otherwise, as in A. herodias.

Bill in the dried specimen greenish yellow ; dusky above. Entire head all round, including
the occipital crest, snowy white ; the elongated feathers apparently not fully grown, but also
white. Feathers of the forehead margined laterally with black. Neck ash color, with a shade
of violet. The feathers of the middle line of the throat white, and streaked with dark plumbeous
from a point distant the length of the culmen from the base of the bill. These feathers on the
throat, likewise, have a wash of rufous. The upper parts generally are bluish gray, the elonga-
ted scapulars much paler. The under parts generally are white ; tlie feathers on tlie sides of
the breast are bluish black, streaked centrally with white ; those of the sides of the body streaked
on one side with the same. The sides of the body are like the back. The edge of the wing
and the tibiae are purplish rufous, with a violet shade ; the portion of the former uom the
carpal joint to the quills, nearly white, with spots of the rufous. The greater coverts near the
edge of the wing are streaked obscurely with whitish, and tinged with rufous. The primaries
are dark hoary blackish plumbeous ; the outer secondaries still darker, but becoming lighter
towards the back.

This species is somewhat similar to the A. herodias, but is much larger ; the bill and tarsus
at least an inch longer. The tibia is bare for a greater distance. The head is entirely white,
with the forehead streaked with black, exactly the reverse of the other, which has the head black

610

U. S. p. E, K. EXP. AUD SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

above, the forehead white. The under parts are almost entirely white, the sides of the breast and
body streaked with black, instead of having nearly the whole belly black, streaked with white
in the middle ; the sides of breast pure black. The neck is not cinnamon brownish, but ashy.
The upper parts are of much the same shade with Ardea herodias, No. 9472.

A young bird, supposed to belong to the same species, but without any indication of locality,
diflers from the adult much, as does that of the A. herodias.

This species is readily distinguished from Ardea cocoi by the head being white above, not black ;
the tibia rufous, not white ; the belly mostly white, not black ; the neck bluish ash, not white.
It has much the same size and proportions with the Ardea occidentalis, and, in some respects,
might almost be considered a cross between this species and herodias.

In presenting to the scientific world the most magnificent species of heron known to inhabit
the United States, and one presumed to have been hitherto undescribed, I take much pleasure
in giving to it the name of Mr. Gustavus Wurdemann, of the.United States Coast Survey, as a
slight token of acknowledgment for what he has done towards bringing to light the novelties
of our southern coast. It is not too much to say that no one, for years, has been instrumental
in adding so many species of birds to our southern fauna as Mr. Wurdemann ; no less than
nine previously unrecorded species having already been collected by him in Louisiana and Florida,
besides very many new fishes and invertebrates.

List of speci77iens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Localitj.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

9479

<?

Florida

19 70

8690

— .do

do

6539

Indian Key, Florida

,]n

49. 00

70.00

20.00

AUDUBONIA, Bo nap.

.^udubonia, Bonap. Conspectus, IJ, 1855, 113. Type Jrdca occidentalis, Aud.
Cii. — Similar to .^rdea. Color white. No very long occipital featlicrs, nor mucli elongated scapulars.

It is very questionable whether this bird can be considered as entitled to separate generic rank
the diflerences from Ardea consisting only in a less extent of the feathers of head and scapulars,
as well as in the white color.

AUDUBONIA OCCIDENTALIS, Bonap.

Great White Ilcron.

^rdea occidentalis, AuD.Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835,542: V, 59G ; pi. 281.— 1b. Syn. 1839, 2C4.— 1b. Birds Amor. VI,

1843, 110; pi. 3C8.— Bon. List, 1838.— Gundlacii, Caban. Journ. IV, 185G, 341.
•Sudubonia occidentalis, BoniLr. Consp. 1855, 115.

Sp. Cii.— Bill very Btout. Middle loo about two-thirds tho tarsus. Tibia bare for nearly one-half. Feathers of occiput
lengthened, but no conspicuous crest, except perhaps in tlie adult. Scapulars not elongated. Color pure white. Length about
45 inches ; wing, 19.50; tarsus, 8.80 ; bill above, 'C.50.

//ai.— South Florida and Cuba.

BIRDS — ARDEIDAE — FLORIDA CAERULEA.

671

According to Mr. Audubon, the bill in life is yellow; the upper mandible greenish at the base;
the loral space yellowish green ; the orbital light blue. Iris bright yellow. Tibia and hind
part of tarsus yellow ; fore part of tibia and toes olivaceous, the sides of the latter greenish
yellow ; claws light brown. The young are smaller, the feathers of occiimt and lower part of
throat less elongated.

List of specimens.

Catal. No Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Wbenco obtained.

Collected by —

CS40 ; (J

1985 1

Indiun Key, Florida

Floridii ...... ......

MareU18,

S. F Eaird .1 .1 Anrlnlmn

• FLORIDA, Baird.

Cii. — Bill slender, acute ; upper outline curving gently from near the base ; lower straight, or even concave. Tarsi short ;
toes long ; lateral more than half the tarsus ; outer toe longest. A full occipital crest ; the feathers composing it, and those of
the neck generally, with the webs decomposed, only lanceolate on the lower part of the throat. No dorsal plumes, but the
scapulars elongated, lanceolate, and reaching beyond the tail. Back of neck bare inferiorly . Neck ratlier short. Color blue.

This genus differs from Eerodias in the bill, which is convex above, straight below, and very
acute. The legs are shorter, the toes and claws longer and slenderer. The peculiar lanceolate
character of the feathers of the neck is wanting, as also the dorsal plumes.

FLORIDA CAEEULEA, Baird.

Blue Ilerou.

^rdta caerulea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17GG, 239.— Gm. I, 1788, G3I.— Lath. Ind. II, 1790, 689.— Wilson, Am. Orn.
VII, 1813, 117 ; pi. Ixii.— Okd'b ed. 122.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, 187.— Ann. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838,
58 ; pi. 307— Ib. Syn. 26G.— Is. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 148 ; pi. 372.

^rdca {Botaurus) caerulea, Bon. Syn. 1828, 300.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 58.

Egrella caerulea, Eon. List, 1838. — GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 338.

Herodias caerulea. Gray, Genera. — Is. Bon. Consp. II, 1855, 123. — Gdndl. Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 343.

7 ^irdea cyanopus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 644.

^rdea caeruUscens, .'Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 689.— Light. Verz. 1833, 77.— Waglf.r, Syst. Av. 1827, ,/lrdea,
No. 15.

" ^rdea plumbea. Brown, Nat. Hist. Jam."

" Ardea chalybea, Stephens."

J Egrelta nivea, Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 334. Young?

Sp. Ch. — Slate blue ; head and neck bluish purple all round ; bill blue ; legs black. Young white, sometimes spotted with
blue. Length, 22 inches ; wing, 11 ; tarsus, 3.80 ; bill above, 3.
Hub. — South Atlantic and Gulf coast to Mexico.

Bill slender, compressed. Culmen rather concave in the basal half; the terminal gently
convex. Gonys nearly straight, in marked contrast with the culmen. Toes slender and
lengthened ; middle nearly as long as the tarsus ; inner or shortest lateral considerably more
than half the tarsus ; tibia bare for nearly half. Top of the head moderately crested, becoming
longer on the occiput and nape ; the feathers composing it with the fibrillae free and blended,
as is the case in the feathers of the neck generally and the back. Scapulars greatly elongated,

672

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

lanceolate, and reaching nearly its length heyond the tip of the tail, each feather well defined
and the wehs not decomposed.

The body generally in the adult is slaty blue ; the head and neck glossed with bluish purple ;
the concealed portions of the feathers purplish brownish red. There is no trace of white on the
throat. The bill in life is said to be ultramarine blue at the base, shaded into black towards
the point; the bare space between it and the eye, as well as the edges of the eyelids, ultra-
marine. The iris pale yellow ; the legs, tarsi, and toes, black.

The young bird is pure white ; the head smooth, and the feathers without the decomposed
webs. The scapulars are not elongated. The iris is white ; the bill light blue, blackish at the
end ; the skin around the eyes and the base of the bill light yellow ; the legs light green.

Birds changing show a confused patching of white and blue.

The young bird in white dress is much like the Garzetta candldissima, but is without any of
the plumes or crests of the latter species, and almost always shows here and there a trace of
blue, instead of being pure white. The middle toe is much longer. The feet are entirely
greenish to the claws (livid black in the dry skin) instead of having the toes yellowish, and the
base of the bill is without the abruptly defined yellow portion.

According to Lichtenstein, "the A. caerulea of Linnaeus has the feathers of neck and occiitut
and the scapulars well defined and linear ; the bill black ; the legs brown, with yellow toes.
Length, 18 inches ; bill, 2.50 ; tarsus, 3. Hab. — Cayenne. The North American A. caerulescens
has the same feathers with the fibres loose ; the bill whitish at base ; the legs and toes greenish.
Length, 22 inches ; bill, 3 ; tarsi, 4." The species he refers to first is evidently a true Herodias.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sei.

Locality. When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected
by-

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

3040
4534
8680

9300
9493

s

.....

Liberty county, Ga. . .. Spring, 1846..

32.00

36.00

. 12.00

Mr Glover

29.50

3i).50

11.00

Kycs darit Idne ; iris wililis
and feet light green.

1 ; lega

Major Emory

ARDETTA, Gray.

Jirdetla, Gn\T, List of Genera, Appondi.T, 1843, 13. Type Ardra minula, L.

Ardeola, Bonaparte, Syn. 1828. Type Jlrdea exilis, L. Not Ardcola, IJoie, Isis, 1823.

Cii. Bill slender, acute; both mandililes about equally curved. Legs very short; tarsi less than middle too. Inner toe

much longest. Claws long, acuto. Tarai broadly sciitoUate anteriorly.

Tail of ten feathers. Neck short. Uody much compressed. Head smooth ; the occipital feathers somewhat longlbonod ; the
lower neck bare of feathers behind. No plumes. Plumage compact, lustrous ; uniform above. Sc.\es differently colored.

This genus embraces the smal'est known species of heron, and has representatives in all
quarters of the globe.

BIRDS — ARDEIDAE — ARDF-TTA KXIUS.

673

Comparative inrn/iuremenfs of Botaureae.

a
6

Sp«eiet.

Lorality.

1099 Anictia riilis Washington, D. C.

1547 do Carlialc

1547 do do

9485 do N.araj' Intitude....

9488 do Sacramento Valley .

1396 Botaunis lentiginosu^ Carlisle, Ta

1396 do do

7«6

do.

8064

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

do..

do.,

Mexico..

11.30
11 00
13.75
11.40
11.30
23.60
26. SO

24.00

u a

Si

17.75

38.00

1.70

i.eo

56

89

00 1.86
44^ 1.96
.10 4.00

M

lOj 3.36

,25

,90 3.76

l.CO
1.50

1.70
I. SO
3.64

3.30
3.33

1.87
1.B8

1.94
1.76
4.06

3.74
3.57

0.40
0.43

0.40
0.40
0.81

0.70
0.68

la »

0.54 0.3-1
0.53 o.m

0.56 I 0.38
0.S4 0.34
1.34 ' 0.66

1.14 0.66

0.58

1.83
1.74

1.91
1.80
2.76

3.73
3. 34

Spoeimen
iiieaaured.

:.16
!.!24

70

58

Skin..,
Skin...
Fresh..
Skill...
Skill...
Skin..,
Fresh..
Skin..,
Fresh.,
Skin..

AEDETTA EXILIS, Gray.

Least Bittern.
.irdea iiilis, Gmelis, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 648.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 37 ; pi. I.xv.— W.vgler, Syst. Av.
1827 ; ^rdta. No. 36 — Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 77 : V, 1839, 606 ; pi. 210.— Ib. Syn. 263.— Ib. Birds
Amer.Vl, 1843, 100; pi. 366.
^rdea {Ardtola) exilis. Boy. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 191 — Ib. Syn. S08.— Nbttali., Man. 11, 1834, 66.
Ardeola exilis, Bonap. List, 1838.— Is. Consp. II, 1855, 134.— GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 343.
Butor txilis, Sw. Bird., II, 1837.

.Irdella exilis, Gray, Gen. 1842.— Cab. Journ. IV, 1856, 345.
•• Ardttta punctata, Grat, List, Br. Mas. Ill, 83."— Bonap.
.Viniifc billem, Latham, Syn. Ill, i, 66.
Sp. Ch. — Head above and the back dark glossy green. Upper part of neck, shoulders, greater coverts, and outer webs of
some tertials, purplish cinnamon. A brownish yellow scapular stripe. Female with the green of head and back replaced by
purplish chestnut.
Length, 13.00; wing, 4.75; tarsus, 1.60; bill above, 1.75.
Hab. — Throughout the United States, from Atlantic to Pacific.

Tarsi rather shorter than the middle toe ; the anterior half emhraced by a single series of
scutellae and a second series behind, with no intermediate ones distinguishable in the dried
specimen. Claws greatly lengthened and acute, the inner lateral extending further than the
outer ; the lateral as long as the middle. The toes free almost to the base. Tibia feathered
almost to the tarsal joint. Neck above bare, covered by the feathers of the side. Quills
lengthened ; the second and third longest. Tail of ten very soft feathers. Head with the
occipital feathers slightly elongated. No plumes or elongated feathers elsewhere.

Top of head, with the short crest, interscapular region, and scapulars, glossy dark green.
The sides of head and neck, with lesser and middle coverts, brownish yellow ; the region
bordering the green of the head, the upper part of the neck, the shoulders, and the greater
coverts, dark purplish cinnamon, as are the outer webs of inner tertials, and spots at the ends
of the quills and outer edge of first primary. Throat broadly whitish buff, as are the under
parts generally ; this is sometimes continuous, sometimes in the form of obsolete streaks on a
lighter ground. On the jugulum, and concealed by the broad elongated feathers of the throat,
is a large spot, varied with black, dark purplish, cinnamon, and buff. There is a narrow
brownish yellow scapular stripe in the green, which is usually more or less concealed. The bill
is yellow, the ridge dusky towards the tip ; the legs appear to be greenish yellow.
July 20, 1858.;

85 b

674

U. S. p. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The female differs in having the green of the head and hack replaced hy purplish chestnut ;
the brownish yellow tints more hoary ; the feathers of the tliroat with a narrow central dusky
streak.

An allied species in South America, {A. erythromelas,) according to Bonaparte, has the hack
purplish chestnut, instead of dark green. The European A. minuta differs in being larger; the
upper wing coverts milk white, not brownish yellow ; the under wing coverts white, instead of
olivaceous yellow.

List of specimens.

Catal.No. Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length. Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1546
1647
1099
9485
9484
9486

3
Q

Carlisle, Pa.
....do

May 18, 1844.
.. .do

S. F. Baird.
do.

13.56
13.75

17.64
17.75

4.88
4.88

Washington, D. C

Texas

Mimbrcs to Eio Grande.
Sacramento valley

June, 1843.

do

Capt. Pope

Dr. Henry

Lieut. Williamson ,

BOTAURUS, Stephens.

Bolaurus, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI, ii, 1819, 592. Type Ardea stellaris, L.

Ch. — Bill moderate, scarcely longer than the head. Bill outlines gently convex, gonya ascending. Tarsi very short, less
than the middle toe ; broadly scutellate. Inner lateral toe much longest. Claws all very long, acute, and nearly straight.
Tail of ten feathers. No peculiar crest. Plumage loose, opaque, streaked. Sexes similar.

But one species of this genus is found within the limits of the United States.

BOTAURUS LENTIGINOSUS, Stephens.

Bittern; Stake-drivcr.

Ardea stellaris, Var. Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 410.

J}rdett sIcUaris, Var. /?, Bolaurus freii-hudsonis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat I, 1788, (iS.'i.

Ardea lentiginosa, Montagu, Cm. Diet. Suppl. 1813. — Jentns, Man. 191. — .^cn. Syn. 1839, 2G3. — Ib. Birds Amor.

VI, 1843, 94 ; pi. 3G5.— Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 374.
Bolaurus lentiginosus, Steph, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI, 1819, 596.
Jlrdea {Bolaurus) lentiginosa, Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 60.
Bulor lenliginosus , Jardine, Br. Birds, III, 147.
Jlrdea minor, Wilson, Am. Cm. VIII, 1814, 35 ; pi. Ixv.— Bon. Obs. 1825, 18G.— Ann. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 296 ;

pi. 337.
Bolaurus minor, Bonap. List, 1838. — Ib. Consp. II, 1855, 13C.— Gunui.ach, Cab. Journ. IV, 185G, 34G.
^rdea mokoho, Vieillot, Diet. — Waoler, Syst. Av. Ardca, No. 29.

Sp. Cn. Brownish yellow, finely mottled and varied with dark brown and brownish red. A broad black stripe on each side

the neck, starting behind the ear. Length, 26.50 ; wing, 11.00 ; tarsus, 3. GO ; bill above, 2.75.
Ilah. — Entire continent of North America.

Bill short, scarcely longer than the head. Gonya ascending, nearly straight. Culmen curved
towards the tip. Tarsi short, less than the middle toe and claw, covered anteriorly for two-
thirds the circumference by a single series of scutellae, and behind by a double series. Claws all

BIRDS— ARDEI DAE — BOTAURDS LENTIGIN0SU8.

075

lengthened, and nearly straight ; hinder toe nearly equal to the outer lateral, which is shortest ;
the inner reaching beyond the base of the middle claw. Tail very short, of ten soft feathers.
Lower part of neck hare above ; this space partly concealed by the feathers of the sides. Head
without any crest ; the feathers of the lower throat greatly developed, and covering the jugulum.

General color brownish yellow, much and liuely mottled and variegated with dark brown and
brownish red. The top of the head and a small patch at the angle of the mouth, the tail
feathers, the ends and edges of the secondary quills, the whole of tiie inner tertials, are reddish
brown, or brownish cinnamon ; the first mentioned duller, the others minutely dotted with dark
brown. The wing coverts are brownish yellow, sprinkled with brown ; the back and scapulars,
with the dark brown more predominant. The feathers of the upper part of the back are dark
cinnamon brown, edged with brownish yellow. The feathers of the throat and under parts,
except the anal region and crissum, have a very broad central stripe of finely mottled yellowish
and dusky, the latter color accumulated externally ; the edges of the feathers buff. The sides
of the neck are somewhat similar, but with an olivaceous tinge. There is a broad black stripe
on each side the neck, starting near the ear and running back a short distance, curving upwards.
The chin and upper part of the throat are white, with narrow central streaks. The primary
quills are plumbeous dusky.

The bill in life is said to be yellowish green, the culmen brownish black. Feet yellowish
green ; claws brown. Iris, reddish yellow. There appears to be but little difference in the
sexes and young.

There is little difference in specimens from different localities. There is a brownish olivaceous
tinge in some from the Upper Missouri I have not noticed in others.

This species has been so frequently shot in Europe, especially in Ireland, as to entitle it to a
place in the fauna of the Old World.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained. Orig'l

] I No.

Collected by—

Lengtl).

Stretch
of wings.

Wing

Remarks,

13% I <J

766 : 9

6905

8911 : (?

5455

5777 j Q
8788

5776

9302

4152

9466

9467 I

9468

Carlisle, Penn April 29, 1844 S. F. Baird

do Sept. 29, 1842 I do

Kelson river, H. B. T...' I D. Gunn

Sand Hills of Platte Aug. 11, 1857 Ll. Warren

Mouth of Vermilion river May —,1856 do

Forks of Platte July 15, 1856 Lt. Bryan

North Fork Platte river. Aug. 20, 1857 Wm. M. Magraw .

26.50
24.00

42.00
38.00

11.75
10.50

Dr. Hayden .
do

25.00
26.87

38.00
42.12

10.00 Iris yellow.
12.12 ......do....

112

161

W. S.Wood.
Dr. Cooper. .

Republican Forks, Platte Oct. 7,1856 Lt. Bry.in.

Indian river, Fla ' Dr. Wall..

Matamuras, .Mez ' Lt. Couch

San Francisco

Bodega, Gal I Jan. —,1655

Fort Steilacooin

W. S. Wood .

27.00

22.00

41.00

33.00

II ..00 Iris yellow; bill black and
green; feet t'ray.

Lt. Trowbridge.

T. Szabo .

Dr. Suckley .

24.75

676

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

BUTORIDES, Blyth.

BuJorides, " Bltth, 1849. Type .Srdea jaranicn, Horsf."

Ocniscus, Cabanis, Journal fiir Cm. IV, 1856, 343. Type ^rdeavirescens, Lin.

Ch. — Bill acute, rather longer than the head, gently curved from the base above ; gonys slightly ascending. Legs very short ;
tarsi scarcely longer than the middle toe ; broadly seutellate anteriorly. Lateral toes nearly equal. Head with elongated feathers
above and behind ; these are well defined, lanceolate, as are the interscapulars and scapulars ; the latter not exceeding the tcrtials .
Neck short ; bare behind inferiorly. Tibia feathered nearly throughout. Tail of twelve feathers.

This genus is not represented in Europe, although species occur in Asia, Africa, Australia,

and Oceanica. But one is found in the United States ; a second species belongs to South America,

(B. scapularis,) distinguished most easily by the neck being ash-colored, instead of dark purplish

chestnut.

Com2Mrative measurements of Nycticoraceae.

Otlal.

No.

Species.

Locality.

CD

n
S

.a

o
1.1

£ s

03

1 ■

1

3

o
.a

o

V .

2 S

il

■a o
.S a
X

6
>

o

.2

a

ia

as
be

ClO

s
o

-<1

Specimen
measured.

9491

7068
do.

Butoridea virescens.. ..

do

do

do

do

Nyctieorax americanus.

do

do ...

Tulare valley, Cal.

Salt creek, K. T

do

Carlisle, Pa

do

3

15.00

18.25
15.50
14.80
23.00

21.00

7.50
7.20
7.50
7.50
7.50
12.90
13.50
12.75
12.50
12.00
12.20
11.70
10.00

2.76

2.92

2.05
2.15

2.10
2.26

0.34

0.40

1.00
0.94

0.44
0.52

2.10
2.46

2.94
3.20

Skin

Skill

Kresli ...

1136

298

2.88
3.14
5.10
5.20

2.00
1.92
3.16
3.14

2.12
2.00
3.33
3.26

0.32

0.40
0.50
0.54

0.86
0.86
1.40
1.30

0.46

0.50
0.93
0.88

2.14
2.46
3.10

2.88

2.70
3.10
4.06
3.76

Skin

Shin

Skin

Pcequeria, N- Leon
. ..do

9

Skin

do

31.75
28.00

43.50

Fresh . . .

5564

do

Nycterodius violaceus. .
do

Pelaluma, Cal

Liberty co.,Ga

do

5.46
5.20

3.30
3.72

3.78

2.88

0.66
0.40

1.56
2.19

0.92

0.88

3.30

2.78

4.48
3.28

Skin

Skin

do

33.40

40.50

Fresh . . .

3836

do

Fort Brown, Texas.
do

5.00

3.70

2.72

0.44

1.92

0.69

2.78

3.42

Skin

do

40.50

23.00

BUTORIDES VIRESCENS, B o n a p .

Green Heron; Fly-np-the-creek.

^rdta virescens, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 238.— Gm. I, 1788, 635.— Wilson, Am. Cm. VII, 1813, 97 ; pi. l.\i

Ohd's ed. p. 102.— Bon. Obs. 1825, No. 190.— Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827 ; Ardea, No. 36.— Ano.
Orn. Eiog. IV, 1838, 274 ; pi. 333.— Ib. Syn.264.— Ib. Birds Amcr. VI, 1843, 105 -, pi. 367.

^rdea (Botuurus) virescens, Bon. Specchio Comp. No. 180. — Ib. Syn. 307. — Nutt. II, 1834, 63.

Herodias virescens, Bon. List, 1838. — Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 340.

Egretta virescens, Swainson, 2i Centen. 1838. No. 156.

Butorides viresceiis, Bonap. Conspectus Av. II, 1855, 128.

.Igamia virescens, Reichenb. Iconcs Avium.

Ocniscus virescens, Cabanis, Journ. IV, 1856, 343. Cuba.

" Jlrdea cliloroptera, BoDD." 1784. Gray.

Ardea ludoviciana, Gmei.in, I, 1788, 630.

" Ardea lorquata. Mill. Illust. pi. Ix." Gray.

Green Heron, Pennant, II, 447.

Sp. Ch. — Top of head and body above arc glossy green ; the coverts edged with brownish yellow. Neck dark purplish
chestnut. Chin and central lino of throat while. Body beneath plumbeous ash. Length, 15.00 ; wing, 7.50; tarsus, 2.00 ;
bill above, 2.40.

IJ-tb. — United States generally.

Bill stout ; culmen much compressed^ gently convex towards the tip ; gonys ascending. Tarsi
shorter than the middle toe, covered behind iiiid on tlio sides with small hexagonal scales.
Lateral toes about ecjual. Lower fourth only of tibia bare. Head with a crest of long, lanceo-

BIRDS — ARDEIDAE — BUTORIDES VIRESCENS.

677

late, well ilefinetl feathers. Feathers of back ami scapulars similar, the latter not reaching to
the tip of the tail. Feathers of the neck broad, the webs somewhat decomposed. Top of the
head, with the crest, and the entire upper parts, metallic glossy green, darkest on the head ;
the coverts all edged narrowly with brownish yellow ; tlie whafts of scapulars and interscapulars
whitish. The scapulars and interscapulars sometimes tinged with opaque plumbeous. Neck
and long feathers covering the jugulum purplish chestnut ; the chin and central line of the
throat white, streaked with dusky greenish. Under parts and sides of body plumbeous ash.
Bill black above ; yellowish beneath. Feet greenish yellow.

Younger specimens lack the scapular development. The colors generally are duller. The
under i)arts wliite, streaked with brown. Tiie coverts more spotted.

As already stated, this species diflFers from B. scapularis, of Brazil, among other points, in
having the neck purplish chestnut instead of ashy.

Gundlach' describes a species of Bulorides from Cuba, {B. bnmnescens,) which differs in having
the tip of the lower mandible greenish white, the naked skin of face olive black, that around
the eye yellowish green. The legs olive brown. The lesser wing coverts and small quills dark
metallic green, with very slight rusty edges. The large quills without white. Lesser under
wing coverts gray, with scarcely brownish border. Throat feathers yellowish brown ; dark gray
at the base ; the feathers of the fore neck blackish, with green metallic lustre, with rusty tips
and pale yellowish lateral edges. In virescens there are two stripes on the side of the head, one
from the angle of the mouth, and one from the base of the lower mandible towards the ear, and
between them a white stripe streaked with black ; of this latter stripe there is no trace in brun-
nescens.

I introduce this indication of what Cabanis considers a very good species, to call attention to
it as being almost the only Cuban heron recorded by Gundlach not yet detected within our limits^
and undoubtedly yet to be found in Florida.

List of specimens.

Gatal.

No.

1136
298
4926
5891
4271
4272
7068
8189

4154
9487
4153

9489
9491

Sex and
age. 1

Locality.

S

3

9
9

Carlisle

do

Florida

Prairie Mer Rouge.
Calcasieu Pass, La.

do

Salt creek

Kansaa river

Brownsville, Texas.

Rio Grande

Rio Xasas, Durango .

Eagle Pass, Texas

San Bois creek, Choc-
law county.
Sacramento valley, Cal,

Tulare valley

Fort Tejon, Cal

Wlien col-
lected.

July 18,1843
April 17, 1841

18S4

1854

May 28,1857
July 9, 1857

.May 4, 1852

June, 1852.

Wbence obtained.

S. F. Baird

do

G. Wurdcinann..
James Fairie ....
G. Wurdeniann..

, do

Lieut. Bryan

VVm. N. Miigraw.

Capt. Van Tlit^t. .
Major Emory....
Lieut. Couch....

Major Emury...
Lieut. Whipple.

Orig.
No.

101
125

Lieut. Williamson.

do

J.Xantusde Vesey.

Collected by—

W. 8. Wood..
Dr. Cooper . . .

J. H. Clark....

A. Schoit...
H.B.Mullhauscn

Dr. Ileermann

Length.

Stretch
ofwingf.

18.23
17.75

17.50
19.00
19.50

21.00
25.23

25.50
28.00
28.12

Wing.

7.00
8.00
7.75

Iris yellow ; bill black
andyeFw; feetyel'w.

Kyes and feet green ;
bill yellow and slate.

' Ardta 6runn«sc£iis, Gumdlacu, Lembcye, Av. Cuba, tab. xii.
OcnXscus hrunnescens. Cab. Journal fiir Orn. IV, 1856, 344.

678 U, S p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

NYCTIARDEA, Swaiuson.

JVyctiardea, Swainson, Classif. Birds, II, 1837, 354. Type ..irdea nyclicorax, Lin.

J^yclicorax, Stepheks, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI, xi, 1819, 608. Same type. Not of Moehring, 1752.

Ch. — Bill very stout ; culmen curved from base; the lower outline straight, or a little concave. End of upper mandible gently
decurved. Tarsi short, equal to the middle toe ; the scales more than usually liexagonal inferiorly. Outer lateral toe rather
longer. No unusual development of feathers, e.\cepting a long, straight occipital plume of three feathers, rolled together. Neck
short ; moderately feathered behind.

The night herons, with a certain resemblance to the bittern, differ in the much stouter and
more curved bill, the lower edge of which is straight, instead of rising at the end. The tarsus
is equal to the middle toe, not shorter, and is covered anteriorly below by small hexagonal
scales, instead of large transverse scutellae. The claws are much shorter and more curved.
The tail has twelve feathers instead of ten.

NYCTIARDEA GARDENI, Baird.

Night Herou.

Ardea natvia, Boddaert, Tabl. pi. enl. 939, 1784. Young. (Gray.)

Ardea gardeni, Gmelin, I, 1788, 644.

JVycticorax gardeni, " Jard." Bonap. Consp. II, 1855, 141. — Gundl. Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 346.

Ardea nyclicorax, Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 101 ; pi. Ixi.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 193.— Add. Cm. Biog.

Ill, 1835, 275 : V, 600 ; pi. 236.— Ib. Syn. 261.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 82 ; pi. 363.
Ardea (Botuurus) nyclicorax, Bonap. Specchio Comp. 1827, No. 176. — In. Syn. 1828,306.
Ardea (Botanrus) discors, Ndtt. Man. II, 1834, 54.
Jfycticorax americanus, Bonap. List, 1838. — Tschudi, Fauna Per. — Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847, 344.

Sr. Ch. — Head above and middle of back steel green. Wings and tail ashy blue. Under parts, forehead, and long occipital
feathers white. Sides tinged with lilac. Length, about 25 inches ; wing, 12. .50 ; tarsus, 3.15 ; bill above, 3.10.
Hab. — United States generally.

Bill very thick at the base, and tapering all the way to the tip. Culmen nearly straight for
half its length, then considerably curved. Lower outline of bill nearly straight. Gonys proper
slightly concave. Legs short, but stout. The tarsus equal to the middle toe ; covered throughout
with hexagonal scales, the anterior largest, but those on the up[)er portion much larger, and
going entirely across. Tibia bare for about one-fifth. Lateral toes nearly equal ; the outer
rather longest. Claws small ; considerably curved. Tail short, of twelve broad, rather stiff
feathers.

Head with the occipital feathers elongated, and with two or three very long, straight feathers
(as long as the bill and head) springing from the occiput. These arc rolled up so as to appear
like a single cylindrical feather. Back of the neck covered witli down, but not provided with
long feathers. Interscapular feathers and scapulars elongated and lanceolate, the webs scarcely
decom loosed.

The upper part of the head, including the upper eyelids, the occipital crest, and the inter-
scapular region and scapulars, dark lustrous steel green. Tlie wings and tail are ashy blue.
The under parts, the forehead, and the long occipital feathers are white, passing into pale ashy
lilac on the sides and on the neck above ; this color, in fact, tinging nearly the whole under
parts. The region along the base of the bill, however, is nearly pure, as are the tibia. The
bill is black ; the loral space green ; the iris red ; the feet yellow ; the claws brown.

BIRDS ARDEIDAE — NTCTHERODIUS VI0LACKU8.

679

Specimens are sometimes nearly pure wliite beneath. In two from Calilbrnia the green
feathers of the occiput extend further back on the nape, behind the insertion of the long white
plume, instead of the hinder ones being inserted in line with this. 'Die black tips to these
plumes, mentioned by Bonaparte, I have nerer seen.

An immature bird diflers in having the green of the back and head replaced by dnll chocolate
brown ; the coverts with spots of whitish ; the neck and under parts streaked with dusky. The
quills have a chocolate red tinge, tipped with whitish. Still younger specimens have all the
feathers above with terminal spots of whitish.

The American night heron is similar to the European N. grisea, but is larger, tlie bill
stouter. The young birclB have the quills with an apical wliite spot, not found in the European.
(Bonaparte.)

CftUl.
No.

jex and

Locality.

When col-
lected.

*

Whence obtained. Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing. Remarks.

1670

8. F. Baird

1

4070 1 n

Calcasieu Pass, La

do. .

1854

4369

1854

do

ir,n

0
<?

Q

0
9
3

Brovrnsrille, Texas

do

Fesquieria Grande,N.Lcon

do

Texas

April 27,1853
April 3,1853
May,I85S....

do

Capt. Van Vliet....
do

3
29

26.00
25.00
33.25

33.75

43.00
44.00
42.50

42.50

12.50

4149

12.75 1 Eyo crimson ; bill

blue and yellow.

12.75 do

4148
5113

do

Capt. Pope

9SS9

Lieut. Ivos

n.B.Mollhausen.

9888

do

SSS4

June 18,1856

£. Samuels

81

NYCTHERODIUS, Reich.

\\jcthendi\is, Reichenb. Nalurl. Syst. Vogel, in Systeina Avium, 1853, p. xvi. Type ..irdea violacea, L.

J^'ijclicorax, BoiE, Isis, 1826. Not of Stephens and Mochring.
Cli. — Bill very thick and stout, loth outlines much and about equally curved ; commissure nearly straight. Tarsi moderate ;
the scales, cicept anteriorly above, strongly hexagonal ; middle toe considerably shorter than tarsus ; outer lateral rather the
longer ; claws small, obtuse, much curved. Tail of twelve broad feathers. Head with the occipital feathers elongated ; a few
much longer. Scapulars and interscapulars lanceolate, the latter reaching to end of tail.

NYCTHEKODIUS VIOLACEUS, Reich.

Vellow-crowued Night Herou.

Jlrdea vietacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 238.— Gmei.. I, 631.— Lath. Ind. II, 690.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII,
1814,26 ; pi. Ixv.— Bon. Obs. 1825, No. 196.- Acd. Orn. Hiog. IV, 1838, 290 ; pi. 336.— Is.
Syn. 262.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 69 ; pi. 364.

^rdco (Bolaurus) violacea, Bonap. Specchio, 1857, No. 177. — Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 52.

A'yctiurdea violacea, Swainson, Birds, II, 1837, 354.

J^ycticorax violacetis, Bonaf.

Xyctherodius violaceus , Reichenb. Syst. Av. 1853, p. xvi. — Bonap. Conspectus, II, 1855, 142.— GtjNnLACii, Cab.
Jour. IV, 1856, 346.

^rdea jamaicensis, Gmelin, I, 1788, 625.

^rdttt cayanensis, G.melin, I, 1783, 626.

" Jlrdea sexsetacea, Vieill. Diet."

" ^rJea callocephala, Wacler."

Yelloic-crowiud heron, Pennant.
Ch. — Neck and body uniform grayish plumbeous ; the head bluish black ; the l)ood and a broad patch on the side of the
head yellowish white. Interscapular and scapular feathers dusky, edged with grayish plumbeous. Length, 24.00 ; wing, 12.00;
tarsus, 3.70 ; bill above, 2.78. Hab. — South Atlantic and Gulf States ; South America.

680

n. 8. p. R. R. EXP. AKD SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Bill very short and stout ; not longer than the head. Culmen gently curved from the base ;
most so towards the tip; lower outline of bill straight to the culmen, then ascending in a gentle
convexity, a little straighter than the culmen, but the two mandibles taiiering about equally.
Legs rather long ; the tarsus one and a quarter time the length of middle toe, covered with
hexagonal scutellae, which in front and above are larger, and cover the anterior face. The
tibia are bare for about one-third their length. The outer toe is rather longest; the claws all
short, small, and much curved. The occipital feathers are elongated, and there are two linear
lanceolate ones about as long as the head and body, but these are not rolled together. The back
of the neck is thinly covered with normal feathers. The interscapular feathers are rather
elongated and lanceolate ; the scapulars are much developed, linear, lanceolate ; the tips
rounded, and reaching to the end of the tail ; the pennules decomposed for the terminal half.
The tail is composed of twelve broad, rather stiff feathers.

The external form of this species is a good deal like that of Nyctiardca gardeni. The bill,
however, is much thicker and shorter ; the commissure is straight, instead of concave with the
end of upper mandible attenuated ; the gonys is ascending and convex, instead of horizontal
and slightly concave ; the tips of both mandibles nearly equally pointed and tapering. The
tarsi are much longer and the toes shorter, so that the former are much longer than the middle
toe, instead of shorter ; the claws are much smaller and more curved ; the tibia bare for a
greater distance ; the reticulation of the lower part of the tarsus is more hexagonal and smaller.
The scapular feathers are much more elongated.

"The prevailing color ot this species is a grayish plumbeous. The head all round is bluish
black ; the top of the head from the bill, including the longest occipital feathers, and a broad
isolated patch from beneath the middle of the eye, yellowish white. The feathers of the inter-
scapular region coverts and scapulars are dusky, edged with grayish plumbeous ; the quills and
tail plumbeous dusky. The body generally and neck are uniform grayish plumbeous, lighter
below. The bill is black ; the legs yellow above, the lower portion black.

The young are dark greenish olivaceous above, the feathers streaked centrally, and spotted
terminally with brownish yellow. The under parts are whitish, streaked with brown. The
feathers of the head have the shafts extended into a whitish thread. The whitish of the neck
is strongly tinged with brownish yellow.

The young bird is readily distinguished from that of Nyctiardea yardeni by the dark greenish
olive back, with numerous spots ; plumbeous, not chocolate colored, quills ; better defined istreaks
below, and, above all, by the generic differences in the bill and feet.

List of spedmois.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When
collected.

Wiience obtained.

Orig'l
No.

CoUcclcd
by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwii)gs.

Wing.

Remarks.

3041

3

Liberty co.j Ga

CalcaHicu Pass, La..
Indiaiiola

1846

4368

1854

Cl. VVdrHcmann

5109

Mar. 23,1855 Capt. Po]io

35

28.00
23.00

38.00
40.50

12.50
10.00

Kycs red ; feet dark gray yellow ;
bill dark green and yellow.

3836

Fort Brown, Tcxtii .

4147

9481

Rio Grande, Texas.
Fort Smith «..

Oct. 13,1853

A. Schou..

9482

Lieut. Wliipplc ....

11. Mull-

1782

! 1

niRDS — TANTAUDA R ,

681

Family TANTALIDAE.

Cii. With naked spaces about the base of the very long, rounded, much attenuated, and decurved bill. Toes with a basal

web, especially between the inner and middle ones.

Of the present family but two well marked genera occur within the limits of the United
States, namely Tantalus and Emiocimus. Falcinellus is so little different from the latter as
scarcely to be worthy of generic j-ank. Bonaparte divides the Tanlalidae into several sub-
families, which, with the North American genera, may be characterized as follows :

Tantalin.\e. — Bill very much thickened at base, without any nasal groove. Nostrils opening
"directly in the substance of the bill, not surrounded by membrane. Legs lengthened, and
covered with hexagonal scales.

Taxt.vlus. — Head bare of feathers.

Geronticinae. — Bill with a groove extending nearly to the tip. Legs with reticulated scales.
Species confined to the old world and to South America.

Ibinae. — Bill rather slender at the base ; upper mandible grooved to the tip. Nostrils sur-
rounded, except below, by membrane. Legs anteriorly with transverse scutellae.
Ibis. — Forehead bare of feathers ; claws curved ; jdumage dull.
FALcraELLrs. — Forehead feathered ; claws straight ; plumage metallic.

I have been obliged to change Bonaparte's names of sub-families by calling his Ibinae,
Geroniicinae, and restoring the name of Ibinae to his Eudociminae. This is in consequence of
the fact that Ibis of Moehring, 1752, has the Tantalus ruber, of Linnaeus, as type, and must be
applied to the North American birds, so that Eudocimus becomes a synonym.

Bartram, in his Travels in Florida, (1791,) describes a Tantalus piclus, of which Barton pub-
lishes a figure, in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XII, 1818, 24, pi. i, given him by Bartram, and
there calls it Tantalus ephousTcijca. It is difficult to say whether this be Tantalus, Ibis or Aramus.
The coloration as described, however, difiiers materially from that of any known species of these
genera.

Comparative measurements of Tantalidae.

Cnial.
No.

Species.

Locality.

CQ

i

to

'3

3

2

a .

o 2

5

3-5

Bill above.
Along gape.

Specimen
measured.

9497

Tantalus loculator

1

18.50
10.90
11.20
12.00
10.10

7.00
4.50
5.02
4.80
4.50

7.10
3.50
3.76
3.48
3.04

4.70
3.20
3.22
3.08
2.72

0.56
0.50
0.53
0.50
0.44

8.:i0 7.90
6.80 1 6.50
7.00 6.60

Hkin

2736

Suuth America

i 38,50

Skin

9502

Ibis alba

Skin

1076

....do

....do

do.

6.60
5.10

6.50
5.20

Skin

9500

^ 1

Skin

do

do

Fresh

9503

QO.SO

10.00
9.90

4.06
4.12

3.28
3.44

2.80
2.90

0.56
0.56

4.35

4.30

4.30
4.30

Skin

9870

, , . , do

Skin

July 29, 1858.

86 b

682

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

TANTALUS, Linnaeus.

Tantalus, Liknaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758. Type Tantalus loculator, L.

Ch. — Bill very long, much thickened at the base and decurved at the tip. Edges rather smooth. Nasal groove not
continued beyond the nostrils, which are broad, pervious, and not surrounded by membrane. Head and neck entirely bare in
he adult; the latter with the skin transversely rugose. Lofjs lengthened; tibia more than half bare, and with tho tarsus,
covered by small hexagonal scales. Outer lateral toe longer than inner ; the toes connected at base by membrane.

Young with tho head partly feathered.

TANTALUS LOCULATOR, Linn.

Wood Ibis; Colorado Turkey.

Tantalus loculator, Linn. I, ITCG, 240.— Gm. I, 667.— Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 702.— "Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814,

39 ; pi. Ixvi.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 197.— Ib. List, 1838.— In. Consp. II, 1855, 149

Wagler, Isis, 1831, 530.— NoTT. Man. II, 1834, 82.— Auo. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 128; pi.
216.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 258.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, G4 ; pi. 3C.— Gundlach, Cab. Jour.
IV, 185G, 348.

?"/!)is naudopon, Vieillot," Gray.

" Tanlutus plumkollis, Spix, Av. Bras. tab. Ixxxv."

Wood pelican, Catesbt, Car. pi. Ixxxi.

Sp. Ch. — Jidult. Entirely white ; tail and quills metallic blackish green, with purple reflections.

Young. Neck and head feathered as in Ibis. Color duller than in adult ; the downy feathers of neck dusky.

Length about 45 inches; wing, 18.50; bill, 8.50; tarsus, 7.10.

JIab. — South Atlantic and Gulf States, and across to the Colorado river; as far north as North Carolina and mouth of Ohio.

This well known species needs no especial comparisons to distinguish it from every other
North American bird. It is eaid to be abundant on the Colorado river, especially about Fort
Yuma, and to be there called Colorado turkey.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex&
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

' o

Florida?

S. F. Baird

J. J. Auiluhon .

1
9496

Maj. Brown's island, Eio Grande.

Oct. 23,1853
do

Major Emory - --- . .

A. Sclaott

9497

do

do

4144

8068

Sept. — , 1836

IBIS, Moehring.

Ibis, Moehring, Genera Avium, 1758, 71. Type Tantalus ruber, L., according to G. R. Gray.

Ch. — Bill very long, moderately thickened at the base, and curving downwards to tho tip. Nasal groove deeply impressed,
extending to the end of tho bill. Nostrils impervious, surrounded, except below, by membrane. Basal portion of cutting
edges of bill with dull serrations in one species. Forehead and base of bill all round, extending behind the eyes and on tho
chin, bare, except in /. ordii. Tibia bare for half its length, covered with hexagonal scales ; scales on the anterior part of the
tarsus broad and transverse. Middle toe nearly as long as tho tarsus ; outer lateral longer ; hinder elevated ; toes connected at
base by web.

Gray gives Tantalus ruber, L., as the type of Moehring's genus Ibis. This author quotes
Belon. 1. 4, c. 'J, and Seba, Thesaurus, I, tab. 02, f. 3. The latter citation is said to rci'er to
Tantalus ruber ; of the former I can learn nothing.

The North American species are readily known by the red color of the first, the white body
and red bill of thp spcpnd, ana the chestnut body and neck with metallic green, &c., on tiio

BIRDS — TANTALIDAE — IBIS RUBRA. 683

back of the third. There is a considerable difference in the external form of the species,
which has caused systematic writers to place them in diflerent sub-genera as follows ;

Leucibis, Eeich. — In Ibis alba the hill has obsolete serrations along the middle portion,
directed forwards. Tlie forehead is naked to above the middle of the eye, the feathers coining
forward at about a rectangle to this point, but there are rudiments of feathers half an inch
beyond, or to a point a little anterior to the eye. The whole chin and upper part of the throat
are bare for about an inch behind the lower mandible. The bill from the forehead is as long as
the tarsus and toes. The tarsi are transversely scutellate for the anterior half ; covered with
hexagonal scales behind. The toes are stout ; the claws thickened, blunt, and much curved.
The outer lateral claw reaches a little beyond the base of the middle. The inner anterior
surface of the middle claw is extended downwards into a sharp cutting edge, but is not pectinated.
The primaries are considerably longer tlian the secondaries and tertials.

The young bird has the head feathered almost as far forward as the commissure, leaving the
region round and in front of the eye bare.

Ibis. — Ibis rubra has the bill without any serrations whatever. The feathers of the forehead
come forward to a point anterior to the eye, and about three-tenths of an inch from the bill ; the
upper part of the throat is rather more bare than in /. alba. The bill is rather shorter than
the tarsus and middle toe. The toes and tarsus much as in /. alba, but the outer lateral claw
does not reach to the base of the middle. The middle claw has its inner face extended into a
cutting edge, with indistinct, perhaps accidental, notches, but no pectination.

The primaries are considerably longer than the secondaries and tertials.

Falcinellus, Bechst. — Ibis ordii has the bill quite slender at the base, and about as long
as the tarsus and half the middle toe. It is entirely destitute of serrations. The head is
feathered above to the base of both mandibles, leaving bare only the space between the horny
rami of under jaw and the region in front of and a little around the eye. The outer claw
reaches a little beyond the base of the middle, which has the inner face extended into a cutting
edge, but with no pectination, as stated by Bonaparte, but only an occasional accidental
notching. The claws are slender and almost perfectly straight. The primaries are scarcely,
if at all, longer than secondaries and tertials.

IBIS RUBKA, Vieillot.

Red or Scarlet Ibis; Pink Curlew.

Tanlalus ruber, U^n.l, 1706, 241.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 651.— Lath. Ind. II, 1790, 703.— Wilson, Am. Orn.VIII,

1814,41; pi. Ixvi.
Ibia rubra, Vieillot, Diet.— Wagleu, Syst. Av. 1827 ; lUt, No. 4.— Nuttall, Man. 11, 1834, 84.— Bon. List,
1838.— AcD. Orn.Biog. V, 1839,62; pi. 397.— 1b. Sjn.257.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1845, . 53 ; pi. 359.
Zudocxmus rufter, Wacler, Isis, 1832, 1232, (type).— Bonap. Consp. 1855, 157.— GnNDL. Cab. Jour. IV, 1850, 348.
7 Tantalus fuscus, Linn. I, 1766, 242.— Gmelin, I, 651. Young.
? Taixialus minutus, LiNN. Young.
" Ibii hucopygia, Spix, Av. Bras. tab. Ixxxviii. Young."

Sp. Cn.—Mult. Uniform and brilliant scarlet red; the tips of outer piimaries black. Young. Ashy; darker above.
Under parts and rump white.
Length, 28 inches; wing, 10.90; tarsus, 3.50; bill above, 6.80.
Hab. — South America and West Indies. Very rare or accidental in the United States.

The occurrence of this Ibis as a North American bird is very problematical, the instances in
which it has been observed being very rare. Mr. Audubon saw it but once, when a flock of
three passed high over his head in Louisiana.

684

U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

2736

S. F. Baird

1967

do

do

IBIS ALBA, Vieillot.

White Curlew; AVIiite Ibis; Spanish Curlew.

Taidalvs alius, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17CG, 242.— Gm. I, 651.— Latham, Ind. Orii. II, 1790, 705.— Wilson, Am.

Cm. VIII, 1814, 43; pi. Ixvi.
76is o/tn, Vieillot, Diet.— Ord. ed. Wilson, VIII.— Bon. Obs. 1825, 179.— In. List, 1838.— Nottall, Man. II,

1834, 8G.— AcD. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 178: V, 1839, 593; pi. 222.— Ib. Syn. 257.— Ib. Birds

Amer. VI, 1843, 54; pi. 3G0.
Exidodmus albxis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1232.— Bonap. Consp. II, 1855, 156.— Gundlacii, Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 348.
" Paribis albtis. Is . Geoffr . "

Tanlahts coco, Jacquin, Beit. 1784, 13.— Gmelik, I, 1788, 652.
" ? Ibis brcvirostris, Peale."
White Ibis, Pennant, Latham. — While Curletc, Catesbt. — Broxon Ibis, Penn. Lath.

Ch. — Anterior half of head bare ; tlie feathers not reaching, in the adult, further than the middle of the eye. Pure white ;
the tips of five outer primaries lustrous greenish black. Bill red ; the terminal half black ; in the young entirely red. Length,
25 inches ; wing, 11.25 ; tarsus, 3.75 ; bill, 7.

Ilab. — South Atlantic and Gulf States ; straggling occasionally northward.

A young bird, (9501 ,) probably of this species, is olive brown above ; the rump and concealed
portion of the back, with the under parts white ; the head and neck brown, the feathers
streaked centrally with darker. The head is feathered further forward ; the primaries, which
appear to be full grown, are shorter than the tertials ; the bill is much shorter than tarsus and
toes ; scarcely longer than in /. ordii, and without black tip. A rather older specimen from
St. Simon's Island (9502) has the bill entirely yellow, without black tip or serrations. The
plumage generally is white, with here and there the more immature brown color, as in the
quills, the edge of wings, streaks on the feathers of the neck, &c. The face is feathered nearly
as far forward as in the glossy Ibis, the feathers extending anterior to the eye, and nearly to
the rami ; the orbital region bare.

Wagler, in Isis,' describes a white Ibis from Mexico, with the bill much longer and less
curved, and entirely red, instead of being tipped with black.

Catal.
No.

9502
9580
9501

Locality.

107 B Liberty county, Ga.

St. Simon's island, On.

IndiuQ ri vcr - -

Brownsville, Tex

When collected

March, 1843

Oct. 25,1853

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

J. P. Postell...
G. Wurdemann.
Major Emory...

Collected by-

W. Ij. Jones .

A. Schott-

llomarks.

Iris white.

' Ibis longirostris, VfAOLEK, Inis, 1829, 760.- Ib. 1832, J2.')2.— Gray, Gen. Ill, tub. 152.
£u(/ocim«j longiroalrl), Waoler, I»i9, 1839, 1232.— Bp. Conap. 11, 1855, 157.

HIRDS— TANTALIDAK — IBIS OBDII,

685

IBIS ORDII, Roiiap.

Glossy Ibis.

11 Tantalus mtTicanus, Gmelin, SjsL Nat. I, 1789, 652.
7'iiii(a/iu nirjriraiius, Onr, J. A. N. Sc. I, 1817, i)3.

Ibufalcinetliu, Bonap. Obs. 1825,No. 199.— In. Syn.312.— In. Am. Orn. IV, 1831,23 ; pl..xxiii.— Nuttai.l, Man. II,
1S34, 88.— AcD. Orn. Riog IV, 1838, 608 ; pi. 387.— In. Syn. 257.— In. Birds Aiiicr. VI, 1843, 50 ;
pi. 358.
/6m ordii, Bonap. List, 1838.
jFu/cinf//i« ordii, Bonap. Consp. II, 1855, 159.
7 Ibis guarauna, Woodbodse, Sitgrcavcs' Exp. 1853, 98.
Sp. Cii. — Forehoad foalliered almost to the bill. Color chestnut ; the top of liead and back metallic green, glossed with
purple. Bill dusky; the naked skin at base slate bhe. Lengtli, 20.50 inches; winij, 10; tarsus, 3.30; bill abovo, 4.30.
Hab. — Found singly and at intervals over the whole United States.

General color, including the lesser wing coverts, opaque purplish orange chestnut brown.
Top of head and nape, both sides of wing, (except the lesser coverts,) and the tail, metallic
green, glossed variously with purple ; the interscapular region and anterior scapulars purple
chestnut. The opaque feathers of the neck aud head edged obscurely with dusky ; the bare
skin of the head all round bordered by whitish. The bill is dusky in the skin ; in life it is said
to be blackish ; the bare skin at the base slate blue. The feet grayish black.

Young specimens are similar, except that the head and neck are of an opaque dull greyish
brown, the feathers more or less edged narrowly with whitish.

The synonomy of this species is in very great confusion, and it is difficult to say what name it
should bear. Admitting it to be distinct from tlie European Ibisfalcinelhis, the earlie.st name for an
American bird is Tantalus guaruana, of Linnaeus, which, however, is considered by Bonaparte
to be distinct, and confined to South America. The T. mexicanus of Gmelin, referred to the
same species by Bonaparte, seems to have as much claim to identity with the North Americau
as with the more southern bird. The T. chalcopterus of Temminck belongs to the South
American species. Setting aside T. mexicanus of Gmelin as too uncertain for the present case,
the next name in order is the ordi of Bonaparte.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

9503
414-3
5117

9506
9504

9505

earn

Locality.

When col-
lected.

: Whence obtained,

Texas Major Emory .

Cndertila,Mcx , April —, 1853 Lieuu Couch .

Ojo del CueriH), N. .M . . Sept. 29, 1855 Capt. Pope...

Frontcni,RioGrandc,Tex Major Emory....

Santa Cruza, Sonora... I June — ,1855 do

Fort Tcjon, Cai J. Xantus

San Francisco, Cal Mar. 28, li;54 Lieut. Whipple . .

Mexico Sept.— ,1836 J.Gould

Orig.
No.

139

Collected by — ' Length.

A. Schott .

C. Wright

Dr. Kennerly.

Kenn. and Miill.

24.00
20.00

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

34.00 10.25

33.50

22.00

36.00

11.00

16.00

Remarks.

Eyes crimson, biil slate.
Eyes brown, bill blaclt,

gums reddi.-h yellow,

feet dark gray.

686

U. S. p. K. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEIIAL EEPOKT.

Family TLATALEIDAE.

Cii. — Bill completely depressed, very broad, and widening at tlio rounded tip.

No more detailed description is needed to characterize the spoon-billsj of which seven or
eight species are described by authors.

PLATALEA, L,

Plalaha, LiNN. Syst. Nat. 173.'). Type PlalaUa leucorodia. (Gray.)

Ch. — Bill very broad, excessively depressed, and spatulate or greatly widened to the rounded tip ; the mandibles in close
apposition ; the edges not lamellar. Head bald in the adult American species. Legs rather shorter than in typical herons ; tibia
and tarsi covered throughout with small hexagonal scales ; the former bare for nearly one-half. Toes webbed at the base ; the
outer lorger than the inner ; the middle claw not pectinated. Middle toe nearly as long as the tarsus ; hind toe rather long.

Comparative measurements.

Caial.
No.

Species.

Localily.

Age.

Length. Wing.

Tail.

,Tarsus,

Middle
toe.

Us claw. Bil
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

2734

Florida.' '

32. JO 15.00
14,00

4.70
5.26

3.96
4.28

3.64
3.76

0.56
0.55

6.60
7.00

6.15
6.60

Skin

4273

do

Cacasieu Pass, La | 0

Skin

PLATALEA AJAJA, Linn.

Rosr Spoon-bill.

Plalaha ajnja, Linn. I, 1766, 231.— Gmelin, I, 614.— Wilson, Am. Cm. VII, 1813, 123 ; pi. Ixii, (two years old.)—
BoN. Obs. 1825, No. 185. — Ib Conspectus, II, 1855, 146.— Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 79— "Wagler,
Isis, 1831, 530.— AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 188, pi. 131.— Ib. Syn.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 72 ;
pi. 362.— GuNDLAcH, Cab. Jour. IV, 1856, 347.

Plalea incurnala, Sloan, Hist. Jam. !I, 316.
Roseate spoon-bilt, Latham.

Mull. — Head all round and nape naked. General color rosy red ; paler anteriorly, and nearly white on the neck. Lesser
wing coverts, with upper and lower tail coverts and lower part of throat, intense carmine. Tail feathers brownish ochro yellow.
Naked skin of head yellowish green. Bill mostly greenish blue in life.

YoungtT with the head feathered, except around the base of the bill, and around and a little behind the eye. Similar in color,
but the carmine wanting and the tail rosy.

Length, 30 inches ; wing, 15 ; tarsus, 4 ; bill above, 7.

Hub. — South Atlantic and Gulf States.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

4273
9499
9498

Locality.

Florida?

Calcasieu pass, La

Lower Rio Grande, Tex.
Eio Grande, Tex

When col-
lected.

1854
1853
1843

Whence obtaiued.

S. F. Baird

G. Wurdemaim
Major Emory . .
....do

Collected by —

J. .T. Audubon

A. Scholt.
....do....

BIRDS — PnOENICOPTERlDAE PHOENICOPTERrS RUBER.

G87

Family niOETslCOPTErJBAE.

Ch. — Le^ and neck excessively elongated. Bill with the edges lamellatod or denticulated, and bent abruptly in the middle.
Toea fully webbed.

The precise position of this remarkable family is a matter of some uncertainty, some authors
placing it with the Anseres, on account of its webbed feet and lamellar bill, while others keep it
in the Grallae. I am inclined to think that its affinities are more with the Anseres ; at least, it
seems less out of place there than in the other sub-order. Should the statemeut to Mr. Audubon
be correct, that the young betake themselves to the water immediately on breaking the shell, it
will almost settle the question by placing it in the sub-class Fraecoces, and, conseq^uently,
with the Anseres.

PHOENICOPTERUS, Linn.

Phoenicopterus, LixK. 1748. Type Phoenicopterus ruber, L. (Gray.)

Cii. — Xeck and feet excessively lengthened. Bill duck-like, bent abruptly downward in the middle ; the opposed edges of
botli mandibles lamellar. Tibia denuded for the infsrior two-thirds ; the anterior two-thirds of both tibia and tarsus enveloped
by one series of broad scutellae ; the circumference completed by a smaller posterior scries. Toes one-fourth the tarsus, con-
nected as far as the claws by a thickened membrane. Claws short, broad, blunt. Hind toe very small, elevated ; sometimes
warning.

There is a soft skin at the base of the bill which extends around and behind the eye.

Comparative measurements.

Caul.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its
(law.

Bill
above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

Remarks.

869S

Phoenicopterus tuber . .
do

Indian Key,Pla..
do

<?

48 00

6.70

12.i20

3.50

0.38

5.90

5.00

Skin ....

do.

66.00

16.50

8697

do

do

3

6.30

12.20

3.30

0.38

5.70

5.00

Skin ....
Fresh .

Moulting ..

do.

do

..." do

do

do

do

do

48.00

66.00

16.50

6696

5.60

11.50

3.20

0.35

6.00

5.00

Skin ...
Fresh . . .

Moulting ..

do.

42.00

64.50

15.50

PHOEXICOPTEKUS KUBER, Linn.

Flamingo.

Phoenieopimis ruber, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766. 230, (in part.)— Gmelin, I, 612.— Wilson, .^m. Orn. VIII, 1814, 45 ;
pi. Ixvi.— Bon. Obs. 1825, Xo. 23C.— Ib. Am. Orn. Ill, 1828, 101.— Ib. List, 1838.— Ib.
Consp. II, 1855, 145.— NuTTALL, Man. II, 1834, 70.— Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 255 ; pl.
431.— Is. Syn. 269.-18. Birds Anier. VI, 1843, 169, pl. 375.

Sp. Cu.— Hind toe moderate. Size very largo. Color bright scarlet red ; deepest on the wings. Quills black. Logs red.
Bill yellow ; black from the bent portion. Length, 45 inches; wing, 16.50 ; tarsus, 12 ; bill above, (along curve,) 5.90.
Hab. — Warmer parts of America. Rare on the Florida Keys.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

locality.

! When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

8697
8698

<?

Q

Indian Key, Fla

do

G. Wurdemanu

do

48.00
48.00
42.00
48.00

66.00
66.00
64.50
66.00

16.50
16. .50
15.30
16.50

Moulting

....do

8696

do -

do

....do

8695

do

.. August 6, 1857

do

....do

SUB-ORDER

GRALLAE.

Ch. — Feathers of the head and neck extending over the entire clieeks to the bill. Bill, when much longer than head, jlender
at the base ; sometimes thick and shorter than the head. Young running about and feeding themselves as soon as hatched.

The preceding characteristics indicate, in a general way, the characteristics of the Grallae as
distinguished from the Herodiones. They are usually much smaller birds, and more especially
inhabitants of the open sandy shore. Few or none of the species nest on trees or bushes, the
eggs being generally laid in a cavity scooped out in the sand.

The sub-order is divided by Bonaparte into two tribes, Cursores and Aledorides, (by Burmeister
into lAmicolae and Pahtdicolae,) the first having the hind toe elevated, small, or wanting, the
second having it lengthened and inserted on a level with the rest. Additional characters are
as follows :

LiMicoLAE. — Species living on the shore, and generally probing the ground or mud in search
of food. Bill and legs generally lengthened and slender. Bill hard at tip^ softer and more
contracted at base. Anterior toes connected at base more or less by membranes, and with very
short claws. Hind toe very short, elevated, or wanting. Wings long, pointed ; outer
primaries longest, and reaching to or beyond the tip of tail, which is stiff.

Paludicolae. — Species living in marshy places among the grass, feeding from the surface of
the ground. Bill hard to its base, where it is not contracted. Toes cleft to the base, lengthened,
with very long claws. Hind toe lengthened, and on same level with the rest. Wing short,
rounded, not reaching the tip of the soft tail ; outer primaries graduated.

Tribe LIMICOLAE.

Ch. — Birds living on the shore or in open places, usually small species, with rounded or depressed bodies, and slender bills
of variable length, having a more or less distinct horny terminal portion, the remainder covered witli soft skin, in which are
situated the elongated, narrow, open, and distinct nqstrils. The feathers of the head are small, and extend compactly to tho
base of the bill ; they are similar in character to those of the neck and body. The wings are long, acute, and when fuldod
reaching to or beyond the tip of tho tail. Tho posterior or inner secondaries are generally as long as the outer primaries. The
primaries are ten in number ; the three outer longest and about equal. The tail is still", short, broad, and rounded or graduated ;
the feathers usually twelve, sometimes more. The legs are slender and delicate, but corresponding with the bill in proportions.
A large portion of tlio tibia below is bare of foathers. Tiio covering of the legs is parchment-like, not horny, generally divided
anteriorly and behind into small half rings, laterally more in hexagons. The claws are delicate, sharp, and gently curved.
The hind toe is very small, scarcely touching tho ground ; sometimes wanting. There is usually (except in Calidris, Tringa, &c.)
a rather broad basal membrane between tho outer and middle toes, sometimes between tho inner and middle ; this web
occasionally extends toward tho ends of the toes.

In the prececeding diagnosis, borrowed, like tliat of Paludicolae, from the admirable work of
Burmeister, I have given the most prominent characters of this tribe. By Bonaparte it is
divided into 1. OlidiJae; 2. Charadrididae ; 3. GlareoUdae ; 4. TIdnocoridae ; 5. Ilacmatopo-
didae ; 0. Chionididae ; 7. Dromadidae; 8. liecurvirostridae ; 9. Phalaropodidae ; and 10.
Scolopacidae. Of these, however, the Ist, 3d, 4th, Gth, and 7th have no representatives within
our limits, leaving the remaining five to be defined as follows :

BIRDS — LIMICOLAE. 689

A. Nostrils reaching usually to the end of basal tliird or half of the commissure ; oval, short.
Bill contracted about the nostrils, where the culmen is more or less indented. Nasal groove
closed obtusely and abruptly, or shallowing out broadly to the end. Hind toe generally wauting ;
neck short and thick.

CuARAiuuDAE. — Bill rather cylindrical, as long as the head, or shorter ; the culmen
much indented opposite the nostrils, the vaulted apex more or less swollen and rising,
quite distinct from the membranous portion. Legs elevated ; hind toe rarely present,
and then rudimentary ; the outer and middle toes more or less united by membrane.

HAiiMATOPODiDAE. — Bill as long as the head, or twice as long, compressed ; culmen but
little indented, and the bill not vaulted beyond the nostiils, which are quite basal.

B. Nostrils narrow and fissured, not reaching beyond the basal fourth of the commissure.
The bill attenuated and linear beyond tlie nostrils, not compressed nor indented around them.
The nasal groove running out into a narrow, acute channel to or beyond the middle of the
jaw, just above the edge of the bill ; the forehead narrowed and depressed to the bill.

KECURViROSTiaDAE. — Legs covered with hexagonal plates, becoming smaller behind.
Anterior toes all connected more or less by membrane. Bill much lengthened and
attenuated ; the groove along the side of the upper mandible not extending beyond
the middle. Gums denticulated only at the base.

Phalaropodidae. — Feathers of breast compact, duck-like. Legs with transverse scutellae
before and beliind. Toes to the tips with a lateral margin, more or less indented at the
joints, the hinder with a feeble lobe. Bill equal to or longer than the head, the lateral
groove extending nearly to the tip.

ScoLOPACLDAE. — Legs with transverse scutellae before and behind, as in the last family,

(except in Numenieae.) Toes not margined broadly to the tips, with or without basal

membrane ; hind toe generally present. Bill generally longer than the head, the

groove extending beyond the middle.

The determinations and descriptions of the species of Grallae in the following pages, with

their synonymy, have been prepared by Mr, John Cassin.

ADgnst 2, 1858.

87 b

690 U. S. p. R. E EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family CHARADEIDAE.

This family is divided by Bonaparte into the three sub-famil«s Oedicneminae, Charadrinae,
and Cursorinae; but as the first and last are not represented in North America, there is no
occasion to present them here. They are readily distinguished from the Charadrinae by well
marked characters.

The characters of the Charadrinae are sufficiently well expressed in the diagnosis of the
family already given. The wings when folded reach beyond the tail. The head is very large^
the neck short, and nearly as thick as the head. The bill in size and shape has, in some
instances, quite a close resemblance to that of the doves. The legs, as a general rule, have no
hind toe, except in Squatarola. The middle and outer toes are connected at the base by a
membrane.

CHARADRIUS, Linnaeus.

Charadrius, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735. Type C. plumalis, L.
Ch. — Plumage yellowish gray, spotted. Tail transversely banded. No collar on nei^k. Tarsi and lower tliiglis uniformly
reticulated. Color of legs bluish greor.

CHARADRIUS VIRGINICUS, Borck.

Golden Plover; Bull-head.

Charadrius plumalis, Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 71 ; pi. lix — Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 6^3.— Nuttall, Man.

II, 1834, 16.— Add. Orn. Eiog. Ill, 1835, 623. (Not of Linnaeus.)
Charadrius virginicus, " Borckhadsen and Bechstein." Light. Verz. Doubl. 1823, No. 729.
Charadrius virginicus, " Borkh. Mus. Berolin." — Meten, Nova Acta, K. L. C. Akad. XVI, Suppl. 1834, 106; pi. xvlii.
Charadrius marmoradis, Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 42.— Aud. Orn. Biog.V, 1839, 575 ; pi. 300.— Ib. Syii.222 —

Ib. Birds Am. V, 1842, 203 ; pi. 316.
?Charadrius pectcralis, V\KiLL. Nouv. Diet. XXVII, 1819, 145.
Charadrius xanthocheilus, Jard. 111. Orn. II, pi. Ixxxv.
Figures.— W1L8ON, Am. Orn. VII, pi. 59, fig. 5.— Aiid. B. of Am. pi. .300, Oct. ed. V, pl. 31G.— Meten, Nova Acta,
XVI, Supp. pl. 18.

Sp, Ch. — Bill rather short, legs moderate, wings long, no liiiid toe, tarsus covered before and behind with small circular or
licxagonal scales. Upper pirts brownish black, with numerous small circular and irregular Sjiots of golden yellow, most
numerous on the back and rump, and on the \ipper tail coverts, assuming the form of transverse bands, generally ; also with
some spots of asliy white. Entire under parts black, with a brownisli or bronzoil lustre, under tail coverts mixed or barred with
white. Forehead, border of the black of the neck, under tail coverts and tibitc, vvliito ; axillary feathers cinereous ; (juills, dark
brown ; middle portion of the sliafls white, frequently extending slightly to the webs and forming longitudinal stripes on tlie
shorter quills; tail dark brown, with numerous irregular bands of ashy white, and frequently tinged with golden yellow ; bill,
black ; legs, dark bluish brown. Younger. — Under parts dull ashy, spotted with brownish on the neck and breast, frequently more
or less mixed with black ; many spots of the upper parts dull ashy white ; ."ther spots, especially on the rump, golden yellow.

Total length about 9i inches ; wing, 7 ; tail, 2J inches.

JIab. All of North America, South America, Northern Asia, Europe.

This bird, well known throughout the United States as the Bull-head, Field Plover, or Golden
Plover, appears to be one of the species that inhabit, at various seasons, the entire continent
of America ; rearing its young in tlie north, and wandering at other seasons to the extreme

BIRDS — CHARADRIDAE — AEQIALITIS.

691

southern regions, and visiting also other continents. It has been found occasionally in Europe,
and hears a very strong resemblance to a species of that continent, Charadrius pluvialis ; in fact,
so close is the similarity that the color of the axillary feathers is the most ready distinction for
recognition, white, in C. pluvialis ; ashy, C. virginicus.

This species varies somewhat in the colors of its plumage, and it is rare to meet with speci-
mens, in tlie middle or southern States of this republic, in tlie full plumage of the nuptial season
or with the under parts pure black, though frequently spotted, and showing a tendency to that
color. It is of common occurrence throughout the United States.

Lisl of specimens.

Caul.
No.

S.I.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ot'wings

Wing.

Bemarka.

1183

S

Cnrlisle, Pcnn

Oct. 3, 1843
Sept. 23, 1842

do

Si-pt. 24, 1B44

April 21

June 18

8. F. Baird

10.40
10.75
10.25
10.72

21.75
22.75
22.25
23.00

7.08
6.75
7.00
7.33

744

do

do

745

do

do

do

..^...io

1706

10408

Union county, III

N. VV. University....

R. Kennicott. ..

8679

5425

15 miles below Ft. Pierre

Lieut. Warren

do

Dr. Uaydcn

do

10.50
10.75
10.25

22.25
22.00
21.25

7.00
7.00
7.00

Iris brown

5427

5426

Fort Bcrttiold, Neb....

Fort Pierre, Neb

St. Mark's Mission,

Rocky mountains.
do

Sept. 16, 1856
Oct. 21, 1855
Ocu 1, 1853

do..

do

do

do

do

4551

6479

Gov. Stevens

do

Dr.Suckley....
do

9.75

21.75

9.25

65S0

5090

(?

Indianola, Tcias

.Mar. 15, 1856

Capt. Pope

4180

Eyes dark brown ;
slate.

1834

S. P. Baird

1833

do

AEGIALITIS, Boie.

,3egiaiitis, Boie, Isis, 1822, 558. Type Charadrius hiaticula, L.
.iesiatiUs, Kadp, 1829.

Ch. — Plumage more or less uniform, without spots. Neck and head generally with dark bands. Front of the legs with
plates arranged vertically, of which there are two or three in a transverse series.

This genus, as far as North America is concerned, is distinguished from Charadrius by the
generally lighter color and greater uniformity of the plumage ; by the absence of continuous
black on the belly, and by the presence of dusky bands on the neck or head ; the size is smaller.
The tarsi, in most species, have the front plates larger and conspicuously different in this respect
from the posterior ones.

692

U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Oxyechus, Reich.'

AEGIALITIS VOCIFEKUS, (Linn.) Cassin.

KilUdeer.

Charadrius vec^fems, Linn, Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 253— \Vii.a Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 73; fig. pi. li.\.— Nutt. Man. II,
22.— AuD. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 191: V, 577; pi. 225 —Is. Syn. 222.— Ib. Birds Am. V, 1842,
207, pi. 317.
Jlegialtes voaferus, Bon. List, 1838.
Oxyechus voci/erus, Reich. Syst. Av. 1853, pi. xviii.
Charailrixis torquatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 255.
Charadrius jamaicensis, Gh. I, 1788, 685.
Figures.— Catesby's Carolina, Birds, pi. 71.— Buff. PI. Enl. 286.— Wilson's Am. Orn. VII, pi. 59, fig. 6.— Aud. B. of Am.
pi. 225, oct. ed. V. pl. 317.

Sp. Ch. — Wings long, reaching to the end of the tail, which is also rather long. Head above and npper parts of body light
brown with a greenish tinge, rump and upper tail coverts rufous, lighter on the latter. Front and hnes over and under the eye,
white, another band of black in front above the white band ; stripe from tlie base of the bill towards the occiput, brownish
black; ring encircling the neck and wide band on the breast, black ; throat white, which color e.\tends upwards around the
neck ; other under parts white. Quills brownish black with about half of their inner webs white, shorter primaries with a large
spot of white on their outer webs, secondaries widely tipped or edged with white. Tail featliers pale rufous at base ; the four
middle, light olive brown tipped with white and with a wide subterminal band of black ; lateral feathers widely tipped with
white. Entire upper plumage frequently edged and tipped with rufous. Very young, have upper parts light gray with a
longitudinal band on the head and back black ; under parts white. Total length about 9^ inches, wing 6^ ; tail 34 inches.
Hub. — North America to the Arctic regions, Me.tico, South America.

From its peculiar note, the "Killdeer" is one of the few birds of our country known to all

classes and ages of the people. It is common throughout North America, wandering apparently

in the winter season into the southern division of this continent, and to the islands of both the

Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

CoUected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwincs

20.00

Win".

Remarks.

1871

Q
<?

""s"

(?

(?
oo

9

O0(?
...r....

3
3

April 7,1844

S. F. Baird

10.00

6.25

7601

Washington, D. C

Wm. Hutlon

5429

Fort Pierre

Lt. Warren

Dr. Haydcn

do

9.50
10.00

10.75
11.25
9.75

20.00
20.50

20.50
20.25
18.75

6.75
6.25

7.00
6.75
6.50

9054

do

Iris brown ; feet green-
ish ; bill black.
do

90!)8
8188

do

Shawnee river, K. T. . . ,
Cedar creek, Neb ....

White river, Neb

Mouth of Yellowstone..

July 30,1857

do

June 24

May 13,1856

If

do

Dr. Cooper

Dr.Hayden

do

C391

4646

Col. Viiuolian

5438

Lt. Warren

122

239

126

61

213

do

W. S. Wood

10.00

21.25

6.87

5752

Platte river, Neb

Medicine Bow, Neb....

Platte river. Neb

Bryan's Fork, 115 miles

W. of Pr]n Riley.
Laramie river

July 19,1856
Aug. 10,1856
July 19,1856
July 3,1856

Aug. —,1856
Mar. —,18.50

5751

do

do

do

5756

do

5753

do

do

5755

do

do

3707

5093

Pirinanent camp, N. M.
Near Malamoraa, .Mex..
Ft. Chadbourni;, Tex. . .

Capi. Pope

122

11.00
9.00

20.50
19.00

7.00
6.25

4181

4958

Mr. S\vift,U.S.A..

6594

6590

Camp l;l,N..>l

Lt. Whipple

KenniTly & Moll-

hausen.
Dr. Kennerly ....

6583

Doca Grande, Mcx

IjOS AngeloH Viilley

FortTejon, Cal

Mar. -,1855

Maj. Erimry

Li. Williamson

J. Xanturide Vesey.

36

6588

6.S86

6.3t?9

Bodegn, Cnl

Dec. — ,I8.V1

T. A Sznbo

Ft. 8tellacoom,W.T...

5985

do

t.V.'i

3

do

Dr.SucKley

Gov. HleveiiM

366

8

9.40
10.12

18.80
20.00

6593

do

Dec. —,1830

Dr. Suekley

i

'■ Oxyechus, Reich. Syst. Av. 1853, Inlrod. xviii.

BIKDS — CIIARADKIDAE — AEQIALITIS WILSONIUS.

693

AEGI ALITIS MONTANUS, (Towns.) C a s s i ii .

Alouiitaiu Plover.

Charadrius montanus, Towns, J. A. N. Sc. VII, 1837, 192.— Ib. Narr. 1839 349.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 302;

pi. 3.10.— Id. Syii. 223.— Id. Birds Am. V, 1842, 213 ; pi. 318.
.legialtts montanus, BoK. List, 1838.
Sp. Cii. — Forokoad, stripe over theoye, and entire under parts, white, generally tinged with dull yollowish and ashy on the
breast. Another band of black in front above the white band ; back of the neck and sides dull brownish fulvous ; other upper
parts ashy brown, usually with many feathers edged and tipped with fulvous or rufous; upper tail coverts lighter. Quills dark
brown with their shafts white, tail brown with a wide subterminal band of brownish black and tipped with white. Shorter
primaries with a white space on their outer webs, forming a patch of white on the wing ; under wing coverts and axillary
feathers pure silky white. Bill black, legs yellow. Younger, without the black band in front, and with the white band tinged
with dull yellow, entire upper parts with the feathers edged and tipped with dull ashy rufous. Total length, about 9 inches ;
wing, G ; tail, 3 inches.

Ilab. — Western North America.

This bird is only known to inhabit the western countries of North America. Like other
species of this group it migrates very probably into South America.

List of specimens.

H

ii

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

•c

O

•
Collected by —

Stretch of
wings.

9043

I/jnp fork of Platte, Neb..

9044

do .

do

do

6596

s
a

Dr. Suckley

5757
7055
3709

North Platte

Pole creek, Neb

Western Texas

Aug. 12,1856
July 10,1857

Lieut. Biyan

do

251
267

W. S. Wood

do

8.75

15.50

6595

Near 32° latitude

Capt. Pope.

6597

6599

IjOS Anceles

Lieut. WilliamKon.

Dr. Heermann --

6598

do

do

Ochthodromus, Reich.'
AEGIALITIS WILSONIUS, (0 r d .) Gassin.
Wilson's Plover.

CharaArxxxs icilsonius, Ord, ed. Wilson's Orn. IX, 1825,77; pi. Ixxiii.— Ndtt. Man. II, 1834, 21.— Aud. Orn.

Biog. in, 1835, 73: V, 1839, 577; pi. 284.— Ib. Syn. 223.-18. Birds Am. V, 1842,

214; pi. 319.
,9egialtes wUsoniiis, Bon. List, 1838.

Octhodromva vsihonius, Reich. Syst. Av. Int. 1853, p. xviii.
Charadrius crassiroslris, Spix, Av. Bras. II, 1825, 77 ; pi. xciv.

Figures.— Wilson, Am. Orn. IX, pi. 73, 6g. 5.— Acn. B. of Am. pi. 219 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 319.

Sp. Ch. — Smaller than the preceding ; bill rather long and robust. Male. Front and stripe over the eye and entire under

' Ochthodromus, Reich. Syst. Avium, p. xviii. Type Charadrius loilsonius, Ord. Smaller than .ligialitis. Bill
longer and thicker. Tail short.

694

U. S, p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

parts white. Front witli a second band of black above the white band ; stripe from the base of the bill to the eye and wide
transverse band on the breast, brownish black. Upper parts of head and body light ashy brown, with the feathers frequently
edged and tipped with pale ashy. Back of the neck encircled with a ring of white, edged above with fine light reddish. Quills
brown, with white shafts ; shorter coverts tipped with white ; outer feathers of tlie tail white, middle feathers dark brown.
Bill black, legs yellow. Female. Without the band of black in front, and with the pectoral band dull reddish and light
ashy brown.

Total length, 7J inches ; wing, 45 ; tail, 2 inches.

Ilab. — Middle and Southern States on the Atlantic, and the same coast of South America.

This plover is of frequent occurrence on the shores of the Atlantic, and is easily recognized
by its stout and rather long bill and short tail. It migrates apparently into the southern
division of this continent in the winter, and is undoubtedly the species described and figured
by Spix as a bird of Brazil, as above cited.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality. When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

L'gth.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1144 c?

1145 9

Cape May, N. J. July 15,1843

do July 17,184.3

S. F. Baird

W. M. Baird

do ,.

7.50
7.50

14.50
15.50

4.80
4.80

Aegialeiis, Keichenbach.^
AEGIALITIS SEMIPALMATUS, (Bon.) Cab.

King Plover ; Semipalmated Plover.

Churadrius semipalmatus, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 219.— Is. Syn. 1828, 29G.— Ib. Am. Orn. IV, 1832, 92;
pi. XXV. — Kaup, Isis, 1825, 1375 ; pi. xiv, (head and foot.) — Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827,
No. 23.— NuTTALL, Man. II, 24.— Sw. F. B.Am. II, 1831, 367.— Aon. Orn. Biog. IV,
1838, 256 ; V, 579 ; pi. 330.— Ib. Syn. 224.— Ib. Birds Am. V, 1842, 218 ; pi. 320.

Jlegialles semipatmala, Eon. List, 1838.

JlegialUU semipalmatus, Cab. Cab. Journ. 1856,425.

Jlegialeus semipalmahis, Reich. Syst. Av. 1853, pi. xviii.

Tringa hiuticula, Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 65 ; pi. lix.

Charadrius hiaticnla, Okd, ed. Wils VII, 69.

FiccREs.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi. 59, fig. 3.— AuD. B. of Am. pi. 330 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 320.— Bonap. Am. Orn. IV, pi.
25, fig. 4.

Sp. On. — Small, wings long, toes connected at base, especially the outer to the middle too. Front, throat, ring around the
neck, and entire under parts, white, a band of deep black across the breast, extending around the back of the neck below the
white ring. Band from the base of the bill, under the eye, and wide frontal band above the white band, black. Upper parts
light ashy brown, with a tinge of olive ; quills brownisli black, with their shafts white in a middle portion, and occasionally
a lanceolate white spot along the shafts of the shorter primaries ; shorter tertiaries edged with white ; lesser coverts tipped
with white. Middle feathers of the tail ashy olive brown, with a wide subterminal band of brownish black, and narrowly
tipped with while ; two outer tail feathers white, others intermediate, like Iho middle, but widely tipped with white. Bill
orange yellow, tipped with black ; legs yellow. Female similar, but rather li;,'liter colored. Young without the black band
in front, and with the band across the breast ashy brown.

Total length, about 7 inches ; wing, 4J ; tail, 2J inches.

Ilttb. — The whole of temperate North America. Common on the Atlantic.

' Jlegialeus, Reich. Syst. Av. 185, p. xviii. Type Charadrius semipalmalus, Bon. Small, bill rather short. Tail
and wings rather long.

BIRDS CHARADRIDAK — AEOIALITIS MELODUS.

695

This species considerably resembles Hiaticula minor, of Europe, ami 11. torquata, of the
same continent also, with both of which it has been confounded. It is intermediate in size
between the two, and, in fact, can only be distinguished from the former with some difHculty.
It appears to inhabit the whole of North America.

List of specimens.

Caul.

Suinnili

No.

agt). 1

1

S3»

O

3378

<?

esM

68(M

1

S5S5

ma

B437

LociUity.

When col-
lected.

Wlicncc obinined. Collected by—

I

Length.

Strotcli
ofwinga.

CulUlo.Pa Aug. 16,1815 S. F. Rnird

do Aug. 16, 1&45 do

Goa^t of Nl'W Jersey do

rrcsidio, Cul May 4,185:j Lieut. Trowbridge.

Petalunia, Oal .May 7,1856 E. Saniuels

Slioalwntor Day May 3, 1854 I Gov. Stevens ,

Pugel'a Sound ; A. Campbell

Dr. Cooper ...
Dr. Kennerly.,

6.00
7.S5
7.00

15.00

13.10
15.50

Wing.

7.50
S.CO

Iris brown, feet black .

AEGIALITIS MELODUS, (0 r d .) Gab.

Piping Plover.

Charadrius vulodus, Ord, cd. Wils. VII, 16-i4, "J. — Bon. Am. Orn. IV, 183^.', 74; pi. xxiv. — Nutt. Man. II,
18.— AuD. Orn. Biog. lU, X835, 154: V, 573; pi. 22U.— Ib. Birds Am. V, l'f42, 223;
pi. 321.

.^egialles melodua, Bon. List, 1838.

^egialitis nulodui. Cab. Juur. 1856, 434.

Charadrius hiaticula, Var. Wils. Am. Orn. V, 1812, 30 ; pi. xxxvii.

Charadrius okeni, AVagi.er, Syst. Av. 1827, No. 24.

Figures. — Wilson, Am. Orn. V, pi. 37, fig. 3. — Bonai'. Am. Orn. IV, pi. 24, fig. 3. — Avd. B. of Am. pi. 220; oct.
ed. V,pl. 321.

Sp. Ch. — About the size of the preceding; bill short, strong. Adult. Forehead, ring around the back of the neck, and
entire under parts, white, a band of black in front above the band of white ; band encircling tlie neck before and behind black,
immediately below the ring of white on the neck behind. Head above and upper parts of body light brownish cinereous ;
rump and upper tail coverts lighter, and often nearly white ; quills dark brown, with a largo portion of their inner webs
and shafts white ; shorter primaries with a large portion of their outer nebs white ; tail at base white, and with the outer
feathers white ; middle feathers with a wide suUerminal band of brownish black, and tipped with white . Bill orange at base,
tipped with black; legs orange yellow. Female. Similar to the male, but with the dark colors lighter and less in extent.
Young. No black band in front; collar around the back of the neck ashy brown.

Total length, about 7 inches , wing, 45 ; tail, 2 inches.

Hob. — Eastern coast of rvorlh America. Nebraska, (Lieutenant Warren.) Louisiana, (Mr. G. Wurdemann.)

Specimens from the survey of Lt. Warren, collected by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the valley of
the River Platte^ are in plumage aj^parently jjerfectly mature, and one which has never been
accurately described nor figured by any author. In these specimens the black ring around the
neck is perfect in front, and very conspicuous in both males and females, though narrower
and less distinct in the latter. Usually in sijecimens obtained on the Atlantic coast, the ring
alluded to is interrupted in front and assumes the form of two large spots on the side of neck
or upper part of the breast, in which plumage this bird has been described and figured by both
Bonaparte and Audubon, as cited above. The figure by Wilson represents the more mature
bird.

There are no specimens of this bird in the present collection from west of the Rocky
mountains.

696

U. S. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sei.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1137
1138

S

""s"

<?

9
S
9

Cape May, N. J

do

July 13,1B43
July 14,1643

c P Rnirri

7.00
6.88

15.00
14.50

4.75
4.75

do

557
43>36

do

Calcasieu, La

Loup fork of Platte .,..

18.'^,7

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Haydcn..
do

7.50
6.75
6.50
7.50
7.35

15.75
14.75
14.50
15.12
15.25

4.87
4.25
4.50
4.60
4.75

Pupil black, iris dark brown..

9035
9038
9039
9034

do

do

<i<>

do

....do

....(In

....do

do

do

do

do

do......

do

do

do

do

Leucopolius, Bonaparte.'
AEGIALITIS mVOSA, C a s s i n .

Ch. — Small, belonginff to the same group and somewhat resembling Cliaradrius azarae and falklandicus of authors. Bill
straight, pointed, rather narrow ; wing moderate, first quill longest ; tail short ; legs moderate, rather slender.

Front, line over the eye, and entire under parts white ; subfrontal band black ; head above light brownish ashy, with a tinge of
reddish yellow ; upper parts of body and wings light ashy brown, darker on the rump. Quills brownish black, with their shafts
white -, some of the shorter primaries irregularly marked with white on their outer webs ; secondaries tipped with white, and
some of the longer secondaries almost entirely white ; middle tail feathers brown, outer white ; bill dark ; legs light. A dark
spot on each side of the breast, probably indicating a band across the breast in more mature plumage than the present specimen.

Total length about 6^ inches ; wing, 3 J ; tail, I5.

7fa6.— Presidio (near San Francisco) California. (Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge.)

A single specimen of the bird now described is in Lieut. Trowbridge's collection from the
coast of the Pacific, and appears to be a species not previously noticed by naturalists. It is of
the same group subgenerically as O. azarae of South America, but is quite distinct from that
or any other which has come under our notice. It is the first representative of the group to
which it belongs yet discovered in the United States.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

6600

Mav 8 1854

Lieut. Trowbridge

SQUATAROLA, Cuvier.

Sqvalarola, CuviER, RSgne Anim. I, 1817. Type Tringa squatarola, Linn.
Ch. — A rudimentary hind loo. Legs reticulated witli elongated he.'iagonB anteriorly, of which there are five or six in a
transverse row, fewer behind. First primary longest. Tail slightly rounded.

' Leucopolius, Bonap. Small ; bill shorter and more slender tlian in preceding ; wings and tail rather short.

BIM)a — CHARADKIDAE — SQUATAROLA HELVKTICA. (IJI?

SQUATAROLA HELVETICA, (Linn.) Cuv.

Black-bcllicd riuvcr.
Tringa htlrelica, Li.vy. Syst. Nat. I, )7CC, 5,">0.
Squalarola hthetica, Cv\. R. A. 1817.
Charadrius hthelicus, Licht. Verz. 1827, No. 728.— AuD. Oni. Biog. IV, 1838, -JSO ; |)l. 3.11.— In. Svn. SSI.— In,

Birds Amer. V, 1842, 199 ; pi. 315.
Tringa squalarola, Likn. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 252.
CharaJrius hijpomtlas, Pallas, Zoog. Ross. As. II, 1811, 133.
Charadnus pardcia, Palla , Zoog. Ross. As. II, 1811, 142.
Charadrius apricariut, Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 41.
Squalarola cinerea, Ccv.
Squalarola fiUonii, Liciitensteik.

KicuREs.— Bufl'on, PI. Enl. 853, 854, 923.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi. 57, fig. 4.— And. B. vC Am. pi. 334 ; o( t. ed. V, pi.
315 — Naumaiin, B. of Germany, pi. 178.— Gonld, B. of Eur. IV, pi. 290.

Sp. Ch. — Bill and le^ strong Twinjfs long ; a very small rndimcntary hind toe. Around the base of tlio bill to the eyes, neck
before and under parts of body, black ; upper white, nearly pure and unspotted on the forehead ; sides of the neck and rump
tinged with ashy, and having irregular transverse bars of brownish black on the back, scapulars and wing coverts ; the brownish
black frequently predominating on those parls, and the rump also frerpiently with transverse bars of the same. Lower part of
the abdomen, tibia and under tail coverts, while. Quills brownish bl.iok, lighter on their inner webs, with a middle portion of
their shafts white, and a narrow longitudinal stripe of white frequently on the shorter primaries and secondaries. Tail white,
with transverse imperfect narrow bands of black. Bill and legs black. The black color of the under parts generally with a
bronzed or coppery lustre, and presenting a scale-like appearance ; the brownish black of the upper parts with a greenish lustre.
younger and xcinler plumage . Entire upper parts dark brown, with circular and irregular small spots of white, and frequently of
yellow, most numerous on the wing coverts ; upper tail coverts white. Under parts white, with short longitudinal lines and
spots dark brownish cinereous on the neck and breast; quills brownish black, with large longitudinal spots of white on their
inner webs and also on the outer webs of the shorter primaries. Young. Upper parts lighter, and with the white spots more
irregular or scarcely assuming a circular shape ; narrow lines on the neck and breast more numerous.

Total length about 11 j inches ; wing, 7j ; tail, 3 inches.

JIab. — .All of North America. The soacoasts of nearly all countries of the world.

This handsome plover is one of the most widely diffusedof birds. It inhabits the seacoasts
and districts on the borders of fresh or salt waters of all known countries within the temperate
and tropical zones. The black parts of the plumage in this species, which are characteristic of
the adult bird in spring, are more persistent than in Ch. virginicus, and much more frec[uently
to be observed in specimens obtained in the middle and southern States.

This bird is the largest of the American species of this group.

We can find no characters distinguishing American specimens from those of any other
country.

Angiist 3, 1858.

88 b

698

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1222

c?

Philadelphia

S. F. Baird

546

do

10407

Ft Snellinff.Min

Governor Stevens..
do

Dr. Sucldey

do

12.60
11.50

24.25
24.50

9. 75

6578

Slioalwatei bay . • -

1853

7 25

5986

... do

Dr. Cooper. _.__.._

2775

Columbia river, O.T.
Ft.Steilacoom.W.T.
San Francisco, Cal.
Bodega, Cal

Oct. 21, 1836.

S. F. Baird

Governor Stevens..
R. D. Cutts ,.

6374

Dr. Suckley

4241

Dec, 1854....

6575

Lieut. Trowbridge.
do

T. A. Szabo

6577

do

APHRIZA, Aud.

Aphriza, Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839. Typo, Tringa virgala, Lath.

Ch Bill shorter than the head. Nostrils elongated, and rather linear. Tarsi equal to the middle toe, (which is not united

by membrane to lateral,) transversely scutcllate anteriorly. Hind toe distinct. Tail even.

This genus, variously placed by authors, appears to be a true plover. Its hind toe and
unarmed wing assimilate it to Squatarola, from -which its short tarsi, free toes, and transverse
scutellae in front of the tarsus readily distinguish it.

APHRIZA VIRGATA, (Grnelin.) Gray.

Surf Bird.

Tringa virgalu, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 674.— Ib. Lath. Ind. 11, 1790, 735.
Jlphriza virgala, Gray, Genera, III, 1847 : pi. cxlvii.
Tringa borealis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, G74.

.Ipliriza lownsendi, Aud. Orn. Eiog. V, 1839, 249; pl.,428.— Ib. Syn. 226.— In. Birds Am. V. 1842, 228; pi. 322.
Sp Ch. — Bill about as long as the head, rather thick at base; nostrils large, groove very distinct in the upper mandible ;
wings long ; legs moderate ; tail rather long. Entire upper parts dark brown, ligliter on tlie wing coverts ; head and neck with
numerous spots and longitudinal stripes of dull white ; upper tail coverts white. (Quills brownish black, white at base ; tips of
greater coverts white ; tail with its basal half white, terminated with brownish black. Under parts white, nearly jjuro on the
abdomen, tinged with ashy on the neck and breast, and nearly every feather having a crescent or transverse stripe of brownish
black. I'ill brownish ; under mandible yellow at base ; legs dull green.
Total length about 10 inches; wing, 7 ; tail, 3.
Hab. — Pacific coast of North America? South America ; Sandwich Islands.

This is a bird long known as inhabiting the islands in the Pacific; but as entitled to a place
in the North American fauna, resting entirely on the authority of the late Dr. Townsend, who
is represented by Mr. Audiibim as having obtained it at the mouth of the Coliunbia river. It
is not contained in either of the collections made by the surveying parties.

BIRDS — HAEMATOPODIDAE — IIAEMATOPUS PALLIATUS. 699

Family lIAEMATOPODTDxVE.

The Haemalopodidae, as characterized on a preceding page, includes but two Norlli American
genera — Haematopus and Strepsilas. Apliriza, by some phiced with them, appear more
properly to belong with the Charadridae.

Tiie genera are readily distinguished as follows :

Haematopus. — Size large. Bill longer than the tarsus ; much compressed. Hind toe
wanting. Tarsus reticulated anteriorly. Middle and outer toes connected at base.

Sirepsilas. — Size median. Bill shorter than the tarsus, which is scutellate anteriorly. Hind
toe present. No basal membrane to the anterior toes.

IIAEMATOPUS, Linn.

Iltttmalopus, Li.VN. Syst. Nat. 1735. Type H. ostralegus, L.
Ch — Bill longer llian llie leg, twice as long as the head. Mandibles much compressed, sharp edged, and truncate at end
Hind toe wanting. Legs reticulated, with five or six elongated plates in a transverse series. Meshes larger anteriorly. A
basal membrane between middle and outer toes. Toes enlarged laterally by a thickened membrane. Tail even. First
primary longest.

HAEMATOPUS PALLIATUS, T e m m .
Oyster Catcher.

Ilatmalopua paHia/us, Temm. Man. II, 1820, 532.— Acd. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 181 : V, 580; pi. 223.— In. Syn.

228— Ie. Birds Amer. V, 1812, 236; pi. 324.
Haematopus ostraUgus, WiLS. Am. Orn. Vllf, 1814, 15 ; pi. Ixiv. (Not of Linnaeus.)
Ilaemaloptis arctkus, Jard. ed. WiU. Ill, 1832, 35.
Ilaemalopus hypoleucus, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-As. 11, 1811, 129.

Sp. Ch.— Bill long, straight, flattened vertically; wing long; tail short; legs moderate, rather robust; toes margined;
outer and middle united at base. Head and neck brownish tiack, with a slight ashy tinge in very mature specimens. Upper
parts of body light ashy brown, rather darker on the rump. ITppcr tail coverts and wide diagonal band across the wing
white. Quills brownish black ; tail feathers at base white, with their terminating half brownish black. Under parts of body
and under wing coverts white. Bill and edge of eyelids bright orange red. Legs pale reddish.

Total length, about 17^ inches ; wing, 10 ; tail, 4^ ; bill to gape, 3} ; tarsus, 2; inches.

//o6.— Coast of the Atlantic ocean. States on the Pacific ? Florida, (Dr. Wall.)

Between specimens obtained, in winter, in New Jersey, and European specimens stated to be
also in the plumage of winter, there is certainly a very strong similarity, and, unfortunately,
the comparisons of naturalists have apparently been made only from specimens of the two
continents, representing plumages of quite different seasons. Were it not so, we suspect that
there would be some difficulty in distinguishing the American E. palliatus from the European
H. osiralegus.

There is no bird amongst the Waders at present the changes of the plumage of which may
be studied with greater interest than the bird now before us. The only plumage known to us,
and, as far as we can ascertain, to our cotemporaries, in American ornithology, is that
described above, with the upper parts of the body light brown. By analogy with its near
relative of Europe our bird has, however, very probably much darker plumage in summer,

700

tr. S. P. R. R. fiXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORt.

which, oddly enough, though at present unknown, appears to be figured by Wilson as cited
above. The determining of the summer plumage of this bird is a problem of much interest.

We have no specimens from Western North America in the collections of the surveying
expeditions.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

1206

New York-.. ., _.... ..

S. F. Baird

!)301

Dr. Wall, U. S. A

.

HAEMATOPUS NIGER, Pallas.

Bachmau's Oyster Catcher.

Haematopus niger, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, ISll, 131.

Ilaemalopus bacltmani, AuD. Orn. B\og. V, 1839, 245; pi. 427.— In. Syn. 229.— In. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 243; pi.
325.— ToivNsE.vD, Narr. 1839, 348.

Sp. Ch. — Rallier smaller tliau tlie preceding ; bill rather more slender, wings long ; legs robust ; tarsi covered with ovate
scales ; tail short. Head and necli brownish black, with a glaucous or ashy tinge in very adult specimens. All other parts of
the plumage, above and below dark brown, raiher darkest on the rump ; bill bright red ; legs pale reddish, nearly white.

Total length about 17 inches ; wing, 10^ ; tail, 4| ; bill to gape, 3J ; tarsus, 2 inche.'s.

Ilab. — Western coast of the United States. Curilo Islands, (Pallas.)

This bird appears to be restricted to the shores of western North America, and, according to
Pallas, of northeastern Asia and the islands intermediate between the two continents. We
liave no doubt that the name given by the distinguished Eussian naturalist just mentioned
applies to the present species.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Wheuce obtained.

Collected by—

10397

9

1845

S. F. Baird

Wossnessjensky

4625

San Miguel's island, Cal

June, 1856

Lieut. Trowbridge.-.

HAEMATOPUS ATER, Vieillut.

Ilatmatojnts aler, Vieillut, Galerie, II, 1825, 88 ; pi. cckw.
Ilaemalopus ni'^er, Cuv. R.A.I, 1829, 504.

Ilaemalopus lon-nstndii. Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 247; pi. 427 In. Syn. 229.— Is. Birds Amer. V, 1842,245;

pi. 32G.

Figures. — Voy. Uranie, Birds, pi. '34.

fir. Cii. — Larger than either of the preceding ; bill straight, rather slender ; wings long ; legs .shorter than in the preceding,
very robust ; tarsi covered with small circular and hexagonal scales; tail short. Entire plumoge brownisli black, lighter on
the under parts of the body ; bill and eyelids bright red ; legs red. Total length about 18 inches ; wing, lOi ; tail, 4( ; bill to
gape, 3 J ; tarsus, 2 inches.

//u),. —Western coast of the United States? South America. Coast of Cliili, (Lieut. Gilllss.)

It is not at uU probable that this l/ird is entitled as yet to be regarded as belonging

BIRDS — nXEMATOPODIDAE — STREPSILAS INTERPRES. 701

fauna of .tho United States, though so given by Mr. Audubon. It was described and figured
by that distinguished ornithologist from specimens in Dr. Townsend's collection, which were,
very probably, from'Peru or Chili, where he collected on the route from Oregon to the United
States. No one of the later observers and collectors have met with this bird at any locality in
Korth America, and it ought very probably to be omitted from our ornithology. It is a well
known species of South America.

This bird much resembles that immediately preceding, H. niger, Pallas, (which is H.
BacJiviani, Audubon,) but is constantly darker in color, and lias the legs bright red. It is also
slightly larger than either of the preceding. Excellent specimens of this species arc in tlio
National Museum, brought from Chile by Capt. Gilliss' U. S. Astronomical Expedition.

STREPSILAS, llliger.

Slrtpsiltts, Illicer, Prodromus, 1811. Type Tringa interpres, L.

Ch. — Upper jaw with the culmcu straight from the nasal groove to near Ihc slightly upward bent tip ; the bill laperins to a
rather blunt point. No membrane between the anterior toes. Flind toe lengthened, touching the ground. Legs transversely
Gcutellate anteriorly ; reticulated laterally and behind. Tail rounded.

The nasal groove is very broad and shallow, obtuse anteriorly, and not extending beyond the
middle of the bill. The lower edge of upper jaw ascends slightly from the middle to near the
tip.

STREPSILAS INTERPEES, (Linn.) 111.
Tariistoue.

Tringa inlerpres, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 248.— Wils. Am. Orn. VII, 181.3, 32; pi. Ivii.

Strepsilas interpres, Illiger, Prod. 1811, 263.— Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 371.— Nutt. II, 30.— Aud. Orn. Biog.

IV, 1838, 31 ; pi. 304.— Ib. Syn. 227.-16. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 231 ; pi. .323.
Tringa morinella, Linn. I, 1706, 249. (Young.)
Strepiilas collaria, Temm. Man. II, 553.
Charadrius cinclus, Pallas .

FicCREs.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 856.— Vieill. Gal. II, pi. 237.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi. 57, fig. 1.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 304 ;
oct. ed. V, pl. 323.— Gould B. of Eur. pl. 318.

Sp. Cn. — Upper parts rather irregularly variegated with black, dark rufous and white. Head and neck above generally
white, with numerous spots and stripes of brownish black on the crown and occiput ; space in front of the eye white, usually
surrounded with black ; throat white, on each side of which is a stripe of black running from the base of the bill downwards
and ^ming a large space of the same color (black) on the neck before and breast. Abdomen, under wing coverts, under tail
coverts, back and rump, white. Quills brownish black, with their shafts while ; tail white at base, with its terminal half
brownish black, and tipped with white. Greater wing coverts widely tipped with white, forming a conspicuous oblique bar
across the wing ; bill black ; legs orange. In winter the black of the upper parts is more apparent, and the rufous is of less
extent and of lighter shade. Total length about 9 inches ; wing, 6 ; tail, 2| inches.

IJab. — Shores of the Atlantic and Pacific, throughout North America. One of the most widely dill'used of birds, being found
in nearly all part* of the world.

702 U. S, p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

10^53

Cine May N J .....

J. IC. Townsend

10452

do . .

do

1692

3
S

Philadelphia 184.'? -

S. F. Baird

4296

Calcasieu Pass, La

1854

4187

Cajit. Tan Vliet...

9.00
9.00
9.50

18.00
18.00
19.25

C. 00

4188

Brazos Santiago, Tex

do

5.75

4189

do

6.25

1795

Vera Cruz, Mex ........

S. F. Baird

C636

Shoalwater hay

May 17, 1854

Gov. Stevens

Dr. CooDer

STREPSILAS MEL ANOCEPHALUS, Vigors.

* Black Turnstone.

Strepsilas melanoccjihalus, Vigors, Zool. Jour. IV, Jan. 1829,356. — Ib. ZooI. Blossom, 1839, 29. — Gambel, J. A. N.
So. 2d series, Aug. 1849, 220.

Sp. Ch. — About the size of and having tlic same general form as the preceding, but diflering in color. Head, breast and upper
parts of the body fuliginous brown, lighter on the breast, and with every feather having a darker centre ; back and wing covcrtg
darker, frequently nearly black and with a greenish lustre ; lower part of back, rump, and upper tail coverts white, witli a largo
spot of black on the upper coverts. Abdomen, under tail and under wing coverts white ; tips of greater wing coverts whitej
forming a band across the wing ; shorter tertiaries edged externally white. Rill black ; feet dark orange. Quills brownish
black with their shafts white ; tail at base white, with its terminal half black, narrowly tipped with wdiite.

Total length about 9 inches ; wing, 6 ; tail, 2i inclies.

Ilah. — Western North America.

Though with various specimens before us in the present collection and from the Museum of
the Philadelphia Academy, it is not without some misgivings that we admit this curious bird as
a distinct species. It is of exactly the size and the same form as the preceding, and its only
character is the prevalence of the dark color on the head, breast and upper parts, while
several of the most reliable of the specific characters of the preceding are found also in
tlie present bird. The lower part of the back and upper coverts of the tail and the abdomen
are wliite in both, with the same large spot of black on the upper tail coverts. We find also in
the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, a specimen from India, which is exactly this bird,
and others apparently from Europe which approach it very nearly. The specimen from India
came in the collection made by Capt. Boys, of the British army, and its locality is undoubted.
Tills bird appears to be, however, only abundant in western North America,

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

4624
3946

C667
C6C6
6665

Sex.

Locality.

San Miguel island, Cal.
Monterey, Cal

When collected.

January, 1856
Aug. 16, 1847

Fort Stcilatoom, Cal 1850

, do Aug. 29, 1856

do do

Whence obtained.

Lieut. Trowbridge.
W. Ihitton

Dr. Suckley.

do

do

Orig'l
No.

GOO
005

llcmarks.

Feet brown; iris hazel; bill
black.

BIRDS — RECURVIROSTfilDAE — KECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA.

703

Family IIECURVIROSTIUDAE.

The liecurvtrostriJae, iu addition to the features already mentioned, are essentially cbar
acterized by the excessive length of the legs, with a very long, slender neck and slender
elongated bill. Of the several genera assigned the family, but two belong to the United
States, with the following features :

Reccrvirostra. — Hind toe present. Toes webbed to the claws. Bill recurved at tip.

HiMANTOPUS. — Hind toe wanting. A short web between middle and outer toes at base. Bill
straight.

RECURVIROSTRA, Linnaeus.

Rccurtirostra, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1744. Type R. avoctlta, L. (Grat.)
Cii. — Hind toe rudimentary; anterior toes united to tlie claws by a nmcli emarginatcd membrane. Bill depressed, extended
into a fnie point, wliicli is recurved. Tail covered by the wings.

RECURVIROSTKA AMERICANA, Gm.

Ainericau Avosit.

Ricurriroslra oiiitricoiia, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, C93.— Wils. Am. Orn. VU, HH3, 126.— Sw. F. Hut. Am. II, 1831,
375.— NuTT. Man. II, 78.— AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 168 ; pi. 318.— In. Syn. 252.— Ib.
Birds Anicr. VI, 1843, 247 ; pi. 353.
Recurvirostra occidentalis, Vioors, Zool. Jour. IV, 1829, 35G. — Iu. Zool. Blussom, 1639, 21 ; pi. .\ii. — Wagler, Isis,
1831, 520.— Baird, Zoo). Stansbury, Salt Lake, 1852.— Cassin, llhist. I, viii, 1855,
232, pi. xl.
Figures. — Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi. C3, fig. 2. And. H. of Am. pi. 313; oct. ed. vi. pi. 353. Latliam, Synopsis, V,
pi. 92. Leach, Zool. Jlisc. II, pi. 101. Voy. Blossom, Birds, pi. 12. Cassin, 15. of C'al. and Tc-tas, pi. 40. (Young.)

Sp. Cii. — Bill rather long, depressed ; wings long ; legs long ; tarsi compressed ; tail short. .OdiiU : Head and neck pale
reddish brown, darker on the head and fading gradually into white. Back, wing coverts and quills black ; scapulars, tips of
greater wing coverts, rump and tail and entire under parts white, the last frequently tinged with reddish. Bill brownish black,
legs bluish. Young ; very similar- to the adult, but with the head and neck white, frequently tinged with ashy on the head and
neck behind. Total length, about 17 inches ; wing, 8^ to 9 ; tail, 3j ; bill to gape, 3j ; tarsus, Sj inches.
Ilab. — .<\ll of temperate North America ; Florida (Mr. Wiirdemann.)

Appears to inhabit the whole of North America to the Arctic regions ; more abundant on the
western coast. In the present collection we find numerous specimens in all stages of plumage,
and have no doubt that li. occidentalis, Vigors, is the young bird as given above.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
No.

Sex.

Looj»!ily.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Rcmarlis .

426U

"s"

<?
<?
C?

45-19

Platte nver,beIFt.Laranue

Platte river

do

MinaesotA

Sept. 6, 1855

Aug. 12

....do

July 20, 1853

July 23

July 23, 1857
July 30,1856

Lt Warren

8772

Dr. Cooper

do

Dr. Suckley. . . .

16.50
15.25
13.12

29.25
29.00
30.60

9.00
8.75
9.50

8771

do

Gov. Stevens....

6635

7064

Laramie river. Neb

W. slope of Med. Bow...

Yellowstone river

Fort Thorn, N. M

Lt. Bryan

do

318
317

7062

do

1

5446

Dr. Hayden

18.00

28.00

8.50

6633

Dr. Henry

4174

Brazos Santiago, Texas..
Fort Tejon, Cal

Capt. Van Vliet..

16.00

26.00

9.00

J.XaniusdeVesey
Oapt. Pope.......

4980

Doaa Ana, \. M

18.00

31.00

10.00

Eye dark, bill black, feet
bluish green.

10410

4507

do

8071

Sept. — , 1836

John Gould

1

1

704

U. a p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

HIMANTOPUS, Brisson.

HimantojntSf Brisson, Cm. V, ITGfl, 33. Type Charadrius himantopusy L.
Ch. — Hind toe wanting. Middle and outer toes connected by a short basal web. Bill rounded, striight, higher than broad.
Tail projecting beyond the wings.

lilMANTOPUS NIGKICOLLIS, Vie i Hot.

Black Necked Stilt.

Himantopus nigricoUis, Vieill. Diet. X, 1817, 42. — Ib. Galerie, II, 1824, 85 ; pi. ccxxi.\. — Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 8. —
AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 247 ; pi. 323.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 253.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843,
31 i pi. 354.
Recxirviroslra himanlopus, WiLS. Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 48 ; pi. Iviii.

Uimantoiius mexicanus, Ord, ed Wils. VII, 1824, 52.— Wagler, Isis, 1&31, 520.— Bon. List. 1838.
Himantopus brasiliensis, Brehm, Vogel Deutschl. 183], 684.
Hypsibates nigricoUis, Cab. Schomb. Reise.
Macrotarsus nigricoUis, Gundl. Cab. Journ. 1856, 422.
Figures.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi. 58, fig. 2.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 328 ; oct. ed. VI, pl. 354.

Sp. Ch. — Legs very long, slender; wings long. Large space in front of the head, spot behind the eye and entire under
parts white, frequently with a very pale reddish tinge ; head above, neck behind, back and wings, glossy black ; rump and tail
white, the latter frequently tinged with ashy ; bill black ; legs red. Tola! length, about 14 inches; wing. Si to 9 ; tail, 3 ;
bill to gape, 3 ; tarsus, 4 inches.
Hab. — United Statfs generally.

The only species ai)parently that inhabits the United States. Though a H. mexicanus is
given by Bonaparte (Comp. List, p. 54) as distinct and inhabiting the southern parts of tlio
republic ; it is yet very probably the same as the northern bird.

List of specimens.

Caul.
No.

1154
4385

4171

8072:

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

W^hence obtained.

CapeMay, N. J July 21,1843 | S. F. BairJ

C.ilcasieu Pass, La 1854 ' G. Wfirdeninnn

' Dr. Henry

I Capt. V.an Vliet

J. Xanliis (le Vesey .

I S. F. Baird

Fort Thorn

Brazos Santiago, Tc.va.s

Fort Tejon, Gal

Vera Cruz, Mexico ....
Guayaquil

July 19,1839 John Gould.

Collected by—

Capt. Belcher.

Length.

Stretch
of wings

27.50

Wing.

8.75

Eye dark bine.

BIRDS — PHALAROPODIDAE — PHALAROPITS WILSONII. 705

Family niALAROrODIDAE.

The general characters of the Phalaropodidae have already been given on page 089. The
original aiul single genus Fhalaropus has been divided by systematists into three, with the
following characters :

A. liill slender, attenuated, rounded, longer than the head.

Steganoi'US, Yieillot.' — Marginal membrane of toes nearly even.
LoBiPES, Cuv.- — Membrane of the toes scolloped at the joints.

B. Bill much depressed or flattened ; broader than high ; the apex lancet-shaped.

Phalaropds, Briss.' — Membrane of toes scolloped at the joints.

St^anopus, Yieillot..
PHALAROPUS WILSONII, Sab.

Wilson's Phalarope.

Phalaropus iribonti, Sab. ZooI. App. to Franklin's first journey to Pol.ir seas, 1823, G9I. — Sw. F. Bor. .\m. II,
1831, 405; pi. Ixix.— AuD. Orn. Biog.— Ib. Birds Amcr. V, 1842, 299 ; pi. 341.— Gray's
Genera III, pi. clviii.

Phalaropus { FMopodius) rcilsonii, Bon. Syn. 1828, 342.— Ib. Am. Orn. IV, 1832, .W ; pi. xxiv and xxv.

Phalaropus lobaiiis, Wilson, Am. Orn. IX, 1825, 72. (Not Linnaeus.)

Phalaropus frenaltis, Vieill. Gal. II, 1825, 178.

Phalaropus stenodaclylus, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 523.

Lobipes incanus, Jard. & Selbt, 111. Orn. I, p. (No page nor date.)

Phalaropus finibriatus, Temm. PI. Col. V, p. (No page.)

FicrREs.— Wilson, Am. Orn. IX, pi. 73, fig. 3.— Sw. and Rich. Faun. Bor. Am. Birds, pi. 69.— Vieill. Gal. II, pi. 271.—
Temm. PI. Col. 270.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 254 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 341.

Sp. Ch. — Larger than either of the preceding. Bill slender, flattened; wings long; tail short; legs moderate; tarsus
compressed ; plumage very compact, ^idull. Head above and neck behind light ashy ; wide stripe behind the eye reddish
black ; neck before, and wide stripe running upwards on to the back, bright reddish brown, darker on the sides of the neck.
Back, wings, and tail, cinereous ; darkest on the wings, and mi.ted with reddish on the back ; rump and upper tail coverts
white. Entire under parts white, (e.Tcept tlie neck before, which is pale reddish.) Bill and legs black. Yniitii;. Entire upper parts
cinereous, more or less mixed with dark brown ; under parts white, tinged with ashy, especially about the head and neck ;
■"ump white. Total length, about 9j inches ; wing,;5j ; tail, 2^ ; bill, 14 ; tarsus, IJ inch.

Hab — Entire temperate regions of North America ; New Mexico. (Dr. Henry.)

The only species that appears to be more especially American, though wandering into
contiguous regions of the Old World. Very handsome in mature plumage, and apparently
about equally distributed on the eastern and western coasts of the republic.

'Sleganopus, Vieill. Encycl. Meth. 1823. Type Phalaropus lobatus, Wils. Holopodius, Bon. Syn. 1828.

-Lobipes, Ccv. R. Anim. 1817. Type Tringa hyperborea, L.

'Phalaropus, Briss. Orn. 1760. Typo Tringa fulicaria, L. Cn/mophilus, Vieill. 1816.

AogDSt i, 1858.

89 b

706

U. S. p. E. E, EXP, AND SUEVETS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

List of specimens.

No. I ag6.

7058
]0393
434(1
487J
4680
4876
4878
4877
5444
.5445
6658
80"<7

O

s

Locality.

St. Louis

D;ine county. Wis.,

Itacine, Wis

CuuiiciJ BluflV

do

When
collected.

May 6. IS.'j"
May 20,1855

April 28.

.do.,

Om:tha City, Neb. .
do

Medicine Hill

Medicine cret-k ...
FortTiioin, N. M..
Mexico

April 28..
....do....

June 2:i,1856
June 6

Sept. —,1836

Whence olitained.

Lieut. Bryan.,
S. F. Baird ...

.do.

Lieut. Warren.
do

do.,

.... do..
, do..

.do.,
.do..

Dr. Hcnry,U.S.A..
John Gould... ., .,

Collected by-

W. S Wood...
Th. Kuiulicn .

Dr. Hay

Dr. Htiyden ...

do..

.do.,
.do.,
.do..

do.,
.do..

Length.

9.011
10. .W
9.50
9.25
9.50
9.25

Stret'h i Wing.
'Jffings.j

16. UO

16 iS
16.12
16.75

17 50
16.75

15.00

5.00
5.00
5.12
5.75
4.37
4.5U

Remarks.

Eyes dark blue. ,

Lobipes, C u v .
PHALAEOPUS HYPEKBOREUS, (Linn.) T e m m .

Northern Phalarope.

TrJnga hyperborea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 249.

Lobii)tshijperboreus,"Cv\.'R. A."— Eon. List, 1838.— Ano. Syn. 1839, 240.— Ib. Birds Amer.V, 1842, 295 ; pi. 340.

Pualaroims hyperboreus, Temm. Man. II, 1820, 709 — Add. Cm. Biog. lU, 1835, 118 : V, 595 ; pi. 215.

Tringa lobata, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 249.

Trivga fusca, Gm. Syst Nat. I, 17,"8, 675.

Phatnropus rvficotlis, Pallas, Z005. Rosso-Asiit. II, 1811, 203.

Plularopus cinerascens, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- Asiat. II, 1811, 204.

Figures.— Buff. PI. Enl. 766.— Edwards, Birds, HI, pi. 143, 46, 308.— Pallas, Zoog. II, pi. 62.— Bonap. Am. Cm. IV,
pi. 25, fig. 2.— Aud. E. of Am. pi. 254 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 340.

Sp. Ch. — Bill short, straight, pointed ; wings long; lail short; legs short. Mull. Neck encircled with a ring of bright
ferruginous, and a Btripe of the same on each side ; head above and neck behind sooty ash ; back, wings, and tail, bruwni h
black, paler on the rump, mi.\ed with bright ferruginous on the back. Tips of greater wing coverts wliite. Sides and thinks
Bsliy, frequently mixed with reddish ; throat, breast, and abdomen white ; bill and legs dark. Young. Entire upper parts
brownish black ; many feathers edged and tipped with dull yellow and ashy ; under parts wliite ; tips of greater wing coverts
white. Total length, about 7 inches ; wing, 4| ; tail, 2' ; bill, 1 ; tarsus, J inch.

f/o4. — The whole of temperate North America, Europe, Japan, (Mr. Heine, Japan E.tp.) San Francisco, California, (Mr.
Cutis.)

A very widely diffused little species, and one of the handsomest and most graceful of the

wading birds. Specimens from various parts of the world are precisely alike in specific

characters.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

SexlL
Age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence ob-
tained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

709
2505

663:i
6Sha
lOII.Si
6601
60.06

6657
4212
6660

0

6

Carlisle, Pa

Perry county. Pa

Pni-et's .Sound, W. T...
Fort Sleilacooni, W. T .

do

.... do

Shoalwater bay

do

Sept. 7,1842
Sept. 19, 1845
^ug. 29, 1856

S. F. Baird....

7.50
8.00
7.50

13.50
13.50
13. UO

do

4.50

Or. Suckley...
do

570
571
S6U
668
72

do

do

8.50
7.50

8.00

14. .'jO
13.75

14.00

4.60

.Vlay 9,1854
do

Gov. Stevens...

do

R. D. Cults ....

Iris brown ; feet
slate blue.

light

do

Lt. Troivbridje

1

1

ni RDS — PHALAROPODIDAE — PHALOROPUS FULICARIU8.

707

Phalaropu3, B r i s s o n .

PHALAROPUS FULICARIUS, (Liim.) Bon.
Red Plialnrope.

Trivgafiilicaiia, LiNS. Syst. Nat. I, 1706,049.

/•/lu/aropm/ii/icarius, Hon. 0!>8. W1I3. lifij, 212.— Is. Syn. 1828, 341.— Sw.mnson, F. Bir. Amer. II, 1831, 407.—

NOTT. Man. II, 236.— AuD. Orii. Biog. Ill, 1835, 404 ; pi. 255.— Is. Syn. 23'J.— lu. Birds

Amor. V, 1842,291 ; pi. 339.
Tringa glaeialis, Gm. Sjsl. Nut. I, 1788, 675.
rhiilaropus ru/us, Pai.las, Zmoj,'. Rdsso-As. II, 1811, 205.
Phalaropua fUlijrhynchus, Temm. .Man. II, 712.

FiGiREs —Edwards, Birds, 111, nl. 142.— Vieill. Gal. Ois. II, pi. 270.— Wilson, Am. Orn. IX, pi. 73, fig. 4.— And. B. of
Am. pi. 255 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 339. — Pnjlas, Zoog. Rosso- As. II, pi. 63.

Sp. Ch. — Bill stronT, fl Uened, widened towards the end; wings long ; tail short ; legs short ; plumage thick and compact,
like the swimming birds. .Ididt. Head above, space around Ihc base of the bill, throat, and back, brownish black, feathers of
the last edgi'd broadly with p;ile ochre yellow ; wings and tail ashy brown, paler on the wing coverts; greater wing coverts
widely tipped witli white ; sli ipe on tlie cheek while. Entire under parts deep brownish red , inclining to purple on the abdomen ,
and with a glaucous cast in very ma'ure specimens ; under wing coverls and axillaries pure while ; bill greenish yellow ; feet
dark bluish brown. I'ouiig". Entire upper parts light cinereous ; head above and wings darker, and mixed with blackish brown;
head in frunt, and entire under parts white ; tips of greater wing coverts white. Total length, about 7j inches ; wing, 5^ ;
tail, 2J ; bill, 1 ; tarsus, J inch.

Hab. — Entire temperate regions of North America ; Asia ; Europe.

List of specimens.

Catal

No

Locality.

When collected.

Wlience obtained. Orig. Collected by —

(No.

Length.

Stretch
f wings.

Remarks.

2001

Unitui States

New Yoik

Spring

IS41

S. F Baird

489

do

1245

do

8.75

6635

Shoalwater bay,
W. T.

Nov. 24, 1S54

Gov. Stevens

lU Dr. Cooper

16.00

Iris d;uk brown, bill
black and yellow.

708 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAX. REPORT.

Family SCOLOPACIDAE.

On a preceding page will be found the principal character of the Scolopacidae as distinguished
from the Charadndae, Hatrnaiopodidae, Becurvirostridae, and Phalorojyodidae. According
to Bonaparte's arrangement, the Scolopacidae are divisible into two sub-families — Scolopa<.inae
and Tringinae; the former with one tribe, Scolopaceae; the latter with four, Tringinae, Totaneae,
Limosinae, and Numeninae. The arrangement of Keyserling and Blasius and of Burmeister,
however? seems more natural in associating Tringeae with Scolopaceae under Scolopacinae. On
this basis the two sub-families may be characterized as follows :

Scolopacinae. — Bill covered with soft skin to the sensitive, vascular, thickened, or laterally
expanded tip. Uncovered portion of tibia short. Body and legs rather stout. Neck rather
short and stout. Toes generally cleft to the base, (not in Macrorhamphus and Micropalama, &c.)
Gape of mouth very small, not extending beyond the base of culmen.

ToTANiNAE. — Bill covered with soft skin towards the base ; the terminal portion hard, horny,
and more or less attenuated. Body more slender. Legs and neck slender and lengthened.
Toes generally with a basal web. Gape of mouth larger, always extending beyond base of
culmen, (except in Limosa.)

Sub-Family SCOLOPACINAE.

Ch. — Bill swollen at the end, and covered almost to the tip with a soft skin, the edges only of the rather vaulted tip horny.
The end of the upper bill generally bent a little over the tip of lower. The jaw bone in typical trenera finely porous, and
perforated by vessels and nerves, imj>arting a high degree of sensibility to the bill, enabling it to find food in the mud. After
death the end of bill is usually pitted. Legs rather stout ; the naked portion of the tibia mucli abbreviated. The hind toe well
developed and generally present ; the toes usually without basal membrane, (except in Macrorhamphus^ &c.)

Under the head of Scolopacinae, as at present defined, I range two tribes, with the following
brief diagnoses :

A. Scolopaceae. — Bill much longer than the head or than the naked leg ; the end of upper
jaw thickened and bent over beyond the tip of lower. Roof of mouth not excavated to the tip.
A longitudinal furrow along the culmen towards the end. External ear placed beneath or
anterior to the eye. Tail banded ?

B. TiiiNGEAE. — Bill shorter than the naked leg, widened or rather spoon-shaped at the end,
with the edges not bent over. Roof of mouth excavated to the tip. No groove along the
culmen. Ear behind the eye. Tail without bands ?

Tribe SCOLOPACEAE.

The general characters of the Scolopaceae have already been given. The genera found in
North America belonging here are as follows :

A. Toes cleft to the base. Tarsi shorter than middle toe.'

PiilLOHELA. — Tibia feathered to the lower joint. Wings short, much graduated; the

three outer primaries much attenuated.
Gallinaoo. — Lower jiart of tibia naked. Wings lengthened; the outer primaries longest.

B. Toes united at the base. Tarsi longer than middle toe.

Macroriiampuus. — Somewhat like Gallinago, but the middle and outer toes united to the
first joint.

BIRDS — SCOLOPACIDAK — nilLOHKLA MINOR.

70;)

PIIILOHELA, . R. Gray.

Philchtia, Grat, List of Genora, 1841. Typo Sco/c/mi minor, Gsi.

Kiislicvla, Grat, Genera, 1840, nol of Moehring, 1752.

Micropltra, NoTTAi.L, Man. II, 1834, 192, not of Gravonhorst, 1802.

Cii. — Body very full, and head, bill, and eyes very largo. Tibia short, feathered to tlio joint. Toes cleft to base. Wings
■hort, rounded. First three priincrios very narrow and much attenuated ; the fourth and fifth equal and longest. Tarsi stout,
shorter than the middle toe. Hind nail very short, conical, not extending beyond tho toe. Tail of twelve fealliors.

The present genus, embracing a single species, the American woodcock, is much like Scolopax,
with the European woodcock as type, in color and external appearance. The most striking
diflerence is seen in the wings, which are short, rounded ; the fourth and fifth primaries
longest and the outer three attenuated, while in Scolopax the wings are long ; the first primary-
longest and more attenuated.

PHILOHELA MINOR, (Gmelin,) Gray.

American Woodcock.

Scolopax minor, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, G61.— Wils. Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 40 ; pi. 48.— Add. Orn. Biog. IV,

1835, 474 ; pi. 2G8.— Dougiity's Cab. N. H. I, 183(), 158 ; pi. xiv.
Rustkola minor, Vieillot, " Analyse, 1816."— GaL. Ois. II, 112 ; pi. cc.xlii.— Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 194.
Scolopax (.Microplera) minor, Nhttali., Man. II, 1834, 194.
Philuhela minor. Gray, List Genera, 1841.
Microplera americnna, AcD. Syn 1839, 250.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 15 ; pi. 352.

Sp. Ch. — Bill long, comprcs.-!ed, punctulated and corrugated near the end ; upper mandible longer than the under, and fitted
to it at tho tip ; wings moderate, three first quills very narrow ; tail short ; legs moderate ; eyes inserted unusually distant from
the bill. Occiput with three transverse bands of black, alternating with three others of pale yellowish rufous ; upper parts of
body variegated with pale ashy, rufous, or yellowish red of various shades, and black ; large space in front and throat reddish
ashy ; line from the e^o to the bill, and another on the neck below the eye, brownish black ; entire utider parts pale rufous,
brighter on the sides and under wing coverts. Quill.^ ashy brown ; tail feathers brownisli black, tipped with ashy, darker on the
upper surface, paler and frequently white on the under ; bill light brown, paler and yellowish at base ; legs pale reddish. Total
length about 11 inches; wing, 5^ ; tail, 2| ; bill, 2i ; tarsus, Ij inches.

//aft. — Biistern North America.

List of specimens.

Caul.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Bemaiks.

852

9
oQ

3

Carlisle, Pa

Nov. 12, 1842
Mar. 23, 1844
.June 30, 1843
July 18

S. F. Baird

1 10 73

17.75
19.00
17.25
17.00

5.16
5.08
4.80
5.75

1307

do

do

14 75

1086

do

do

_.l UL.'^n

9040

' ■

r.ieut. Warren ....

Dr. Hayden

..; 10.75

1

Iris brown ; pupil black.

710 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

GALLINAGO, Leach.

GalUnago, "Leach, Catal. Britisli Birds, 1816." Grat. Type Scolopax nwjnr, L.

Cii. — Lower portion of the tibia bare of feathers, scutellate before and behind, reticulated laterally like the tarsi. Nail of
hind toe slender, e.vtending beyond the toe. Bill depressed at the tip. Middle toe longer than tarsus. Tail with twelve to
si.xteen feathers.

The more slender body, longer legs, partly naked tibia, and other features,' distinguish this
genus irom Scohpax or Philuhela. ■

GALLINAGO WILSONII, (Temm.) Bon.

Wilson'si Snipe; English Snipe.

Scolopax wilsoni, Temm. PI. Col. V, livraison lxviii, about 1824. In text of Scolopax g'ganlea. — Bon. Syn. 1828,
33ll._S,vA,Ns. F. B. Am. U, 1831, 401.— Nutt. Man. If, 185.— Aiid. Orn. B.og. Ill, 1835,
322 : V, 18311, 583 ; pi. 243.— 1b. Syn. 248— 1b. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 339 ; pi. 350.

Ga'imago wlhonii, Bonap. List, 1j38.

Scolopax gallinago, WiLS. Am. Orn. VI, 1812, 18. Nol of Linnaeus.

Scolopax brehmii, " Kapp," Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 204. Not of Kaup.

Scolopax delicata, Ord, ed. W^ils. IX, 1825, 218.

? ScoL'pax drummondii, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 400.- Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 319 — Ib. Syn. 249.— Ib.
Birds Amer. V.

? Scolopax dougtassii, Sw. P. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 400.

9Scolupax leucurus, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 50.

Sp. Ch. — Bill long, compressed, flattened and slightly expanded towards the tip, pustulated in its terminal half; wings rather
long ; legs moderate ; tail short. Entire upper parts brownish black ; every feather spotted and widely edged with light rufous,
yelliiwish brown or ashy white ; back and rump transversely barrud and spotted with the S5me ; a line from the base of the bill
over the top of the head. Throat and nec:k befo e, dull reddish ashy ; wing feather marked with dull brownish black ; otiior
under parts white, with transverse bars of bro a nisli black on the sides, axillary fe .tilers and under wing coverts and uiidi-r tail
coverts ; quills browtiish bi.ick ; outer edijo of fir.-it primary white ; tail glossy brownish bhtck, wi.iely tifiped wii.li bright rufous,
paler at the lip, and witli a subterininal narrow bind of black ; outer feathers of tail palt-r, frequcHtly iiea' ly while and barred
wiih black throughout their length. Bill brown, yellowish at base and darker torvards the end; legs dark brown. Total
lerigtii about l(l| inclies ; wing. 5; tail,2i ; bill, 2; ; tarsus, 1^ inch.

Hab. — Entire temperate regions of North America. California, (Mr. Szabo.)

With numerous specimens before us from western North America, as will bo seen in the list
appended bilow, and numerous others from various localities in the United States, we fail to
perceive the characters of more than one species, and much suspect that neither oF the species
established by Mr. Swainson in Fauna Boreali Americana, as cited above, are valid or really
distinct from our present bird. There is amongst them a great variety of widths of the outer
tail feathers, and quite as great a variety also in their shades of color, so great, in fact, as to
render it utterly impossible to entertain the idea of regarding either as a specific character, aud,
moreover, making the determining of these species quite inconvenient with so many specimens.

Two of those 8upi)osed species, Scolopax drummondii and S. dotiglasii, are described in the
body of the work cited above, and one, S. leucurus, is added in the appendix. It is worth
bearing in mind that Mr. Swainson was not acquainted with the common S. luilsonii, and only
describes it doubtfully with the following remark: "A specimen of a snipe from Hudson's Bay,
in the British Museum, possesses all the distinctive characters ascribed by the Prince of Musig-
nano to his Sc. ivilsonii, of ivhich tue have seen no aulhenlicaled examples."

Our present opinion is that all the names above given are synonyms for. the species now
before us. All of their characters can be found in the extensive series of specimens now under

712

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

MACRORHAMPHUS GRISEUS, (Gmelin,) Leach.

Gray Suipe; Red-breasted Snipe.

Scolopax grisea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 658, No. 27.

Macrorhamplms griseus, "Leach, Catal. Brit. Mus. 1816, 31."— Stephens, Shaw. Gen. Zool. XII, 1824,61 —

Bon. Am. Cm. IV, 1332, 51 ; pi. xxiii.
Scolopax novebonicensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 658, No. 28 — Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 45 ; pi. Iviii.— Sw.
P. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 398 — Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 288; pi. 339.— Ib. Syn. 249.—
Ib. Birds Amcr. VI, 1843. 10 ; pi. 351.
Sco^oymx Jeucojjftacn, ViEiLLOT, Diet. Ill, 358, (3(1 ed.) Not of Latham.
Sp. Ch. — Rather smaller than tlic preceding ; bill long, compressed, flattened and expanded towards the end, and in tlin
sime space punctulated and corrngated ; wing rather long ; shaft of first primary strong ; tail short ; logs rather long. .iduU.
Upper parts variegated with dark ashy, pale reddish and black, the latter predominating on the back ; rump and upper tail
coverts, white, the latter spotted and barred transversely with black. Under parts pale ferruginous red, with numerous points
and circular spots of brownish black on the neck before, and transverse bands of the same on the sides and under tail coverts ;
axilliry feathers and under wing coverts white, spotted and transversely barred with black. Quills brownish black ; shaft of
first primary white; tail brownish black, with numerous transverse bands of ashy white, and frequently tinged with ferruginous,
especially on the two middle feathers ; bill greenish black ; legs dark greenish brown. Younger. Entire under parts dull white,
strongly marked with dull ashy on the neck In front, and transverse bands of the same on the sides ; axillary feathers and under
wing coverts white, spotted with brownish black ; upper parts lighter than in the adult. Total length about 10 inches ; win^,
55 ; tail, 21 ; bill, 2^ ; tarsus, 1^ inch.

Hab. — Entire temperate regions of North America.

Quite a variable species in plumage, scarcely any two being exactly alike, except in very
mature plumage, but always readily distinguished from tlie preceding by the white shaft of the
first quill in the present bird. This bird is widely distributed, and is very similar to, if not
identical with, the succeeding species.

In the list of specimens I give species of sizes varying between considerable extremes, reserving
for M. scolopaceus only three, which are still larger than any of these.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality. When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

11.24
10.56

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1703

Q

"g"

<?
9

Carlisle Pa Sent. 12.1844

S. F. Baird

19.25
18.50

5.16
5.56

1671

do Aug. 12,1844

do

do

1

2675

Cape May, N. J May —,18)2

Rock creek Sept. ,1856

i

5769

Lt. Bryan

310

5096

Texas

4182

11.00

18.25

5.50

6644

Dr. Henry

6647

Espia, Mexico Mar. 27,1853

Dr. Kennerly ....

10.50

18.00

5.75

Eyes black

6609

6643

Fort Steilacooiu May 5,1856

Port Towiiaer.d August

Dr. Suckley

Hn

371
572

11.75

19.00

6646

MACRORHAMPHUS SCOLOPACEUS, (Say,) Lawrence.

Limosa scolopaceus. Sat, Long's Expod. II, 1823, 170.

J\Iacrorhamplius scolopaceus, (Say,) ijAwn. Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H. V, 1852, (Road Jan. 1849,) 4, pi. i.
Scolopax longiroalrui, Bell, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1852, (Head Oct. 9, 184S, and published soon after, but vol. dated
1852,) 3.

Figures. — Bonaparte, Am. Orn. IV, pi. 23, fig. 3. Aniuil«, Lyceimi N. Y. V, pi. I.

BIRDS — 8C0L0PACIDAE — TRINUEAE.

713

Sp. Cii. Rather larger than tlio procodinjf iBpecios, anil with the hill iiiul tnrsi dinproportionalcly lonecr, but iiiiich

rewinbliiii' .V. fri«iij in colors ami goiiorul fharaclors. Hill lung, llntlrned uiiil ex|i«ncled towards llio tip, where it is
punctulatc'd and corrugated ; wing rallier long ; shaft of first primary very strong ; tail short ; logs rather long. Colors very
similar to tlioso of M. griuus, though perhaps with the upper parts more cinereous ; rump and upper tail coverts white, the
latter spotted and transversely barred with black ; under parts pale ferruginous, with circular spots on the nock and transverse
bars on the sides brownish black ; axillarics and under wing coverts while, barred and spotted with brownish black. Yonng.
Ashy brown above, dull while beneath. Legs and bill dark brown. Tot.il length, about lU inches; wing, .'ij ; tail, 2; to ij ;
bill, '21 to 3 inches; tarsus, 1^ inches.

/iu4.— Entire temperate regions of North America. Washington Territory, (Dr. Suckley.) New York, (Mr. J. G. Bell.)

The only characters which ajjpear to be reliable are those pointed out by Mr. Lawrence, as
above, which are the greater length of the bill and tarsi in the present species. It is, however,
nearly related to that immediately preceding, and, for the present, with numerous specimens of
both before us, we consider it but of doubtful validity as a species ; and its study is further
complicated by the fact that it bears a striking resemblance to the rare European species supposed
to be identical with the common bird of America, as will be seen in Gould's beautiful figure in
"Birds of Europe," vol. lY, pi. 323. The latter seems to be a little larger than our common
species.

List of specimens.

Cital.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obt;iiiietI.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wins

4927

St John's river Florida

G. Wurdciuaun _-----.

4381

1854
April 28, 1856

do

4871

Omahii Citv- ..................

Lieutenant Warren

10.50

19.50

5.75

Tribe TRINGEAE.

The variations in external form of Tringeae are very great, and have given occasion for the
construction of almost as many genera as species. Many of these genera are, however,
scarcely tenable, in many cases being scarcely indicative of more than sj^ecific characters.

In none of the North American species, as far as observed, is there any indication of trans-
verse bands on the tail, as in Scolopaceae and Totaneae. The gape of mouth is much less than
in the latter.

The following synopsis will serve to characterize the genera of Tringeae as adopted ; the
numerous sections of those with fully cleft anterior toes and the hinder one present, being all
considered as Tringa, under which genus the subdivisions will be found detailed.

A. Toes cleft to the base, or with a very rudimentary membrane, which does not extend to
the first joint.

Tkinga. — Hind toe present.
Calidris. — Hind toe wanting.

B. Toes with a decided basal membrane.

Eretjnetes. — Bill straight, as long as the head, but equal to the tarsus. A web con-
necting all the toes at base, and between middle and outer, extending to the second
joint ; all the toes slightly margined to the extremity. Legs short. Tibia with
hexagonal scales. Tail doubly emarginate. Body stout. Middle toe equal to the tarsas.

August 3, 1858.

90 b

714 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

MiCKOPALAMA. — Bill sliglitly curved, longer than the head, but equal to the tarsus.
Bases of all the toes about equally webbed to a little beyond the first joint. Legs
lengthened ; tibia with transverse scutellae. Tail nearly even. Body slender.
Middle toe not two-thirds the tarsus.

TRINGA, Linnaeus.

Tringa, Linn'Aeus, Syst. Nat. 1735. Type T. eaniilus, L.

Ch. — Size moderate or small. General form adapted to dwelling on tlie shores of botli salt and fresh waters, and subsisting
on minute or small animals, in pursuit of which they carefully examine and probe with their bills sandy or muddy deposits and
growths of aquatic plants, rocks, or otner localities. Flight rather rapid, but not very strong nor long continued. Bill
moiferate, or rather long ; straight, or slightly curved towards the end, which is generally somewhat e.xpanded and flattened ;
longitudinal grooves in both mandibles, distinct) and nearly the whole length of the bill ; wings long, pointed ; the first primary
lonirest ; tertiaries long ; secondaries short, with their tips obliquely incised ; tail short ; legs moderate, or rather long, slender ;
the lower portion of the tibia naked, and with the tarsus covered in front and behind with transverse scales ; hind too very
small ; fore toes rather slender, with a membranous margin, scaly and flattened underneath, free at base.

This genus comprises a large number of species of all parts of the world, some of
"which are very extensively diffused, especially during the season of their southern or autumnal
migration. Generally these birds are met with in flocks, frequenting every description of
locality near water, and industriously searching for the minute animals on which they feed.
The species of the United States are migratory, rearing their young in the north, and in
autumn and winter extending to the confines of the republic and into South America. The
colors of the spring and autumnal plumage are different in nearly all species, though that of
the two sexes is very similar.

The following synopsis will serve to define the sub-genera :

A. Bill longer than the head or tarsus. Bare space of tibia not exceeding half the tarsus.

1. Bill straight, much flattened, and widening towards the tip. Tarsus longer than
middle toe and claw. Feathers of tibia reaching nearly to joint. Tail nearly even.

Tringa, Linn.

2. Bill nearly straight, not widened at tip. Tarsus shorter than middle toe and claw.
Feathers of tibia reaching to joint. Tail wedge-shaped.

Arquatella, Baird.

3. Bill slightly decurved beyond the middle ; very little widened at tip. Tarsus longer
than middle toe and claw.

Ekolia, Vieill. — Bill not depressed; with hard tip.
ScHOENiCLCS, Moehr. — Bill depressed ; with rather soft tip.

B. Bill straight ; not longer than the head. Bare sj^ace of tibia nearly two- thirds the tarsus.
Jugulum conspicuously streaked in all seasons.

1. Tarsus equal to the middle toe. Bill scarcely widened at end, except, perhaps, in
T. maculata. Tail doubly emarginate, the central feather longest.
AcTODROMAS, Kaup.
In further illustration of these sub-genera, the following remarks may appropriately bo made:
Tringa. — The tips of the tibial feathers extend nearly to the joint ; the really bare portion,
however, is one half the length of tarsus. The toes are quite short, tlie middle one, with its
claw, being scarcely more than two-thirds the tarsus. The claws arc all short and blunt.

Arquatella. — The bill is nearly straight, and very slender at base ; the gonys, however, is
slightly concave. The feathers of the tibia extend over the joint ; the portion without any featliers
inserted is nearly half the tarsus. The tarsus is remarkably short, being scarcely equal to the

BIKD8 — SCOLOPACIDAE — TRINOA CANUTUS. 715

middle toe without its claw. The claws are all short, blunt, and much curved. The tail is
rather wed^e-shaped. The bod.v is full and compact, standin-j; very low on the le^s.

Schoeniclus. — The bare portion of the tibia is not quite half the tarsus. The bill is decidedly
decurved from the middle and depressed at tip. The toes are short, but straight and acute.
The ditlerence from Erdia appears very slight.

Tringa, Linn.
TRINGA CANUTUS, Linn.

Grny^Back; Robin Suipc.

Tringa canutus, Lisv. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 251.— Bon. List, 1838.

Tringa ftrruginea, Bruxnmch, Orn. Bor. 176-1, No. 186.

Tringa cinere; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 673.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 36 ; pi. Ivii.

? Tringa auslralh, G.M. I, 679.

Tringa ishndictt, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 682.— Acd. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 130 ; pi. 315.— Ib. Syn. 232.— Id.

Birds Am. V, 1842, 254 ; pi. 328.
Tringa naevia and "TiSfO, Gm. 1, 681.
Tringa rufa, Wius. Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 57 ; pi. Ivii.
FicrREs.- Buffon. PI. Enl. 365, 366.— Edwards, Birds, pi. 276 —Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi 57, figs. 2, 5.— Aud. B. of Am.
pi. 315 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 328.— Gould, B. of Eur. IV, pi. 324.— Naumann, B. of Germany, pi. 183.

Sp. Ch. — Large ; bill straight, rather longer than the head, compressed, slightly enlarged at the tip ; upper mandible with
the nasal groove extending to near the tip ; legs moderate ; tibia with its lower third part naked ; neck moderate ; wing long ;
tail short. Toes free at base, flattened beneath, widely margined ; hind toe slender, small. Entire upper parts light gray, with
lanceolate, linear, and irregular spots of black, and others of pale reddish ; rump and upper tail coverts white, with transverse
narrow bands and crescent-shaped spots of black. Under parts light brownish red, paler in the middle of the abdomen ; under
tail coverts, tibial feathers, flanks, axillary feathers, and under wing coverts white, generally with spois and transverse bars of
brownish black. Quills brownish black, with their shafts white ; tail light brownish cinereous, (without spots or bars) ; all the
feathers edged with white, and frequently with a second sub-edging of dark brown. Bill brownish black ; legs greenish black.
Young and tcinltr plumage. — Upper parts brownish ashy, darker on the back, every feather having a sub-terminal edging of
brownish black, and tipped with dull ashy svhite ; rump while, with crescents of black ; under parts dull ashy white, nearly
pure on the abdomen, but with numerous longitudinal lines, and small spots of dark brown on the breast and neck : sides with
crescent-shaped and irregular spots of brownish black. An obscure line of dull white over and behind the eye. Total length,
(from tip of bill to end of tail,) about 10 inches ; wing, Gi ; tail, 2i ; bill from gape, U ; tarsus, !{ inches. Female Jarger?
Hab. — Eastern North America ; Europe.

This is the largest of the sandpiper.-? of the United States, and appears to be restricted to the
shores of the Atlantic in this division of the continent of America. Y^e have never seen it
from the Pacific coast.

In the United States this bird is known as the red-breasted snipe, or sometimes as the gray-
backed snipe, though we have never heard the name '' Knot" applied to it, which appears to be
a common appellation of the same species in Europe, and is given by American authors. This
is one of the few species of birds which appears to be absolutely identical with a species of
Europe, and is of very extensive diffusion over the world, especially in the season of southern
migration.

This bird has received a variety of names, of which the very first appears to be that adopted
at the head of this article.

716

U. S p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimeiis.

Gatal.

No.

Sex. 1 Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

2677

1S45. ...

S F Baiid

10445

10444

4170

Q CapeMay, N. J

<? do.

^ Brazos, Santiago .

May, 1842

-..-do

John K. Tovvnsend

do --

Capt. Van Vliet

\ TEINGA COOPEKI, B a i r d .

Sp. Ch. — Rather smaller than T. canutus. Bill straight ; longer than the tarsus, which exceeds the middle toe. Above
gray ; the feathers of back with dark centres, and without abruptly light borders. Upper tail coverts white, each feather with
V-shaped marks of black. Beneath clear white ; the breast and sides with small oval spots or streaks of black. Length, 9|
inches; wing, 5.75; tail, 2.80 ; bill above, 1.23; tarsus, 1.14; middle toe and claw, 1.

Hab. — Long Island.

Bill straight, rather broad, and a little widened at the tip ; a little longer than the tarsi.
Tarsus a little longer than the middle toe. Hind toe and claw well developed. Bare part of
tibia a little more than half the tarsus ; just half the bill. Tail doubly emarginate, but the
central feathers projecting but slightly. Upper parts ashy gray, this being the color of the
borders ; the basal and central portion, however, is blackish, showing occasionally as a large
spot. There are several scapular feathers which appear to be assuming a more perfect dress, and
which are black, abruptly edged laterally with pale rusty, passing towards the tip into ashy.
There is no rusty, however, on any other feathers. The head and neck are grayish, streaked
with brown ; the chin whitish. The upper tail coverts are white, each one with a V-shaped
mark of brown ; the rump feathers are brown, edged with whitish. The under parts are quite
pure white, with a trace of reddish on the lower neck, but no indication of an ashy jugulum.
The lower part of the neck, the jugulum, and the sides of the body, show elongated oval spots
of btown, not much crowded, but very well defined. These blotches under the wings are rather
V-shaped, but where exposed are only in the end of the feather. There are also a few streaks
in the crissum.

The subject of the present description appears in many respects different from any Tringa
described as North American. It approaches to Aetodromas maculata and bonapariii in the
short, straight bill and other peculiarities of form. It is rather larger than the former, the bill
exceeding the tarsus, and the tarsus loi^ger than the middle toe, instead of having bill, tarsus,
and toes of about the same length. There is nothing of the ashy jugulum of maculata, nor
the blackish central field of tlie rump and upper tail coverts. The spots on the sides are better
defined, and, instead of being shalt lines, are oval spots.

It is much larger than A. bona/iarlii, which has tlie same projiortions of bill as A. niaculala.

The affinities after all, are, periiaps, closest to Trimja canntus. It is, however, smaller, the
III II not so stout at the base. The legs are slenderer and longer, tlie bare pait of tibia nearly
two-thirds the tarsus, instead of not more than two-fiftlis. Tlie hind toe is longer, and all the
claws are lengthened and acute, instead of short and blunt. The diiforences in coloration
Vietween winter specimens consists in the greater distinctness of the spots on the sides and
breast. Both have the upper tail coverts white, with V or U-shaped marks of black. The

.••-%*-.«%*•,*,

^^.T

718

U. S. P K, E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Erolia, V 1 e i 1 1 o t . •
TKINGA SUBAKQUATA, (Guld.) Temm.

Curlew Sandpiper.

Scolopax svbarquata, Gcldenstakdt, Nov. Comm. Pctrop. XIX, 1775, 471 ; pi. .tviii. Caspian sea. — Gm. Syst. Nat.

I, 1788, 658.
Triiiga subarqwata,TEMM. Man. II, 1820, 609.— Nutt. Man. II, 104.— AuD. Cm. Eiog. Ill, 1835,444; pi. 263.

Ib. Syn. 234.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 269 ; pi. 333.
" ^ncylocheilus subarquata," Kadp, Europ. Thiervv. 1829.
Pelidna subarquata, Bov. List. 1838.
Erolia rariegala, Vieillot, Anal. 1816, 69.

FiGCREs. -Buff. PI. Enl. 851.- -Temm, PI. Col. 510.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 263 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 333.— Gould, B. of Eur. IV, pi
328.— Naumann, B. of Germ. pi. 185.

Sp. Ch. — Bill rather longer than the head, slender, compressed, slightly curved towards the tip, which is somewhat expanded ;
both mandibles gronved ; wnig long, pointed ; tail short ; legs long, slender ; toes moderate, marginated and flattened under-
neath. Upper parts brownish black, nearly every feather edged and spotted with bright yellowish red, rump ashy brown, upper
coverts of the tail white, with transverse bands of brownish black ; wings ashy brown, shafts of primaries white. Under parts
fine dark yellowish rufous ; sides, axillaries and under tail coverts, white ; under surface of wing white ; tail pale brownish
ashy, with a greenish gloss ; bill and legs greenish brown.

Yomig. — Upper parts much more ashy, and with little of the red of the preceding ; under parts entirely dull white, tinged
with yellowish on the breast and sides. An obscure line over the eye, ashy white ; outer feathers of the tail, nearly white.

Total length, about 8| to 9 inches ; wing, 5 ; tail, SJ ; bill from gape, 1| to Ij ; tarsus, 1 to 1 j inches.

Hab. — Atlantic coast of the United States, rare ; Europe ; Asia ; Africa.

The Curlew sandpiper is one of the rarest of the sandpipers known to inhabit the United States,
and may he looked upon, very properly, as a straggler only, from the Old World. It is very
extensively diifused throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa, from each of which continents we
find specimens in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, apparently quite identical in
specific characters.

This bird is occasionally shot on the shores of the Atlantic, and very probably also occurs on
the Pacific, though no specimens are contained in the collections of the surveying parties.
Our friend, Mr. John G. Bell of New York, informs us o. several instances of the capture of
this bird on the coast near New York, and it is accordingly included by Mr. Giraud in his
interesting and valuable work, "The Birds of Long Island."

In several American specimens now before us, including that figured by Mr. Audubon, which
is now in Professor Baird's collection, we find no peculiar characters. All the specimens that
we have examined appear to be identical, from whatever country.

List of specimens.

Catalogue No.

No. of spec.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

,2000

1
2
3

United States {?).

Europe

do .

S. F. Baird

9685
9686

9

Baron V. Miiller .
do

Erolia, Vieillot, Analyse, 1816. Typo Scolopax subarquata, Gulo.

BIRDS — 8C0L0PACIDAE — TRINGA ALPINA. 719

Scboeilicliis, JI o c h r i n g .'
TRINGA ALPINA, var. AMERICANA, Cass.

Red-backed Sandiiipcr.

Tringa ttlpina, Lixx. Sysl. Nat. I, 17CG, 249.— Wilson Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 25; pi. Ivi.— Sw. F. B. Am. II. 1831,
383.— NuTT. Miin. II, IOC— Acd. Orn. Bio;;. Ill, 1835, 580; pi. 290.— Id. Syii. 234.— Ib. Birds
Amor. V, 1842, 266 ; pi. 332.

Tringa cinclus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 251.— AVii.s. Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 39 ; pi. Ivii.

PfliJna cinclus, " Cnv." Bon. List. 1838.

Tringa ruj'icollis, Gm. I, 1788, 680.

riirig-ii variabilis, Meyer, Tascli. Dcuiecli. Vtigel, II, 1810, 397.

? Tringa schinzii, Breiim, Leiirb. Europ. Vogcl, II, 1824, 571. (Not of American writers.)

Pelidna schinzii, Brehm, Nat. Vog. Doutsclil. 1831, 663.

FiciREs.— Buff. PI. Eiil. 852— Gould B. of Eur. IV, pi. 329.— Naumann, B. of Germ. pl. 186.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi.
57, fi?. 3 ; pl. 56, Rg. 2.— Aud. B. of Am. pl. 290, oct. ed. V, pl. 332.

Sr. Cu. — Bill longer than tUe head, wide at base, curved, slightly c-idened and flattened towards the end ; nasal groove and
another groove in the under mandible long and very distinct ; wings long ; tail short, with the two middle feathers longest and
pointed ; legs rather long and slender, lower half of the tibia naked ; toes moderate, free at base, flattened underneath and
slightly marginatcd ; claws much compressed, hind toe small. Upper parts yellowish red, mi-ted with ashy, and every feather
having a lanceolate, ovate or narrow spot in the centre, most numerous on the back and rump. Front, sides of the head, and
enti/e under parts, ashy white, nearly pure white on the abdomen and under tail coverts ; a wide transverse band of black
across the lower part of the breast ; neck before and upper part of llie breast with narrow longitudinal spots of brownish
black. Under wing coverts and axillary feathers white ; quilLs light ashy brown, darker on their outer edges, with their shafts
white ; tail feathers light ashy brown ; middle feathers darker, outer nearly wliite. Bill and legs brownish black.
Sexes alike.

fVinter plumage. — Entire upper parts dark ashy, nearly black on the rump, and upper tail coverts; throat, abdomen, axillaries
and under wing coverts, white ; breast pale ashy, with longitudinal lines of dark brown.

Total length, 8 to 83 inches ; wing, 5 ; tail, 2j ; bill from gape, 1| ; tarsus, 1 inch.

Ilab. — Entire temperate regions of Korlh America.

In its summer plumage this is the most handsome bird of the family of sandpipers, and is
easily recognized by its wide black band across the under jiarts of the body. It is exceedingly
abundant on the shores of the Atlantic.

We have not a sufficient number of European specimens of the true T. alpina of that con-
tinent for satisfactory comparison, especially as ornithologists mention differences in size at the
same localities ; but of eight specimens from Europe and Asia, now before us, not one ought to
be considered as specifically the same as the American bird. The size is invariably smaller and
the bill disproportionately shorter. In fact, we have little doubt that the bird inhabiting both
the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the republic is quite distinct and may be easily recognized,

' Schoenichis, Msehring, Gen, Av. 1752. Typo Tringa citiclus, L. Equal to Pelidna, Cuv.

720

U. S. p. E. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS —ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

J
(?
c?

9

Locality.

Wllen col-
lected.

Wlience obuuned.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Lengtli.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing. Remarks.

1

2519

Carlisle, Pa

Oct. 13,1845

do

May —,1842
do

S. F. Baird

8.32
8.33
9.00

15.00
15.16
15.80

4.75
4.80
5.00

2518

do

Cape May.N. J

do

California

do

J. K. Townscnd...

1052

10442

do

3941

1

5566

Petaluma, Cal

E. Samuels

4602

Si. Helen's, O. T

Dr. Suckley

1

6675

Shoalwaler bay

... do

do

do

May 3,1854

Mar. a, 1854
May 3,1854
AprU— ,1853
Feb. 6, 1856
Nov. 30,1856
do

Gov. Stevens

dn

do

do

68

54

68

Dr. Cooper

do

do

, . do

8.50

9.00
8.50

15.25

16.00
15.25

Iris brown ; liill and
feet black

666»
6674
6671

do

do

6660

Port Steilacoom, W. T.

do

Paget 's Sound

Dr. Suckley

do

4591

8.50

15.00

4.84

9540

9538

do

do

8.25

13.50

4.50

9539

do

do

do . ,

Actodromas, K a u p .^
TKINGA MACULATA, Vieill.

Jack Snipe.

Tringa maadala, Vieillot, Nouv. Did. XXXIV, 1819, 465.

Tnnga pecloralis, Say, Long's Exped. I, J823, 171.— Bon. Am. Orn. IV, 1832, 43; pi. xxiii.— Nutt. Man. II, 111.—
AuD. Orn.Biog.III, 1835, 601 : V,582; pL 2'Jl.— Ib. Syn.233.— Ib. Birds Amor. V, 184-2, 259; pi. 3-29v
Tringa campesim, Lioht. Verz. 1823, 74, (not of Vieillot, 1819.)

Figures.— Bonap. Am. Orn. IV, pi. 23, fig. 2.— And. B. of Am. pi. 294; oct. ed. V, pi. 329.— Gould B. of Eur. IV, pi. 327.

Sp. Ch. — Bill rather longer than the head, compressed, slightly depressed and expanded at the tip; nasal groove long ; wings
long ; legs rather long , tibia with nearly its lower half naked ; toes fme at base, flattened underneath and slightly margined ;
tail rather short ; middle feathers pointed. Entire upper parts brownish black; all the feathers edged and tipped with ashy and
brownish red; rump and upper tail coverts black, some of the outer feathers of the latter edged with white. Line from the bill
over the eye ashy white ; throat, abdomen, under wing coverts, axillary feathers, and under tail coverts, white. Breast and neck
before ashy white; all the feathers darker at base, and with partially concealed lanceolate or pointed spots of brownish black.
Quills brownish black; shaft of fii'st primary white, of others brown; secondaries tipped aud edged with white; tortiaries edged
with dull reddish yellow. Bill and feet dark greenish black. Total length about 9 inches ; wing, 5i ; tail, 2^ ; bill to gape, 1 i ;
tarsus, 1 inch.

Ilab. — The entire coasts of North America ; South America ; Europe.

Of rather frequent occurrence on the coast of tlic Atlantic, and rearing its young in the
northern fcJtates of the Union. In the present collection also arc specimens from western North
America, and in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy we find numerous examples from
various parts of South America. This bird is easily recognized by its spotted breast and the
light yellow of the basal portion of the bill. We have no doubt that the description and name
given by Vieillot, as above, apply to this species.

This species has been ascertained to breed abundantly in Wisconsin by Professor T. Kiimlein,
an energetic cultivator of zoological science, now resident in that State. In the Museum of the
Philadelphia Academy, specimens from various countries of South America are in the winter

^ Actodroma/, Kaui-, Sk. Ent. Europ. Thierw. 1829. Type Tringa minula, Leisi.eh.

------'• «^*%.*,

^^'

722

U S. p. R. R. EXP. AKD SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal .
No.

Sci.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1675

s

3
3

Q

C.'irlislo Pa

May 15

do

S. F. Baird

5.88
5.60
6.00
6.16
5.80

11.16
11.16
11. a?
11.80
11.50

3.50
3.50
3.56
3. SO
3.64

do

do

... .do

.... do

do

Aug. 12,18-14

May 15

do.. .

do

do

.... do

.

1510

1511

3
"3"

'3

do

J. K. Townsend

do

10416

N. W. University.
Lieut. Warren . ..

9046

Dr. Hayden....
Dr. Cooper ....
do

5.75
5.84
6.00

10.84
11.12
11.36

3.50
3.50
3.75

Iris deep brown .

ggOl

Scott's Bluff, Neb

North fork of Platte

Aug. 20

do

W. M. Maf;ruw ,.

8789

do

Iris brown ; bill
black.

E. Samuels

Gov. Stevens

Dr. Suekley

Gov. Stevens ....
do

766
376
375
89
377
561

5.08

10.00

3.48

6679

Fort Steilacoom, W. T.
do

May 5

do

6G88

5.54

11.36

667a

3

do

do

6682

Aug. —,1856

Dr. Suckley

do

TRINGA BONAPARTII, Schlegel.

Tringa schimii, "Brehm," Bon. Syn. 1828, (not of Brehm.)— Ib. Am. Orn IV, 1832, 69; pi. Ixix.— Sw. F. Bor. Am.

n, 384.— NuTT. Man. II, 10!).— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 529; pi. 278.— Ib. Syn 236— Ib. Birds

Amer. V, 1842, 275 ; pi. 335.
Pdidna schinzii, Bon. Comp. List, 1838.
Tringa cimlus, var. Say, Long's Exped. 1823.
Tringa bonaparlii, Schlegel, Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. 1844, 89.
? Scolopax pmillu, Gm. Syst. I, 1788, 663.

Figures — Bonap. Am. Orn. IV, pi. 24, fig. 3.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 278 ; oct. ed. V, pi ?35.— Gould B. of Eur. IV, pi. 330.

Sp. Ch. — Smaller; bill slightly arched towards the tip, which is somewhat enlarged and flattened, about the length of the head ;
grooves in both mandibles long and narrow; wings long; secondary quills obliquely incised at the ends; tail rather longer tlian
usual in this group, with the feathers broad; legs rather long and slender; toes free at base; hind toe very small. Upper parts
light ashy brown, darker on the rump; nearly all the feathers with ovate or wide lanceolate central spots of brownish black, and
many of them edged with bright yellowish red; upper tail coverts white. Under parts white, with numerous small spots of dark
brown on the neck before, breast, and sides, somewhat disposed to form transverse bHiids on the last. Quills brownish black,
darker at the tips; shaft of outer primary white, of others light brown; uiiddln feathers of tail browuish black ; outer feathers
lighter and edged with aehy white; under wing coverts and axillaries white ; bill aud feet greenish black. Total length about
7 inches; wing, 43 ; tail, '2.\ ; bill, 1 ; tarsus rather less than an inch.

IJah. — North America, east of the Rocky mountains.

Tliis i.s an almiidiint little sandpijier, sadly misnamed by American ornithologists. It is
really very little like Tringa schinzii, Brehm, (figured in Naumann's Birds of Germany, pi.
18V,) which is merely a smaller variety, or perhaps only smaller specimens of the common
Tringa alpina of Europe and America.

Thi.s bird appears to be restricted to the countries east of the Rocky mountains.

BIRDS — SCOLOPACIDAE— CALIDRIS ARENARIA.

72;^

List of specimens.

CatiU. number.

Locality.

3451
48G9
5442
8800

I New York

Oraalm City

Yellowstone ri ver

Fort Kciirnov to Lurumio ...

When collected.

Whence obtained.

1846.

S. R aiinl

Liouteiiimt Wiirren
do

August, 1S57 Dr. Cooper

CALIDRIS, Cuvicr.

Oatiilris, CuviER, Anat. Comp. V, in chart, 1805. Type Tringa armaria, L.
Ch. — General characters of Tringa, but without bind too. Bill straight, rather longer than the head and tarsue, widened
Doiuewhat or epoon-ahaped at the end. Tail Joubly euiargiiiate. Toes short; middle one scarcely two-thirda the taraus.

CALIDKIS AKENARIA, Illiger.

^ Saudcrling.

Tringa armaria, Lms. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 251.— Aud. Orn. Biog.— Ib. Birds Amer, V, 1842, 287; pi. 338.

CaUdris aretiaria, Illioer, Prod. 1811, 219.— Sw. F. B. Am. II, 366 — Nutt. Man. II, 1831, 4.

CItaradrius calitlrU, Li.vN. Syst. Nat. I, ITfiG, 255.— Wils. Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 6S ; pi. l\x.

Charadriws mhidus. Gm. I, 1783, 688.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 129; pi. Ixiii.

Tringa tridaclyla, Pallas, Zoog. II, 1811, 198.

Calidrit tringoides, Vieillot, Gal. II, 1825, 95.

Qilidris americana, Brehm, Viigel Deutschl. 1831, G75. — Ib. Naumannia, I, 1850, G9.

FiGCREs.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi. 59, fig. 4, pi. 63, fig. 3.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 230; oct. ed V, pi, 338.

Sp. Cii. — No hind toe; front toes moderate or rather long, flattened underneath; distinctly margined with a membrane. Bill
rather longer than the head, straight, rather thick ; ridge of upper mandible flattened ; nasal groove deep and nearly as long as
the upper mandible, not so distinct in the lower; both mandibles widened and flattened at the tip; aperture of the nostril large
aud covered with a membrane. Wiuglong; tail >>hort, with the middle feathers longest; under cuvirts long as the tail; legs
moderate; lower third of the tibia naked. Upper parts light ashy, with lanceolate, hastate, and ovate spots of brownish black
on the top of the head, on the back, scapulars, and shorter quills ; rump and upper tail coverts with fine transverse lines of black.
Under parts pure white. Shoulders brownish black, without spots ; quills brownish black with their shafts white and much paler
on their inner webs: greater wing coverts widely tipped with white; middle feathers of the tail ashy brown, edged with white;
outer feathers paler; bill and legs greenish black. Sexes alike.

In spring plumage the head, neck, and breast are tinged with pale yellowish red and spotted with dark brown; back and
scapulars edged and tipped with yellowish red; rump ami upper tail coverts ashy brown; uuder parts of the body pure white.

Total length, 7j to 8 inches; wing, 5; tail, 2; bill about 1 inch; tarsus about 1 inch.

Bab. — Entire temperate regions of North America, South America, Europe.

An abundant species on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the republic, and extending
its range in winter into South America. We can find no reliable distinction between the
American and the European bird, though specimens differ quite materially in size and length
of bill.

724

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Uatal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collect-
ed.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l

No.

Collected by—

length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1150

9

Cape Mny, N.J

do

July 20,1843
do

S. P. Baird

7.75
7. 04

15.00
14.50

5.08
4.89

1151

do

ia74

M.lrieua, P.i

do

8459

Florida

G. Wiirdemann.,..

Dr. Suckley

Gov. Stevens

562
40

66S3

Puget's Sound, W. T

Fort Steilacooui, W. T. . .

Aug. 26,1856

6680

9535

Siine.aliinoo, W. T

Shoalwatcr bay, W. T. . . .

do

Nov. 24,1857
Mar. 2, 1854

ilo

6670

Gov. Stevens

Dr. Cooper

do .

8.00
8.00

15.50
15.50

6672

do

feet black.

1788

England

S. F. Baird

EREUNETES, Illiger.

J?r«»!^es, Illiger, Prodromiis, 1811,262.

Bemipalanui, Bon.4p. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 212. Type Trintja scmijialmata. Not of Syn. 1828.

SeUropoda, Nutt. Man. II, 1834. Not of Latreille, 1804.

The genus Ereunetes of Illiger has for its type a species, called E. petrificatus by him, from
Bahia, supposed to be identical with Tringa semipalmata, although the description, " smaller
than Aditis Injpoleucus, the colors similar," leaves much to be desired.

The bill of our species of Ereunetes is quite stout and considerably expanded, by which it is
readily distinguished from Actodromas loilsonii independently of the semipalmated feet. The
tarsus and middle toe are about equal ; the tibia denuded anteriorly for about two-thirds the
length of tarsus. The basal membrane of toes is more scolloped out interiorly than exteriorly;
the notch externally not quite as deep as to the first joint, although the membrane extends
beyond the second. There is a tendency to hexagonal sub-division in the bare portion of tibia
anteriorly. The tail is doubly emarginate.

EREUNETES PETRIFICATUS, 111.

Semipalmated Saudi)li>er.

9 Tringa p\mlU,'L\tis. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 2.'52.

Zlreum/ai^jrfn'/ica/us, Illiger, Prod. 1811,202. (Proved identical witli TVm^a semij»a/m«/<7, Wila. by Cabanis.) from

actual examination of original specimen in Berlin Mua.
Tringa emipalmaia, Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 131 ; pi. Ixiii.— Sw. V. B. A. 11, 381.— Auu. Orn. Biog. V, 1839,

111 ; pi. 408.— 1b. Syn. 236.— Ib Birds Auier. \, 1812, 277; pi. 33G.
Tringa {ITemipolama) semipalmata, Bon. Obs. Wils 1825 ; No. 212.
Tringa {Tltleropoda) semipalmata, Nutt Man. II, 1834, 130.
Ueterepoda semipalmata, Bon. List, 1838.
Ereuneta lemipalmatus, Cab. Schomburgk'e Reise, 111,758. — Bon. Comptes Rendus, XLIII, Sept. 1856. — Cadanis,

Journ. Nov. 18.56, 419. (Cuba.)
Tringa Irmrostris.Srix, Ar. Bras. II, 1825, 76.
flleterymda mauri, Bon. Coiiip. List, 1838.
Ereunetes mauri, Guxdl. Cab. Jour. 1856. 419,
Uemipalama minor, Gundlacii, Lombeyo, Av. Cuba.

Fiot;REs —Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi. 63, fig. 4.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 405, oet. od. V, pi. 336.— Spi.x, I?, of Brazil, II, j)!. !>3.

BIUD.S — SCOLOPACIDAE — EREtTNETES PETRIFICATDS.

725

Sp. Cii. — Smaller; bill about the length of the head ; rather thicker than usual ia this group; both innndiblea somewhat
e.xpaiiilod and nattened at thx tip, and luinud'ly punctulatod, aa ia tho genera S-ohj)'!! and iLilliwii/o. Wing.i l<ini; ; Ifga luoderato,
rather iiU'Dder; toes united at base by a membrane, which is largo, between the outer and middle toes extending to the first
joint ; hind toe small ; tail short, with the middle feathers longest ; outer feathers frequently longer than the third, presenting a
doubly emaiKin.ite character to the tail ; under coverts nearly as long as the tail. Upper parts light brownish ashy, with
lanceolate or ovate spots of browuiKh black in the middle of tho feathers ; rump and upper tail coverts black. Kmnt, bund of
the eye, and entire under parts, ashy white, with small spots on the breast of ashy brown ; quills brownish black, lighter on their
inuer wi'bs, and with their shafts white ; middle feathers of the tail brownish black: outer feathers pale brownish ashy ; under
wing coverts and axillaries white ; bill greenish black ; feet dark, the lower part of the tarsus and toes frequently tinged with
yellow. Upper parts in summer mixe<l with light reddish. Total length, about G^ inches ; wing, :^; tail, I}; bill from gape, ) ;
tarsus, I to I inch.

Hub — Eutire temperate regions of North America, South America.

This abundant little species is singularly variable in the length of its bill, so much so, in
fact, that a student with two specimens representing extremes in this particular would deem it
quite impossible that they could be identical specifically. We have before us, however, inter-
mediates of quite a variety of dimensions.

On shortness of bill as a character Prof. Gundlach founded his species minor, as above cited.
The shortest billed specimen in the present collection is Mr. Kennicott's, from Illinois.

We have little doubt that this bird is the true Tringa pusilla of Linnaeus, as cited above, the
proper locating of which name has puzzled naturalists not a little. This name is applied by
Linnaeus to the bird described and figured by Brisson as above given, examination of whose
figure will show that he was very careful in giving the toes united by membranes at base. This
character exclusively characterizes the species before us, amongst all the smaller sandpipers of
the continent of America, so far as our knowledge extends. Brisson describes, however,
specimens from the island of Saint Domingo, from which, nor from any other island of the
West Indies, we have never seen specimens.

Specimens of this bird from various parts of South America are in the museum of the
Philadelphia Academy.

The Heterepoda mauri of Bonaparte appears to be merely a larger race of the present species.

List of specimens.

Caul.
No.

3ci.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Strclcli
of wings.

VVuig.

Remarks.

708

9

Carlisle, Pa . .

Sept. 6,1842
July 37.1844
July 14,1843

S. F Baird

1650

do

do

6.58
5.B4

12.25
10.87

3.80
3.56

1139

9

'"q"

Q
Q

"q"
""s"

Cape May, N.J

do

10413

4870

Bijuu Hill

Loup fork of Flalte ....
do

May 14,1856

9015

do

do

do

do

8.0U
6.60

12.25
12.25

4.00
3.75

9047

do

July 8

do

A. Campbell

do

8446
8444

Pugefs SoUDd, W. T. . .
do

Dr. Kennerly

do

6.00
6.00
7.00

11. 5U
11.12
12.50

3.25
5.60

6677
6687

Sboalwalcr bay

Presidio, Cal

May 3

Gov. Stevens

Lieut. Trowbridge .

69

Dr. Cooper

Iris brown ; bill and
feet black.

726 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

MICROPALA^[A, Baird.

Hemipalama, Bo.v. Synopsis, 1828, 316. Type Trini;a himantopux, Bon. Not of Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 212, which
includes only Trin(/a ^einipalntata ^ AVileou.

The jiresent genus, with a basal membrane to all the anterior toes, as in Ereunefes, has this
a little more deeply emarginate ; the bill and legs much longer ; the former more curved. The
bare portion of tibia is covered before and behind by transverse scutellae, like the tarsus. The
tail is nearly even, with a single emargination. The middle toe is not two-thirds the length of
tarsus, and about equal to the bare portion of the tibia. The bill is much pitted at the end in
the dry skin.

In many respects this species approaches the snipe, and its true place is probably very
near Macrorliamplius. The legs, however, are much longer, and equal to the bill, instead of
much shorter.

A reference to the original article on Hemipalama, by Bonai:)arte, in Obs. Wilson, 1825, will
show that the genus was established for Tringa semipalmata, and, consequently, cannot be used
for the present species.

MICROPALAMA HIMANTOPUS, (Bon.) Baird,

stilt Sandpiper.

Tringa himanlopus, Bon. Ann. N. Y. Lye. II, Dec. 1826, 157.— Svv. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 330.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV,

183S, 332; pi 344.— Ib. Syu. 23.5.— In. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 271 ; pi 334.

Tringa (^Hemipalama) hirmntopus, Bonap. Specchio Comp. 1827, No. 1&7. — Ib. Kya 1828, 316. — Ib. Am. Orn. IV, 1832,

89; pi. XXV.— NuTT. Man. II, 138.

Hemipalama himanlopns, Bon. List, 1838.

? Tringa clougUmi, Swainson, F. B. A. II, 1831, 379; pi. Ixvi.

Tringa {Hemipalama) auduhonii, Nuttall, Man II, 1834, 140. (Based on description of Tririga himantopus, in F. B. Am.)

Hemipalama muUislriala, "Licht." G. R. Gray, Genera, III, 578.

Figures. — Sw. and Rich. Faun. Bor. Am. II, pi. 66. — Aud. B. of Am. pi. 344, Oct. ed. V, pi. 334.— Bonap. Am. Orn. IV, pi.
25, fig. 3.

Sp. Ch. — Legs long, slender ; toes slender, united at base with webs, the outer of which is the larger ; hind toe small. Bill
'ong, somewhat arched, slender, much compressed, expanded, and flattened at the tip, which is minutely punctulnted aud
corrugated: wings long, pointed ; tail short; middle feathers hiugost; outer feathers freijueutly longer than the next; under
coverts long; lower half of the tibia naked. Upper parts brownish black, nearly all the feathers edged with ashy white and
yellowish red ; narrow band from above the eye to the occiput bright brownish red, (inclosing the brownish black of the top of
the head ; spot on the ears the same red ; rump aud upper tail coverts white, with transverse narrow stripes and pointed spots of
brownish black. Under parts ashy white, tinged with pale reddish, with numerous longitudinal stripes of brownish black on the
neck, and with transverse stripes of the same on the other under parts; axillary feathers white ; under wing coverts ashy white;
bill and legs greenish black.

Ymmg :> Very slight traces of the red on the ears and occiput; lino from the base of the bill over the eye white; entire upper
plumage paler and more tinged with ashy than in the preceding. Entire under parts pale ashy white, tinged with dull yellow,
and with small and obscure spots of dark brownish on the breast; abdomen, and under tail coverts nearly pure white, (without
the transverse stripes, as in the preceding plumage;) rump and upper tail coverts white.

Total length, about 8^0 9 inches ; wing, 5^ ; tail, 2^ ; bill, \% ; tarsus, \% inches.

Hah. — Eastern North America.

This curious and very- remarkable sandpiper appears to be restricted to the countries east of
the Rocky mountains. We have no doubt that all the above given names apply to one species,
though amongst numerous specimens before us there are some differences in size and length of
legs, but not sufficient for specific character.

miJDS — SCOLOPACIDAE — TOTANINAE.

727

List cf specimens.

CatnloRue nnnil>cr.

Lonility.

Whence obtained.

Kcinnrks.

soTi;

Mr. .lolin Ciouia

Dr. AVoodhousc .-

Supposed typo of Tringn dougUusi'm. V. IS. A

Koil Fork of the Aiknnsins..

550

S. I'\ Biiiril

1

Sub-Family TOTANINAE.

Ch. — Bill as long as the head, or longer ; the basal portion covered willi soft skin ; the terminal portion (generally at least
half) horny, and more or less attenuated and pointed in Tolantac The lateral grooves of bill extending to the horny
terminal portion. Tlio gape of mouth extending behind the base of culmen. Toes generally connected by a basal membrane.
The tail always with distinct transverse bars in North .\merican species, except in Ilctcroscelus.

This sub-family appears to differ from most Scolopacinae in the less degree of sensitiveness
in the tip of the hill, which is more horny, and not covered hy soft skin well supplied with
nerves. The toes are almost always connected at the base hy a membrane, this being the rule
and not the exception^ as in Scohpadnae.

The following may be taken as an approximate indication of the divisions of this sub-family :

A. Tarsi covered anteriorly and posteriorly by transverse scutellae, except in Heleroscelus ;
finely reticulated laterally. Bill nearly straight, or bent a little upwards.

ToTANEAE. — Bill nearly straight, about as long as the tarsus, attenuated. Bill not
grooved for the terminal fourth. Gape of mouth extending beyond base of culmen.

Li-MOSEAE. — Bill longer than the- tarsus, curving slightly upwards towards the end,
where it is thickened. Both mandibles grooved for nearly their whole length. Gape
of mouth very short, not extending beyond the base of culmen.

B. Tarsi covered anteriorly only by transverse scutellae, reticulated laterally and behind.
Bill curving con.siderahly downwards from near the middle.

NuMENiEAE. — Lateral grooves not extending beyond the middle. Bill thickened at the
tip ; longer than the tarsus.
The Limoseae and Numenieae, in many respects, the former especially, approach the
Scolopacinae, and it would not be surprising if one or both were more properly placed in this
sub-family, in more immediate connexion with Macro i-liamphtis.

Section TOTAJVEAE.

Ch. — Bill slender, straight, not exceeding the tarsus ; more or less attenuated for the terminal fourth, and jiointud at the tip.
Sill hard and horny for much of the terminal half; the lateral grooves shallow. Toes anteriorly ooniiectcd by meml)rane.
Tail strongly barred, except in Heleroscelus, which also has the tarsus reticulated behind.

The Totaneae are distinguished Irom Numenieae by the transverse scutellae on the back of
tarsus ; from the Limoseae, by the shorter and more deeply cleft bill. From Tringeae they may
be known by the fact that the toes are almost always webbed at the base, although the web is
usually confined to the outer toe, while in the rare instances where there is a web in Tringeae
{Ereuneies and Mici-opalama) it extends to the inner also. The bill is much harder and stronger
more tapering and pointed, usually a little recurved, and without the papillose or pitted

728 U. 8. p. E. R EXP. AND SUKVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

appearance of the other. It is seldom, if ever, expanded laterally near the tip. The diiference
in cleft of the mouth is very striking — this always extending hehind the hase of culraen,
sometimes nearly to the eyes, instead of merely reaching to or even falling short of the heginning
or base of culmen. This appears to indicate a radical difference in the character of food, the
Jotaneae being capable of feeding on hard substances of rather large size, while the food of
Tringeae is softer, smaller, and sucked into the mouth, rather than taken in any other way.
A strong mark of distinction for the North American species, at least, is seen in the conspicuous
transverse bars of the tail in Toianeae, scarcely ever found in Tringeae, although occurring again
in Scolopaceae. The single exception is seen in the genus Heteroscelus, in which tlie upper
jjlumage is entirely uniform, without bars or spots anywhere. The tarsus is covered laterally
and behind with hexagonal scales, somewhat as in Strepsilas, but they are more irregular.

Synopsis of genera.

A. Bill with the upper mandible grooved only for about basal half; rather longer than the
head ; commissure bent slightly upwards from the middle. Tarsi scutellate behind, with
transverse scales.

Both outer and inner toes webbed.

Sympheaua. — Bill very thick, recurved. Tarsus 1\ times the middle toe.
Inner toe separated from middle nearly to base. Bill more slender.

Glottis. — Bill stouter and higher at base than in others of the section ; more
recurved. Legs green.

Gambetta. — Legs lengthened ; tarsus 1^ times the middle toe. Legs yellow.

Ehyachophilus. — Legs short ; tarsus equal to the middle toe.

B. Bill as in preceding ; the nasal groove extending a little further forward. Commissure
straight. Tarsus with polygonal small scales behind, (only present here among Totaneae.)

Hetekoscelus. — Bill much longer than the tarsus, which equals the middle toe.
Legs short. Outer toe webbed.

C. Bill with the upper mandible grooved on the side for three-fourths or more its length ;
not longer than the head.

Cleft of mouth extending hut little beyond the base of culmen.

Tringoides. — Bill, tarsus, and middle toe about same length ; legs short. Tail

more than half the wings. Inner toe with very slight basal web.
Philomachus. — Tarsus much longer than middle toe, which is longer than the bill.

Legs lengthened. Tail not half the wings.
Cleft of mouth extending nearly to eyes ; the culmen two-thirds the commissure.

Actiturus. — Feathers extending farther on upper jaw than lower. "Interspace of

rami not filled with feathers. Legs long ; tarsus \\ times middle toe. Outer

toe much webbed at base ; inner, with very sliglit web. Tail more than half

the wing.
Tryngites. — extending much farthest on lower jaw. Interspace of rami filled

entirely with feathers. Legs short. Tarsus equal to middle toe ; all the toes

cleft to the base, or with a very short web. Tail not half the wing.

«v •

r

-* -i . -k -•

730

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

1054
10t56
4258
4259
5434
8998
9818
9822
9817
9820
9818
6445

Locality.

Cape May, N. J

do

Calcasieu Pass, La .
do

Medicine creek

Great Basin, Utali. .

San Pedro

San Diego, Cal

Bodega, Cal

Presidio, Cal ......

San Francisco, Cal .

When collected.

May, 1842.
do

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

J. K. Townsend ...

G. Wiirdemaim

do

Lieut. Warren

do

Lieut. Bockwith

Lieut. Williamson .
Lieut. Trowbridge .

do

do

Dr. Suckley

GLOTTIS, Nils son.

GlolUs, Nir.ssoN, Ornithol. Suec. 1817. Ty\>e Scolopax i/loUis, Linn. (Gray.)

Ch. — Similar to GumltUa. The bill high at base, where it is much compressed, with an upward bend about the middle. Legs
green.

The genus Glottis diiFers very little from the American Gamhetta, and all their si)ecies might
very appro2:)riately be combined in a single genus, Glottis.

GLOTTIS FLOKIDANUS, Bon.

Florida Greenshank.

Totanus glottis, AuD. Cm. Biog. Ill, 1835, 483; pi. 269.— Ib. Syn. 244.— In. Birds Amer. V, 1843, 321 ; pi. 346.

Glottis ftmdmus, Bon. List, 1838, 51.

Sp Ch — Very similar to T. i/loltis of Europe, but apparently rather smaller. Bill longer than the head, slender, and slightly
curved upwards towards the end ; wing rather long; legs long, rnth(tr stout; toes moderate, united at base, the larger membrane
being between the tuter iind middle toes; that between thiMnner and middle tues very small ; hind toe small. Entire upper
parts dark ashy, on the lieaii wiih lines of dark brown ; wing feather of the scapulars and greater coverts edged with pale ashy
w hite and with a suh-edgiiig line of brownish black ; tertiarics dark ashy, with imperfect transverse bars of black ; back, rump,
and upper tail coverts white, the last with transverse bars of browni.'sh black. Tail white; two middle feathers and outer edges
of others with lines of brown. Under parts white, tinged with ashy, and spotted with brown on the breast; under wing coverts
and axillaries white, liil! t;reenish brown: legs dark green. Quills brownish black ; shaft of first primary white. Total length
about 1 1 inches ; wing, 7 ; tail, 3 ; bill, 2i ; tarsus rather more than 2^ inches.

//iih. — Florida, (Mr. Auduljou )

With the original specimen of Mr. Audubon before us, it is not without some hesitation that
we admit this bird as distinct from the common European species, 2'olanvs glottis; but it appears
1u be smaller in all its parts than any one of numerous specimens Irom the old world in the
museum of the Pliiladelphia Academy. The bill especially is slender and recurved.

This bird is only known to be entitled to a place in the Nortli America fauna from the fact
tliat it was obtained in J''biri(hi by Mr Audubon.

BlrtDS — SCOLOPACIDAE GAMBETTA MKLANOLEUCA. 731

GAMBETTA, Kaup.

Gambetia, K*if, Eiitw. Kiirop. Tliierw ISii). Type Scolopax culiJru, L. (Gray.)
Cll. — Bill uiuch atcvnuftted towarJit and tapering to the end, the extreme tip decurvud, both culoien and gonyi* however,
bvnt iipuardii Truiu the middle ; the latertil grDovvti uf upper bill broud, shidluw, and not extending to the miildle; lliat of lower
reaohiui; abuut as far. Keathers on eide of both niandiblen extend to about the eaine point, but full short of noKtriln ; those on
chin extend as far as middle of nostril. Bill nearly as long as the tarsus, which id 1.] tiuies iIid k-iiKtli of middle toe. Outer
toe webbed to first joint ; the inner web very short ; bare portion of the tibia ecjual to the toes ; tip of tail abuut opposite the
middle of outstretched tarsi; legs yellow.

It is a question whether the American yellow legged sandpipers really belong to Gamhetla or
to Glottis. They agree with the latter in the upward bend of the bill, and witli the former in
not having the legs green.

GAMBETTA MELANOLEUCA, (Gm.) Bon.
Tell Tale; Stoue Snipe.

Scolcpax melanoleucus, Gmelix, Syst. Nat. 1, 176S, 659.

Totanusmelanoleucut, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. 181G.— Lioht. Verz. 1823, No. 750.— Auu. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 68; pi. 308.

Gamhetla milanolaica, Bon. Comptes Kendus, Sept. 1856.

Scolopax vociferus, Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 57 ; pi. Iviii.

Totanui voci/erus, Ahd. Syn. 244.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 316; pi. 345.

Totaniu sasaahtw, Vikili.ot, Diet. 1816.
Sp. Ch. — BUI longer than the head, rather slender, curved towards the tip; wings rather long, first quill longest; tail short;
neck and legs long, toes moderate, margined and flattened underneath, counected at base by meiubriines, the larger of which
unites the outer and middle toe; hind toe small ; claws short, blunt ; grooves in both mandibles extending about half their length.
Entire upper parts cinereous of various shades, dark in ninny specimens in full plumage, generally light with white lines on the
head and neck and with spots and edgings of dull white on the other upper parts ; lower back brownish black ; rump and upper
tail coverts white, generally with more or less imperfect transverse narrow bands of brownish black ; under parts white, with
longitudinal narrow stripes on the neck and transverse crescent lanceolate and sagittate spots and stripes nn the breast and
sides ; abdomen pure white ; quills browuis-h black with a purplish lustre, shaft of first primary white, secondaries and tertiaries
tipped and with transverse bars and spots of ashy white ; tail white, with transverse narrow bands of brownish black, wider and
darker on the two middle feathers ; bill brownish black, lighter at the base ; legs yellow.
Total length, about 14 inches ; wing, 7 J to 8 ; tail, 3.^ to 3^ ; bill, 2\ ; tarsus, 2i inches.
Bab — Entire temperate regions of North America ; Mexico.

A large and handsome species, abundant throughout the United States.

732

V. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

201

. — ..

Carlisle, ?a

Oct. 26,1840
Mar. 19,1844
April 20, 1841
May —,1842

S. F. Baird

1301
301

.do

do

13.75
14.00

25. 00

10457

Cape May, N. J _-__-_.,

John K. Townsend

4860

St, Joseph's Mo - -

Lieut. Warren

do

Dr. Haydou _,_,_-

5435

Fort Berthold, Neb

5760

Lieut. Bryan

do

W. S. Wood

5759

Laramie river, Neb

6625

Eagle Pass Texas

Major Emory

do.

A. Schott

6628

San Klizario Texas

4178

Captain Van Vliet

6G27

I\Iohave river Cal

Lieut. Whipple

Lieut. Trowbridge -

Kenn. & Moll ......

6631

San Diesro Cal

6623

Lieut. Williamson ...
do.

6626

Presidio Cal

do

6624

Shoal water bay, W. T

Gov. Stevens

do

6629

Bitter Root river, W. T...

Dr. Suclilcv

6630

Fort Steilacoom, W. T

do

do

4401

Puget's Sound

GAMBETTA FLAVIPES, (Gm.) Bon.

Yellow Legs.
Scolopax Jlavipts, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1783, 659.— Wilso.v, Am. Oru. VIL 1B13, 55 ; pi. Iviii.
lotanus flavipts, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. VI, 1816, 4U0.— Sw. F. B. Am. IL 1831, 3;)0.— Auu. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835,

573 : V, 586 ; pi. 228.— Ib. Syn. 243.— In. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 313 ; pi. 344.
Gamhetta flavipes, Bon. Comptes Rendua, Sept. 1856.
Totanns fuscocapillm, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. VI, 1816, 400.
Tolanus nutaUir, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. VI, 1816, 409.
Sp. Ch. — Bill rather longer than the head, straight, slender, ccmpressed ; wing long, pointed ; tail short ; legs long, lower
half of the tibia naked ; toes moderate, slender, margined, the outer and middle united at base ; rump and upper tail coverts
white, the latter transversely barred with ashy brown ; other upper parts ashy, many featliers having large arrowheads and
irregular spots of brownish black and edged with ashy white ; under parts white, with numerous longitudinal lines on the neck
before, and arrowheads on the sides, of dark ashy brown; axillaries and under wing coverts white, with band.i of ashy brown,
very indistinct in many specimens, but generally well defined ; quills brownish black ; tail ashy white with transverse bunds of
dark brown, middle feathers darker; bill greenish black; legs yellow.

Yourvj. Entire upper plumage tinged with reddish bruwn, neck before with lines much less diitinct and pale ashy.
Total length about U) to lU^ inches; wing, 6 to 6^ ; tail, 2J ; bill, \>t\ tarsus, 2 inches.
Uah. — Eastern North America ; western ?

One of the most aljiuidaut of tlic .species of tliis group on the Atlantic slope of the United
States. We have never seen this bird from South America^ though numerous in the winter in
Mexico and the states of Central America. It is very similar to the preceding, though smaller.

BIRDS — SCOLOrACIDAE — RIIYACOnilLUS SOLITARIUS.

733

List of specimens.

Cntal.
No.

1490

1489

717

Ix>califv.

67C1
48C1
609S
4179

Carlisle, Pa

do

do

Union county, III..

Platte river

Couniil Bhiffs

Indianola, Tc.\as...
Fort Brown, Texas.

When collected

May 8, 1S44
, do

Sept. 9, 1842

Whence obtained.

S. V. Baird.
do...

.do.

Northwestern University

Lt. Bryan

I.t. Warren

('apt. Pope

Lt. Couch

Collected by —

R. Kennicott
W. S. Wood.
Dr. Ilayden..

Length.

Stretch
of wing.

Wing.

10. .«0 19. 75 6. 32
10. .^1, 19. 75 6. 40
10.50 19.50 5.50

RHYACOPIIILUS, Kaup.

Rh/aeofhiltu, Kwr, Sk. Entw. Eun>p. Th. if'iO. Type rrhya ffkreola, L. (Gray.)

Cu. Bill eleiider, but widening a little towards the end ; lateral grooves of both mandibles extending to the middle of bill;

nostril short ; feathers on side of bill extending to about the same point and as far as beginning of nostrils ; those of chin as far
as their end ; both mandibles curved upwards slij-htly from middle ; legs short ; bill abiiut the length of tarsus, which is equal
to middle toe ; bare portion of tibia about two-thirds the toes. Tail about opposite the middle of toes when outstretched.

IIHYACOPHILUS SOLITAKIUS, (W i 1 s .) B o n .

Solitary Sandpiper.

Tringa oehrcpiis, var. A. Latham, Ind. Orn. 1790.
Trinya soUtttria, WlLso^, Am. Orn. VII, 1813, .53 ; pi. Iviii.
Totanui lolilarius, AcD. Syn. 1839, 242.— Ib. Birds Am. V, 1842, 309 ; pi. :i4:!.

TotoniM c/iiorqpy5i"t«,ViEiLi.oT,Nouv.Dict. VI, 1816, 401.— Boy. Obs. 182.->,ITo. 210.— Sw. F. B.Am. 11,1831, .39.3.—
WAfii.F.R, Isis, 1831, . 521. —NuTTAi.1., II, 159.— Aui>.Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 576 : V, 583; pi. 2b9.—
GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 351.
Ehtjncophibu chlmopygiut, Bo.n. Comptes Rendus, Sept, 1856.
Totanua glartiAa, Ord, ed. Wils. VII, 18'25, 57.
ToUmua macroptera, Spix, Av. Bras. 11, 1825, 76 ; pi. xcii.
Sp. Ch. — Bill rather longer than the head, straight, slender, compressed; both mandibles with narrow grooves ; wing long,
pointed ; tail medium or rather short, rounded : legs rather long, alender ; lower half of the tibia naked ; toes long, the outer united
to the middle by a small membrane, flatteued underneath, raarginated. Upper parts greenish brown, with nulherous small
circular and irregular spots of ashy white ; upper tail coverts darker. Under parts white ; breast and neck before with numerous
longitudinal lines of greenish brown ; sides, axillaries, and under wing coverts white, with numerous transverse narrow bands of
dark greenish brown ; under tail coverts white, with a few transverse bands of dark brown. Quills brownish black, with a slight
bronzed or reddish Instre on the primaries ; two middle feathers of the tail greenish brown ; other feathers of the tail pure
white, with about five transverse bands of brownish black. Bill and legs dark greenish brown.
Total length, about 8 to 8i inches ; wing, 5 ; tail, 2\ ; bill, I^ ; tarsus, li inches.
Uab. — Entire temperate regions of North America ; Mexico.

Like the preceding, this bird is extensively diffused, specimens in the collections of the
expeditions being from widely distant localities.

734

U. i?. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

1382
441
1481
1178
89i^2

4866
8993
8994
S438
5437
820-2
.'i737
5099
10423
6648
6649

Locality,

When col-
lected.

CarlitJlc, Ta

do

do

do

Upper Missouri and Yel-
lowstone rivers.

Omaha City,Neb ,.,

Sand Hills, Neb

do

Fort Uidon, Neb

do

Little Blue river, K. T. ...

Pole creek, Neb

Ualil'ornia Spring, Tex

FortTejon, Cal

Fort trleilacooui, W. T

do

April 22,1844
Aug. 24, 1811
M.ny 8,1844
Sept. 8,1843

April 28, 1856

Aug. 8

Aug. 10

July, 1856....
July 22, iai6
July 29,1856
April 29, 1855

1856

I May 6, 165G

Whence obtained.

S. F. Bait

do..

do..

do

Lieut. Warren..

do

do

do

do

do

Wm. Magraw

Lieut. Bryan

Captain Pope

J. Xarilus de Vesey .

Dr. Suckley

Gov. Stevens

Orig.
No.

Collected by — j Length.

Stretch
ol wings.

8.80 16.511

Dr. Hayden.

do

do

do

do

do

Dr. Cooper .
W. S. Wood .

8.64
8.50
9.00

9.00

8.00
8.25

16.40
16.00
17.00

17.00

16.25
15.75

Dr. Suckley ...

17.00

Wing.

5.24

5.32
5.30
5.25

5.60

5.12
6.00

6.25
5.50

HLTJiROSCiiLUS, Baird.

(jjj Bill longer than the head r r the tarsus, stout, much compressed. Commissure straight to near the tip, where it is gently

decurved. The culmen is slightly concave tibout the middle. Nasal groove extending over th6 basal two-thirds of the bill.
Mouth moderately cleft ; gape extending neai-ly the length of the nostrils behind the base of culiueu. Legs short. Tarsus about
equal to middle toe, and about 2i times the length of exposed tibia; covered anteriorly by narrow transverse scutellae, laterally
and behind by hexagonal scales. Scales of tibia hexagonal. Outer and middle toe connected by a basal web as far as the first
joint of the latter ; a rudimentary web to the inner toe. Hind toe long ; one-third the tarsus. Tail half the wings. Plumage
perfectly uniform above, without spots or bands of any kind.

This very remarkable sandpiper differs, in the hexagonal scutellation of the tibia and on the
posterior iace of the tarsus, from any other of the Tolaneae, und on this account should, with all
propriety, be made the type of a distinct group. The till is stronger than in any American
Senus, except Symphemia, differing mainly from this in the straightness of the bill and greater
amount of inflection of the edges. The na.sal groove extends further forward, and the upper
•jaw is a little more decurved at the end. The gape is a little more deeply cleft. The legs,
especially the tarsi, are much shorter ; the inner toe only slightly webbed. The claws are
short, stout, and unusually curved. The legs have a much roughened appearance.

€

EETEROSCELUS BREVIPES, (Vie ill.) Baird.

■Wandering Tatler.

Tringa glarcola, Paj-i-vs, Zoog. Ross.-As. II, Ifcil 1 , IIH.

Toianw) l/revijm, Vikill. Nouv. Diet. VI, 1816, 410.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. VIII, IBDO, 40.

Scolojiox undulata, Forster, Deac. An. 1H44, 173.

'J'otanus occanicus, Lksson, Comp. Bull'. 1847, 244.

Totwiwi polynesiite, Pkai.e, Voy. Vincennes & Peacock, IJirds, 1818, 2:!7.

Toianus/iUiginosus, GovLV,\oy. Beagle, Birds, 1841, 130,

? Toluniu pulvertiUttlta, Ml li.kk, Verb. 1844, 153.

FioL'RKS. Pallas, Zoog. Rosb.-As. II, pi. CO.— Tkmim. & Sohlo. Faun. Japon. Birds, pi. (),■>?— Ghav, Genera, III, pi. I.''>4 1

Br. Ch.— Rather larger than T. Jlavijtes. Bill rather longer than the head •, wings long ; legs shorter than usual in this group ;

BIRDS — SCOLOPACIDAE — TRINGOIDES >rACI'LARICS.

735

toes moderate. Entire upper p«rt« dark lead colored, uniform, and without white marks ; under parts white, with more or less
of dark ciui'reous or pluuilu'ous on the sides iiiid neck : under wiiii; coverts white, spotted and harred with dark plumbeous.
Quills dark brown : shaft of the first primary white on its upper surface ; shafts of other primaries reddish brown on the upper
surface, and white on their under surfaces. Tail dark lead colored, imiform with upper parts of body. Hill dark ; feet greenish.
YMiiger. Under parts white, transversely barred with dark ashy brown, especially on the sides and tliiuks. Throat and middle of
abdomen white.

Total leOKtb about 10^ inches ; wing, C^; tail, 3j ; bill, 1^; tarsus, l.{ inches.

llab. — Washington Territory, (Dr. J. G. Cooper) ; islands in the Pacific ; South America ; northeastern Asia ; Japan ?

Easily distinguished from any other North American species hy tlio uniform colors of its
plumage. Tliis species ranges over an immense extent of locality, embracing nearly all the
islands of the Pacific ocean and its coasts from Russian America to Australia.

Several specimens of this interesting species are in the present collection, all of which were
obtained in Washington Territory by Dr. J. G. Cooper. It has quite a profusion of names, a
part of which are given above.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

4472
6697

Shoalwater Bay, W. T..
do

Dr. Cooper

do

" '■"

V TRINGOIDES, Bon a p.

Tringoida, Bosap. Saggio di una diet. etc. 1831. Type Tringa hypuUucus, Linn. (Gray.)
Actilu, BoiE, Isis, ISH, nGO. Not of Illiger, Prodromus, 1811.

Cii. — Upper mandible grooved to the terminal fourth ; the bill tapering and rather acute. Cleft of mouth u.ily moderate ; the
culmen about five-si.xths the commissure. Feathers extending rather further on side of lower jaw than upper, the former
reaching as far as the beginning of the nostrils; those of the chin to about their middle Bill shorter than the head, straight,
equal to the tarsus, which is of the length of middle toe and claw. Bare part of tibia half the tarsus. Outer toe webbed to first
joint ; inner cleft about to the base. Tail much rounded ; more than half the wing.

TRINGOIDES MACULARIUS, (L i u n .) Gray.

Spotted Sandpiper.

Tringa maeularia, Li»n. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 249.— Wils. Am. Oin. VII, ISlli, 60 ; pi. li.x.

Totanus maculariut, Tem.mixck, Man. II, 1820, 656.— Bon Obs. Wils. 1S2.">, No. 211 — Nutt. Man II, 1834, 162.—
AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838,81; pi. 310.— Is. Syn. 242.— In Birds Amer. V, 1842, 303; pi. 342.
Actita maadaritts. Box. List, 1838.
Tringoida matvlarim, Ghat, genera.
FiGDRKS.— Wif.so», Am. Om. VII, pi. S'J, fig. 1.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 310, oct. ed. V, pi. 342.— Goui.d, B. of E"rope, IV,
pi. 317. — Xaoiasx, B. of Germ. pi. 195.

Sp. Ch. — Small; bill rather longer than the head, straight, slender; long grooves in both mandibles; wing rather long,
pointed; tail medium, rounded; legs rather long; lower third of the tibia naked; toes long, margined, and flattened under-
neath ; outer connected with the middle toe by a large membrane ; inner very slightly connected to the middle toe. Upper
parts brownish olive green, with a somewhat metallic or bronzed lustre, and with numerous longitudinal line.<, and sagittate,
lanceolate, and irregular spots of biownish black, having the same lustre. Line over the eye and entire under parts white,
with numerous circular and oval spots of brownish black, smaller on the throat, largest on the abdomen. Quills brown, with

736

U, S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

a green 1 etre ; primaries eligbtly tipped with wliite, and having a white spot oa tlieir inner edges; secondaries white at their
bases, and tipped with white ; middle feathers of the tail same green as other upper parts ; outer tipped with white, and with
irregular bars of brownish black. Bill yellowish green, tipped with brown; feet reddish yellow.

Young less bronzed above, and under parts white, without spots.

Total length, 7J to 8 inches ; wing, 4^ ; tail, 2 ; bill, 1 ; tarsus, rather less than 1 inch.

llab. — Entire temperate North America ; Oregon. Europe.

Diffused throughout the United States, resorting, in the winter season, to the southern con-
fines of the republic, and extending its range into Mexico and Central America. This little
bird has so frequently been noticed in Europe that it is now given as a species of that con-
tinent by nearly all late authorities.

List of specimens.

Caial .

No.

Sex&

age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

OriR.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1504

0
9

Carlisle, Pa

May 10, 1641
May 15, lc44
July 9, 1844

S. F. Baifd

7.72
7.50

13.40
13.40

4.33
4.24

do

do

do

ilo

10400

Cape May, N. J

Jno. K.Townsend
Lt. Bryan

7059

at. Louis

Indian Key, Fla

May 13, 1857

SI

W. S. Wood. ..

6535

6534

.... do

do

7484

Rockpnrt, Ohio

J. P. Kirlland

N. W. University.

e995
5439

July 6

Sept. 12

Aug. 20, 1855

Dr. Hayden

.*...do

do

6 50
7.12
7.00
8.00
6.50

12.95
12.75

12.50
13.00
13.00

3.75
3.25
3.75
4.00

Iris dark brown

Knife river

do

do

.Moulli of Powder river.
PermanentCainp, N. M.
Fort Tejon, Cal

5IU0

Capt. Pope

J.XantusdcVesey
Lt. Williamson...

121

10419

6639

Sacrajnento valley

Fort Dalles, O.T

Slioalwater bay

May 25

June 8,1854

Dr. Heennann .

4400

Dr. Suekky

Gov. Stevens....

177
78

7.50
7.12

12.60
13.25

4.75

664U 1
644:j i

Dr. Cooper

Itill yellow and black...

syga

teilacooni, W. T .

Dr. Cooper

rHILOMACIIUS, Moehring.

rhilvmaclius, Moeiirinc, Genera Avium, ITfiS, 76. Type Trlmja jmgnax, L.

Maclieles, Cuviek, K. Amor. 1H17.
Ch. — Bill nearly straight; as long as the head or the outer toe. Groove of bill extending nearly to the tip. Bill
depressed, broad to the tip, which is scarcely expanded. Gape extending a little further back than the culmen ; the feathers
of lower mandibles extending rather further forward than those of upper; those of chin still further. Legs slender; tarsus I.i
times as long as middle toe, IJ times the length of bare tibia. A basal web connecting the outer and middle toes to the first
joint of the former; inner toe cleft to base. Tail rather long; distinctly barred.

This genus, usually placed among Tringeae, aj)pears to have most afTinity with the present
section, ,nd in a measure to connect Tringoides and Aciiturus. The bill is more depressed, and
rather broader to the end than usual ; but it appears hard and firm, and with little or none of
the spoon-shaped expansion at the end. The greater cleft of tlio mouth, the hall' webbing of
the toes, the bars on the tail, the lengtliened tarsi, &c., all seem to indicate the j)ropriety of
placing it with Toianeae.

X •»

"* , *« a **

fl« it

*• H*

>4» «» Jh

J rill

h%

738

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Figures.— Nacmann, B. of Germany, pi. 196.— Gould, B. of Ear. IV, pi. 313.— Wilsok, Am. Orn. VII, pi. 59, fig. 2.—
AuD. B. of Am. pi. 303 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 337.

Sp. Ch. — Bill about as long as the liead, rather wide and flattened at base, curved at the tip ; nostril with a large membrane ;
nasal groove long ; wing long ; tail long for this group ; legs moderate or rather long ; lower half of the tibia naked ; toes
moderate, the outer and middle toe united by a membrane, inner and middle free to the base, hind toe small. General color of
the upper parts brownish black, with a greenish lustre, and with the feathers edged with ashy white and yellowish, the Utter
especially on the wing coverts ; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, brownish black ; lateral coverts of the
tail yellowish white, with arrow-heads and irregular spots of black. Wide stripe over the eye and entire under parts very pale
3'ellowish white, nearly pure white on the abdomen ; neck before with numerous longitudinal lines of brownish black ; breast
and sides with waved and pointed transverse narrow bands of the same ; a.fillary feathers and under wing coverts pnre white,
with numerous nearly regular transverse narrow bands of black. Quills brownish black, with numerous transverse bands of
wliite on their inner webs, very conspicuous on the under surfice of the wing ; shaft of first primary white. Middle feathers
of the tail same greenish brown as the back, with irregular and imperfect transverse bands of black ; outer feathers pale reddish
yellow, edged and tipped with white, and with several irregular transverse bands and a large sub-terminal arrow-head of black.
Bill greenish yellow, with the under mandible more clear yellow towards its base, tip brownish black ; legs light yellow ; toes
darker. Total length, about 12 inches ; wing, 65 ; tail, 31 ; bill,

Hab. — Eastern North America, South America, Europe.

Everywhere in the interior of the States on the Atlantic this is the most ahimdant and best
known species of this group. Unlike nearly all others, this bird prefers plains and cultivated
fields, and is one of the species which has not decreased in numbers on account of the extension
of cultivation and the settlement of the country. On the contrary it appears to be quite at
home in the farm lands, and rears its young in the fields of grass and grain in the most populous
rural districts of the country. It is^ in a considerable measure, a favorite with the people and
seldom molested.

This species is extensively diffused, and though at liome in the northern division of this
continent, wanders over nearly the whole of South America. It is well described by Azara as
a bird of Paraguay. We have never seen this bird from west of the Kocky mountains.

The generic natoe Bartramia, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. I, p. 553, (1831,) is that having priority
of all others proposed for this species, and is a just compliment to one of the most liberal and
accomplished of the earlier American naturalists. This name is, however, previously used in
botany, and probably ought not to be again employed in zoology, though we confess to being
strongly inclined to adopt it, notwithstanding, following in that respect the example of Mr.
Gray, of the British Museum, in his Catalogue of the Genera and Sub-genera of Birds, p. 117,

(1855.)

List of specimens.

Catal.

SexA

No.

■ge.

2291

c?

1116

Q

653fi

8183

3

7095

Q

4868

9

46-29

4833

S4»2

'S

8988

9

8891

<?

8990

8989

9

7097

oo

Locality.

OarliBle, Pa.
do

Indian Key, Fla

BImwncc Mianion, K. T.

Republican river.

Loup Fork

Fort Pierre

Fort Union, Ncli.
Mcdiclni: Hill....

Loup Fork

do

Finite river

.do..

Elk creek, Med. Bow nitii.

When col-
lected.

May 20, 1843
July 15, 18-13

July 4, 1857

Juno 15, 1857

April 96, 1855
July — , 1855

July 7

July 91

July 7

....do

Aug. 4, 1857

Whence obtained.

S. P. Baird .
do

G. ■\Vurdrmann .,
Wut. M. IMagraw

Lieut. Brynn...
Lieut. Warren..
Col. Vau^'liau..
do

Lieut. Warren.

do

do

.do..

, do

Lieut, llrynn.

Orig.

No.

Oollccted by-

Dr. Cooper

W. fJ. W.HMl.

Dr. Hnydeii..

do

il

In

do

do

do

W. a. Wood.

Length

11.00
19.00

19.00
19.75
19. no
19.95
19.50

Stretch
of wings.

91.25
91. .50

29.011

99.00
93.75
93 00
99.50
99.00

Wing.

6.56
6.40

7.00

6.90
6.95
6.50
6.25

Rcnmrks.

Iris brown, iiill lil*k .^
yellow, teet green.

Iriit dark brown.
do

BIRDS — SCOLOPACIDAE — TRYNGITES RUFESCENS. 739

TliYNGITES, C a ban is

Tringilfs, Cab. Journ. fiir. Orn. 1856, 418. Typo Tringa rufeacins, Vieill.
Cu. — Upper mandible grooved to about the torniinal fourth ; tlio lower not quite so far. Culmen and gonys about straight.
>louth deeply cleft more than half way to the eye ; the culnicn about two-thirds the commisBurc. Culmoii much shorter than
tlio head, and about equal to middle toe without clnw. Tarsus about |i as long as middle too and claw. I3aro part of tibia
decidedly shorter than middle toe without claw. Toes cicfl to tho base, with only a very rudimentary web. Upper jaw
feathered to the nostrils ; the side of the lower and beneath feathered much further, or to tho end of tho nostrils ; tho inter-
apace of tho rami entirely filled. Tail somewhat graduated, not half tho wing.

It is possible that the genus Prosohonin of Bonaparte, 1853, maybe identical with Tryngites of
Cabanis, as based on Tringa leucoptera of Gmelin, I, 678 ; but until this is proved to be the case,
it may be best to take the last mentioned name as a certainty. It is a little remarkable that
Bonaparte makes no mention whatever of Tringa ru/escens in his Catalogue in Comptes Rendus,
Sept. 1856.

TRYNGITES RUFESCENS, ( V i e i 11 . ) C a b .

UntUbreasted Sandpiper.

rrinsani/fictnj, ViEiLLOT.Nouv. Diet. XXXIX, 1819, 470. (Louisiana.) — Is. Galorie Ois. II, 1825,105; pi. 238. —
NuTT. Man. II, 1834, 113.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 451 ; pi. 265.— Ib. Syn. 235.— Ib. Birds
Amer. V, 1842,264; pi. 331.— Bon. List, 1838.— Jard. Br. Birds III, 235, (Am. sp.)— Yakrell,
Trans. Linn. Soc. XVI, 109 ; pi. ii, European sp.

J.Jctidurus naevUts, Heer.mann, Pr. Acad. N. S. Phil. VII, 1854, 179. (Texas.)

Figures.- Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XVI, pi. 2.— Goui.D, B. of Eur. IV, pi. 32C.— AcD. B. of Am. pi. 2G5 ; oct. ed. V, pi .
331.— ViEiLL. Gal. II, pi. 23a

Sp. Ch. — Bill about the length of the head, straight, compressed, narrow at tho point ; nasal groove long ; wings very long ;
first quill longest ; tertiaries rather shorter ; tail moderate or longer than usual in this group ; legs rather long ; lower third of
the tibia naked ; toes free at base, flattened underneath, and slightly margined ; hind toe small. Upper parts pale and dull
ashy brown with a yellowish tinge ; every feather with a large central, lanceolate, crescent-shaped, or oblong spot of black,
frequently with a glossy green tinge, especially on the back and shorter tertiaries. Under parts light yellowish red, or pale
fawn color ; many feathers tipped with white, and paler on the flanks and abdomen, on tho breast with partially concealed small
spots of black ; axillary feathers white. Quills with their outer webs light brown, inner webs ashy white marbled with black
and narrowly tipped with white ; middle tail feathers brownish black ; outer feathers lighter, with transverse waved lines of
black, and tipped with white ; bill greenish black ; legsgreenish yellow. Total length, Tj to 8 inches ; wing, 5j ; tail, 3 ; bill,
from gape, 1 ; tarsus, IJ inches.

Hub.— AW of North America, South America, Europe.

This is a little bird of rather peculiar style of form, and of remarkable and handsome
plumage. Its relationship appears to be to the preceding well known species. Both, this and
the preceding bird more habitually frequent plains and other dry localities than any of the true
sandpipers.

This bird is distributed throughout the continent of America. Specimens in the jjresent
collection are the first ever brought from west of the Rocky mountains.

In the collection of the Philadelphia Academy we find numerous specimens of this bird from
various countries of Central and South America, in which it appears to be more especially at
home than in North America or Europe. It is easily distinguished from all other known
American species by the handsome mottling of the primaries, very conspicuou.s and characteristic
on their inner webs. The intimate relationship of the i)resent bird to that immediately

740

U. S p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

preceding was first pointed out by Dr. Heermann in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia
Academy, as above cited.

In suggesting the close relationship of this bird to the sub-genus Prosobonia of the Prince
Bonaparte, we are guided mainly by Professor Schlegel's beautiful figure of Tringa Icucoptera,
Gmelin, on which it is Ibuuded, and also by specimens before us of Tringa hreviroHtris, Peale,
which evidently is of the same group. Both the species here mentioned are from islands in
the Pacific ocean.

Dr. Heermann's type specimen of his Actidurus naevius differs somewhat from the ordinary
plumage, in the much coarser mottling of the primary quills.

Catal. No.

582
4458
6694
6693

Locality.

New York

Cape Flattery, W. T.
San Antonio, Texas.
Shoalwater bay

When collected.

1841

Whence obtained.

S. F Biiird

Lt. lYowbridge

Lt. Parke

Gov. I. I. Stevens-

CoUeetcd by—

Dr. Heermanu ,
Dr. Cooper

Section LIMOSEAE.
LIMOSA, Brisson.

Limom, Brisson, Orn. 17G0. Type Scolojxix limosa, L.

Cu. — Bill lengthened, exceeding the tarBus, slender, and curving gently upwards; grooved to near the tip; the tip hot
attenuated, but pointed ; the lower almost as long as the upper. Culuien without any furrow. Tarsus with transverse scutellae
before and behind, reticulated laterally. A short basal membrane between the middle and outer toes. Tail short, even.

Bill much longer than head, nearly equalling tarsi and toes together ; curving gently
upwards from the base, where it is elevated and compressed, depressed, however, at the end.
The grooves on sides of bill and beneath extend nearly to the tip ; the tip of the upper
mandible is thickened, and extends a little beyond the lower. Tlie gape is slight, not
extending beyond the base of culmen ; the feathers on the side of tlie bill reach forward to
about the same point, those on the chin a little further. Tarsus more than 1| times the toes,
twice the bare part of tibia. Hind toe lengthened. Outer toe webbed as far as end of first
joint, inner toe with only a short basal web. Tail short, even, two-fifths the wings.

In some respects the bill of this genus resembles that of Macrorhamphus, the chief apparent
difi"erence being the upward curve of the one and its straightness in the other,

LIMOSA FEDOA, (Linn.) Ord.

Marbled Godwit.

Scdopax ftdm, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed, I, 1758, 146 : 12th ed. I, 1766, 244.— Wii.s. Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 30; pi. hi.
Linioia /aha, Oku. ed. Wils. VII, 1825.— Bon. Obs. 1825, No. 202.— Ib. List, 1838.-S\v. F. B. A. II, 1831, 39.''>.—

NuTT. Man. II, 1834, 173.— Aud. Orn. Biog. HI, 1835,287: V, 590; pi. 238.— Im. Syn. 246.— Ib.

Birds Am. V, 1842, 331 ; pi. 348.
"Limicula fedod, Vikii.i.ot."
Scolopax marmorata, Lath. Ind. 11, 17!)0, 720.

Limicula marmorata, Vikii.i,. Nouv. Diet. — Ib. Gal. II, 1825, 115; pi. 243.
Limota americana, Stepiikks, Shaw's Zool.
" lAmoia aiUperta, Liciit."

BIKDS — .SCOLOPACIDAE — LiMOSA lUD.SO.MOA.

741

Fir.i'HKS. — Wii.sox Am. Orii. VII, pi. M, lig. 1. — Aud. U. uf Am. pi. 238; oct. ej. V, pi. 348. — Euwaiids' BirJii, III, pi.
137.— Vitii.1.. G»l. doa Oi«. II, pi. -'11.

Sf Ch. — Bill liiiig, curved iipvviirdrt; bmli lumidibleB firo^fi'd; ttin>;« loiii; ; tail tihort; Ii'kh Iouk; tibia with its liiwer Imlf
liaki'd ; tuca rather ahiirt, mHrKim-d mid niitii.-iied uiidfrut'itth; thu outer Hiid uiidtle tueii uuited by a rather Inrgo membraiiu.
Entire upper parts variegated «iih bron-iiiah blark and palo roddiah, tho former diaposeJ in irregular and cuuHuent bands, and
the latter ill spots and imperfect bauds: iu uiiiiiy speeimeiis the black color predominiitiiig on the buck, aud the pule red on tho
rump aud upper tail coverts. Under parts pale rufous, with transyerse lines of brownish black on the breast aud sides ; uude""
wing coverts and axillaries darker rufous; outer webs of primaries dark brown, inner webs light rufous; secondaries light
rufous; tail li^ht rufous, with transverse bars of brownish black. Bill palo yellowish, red at base, brownish black at the end;
'egs ashy black. Total length about 18 inches; wing, 9 ; tail, '.i^ ; bill, 4 to 5; tarsus, 3 inches.

JJjl'. — Entire temperate regions of North America ; South America.

A large and handsome shore bird, well known to sportsmen as the godwit, and a great favorite
for shooting. From the collections of the surveying expeditions it appears to be ef[ually abundant
in tlie interior and on the Pacific as on the eastern coast of the United JStates.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

1205
645
4499
9833
983'J
644G
5450
4884
4172
6439

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtaiued.

New York I S. F. Baird .

do do

Collected bv—

Cape Flattery, W. T Lieut. Trowbridge.

Shoalwatcr bay Gov. I. I. Stevens.

Bodega, California .' Lieut. Trowbridge .

San Fraocisco Dr. Geo. Suckley ..

Fort Union, Nebraska Lieut. Warren

Kanesville, Nebraska _' do

Brazos Santiago, Texas Captain Van Vlict .

Indian Key, Florida ' G. Wiirdemann ...

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Hayden

LIMOSA HUDSONICA, (Lath.) Sw.

Hndsoniau Godwit.

fScolopax lapponica, var, /?. Gmem.s, Syat. Nat. I, 1788. — Forstkh.

Scdopax hucbonica, Latham, Ind. Om. II, 1790, 720.

Limosa hutltonica, Sve. F. B. A. II, 1831, 396. — Nuttall, Man. IT, 18.34, 175. — Aud. Orn. Biog. IU, 1835, HG-

V, 592; pi. 258.— Ib. Syn. 247.— Ib. Birds Amer. V, 1842, 335; pi. 349.
Limota meUmura, BoN. Specchio, 1827, No. 204.
Limoia tttgocephala, Bon. Syn. 1828, 327.
fLinma edtcardsii, Sw. F. B. A. It, 1831.

FiGORES.— Edivahds' Birds, III, pi. 138.— Ai;o. B. of Am. pi. 2iJS ; oct. ed. V, pi. 349.

Sp. Ch.— Smaller than the preceding. Bill longer than the head; both mandibles grooved, slightly recurved; winga long,
legs moderate; membrane uniting the outer and middle toe large. AduU. Upper parts brownish black, with spots and
transverse bars of pale reddish on the back; rump brownish black; upper tail coverts white; wing coverts and shorter iiuills
dark cinereous ; primaries brownish black. Under parts yellowish red, with transverse bars of brownish black on the breast
and sides and under tail coverts, and frequently with the feathers on the abdomen widely tipped with white ; tail black, with the
base white, and narrowly tipped with white. Under wing coverts and axillary feathers black; shafts of primaries white • bill
pale yellowish at base ; tip brownish black ; legs bluish brown. Younyer. Head and upper parts cinereous, irregularly marked

742

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

on the top of the head and on the back with brownish black ; stripe before and over the eye white ; under parts dull yellowish
white; under wing coverts and axillaries black; rump black; upper tail coverts white; tail black; base and tip white; bill
yellow, tipped with brownish black; legs dark brown.

Total length about 15 inches; wing, 8j tail, 3; bill, 2J to 34; tarsus, 2i inches.

Hal. — Northern and eastern North America; New Jersey, (Mr. A. Galbraith.)

Much smaller than the preceding, ami easily distinguished by its white rump and black tail
at all ages, and when adult by the red color of the under parts of the body. It appears to be
abundant in the northern regions of this continent, but is of rare occurrence in the United
States, though occasionally met with in the winter. We have never seen it from the western
shores of the republic.

This species is allied to the European L. melanura, but differs in having the axillars and
under coverts dark brown instead of white ; the neck brownish gray instead of chestnut.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

Collected by —

546

S. F. Baird

8074

Arctic America

Jno. Gould

Section NTJMENIEAE.
NUMENIUS, Linuaeus.

Numenius, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1746. Type Sculopax arquata, Linn.

Ch. — Legs covered anteriorly with transverse scutellae, laterally and behind with email hexagonal scales. Bill very long,
exceeding the tibia, and curved downwards for the terminal half; the culmen rounded. Tip of bill expanded laterally and club-
shaped. Grooves of bill not reaching beyond the middle. Tortials as long as primaries.

Bill variable in length, always longer than tarsus, sometimes exceeding tarsus and toes. It
is nearly straight at the base, then decurving quite rai)idly to the tip, where the upper mandible
is thickened downwards beyond and over the lower. Lateral grooves occupying only the basal
half or third of the bill ; under mandible not grooved beneath. Cleft of mouth extending but
little beyond the base of culmen. Feathers of head extending about the same distance on both
mandibles ; those of chin to opposite the anterior extremity of the nostrils. Tarsi nearly twice
as long as middle toe, rather more than twice the bare part of tibia. It is covered behind by
hexagonal scales larger than the lateral ones. Outer toe webbed for its basal joint ; inner
for half this distance. Tail short, nearly even, not quite half the wings. Tertials as long
as the primaries.

Of the genus Numenius several species are found in North America, none of them occurring in
the Old World, as is the case with so many of the Tringeae.

BIRDS — SCOLOPACTOAE — NUMEJIIUS L0NQIR0STRI8. 743

Niimenius, Linn,
NUMENIUS LONGIROSTRIS. Wilson.

Loug-billed Cnrlcw.

Seolepax arguata, var. 0. Gmkun, 1, 1788, 656.

A'umenitu artpiatt, yar. B. Latham. In J. II, 1790,710.

Xumeniut tongimtris, Wilson, Am. Orii. VIII, 1814, 21; pi. l.\iv.— Bon. Obs. \S-i'>, No. 200.— Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831

376.— NuTT. Man. n, 1834, 88.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 240: V, 537; pi. 231.— Ib. Bird*

Am. VI, 1813,35: pi. 355,
" Xumenius mdanopus, Yikillot, Nouv. Diet."
Kumenna rufus, Vikillot, Galerie, 11, 1825, 118; pl.2't5.
" A'umaiiiis brafilicntis, Wied."
fyummius oceidmlalU, Wuoduodse, Pr. A. N. Sc. VI, Nov. 1852, 194. — lu. Sitgreaves' Expl. Zuili & Col. 1853, 93; pi. vi

Sp. Ch — The largest American species of this genus. Bill very long, much curved; upper mandible longer than the under
somewhat knobbed at the tip; wing rather long: legs moderate; toes united at base. Entire upper parts pale rufous, tinged
with ashy; every feather with transverse and confluent bands of brownish black, most numerous and predominating on the back
and scapulars; secondary quills, under wing coverts, and axillaries, bright rufous; primaries with their outer webs brownish
black and their inner webs rufous, with transverse bands of black. Under parts pale rufous, with longitudinal lines of black on
the neck and sides ; tail rufous, tinged with ashy, transversely barred with brownish black. Bill brownish black ; base of under
maudible reddish yellow; legs bluish brown. Specimens vary to some extent in the shade of the rufous color of the plumage,
and very much in the length of the bill. The rufous color is probably more distinct in the young. Total length about 25 inches ;
wing, 10 to 11 ; tail, 4; bill, 5 to 8; tarsus, 2i inches.

JIub. — The entire temperate regions of North America.

Numerous specimens in the collection of tlie expeditions attest the abundance of this fine
bird throughout every part of the United States.

This bird appears to vary in size quite materially, and in the length of bill in different
specimens, so much so as to be quite perplexing. In fact, the bills of scarcely any two
specimens are of the same length. In color, also, there is considerable variety, but the species
can readily be distinguished.

There are in the present collection specimens which are undoubtedly N. occidentalia, Wood-
house, as above cited, and it is not without doubts that we do not at present give it as a distinct
species. The clear rufous of the plumage and the shorter bill, as given by Dr. Woodhouse, are
present in these specimens, and, without a series of intermediate specimens, would appear to be
quite conclusive characters specifically. In the present collection, however, almost any length
of bill can be produced^ and the rufous color is very probably characteristic of young age. It
is quite possible, though, that more than one species may yet be determined.

List of specimens.^

C;it;il.
No.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

462

New York

1841

S. F. Baird ..

' Tlie list of specimens from the <xillcctions of the exploring expeditions having been mislaid, is not given here.

744

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Phaeopus, Cuv.
NUMENIUS HUDSONICUS, Latham.

Short-billed or Hndsonian Curlew.

Scohpax hormlis, Gmelin, Syat. Nat. I, 178^, C54. (Not of Forster, I77d.)— W'l-sox, Am. Ora. VII, 1813, 22; pi. hi.

Nummius borcalia, Ord, ed. Wils VII, 1825. Not of Latham.

mmmius hudmnicus, Latham, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 712.— Bon. Obs. 182 1, No. Sai.— .Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 377.—

NoTT. Man. II, 1831, 97.— Aud Ora. Biog. Ill, 1835, 2-3 : V, 539; pi. 237.— Ib. Syn. 254.—

Ib. Birds Am VI, 1843, 42; pi. 356.
Numenius mdanopus. Vieillot, in part.

Nummhis rufia, Vieillot, Gal. II, 1825, 118; pi. 215. (Mi.xed witli lonffirostjis.)
?Xumenius intennedius, Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 100.

Sp Ch. — Smaller than tlio preceding. Bill about twice the length of the head ; wings long; tiiil short; legs moderate. Head
above brownish black, with a longitudinal band ; other upper parts brownish black, tinged with ashy, spotted with dull yellowish
white, and lighter on the rump. Under parts dull yellowish white, with longitudinal narrow stripes of blackish brown on the
neck and breast; under wiug coverts aud axillaries p.ile ashy rufiius, transversely barred with black; quills brownish black, with
transverse bars of pale rufous on the inner webs; tail brownish black, with transverse bars of pale ashy brown. Bill brownish
black ; base of lower mandible reddish yellow ; legs greenish brown. Specimens vary in the shade of the lighter colors of the
plumage and in the length of the bill Total length about 18 inches; wing, 9 ; tail, 4 ; bill 3 to 4 ; tarsus, 2^ inches.

Bdh. — Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America; Calibrnia, (Mr. CassiJy.)

Smaller, and with the colors different from the preceding. This hird is represented as abun-
dant in the northern regions of this continent, but is much less frequent in the United States
than the preceding.

A Numenius rujiventris is described by Vigors^ from the west coast of America, which is closely
related to the present species, if not the same.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

No.

122!)

10458

s

9823

Locality.

When collected

Atlantic coast

Cape May, New .Jersey
Presidio, California

May, 1842

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

J. K. Townsend.
Lt. 'IVowbridge. .

NUMENIUS BOREALIS, (Forst.) Latham.

Esqnimanx Carlew.

Scolopax bormli.1, Forstkr, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 411; Albany Fort.

Numeniiuborealit, Latham, Ind Orn. II, 179(1, 712.— Bon. Sjn. 1828, 314 —lit. List, 1838.— Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831,

378; pi Ixv.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 100— Auo. Ora. Biog. Ill, l83.->, 09: V, .590; pi. 2118.—

Ib. Syn. 2.55.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 45; pi. 3.57.
Nummim brevirostrit, Licht. Verz. 1823, No. 774.
" Numenius liemirkynchm, Temm."

FiouKEs. — Aud. B of Am. pi, 208; oct. ed. VI, pi. 3.57. — Rich, ami Swains. Faim. Bor. Am. Birds, pi. (15. — Tonun. PI. Col-
V, pi. 381.

1 Zool. .lournal, IV, Jan. 1829, 3aG.— In. Zod. of Blossom, 1839, 28.

cs^ a». Jii

♦•4

•««. HeiJ
liiijellowi

i M. Jill

lloisotllie

,PI,W'

- "- "'- Z*. * •

1-

i

ICI

«.^

746 U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

A. Balleae. — Forehead feathered to the base of bill ; culmen parting the frontal feathers for
a short distance only, and in an angle.

Eallus. — Bill slender, longer than the head ; nasal groove extending beyond the middle

of the bill ; the elongated nostrils within the basal third of the commissure. Hind

toe about one-third the tarsus.
PoKZANA. — Bill thick, about equal to or shorter than the head ; culmen straight, or a

little depressed near the nostrils ; gonys ascending. Nostrils reaching beyond the

middle of the commissure. Hind toe about half the tarsus.

B. FuUceae. — Base of the bill extended on the forehead for a greater or less distance, as a
naked, flattened, and rounded or quadrate plate.

Galunula. — Toes without marginal lobes ; the lateral membrane very slightly developed.

Nostrils linear.
Poephyrula. — Somewhat similar to Gallinula. Nostrils small, nearly circular.
Fdlica. — Toes with a well developed marginal membrane, which is incised at the joints
into a series of semicircular lobes.
The genera Heliornis, which has usually been ranged with the Totipalmi, is, by Burmeister
and Reichenbach, placed near Fulica. A species, H. surinamensis, is said to have been occa-
sionally seen in the United States.

As in the Limicolae the following account of the Faludicolae has been prepared by Mr. John
Cassin.

Sub-Family RALLINAE.
RALLUS, Linnaeus.

Rallus, LiNXAEUs, Systema Naturae.
Ch. — Bill longer than the head, rather slender, compressed ; upper mandible sligliUy curved ; nostrils in a long groove, and
with a large membrane ; wings short ; tertiary quills long, frequently longer than the primaries ; tail very short ; legs moderate ;
tarsus shorter than the middle toe, and covered on all sides with transverse scales ; toes long and rather slender ; inner too
rather shorter than the outer ; hind toe short and weak.

This genus contains about twenty species, inhabiting all the temperate countries of the world,
and very similar in their habits and frequently in appearance. Their long toes enable them to
run over and climb amongst aquatic plants with great facility.

EALLUS ELEGANS, Aud.

King Rail; Marsh lien.

Rallus elegans, Aud. Cm. Biog. Ill, 1835, 27 ; pi. 203.— Ib. Syn. 215.— Ib. Birds Am. V, 1842, IGO ; pi. 309.—

GiiNDLACH, Cab. Jour. 1856, 427.
Rallus crepitans, \Vii.s. Am. Orn. VII, 1813 ; pi. Ixii, f. 2. (Not the description.)

Sp. Ch — The largest species of the United States. Upper parts olive brown, with longitudinal stripes of brownish black,
most numerous on the back ; line from the base of the bill over the eye dull orange yellow ; space before and behind the eye
brownish cinereous. Throat and lower eyelid white ; neck before and breast bright rufous chestnut ; sides and abdomen, and
under tail coverts, with transverse bands of brownish black and white, the dark bands being the wider ; tibiae dull yellowish
white, with spots and transverse bars of ashy brown. Upper wing coverls reddish chestnut ; under wing coverts black, with
transverse lines of white. Sexes alike. Total length, (from li() of bill to end of tail,) about 17 inches; wing Gi ; tail 3
inches. ,

Ii»b. — Middle and louthorn States on the Atlantic ocean ; California, (Or. Suckley.)

BIRDS — SCOLOPACIUAE — RALLUS CREPITANS.

747

This is the largest species of rail found in North America, and is one of the most handsome
binls of this genus. It is found for much the greater part in iVesh waters, and inliahits the
entire country on the Athintic from New Jersey to Fh>rida, very pruLubly extending also over
the vast intermediate regions to the Pacific in the same latitude. The only specimens from
Calil'ornia, or other country on the Pacific, that we have ever seen, are in the present collection.

List of fpechnens.

Cam.
No.

Sez.

Locality.

Whun col- Whence oblaiufd.
lecled.

Orig. Collcclcd by-
No.

Length.

Stretch
ofwingrt.

Wing.

Remarks.

96T4

.......

1
S. F.Baird

1113

Wa^liington, D. C

Cnleapifu Pas.-:, La

July 7,184a ... do

Win.M. I).iird.

17. OU

22.00

C.7,')

4329

16S4 G. WDrdoniann .

1

S087

Mar. .1855 Cant. Podc ....

i

13. SO

19.00

6.00

Kycs brown, feet gray,
bill dark

70S6

St. LouU

San Francisco

,do

May 6,1654 Licul. nryan ....
M.ir.— ,1837 Dr. Sucklcy

1 W.S.Wood..

6444

603

43ia

Dr. Newborn

1

RALLUS CREPITANS, Gm.

Clapper Rail ; Mud lien.

? .' liallus longiroftris, Boddaert, Tab]. PI. cnl. 1784 ; pi. 849.

Ralltis crepilatis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 713.— Wils. Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 112, (not the plate.)— Bon. Obs. Wilg.

1825; pi. 228.— Add. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835,331: V, 570; pl.214.— Ib. Syn.215.— Ib. Birds Am.

V, 1842, 165 ; pi. 310.— Cab. Jour. 1856, 427.

FiGDHEs.— WiLsoK, Am. Orn VII, pi. 62, fig. 2.— Aud. B. of Am., pi. 204 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 310.— Bcfion, PI. Enl. 849.' ■
Sp Ch- — Smaller than tlie preceding. Upper parts light a.shy olive, with longitudinal stripes of brownish black, most
numerous on the back ; a line of dull yellowish white from the base of the bill over the eye ; space before and behind the eye
ashy. Throat and under eyelid white ; neck before, and breast, pale reddish yellow, or tawny tinged with bluish ashy on the
breast ; sides, abdomen, under tail coverts, and tibiae, with transverse bands of brownish black and white, the former being the
wider. Upper wing coverts brownish olive ; under wing coverts black, with transverse lines of white. Total length, (to end
of tail,) about 14 inches ; wing, 5k ; tail 2J inches.

Hab. — Middle and southern coast of the States on the Atlantic ocean ; South America.

Rather smaller than the preceding, hut when in mature jilumage considerably resembling it
in colors. Specimens generally, however, have a faded or bleached appearance, and it is, in fact,
rather unusual to meet with those that have not this character.

This bird is more an inhabitant of the seacoast than the preceding, and is abundant from
New Jersey to Florida, and southwardly on the shores of South America. The proper name of
this species is, very probably, Rallus longirostris, as above described and figured. Specimens
before us, from the coast of Guiana, seem quite identical with others from New Jersey.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When collected. Whence obtained.

Bemarks.

1055

5
5

C 0

Cape Miiv, N. J

May, 1842

do

S F Baird

Eye hazel

10459

do

do

J. £. Towiisend .......

2673

do

do

748

U. S. P R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

EALLUS VIKGINIANUS, Linn.

Virginia RaiL

Rallus virginianus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 263, (may possibly refer to autumnal Porzanti Carolina.) — Wils. Am.
Orn. VII, 1813, 109 ; pi. Ixii, f. I.— Bon. Obg. Wils. 182,5 ; No. 210.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834,
205.— Add. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 41 : V, 573 ; pi. 205.— Is. Syn. 216— Ib. Birds Am. V, 1842,
174 ; pi. 311 — Cab. Jour. 1856, 427.

Rallns aiiiifilicus, var. A. Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790.

Rttllus limicvla, Vieill.

" Rallus rytlii' Itynchos, Vieill- " Gray.

Figures.— Edwards' Birds, VI, pi. 279.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VII, pi. 62, fig. 1.— AuD. B. of Am. pi. 205; oct. od. V,
pi. 311.

Sp- Ch. — Much smnller than either of the preceding, but resembling them in form, and resembling also R. eltgans in colors.
Upper parts olive brown, with longitudinal stripes of brownish black ; line from base of bill over the eye reddish white. Throat
white ; neck before, and breast, bright rufous ; abdomen and under tail coverts with transverse bands of black and white, the
former being the wider. Upper wing coverts bright rufous chestnut ; under wing coverts black, with transverse lines of white.
Total length, (from tip of bill to end of tail,) about 7| inches ; wing, 4 ; tail, Ij inches.

Hot.— The entire temperate regions of North America ; New Mexico, (Dr. T. C. Henry ;) California, (Mr. R. D. Cutts ;)
Oregon, (Dr. Geo. Suckley.)

Quite frequent in the States on the Atlantic, and now brought, for the first time, from west
of the Kocky mountains. This little bird bears a singular resemblance to Rallus elegans in
form and colors, and is one of the instances in which size is a specific and distinctive character.

This species is found along the margins of the bays and rivers on the Atlantic, migrating
southward in the autumn, and is remarkable for quickness of movement and swiftness of foot,
running on the ground with great facility. It ranges northward into the British possessions.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Strelch
01" wings.

Wing.

1647

S

Carlisle, Pa

July 97,1844
Oct. 13, 184.T
May 23,lfe-ll
Miiy G, 1857

9. F. Baird

10.00
111.00
9.25

14.S5
14.25
14.00

4.16
4 50

3530

do

418 1

do

St. LouU

do

7057 1

Lieut. Rryan

3

W H Woiu!

6652 '

Near;a° L

6654

Soiiora '

72

6653

Sail Francisco, Cat !

S999

Port Townscnd, Pugel's Sound...
Cape Flattery, W. T

1857

4450

rORZANA, Vieill ot.

Porzana, Vikillot, Analyse, p. 61, (1816,) 61. Typo Rallus jiorzana, L.

Ch. — Bill shorter than the head, compressed, straight ; nostrils in a wide groove, with a largo mcmbrano ; wings moderate ;
primaries longer than tcrtiaries ; tail short; tarsus about the longlh of the middle toe ; toes long ; inner toe slightly shorter
than the outer. General form f;oini)ri;8sed and slender ; legs rather robust.

Contains about twenty species, generally inhabiting temperate regions, inhabiting marshes
and borders of rivers. In the spring and autumn several species migrate in large numbers.

sa. d, V,

4.S0

•X7 I

in..

-Ml

as;

,-«..y

»->

750

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

FiorREs —Edwards' Birds, VI, pi. 278.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 349 ; oet. ed. V, pi. 308.

Sp. Ch. — Smaller than the preceding, and is the smallest North American species of this family. ,1dult. Head and entire
under parts dark bluish ashy, or nearly slate color ; darker and nearly black on the top of the head ; abdomen and under tail
coverts with transverse bands of white. Neck behind and upper part of back dark reddish chestnut ; other upper parts brownish
black, with circular spots and irregular transverse stripes of white. Quills brownish black, with small spots of white ; tail
nearly the same colors. J'enj young. Enlirely bluish black.

Total length (from tip of bill to end of tail) about 5 inches ; wing, 3^ ; tail, 1 j inches.

Hab. — Middle and southern States on the Atlantic ocean.

One of the most uncommon of North American birds, and highly prized by naturalists and
collectors. It is, however, apparently more abundant in the West Indies.

Coturiiieops, Bonap.
PORZANA NOVEBORACENSIS.

Yellow Rail.

Fulica noveboracensis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 701.

Gallinida noveboracensis, L.itham, Ind. Cm. II, 1790, 771.

Ortygometra noveboracensis, Stephens, Shaw's Zool. XII, 1824. — Bon. List, 1838 — Aud. Syn. 1839, 213. — Ib.

Birds Am. V, 1842, 152 ; pi. 307.
Kallus {Crex) noveboracensis, Bon. Specchio Comp. 1827, 212. — Ib. Am. Orn. IV, 1832, 136; pi. xxvii. — Nctt.

Man. II, 1834,315.
Rallus noveboracensis, Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 402.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 251 ; pi. 329.

Porzana noveboracensis, ?

Cotiirnicops noveboracensis, Bon. 1854.

Perdix hudsonica, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 655.

Rallus rufwoUis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. 2d ed. XXVIII, 556.— Ib. Gal. II, 1825, 168 ; pi. 266.

Figures.— ViEiLL. Gal. 11, pi. 266.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 329 ; oct. ed. V, pi. 307.

Sp. Ch. — Entire upper parts ochre yellow, with longitudinal wide stripes of brownish black and transverse narrow stripes of
white. Neck and breast reddish ochre yellow ; many feathers tipped with brown ; middle of abdomen wiiite ; Hanks and
ventral region with wide transverse bands of dark reddish brown and narrow bands of white ; under tail coverts rufous, with
small spots of white ; under wing coverts white. Total length (from tip of bill to end of tail) about 6 inches ; wing, 3j ;
tail, IJ inches.

Hab. — Eastern North America.

A very handsome little bird, reminding one of a young chicken in its general appearance.
It is of rather unusual occurrence on the shores of fresh and salt waters in the eastern States of
the republic.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

10394

Carlisle, Pa

do

Oct. 16,1844
Spring of 1843

S. F Baird

1722

do

do

7.24

13.60

3.80

1090

BIRDS — SCOLOPACIDAE — FULICA A>rKRICANA. 751

CTvEX ITvATENSlS, Bech stein.

Coru-Crakc.

Kallus crez, Linn. Syst. Not. I, 17C6, OCI — Degland, Orii. Eiirop. II, 1849, 266
Ga(/iiiu/a cm, Latham, Iiiil. Oni. II, 1"!I0, 7G(i.

Crex prateniis, Bechst. Gcnicin. Naturg. DouUcli. IV, 470. — Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. VII, Jan. 1855, 265. (New
Jersey.)

Sp. Cii — Fcatlicrs above blackish brown, Willi brownish yellow edges, and without white spots. Quills and upper wing coverts
brownisli red ; under wing coverts rust red. Bill shorter than the head, conical, elevated at the base. Wings reaching nearly
to the end of the tail. Outer primary edged e.tternally with yellowish white ; flanks and beneath the tail banded with rufous
and whitish.

Length about ten inches.

Uab. — Europe ; Greenland. Accidental on the Atlantic coast of the United States.

The ■well known corn-crake of Europe lias, on several occasions, been found on the eastern
coast of the United States, and is, therefore, entitled to mention here. It appears to be a con-
stant summer visitor to Greenland, from which country it is probable that stragglers reach the
United States.

FULICA, Linnaeus.

Fulica, Linn. Syst. Nat. 173.'). Type Futica atra, L.
Ch. — Bill shorter than the head, straight, strong, compressed, and advancing into the feathers of the forehead, where it fre-
quently forms a wide and somewhat projecting frontal plate ; nostrils in a groove, with a large membrane near the middle of the
bill. Wings rather short, second and third quiils usually longest ; tail very short ; tarsus robust, shorter than the middle toe,
with very distinct transverse scales ; toes long, each toe having semicircular lobes, larger on the inner side of the toe ; hind toe
rather long, lobed.

A very peculiar group, containing about ten or twelve species, all of which are of dark slate
color, and which considerably resemble each other.

FULICA AMERICANA, Gmelin.

Coot ; Ponle d'eau ; Mnd Hen.

Fulica americana, Gm, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 704.— Eok. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 234.— Ann. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 291 : V,
568; pl.239.— Ib. Syn. 212.— Is. Birds Amer. VI, 1842, 138; pi. 305.— Hartlaub, Cab.
Jour. I, Extrahea fiir 1853, 1854, 75 ; 87.
Fulica wilsonii, Stephens, Shaw's Zool. XII, 1824, 23G.— Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. I83I, 711.
Fulica atra, Wils. Am. Orn. IX, 1825, 61 ; pi. Ixxiii.
? Fulica Uucopyga, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 518. Mexico.
Sp. Ch. — Head and neck glossy black, with a tinge of ashy ; under tail coverts white. Entire other plumage dark bluish
cinereous or slate color, with a tinge of olive on the back and darker on the rump. Edge of wing at shoulder and edge of first
primary white ; secondary quills tipped with white ; rump frequently tinged with brownish. Bill very pale yellow or nearly
white, with a transverse band of brownish black near the end; tip white ; legs dull grayish green. Female similar, but with the
tints lighter. Young like the adult, but with the under parts lighter ; abdomen frequently ashy white ; back and rump dark
olive brown ; head and neck lighter.

Total length about 14 inches ; wing, 7 ; tail, 2 inches.
Hob. — B^tire temperate regions of North America.

This species is readily distinguishable from the European F. atra by the white on the crissum
and wings, the red frontal plate, &c.

752

U. S. P R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sei.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1729

S
Q

Oct. 26

Sept, 30,1844
June, 1841...

16.00
15.25

28.00
27.25

8.00
8.16

1707

do

.... do

1216

Michigan...

... do

N.VV. University.

8907

9

Loup Fork of Platte

July 5, IBS-
July 20,ie57

Dr. Hayden....
.... do

15.00

ij.as

15.50

27.25
28.25
28.00

7.75
7.25
8.00

8906

do .. .

ItU rod, pupil black

4176

50S8

Delaware creek, N. Mex..

Mar. 24,1856
Mar., 1855...

6621

Maj. Emory

do

46
11

4558

do

1

4557

San PaFquiil, Cal

Maj. Emory

Lieut. Beckwitli..
Lieut. Trowbridge
, . do

4

A. Schott

9984

Great Salt Lake City

Mar, 1854....
Aug, 5,1853
Jan., 1855

9983

9966

9989

Lake Elizabelh

Lieut. Williamson

GALLINULA, Brisson.

Gallinula, Brisson, Orn. VI, 1760, 3. Type Fulica chhropus, L.

The gallinules are readily distinguished from the coot.s by the absence of the lobes of sl?in
margining the toes. There is a very slight membrane, but this is .■scarcely appreciable in the
dried skin.

The purple gallinula by Burmeister is placed in another fanaily (Parridae) from the common
gallinule, {G. galeata,) and by Bonaparte in a different section, Forphyrioneae. They seem,
at any rate, well entitled to generic separation, although, for our present purjjoses, they may
be combined under Gallinula. The most prominent character of the purple gallinule, or Por-
pJiyrula, consists in the thicker bill and nearly circular, instead of elongated or linear nostrils,
although other distinctions might readily be adduced.

Gallinula, Brisson.

GALLINULA GALEATA, (Licht.) Bon.

Florida Gallinule.

Crex galeala, Licht. Verz. 182.S, 80, No. 826. San Paulo.

Gallinula gatcala, BoN. Am. Orn. IV, 1832, 128; pi xxvii.— Ib, List, 1838.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 221.— Gosse,

Birds Jam. 1847, 381.— Cab. Journ. 1856, 428.
Gallinula chloropua, Bonap. Syn. 1828, 336.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 330 ; pi. 244.— Ib. Birds Amor. V, 1842,
132 ; pi. 304.

Sp. Ch. — Frontal plate large, obovate, terminating square on the top of the liead ; bill shorter tliaii the head, rather thick,
compressed ; wing rather long ; tail short ; legs moderate ; toes and claws long, robust. Head, neck, and entire under parts
dark bluish cinereous, frequently nearly black on the head and neck, and generally lighter on the abdomen ; a few feathers on
the flanks widely edged with white ; edge of wing at the shoulder and outer edge of first primary quill white ; thorter under tail
coverts black, longer white. Upper parts brownish olive, darker on the rump ; quills dark brown ; tail brownish black ; frontal
plato and bill bright rod, tipped with yellow; tibia with a bright red space on the bare portion r.ext to tlia feathers; lower portion
of tibia, tarsus, and toes yellowish green.

Total length about 12J inches ; wiiif?, C} ; tail, 3 ; bill, IJ ; tarsus, 1;,' incliPR.

Ilab. — Souther* countries of North America, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, South America. Accidental in middle and northern
States.

•^.r»-L-»l «

'^ ••It

tm^d

tf ft

.%'

»..'

''->

OKDEK VI.

NATATORES.

Ch. — Toes connected by membrane to the claws ; the feet fitted for swimming. Lower part of tibia usually feathered to near
the joint, which is bare. Hind toe, however, usually elevated, and ratlier small, except in Pelecanidae. Fitted for an aquatic
life, swimming and diving freely. Rump wilh well developed oil glands.

Tlie order Natatores, as characterized above, embraces a large number of species of very
varied forms, all more or less aquatic in their habits. A character common to all consists in
the presence of a membrane between the toes, usually extending to the claws. This membrane,
when found in the Grallatores, is confined more or less to the basal joint, unless Phoenicopterus
be an exception. This genus has been variou.sly placed in both orders, and it is still a question
■where it really belongs. The internal anatomy resembles that of the Natatores, as well as the
lamellated bill and fully webbed toes ; the external form, however, as well as habits, bring it
nearer the Grallatores.

With the exception of Phoenicopterus, if it really belong here, the legs of the Natatores are
generally rather short, and with the tibia more covered with feathers inferiorly than in Gralla-
tores. They are inserted rather far back, so that, when standing erect, the body of the bird is
generally nearly upright. The tibia are buried to a considerable extent in the muscles of the
trunk, which are much developed.

The order Natatores of most authors has been divided by Bonaparte into two — the Gaviae and
the AnseVes ; the former embracing species which rear their young in nests, and belong to the
B\ib-c\a,ss Altrices ; while the latter are Praecoces, the young procuring food for themselves
almost from birth. There are no single external characters by which to distinguish these two
orders or sub-orders, as I shall make them in the present report.

Gaviae. — Bill without lamellae, and more or less entire. Feet with the toes all connected
by one continuous membrane ; or the hind toe free, with the anterior continuously webbed.

ANSEREi. — Bill with transverse lamellae along the edges. Hind toe free.

The Anseres of Bonaparte, as first established by him, included the Urinatores, (of the opposite
page,) but he subsequently transferred them to the Gaviae.

SUB-ORDER

ANSERES.

If we adopt the arrangement given by Bonaparte in tlie Comptes Rendus for October, 1853,
Vol. XXXVII, the Anseres will be composed chiefly of species with the mandibles lamellated
along the edges, nearly perpendicularly to the margins. Where there is no such lamellar
condition of the bill, the legs are short and placed far back ; the wings very short, concave, and
much rounded, sometimes very rudimentary ; the tail is sometimes nearly wanting.

There would then be three principal sections or tribes of the Anseres characterisable as follows :

A. Lamdlirostres. — Bill, with transverse lamellae along the edges ; depressed.

Anatidae.' — Bill with the commissure nearly straight. Bill covered with a soft skin,
ending in a hard, horny nail. Legs rather short ; the tibia feathered nearly to the
joint.

B. Vrinatores. — Wings short, concave, rounded, but fitted for use in fliglit. Tail short or
wanting. Bill with a horny covering ; usually compressed.

Alcidae. — Hind toe wanting ; claws compressed. Bill compressed.

CoLTMBiDAE. — Hind toe with a conspicuous lobe. Anterior toes connected by a full mem-
brane. Lores feathered. Tail distinct.

PoDiciPiDAE. — Hind toe with conspicuous lobe. Toes bordered laterally by a broad con-
tinuous membrane, but not connected across except at base. Lores naked. Tail rudi-
mentary or wanting.

C. Ptilopteri. — Wings rudimentary, without projecting quills. Hind toe very small, ante-
rior ; attached to the side of the tarsus. Legs entirely imbedded in the rump.

Of the Ptilopteri, with its single family Spheniscidae, embracing the different species of pen-
guins, there are no representatives on the coast of North America.

As already remarked, however, Bonaparte subsequently confined the Anseres to the Lamelli-
rostres, transferring the Urinatores to the Gaviae. He also made a separate order of the
Ptilopteri. This modified arrangement has accordingly been adopted in the present report.

' If Photnicopteridat be placed in the Xatalores, it will come under LanuUiroslres, with the following diagnosis compared with
JinMidat.

Photnicopteridat. — Commissure bent abruptly in the middle nearly at a right angle. Bill without nail. Legs excessively
lengthened ; tibia bare for half its length.

756 TJ. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Family AN ATIDAE.

Ch. The two jaws with transverse lamellae, alternating and fitting in each other. Upper mandible ending in an obtuse,

rounded nail. A groove running along both jaws to the nail. The feathers of the forehead extend forward on the culmen in a
rounded or acute outline ; those on the side of lower jaw and on the chin e.xtend forward in a similar manner. Commissure
straight. Legs short.

The Anatidae, or the family of the ducks, are universally distributed throughout the globe,
and embrace an unusual proportion of species inhabiting both the Old and New World. The
sub-families are all represented in North America, and a large number of the genera also.
The sub-families are as follows :

A. The teeth of the bill directed downwards, the lamellae composing one series only
On the edge of the upper jaw. The rami of the lower jaw separated. Bill broad ; depressed
at the end.

a. Tarsi reticulated, covered anteriorly with small hexagonal plates, gradually becoming
smaller and rhomboidal laterally. Hind toe without free lobe.

Cygninae. — Neck very long. Bill high at the base ; longer than the head ; of
equal width to the rounded tip, with its narrow nail. Soft skin of bill generally
extending to the eye. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe without claw.
Anserinae. — Neck rather long. Bill high at base ; as long as or shorter than
the head, narrowing to the tip, which is chiefly formed by the large nail.
Kegion in front of the eye feathered. Tarsi longer than middle toe without
claw.
i. Legs with transverse plates or scutellae anteriorly, these becoming much smaller and
more hexagonal laterally and behind. Tarsi generally shorter than middle toe without
claw ; sometimes only half as long.

Anatinae. — Hind toe without a broad membranous lobe attached. Tarsi not

longer than the middle toe ; feet moderate.
Fuligulinab. — Hind toe with a broad membranous lobe depending from its under
surface. Feet large. Nail of bill superior, gently decurved. Tail rather soft ;
the coverts well developed.
Erismaturinae. — Toes and feet as in the last. Nail of bill abruptly bent back
from tip of bill, showing but little on upper surface of the latter. Tail feathers
rigid, spinous, and almost entirely exposed ; the coverts much abbreviated.
B. Bill high at the base, much compressed. The lamellae directed backwards as serrations.
The upper jaw with two series of teeth on each side ; the lower with one which fits between
the others. Tlie nail of the bill compressed^ much curved, forming the tip of the bill. Edges
of bill nearly parallel. Legs with transverse plates anteriorly.
Merginae. — Characters as above.

^- -« -»_ V

The

v.

I

f„*..i

h^ r

.%•

758

U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEPJLL REPORT.

CYGNUS AMERICANUS, Sharpless.

American Swan.

? Anas colxtmHanus, Ord, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. Ed. II, 1815, 319 ; based on Whistling Swan, Lewis & Clark, II, 192.
Cygnus americanus, Sharpless, Doughty's Cab. N- H. I, 1830, 185, pi, .xvi. — Id. Am. Jour. Sc. XXII, 1831, 83 —
AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 133 ; pi. 411. -Ib. Syn. 274.— lb. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 226 ; pl. 384-
Olor americanus, Bonap. Consp. Anser. Comptes Rendus, XLIII, Sept. 22, 185G.
Anas (Cygnus) cygnus, Bon. Specchio Comp. 237.
Cygnus musicus, Bonap. Syn. 1827, 379.
Cygnus beicickii, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 224.
Cygnus ferus, Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 368.
Sp. Ch. — Bill as long as the head, broad, high at the base ; the ffeatliers ending on the forehead in a semi-circular outline.
Nostrils far forward, the anterior extremity considerably more forward than half the commissure. Tail of 20 feathers.

Adult pure white ; bill and legs black ; the former with an orange or yellowish spot in front of the eye. Less mature speci-
mens with the head above tinged with reddish brown. Length, 55 inches ; wing, 22.00 ; tarsus, 4.25 ; bill above, 4.20»
Hab. — Continent of North America.

The common American swan is equally abundant on both sides of the continent, as well as
throughout the interior. The young bird is brown, instead of white. The adult seldom, if
ever, is without the yellow or orange space at the base of the bill, which is otherwise black.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Original

No.

Collected by —

Washington, D. C

S. F . Baird . .

9978

9979

Fort Tborn, N. M

Dr. T. C. Henry

Dr. Henrv

4543

9981

Fort Vancouver, W. T

Dec, 1853
Oct. 24, 1856

Dr. Cooper

9976

Fort Sti'ilacoom .

Dr. Suckley . ........

582

CYGNUS BUCCINATOR, Rich.

Trumpeter Swan.

Cygnus buccinator, Rich. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 464.— Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 370.— Aud. Orn Biog. IV, 1838,
536: V, 114 ; pl. 406 and pl. 376.— lis. Syn. 74.— In. Birds. Amor. VI, 1843, 219; pl. 382,
383.— Eyton, Mon. Anat. 1838, 100.

Olor huccinalor, Wacler, Isis, 1832, 1234.— Eon. Comptes Rondus, XLIII, Sept. 1856.

Sp. Oh. — Bill broad, longer than the head ; the feathers ending on the forehead in a semi-elliptical outline. The nostrils
with the anterior extremity as far forward only as half the commissure. Tail of 24 feathers.

Adult pure white throughout, the bill and legs entirely black ; the bill without any red spot at the base. Loss mature speci-
mens with the head above tinged with reddish brown.

Length about 60 inches ; wing, 24.00 ; bill above, 4.50 ; tarsus, 4.60.

Hab. — Western America, from the Mississippi valley to the Pacific.

This large and powerful swan, doubtless, has special anatomical peculiarities of trachea, to
distinguish it from C. americanus, as the note is much more sonorous. It is for this reason tliat it
is called Trumpeter, in distinction from the other, or " Whistling Swan."

BIRDS ANSERINAE.

Liit of specimens.

759

Gital
No.

S,-x.

Ixicality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

9777 •

(f

Pike hike, Minn

Yellowstone liver .

' Pu'i^et's Sound

lfi">3

Gov. Stevenh

Lieut. Warren

A. Campbell

6476
9775

Aug. 27, 1856.

Dr. llayden

Dr. Kennerly -._

58. 50

76.00

21.00

Sub-Family ANSERINAE.

As already stated, the chief characters of the Anserinae are to he found iu the elevated body,
with the lengthened tibia and tarsus, fitting the species for a terrestrial life. They walk about
much more than the other Anatidae, although equally able to swim. Their necks are shorter
than those of the swans, but decidedly longer than in the ducks.

A common character, at least in most genera, is seen in the plates on the anterior portion of
the tarsus, which, as in the swans, are small and hexagonal, becoming smaller behind. In the
true ducks, the front of the tarsus is covered with transverse scutellae, the sides and behind,
however, are reticulated.

The bill is generally rather short, and higher than broad at the base, in this differing from
most ducks ; it also tapers in most cases quite rapidly to the tip, which is constituted entirely
by a large convex decurved nail. Tlie foramen of the bill, in which the nostrils open, is very
large, though mostly occupied by membrane. The tarsus is generally longer than the com-
mi.ssure or the middle toe without its claw. The cheeks are densely feathered to the bill.

The plumage is never very brilliant, white, black, and gray predominating. As in the
swans, both sexes are colored alike, in this differing from the other Anatidae.

I difier from most authors in placing Dendrocygna in the present sub-family, rather than
with the Anatinae. Its characters are, indeed, so peculiar as almost to warrant its forming the
type of a separate sub-family. In the elevated base of the bill, with the large nail at the
extremity, and the lengthened legs, with the hexagonal scales in front of the tarsus, there is
certainly a much closer relationship to the geese than to the ducks. ^

The North American genera of the Auserinae, as defined chiefly by Keyserling and Blasins,
are as follows :

Ansereae. — Bill tapering to the tip ; as long as the head. Nostrils reaching about to the
middle of the commissure. Tibia bare near the lower end only.

Anser. — Bill as long as the head ; mostly red or orange colored. The lamellae of upper
mandible project below the edge as conical points. Nostrils opening behind the
middle of the commissure, the anterior edge only reaching to this point. Tip of
hind toe reaching the ground.
Bernicla. — Bill shorter than the head ; black. Lamellae of upper jaw hidden by the
margin of bill. Nasal apertures lying over the middle of the commissure, their
anterior edge reaching beyond this point. Hind toe elevated ; rudimentary ; not
touching the ground.

* Bonaparte, indeed, in bia last schedule of Anatidae, Comptee Rendus, XLIII, September, 1S56, places Dendrocygna with
Tadorna, Chemlopez, &c, in a section Tadorneae of I'UctropUridae.

760

TJ. S. P. K. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Dendrocygneae. — Bill longer than the head ; nearly parallel as far as the tip. Nostrils
decidedly posterior to the middle of the commissure. Lower part of tibia hare for a con-
siderable extent.

Dendrocygna. — Lamellae of bill hidden by the edge. Hind toe lengthened, more than
one-third the tarsus. Wings much rounded ; first primary scarcely longer than
the fourth.

ANS R, Liunaeus.

Anser, Brisson, Orn. 1760. Type Anas anser, L.
Chen, BoiE, Isis, 182iJ. Type Anas hyperborea, Gm.

The characters of Anser have already been given in a preceding page with sufficient detr.il
not to require additions here. As defined, however, it embraces two sections, difi'ering in the
following points :

Chen. — Bill high at base, the upper angle advancing far on the forehead. Width of base
of upper mandible more than half the commissure. Lower edge of upper mandible much
arched ; the teeth very prominent and large. Lower jaw very deep. Species A. Jiyperboreus,
caerulescens f

Anser. — Bill not so much elevated at the base as in Chen ; the commissure less curved ; the
teeth less prominent. Lower jaw not so deep. Species, A. gambelii and frontalis.

These characters apply pretty well to the American species, but European geese exhibit a
very gradual transition between the two.

Comparative measurements of species.

c

"a
6

Species.

Locality.

Hi

1

1

=3

i

—
i

o

1

0.

bD
§

■5S

» 3

Si

Specimen
measured.

1241

Anser hyperboreus,
do

•25.00
28.00
28.00
26.00
26.00

16.40
16.60
16.30
16.00
16,75

5.80
5.50
5.42
5.50
5.10

3.12
3.06
2.88
2.40
2.92

2.82
2.98
3.10
2.70
3.00

0.42
0.44
0.52
0.40
0.40

2.10
2.08
'2.00
1.86
1.96

2.10
2.30
2.04
1.93
2.12

1970

Missouri river

do

Skill

1963

Anser gambelii

An

Skin

10406

9953

Anser frontalis

Fort Thorn, N. M..

0.96

0,90

Skin

• About.

ANSEK HYPERBOREUS, Pallas.
Snow Goose.

Anser caerulescens, Likn. Syet. Nat. I, 17GCi, 198.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. VIII, 1856, 12.

Anser hyperboreus, Pallas, Spic. Zool. VI, 1767, 80, 25.— BoN. Syn. 1828, 376.— Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 467.— Nutt.
Man. U, 344.— AuD. Orn, Biog. IV, 183S, 562; pi. 381.— Ib. Syn. 273.— In. Birds Amer. VI,
lh43, 212; pi. 381.— Kvton, Mon. Anat. 183!), 92.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. VIII, 18.^)6, II.

Anas hyperborea, Gm. I, 504. — Wils. Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 70; ])1. l.\viii and Ixix.

Anas nivalis, FonsTtn, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 413.

Tadorna nivea, Bhkiim, Vi'>g. Deiitsclil. 1831, 854.

J Anter albalus, CASgm, I'r. A. N. S. VIII, 1856, 41.

8p. Ch. — Adult. Bill and le^s red. Color pure wbitc. Primary iiuills black towards the end, silvery bluish gray towards
he base, where the shafts aro white. The spurious quills are also liluish. Inside of wings, except primary i|uillR, while. Im-
mature birds have the bead washed with rusty.

BIRDS — ANSERINAE — ANSER GAJIBELII.

761

T Toung. Head and upper iiiirt of neck vf bite ; lower part of neck to the wings diirk brown, paasing on the sides of body into a
more ashy shade; rest of under parts, concealed portions of the buck, rump, and iippiT ooverls, white. The entire scapuliir and
scapular region is ashy brown, each feather with faint reddish brown margin. The upper sutlnceof the wing is of a clear silvi-ry
ash, hut passing into dark brown on the ends of the quills. The coverts, secondaries, tertials, and scapulars, edged with white.

Length about 3(1 inches; wing, 1(5.40; tarsus, 3.1'J; commissure, 2.10.

Hub. — Whcde of North America.

It is quite probable that, as Mr. Cassin suggests, the supposed young bird, as described above,
is really distinct from the white bird, but in the absence of positive facts in the case I do not
feel at liberty to separate the two, especially as Mr. Audubon asserts positively that a gray or
bluish specimen in possession of Dr. Bachman became white.

I have not the means of testing the validity of Mr. Cassin's new Anser albatus, which is said
to differ from the common species in smaller size, shorter bill, &c. In the very great variations
of size and proportions in the geese I can scarcely believe that the grounds of distinction as
announced are sufficient in the present case to make two species.

The name caeruleacens has priority of date over hyperboreus, and if the species are the same
should be used, but for the fact that the adult bird is not bluish, but white, thus conveying a
false impression respecting it.

List of specimens.

Catal. Ko.

1211

4527

9968

10403

1970

Locality.

Whence ohtained.

WHITE.

1 nited States

.S;m Francisco

I'uget's Sound

Nortliwcst coast of America

BLCISa,

Missouri river

S. F. Baird

Lieut. Williamson

Dr. Suckley

United States E.\ploring Expedition.

S. F. Baird .

Collected by —

Dr. Ncwbenv.

J. .J. Audubon .

ANSEE GAMBELII, Hartlaub.

White Fronted Goo.oe; Ijanghing Goose.

Anser albi/rotu, Sw. F. B. A. 11, 1831, 456. Not of Gmelin.— Nutt. Man. II, 310.— Aui>. Om. Biog. HI, 1835, 568;

pl. 260.— Ib. Syn. 272.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 209; pi. 380.
Anser gambdii, Hartlaub, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1852, 7.

Sp. Ch. — Tail of sixteen feathers. Bill and legs red. Along sides of bill and forehead white, margined behind with blackish
brown. Rest of head and neck grayish brown, becomit)g pale on the jugulum. Back bluish gray, the feathers anteriorly
tipped with brown; the sides similarly colored. The breast and belly grayish white, blotched irregularly with black; the anal
region, sides behind, and beneath the tail, with the upper coverts, white. The secondary quills and ends of primaries are dark
brown ; the remaining portion of primaries and the covert silvery ash. The shafts of quills white. Greater coverts edged with
white. Tail feathers brown, tipped with white. A-xillars and under surface of wings ashy plumbeous. Length 28 inches ; wing,
16.30 ; tarsus, 2.88 ; commissure, 2.04.

llab. — Whole of North America.

A specimen from New Mexico is smaller, with the nail of bill narrower. Another from El
Paso (10463) has the under parts grayish, with only a trace of black in three or four feathers.
August 12, 1838.

96 b

762

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The white forehead is very conspicuous. Another specimen goes to the opposite extreme in
having the breast and belly continuously black, with only an occasional blotch of gray.

It is quite possible that this continent possesses two species of white fronted geese, but in
the specimen before me I am unable to detect any constant differences of importance.

The difference between the European and American white fronted geese, according to Hart-
laub, consists in the much larger bill of the latter. This in A. gambelii measures over two
inches, instead of 1.50, as in A. alhifrons.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by —

Remarks.

4517

WasUin^'tou, D. C

S. F. Baird .,

1963

do

10463

J. H. Clark..

9967

do

A. Schott

10406

10405

Ca'ifornia ..

United States Ex. Exd

104C2

Shoalwater bay.--......

Nov., 1854

Governor Stevens .........

Dr. Cooper ....

Iris brown ', bill

•

flesh color.

ANSER FRONTALIS, Baird.

Sp. Ch. — Bill apparently red ; the nail blackish. The head and neck brown, darker above, and the space round the base of
the bill much darker than elsewhere, instead of being white. The scapular region and wing coverts are purer and darker brown
than the head, each feather edged with paler, excepting the lesser coverts, which are more ashy. The greater coverts are
broa(\Jy tipped with whitish. The lower back, tail, primary, and secondary quills, are very dark brown; the tail narrowly
tipped with white; the exposed portion of the primaries dark ashy. The sides of the rump, the upper and under tail coverts,
and the region about the anus are whitish ; the rest of the under parts are also whitish, each feather being brown and edged with
this whitish color. The sides are continuously dark brown, but edged with the paler color of the head. The inside of wings
and axillars are dark slate. Length about 526.00; wing, 10.75 ; tarsus, 2.i);J; commissure, 2.12.

Hab. — Interior of North America.

This goose is very similar to tbe common American white fronted goose in general appearance, ^
the principal difference being the replacing of the white round the base of the bill by a brown,
darker than that of the head, and the absence of black irregular blotches beneath, each feather
having instead a dusky centre. The wings are precisely the same. The dusky nail of the bill
instead of a white one appears to be characteristic.

I have not met with any indication of this goose in any American writer, and I am inclined
to believe it a distinct and undescribed species. The young. white fronted goose is said to have
the white front indicated by a few white feathers ; the under plumage plain gray. An Anser
temminclcii {A. minulus, Naum.) from Euroi)e is much smaller than the European alhifrons, with
a dark nail, but the front is white. Anser bruchii of I'rehm, (A. medius of Bruch,) likewise
European, has the forehead uniform with the rest of the head, not darker; the breast is dusky;
the nail of the bill is dark colored, as in the present bird ; the size appears smaller.

For the present, tlierefore, I liavo no other alternative but to impose a new name on the

UIKDS — ANSERINAK — UERNICLA. 763

species, leaving the question of ita relationship to he settled hy fuller information respecting
the American geese generally.

List of specimens.

Catal. Number.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

9957

9953

Fort Thorn

BERNICLA, Stephens.

Bemicla, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII, ii, \S'H, 45. Type Anas bernicla, Linn.
Leuniparda, Eeicu. Syst. Avium, Int. 1&'53, pi. ix. Type Amer Imcopsis, Bech.

Cii Bill about as long as head or shorter ; the commissure nearly straight ; the teeth of upper mandible concealed, except

perhaps at the base. Bill and legs black.

The American geese, with hlack bills and legs, exhibit very great variations in size ; so much
80, indeed, as to render it very difficult to distinguish them hy this character alone. The
variation in the shade of plumage in the same species is likewise considerable.

Synopsis of species.

A. Letcoblepharon, Baird. — Ilead and neck black. A large triangular patch beliind the
eye, usually broadly confluent with its fellow beneath, the upper angle truncate. A few whitish
feathers on lower eyelid.

Tail of eighteen feathers.

Bill elongated ; as broad at the base as height of upper mandible. Length of
culmen equal to the head, and nearly two-thirds the tarsus, which is equal to
the middle toe without its claw. Under parts ashy brown, passing almost

insensibly into white about anus. No white ring on throat canadensis.

Bill short ; broader at the base than height of upper mandible. Culmen shorter
than head, about half the tarsus, which is longer than middle toe and claw.
Under parts dark brown, abruptly defined against white of the anal region.

A distinct white ring on lower throat , leucopareia.

Tail of sixteen feathers.

Similar to cawac/cMsis, but much smaller hutchinsii.

B. Bernicla, Steph. — Head, neck, and jugulum, black. Middle of neck with a white
crescent on each side. Bill shorter than the head.

Crescents of neck distinct. Upper parts brown, edged with paler. Beneath
grayish, sharply defined against the black of jugulum hrenia.

Crescents of neck confluent beneath. Above uniform brown ; belly nearly as
black as j ugulum nigricans.

C. Leucoparela, Keich. — Head, neck, and jugulum, black. Forehead, cheeks, and chin,
white.

Feathers above ash color, terminated broadly with blackish and tipped with
white. Under parts nearly pure white leucopsis.

7G4: U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Comparative measurements of species.

d

is.
n
3

Species.

Locality. .

BO
C
O
Hi

1 1

'3

ca

3^
O

i

= o

o

%
o

(a

i

§

<

S 2

^ 3

Specimen
measured.

2128

do.

10402

Bemicla canadensis ....

Carlisle, Pa

"**

<?

17.75
18.00
19.50
19.10
17.75
20.75
18.00
18.00
18.75
18.00
18.00
16.50
18.00
15.50
15.80
13 60
15.80
12.84
12.75
12.90
13.80
17.00

6.68

3.10

3.50

0.50

1.84

2.10

Skin

33.00
36.50
36.50
37.00

63.50

Fresh ...

do

7.12
7.10
6.70
7.54
6.84

3 24
3.2G
3.31

3.62
3.16

3.90
3.62
3.60
3.64
3.22

0.60
0.52
0.44
0.60
0.40

2.04
2.20
1.92
2.02
2.00

2.22
2.30
2.01
2.20
2.30

1.00
1.02
1.00
1.02
1.02

1.00
1.03
1.00
1.02
1.02

Fresh ...

10401
9960

do

do

do

Uodega,Cal

about

Fresh ...

Skin

Skm

1192
do.

do

Potomac river

do

Q

36.00
37.50

63.50

Skin

Fresh . . .

do

tio ,

(to

5.80
6.10
5.80
5.54
6.30
'6.20
5.60
4.66
5.60
4.60

3.70
3.32
3.06
2.74
3.44
2.74
2.70
2.70
2.70
2.26

3.50
3.24
3.06
2.60
3.30
2.64
2.50
3.50
2.50
2.25

0.40
0.50
0.42
0.42
0.46
0.48
0.44
0.34
0.44
0.33

1.92
2.00
1.70
1.50
1.62
1.44
1.62
1.36
1.63
1.32

2.04
2.04
1.84
1.60
1.90
1.50
1.76
1.42
1.76
1.40

0.90
1.02
0.92
0.80
0.80
0.74

0.70

0.82
1.02
0.92
0 80
0.90
0.74

0.64

Skin

9%1
9954

Skin

Kio Riia, N. M

30.00
27.50

Skin

9554

do

Skin

5994

Beinicia leucopiircia...
Beriiicla hutcliiusii

Skin

4529

Skin... ..

30.00

30.00
23.00
23.50
27.00
29.00
28.20

45.50

Skin

9956

do

Red river, H.B. T.

Skin

2727

(Jo

Skin

1199
do.

9965
9964
IBOl

Bcrnicta brenta

do

Easl'n !-hore of Md.
do

Q

Skin

Fresh ...

Bcrtiicla nigricans

Bodega, Cal

about

4.46
4.98
4.14

2.30
2.30
2.76

2.20
2.25
2.42

0.34

0.40
0.36

1.22
1.23
1.40

1.50
1.50
1.40

Skin

Skin

Bernicla leucopsis

Skin

1

BEENICLA CANADENSIS, Boie,

Canada Goose.

Anas amademis, Linn. Syut. Nat. I, 1760, 198.— Forster, Phil. Traus. LXII, 1772, 383. — Wils. Am. Oru. VIII,

1814,52; pi. Ivii.
Anser canadensis, Vikill. Nnuv. Diet. — Sw. &, Rich. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 468. — Nutt. Man. II, 349. — Aud. Orn.

Biog. Ill, le35, 1 : V, 007 ; pi. 'illl.— Iii. .S)U. 270.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1S43, 178; pi. 376.
Cijgnm canadensis, Stepii. Sliaw's ZckpI. XII, ii, 18'24, ID.
Bernicla catiadtnsia, BoiE, Isis, 18'2(), '.t^l.
? Anser parvijjes, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Se. VI, Oct. 1852, 188. (Vora Cruz.)

Sp. Ch. — Tail of eighteen feathers. Head, necli, bill, and feet, deep blaek. A large triangular patch (if white on the cheeks
behind the eye; the two of iipposite sides broadly confluent beneath, but not extending to the rami of lower jaw; a few whitish
feathers on lower eyelid. Upper parts brown, edged with paler. Under parts liglit, with a tinge of purple gray, sometimes a
shade of smoky brown ; the edges of the feathers paler; the color of the body of the feathers, though similar, becoming deeper
on the fides, tibia, a-xillars, and inside of wings. The gray of the belly passes gradually into white on the anal region and
yoder covens; the upper tail coverts ai'e pure white. The priiiiniy c|uills and rump aro very dark blacki.-sh brown ; the tail
fealhers are black. Lengtli, 35 ; wing, l'^; tarsus, 3.10; coiumissure, 2. 10.

Hah. — Whole of Ncjrtli America. Accidental in Europe.

In comj)aring quite a large ficries of Caiiiula geese together, I have found very great
discrt}mncies in tliuieusious, us will be suflieieutly evident from the table of measurements. I
find ahiiost every size between wide extremes, with great variations in size and inoiiortions of
the bill, as well ii.s iiiucii difference in tlie .•-haile uml tuiitinnity of color. In several instances

BIRDS— ANSERINAE — BERNICLA LKUCOPAREIA.

765

the bill is shorter than the head. At present I do not see the way clear to do else than con-
sider them as one species, leaving it for further materials to decide the question.

One specimen, 9554, from Simiahmoo hay, is the smallest of all, and would he taken for
Bernida hutchinsti, but for the possession of eighteen tail feathers. In the yellowish color of
the under parts, the small bill and feet, and in its diminutive size, it approaches very closely to
the Anscr panipes of Cassiu from Vera Cruz, and may possibly represent the same form or
variety of B. canadensis, or even with it constitute a distinct species, which, however, I am
scarcely inclined at present to admit.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

2128

c?

1192

9

99fil

9954

5471

10401

3

99G2

9554

Sex.

Locality.

Carlisle, Pcnn

Potomac river, D. C

Froiitcra, Texas

Rio Rita, Laguna, N. M-.

Yellowstone

Salt Lake

Bodega, Cal

Simiahmoo bay... ......

Whea col-
lected.

Dec, 1843..
Nov., 1853

Wlience obtained. Collected by

October 9

S. F. Baird

, do..

Major Emory

Lieut. Whipple. -
Lieut. Warren ..
Capt. Stansbury.
Lieut. Trowbridge.
A. Campbell

J. H. Clark.
Kenn. & Miill. .
Dr. Hayden.

T. A. Szabo..
Dr. Kenuerly

Length.

35.00
37.50

Stretch
of wings.

63.50
63.50

Wing.

18.00
18.00

BERNICLA LEUCOPAREIxi, Cassin.

Arntr leucopareius, Brandt, Bull Sc. Acad, St. Petersb. 1, 1836, 37, (Aleutians.) — Ib. Deec. et Icones Anim. Ross. Aves,

faec. I, 183G, 13; plate ii.
1 Bernida leucoparda, Cassin, III. I, 1855, 272 ; pi. xlv.
Anser canadensis, Pallas, Zoog. RosBO-As. II, 1811, 230.

Sp. Ch. — Tail of eighteen feathers ; general appearance that of .4. canadensis, hut much darker ; head and neck black, bounded
inferiorly by a well deliucd half ring of white on the throat; a white patch on each cheek, the two coufluent below, triangular
OD the sides and truncate above; the posterior outline perpendicular, the anterior sloping backwards behind the eye, almost
exactly as in A. canadensis ; there is a faint whitish patch on lower eyelids ; upper parts dark wood brown, turning gradually
Dto black on the rump, tail and primary quills, each brown feather of the fore back and wings with a rather paler edge. The
under parts are very dark brown, as dark as the back of A. canadensis, paler along the middle of the belly, the sides as dark as
the back ; each feather has an obsolete margin of lighter ; the region round anus is white, abruptly defined against the brown of
the belly; the under and upper tail coverts are white; the bill is quite short, the culmen about half the tarsus, which is
decidedly longer than the middle toe. Length about 35 inches; wing, IS ; tarsus, 3.44; commissure, 1.90.

Uab. — West coast of America.

This species closely resembles the Canada goose, and, like it, has 18 tail feathers. It is a little
smaller, however, and much darker, standing almost in the same relation to it that B. nigricans
does to B. brenta. The belly is as dark as the back of A. canadensis, the color abruptly defined
against the white about the anus. The white half ring round the neck is a conspicuous feature.
The biU is proportionally shorter, the culmen being only half the length of tarsus, while the
tarsus is longer, exceeding the middle toe, instead of being .smaller by the length of the nail.

This species agrees very well in its peculiar proportions of bill and tarsus with B. leucopareia
of Brandt, and quite well in color, excepting that in the latter, as described by Brandt, the white

766 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOUY — GENERAL REPORT,

of the cheeks is more restricted to a crescent on each side behind the eye, the concavity anterior,
instead of having a larger patch of more triangular shape, and confluent on the chin with its
fellow. The chin, however, has a black peninsula, nearly an isthmus, and the strait is spotted
with black. It is quite possible that cases might occur where the white would be divided into
two patches, although this would be rare. The colors of the present bird are darker than as
assigned to leucopareia, with less of the paler edging of feathers.

It is not to be denied, however, that the probabilities are very great that the present species
is really distinct from leucopartia of Brandt, the form of the cheek spot being usually very
constant in Bernicla. The great inferiority of size is also to be taken into account. Brandt's
specimen measures 30 inches ; the bill above 1.50 ; the wing, 16.00 ; the tail barely 6.00 ; the
tarsus, 3.30 ; middle toe, 2.75 ; width of bill at base, .75. It was obtained in the Aleutian
islands. Should the bird from Port Townsend be a different species, it may be appropriately
called Bernicla occidentalis. The name might be taken from the white collar but for the possi-
bility that this may not be always constant.

The bird described by Mr. Cassin as B. leucopareia agrees much more closely with Brandt's
bird in size and coloration than the subject of the present article. The white patches on the
cheek are smaller, and separated on the chin by a narrow longitudinal black band. The length
is 23 inches and the wing 15. The figure indicates shorter toes and bill than in the Canada
goose.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When
collected.

Collected by —

5994

Port Townsend, W. T....

1857

Dr. Suckley

BERNICLA HUTCHINSII, Bo nap.

Hntchins' Goose.

Anser kuic/iinsii, Rich. F. Hor. Am. II, 1831, 470.— Nutt. Man. II, 362.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 526; pi. 277.—

Iii. Syn. 271 .—III. Birds Am. VI, 1843, 198 ; pi. 377.
liernida hutchinsii, Bom. List, 1838.
Anas bernicla, var. () Rich. App. Parry 2d voyage, I, 368.

Sp. Ch. — Precisely similar to A. canadensis, but smaller. Tail of 16 feathers. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw.
Length, 3M inches ; wing, 15.80; tarsus, 2.70; commissure, 1.76.
JIah. — Northern and western regions of North America.

In the specimens of Hutchius' goose before me I can detect no difference of form from the
Canada goose, excepting in the smaller size and less number of tail feathers. The toes are
rather shorter. In one supposed specimen from California tlie white cheek patches are separated
interiorly by black spottings.

There are some discrepancies in the accounts of Richartlson and of Audubon respecting this
goose. According to the i'ormer, it has 14 tail i'eathers, and the wing measures 14 inches. Mr.
Audubon's specimen had IG tail feathers, the wing measuring 16.75 inches. Of the skins
enumerated in the accompanying table, No. 9956 agrees very closely with Richardson's account,

BIRDS — ANSKRINAE — BERNICI.A NIGRICANS.

767

although it is ruy impression that it had 16 tail feathers. No. 2727, on the other hand, from
Mr. Audubon's collection, is much as described by him.

List of specimens.

CaUil. Ko.

I/)cality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig. No.

Collected by—

9952

Fort Stcilacoofa

October 1 ...

Dr. Suckley

616

2727

Columbia river?...............

S. K. BairU

J. J. Audulion

4329

Dr. Newberry,--..
U. Ivtiunicott .

9956

North R«J river, Minnesota

September, 1857...

N. W. University

BERNICLA BKENTA, Steph.

Brant.

Anas bemicla, Likn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 198.— Wii.s. Am. Om. VIII, 1814, 131 ; pi. Ixxii.

Ansa- bemicla, Bon. Syn. 1828, 378.— Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 469.— Nctt. Man. II, 3.")9.— Aod. Orn. Biog. V, 1831 , 24, Cin ;
pi. 391.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 203 ; pi. 379.

Bemida brenia, Steph. Shaw's Zool. XII, n, 1824, 46.— Bon. List, 1838.— Eyton, Mod. Anat. 1839, 85.

" Anser torquata, Frisch."

Bemicla torquatut, Brehm, Nat. Vog. Deutsch. 1831, 848.
Sp. On. — Bill and feet, head, neck, and body anterior to the wings, primary quills, and tail black ; the secondary quills nearly
black. On each side of the middle of the neck is a small white crescent, streaked with black. The lower eyelids with a very
faint trace of white feathers. The black of the jugiilum is abruptly defined against the bluish silvery gray of the rem.tining
nnder parts, the feathers of which have the basal portions bluish gray ; the axillars and insides of the wings showing a darker
tint of the same. The gray of the belly passes gradually into white behind, the tail being encircled all round and concealed by
this color. The back and wing coverts are grayish blue, with slightly paler edges; the rump is of a similar, but darker and
more uniform blue. The secondaries have some concealed whitish on the inner webs towards the base. Length, 23.50 ; wing,
12 75; tarsus, 2.26; commissure, 1.40.
Uab. — Eastern or Atlantic coast of North America and Europe. Not yet observed on the Pacific side of the continent.

List of Spec

imens.

Cital. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Length. Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1199

9

Eastern shore of Maiyland.

S. F. Baird

23. 50 45. 60

12 75

BERNICLA NIGRICANS, C as sin.

Black Brant.

Ansernigricam, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. IV, 1846,' 171 ; plate.
Bemida nigncam, Cassin, HI. I, ii, 1853, 52; pi. x.

Sp. Ch.— Head, neck, and body anterior to the wings deep black, passing into dark sooty plumbeous on the rest of the body;
this color beneath extending nearly to the anus, and above shading insensibly into the black of the rump. Middle of the throat
with a white patch e.xtending round on the sides, and somewhat streaked with black. No white on the eyelids. Sides of rump
and of base of tail, with upper and under tail coverts concealing the tail, and space across the anus, white ; primary and

768

V. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVElfS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

secondary quills and tail black. Feathers on sides of body beneath wings like the belly, but with white tips. Length, 29 inches ;
wing, 13.80 ; tarsus, 2..TO commissure, 1.50.

Ildb. — Pacific coast of North America. Very rare on the Atlantic cuast.

This species, with a general resemblance to the brant goose, is yet very distinctly marked.
The bill, though of the same length, is mucli wider. There is no conspicuous distinction
between the black of neck and jugulum and the dark plumbeous brown of belly and back, tbe
feathers of which have no lighter edges, but are perfectly uniform. The white patches on the
sides of the neck are confluent below, not separated.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtaii\ed.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

99C5

Bodega, Cal.

Dec. 1845

Lieut. Trowbridge

Dr Suckley

T. A. Szabo

5995

Port Townsend, W. T

23. 75 ii- 1^

12.75

BERNICLA LEUCOPSLS.

Barnacle Goose.

Anas erythropus, Linn. I, 176G, 197. — Gmelin, I, 513. — Desland, Orn. Europ. II, 1849, 402.

Bernicla erythropus, Steph. Shaw's Zool. XII, 1824, 49.

Anser kucopsis, Bechstein, Taschenbuch, II, 1810, 557. — Bon. Syn. 1828, 377. — Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 353. — Aud.

Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, (i09; pi. 296.— Is. Syn. 271.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 200 ; pi. 378.
Bernicla Umxpsis, 7

Sp. Ch. — Forehead, cheeks, and under parts of the head white ; the side of bill narrowly bordered with black. Crown, nape,
lower part of neck, jugulum, fore part of back, rump, and tail black. Feathers of iuterseapulars and wings silvery bluish gray,
passing into black towards the end, but with the extreme tip whitish gray. Nostrils similarly marked, but without the pale tips.
Under parts uniform bluish white, the feathers on the sides only showing a darker basal portion. Upper tail coverts and sides of
the tail at the base white. Bill and legs black. Length, 28; wing, 17; tarsus, 2.76; commissure, 1.40.

llah. — Europe. Very doubtful as an inhabitant of North America.

Although this species is abundant in Europe, its occurrence in North America is very doubtful,
resting only on very insufficient evidence.

Catal. Number.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

1801

S. F. Baird

CHLOEPHAGA CANAGICA, Bon.

Fainted (ioose.

Alias canagiaa, Sewastianoif, Nova Acta Acad. St. Petorsb. XlII, 1800, 316 ; pi. x.

Amcr canar/icm, Bhandt, Bull, Sc. St. I'et. 1, 1836, 37. — In. Desc. ot Icon. Anim. Ross. Aves, fasc. i, 18.36,7; pi. i

Chloeplutga canngica, Bon. Conij)t('8 Kendus, 18.")6.

Amer pklu), Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, 1811,233.

BIRDS — ANSERINAE— DENDROCYGNA.

769

gp. Ch. — Body bluioli gray. QiiilU widi a black stripe anterior to the while tip. riead, nape, and tail white ; throat bhick,
dotted »ith white. Bill red, <ir yellowish edged with dusky ; nail white.

Lensth. '.iC! iiii-liea; wing, ir> "JS ; tail, 5.00; tarsus, 2.90 ; middle toe, 2 liCi ; bill from front, 1.50.
ILib. — Aleutian islands.

I introduce a short notice of the Chloephaga canagica as a species belonging to our continent,
and said to be quite common on the Aleutian islands. It will, doubtless, in time, be found on
the northwest coast of the United States.

The genus Chloephaga was separated by Eyton, Mon. Anat. in 1838, from Btrnicla, to
accommodate species with a shorter bill and more convex culmen, the legs robust, the mumbrane
of the toes scolloped out, the colors diflerent from Bernida.

DENDROCYGNA, Swain son.

Dendrocyijna, Swainsox, Class. Birds II, IS37, 3(i5. Type Anas arcuata, Cuv.
Dendrontsstt, Wagler, Isis, 1832, 282. Not of Swainson, 1831.

Ch. — Bill much longer thnn the bend: plane at the base above; hi^b at base, the edges nearly parallel, or slightly ecu
verging; the nail very large, much deourved, and projecting considerably anterior to the rest of the bill, of which it forms the
tip. Nostrils small, oval, not reaching the middle of the commissure. Lamellae of bill low, not projecting below the edge of
the bill. Neck and legs very long ; the tibia bare for more than half the length of tarsus. The tarsus covered with large
hexagonal scales on the anterior half and with smaller one.^ on the posterior. Hind toe lengthened, more than one-third the
tarsus. Feet very large. Wings broad and much rounded, the first quill shorter tbau the fourth.

Thtis far but two si)ecif;s are well established as inhabiting the United States, confined
chiefly to tl:e Rio Grande and south California. There is strong reason to believe that a
species occasionally visits the coast of Georgia and other southern Atlantic States from the
"West Indies, which, though possibly the D. autumnalis, is more probably D. arborea. The
characters of the three species areas follows:

Head and neck grayish, inclining to l)rownish red on top of head. Fore part of body all
round chocolate red. Po.sterior portion of body, with quills and under surface of body and
wings, blackish brown. A white patch on wings. Bill and legs red D. autumnalis.

Neck dirty white ; crown black. Fore part of body dark brown. Tail black. Under parts
of body white, each feather barred with brown. Bill lead color ; legs and feet black.. Z>. arborea.

Head yellowish brown, darker on the crown ; a black streak down the nape. Wings, tail,
and rump black ; the lesser coverts chocolate ; under parts uniform pale cinnamon. Under
and upper tail coverts white. Bill and legs bluish black D.fulva.

Comparative measurements of species.

Caul.
No.

Species.

Locality.

Sex.

Length

Stretch Wing,
nfwinga.

Tail.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Its claw
alune.

Bill
above.

Along Specimen
gape, measured.

10399

Dendrocygna fulva

do

Dendroryijna autumnalis. .
do

FortTejon, Cal

do

South America....
Rio Grande, Texas

<?
..„..

18.50
SO. 00

9.10

36.50

3.16

2.20

3.18

0.50

1.58

9.18 1 Skin

9689

9 40

3.00
3. GO

2.16
2.26

2 76
3.10

0.46
0.50

1.87
2.06

2 14 Skin

9871

10.00

2.20 Skin

Angnst 17, 1858.

97 b

770 U. S. p. R. R. KXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

DENDROCYGNA AUTUMNALIS, E y t o n .

Long-legged Duck.

Anas autumnnlis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 205.

Dendronessa imtunmalis, Wagler, leia. 1832,282.

Dtnilronfyna aviumnalis, EvTON.Mon Anat 1838 — Lawrence, Ana N. Y. Lye. V, May, 1851, 117.

Sp Ch. — Head grayish. Top of head, lower part of neck, jugulum, interscapulars, and scapulars, reddish chocolate. A
narrow line down the nape, and the body generally, with wings and tail, black. Crissura and tibia white spotted with black.
A large white patch on the wings, couipofed of the greater wing coverts aad the basal half of nearly all the primaries and
secondaries. Bill and feet red.

Length, about 24 inches; wing, 10; tarsus, 2.26; commissure, 2.20.

Hah. — Valley of Rio Grande, Texas. Also in i-'oulli America and West Indies?

Sides of head and neck gray, passing on the lower surface into whitish. Forehead grayish,
passing on the crown into reddish brown, and on the nape and back of the neck into dark
brown and black. Lower half of neck and anterior portion of body all round, including jugu-
lum and fore back, dull chocolate red, lighter on the breast ; the scapulars, interscapulars, and
tertials, with the tips somewhat similar, but the body of the feather more olive brown. Lower
part of back, rump, tail, the belly and sides, the entire inner surface of wing and axillars,
with the quills, sooty brown, almost black, dullest on the belly ; the crissum and tibia white,
spotted with sooty. Lesser coverts yellowish olive, the greater with the outer webs of
secondaries and primaries and spurious feathers, white, showing as a conspicuous patch.
The first and second primaries, and outer spurious quills without, white. Bill yellowish or
red, the nail black. Feet like the bill.

In a specimen apparently of the same species, but more mature, the top of the head from the
bill is dull brownish red, and the back and scapulars are of the same color, the narrow black
line down the nape very distinct. The jugulum and lower part of neck all round is, however,
more yellowish, separating broadly the chestnut or chocolate red of the throat from that of the
back. The belly is pure black ; the tibia black, with only a few whitish specks.

List of specimens.

Cat.vl.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Wheu obtained.

Collected by—

9871

(?

Isla los'Ayuntas, (Ilio Grande) 'rr.xa.s.
Texas

Sept 8, 1853

A.Schott

9872

do

do

2682

S F. Baird

DENDEOCYGNA FULVA, B u r m .

Anaa fulm. GMELiu.SyBt. Nat. 1, 1788,530.— Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 17!)(l,8(i:5.— Stkph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII.

1819,2114 —BuRM. Thiere Brasiliens, II, I8.''i6,43.5.
"Anat virgalu, Ma.\. Reiee nach. Bras. 1,322."
"Anal nnuala, Licht." Bon.
"Anat liicolor, Vikii.i.ot," Bon.
"Anas collarii, Mf.rbkm," Bon.
Penelope maicana, Br. Orn. VI, 1700, 390.

v)Fv

'-C,J

•J^u*^*-

772 U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AKD SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sub-Familj ANATINAE.

The Anatinae, or river ducks, are easily known by their having the tarsi transversely scutel-
late anteriorly, and the membrane or lobe of the hind toe narrow and much restricted. The
legs are longer than in Fuligvlinae, but shorter than in the geese.

The differences in external form of the American river or fresh water ducks are very trifling,
excepting in Spatula, and are scarcely of the generic value allotted them by ornithologists.
The system of coloration would seem to furnish as reliable a basis for subdivisions as the form,
and it is by this, in great measure, that the genera are determined.

All the North American river ducks agree in having the crissum black. In all, excepting
Querquedula, there is a tendency to- waved lines on the feathers of the flanks, most conspicuous
in the mallard, gadwall, and green winged teal.

Synopsis of genera.

A. Bill rather longer than the foot; the sides nearly parallel; lamellae scarcely visible in the
lateral profile, except in Querquedula. Tail about two-fifths the wing, except in Dajila.

Anas. — Bill broad and the edges parallel ; the width more than about one-third the

lower edge. Tail two-fifths the wing.
Dafila. — Bill narrow, widening somewhat to the tip. The width less than one-third

the commissural or lower edge. Tail much jiointed, three-fourths or more the wing.
Nettion. — Bill very narrow, the sides parallel ; the width scarcely more than one-fourth

the lower edge. Nail very narrow, the width one-fifth that of the bill ; upper angle

of the bill not reaching as far back as the beginning of its lower edge.
Querquedula. — Width of bill about one-third the length of lower edge, or rather more.

The nail about one-third the width of bill. Upper angle of the side of the bill

extending rather further back than the lower edge. Lamellae distinctly visible in the

lateral profile.

B. Bill much longer than the foot, widening towards the end to double the breadth at the
base.

Spatula. — Lamellae much developed, projecting downwards much below the edge of the
bill.

C. Bill not longer than the head, and shorter than the foot. The upper posterior angle on
the side of the bill obtuse, and not extending backwards as far as the lower edge. Tail about
two-fifths the wing.

Chaulelasmus. — Bill as long as the head ; the lower edge about as long as the outer toe,
and longer than the tarsus. The lamellae distinctly visible below the edge of the bill

Makeca. — Bill shorter tlian the head ; the lower edge about equal to the tarsus, and to
the inner toe. Tiie feathers at base of bill above extending across nearly in straight
line.

D. Bill shorter than the liead, and elevated at the base ; the ujiper lateral angle extending
backwards and upwards considerably beliind the lower edge.

Aix. — Nail very large and much hooked, forming the tip of bill. Nostrils very large,
the feathers of forehead reaching to the posterior edge. Tail half the wings.

BIRDS — ANATINAE — ANAS.

773

Comparative measurements of species.

0*ul.
No.

Speeiea.

Locality.

Sex.

I.mglh.

Sir- icl:
orwiiig!«.

Wing.

TaU.

Tarsus.

Middle
toe.

Ita claw Bill
alone, above.

Along
gape.

Specimen
measured.

873

Anas bavchas

C.irlUle, Pa

do

do

do

ao.30

22.75
20.30
23.25
22 00
19.80
22.00
30.00
18.90
14.00
14. CO
13.20
13.00
15.40
15.80
17.80
16.20
18.50
211.00
19.30
20.25
20.00
22.00
19.20
20.90
21.75
18.20
20.00
17.60
18.00
19.00

37.00

36.50

36.25

25.00
20.00

32 25
31.75

35.50

29.50

10.82
11.00
10.60
11.00
11 46
10.50
10.50
11.00
9.70
7.40

4.06

1.70

2.36

0.36

9.10

2.50

Skin

Frei^h.

dn.

do

do

do

673
do.

4.24

1.60

2.34

0.37

1.98

2.30

Skin

Fresh....

Skin

Skin

Fresh....

931

.... do

9
Q

4.70
4.16

1.80
1.66

2.40
2.38

0.38
0.30

2.24
2.00

2.56
2.30

847
do.

do

do

Dafila 3cuia

do

do

do

.... do

1033-J
10333

8.80
4.62
3.42

1.76
1.60
1.14

2.08
1.60

0.38
0.40
0.30

2.01!
1.76
1.45

9.36
9.10
1.68

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fresh.,..

972:.
do.

Nettion caroIiDensti...

do

do

Cao>pll8,BIII W. K.
do

Boca Grande, Mci.
do

8798
do.

7.10

3.52

1.08

1.52

0.28

1.40

1.60

Skin

laoo

Qucrquedula dUcors...
do

Querquedula cyaiiopiera
do

Spatula clypcala

do

Michigan

S
9
3

Q

s

7 10
6.90
7.50
7.20
9.70
9. .50
9.20
9.. 50
8. 50
10.50
lU.lO
11.00
11.00
9.60
10.60
8.90
9.20
9.58

3.06
2.66
3.80
3.52
3.80

1.19
1.26
1.10
1.21
1.38

l.(>4
1.72
1.76
1.70
2.18

0.32
0.34
0.38
0.31
0.40

1.60
1.52
1.73
1.66
2.68

1.86
1.80
2.00
1.90
3.02

Skin

ISUI

do

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fresh

4458
4459

gas

dn.

San Jof6, Cal

do

Carlisle, Pa

do

25-24

do

do

do

9

3.94

1.41

2.00

0.37

2.58

2.94

do.

do

17S3
97^8

Spatula maculosa

South America ....

Bodega, Cal

San Jost, Cal

Carli~le, Pa

do

"s"

9
c?

4.44
3.96
4.20
5.24

1.30
1.64
1.46
1.42

1.96
2.10
9.10
2.10

0.36
0.34
0.34
0.34

2.42
1.72
1.72
1.50

2.57
2.04
2.00
1.78

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin

4SfiO

I3IU
do.

Marcca amcricana

do

286

10376

10331

173a

do.

do

.Mareca penelope

.Aix 5poii<a

do

do

do

dn

do

do

9

9
c?

4.. 54
5.14
4.90
4.50

1.44
1.52
1 36
1.40

1.82
1.99
1.92
1.90

0.33
0.34
0.34
0.32

1.34
1.44
1.30
1.36

1.54
1.64
1.58
1.54

Skin

Skin

Skin

Skin

Fresh.

ANAS, L i u n a e u s.

^1105, LissAEus, Syst. Nat. 1735. Type Jlnas boschas, L. (Gray.)

Ch — Bill longer than the head or the foot, broad, depressed ; the edges parallel to near the end, which is somewhat acute.
Nail less than one-third the width of the bill. Nostrils reaching to end of the basal two-fiflhsof the commissure. Peatliersof fore-
licad,|chiu, and cheeks, reaching about the same point; upper angle of bill about in line with the lower. Tail pointed, about two-
fifths the wing.

The genus Anas embraces very large species, among them the original of the domestic duck.
The characters of the two North American species are as follows :

A. Ends of greater wing coverts white, tipped with black ; speculum purplish violet, termi-
nated with black.

Head and neck green, succeeded by a white ring. Breast dark chestnut. Under parts and
scapulars gray, finely undulated with dusky. Tail white, the coverts black.. .^. boschas.

B. Wing black, the speculum purplish violet, tipped with black.

Entirely du.sky ; the head and neck brownish yellow, spotted with dark brown, which is
uniform on the top of head and nape ; sides of nape with a greenish gloss. No white
anywhere except on the axillars and inside of wing A. obscura.

774 U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

ANAS BOSCHAS, L.

Mallard ; Green Head.

,9nas bosclias, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17GG, 205.— Fobster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 383.— Gmelin, I, 538.— Wilson,
Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 112 ; pi. l.rx.- Hon. Obs. 1825, No. 256.— Ib. List, 1838.— Ann. Orn. Biog.
Ill, 1835, 164; pi. 221.— Ib. Syn. 276.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 236; pi. 385.— F.yton, Mon.
Anat. 1838, 140.

Jlnas (Boschas) boschns, Jenyns, Man. 233.

^nas adunca, L. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 206. — Gm. I, 538 ; monstrous variety.

Jlnas domestica, Gmelin, I, 1788, 538.

Jlnas {Bnschas) domeslica, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 442.— Nuttall, Man. II, 1634, 378.

" Anas bicolor, Donovan, Br. Birds, IX; pi. 212." (Supposed hybrid with Cairina nuschala, or muscovy duck.
Jenyns.)

" Anas purpurea liridis, ScHiKZ." (Supposed hybrid with Cairina moschala. Bonap.)

Anas maiinin, Goese, Birds Jam. 1847, 3119. (Suppo-ed hybrid with Cairina moschala)

Fuligula viola, Bell, Annals N. Y. Lyceum, V, 1852, 219. New York. (Supposed hybrid with Coii-i7ia moschala.)

Anas glocilans, AuD ; pi. 338.

Anas breioeH, Ai7d. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 302 ; pi 338.— Ib. Syn. 277.— Ib. Bird's Amer. VI, 1843, 252 ; pi. 387.

Anas audubonii, Eon. Geog. Li-t, 1838. The tliree last names are based on the same specimen, supposed to be a
hybrid between Anas boschas and Chaulela^mus tlreperus, possibly with Aytliya vallisneria.

Mallard, Pennant, Arctic Zool. II, 563.— Lbth. Syn. III,ii, 489.

Sp. Ch. — Male. Head and nerk bright grass green, with violet gloss, the top of t!ie head duller ; a white ring round the
middle of the neck, below which and on the fore part and sides of tlie breast the color is dark brownish chestnut. Under parts
and sides, with the scapulars, pale gray, very finely undu'ated with dusky ; the outer scapulars with a brownish tinge. Fore
part of back reddish brown ; posterior more olivaceous. Crissum and upper tail coverts black, the lailer with a blue gloss.
Tail e.xternally white ; wing coverts brownish gray, the gnater coverts tipped first with white, and then more narrowly with
black. Speculum purplish violet, terminated with black ; a recurved tuft of featheis on the rump.

Female with the wing exactly as on the male. The under parts plain whitish ochrey, each feather obscurely blotched with
dusky. Head and neck similar, spotted and streaked with dusky ; the chin and throat above unspotted. Upper parts dark
brown, the feathers broadly edged and bande 1 with reddish brown parallel with the circumference.

Length of male, 23 ; wing, 11 ; tarsus, 1.70 ; commissure of bill, 2.50.

liab. — Entire continent of North America and greater part of Old World.

A large duck, mucli exceeding the mallard in size, but quite similar in general appearance,
is occasionally shot in the United States and in Europe, and described by the various names
given in the synonomy. It is generally supposed to be a hybrid with the muscovy, Cairina
moschala, although, from the constancy of its markings and the absence on the face of the
peculiarities of the muscovy, it may be questioned v?hether, after all, it be not entitled to
specific rank. The Anas breweri of Audubon is diiferent from this form, and may, possibly, be
a hybrid with the gadwall, as suggested by its describer.

This species is generally considered as identical with the barn-yard duck, and presents one of
the few cases where the original is well known of a domesticated animal. A difierence
between the wild and tame mallard, according to Giraud, is to be found in the much broader,
harder, and more horny feet of the latter.

BIRDS — ANATINAE — DAFILA.
List of specimens.

775

Caul.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Oollectcd by —

Length.

Stretch
urwingB.

Wing.

i

c?

Qo
(?
<?
c?

"7

Carlisle, Pa

Nov. 25, 1842
do

22 75
22.25

37.00
36.50

11.00
11.00

873

do

do

6ttS7

Selkirk SelUeincnt, H. B T

D. Gunn I.»..t

6891

.... do

9691

rpi>erMis.-it;sippinnilVcIlow8tonc

9699

9696

Fort Thuni, New Mexico '

Dr. Ilonr)'

5887

Fort Uiley, K. T '

9693

Boca Grande, Mexico

Hodef;n. Col

Mar. — , 1855
Feb. — , 185,1
July 6,1853

Miijor l^iiiory

30

9697

T. A. Szabo

9701

Presidio, (near San Francisco) ..

do

do

9698

21
31

1

9692

do

Feb. 3, 1854

do

do

24.00

37.00

11 50

ANAS OBSCURA, Gm.

Black Duck ; Dusky Duck.

^noj obseura, Gm. Syst Nat. I, 1788, .SU.— Lath. Ind. II, 1790.— Wilson-, Am. Orn. Vrif, 1814, 141 ; pi. Ixxii,
f. 5.— Ib. Ord'sed. VIII, 155.— Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825,. 260— Ib. Syn. 234.— \cd. Orn. Biog. IV,
1838, 15; pi. 302.— Ib. Syn. 276.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843,244; pi. 386.— Eyton Men. Anat.
1838, 140.

>4n<u (Boschas) obsciira, Nittall, Man. II, 1834, 392.

Dusky Duck. — Pennant, Arc. Zool. II, 564. — Lath. Ill, ii, 545.

Sp. Ch. — Bill greenish ; feet red. Body generally blackish brown ; the feathers obscurely margined with reddish brown ;
those anteriorly with a concealed V-shaped mark, more or less visible on the sides of the breast. Head and neck brownish
yellow, spotted with black ; the top of head and nape dark brown, with a green gloss on the sides behind. Wings dull blackish,
with a dull greenish gloss. Speculum violet, terminated with black. Inner tertials hoary gray towards tip. Axillars and
inside of wing white. Tail of 18 feathers.

Female similar, but rather duller ; the light edges to the under feathers more conspicuous ; the sides of head without the
greenish gloss. The speculum bluish, with less violet.

Length of male, 22 inches ; wing nearly 12 ; tarsus, 1.80 ; commissure, 2.56.

Hab. — Atlantic region of North America. Not yet detected on the Pacific, nor in Europe.

This is the most plainly marked as well as, perhaps, the largest of our river ducks, and
excelled by none in the excellence of its flesh.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

231

9

Carlisle, Penn .

March 10, 1840

November 4, 1842

S. F. Baird

847

do

do

22.00

36.25

10.50

1

DAFILA, Leach.

Dafila, "Leach," Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zoo!. XII, 1824, 126. Type .Inas acuta.
Phasianurus, Wagler, Isis, 1832.

Ch. — Bill long, narrow ; considerably longer than the foot ; nearly linear, but widening a little to the end, which is truncate,
rounded. Nail small. Nostrils small, in the basal third of bill. Tail pointed; the two middle feathers lengthened, so as
nearly to equal the wings.

776 II. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SITRVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

There is but one species of Bafila inhabiting the United States, the D. acuta, though the
D. urophasiana is quoted as belonging to our western coast as well as that of South America.
The D. bahamensis,^ by some supposed to be the same with D. urophasiana, if really found in
the Bahamas, in all probability extends its flight to our southern coast.

The characters of Dafla acuta are as follows :

Tail of 16 feathers. Head uniform brown. Neck and beneath plain white. Sides and fore
part of back finely lined transversely with black and white. Wing coverts plain, terminated
narrowly by reddish buff; then a purplish green speculum passing into black behind, and tipped
with white. Scajjulars and tertials streaked with black and hoary whitish.

DAFILA ACUTA, Jenyns.

Pintail ; Sprigtail.

.Jnas acula, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 202.— Gmelin, I, 258— Wilson. Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, f. 2; pi. l.wiii.—
BoNAP. Obs. No. 258.— Temm. Man. II, 838, (Europ. sp.)— Ano. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 214 : V, 615 ;
pi. 227.— Ib. Syn. 279.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 266 ; pi. 390.

Phasianiirus aculus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1235.

J]nas (Dafila) acula, Jentns, Man. 1835, 232. Europ. sp.

Dafila acula, Bon. List, 1838.

^nas (Boschas) acxda, Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 386.

Jlnas caudacuta, (Rat,) Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831,441.

Dnji/a caii(iacii/a, Stephens, Shaw's Zool. XII, ii, 1824,127. — Jard. Br. Birds, IV, 120. — Eyton, Mon. Anat.
1838,113. European.

Dafila longicauda, Brehm.

Pintail, Pennant, Arc. Zool. II, 566. — Lath. Syn. Ill, n, 52G.

Dafila acula, var. .4. americana, Bon. Comptis Rendus, XLIII, 1856.

Sp. Ch. — Tail of 16 feathers. Bill black above and laterally at the base ; the sides and beneath blue. Head and upper
part of neck uniform dark brown, glossed with green and purple behind. Inferior part of neck, breast, and under parts white ;
the white of neck passes up to the nape, separating the brown, and itself is divided dorsally by black, which, below, passes into
the gray of the back. The back anteriorly and the sides are finely lined transversely with black and white. The wings are
plain and bluish gray ; the greater coverts with a terminal bar of purplish butf, below which is a greenish purple speculum,
margined behind by black, and tipped with white. Longest tertials striped with silvery and greenish black. Scapulars black,
edged with silvery ; crissum and elongated tail feathers black ; the former edged with white.

Female with only a trace of the markings of the wing ; the green of the speculum brownish, with a few green spots. The
feathers of the back are brown, with a broad U or V-shaped brownish yellow bar on each feather anteriorly. Sometimes those
bars appear in the shape of broad transverse lines.

Length, 30 inches ; wing, 11 ; tail, 8.60 ; tarsus, 1 .75 ; commissure, 2.36.

Hab. — Whole of North America and Europe.

The young male is sometimes difBcult to recognize when without the long tail, and with the
markings those^ in part, of both sexes.

' The following synonymy is assigned to /inas urophaaianus, though it is most probable that .'?;ins baltamcnsis is a distinct
species :
Dafila BAiiAMENsif.

Jlnas bahajunuis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 199.

Paecilonella bahamcnsis, LtroN, Mon. Anat. 1838, pi. 112. — Gat, Fauna Chilona. — Cassin, Gilliss' Chile, II, 1855, 203.

.Inas ilathera, Bonn.

Jlnas urophuiinnus, Vigors, Zool. Jour. IV, 1829, 357. — Ib. Zool. of Blossom, 1839, 31 ; pi. xiv.

Dafila urophatianus, Eyton, Mon. Anat. 1838.

Phaaianurtis vigorsii, Wagler, Isis, 1832, 1235.

"r^'S^;*

f-^J^*"-*

, He

i

».^

viw».^'^^

778

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Cn — Head and neck all round clicstnut ; cliin black ; forehead dusky. Region round the eye, continued along the side
of the head as a broad stripe, rich green, passing into a bluish black patch across the nape. Under parts while, the feathers of
the jugulum with rounded black spots. Lower portion of neck all round, sides of breast and body, long feathers of Hanks and
scapulars beautifully and finely banded closely with black and grayish white. Outer webs of some scapulars, and of outer secon-
daries black, the latter tipped with white ; speculum broad and rich green ; wing coverts plain grayish brown, the greater coverts
tipped with buff. A white crescent in front of the bend of the wing ; crissum black, with a triangular p.itch of buffy white on
each side. Lower poition of the green stripe on each side of the head blackish, with a dull edge of whitish below.

Female with the wings as in the male. The under parts white, with hidden spots on the jugulum and lower neck ; above
dark brown, the feathers edged with gray.

Length, 14 inches ; wing, 7.40 ; tarsus, 1.14 ; commissure, 1.68.

Hab. — Whole of North America ; accidental in Europe.

Males vary in having the under parts sometimes strongly tinged with ferruginous brown.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

No.

3336

S

287
S207
5461

9
9

5462

9

6903

c?

9721

3

5122

9734

c?

9722

c?

97^

9

4245

c?

9731
9720
9728

9
9

9724

9733

'<S

9730

c?

Locality.

Carlisle, Fa.
do

.do..

Blackfoot country....

Big Bend, Mo

Nelson river, H. B. T.
Great Salt Lalte City.
Indianola

El Paso, Texas

Rio Rito, Laguna, N. M.
do

Ohiiiualiua

Camp 118, B. W. Fork.
, do

Boca Grande, Mexico.

Bodega, Cat

SUoalwater bay, W. T.

When col-
lected.

Mar. 20, 1847
April 10, 1841
Oct. 31, 1840

1855

Oct. 10, 1856

1854

Feb. 14, 1855

Nov. 12, 1854
Nov. — , 1854
Oct. 16, 1854
Feb. 10, 1854
Feb. 8, 1834
Mar. — , 1858
Dec. — , 1854

Fort Steilacooin Jan. 20,1854

Whence obtained

S. F. Baird.,

do....

do

Lt. Warren

do

D. Gunn

Capt. Beckwitli.
Capt. Pope

Maj. Emory.,..
Lt. Whipple....

do

J. Potts

Lt. Wliipple...

do

Maj. Emory.. ..
Lt. Trowbridge.
Gov. Stevens ..

do

Orig'l

No.

Collected by-

Dr. llayden ..

do ,

Jill). lt.l»i~ter.

J. II. Clarlc....
Kenn. and Mull.
do

Kenn. and Mull.

do

Dr. Kennerly..
T. A Szabo ...
Dr. Cooper

Dr. Suckley.

Length.

13.50

12.50
13.00
13.00

Stretch
of wings.

21.00

20.00
21.00
22.00

24.50

Wing.

Remarks.

Feet bright yellow,bill bl'k,
iris red, gnms yellow.

Iris brown, bill and feet
pate gray.

NETTION CRECCA, Kaup.

English Teal.

Jnas crecca, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 204.— Gmf.liv, 1, 1788, 532.— Temminck, Man. II, 846.
Qnerqvedulu crecca, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII, i, 1824, 146.
" JVtdion crecca, Kaup, Entw. Europ. Thicrw. 1829."
gp. Cii. — Similar in size and general appearance to Mtiion carolinensis. No white crescent in front of the bend of the wing ;
tho elongated scapulars black externally ; internally creamy white.
IJab. — Europe. Accidental on tho eastern coast of tho United States.

This species is exceedingly similar to the common greeo-wing teal, hut is readily distinguish-
able on comparison. The lower border of the green on the side of the head, and a curved line
running very near the anterior and superior outline of the side of the head, arc quite distinctly
whitish, instead of being merely obsoletely paler, as in the other. The transverse bands of tlio
upper parts and sides are more sharply defined and rather more distant. The band at the end
of the greater coverts is broader and whiter, that at tlie end of the lesser is narrower. The

RIRDS — ANATINAE — QITKRQUEDULA DISCORS. 779

long scapulars are creamj* white, with the outer edge broadly velvet black, the inner sometimes
w^aved black and white, while in carolinerisis these are plain grayish olive. There are other
minor difl'erences, but these will be sufficient to separate the two.

The specimen described was furnished by Mr. John G. Bell, and obtained by him in the New
York market, where several others have from time to time been procured by him.

QUEEQUEDULA, Stephens.

Querqucdula, Stephexs, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII, ii, 1824. Ty|io .^iios querqueduta, Linn.

C!»iiiio;i(friis, Evton, Mon. Anat. 1838. (Not of- Haliday.)

Pltrocyanca, Bokap. List, 1841!.
Ch. — Bill narrow, lengthened, a little longer than the foot ; widening a liltle to the end, which is ohtiisclj rounded ; the
nail occupying about one-third the width ; the lamellae visible in the lateral profile. The upper lateral angle at the base of bill
extending rather further back than the lower edge.

The two species of this genus inhabiting the United States have the following common and
special characters : ' Wing coverts and the outer webs of some scapulars bright blue ; the greater
coverts tipped with white. The axillars and middle of under surface of wing? white. A grass
green speculum just below the white of the coverts. Scapulars streaked with yellowish buff.
Top of head and chin dusky. Crissum blackish. Female retains the blue and white of wing.
Head and neck plumbeous. A white crescent in front of the eye and a white patch on
each side of the tail. Under parts purplish or violaceous, spotted with brown. Long

feathers of flanks banded Q. discors.

General color purplish chestnut, without white on head and tail ; feathers of flanks
uniform chestnut Q. cyanoptera,

QUEEQUEDULA DISCORS, Steph.

Blne-winged Teal.

Anas discors, Linx. Syst. I, 1766, 205.— Gm. 1, 53.5.— Wilson-, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, "4 ; pi. l.wiii.— Bon. Obs. No.

262.- AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 111; pi. 313.— Ib. Syn, 1839, 282.— 1b. Birds Amer. VI, 1843,

287 ; pi. 393.
Querqueduta ducins, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. Xll, 1824, 149.

^noj (Boschas) discors, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 444.— Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 397.
Cyanopterus discors, Etton, Mon. Anat. 1838 — Bon. List, 1838 — Gosse, Birds Jam. J817, 101.
Pterocyanea discors, Bon. (?) — Ib. Comptes Rendus, XLIII, 1856.
jriiite-faccd teal or ducfc. Pennant, II, 568. — Lath. Syn. Ill, n, 502.

Sp. Ch. — Jyiale. Head and neck above plumbeous grey ; top of head black. A white crescent in front of the eye. Under
parts from middle of the neck [urplish gray, each feather with spots of black, which become more obsolete behind. Fore part
of back with the feathers brown, with two undulating narrow bands of purplish gray. Feathers on the flanks banded with dark
brown and purplish gray. Back behind and tail greenish brown ; crissum black. Wing coverts and some of the outer webs of
scapulars blue ; other scapulars velvet black or green, streaked with pale reddish bulf. Speculum glossy green ; the outer
greater wing coverts white, as are the axillars, the middle of under surface of the wing, and a patch on each side of the base of
the tail. Bill black ; feet flesh colored.

Female with the top of head brown, and the wing coverts blue and white, as in the ma!e. Base of bill, except above, chin,
and upper part of the throat, dirty yellowish white. Back brown, the feathers margined with paler ; undei parts whitish, with
rounded obscure brown spots ; the jugulum darker. Length of male, 16 ; wing, 7.10 ; tarsus, 1.20 ; commissure, 1.85.

Hob. — Eastern North America to Rocky mountains. Not yet found on the Pacific coast nor in Europe.

780

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT,

List of specimens.

Catol.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'I

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

4550

s

Q

S
S
Q

"s"

3
Q
c?
<?

9
9

April, 1856...

S. F. Baird

1300

do

Dr. Lcib

1201

do

8388

May 26, 1857
May 5,1856

Wm. M. Magraw.

1

Dr. Cooper

15.50

24.50

7.25

Iris brown, feet yellow
and black.

975:!

Wild Rice river, Minn

Iowa river

5465

5464

do

do

5780

Pole creek, Neb

July 28,1856
May 10, 1855
July 7,1857
May, 1853....
Oct. 16,1854
do

Lieut. Bryan

Col. A. Vaughan.

172

W. S. Wood

4637

White river, Neb

7071

VV. a. Wood ..

4140

15.75

24.00

7.. 50

4344

Chihuahua

J. Potts

«43

do

do

5125

Crossing of Pecos, N. M . . . .

Sabinitas, Rio Grande

June 24, 1855

Sept.25,1863

May 27,1855

Capt. Pope

102

17.00

25.50

8.00

Bill and eyes brown;
gums and feet yellow.

9751

5130

.

9749

Miinbres to Rio Grande ....

QUEEQUEDULA CYANOPTEKA, Baird.

Red-breasted Teal.

Anus cyanoptera, Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. V, 1816, 104. Not of Temminck.

Q,uerque(lula cyanoptera, Cassin, Illust. I, 111, 1855, 84 ; pi. xv.

Anas rafflesii, King, Zool. Jour. IV, 1828, 87 ; Suppl. pi. .x.xix.— Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. IV, 1848, 195;

Pterocyanea raffhsii, Baird, Zooi. Stansbury's E.xp. Salt Lake, 1852, 322.

Pterocyanea caendeala, ("Licht.") Gray, Genera, III, 1845. — Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lye. V, 1852, 220.

(lutrquedula caeruleala. Gat, Fauna Cliilena.

Sp. Ch.' — Male. General color a rich dark purplish chestnut ; the top of the head, the thin, and middle of belly, tinged with
brown. Crissum dark brown. Fore part of the back lighter, with two or three more or less interrupted ccncentric bars of dark
brown. The feathers of rump and tail greenish brown ; the former edged with paler. Wing coverts and outer webs of
Slime scapulars blue ; others dark velvet green, streaked centrally with yellowish buff. Edges of greater wing coverts white,
as are the axillars and middle of wing beneath. Feathers of flanks uniform chestnut, witliout bands. Speculum metallic green .

Female with the top of the head dusky and the wing coverts blue, as in the male ; tlie speculum duller. The upper parts
dark brown, with lighter edges to the feathers. The under parts are brownish yellow, with a strong tinge of purplisii chestnut
in the jugulum, the feathers with concealed spots of brown. Tlie only feathers unspotted with brown on the head and neck are
in small patches on each side of the base of the bill, and in the chin between the rami. There is an obscure dusky patch
beneath the head.

Length, 17.8(1 ; wing, 7. ,50 ; tarsus, 1.15; commissure, 2.

Hub. — Rocky mountains to Pacific. Accidental in Louisiana. Spread over most of western South America.

The female of this species is very simihar to that of the common hlue-winged teal. It is,
however, rather larger, and the bill decidedly longer. The unspotted wliitish of the head is
more restricted ; the under surface of the head not })Uie wliitish, hut each feather with a
brownish spot, producing a dusky patch. There is almost always a decided purplish chestnut
tinge in the jugulum. The tertials are more elongated.

BIKD8 — ANATINAE — SPATULA CLYPEATA.

781

SPATULA, Boie.

Spatula, Boit, Isis, 1822, 5G4. Typo .9nas clypeata, L.

Rhynchaspis, "Leach," Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII, il, I82-I. Same type.

Cn. — Bill iDucli longer than the head and ?patulato, widening to the end, where it is twice as broad as at (ho base. Nail long
and narrow. Lamellae of the upper mandible very close, delicate, and lengthened, projecting far below the lower edge. Tail
acute, less tlian half the wing.

Of several species belonging to this genus, but one is found in the United States. Its essential
characters are as follows :

Les.«er and middle wing coverts and portion of tertials blue ; cinerated portion of greater
coverts brown, tipped with white; speculum grass green. Some of the tertials streaked with
white.

Head and neck green ; breast, unspotted white ; underparts, purplish chestnut. Tail covert
greenish S. cli/peata.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whenca obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Lcngtli.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

R'jiuarks.

4409

C?

9
9
<?
9

..„..
<?

Fort Dalles, O.T

do

San Jos6, Cal

May 8,1855
May 17,1853

Dr. Suckley ....
do

169

175

16.87
15.25

25.25
24.00

7.75
7.00

Iris bright carmine

4410

4439

44S8

do

do

9741

Lt. Williamson ..
do

Dr. Hcermann.
do

9738

Fort Tejon, Cal

J. X. de Vesey. ..

9750

Mohave river

Mar. 11,1854
Feb. 16,1854

Lt. Whipple

Kenn & Moll . .

9740

do

166

do

Eyes yellow

Hill black, feet pale orange,
iris yellow.

97J9

El Paso, Tcias

Major Emory ....
Dr. Henry

J.H. Clark ....

16.00

25.00

7.40

9746

Blirabres to Rio Grande.

9743

j

SPATULA CLYPEATA, Boie.

Shoreller; Spoonbill.

.4n<M clypeala, Linn, Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 200.— G.meli.v, I, 518.— Lath. Ind. II, 1790, 856.— Wilson, Am. Orn.

VIII, 1814 ; pi. Ixvii.— Bon. Obs. 1625, No. 255 — Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 4,39.— Acd. Orn.

Biog. IV, 1838, 241 ; pi. 327.— Ib. Syn. 283.— Ib. Bird's Amer. VI, 1843, 293; pi. 394,
Spatula clypeata, Boie, Isis, 1822, 564.
Spathulea clypeala, Fleming .

.Inai {Spathulea) clypeata, Nott, Man. II, 1834, 373.
Rhynehaspsis clypeata, (Leach) Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII, 1824, 115. — Eon. List, 1838. — Eyton, Mon.

Anat. 1838, 134.
^nosruiens, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 519.
Shoveller, Pennant, II, 557.— Lath. Syn. Ill, ii, 509.

Sp. Ch. — Head and neck green; fore part and sides of the breast, with greater portion of scapulars, and the sides of the base
of the tail, white ; rest of under parts dull purplish chestnut ; crissum, rump, and upper tail coverts, black, the latter glossed
with green. Wing coverts blue ; the posterior row brown in the concealed portion, and tipped with white ; longest tertials
blue, streaked internally with white ; others velvet green, streaked centrally with white ; speculum grass green, edged very
narrowly behind with black and then with white.

782

U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Female with the wing similar, but witli tlie blue of coverts and scapulars less distinct Head and neck brownish yellow,
spotted with dusky ; the belly with a decided chestnut tinge.
Length, 20.00 ; wing, 9.50 ; tarsus, 1.38 ; commissure, 3.02.
IJab. — Continent of North America ; abundant in Europe.

List of sjoecimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collect-
ed.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l

No.

Collected by—

Extent.

Stretch
of wing.

Wing.

Remarks.

925

9
..„..

Q

3

..„..

Carlisle, Pa

Apri
Oct.
May

90, 1840

S. F. Daird

20.00
20.25
20.25

32.25
31 75
33.25

9.50
9.50
9.75

9524

do

Ayoway river. Neb

Miinbrc? lo Kio Grande.
Dona Ana, N. M

18,1M6
5,1856

do

Lt. Warren

Dr. Hayden

5452

9760

Dr. Henry

51-24

Dec.

1,1855

Capt. Tope

16'J

21.00

32.00

10. ou

Bill light brown, iris yel-
low, Iceland guuisdark.
Bill brown, Icet yellow...
Iris lighl yellow

4138

4008

San Diigo, Cal

San Jose, Col

Mar.

20, 1856

20.00

33.00

9.75

4455

A. J. Grayson ...

9759

Dr. Heerrnann.

9755

Jan.
Jan.

— ,1.^8

4525

San Francisco

16,1856

Dr. Suckley

CHAULELASMUS, Gray.

Ckauliodus, Sw. F. Bor. Am. 1831. Not of Bloch, 1801.
Chauliodes, Evton, Mon. Anat. 1838. Not of Latreille, 1798.
Chaulelasmus, G. R. Gray, 1838. Type .Inas sirepera, L.

The characters of this genus have heen sufficiently indicated in the synopsis, on page *I*J2.
The diagnosis of the single species is as follows :

Head spotted ; lower throat, jugulum, hack, and sides of body banded black and white ; rump
and tail coverts black ; middle wing coverts chestnut, succeeded by black internally ; speculum
white, bordered externally by black G. sireperus.

CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS, Gray.

Gadwall ; Grey Duck.

^nas strepera, Ltna. Syst. Nat., 1, ]7C(), 200.— Gmelin, I, 520.— Lath., Ind. II, 1790, 849.— Wilson, Am. Cm.
VIII, 1814, 120 -, pi. lx.\i.— Bon. Obs. 1825, No. 2,37.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 3.53 ; pi. 348.—
Ib. Syn. 378.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 254 ; pi. 388.— Temminck, Man. II, 838. (European.)

JJnas {Ckauliodus) sirepera, Swainson, K. Bor. Am. U, 1831, 440.

^nas {Bosclias) sirepera, Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 383.

Klinorhynchus sirepera, Eyton, Mon, Anat. 1838, 137.

Gadu-all, or Gray, Pennant, II, 575. — Latham.

"Chaulelasmus sireperus. Gray, 1838." Gray.

Sp. Cii. — Mule. Head and neck brownisli white, each feather spotted with dusky ; tho t'lp of head tinged with reddish.
Lower part of neck, with fore part of breast and back, blackish, with concentric narrow bars of white, giving a scaled appearance
to the feathers. Interscapular region, outermost scapulars, and sides of tho body finely waved transversely with black and
white. Middle wing coverts chestnut, tho greater velvet black, succeeded by a ]>ure white speculum, bordered externally by
hoary gray, Bucceedod by black ; crissum and upper tail coverts black. Longest tertials hoary plumbouus gray. Innermost
scapulars with a reddish tinge. Insiiie of wing and axillars pure v. bite. Bill black.

Female with tho bill dusky, edged with rcrhlish. Wing somewhat like that of the male, but with tho chestnut red more restricted.

Lcn|^th,22; wing, 10.50; tarsus, I.G4; commissure, 2.04.

Ilab. — Norih America generally, and Europe.

BIRDS — ANA! IN AE — MARECA AMERICANA.

783

A specimen of this bird from Illinois, otherwise similar, is entirely without chestnut red on

the wing.

List of specimens.

C«Ul.

Sex.

No.

873SI

9790

<?

9793

siaa

9793

9794

'i

4K0

Q

97S8

9796

J

9791

(?

Locality.

Eulorn Uniied Suiea..

Rabbit river, Minn

Treniont, lil

Pecos, Tcxna

Mimbres to Rio Qraiide.

Janos, Mex

San Jas£, Cal

Bodega, CaJ

San Francisco, Cat

Port Steilacoom

When col-
lected.

June 2J.iaS5
May 23,1655

April -

Feb. —,1855
Mai. — , 1854
Feb. — , 1?54

Whence obtained.

S. F. BainI

Gov. Stevens

W. J. Shaw

Capt. Pope

Dr. Henry

Major Einor>'

A. J. Grayson

Lieut. Trowbridge.
Lieut. Whipple....
Gov. Stevens

Orig.
No.

14

Collected by—

Dr. Suckiey.

Dr. Kenncrly.

T. A.Sxabo.

Dr. Suclfley.

Len{;th

Stretch
of wings.

19.50

Wing.

10.50

MARECA, Stephens.

Mareea, Stepbeks, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII, ii, 1824, 130. Type ^nos penelope, L.
Penelope, Kaup, 18i29.

Ch. — Bill shorter than tlie head, and equal to tho inner toe claw. The sides parallel to near the end, which is rather ohtusely
pointed, the nail occupying the tip, and about one-third as broad as the bill. Bill rather high; the upper lateral angle at
the base not prominent, nor extending as far back as the lower edge. Tail pointed ; not half tho wings.

The North American and European species of 31areca have the upper parts finely waved
transversely with black and gray or reddish brown, the under parts, with the usual exceptions,
snowy white. The top of the head is uniform white or cream color ; the neck more or less
spotted. The middle and greater coverts are white, the latter tipped with black. The
speculum is grein, encircled by black. The tertials are black on the outer web, edged with
hoary white ; the entire outer web of one of them hoary. The cliaracteristics of the species are
as follows :

Head and neck grayish, the feathers of the former thickly spotted, of the latter banded with
black. Top of head nearly white ; a broad and continuous patch of green around and behind
the eye M. americana.

Head and neck reddish brown or cinnamon, the feathers of the former slightly spotted with
dusk}', of the latter almost uniformly colored. Top of head cream colored ; only a faint trace
of green around the eye, and a few spots behind it M. penelope.

MARECA AMERICANA, Stephens.

Baldpate ; American Widgeon.

.anas amtricana, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 526.— Lath. Ind. II, 8G1 .— Wii.sox, Am. Orn. VlII, 1814, 86 ; pi.

Ixix.— Bos. Obs. No. 259.— Add. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 337 ; pi. 345.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 279.—

Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 259 ; pi. 389.
Martca americana, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII, ii, 1824, 135.— Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 445.— Bos. List,

1838.— Etton, Mon. Anat. 1838, 116.
Jlnas (Boschus) americana, Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 389.
.American widgeon, Penn. U, 567.

784

U S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Ch. — Male. Tail of 14 feathers. Bill blue, the extreme base and tip black. Head and neck pale buff, or faint
reddish yellow, each feather banded narrowly with blackish, so as to give the appearance of spots. The top of the head from
the bill is pale unspotted creamy white ; the sides of the head from around the eye to the nape, glossy green, the feathers
however, with liidden spots, as described ; chin uniform dusky. Forepart of breast and sides of body light brownish Oj
chocolate red, each feather with obsolete grayish edge ; rest of under parts pure white ; the crissum abruptly black. The
back, pcapulars, and rump, finely waved transversely anteriorly with reddish and gray, posteriorly with purer gray, on a brown
ground ; a little of the same waving also on the sides. The lesser wing coverts are plain gray ; the middle and greater are
conspicuously white, the latter terminated by black, si;cceeded by a speculum, which is grass green at the base, and then
velvet black. The tertials are black on the outer %veb, bordered narrowly by black, the outermost one hoary gray, externally
edged with black. The tail ia hoary brown. The upper coverts are black externally. The axillars are white.

The female has the head and neck somewhat similar, but spotted to the bill. Wings as in the male. The black of
tertials replaced by brown ; the gray of the lesser coverts extending slightly over the middle ones. Back and scapulars with
rather broad and distant transverse bars of reddish white, each feather with two or three, interrupted along the shafts. These
are much wider and more distant than in the male. Length, 21.75 ; wing, 11 ; tarsus J 42 ; commissure, 1.80.

Hab. — Continent of North America. Accidental in Europe.

The blackish chin appears to he found only in very highly plumaged birds. The top of
the head is sometimes pure white.

List of specimens.

Oatal.

Sex and

No.

age.

1310

J

932

(?

see

9

6893

(?

5781

orf

5133

S

5453

9713

$

9704

9705

9706

9715

9717

9716

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa.
do

.do..

Nelson river, 11. B. T. .

Platte river, K. T

Head of Delaware creek.
N. M.

Near Uijoux Hills

El Paso, Texas

Mimbras to Rio Grande.

Western Texas

Boca Grande, Mexico . ,

San Diego, Cal

Bodega, Cal

Fort Steilaconm

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained. Orig.
No.

Mar. 24,1844 S. F. Baird..

April 28,1843 do

.Ipdl 10,1841 I do

D. Gunn

July 11,1656 Lieut. Bryan.
Mar. 24, 1856 Capt. Pope . .

Oct. 14,1856 Lieut. W.irrcn.

I M.ij. Emory . . .

Dr. Henry

Capt. Pope ....

Mar. — ,185.') Maj Emory...

j Lt. Trowbridge

Dec. —.1854 do

I Qov. Stevens..

Collected by-

John Isbistcr. ,
92 W. S. Wood.,
186 ,

Dr. Haydcn .
J. H. Clark.

28 Dr. Keiiiierly.

T. A. Szabo.
Dr. Sucldey . .

Stretch
of wings.

21.75
20.00

35.50
33.50

Wing.

11.00
10.25

9.75

Bill blue ; tip dark ;
eyes dark brown ;
feet gray.

MAKECA PENELOPE, Bon

English Widgeon.

Jlnai penelape, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17G6, 202. — Gm. I, 527. — Temm. Man. II, 840. European siiocimons. Giraud,

Birds L. Island, 1843, 307, Am. sp.
Mareca penelope, Bon. List, 1838.
Marcca fistularis, EyxON, JMon. Anat. 1838, 118.

.'■'p. Ch. — Similar to M. amtricana. Plead and neck reddish brown, wilhoul bars ; a very small green patch round the eye.
Length, 20 ; wing, 10. GO ; tarsus, 1.52 ; commissure, 1.64.

Hab. — Old World. Accidental on the Atlantic coast of United States. Greenland.

The European widgeon is so frequently shot along the Atlantic American coast as to be justly
considered as belonging to our fauna, and not as a mere straggler. Every year a few specimens
are found in the New York market, shot chiefly along the coast of Virginia, Carolina, and

.«-,*-,«

«^.»

il*--

«^.''

•^^L^ Ift

786

U. S. p. R. K EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Ch. — Head and crest metallic green to below the eyes ; the cheeks and a stripe from behind the eye purplish. A narrow
short line from the upper angle of the bill along the side of the crown and through the crest, another on the upper eyelid, a
stripe slarting behind and below the eye, and running into the crest parallel with the first mentioned, the chin and upper part
of the throat, sending a well defined branch up towards the eye and another towards tlie nape, snowy white. Lower neck and
jugulum, and sides of the base of tail, rich purple; the jugulum with triangular spots of white and a chestnut shade.
Remaining under parts white, as is a crescent in front of the wing bordered behind by black. Sides yellowish gray, finely lined
with black ; the long feathers of the flanks broadly black at the end, with a sub-terminal bar, and sometimes a tip of white.
Back and neck above nearly uniform bronzed green and purple. Scapulars and innermost tertials velvet black, glossed on the
inner webs with violet ; the latter with a white bar at the end. Greater coverts violet, succeeded by a greenish speculum,
tipped with white. Primaries silvery white externally towards the end ; the tips internally violet and purple.

Female with the wings quite similar ; the back more purplish ; the sides of the liead and neck ashy ; the region round the
base of the bill, a patch through the eyes, and the chin, white. The purple of the jugulum replaced by brownish. The waved
feathers on the sides wantnig. Length, 19 inches ; wing, 9.50 ; tarsus, 1.40 ; commissure, 1.54.

Hab. — Continent of Nortli America.

List of specimens.

tatal.
No.

Sex.

Localily.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Keinark9.

1732

<?

Q

<?

..„..

9
(?

"q

Carlisle, Pa

Oct. 29,1844
do

S. F. Baini

19.00

29.50

9.56

10331

do

do

5460

Vermilion river

Sept. 22, 1856
May 5,1856
April 24,1856
May ?, 1856

Dr. Hayden

do

17.87

29.00

8.87

Eyes red

Mo!

do

54S9

lowayR

do

do

do

do

18.25

29.50

9.95

5458

5456

do

do

17. 5U

28.50

8.50

9775

9776

Feb. —,1854
Feb. —,1855
May —,1855

Kenn. iMiill....

19.25

28.00

4419

Fort Dalles, Oregon

Or. Suektey

J 56

4363

Sub-Family FULIGULINAE.

The chief character of the Fuligulinae, as compared with the Anatinae, consists in the greatly
developed lohe or membranous flap attached to or suspended from the inferior surface of the hind
toe. The feet are usually enormously large, the tarsi short, the legs set far back, and the
whole organization well fitted for swimming and diving. Many of the species live on or near
the seacoast, although most of them straggle more or less through the interior of the countries
they inhabit. The different North American forms may be arranged as follows ;

A. Bill with the feathers of the forehead extending forward as a short obtuse angle, those of

the sides as a crescent, giving rise to an acute basal process of the bill laterally and superiorly

on each side, which extend back as far as the angle of the mouth. The feathers of the chin,

cheeks, and forehead extending about opposite to the same point ; the former usually furthest.

a. Nail at the end of the bill small, narrow, and forming only a central part of the tip ;

distinct.

FuLix. — Bill longer than the head and tarsus ; about equal to the inner toe and
claw ; long, broad, and the sides parallel to the end, or widening. Nostrils in
the basal two-fifths of the bill. Tail short, rounded, scarcely more than one-
third the wing. Body black anterior to the shoulder and posterior to the tibia.
Head and neck black or red. Sides and back mottled or waved with black and
white. Axillars and inside of wing white.
Aythya. — Similar to the last. The bill longer and narrower, exceeding the
inner toe ; tlie nostrils more anterior, close to the middle. Colors like the last,
with reddish liead.

BIRDS — FULIGULINAE, 787

BucEPHALA. — Bill Bhorter tbaa the head ; about equal to the tarsus ; compressed
and somewhat tapering. Nostrils near the middle of the bill. Nail rather
larger than in Fuligula. Tail longer and more pointed ; about half the wing.
Head, neck, and back black ; the former with green or puri)lc reflections.
Under parts, including crissum, lower part of neck, scapulars, large patch on
the wings, and cheeks, white. Axillars and inside of wing blackish.
b. Bill with the nail very broad, occupying the entire tip, and scarcely distinguishable
by reason of its fusion with the rest of bill.

HiSTRioNicus. — Bill shorter than head or tarsus ; elevated at base ; narrowin"
rapidly. Nostrils reaching the middle of the bill. Tertials bent outwards.
Bill with a membranous expansion overlapping its base. Color plumbeous ; the
only white being in the form of spots or bands on the outer surface.
PoLYSTiCTA. — Bill somewhat similar, but broader at the tip and more truncate.
Upper angle of base of bill not extending back as far as the lower. Feathers
of head close set and velvety ; almost erect. Tertials much bent outwards.
Body dusky ; lighter on the sides. Head, wings, and scapulars with much
■white. Inside of wing white. Head tinged with grass green.
B. Side of bill without any distinct acute angle at the base above, or, if present, it does not
reach as far back as the angle of the mouth, the feathers extending forward, and further
above than laterally, (so as to obliterate the angle more or less;) the lateral outline of feathers
more or less oblique.

a. Bill without any peculiar gibbosity at the base.

Harelda. — Bill shorter than the head, or than tarsus ; high, tapering to the tip,
where the nail occupies the terminal portion. Nostrils linear, in the posterior
half of the bill. No membrane at the end ; the feathers of head normal. Tail
feathers excessively long and pointed ; equal to the wing. Color black and
white. Breast and wings on both surfaces black ; the latter without any white ;
rest of under parts, including crissum, white.

Camptolaesius. — Bill broad and depressed ; the sides parallel to the end, which is
bordered by a membranous skin. Nostrils in the basal third of bill. Feathers
of cheeks stiffened. Tail short, rounded ; two-fifths the wing. Body and
quills black ; rest of wings, head, and neck, white. A streak on top of head
and a collar on neck black.

Lamproxetta. — Bill depressed, rather narrow ; longer than tarsus. Feathers of
forehead extending on the culmen beyond the nostrils, and thence passing
obliquely in a gentle curve to the angle of the mouth, across the posterior
portion of the nasal groove. Tail short. Above white ; beneath black. A
quadrilateral black outline round the eye ; occiput and nape green.

b. Bill much swollen or gibbous at the base ; then much depressed, and broad. Nail
very large, forming the tip. Nostrils anterior to the middle of the bill.

OrDEMfA. — Feathers of forehead extending only to base of gibbosity ; those of side
of head sloping gently Ibrward. Nostrils linear, midway between feathers of
forehead and tip of bill. Color entirely black.

788 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Pelionetta. — Feathers of forehead extending far forward ; nearly to end of the
gibbosity, which is plain above ; those on the sides not beyond the angle of the
mouth ; basal portion of bill swollen laterally. Nostrils large, rounded. Color
black, with white patches on head.
Melanetta. — Feathers of side of bill extending obliquely forward from the angle
of the mouth as far as those above. Nostrils very open and sub-circular ; quite
close to feathers around the base of bill. Nail very broad and truncate at the
end. Colors black, with white patch on wing.
C. Bill narrow, compressed, tapering to the end. Feathers of forehead running forward in
a long narrow point, and of cheeks extending along the lower edge of bill, so that the two
strips embrace between them a linear portion of the bill, one half the length of culmen, and
which extends back further than the lower edge of mandible.

SoMATERiA. — Nostrils situated beyond the middle of commissure. Nail very
broad, thickened, and greatly overlapping tip of lower mandible. Tail short,
rounded ; about two-fifths the wing.
In the arrangement of the sea ducks I have established three sections, which embrace species
agreeing with each other more or less, although there are others of rather close alliance which
are thereby separated. The more natural succession of the genera appears to be that of
Bonaparte in Comptes Rendus, XLIII, Sept. 1856, nearly as follows :
FuLiGULEAE. — Fulix, Aythya.
Clanguleae. — Bucephala, Histrionicus, Harelda.
OiDEMiEAE. — Oidemia, Pelionetta, Melanetta,
SoMATERiEAE. — Polysticta, Lamprouetta , Somateria.
MicROPTEREAE. — Camptolaemus.

Where Camptolaemus should come is a matter of uncertainty, as it differs very much from all
the other genera in the stiffened cheek feathers, the membranous expansion at the end of bill,
the very large and unusually distant lamellae of the lower mandible, the broad, depressed bill,
and other features. By Bonaparte it is placed with 3Iicropterus, and Eymenolaemus among
Microp)tereae.

The colors of the sea ducks furnish an excellent clue to their systematic arrangement, as shown
by the following schedule :
Belly white.

Crissum and anal region black. Sides and back with waved feathers. Inside of wings

and axillars white Fulix, Aythya.

Crissum and anal region white. Inside of wing and axillars \>\-Ack... Bucephala, Harelda.
Belly dusky centrally ; reddish brown on the sides.

Prevailing color plumbeous, with white spots. No white inside of yf'mgs... Histrionicus.

Much white on head and wings. Inside of wings white Polysticta.

Belly and under parts black. Inside of wings and axillars white.

Head, neck, and fore part of body M'hite Somateria, Lampronetta.

Head and neck wliite. The latter with a black collar Camptolaemus.

Body entirely black, with or without white patch on head or wing, including inside of
wings.

BIRDS — rilLIGUl^INAE.

789

No white whatever Oidemia.

Wings with white patch. Eyelids white Melanelta.

Head above and nape with white patch Pelionelta.

Comparative measurements of species.

6

i

SpiXiCB.

Locality.

n
■a
a

K
M

4>

na

4

s

2

1
o

XL

m

c

I

0)

0

s

C

o

•a
1

1

i

&

c
o

5

£ o
is

Specimen
measured.

ll»3

Washin|fton,D.C...
... (Jo

<?

18.00
20.00
18.00

32.. iO

8.70
9.00
8.60
8.60
7.80
8.VU
7.70

2.94

1.58

9.70

0.36

1.80

9.16

Skin

do..

tlo.

Fresh

!uai

9

2.70
3.20
2.60

1.44
1.40
1.34

2.56
2.64
2.27

0.32
0.32
0.98

1.70
1.74
1.62

2.21
2.14
1.94

Skin

!IM6

do

^imialinioo, W. T...

Skin

1731

Fulijc attiitid

16.30
16.83
1G.60

28.75

Skin

do..

do

do

do

do

Fresh

316

2.62

1.34

2.30

0.35

1.71

1.96

Skin

456

do

San ]oai, Cal

Carlisle, Pa

9

8.29
7.60
7.41
7.80
8.00
7.50

2.82
2.38

1.32
1.40

2.35
2.34

0.S8
0.34

1.72
1.50

2.02
1.78

Skin

936

do

do

15.20
16.25
17.60
18.25
16.50

28.00
29.00

Skin

do

S98

2.90

1.28

2.40

0.32

1.96

2.10

Skin

do..

do

da

do

do

Kresh

1186

2.50

1.20

2.14

0.30

1.58

1.80

Skin

do

do

do

do

..„.

18.00
19.20
20.50
19.50

26.75
33.50

7.50
9.36
9.50
8.50

I33U

2.60

1.62

2.86

0.36

1.82

2.30

Skin

do..

do

do

Fresh

1727

do

do

9

2.50

1.52

2.66

0.32

1.74

2.14

Skin

do..

do

19.50

31.50

8.75
9.40
9 30

9785

do

Aythya valisncria

2.86
3.00

1 62

1.70

2.72
3.00

0.38
0.36

1.86
2.76

2.30
2.64

Skin

606

Poioiiiac river,D.O.

<S

20.10

#km

10334

do

do

V

20.80

9.10

3.20

1.70

2.82

0.32

2.76

2.68

Skin

9778

do

Sacramento valley. .

rf

21.20

9.60

2.88

1.74

3.10

0.40

2.90

2.76

-Skin

9723

Bucephalii i>laii<Jiea

Rocky mountains...

d'

9 50

9.50

3.80

1.58

2.80

0.46

1.26

1.80

1.60

Skin

224

Bucepliala ami^rioana

Carll^lc,Pa

<?

18.70

8.50

3.90

1.50

2. 68

0.32

1.34

2.00

1.94

Skin

S3a

do

do

9

1«.20

8.00

3.74

1.4U

2.36

0.30

1.28

1.80

1.62

Skin

312

Bucepliala albcola

do

t?

14.90

6.66

3.26

1.24

2.20

0.30

1.08

1.44

1.22

Skin

1737

do

do

9

13.00

6.30

3.08

1.14

2.00

0.25

1.02

1.40

1.18

.Skin

do..

.... do..

13. 2S

17.40

22.25

6.32

7.70

Fresh

1575

Histrlonicua torqaatu:!

Boston, Mass

c?

4.68

1.48

2.20

0.26

1.00

1.54

1.20

Skin

B428

Simialimoo, W.T..

9

C?

14.30
20.70

7.60
8.90

3.68
8.00

1.40
1.38

2.04
2.iS

0.26
0.32

1.04
1.10

1.46
1.69

1.30

Skin

4553

Haruldn glaciatis

Skin

do..

.... do . .

22.12
15.50
17.00
18.10
17.00

30.50
28.00

9.24
8.35
3.60
6.00
8.40

Fresh

306

do

do

9

3.20

1.28

2.06

0.24

1.06

1.50

Skin.. .

do..

Fresh

10197

Polysticta stclleri

Norway

9

3.84
3.90

1.48
1.40

2.14
2.23

0.28
0.30

1.40
1.46

1.82
1.80

1.58
1.62

Skin

10196

do

Skin

1972

Catnpiolacoius labradoricus.

North Atlantic

<3

23.80

8.80

3.90

1.60

2.62

0.36

1.68

a. 50

Skin

S733

do

do

9

22.20

8.50

3.60

1.52

2.36

0.22

1.64

2.36

Skin

2722

Oidemia amcricaiia

do

(T

23.80

9.20

4.54

1.78

3.00

0.39

1.76

2.14

1.86

^^kin

904

Potomac river, D. C.

(??

17.30

9.00

3.36

1.66

2.80

0.30

1.60

2.10

1.78

Skin

do..

do

19.00

33.00

9.00
9.60

4.-i74

do

Ft. Steilacoom,W.T.
do.

<?

4.54

1.82

3.28

0.30

1.66

2.16

1.80

Skin

do..

do

21.50
19.00

36.25

9.75
9.40

913

Pliiladclphia

<?

3.88

1.63

2.60

0.36

1.36

9.37

2.32

Skin

1719

do

Carlisle, Pa

9

17.50

8.60

3.24

1.58

2.55

0.30

1.44

2.23

1.97

Skin

do..

do

do

17.75
21.00
22.00

31.00

8.80
9.50

9.80

Fresh

9553

do

4.20
3.46

1.62

1.80

2.66

2.86

0.3G
0.36

1.40
1.56

9.60
2.72

2.60
2.56

Skin

9860

San Diflgo

(?

Skin

9852

Melanetta fusca

Slioalwater bay ...

r?

11.50

11.30

3.74

2.08

3.26

0.40

1.60

2.82

1.60

Skin

do..

do

21.50
18.00

38.00

Fresh

905

do

Potomac river, D. C.

9

10.00

3.26

1.78

2.68

0.30

1.40

2.20

1.34

Skin

do.

do

19.75
21.50

36.00

10.16
10.70

Fresh

1»73

Somateria i^pecubilid

Somaleria niollissima

North Atlantic

(?

3.50

1.86

2.73

0.42

1.52

2.53

2.40

Skin

480

do

<?

20.20

11.24

4.10

l.K

2.96

O.iB

2.06

2.66

3.00

Skin

790 U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

FULIX, Sun cle vail.

Fulix, Sdndevall, Kong. Vet. Ak. Hand. 1835, (as restricted.)
Fuligula of authors, but not of Stepliens.
Mariltt, Bonaparte, not of Reiclienbach.
Cb. — Bill longer than the tarsus, and about equal to the head, and to the middle toe without the nail. Feathers of cheeks,
chin and forehead advancing but sliglitl}-, and to about the same distance. Nostrils ojien, situated in the anterior portion
of the basal two-fifths of the bill, not reaching the middle. Edges of bill about parallel, or widening to the lip ; profile jjently
concave to the nail, which is decurved. Nail not one-third the width of the bill, and forming only the central portion of its tip.
Tarsus about halfthe middle toe and claw. Bill as long as the feet. Tail short, rounded, of 14 feathers. Head and neck black.

The name Fuligula, usually applied to this genus, cannot he employed, as it was based by
Stephens (1824) upon the Anas rufina of Pallas, (not on Anas crislata, L., as given by Gray,) for
which Branta had been proposed by Boie in 1822 ; hut as this name is anticipated by Oken in
1815, Fuligula will precede Callichen, Brehm, 1830. ifariZa of Keichenbach, 1851, has for type
Anas ferina, L., for which Boie also, in 1822, had proposed Ayihya..

Fulix of Sundevall, (Kong. Sv. Vet. Ak. Hand, for 1835, 1836, 129,) assigned here by Gray,
is merely used as a name for one group of the ducks with lobed hind toe, Soraateria, his genera
being Somateria, Fulix, and Mergus. Still, as he gives no type and names no species, it may be
admissible to assign the name to a particular genus, and I shall therefore retain it for the
present division. Should this be considered inadmissiblCj I would propose the name of Neltarion
for the same genus.

The Fuligula collaris of North American species appears most to resemble the type. The
common red head duck of the United States, Aythya americana, is excessively similar in general
form, differing merely in having the legs a little further back and the feet proportionally longer,
being, without the claw, longer than the bill, instead of nearly equal. The head and neck are
red, instead of black.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

Common characters. — Head, neck and body anterior to the shoulders, tail, tail coverts, rump
and lower part of back, black. Beneath white, finely waved with black behind and on the
sides.

Bill blue, the nail black ; widening slightly to the tip, which is broad and much rounded.
No collar on neck. Interscapulars and scapulars white, finely waved with black. Speculum
white. Head, with a green gloss in all lights F. marila.

Similar to preceding, hut much smaller. Head with a purplish violet gloss. Sides of body
less waved F. ajfinis.

Bill with sides parallel, the tip more pointed; its color bluish black, with basal and subterminal
bar of whitish. A chestnut collar round middle of neck. Back nearly plain greenisli black.
Speculum grayish plumbeous F. collaris.

€ Wl

« A . A^~ A-T «•• ^iTiu "Sr *1. - »

r:-

HSr.l

i- .«.

792

U. S. p. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

speculum is white, edged behind by greenish black, the color, al<o, of tJie tertials. The white of the speculum goes across the
middle of the secondaries.

The female has the wing nearly similar ; the black replaced by brownish ; the region round the base of the bill whitish ; the
marbling or mottling almost entirely wanting.

Length, 16.50 inches; wing, 8; tarsus, 1.34 ; commissure, 1.94.

Hab. — Whole of North America. Accidental in Europe.

This species is exceedingly similar to the F. marila, but is much smaller. The gloss of the
head is essentially purplish violet, occasionally changing to green, while that of the other is
green throughout in all lights. The sides and long feathers of the flanks appear much less
inclined to being banded with black, the best specimens showing only a slight obsolete sprinkling
of brown scarcely appreciable. This may, however, vary in both. The scapulars seem to be
more whitish in the small species, the black bands being fewer and more distant. The wings
appear much the same, although, as far as I can judge from the skins, there is less whitish on
the base of the primaries.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sei.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

1731

s

9
Q

Oct. 29,1844
April 28,1841
April —,1841
May 3,1843

S. F. B.iird

16.82
15.12
1C.35

28.75
26.50
28.00

e.oo

316

do

do

317
936

do

. , , . do

do

do

7.40

6901

Nelson river, H B. T

4456

9869

Kenn. & Mull

FULIX COLLARIS, Baird.

Ring-necked Duck.

Anas collaris, Donovak, British Birds, VI, 1809 ; pi. cxlvii. (English sp.)
Fuligula collaris, Bon. List, Birds Europe, 1842.
Marila collaris, Eonap. Comptes Rendus, XLIII, Sept. 1856.
Anas fuligula, Wils. Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 66 ; pi. l.tvi. Not of Linnaeus,
^jios {Fuligula) rufitorques, Bon. J. A. N. Sc. Ph. Ill, 1824, 381.
Jlnas rvfitorquts, Oru, ed. Wils. VIII, 1825, Gl.

Fuligula rufitirrques, Bon. Syn. 1828, 393.— Is. List, 1838.— Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 454.— Nuttall, Man. II,

439.— Ann. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 259 ; pi. 234.— Ib. Syn. 287.— 1b. Birds Amer. VI, 1843,

320 ; pi. 398.— Etton, Mon. Anat. 1838, 158.— Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847.

Sp. Ch. — Bill blackish, with a basal and subterniinal bar of bluish white. Head, neck, and body all round anterior to the

shoulders, back, and tail coverts, black; the head glossed with green above, on the sides with purplish violet; the back

with greenish. Middle of neck with a narrow chestnut ring, scarcely continuous above. Under parts, and a space immediately

anterior to the shoulder, white. Space anterior to the black of crissum, and the sides, very finely waved with black ; the

scapulars very slightly sprinkled with dots of grayish. Wings plain grayish brown ; the speculum, consisting of the terminal

half of most secondaries, grayish plumbeous ; the innermost of them tipped with white. Point of chin white.

The female has the black replaced by brown ; the sides of the lioad and chin adjacent to the bill whitish ; a whitish ring
ound the eye. Wing as in the male. The basal whitish bar of the bill appears to be wanting. Length, 18 ; wing, 8 ; tarsus,
1.28 ; commissure 2.10.

llah. — Whole of North America. Accidental in Europe.

The bill of this species is more acutely pointed at the end than in F. marila.

BIRDS — FULIGUUNAE — AVTIIYA AMKRICANA.

793

Caial.

Sei.

No.

m

C?

1188

Q

4.116

<?

WTO

8439

Locality.

List of specimens.

Carii»lc,Pa

do ,

Wiuiliinglon, D. C

Doc.-i Grande, Mexico
Sliiiialiinno bay, VV. T.

When
collected.

Oct. ia,18IO
OcU 28,1843
Mar. —,\S5e
Mar. —,1855
Sept. 14

Whence obtained.

OriK'l
No.

S. F. Baird.,
do

do

•Major Emory.
A. Campbell...

Collected by—

Dr. Kennerly.
do

[.cngtii.

Strclch
ofwiiigs.

10.00
18.00

33.00

Wing.

7.50

AYTIIYA, Boie.

.lylhya, Boie, Isis, 1822. Typo ^Inas ferina, L.

Ch. — Very similar to Fuligula in general characters of shape. The bill elongated, longer than the head, and about equal to
the middle toe with tlie claw. The bill more slender in one species, the nail smaller and less docurved ; the bill higher at base and
the upper outline nearly straight to beyond the end of the nostrils, which do not quite reach the middle of tlic bill. Colors
similar to tliose of Fuligula ; the head and neck red. Tail of fourteen feathers.

I have based the generic characters of Aythya upon the Anas vallisneria of Wilson, the type
A. ferina being much more like the A. americana. The latter would seem to come more
naturally with Fuligula, (which see,) being combined with vallisneria chiefly ou account of
the great similarity in color. Still A. vallisneria is much like Fuligula in all points, except
the bill, which is merely longer, narrower, higher at the base, and sloping. The nostrils
are further forward, occupying the anterior portion of the posterior half of the bill. Should it
be considered expedient, for these reasons, to establisli for the canvas-back a new genus, the
name of Aristonetta would be very appropriate, on account of the great superiority of its flesh
as an article of food.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

Common characters. — Head and neck chestnut ; body anterior to shoulders, the rump, and tail

coverts, black. Sides, scapulars, and interscapulars waved transversely with black and white.

Speculum grayish blue, on the ends of the secondaries ; the innermost edged narrowly with black.

Bill broad, not longer than the head. Anterior extremity of nostril two-fifths the

distance from upper corner of bill to the tip. No brown on the head. Black and

white mottling on the back in equal amount A. americana.

Bill narrow, longer than the head ; anterior extremity of the nostril half the distance
from upper corner of bill to the tip. Top of head and about base of bill dusky.
White greatly predominating in the mottling of the back ; the black in dotted
lines A. vallisneria.

AYTHYA AMEKICANA, Bon.

Red-head.

.anasftrina, Wilson, Am. Orn. VIIl, 1814, 84 ; pi. Ixx, (not of Linnaeus.)— DoncHTT, Cab. N. H., II, 1832, 40 ; pi. iv
Anas (Fuligula)ferina, Bonap. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 270.

Fuligula ferina, Sw. F. Bor. Am. 11, 1831, 4,52 Nctt.\ll, Man. II, 1834, 434.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1835, 198 ;

pi. 322.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 311 ; pi. 39G.
Angust 19, 1858.

100 b

794

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

.9ythya erythrocephala, Bonap. List, ]838, (not of Brehm, 1831, wliicli is European ^1. ferina.) — Newberry, P. R

Rep. VI, IV, 1857, 103.
Fuligula americana, Etton, Men. Anat. 1838, 155. — Gosse, Birds Jam. 1847.
J^yroca americana, Gray, Genera.
.Jytlnja americana, Bp. Comptes Kendus, XLIII, Sept. 185G.

Sp. Ch. — Bill as long as the head, broad, blue, the end black ; the region anterior to the nostrils dusky. Head, and neck
for more than half its length, brownish red, glossed above and behind with violaceous red. Rest of neck and body anterior to
the shoulders, lower part of back and tail coverts, black. Beneath white, sprinkled with gray and black anterior to the crissum ;
the sides, interscapulars, and scapulars finely lined with undulating black and white in nearly equal proportions, imparting a
general gray tint. Wing coverts bluish gray, finely sprinkled with whitish. The speculum, consistmg of the ends of the
secondaries, hoary grayish blue, liglitest externally, and the innermost narrowly edged externally with black. Basal portion of
inner primaries somewhat similar to the speculum. Tail of fourteen featliers.

Female with the head, neck, and fore part of body brownish ; the region round the base of the bill whitish. Length of male,
20.50; wing, 9.50; tarsus, l.GO; commissure, 2.30.

Hab. — Whole of North America.

This species, with a strong resemblance to the canvas-back, is readily distinguished by the
shorter, broader bill, absence of brown on the liead, and a greater predominance of black in the
waved lines, this being equal in amount to the white, instead of much less. It is very similar
to the A. ferina of Europe, which, however, appears to have the bill more like that of the
canvas-back, A. vallisneria.

List of specimens.

Oatal.

Sex and

No.

age.

1330

(?

1185

o<?

1727

9

5135

9786

9787

'S

9784

Q

4621

9783

S

9765

Locality.

.do..

.... do

Indianola, Texas .

Uncompagre river, Utah.

Salt Lake Cily

do

Rio Grande

San Diego, Cal

Bodega, Cal

Viriicn
collected.

April 3,1844
Oct. 23,1843
do

Feb. 14,1855

Feb. 7,1855
Feb. —,1855

Whence obtained. Orig.
No.

Collected by —

S. F. Baird .
do

.do..

Capt. Pope 17

Capt. Beckwitli..! 26

Lt. Beckwilh

do

Maj. Emory . ....| 45

Lt. Trowbridge . ■

do

Mr. Krcutzfeldt.

do

do

A. Schott

Length. Stretch i Wing,
ofwings.

20.50
19.50
19.50
15.50

33.50
82.75
31.50
S4.50

9.50
9.00
8.75
7.50

Remarks.

Feet dark green, bill
black, iris brown.

Eyes red ,

AYTHYA VALLISNERIA, Bonap.

Canvas-back..

Anas valUsnena, Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 103 ; pi. Ixx.— Dohghty's Cab. N. H. II, 1832, 3G ; pi. iv.
FuiiffuJo raHisnoio, Stephens, XII, 1824, 19C.— Bon. Syn. 1828, 392.— Sw. F. Eor. Am. II, 1831, 451.—

Nhttall, Man. II, 430.
Aythtja valliineritt, Bo.-j. List, 1838.— Neiviierry, Rep. P. K. R. VI, iv, 1857, 103.
Jlnas valLhneriana, Sabine.

Fuligula vallimeriana, Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 1 ; pi. 301.— Id. Syn. 1839.— Ib. Birds. Amcr. VI, 1843, 299 ; pi. 395.
Jlristonelta vallisneria, Baird.

Sp. Cii. — Bill long, slender, and tapering. Head all round and neck chestnut ; tlio top of the head and region around the
base of the bill dusky brown Rest of neck, body anterior to the shoulders, back behind, rump and tail coverts, black. Undo-
parts white ; the region anterior to the anus, the sides, the interscapulars and scapulars, white, finely dotted in transverse lino,
with black, the white greatly predominating. Speculum bluish gray, lighter externally ; the innermost secondaries of the
speculum edged externally with black.

>.^-1t

kiltie

^
S

i]

.■St:]

796

V. S p. R. P.. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

BUCEPHALA AMERICANA, Baird.

Golden Eye; Whistle Wing.

Anas danyula, FoRSTER,Ph\\oa. Trans. LXII, 1772,365. — Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814,62; pi. Ixvii. — Doughtv's

Cab. N. H. I, 1830, 110 ; pi. x. Not of Linnaeus.
Fidiffula (Clangula) dangula, Bon. Syn. 182S, 393.— Nutt. Man. II, 441.

Fuliyida dangula, AcD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 318; pi. 342.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 362; pi. 406.
Clangula vulgaris,-fi\7 . F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 4.56. Not of Fleming.
Clangula americana, Bonap. Comp. List, 1838. — Evton, Mon. Anat. 1838, 167.
Sp. Ch. — Bill blapk. Head and upper part of neck glossy green; the under surface opaque velvety purplish black. An
elliptical patch along the base of upper mandible anterior to the eye, lower part of neck, under parts generally, and sides, middle
and greater wing coverts, the innermost secondaries (and tertials, except the innermost three or four) white. The white on the
wing is in a continuous patch, although there is a concealed black bar on the bases of the greater coverts. The inner scapulars
are white, margined externally with black, posteriorly, however, they are black, streaked centrally with white. The inner
scapulars and tertials, and the whole back, rump, and lesser wing coverts are black; the primaries and tail black, with a hoary
gloss. The under side of quills and lower greater coverts are plumbeous gray ; the rest of the under wing and the axillars are
sooty brown. The long white feathers of the flanks are edged superiorly with black.

Female with the head and neck above snuff brown, without white patch. White of wing less extended ; the middle coverts
only touched with white. There is a tendency to a black bar across the tips of the greater coverts. The white of the wing
sometimes well defined.
Length, 18.75; wing, 8.50; tarsus 1.50; commissure, 2.
Hab. — Whole of North America.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

aS4

C?
(?
Q
<?

Q
""9"

Carlisle, Pa

Dec. 12, 1840
Nov. 15, 1844
Feb. 1, 1841

S. F. Baird

1748

do

do

19.00

31.75

9.00

S%

do

do

6898

Nelson river, H. B. T

do

6899

do

9798

Salt Lake City

9799

Bodega, Cal

Dec, 1854...

T.A Szabo

Iris yellow...

4S17

San Francisco

Lieut. Witlianison..

Dr. Heermann.
Dr. Suckley . .

do

do ....

9803

Gov. Stevens,

do

do

35

20.50
23.00

29.50
29.00

9.50
9.75

9802

98U0

do

do

Feb. 15,1854
April 1, 1854

BUCEPHALA ISLANDICA, 15 a i id.

Barrow's Golden Eye.

Ana» itlandica, G.melin, Syst. Nat. I, 1T88, 541.

Clangula Ulandica, Bonap. List Birds Europe, 1842.

Clangula barrowii, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 456; pi. Ixx.— Swainson, Anim. in Men. 1838, 271.— Bo.-*. List, 1838. —
Eyton, Mon. Anat. 18.38, 1G5.

Fuligula {Clangula) barrowii, Nuttai.i., Man. II, 444.

Clangula scapularis, Bkkhm &. Mkhi.is, Brehm Vogcl Deutschl. July, 1831, 931.

Fuligula clangula, var. Auu. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 105; pi 103.— lii. Birds Aiuer. VI, 1843.
Sp. Ch. — Head and neck all n>und bluish violet, occasionally with green or purpliah reflection ; a largo white patch ante-
rior to the eye, occupying the entire side of the bill, and running up in a poiut on the forehead. Lower neck and under parti
generally white ; a narrow white patch on the middle wiug coverts. The greater coverts black, tipped with white, which ll

BIKDS FULIGIjLINAK — BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA.

797

continuous with the «hiii< secondaries, but sepnmteil from tlmt on the niiJillo eoverts. Anterior scapulars white, edged
externally with black ; the posterior ones black, with white contrni sirciik. Hcxt oT upper parts black, us nro the sides behind,
and including the tibia. Long feathers of the tlaiik white, tipped and edged above with black.

Length, '.i'J. 50; wing, 9.50; tarsus, 1.58; commissure, 1.60.

Itah. — Iceland and northern parts of America. In winter not rare on the St. Lawrence.

This species, supposed by Mr. Audubou to be identical witli the common golden eye, is
readily distinguished by its much greater size and different marks. The white patch along
the base of the bill is triangular ; the anterior iace applied against the whole side of the bill ;
the posterior crescentic concave behind, and meeting tlie anterior in an acute angle running
high up. (The other species has the spot truly oval, and elongated longitudinally, the white
not reaching along to the upper corner of tlie bill.) Tlie gloss of the head is bluish violet, not
green. The white of the wing is divided by a black band, (the basal portion of greater coverts.)
This ai>pears to be owing to a less development of the white middle coverts, which do not cover
the basal black of tlie greater coverts, instead of reaching to the white tips. The black of the
lesser wing coverts overreaches more on the white of the middle one.

The specimen described, obtained by Mr. Audubon from Mr. Gould, appears to be the one
upon which the species was based in the F. Bor. Americana.

Barrow's golden eye appears to be not rare on the St. Lawrence in winter, as I have seen
several specimens in the Museums of Quebec and Montreal, which were supposed to be merely
good representatives of the common golden eye.

List of specimens.

Catal. number

Sex.

Locality. Whence obtaineil.

Original No.

CulIecteJ by —

Remarks.

27-.'3

(?

Rocky Mountains ' S. F. Baird

1

UIG

J. J. Audubon°..

Mounted

' This is probably the original specimen described in F. Bor. Americana, and obtained from Mr. Gould by Mr. Audubon

BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA, Baird

Butter Rail ; Dipper ; Buffle Head.

Ana> albeola, LixN. Syst. Nat. I, I'dG, 199 — Forstek, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 363. — Gmelin, I, 517. — Wilson, Am.

Orn. VIII, 1814, 51 ; pi. Ixvii.
Fuliifula iClangulu) albeola, Bon. Syn. I82?, 394.— Nutt. Man II, 445.

FulAipda albeola, AuD. Orn Biog. IV, 1838, 217 ; pi. 325.— Xb. Syn. 1839, 293.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 369; pi. 408.
Clangula albeola (Jenyns,) Sw. F. Bor. Amer. II, 1831, 458.— Bon. List, 1838, 1842.— Evton, Mon. Anat. 1838, 164.
Anas bucephala, Li.sn. Syst- Nat. I, 1766,200, (male.) — G.melin, I, .521.
Anat rwUica, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 201. (Female.)
Spirit duck ; Buffalo head ; Vulgo.

Sp. Ch. — Male. Bill blue. Head and neck anteriorly dark colored ; the region in front of the eye and on the sides of the
collar behind rich green; this color shading into purplish on the np|)er and under surfaces of the head ; abroad patch on
each side of the head from the posterior border of the eye, and niecling its fellow on the nape, the lower neck all round, under
parts generally, wing coverts, (except the lesser,) and most of the secondaries, and the scapulars, white; the latter narrowly
edged externally with black. Rest of upper parts, except as described, black ; passiuf,' gradually on the upper tail coverts iuto
pale gray. Axillars and under wing coverts sooty brown, mure or less tipped with white.

798

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Female with the entire head, neck, and upper parte almost bl.ick. An elongated patch behind and below the eye, (not
reaching it.) The outer webs of some secondaries, and the under parts, white ; the juguluui, sides, and anal region, plumbeoui
gray.

Length, 15; wing, 6.65; tarsus, 1.25 ; commissure, 1.44.

The nostrils of this species are more posterior than in the two others described.
The name huffle head is a corruption of buffalo head, under which name it is mentioned by
Bartram, in 1791.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

312
1737
G094
£892
4886
9809
9813
9844
9816
9811
9805
9808
9815

Q

Locality.

Carlisle, Pa

do

Selkirk settlement, H. B. T

Nelson liver, H. B. T

Colorado Laguna, N. M

St. Mary's Mission, Rocky Mountains
Camp 119, BUI Williams' Fork, N. M.

Boca Grande, Mcx

Bodega, Cal

Presidio, near San Francisco, Cal. ..

Fort Steilacoom, W. T

do....

do

When
collected.

April Hi, 1841
Nov. 2,1844

Dec. 18, 1853
Feb., 1854...
Mar., 1855. ..
Dec, 1854...

Mar., 1854...

Whence obtained.

S. F. Baird

do

B. Gunn

do

Maj. Emory

Gov. Stevens

Lieut. Whipple ....

Maj. Emory

Lieut. Trowbridge..

do

Gov. Stevens

do

do

Orig.
No.

59

Collected by —

Length.

John Isbister . .

A.Schott

Dr. Suckley

Kenn. & Miill.
Dr. Kennerly . .
T. A. gzabo.,,.

Dr. Suckley . .

do

do

15.00
13.50

15.00
15.00

Extent.

21.00

25.00
23.00

Wing.

34.00
6.32

7.50

7.50

HtSi'KlONiCUS, Lesson.

Histrionims, Lesson, Man. d'Oruith. II, 1828, 415. Type Anas hixlrionica, L.
Clanyula, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII, 1824. Not of Fleming, 1822.
Cosmonella, Kaup, Entw. Europ. Thierw. 1829.
PhylaconeUa, Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Pet. VI, 1849.
Ch.— Bill very small ; the culmen shorter than tarsus, tapering rapidly to the rounded tip, which is entirely occupied by the
nail. Nostrils small, in the anterior portion of posterior half of bill ; the centre about opposite the middle of commissure. A
well marked angle at the postero-superior corner of the bill. 'The lateral outline concave behind, the feathers on forehead
extending a little beyond it ; those of chin not reaching further than those of the sides, and much posterior to the nostrils.
Lateral outline of edge of bill neai-ly straight. A membranous lobe at the base of the bill. Tertials bent outward, so as to
cross the edge of the wing. Tail more than half the wing : considerably pointed ; of 14 feathers.

This genus differs from Harelda in the more compressed, attenuated, and tapering bill; the
lateral outline straighter. The feathers of the sides of head and on chin do not extend so far
forward. The tertials are bent outwards, and the tail, though pointed, lacks the elongation of
the middle feathers. The coloration ' is entirely different. The two, however, might, with
great propriety, be combined in the same genus.

The membranous lobe at the base of the bill is, as far as I know, peculiar among American
ducks. This overhangs the basal portion of the commissure, and is an extension of the skin
of the cheeks near the base of the bill.

The characters of the single species are as follows :

Bluish ; tlie under jiarts mostly dull brownish. Two white spots on sitle of neck, two on
•wings, and one on each side of the root of tail. Scapulars and tertials in part white ;
secondaries with a violet blue speculum. Sides of crown, and of body behind, chestnut.
Inside of wings and axillars dark brown •"• loriiuatua.

BIRDS — FULIGULINAE — HARELDA.

79y

IIISTRIONICUS TOEQUATUS, Bo nap.

Harlequin Duck.

Jlnia histrioniea, Linn. Syst. Nat. cd. 10, I, \1:,S, V2' ; cd. ]2lh, I, 1766, 204.— FonsTER, Pliil. Trans. LXIl,
1772, 383.— Gmklin-, 1,534.— Lath. Iiul. Orn. II, 1790, 849.— Bulnnicii, Orn. Roroalis, 17C4,
84._WiLsoN, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 139 ; pi. l.\.\ii.

^nas (Fii/ig-iWo) histrioniea, Bon. Obs. VVils. 1825, No. 277.

Fuligula (Ctangula) histrioniea, Bon. Sjn. 1828, 394.— Nuttall, Man. II, 448.

Fuligula histrioniea. All). Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 612 : V, 1839, 617 ; pi. 297.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 294.— Ib. Birds Amcr.
VI, 1843,374; pi. 409.

" Cosmonilla histrioniea, Kaup."

Ctangula histrioniea, Swainson, F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 469.— Etton, Mon. Anat 1838, 163.

Ilarelda histrioniea. Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Europ. 1840.— Bon. 2d list Eur. Birds, 1842.

Phylaeonetta histrioniea, Brandt, Mem. Acad. St. Pet. Sc. Nat. VI, 1849, 9.

?\^nas minuta, Linn, I, 1766, 204. Female.

Wisfrioiiiciis torquatus, Bonap. Comptes Rendus, XLIII, Sept. 1856.

Harleiiuin Duck, Pennant.

Sp. Ch Male. Head and neck all round dark blue. Jugulum, sides of breast, and upper parts, lighter blue, becoming

bluish black again on the tail coverts. The blue of breast passes insensibly into dark bluish brcjwn hohind. A bmad stripe
along the top of head from the bill to the nape, and the tail feathers, black. A white patch along the entire side of the base
of bill anterior to the eye, and passing upwards and backwards so as to border the black of the crown, but replaced from above
the eye to the nape by chestnut. A round spot on the side of the occiput, an elongated one on the side of the neck, a collar
round the lower part of the neck, interrupted before and behind, and margined behind by dark blue, a transversely elongated
patch on each side the breast, and similarly margined, a round spot on the middle wing coverts, a transverse patch on the end
of the greater coverts, the scapulars in part, a broad streak on the outer web of tertials, and a spot on each side the rest of the
tail, white ; sides of body behind chestnut brown. Secondaries with a metallic speculum of purplish or violet blue. Inside
of wing, and axillars, dark brown.

Female with the bead and body above, dark brown ; the chin more plumbeous ; the lower part of neck, breast, and under
parts generally, except the central region, (which is white,) duller and lighter brown ; a whitish jjatch in front of the eye, and
a rounded spot just behind the ear.

Length, 17.50 ; wing, 7.70 ; tarsus, 1.48 ; commissure, 1.54.

Hub. — Northern seacoast of northern hemisphere.

Lint of specimens.

CataL
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When collected.

■Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

1575

3

Boston

S. F. Baird

M. Kimball

1576

do

...do

Port Townsend, W. T

do

May — , 1856

Gov. Stevens

Dr. Suckley

17.50

27. GO

9S68

Dr. McCurdy

8428

Simiahmoo hay ....

Sept 19, 1856

A. Campbell 44

Dr. Kennerly

800 U. S. P R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

HA.RELDA, Leach.

" Harelila, Leach, 1816," Gray. Typo .Inas glacialis, L.
Clangula, Fleming, Philos. Zool. 1822. Same type.
Pagonetta, Kaup, Europ. Tliicrw. 1829.

Ch. — Bill shorter than the head and tarsus, tapering laterally to the end ; the nail very hroad, occupying tlie entire tip.
Lateral profile of lower edge of upper mandible straight to near the end, then rising suddenly to tlie prominent deeurved nail.
Nostrils large, in the posterior half of the bill, their centre about opposite the middle of the commissure, Tertials long,
lanceolate, and straight. Tail pointed, of 14 feathers, the central feathers very long, equal to tlie wings. Bill with almost no
posterior lateral upper angle ; the feathers of the sides advancing obliquely forwards. Feathers of chin reaching beyond the
middle of the commissure, or almost to the anterior extremity of nostrils. Tail of 14 feathers.

The genus Harelda, of Leach, is stated by Gray to have been established in 1816, probably
in the "Catalogue of British Museum." If not published until 1824, in Shaw's General
Zoology, the name will be anticipated by Clangula of Fleming, 1822.

The characters of the single species are as follows :

Summer. — Blackish ; the belly and sides whitish. Scapulars and lower part of back with
rufous edgings. A grayish patch on the side of head, passing behind into whitish. No white
spots, nor speculum. Inside of wing, and axillars, dark brown.

Winter. — Similar, but with the head, neck, and scapulars, whitish H. glacialis.

HAKELDA GLACIALIS, Leach.

South Southerly; Old Wife; Long-tail.

.3nas glacialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17CG, 203.— Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 1772, 418.— Gmelin, I, 1788, 529.—

Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 93, 96 ; pi. Ixx.— Sabine, Linn. Trans. VII, 555.
Harelda glacialis, " Leach.'"— Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII, 1824, 175.— Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 4G0.— Bon.

List, 1838.— Etton, Mon. 1838, 162.— Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Pet. VI, 1849, 8.
.inas (FuUgula) glacialis, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, 275.
Futigula (Clangula) gladalis, Bon. Syn. 1828, 395.
Fuligula ( Harelda) glacialis, Ndtt. Man. II, 1834, 453.
Fuligula glacialis, Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 403 ; pi. 312.— Is. Syn. 1839, 295.— Ib. Birds Amer. vf, 1843, 379 ;

pi. 410.
Crymonessa glacialis, Macgil. Man. II, 186.

Anas hyemalis, Linn. I, 1766, 202.— Forst. Phil. Tr. LXII, 1772, 418.— Gmelin, I, 529.
•4nas mic/onia, Boddaert. (Gray.)
^nas leucocephahts, Bechst. (Gray.)
Anas brachyrhynchus, Eeseke. (Gray.)
Long-tailed Duck, Pennant.
Sp. Ch. — l\Iale in summer . Bill black, orange yellow towards the tip. Head, neck and breast, very dark blackish lirown ;
the head above, back, rump, and middle tail feathers, black. The whole side of the head from the bill and to behind the eyes
and the sides of the body, pale bluish gray ; the portion of the chock patch iininediately around and behind the eye, with a
longitudinal streak each side the occiput ; the under parts generally, and the more external tail feathers, white. Feathers
on the fore part of the back, with the scapulars, broadly edged with light reddish brown ; under wing coverts aud axillars,
brownish chocolate. No white whatever on the wing.

Male in winter. Differs from summer dress in having the head and nock white to the jugulum and interscapular region. Tho
gray of the cheeks persistent, and a hroad patch of black on tho sides of tho nock behind this. The scapulars arc pale pearl
gray.

Female. Lacks the long points to tlio tail and scapulars. Tho head and neck dusky, with a whitish patch around tlio eye
and on the sides of tho nock behind.

Length, 20.75; wing, 8.90 ; tail, 8.00 ; tarsus, 1.38 ; commissure, 1.62.
Hal). — Along both coasts of North America. Europe.

~ ^v- ^^ 'Vim it

V »

ijmdtlie

I prokaHj-

The

I

802

U. S. P R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

glossy dark green, with violet blu« reflections, passing behind into blue black, which extends along the middle of the hack
to the tail. The body posterior to the tibial region is dull black, this includiug the crissuui, and extendiug in a bmnner
shade along the under surface to the jugulum. Anterior to the tibia this brown is bordered laterally and anteriorly by reddish
brown passing gradually into brownish buff, and then almost into white. The greenish collar on the neck is bordered posteriorly
by white, which widens along the sides of the cervical portion. The wing coverts are white; the exposed portion of secondaries,
tertials, and outer scapulars, are silvery white ; the greater portion of outer webs violet blue, and terminated with white ; the
inner scapulars are black, streaked with white. The under wing coverts are mostly white, as are theaxillars; the sides of
breast under the wings are white, with a large spot of greenish black.

The female is duaUy throughout; the general tint reddish brown, but the belly and crissum blackish. The feathers of the
lower neck all round, jugulum, and fore part of back are banded with reddish brown and blackish ; those of the headless
conspicuously so. The white of the upper surface of body and wings is restricted to the ends of greater coverts and of seconda-
ries; the speculum is less brilliant.

Length, 18.00; wing, 8.00; tarsus, 1.50; commissure, 1.82.

Hah. — North Eastern Asia. Accidental on northwest coast of America and in Europe.

The occurrence of this beautiful cluck on our shores is a matter of much uncertainty, no
specimens actually taken in North America having come to my knowledge. It appears to
inhabit northeastern Asia, especially Kamtschatka and the Kurile islands, and to extend
thence into northern and western Europe. It doubtless visits the northwest coast of America,
where it is said by Bonaparte to be abundant ; with what foundation I do not know.

The pair described was obtained in Norway by Mr. WoUey, the celebrated oologist, and
presented to the Smithsonian Institution by the Norwich Museum, England.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Sex.

No.

10197

c? •

10196

9

Locality.

When collected.

Norway .
....do...

March

1857

Whence obtained.

Norwich Museum.
do

Collected by —

Mr. Wolley.
do

LAMPRONETTA, Brandt.

iampr<m«(to, Brandt, M^m. Acad. St. Pet., 6th series ; Sc. Nat. VI, 1849, (Pub. 1847?) 5. Type /i. /(icAfri, Brandt.

Ch. Bill but little elevated at the base, and rather narrowed; shorter than the head. Nail moderate. Lamellae not

extending below the side of bill. Feathers extending on the base of the bill, so as to pass beyond the nostrils on the culmen, and
bounded by a straight line from this point to the angle of the mouth crossing the posterior portion of the nasal fossa. Nostrils
broad, open ; situated above the middle of commissure. Tertials curved outwards over the primaries. Tail short, of 14
feathers.

The characters of this genus, as given by Brandt, indicate a form closely allied to Polysiicta
and Somaieria. From the former it differs in larger nasal fossae and the greater extension
along the culmen of the feathers of the forehead, and the obliteration of the upper posterior
angle of the bill. The nail appears much less prominent than in Somaieria, and the bill more
dei)ressed ; if, however, the frontal processes of the base of the bill in Somaieria were covered
with feathers to a little beyond the nostrils, the resemblance would be very close. There are
also points of considerable affinity to both Hardda and Camplolaemtis.

The single species is very similar to the eider and king duck. Its character is as follows:
Back, wing coverts, tertials, and throat, white ; under parts, rump, tail, and primaries^ black.
A large black circle or quadrangle round the eye ; the back of the head and nape green. .X. fiacheri.

BIRDS — KULIOULINAE — CAMrXOLAEMUS LABRADORIUS. 803

LAMPRONETTA FISCHEEI, Brandt.

Spectacled Eider.

Lampronttia fueheri, Brasdt, Mtm. Acad. St. l'etor»burg, Uth series; Sc. Nat. VI, lB4y, 10, pi. 1 ^. (Probably

pitblUbod in 1847.)
ArcloiKilii fuchfri, Gkav, Pr. Zool. Soe. 1855, 212; pi. cviii, (J, Q, and yiiuiiK (}•
Sp. t'H. — A large Bub-circiilar or sub-tiimdraiiguiar black outline around the eye, sending a short branch backwards; the space
thus enclosed white tinged «nth reddish. Feathers about the base of bill tinged with greenish. The space between the black
outlines above, their lower border, and the entire occiput and nape, green. Chin, throat, lower neck, fore part of buck, wing
coverts, tertials, and a patch each side of the rump, white. Under parts generally, rump, tail, and primary quills, black;
bill yellow.

Female brown, with dull dusky blotches or bars. Chin and throat whitish. White eye patch of the male obscurely indicated.
Length 21. "21) inches; wing, lo inches ( ; tarsus, 1.70 ; commissure, 2.20.
IJiih. — Norton sound, Russian America, 63^ N. L.

This fine duck is only known from the descriptions and figures of Brandt and Gray,
mentioned above. All the specimens obtained were found at Norton Sound, Russian America,
latitude C3^°, and doubtless in severe winters the species will be found on our own coast.

CAMPTOLAEMUS, Gray.

Kamplorhynchuf, Etton, Men. Anat. 1838. Not of Cuvier. Type Anas labradora, Gm.

Cumplolitmus, Gray, List Genera, \M\. Same type.
Ch. — Bill broad, with the edges nearly parallel, but widening towards the tip, this expansion consisting of a tongh membrane.
Nostrils in the basal third of the bill as measured from the upper posterior angle. Feathers of cheek extending moderately
forwards, convex anteriorly; those of chin reaching about as far. Bill nearly as long as the head, and considerably exceeding
the tarsus. Feathers of cheeks stifi'ened and rigid. Tertials straight. Tail rather pointed.

The single species of this remarkable genus is almost entirely black and white in its colors.
CAMPTOLAEMUS LABRADORIUS, Gray.

Labrador Dnck.

Anas labradoria, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, .557.— Lath. Ind. II, 1790, 859.

Anas labradora, Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 91; pi. Ixix.

Atiaa (Fuliyula) labradora, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 276.

Fttligula labradora, Bon Syn. 1828, 391.— Nutt. Man II, 428.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 271 ; pi. 332.— Is. Syn.

288.— Ib. Birds Am. VI, 1843, 329; pi. 400.
Sliynchatpis labradora, Stephens, Shaw's Zool. XII, 1824, 121.
Camplorhi/nchus labradorhts, Etton, Mod. Anat. 1838, 151. — Bon. List.
Camplolaemus labradorius, Grat, List Genera, 1841.
Fulij/ula grism, Leib, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VUI, 1840, 170. Young.
Pied duck, Penk. II, 594.
Sp. Ch. — Bill black ; yellowish along the base and a little in front of nostrils. Central line along the vertex, a ring around
the lower part of the neck, extended broadly behind and above along the median line, and then continuous with the interscapular
region, lower part of back and rump, with the entire under parts and sides, black. Head and neck, a half collar below the
black ring, and the sides of the jugulum, scapulars, axillars, and entire wing on both sides, excepting the primaries, white ; the
primaries plumbeous black. The scapulars and tertials tinged with lead gray on some of the inner webs, the tertials externally
margined narrowly with black.

Female entirely plumbeous gray ; more dusky beneath. Wing without white on the upper coverts and scapulars; the tertials
hoary plumbeous.
Length, 23.75; wing, 8.80; tarsus, 1.60; commissure, 2.50.
Uuh. — Northeastern coast of North America.

804 U. 8 p. R R. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

1972

3

Q

North Atlantic

S. F. Baiid

do

2733

do

do

OlDEMIA, Fleming.

Oidemia, Fleming, "Philos. Zool. 1822." Type A7ias nii/ra, htKrt.

Ch. — Bill much swollen at base, the terminal portion much depressed and very broad. Nail broad, occupying the terminal
portion of the bill. Nostrils situated anterior to the middle of the commissure. Feathers of the chin running forwards as far
as the nostrils. Color black, with or without small patches of white.

The scoters or black sea ducks, although differing in the character of the hill to a certain
extent, have yet so close a relationship that it may be questioned whether there is any
foundation for generic divisions. For greater convenience in indicating these variations in the
form of the bill, I shall at any rate consider the sections as sub-genera of Oidemia. The group
Oidemieae of Bonaparte corresponds to Oidemia as characterized above.

A. Feathers extending forward in the forehead nearly to the posterior border of nostrils, and
for nearly or quite half the length of the lateral edge of bill ; nostrils broad and open.

Melaneita, Boie.^ — Feathers extending nearly as far forward on the sides of bill as above,
leaving the edges only free from the base. Bill very broad ; nail broad and almost
truncate.

Male. Bill black at base and edges, red at tip ; a small white patch around the
eye and large white wing speculum. Female brown, with the white speculum

on wing; sides of head whitish; bill black M. velvelina.

Pelionetta, Kaup.^ — Feathers not extending on sides of bill at all. Nail pointed
anteriorly. Colors black, with a triangular white patch on top of head and another
on nape. Bill red, with a rounded black lateral spot at base.

Patch on top of head large, extending between posterior outline of 5yes. Nostrils
very open, rather obtuse anteriorly. Frontal feathers extending half the length

of edge of bill, and to posterior border of nostrils P. perspicillaia.

Patch on top of head much anterior to the eyes and very small. Frontal feathers
extending for two-fifths the length of edge of bill, not as far as the nostrils,
which are more linear and acute anteriorly than in the last P. trowbridgii.

B. Feathers of the forehead scarcely extending on the base of bill at all ; the nostrils situated
about midway between their anterior border and the tip of bill. Nail rather acute anteriorly.

OlDB.MiA, Fleming.-' — Color entirely black. Bill black on edges and end ; swollen basal
portion red 0. americana.

1 Melani'if, Hoik, Isis, 1822. — Maceranas, Ijksson, Man. II, 1828, 414. Type Anaa/iuca, Lihn.
» I'elionellii , Kaup, Entw. Europ. Tliierw. Itii'i. Type Amis pernjiiciUata, L.
=" Oidcmiii, Fi.KMiMi, Philos. Zool. Ib22. Typo Autu niyra, L.

BIRDS — FULIGULINAK MELANETTA VELVETINA.

805

A fifth species of Olileinici, prolmlily a Peli-jnetla, if distinct, is mentioned at the end of the
others as copied from the account of Herbert. If really Felioiiella, its diagnosis would be bill
black ; secondaries and eye patch white as in Melanetla.

MELANETTA VELVETINA, Baird.

Velvet Duck; 'White-Aviiigcd Coot.

.^iios fusca, Wilson, Am. Orn. VUl, 1814, 137 ; pi. hxii. Not of Linnaeus.

.■Inas (Ftiligiila) fusca, BoN.Obs. 1625, No. ^66.

Fuligula (OiVtmio) fusca, BoN. Syn. 1828, 3UU.— Nitt. »Ian. H, lbJ4, 41'.).

Oiilcmia fusca, Siv. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 449.

Fuligula fusca, Aid. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 4.'')4 ; pi. 247 —Ib. Sjn. 1839, 280.— 1b. Birds Amor. VI, 1843, 332 ;

pi. 401.
Oiiltmia relrdina, Cassis, Pr. A. N. Sc. V, Oct. 1850, 12G.
Oidemia diylandii, Bon. Rev. Crit. Orn. Degland, 1850, 108. — 1b. Comples Rendug, XXXVllI, 1854, Notes Orn.

Delattre, 94.
•Melanetla (leglandii, Bon. Comptes Rendu:,, XLIII, Sept. 1856.
Double macreuse d'^imerique , Degland, Orn. Europ. II, 1849, 474.

Sp. Cii — .Vale. Bill very broad, wider towards the tip than at the base ; feathera extending faralong the side of the bill, and
on the forehead, for nearly half tlie commissure, running in an obiuse point about as far forward as the lower corner of tlie
outline of feathers on the side, both reaching nearly to the posterior border of the large, open, nearly rounded nostrils ; ciilmcn
horizontal a little beyond the frontal feathers, then abruptly bent downwards, nearly perpendicularly, to the much depressed,
nearly horizonlal portion ; a sharp indented ridge along the base of culmen, ending in a trihedral tubercle. Color black ; a
white elongated patch around and a little behind the eye, and a large white speculum on the wing composed of white secondaries
and tips of greater coverts ; bill black at base and lateral edges ; red elsewhere.

Female somewhat similar, but lighter beneath ; a large whitish patch on the side of the head behind the eye, but none around
it; wings with white speculum, somewhat as in the male; bill also similar, but less swollen and elevated at base. Length
SI. 50 inches; wing, 11.30; tarsus,2.08; commissure, 2.82.

Hab. — Along both coasts of North America, to the north.

The dates of publication of Oidemia velvetina of Ca.ssin, and of 0. deglandii of Bonaparte, are
80 near together as to render it difficult to say which should have priority. I have, however
taken Mr. Lassin's as being more in harmony with a common vernacular name.

The diflerence of the American Velvet Duck from the European 0. fusca according to
Degland, Ornith. Europ. (II, 474,) consists in the greater extension of the feathers of the
forehead over the bill, causing it to appear shorter. The white spot of the lower eyelid is also
much larger, and more triangular in shape.

/ List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col- Whence obtained.

Icctcd. 1

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

.te.oo

Wiug.

Remarks.

905

9

9
9

Potomac river, D. C....
Presidio,(nL'ar3. Fra'co)
San Francisco

Dec. —, 1843 S. F. Haird

19.75

10.16

9851

4519

Lt. Wjlliamsf>n..

9850

Bodega, Cat r

Mouth of Columbia....

do

Puget's Sound, W. T .. .

Port Steil«coom

do

do

Jan. — , 1855 Ll. Trowbridge..

T. A. Szabo...

9853
9853
4405

.Mar. 3,1854 Gov. Sicvtns

Mar. 9,1854 do

April 5,1855 1 Dr. Sucklty

Feb. 6,18561 do

56

59

168
314
913
311

Dr. Cooper . . .
do

31.50
31.35
32.35

38.00
38.00
39.35

13.00

Iris very paJe gray, feet

black and purple.
Iris brown, bill and feet

black and purple.

4573

4575

- do

Feb. 1, 1850 do

33.00
33.50

38.75

.-».oo

11.50
11.50

4576

806

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAI. REPORT.

PELIONETTA PERSPICILLATA, Kaup.

Surf Duck; Sea Coot.

Jlnas perspicillala, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 201.— Forst. Pliil. Trans. LXH, 1772, 383.— Gmelin, I, 524.—

Lath. Ind. II, 1790, 847.— Wilson, Am. Cm. VIII, 1814, 49 ; pi. Ixvii.
Melanilta pe.rspicilla'a, BoiE.Isis, 1822, 564. — Etton.Moh. Anal. 1838, 146.
.Snas (Fuligula) perspicillala, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, No. 265.
Fuligula (Oidemia) perspicillala, Bon. Syn 1828, 389.— Nuttali., Man. 11, 416.
Oidemia perspicillala, Fleming, Philos. Zool. 1822.' — Swainson, F. Eor. Am. II, 1831,449. — MACciL.Man. 11,181,

Am. Sp.— Bon. List, 1838.
" Pelionetta perspicillata, Kaup," Reich. Icones Av. — Bonap. Comptes Rendus, XLIII, Sept. 185G.
Fuligula perspicillata, AcD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 161 ; pi. 317.— Is. Syn. 289.— Ib. Birds Am. VI, 1843, 337 j

pi. 402.
Black Duck, Pennant, II, 556.
Sp. Ch. — Male. Tail of 14 feathers. Bill but little longer than the head, the feathers extending forward half way from the
base to the tip, and opposite the posterior border of the nostril ; the bill abruptly decurved or gibbous anterior to the end of the
feathers ; nostrils open, nearly semicircular or stirrup shaped, the straight portion of the outline antero-inferior ; sides of bill
swollen at the base so as to be further apart above than below.

Color, entirely black throughout, with a greenish lustre above, duller beneath ; a triangular white patch on the top of head,
the base extending between the posterior outline of the eye and reaching forward to a point a little beyond the posterior line of
the bill, the outlines rounded laterally and anteriorly ; the patcli is separatfd from the eye by a narrow superciliary black space.
There is a second triangular white patch beginning on the nape as a straight line the width of the other patch and running
backwards for more than two inches. These triangular spaces are thus base to base.

Female. Bill as long as that of the male, but not swollen at the base, where the sides approach each other above ; the feathers
of forehead do not extend one third the distance Irom base to tip of bill ; the middle of nostril not quite as far as the middle of
the bill ; nostrils linear, acutely pointed anteriorly.

Color brown ; lighter en the neck. Sides and beneath the under surface of the body whitish. An obscure whitish patch at
the base of the bill, and another on the side of the head behind the eyes.
Length of male, 19.00; wing, 9.40 ; tarsus, 1.63 ; commissure, 2.37.
Hab. — On and near seacoast of North America, quite far (outh in winter. Accidental in Europe.

List of specimens.

Calal.
Na.

Scx&
age.

Locality,

When col-
lected.

*

Whence obtained, i Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

3
oQ

Philadelphia

Tarli^Ip Pa

Oct. 12,18-H

1
S. F. li.iird 1

1719

do '

17.75

31.00

8.80

6904
9856
9858
9856

Nelson river, 11. B.T

Preniidio, (near Saii Francisco)
do ....

do

do

"s"

Feb. — jlM.S
April 28, 18.i4
Nov. 29, 1857

do

Gov. Stevens. ..

A. Campbell

Dr. Suckley

66
78

do

Dr. Cooper

Dr. Kennerly

20.00
18.50
31.60

33.00
29.00
34.00

7.50

9863

955U
577
9553
9551

Mud hay, Pugcl's Sound,W.T.

Oct. 14

Nov. 30, 1858

A. Campbell

do

66

do

PELIONETTA TROWBPJDGII, Baird.

Long'billcd Scoter.

Sp. Cii. — Male. Bill decidedly longer than the head, the frontal feathers extending over two-fifths its entire length from base
to tip, and falling considerably behind the i)osterior border of the nostril. Nostrils ii|ioii, but ratlicr elongated and rcnniing out
anteriorly in an acute point. Culincn sloping gently from the base and in a straight lino with the lorchoad to the nail.

BIRDS — FlILIOULINAE — OIDHMIA AMERICANA.

807

Color entire!}- black witli a prcciiiBli glosf above ; a very sniull Iriuiigiilar white patch on the forr-hood reaching forward to Iho
beginning of tlie bill, tli« posterior extremity considerably anterior to the eye -, a very broad triangular white patch on the nape,
the iVuthers nuicli longer and softer than elsewhere. Length S23.0O ; wing, 9.80 ; laraufl, 1 .60 ; coniniinsure, 2.72.

Hab. — Coast of eoutjicrn California in winter.

This species is much like 0. perspicUlata, but is hirger. The bill is more like that of the
female 0. perspicillala than of the male. It is longer and rather narrower, loss swollen at the
base. The frontal feathers do not extend so far forward, falling considerably behind the nostrilB.
The culmen is in a line with the forehead to the end of nostrils, instead of descending abruptly.
The nostrils are narrower, more elongate and acute anteriorly. The white patch on tlie head
is very much smaller and anterior to the eye, instead of coming back to the line of the posterior
canthus. The nuchal patch is larger, broader, fuller and softer.

List q/' specimens.

Cnlttl. Sex.

No. :

Locality. When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length. Stretcli
of wiugB.

Wing.

9860 1 (?

9861 : <J
9859? Q?

San Diego, Cal 1863

do

Lieut. Trowbridge...
do

A Oassidy

do

20.00

30.00

do

Lieut. Williamson...

OIDEMIA AMERICANA, Swain son.

Scoter.

Anas nigra, Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, I3,^>; pi I.t.\ii. Not of Linnaeus.

Anas {Fuligula) nigra, Bon. Obs. Wilson, 1825, No. 267.

Fuligida (Oidemia) nigra, Bon. Syn. 1828, 390.

oidania amerimna, Swainbon, F. Bur. Am. II, J831, 450. — Bos. List, 1838.

Melanelta americana, Evton, Mon. Auat. 1838, 144.

Fuligula americana, Auo. Oru. Uiog. V, 1839, 117; pi. 408— Ib. Syn. 290.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 343; pi. 403.

Sp. Ch. — Male. Tail of sixteen feathers. Bill much swollen on the basal third; the basal portion of culmen convex and
rapidly descending; the terminal portion of bill much depressed; the anterior extremity of nostrils half way from the lateral
or upper feathers at the base of bill to the tip. The swelling at base of bill divided by a furrow along the median line. The
frontal feathers extend slightly forward in an obtuse point. Bill of female not very dissimilar, lacking the swelling at the base.

Color entirely black all over, without any white. Bill black along the edges and tip ; the swollen basal portion red to beyond
the nostrils.

Female. Broim; lighter on sides of head, throat, and under surface of body, where the feathers have each an obscure dusky
spot.

Length, 23.80; wing, 9.20; tarsus, 1.78; comuissure, 2.14

3ai. — Seacoast of North America.

According to Degland, (Orn. Europ. II, 472,) the American scoter differs from the European
in having the bill broader, the gibbosity less elevated, wider, and entirely orange from the
frontal feathers to the nostrils : wliile in A. nigra the yellow begins only at the base of the
tuberosity, surrounds tae nostrils, and occupies only the centre of the middle portion of the
bill. The basal protuberance, too, in the American bird is single, with a median sinuosity ;
while in the European it is formed by two hemispheres, separated by a furrow.

808 U. S. p. E R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

lAst of specimens.

Catal.

«ex.

No.

2722

3

904

Q

4574

Locality.

Atlantic coast, U. S

Potomac liver, D. C

Fort Steilacoom, W. T.

When collected.

Dec. —.1842

Whence obtained.

Length.

S. F. Baird.,
do

Dr. Suckley

19.00
21.50

Stretch
of wings.

33.00
36.25

Wing.

9.00
9.75

OIDEMIA (PELIONETTA) BIMACULATA, Baird.

HuTou Scoter.

Fuliffula himaculata, Herbert, Field Sports U. S. 2d ed. II, 1848, 366. With wood-cut figure.

Sp. Ch. — Bill shorter than the head. Nostrils nearer to the tip than to the angle of the mandibles by nearly one-fifth.
Feathers advancing on the top of the bill for about one-third its length.

Bill bluish black; iris brown ; legs and feet dusky crimfon. General color sooty black. Forehead, encroaching on the upper
mandible, dull brownish black ; chin, throat, and upper breast, dark cinereous gray. Belly and vent lighter than the breast, and
more silvery. Under tail coverts and beneath the tail dark dingy gray. Under wing coverts dark cinereous gray. Secondaries
snowy white. A dingy white patch anterior to the eye, and occupying the whole insertion of the upper mandible from the front
downwards. Posterior and slightly inferior to the eye is a larger and blighter whito spot, of an elongated and acute oval form
ruuniug towards the nape. Female generally similar, but more dingy ; more silvery gray beneath. Legs and feet dusky orange.
Size less.

Length, IS.rjO; bill along gape, 2.20; from extremity of front to tip, 1,50; wing, 10.50; extent, 24.50; tarsus, l.GO; middle and
outer toe, 2.90 ; inner toe, 2.50 ; weight, 2J pounds.

Hab. — Lake Huron and adjacent waters in fall and winter.

In the preceding description, condensed from the original account by Herbert, (Frank
Forester,) will he found a notice of a scoter, supposed by him to he new. If the bird described
were really an adult, there can be no question as to it being a fifth species of American Oidemia.
The shape of bill is like that of Pelionetta perspicillata, but differs in being black throughout
instead of red. The colors of body are more those of Melanetta velvetina, in the white seconda-
ries, and white patch behind the eye, and in the absence of the white patches on top of head
and on the nape of P. perspicillata.

The only reason to suspect immaturity is on account of the absence of the continuous and
velvet black color all over the body, except where relieved by white, so characteristic of all
adult males of the genus Oidemia. Still this would not explain the combination of the bill of
Pdionetia with the colors of Melanetta, the former never having white secondaries. A hybrid
between the two might possibly account for this ftnion, but in the large number of specimens
referred to by Herbert this is not likely to have been the case.

SOMATERIA, Leach.

Samateria, Leach, in Flesiing's Philoe. Zool. 1822. Type Anas mollissima, L.

Ch. Bill much compressed, tapering to the tip; the nail enormously large, and forming the terminal portion of the bill, and

much decurved. The feathers of forehead advancing forward in an acute long point, separating on each side a frontal extension
or linear process, or the feathers of the cheek may be said to extend a conRidornblo distance along the commissural edge of the
bill. Nostrils situated autorior to the middle of the commissure. Tail rather pointed, but short ; of 14 feathers.

DIUDS — FULIGUUNAE — SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA. 809

In giving the two well known species of this genus, I add a third, recently described by Gr.
R. Gray, from tlie northwest coast of North America.

Common characters. — Colors white and black; head with a gloss of emerald green ; belly,
rump, and tail, black.

White. Belly, rump, quills, and stripe on each side of head above eyes, black. Frontal
process on each side nearly in line with culmen ; rounded behind 8. molUssima.

Similar to last ; with a V-shaped black mark on chin S. V-nigra.

Black. Body and neck anterior to shoulders, middle coverts, inside of wing, patch on each
side the rump, white. Head above and nape bluish ash. Margin of frontal process and a
V-shaped mark on chin black. Frontal process of bill on each side bent abruptly upwards, out
of line with culmen, and sub-rectangular 8. spedahilis.

SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA, Leach.

Eider Dnck.

Aiua mollvisima, Likn. Syet. Xat. I, 1766, 198.— Gmelin, I, 514.— Lath. Ind. n, 1790, 845.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII,

lril4, 122; pi. lixi.
Somateria moUimma, Leach, Fleujing, Philos. Zool. 1822 7— Swainson, P. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 448.— Bos. List, 1838.—

Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Pet. Sc. Nat. VI, 1849, 5.
Aiua (Fuligula) moUissima, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, 244.

Ftdigvla (SomaUria) mollasima, Bon. Syn. 1828, 388.— Ndtt. Man. II, 1834, 407.
Platypus motUssimus, Brehm.
I\diffuta moUitaima, Auu. Orn. Biog. HI, 1835, 344 : V, 611, pi. 246.— Is. Syn. 291.— Ib. Birda Amer. VI, 1843, 349 ;

pi. 405.
Aruu clUhbertii, Pallas.

Somateria St. cuthbertii, Eytos, Mod. Anat. 1838, 149.
Eider, or Cuthbai Duck, Penramt.

Sp. Ch. — ^Tail of 14 feathers. Prevailing color whit* ; the mider surface and sides of body, hinder part of back, rump, and
tail, black. Wings white on both surfaces, except the quills, which are black. Narrow margin inferierly of the frontal process
of bill and the forehead violet black, this color bifurcating opposite the middle of the oyc, and continued broadly on each side
the bead to the nape, the color extending a little below the eye ; the white below and behind the black glossed with transparent
emerald green ; the interspace white. Length, 26; wing, 11.24; tarsus, 1.82; commissure, 2.53.

Bab. — Atlantic and Arctic coasts of northern hemisphere ; Pacific coast N. A. ?

There is a faint tinge of purplish cream color in the white, especially conspicuous on the
breast and wings. The black of the back and belly is separated by white on the flanks.

The tertials have a slight outward bend, but much less than in 8. spectahilis. The frontal
process of the bill is elongated and rounded behind, and about in a line with the culmen.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality. Whence obtained.

480

c?

S. F. Baird

Angnst 20, 1858.

102 b

810

U. S. p. R. E. ESP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

SOM ATEKIA V-KIGRA, Gray.

Pacific £ider.

Somaieria V-nigra, Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1855, 212 ; pi. cvii. Kotzbue Sound, NW. coast of Am.

Sp. Ch. — Similar to S. mollissima, but larger, and with a V-ebaped black mark on chin, ae in S. spedahiUs. The white longitu-
dinal mark on the top of the head narrower than in mollissima ; the black less rounded posteriorly. The bill of male fs orange
yellow, with white nail ; of female dusky green. Feet brownish yellow.

Hcib. — Kotzbue Sound, NW. coast of America.

The above description, (taken from G. E. Gray,) refers to a well marked si^ecies which
appears to replace the common eider on our northwest coast. It is essentially an eider, in
all respects, with the black V-shaped marks on the chin seen in the king duck. The female
is brown, as in the eider.

SOMATERIA SPEOTABILIS, Leach.

King £ider.

Anas gpectabUis, Likn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 195. — Gmelin, I, 567.

SomUeria sjieclabilis, Leaoh, Flem. Philos. Zool. 1822?— Swains. F. Bor! Am. II,U831, 447.— Bon. List. 1838. —

EVTON, Mon. Anat. 1838, 148.— Brandt, Mem. Ac. St. Pet. Sc. Nat. vi, Ser. VI, 1849, 5.
Fuligida (Somaieria) spedahiUs, Bonap. Syn. 1828, 389. — Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 414.
Fuligula ipedahiMs, Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 523; pi. 276.— Ib. Syn. 1839.- Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 347.

pi. 404.
King Duck, Pennant, II, 554.
Sp. Cb. — Body and wings black; the portion anterior to the shoulder joint, interscapular region in part, most of neck and
throat, white ; the jugulum with a creamy tinge. A narrow border to the frontal processes of the bill and their interspace.
Small space round the eye and a V-shaped mark on the chin black. Top of head and nape bluish ash, slightly spotted with
black. Midddle wing coverts, tips of secondaries, axiUars, and most of under surface of wing, with a patch on each side of the
rump, white. Sides of head glossed with transparent emerald green.
The scapulars have the black tinged with slate.
Length, 21.50 ; wing, 10,70; tarsus, 1.86; commissure, 2.53.
Edb. — Arctic regions of northern hemisphere. Pacific coast. 7

I have not at hand the female of either this species or the eider. They differ in being chiefly
brown.

The tertials in this species are bent outwards, so that the points project beyond the edge of
the wing, about the middle of the outer primary. The frontal process of the bill is dilated and
nearly quadrilateral ; it is bent abruptly upwards, so as to be out of line with the culmen. The
nostrils are large, oval, and open.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

1973

<?

North Atlantic »

S. F. Biiird

BIRDS — ERISMATUEINAE — ERISMATURA ROBIDA.

811

Sub-Family ERISMATURINAE.

The most prominent character of the Erismaturinae is found in the very rigid tail feathers
vitli tlie much ahhreviated coverts, which leave the greater portion of the tail exposed. Tliere
are peculiarities in the nail at the end of the hill in Erismatura not found in the other suh-families.

ERISJIATURA, B o n a p .

Ozyura, Bunap. Syn. 1828. Type Anca rubida. Sufficiently distinct from Oxyurus. ? Type Anas Icucocephala, Scop.
Erismatura, Bokap. Saggio, etc., 1832.

Cn.— Bill broad, raflior liigh at the base, much dcpreseeJ, and bent upwards. Upper lateral angle of bill running hack on
the forehead Bouio disianoe; farther than the lower edge of the bill. Nostrils reaching to the middle of the bill, rnthor small.
Portion of nail seen from above very narrow and linear ; bent abruptly downwards and backwards at the tip so as to bo
invisible from the upper surface. Tarsi very short, scarcely more than one-third the long feet. Tail very stiff; of 18 feathers.
The coverts above and below very much abbreviated, so as to expose the greater part of the tail. The feathers narrow,
linear. The shafts very large, and channelled on the under surface near the base. Wings very short, and incurved at the end.

Of this genus there are several species helonging to America, although but one is well
established as an inhabitant of the United States. Dr. Cabot, however, has recently announced
the occurrence of the E. dominica on Lake Champlain.

Comparative measurements of species.

d

1

Species.

Locality.

M

m

o

1 *

.5

I

9

2

e3

o

o
2 "

1

eg

a

1

a
o

<

1^

.2 2
S a

O ,i

6, ~

Specimen
measured.

315

Carlisle, Pa

3

9

16.00

13.00
15.00

23.75

5.80
5.80
6.00

3.64
3.56

1.26
1.26

a.52

2.50

0.36
0.34

1.62
1.68

l.BO
1.80

1.86
1.82

Skin

Skin

U&l

do

do

do

do

ERISMATURA RUBIDA, Bo nap.

Rnddy Duck. '

Jinas rubida, "Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 128, 130 ; pi. l.xjc.xi.

.Inas (FttUsula) rubida, Bon. Obs. Wils. 1825, 268.

FuUgula (Oxyura) rubida, BoN. Syn. 1828, 390.

Fuli^ula (Gijmnura) rubida, Nuttall, Man. II, 1834, 426.

FuUgula rubida, Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 455.— Acd. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 326 ; pi. 343.— 1b. Syn. 288.— Ib.

Birds Am. VI, 1843, 324 ; pi. 399.
£i-is7na/ura ru6i(/a, Bonap. List, 1838.— Eyton, Mon. Anat. 1838, 171.
-Inas jamaicctisis , "Lath." — Ord, cd. Wilson, VIII, 1825, 138.
Sp. Ch. — Bill grayish blue. Top of head and nape black. Sides of head below the eyes, with the chin, pure opaque white.
Lower part of neck all round, and the entire upper parts, with upper portion of sides, chestnut red. Under parts irenerally
lustrous grayish white, with an occasional brownish tinge ; crissuin pure white ; wings brown, without speculum, finely and
almost inappreciably sprinkled with gray ; tail nearly black.

Female with the entire upper parts dark brown ; the back and wing coverts finely sprinkled with grayish. The under parts
brownish white, tinged with greenish brown across the lower part of neck. The brown of the head comes down below the
level of the eye, and there is an obscure dusky stripe parallel with its lower outline, from the commissure.
Length, 16.00 ; wing, 5.80 ; tarsus, 1.26 ; commissure, 1.80.
Flab. — Whole of North America. Abundant throughout the interior.

The continuity of the white of the under parts is interrupted by the occasional appearance
of the basal brown of the feathers, owing to the shortness of the white tip, which thus gives rise
to the appearance of dusky transverse bands.

812

U. S. p. R, E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sometimes the females have the upper parts waved transversely with hrownish yellow.
Generally there is no white on the wings, hut in one specimen from San Pasqual the secondaries
and the greater tail coverts are narrowly tipped with white.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1184

Carlisle, Pa

do

Oct. 26,1843
Oct. 27,1843
April -,1856
Oct. —,1856
May —,1855
Oct. 10,1857

Jan. 10,1855
April— ,1855
Nov. 21.1854

S. F. Baird

15.00
15.50

23.75
23.00

6.00

315

do

Q

Washington, D. C

Near mouth Platte river.

White river, Neb

100 m. east ofLaramie . .

Crossing of Pecos, N. M.

228

Lieut. Warren —
Col. A. Vaughan .
Wm. M. Magraw.

Capt. Pope

Maj. Emory

do

Dr. Hayden..
do

13.50

21.00

5.75

4635

8635
5138

217

97
65
10

Dr. Cooper...

15.00

23.00

5.75

Iris brown, bill black, feet
black.

9848

Dr. Kennerly.

San Pasqual. Gal

do

4607

do

do. . ..

15.50

22.00

6.00

Eyes reddish brown, bill black,
feet gray.

9846

Bodega, Cal

Dec. —,1854

Lieut. Trowbridge

T. A. Szabo.

Sub-Family MERGINAE.

Ch. — Bill very slender, narrow, compressed, terminated by a conspicuous nail. Edges much serrated, the serrations
projecting. Tarsi much compressed ; the scales anteriorly large and transverse, becoming smaller and smaller on the sides and
beliind. Tail feathers 18 in North American species.

The Merginae or fishing ducks are represented in the United States hy three well estahlished
species, placed by modern systematists in as many genera. Two of these, however, are so
nearly alike that I prefer to consider them as the same ; the third is sufficiently distinct. The
Mergus albellus of Europe is scarcely entitled to a place in our fauna.

The genera adopted may easily be recognized by the following characters :

Mergus. — Most of bill red. Serrations acute, recurved. Tarsi two-thirds the length of
middle toe. Head with a depressed crest.

LoPHODYTES. — Bill black. Serrations oblique. Tarsi half the middle toe. Head with an erect
vertical crest.

Comparative measurements of species.

Catal.

No.

Species.

Locality.

1

I

3
1

1

QJ

O

6
a,

&
i

B

if

is

Specimen
nietl..iured.

1304
do.
879

Mergus americnniis

do

a

10.86
11.00
9.70
9.75
8.60

4 86

1.84

2.76

0.40

2.07

2.90

2.54

Skin

do

26.50
21.00
23.25
22.50
23.25

38.25
33.S0
33.00

Fro^h....

do

do

9

4.80

1.72

2.48

0.35

1.90

2.33

3.10
2.30

Skin

do.

311

do.
8679

do.
1311

do.
1306

do

do

<3

4.00

1.80

2.65

0.48

2.34

2.76

Skin

do

do

Vresll

do

do . •

Capt; Florida

do

9

9.10
9.00
7.90
7.32
7.30
7.40'
7.10

3.96

1.74

2.56

0.36

2.18

2.56

2.34

Skin

20.00
17.00
17.50
16.30
17.50
15.10

31 ..lO
26.25
25.00

Fresh

Lophodytcs cucullatus

Carlisle, Pa

<?

4.26
4.14

i.ao
i.oa

2.20

0.34

1.50

1.98

1.70

Skin

do

Fresh

....do

do

9

1.96

0.28

1.48

1.60

1.66

Skin

do.
209

do

do

do

do..

Fresh...

4.12

1.20

2.06

0.32

1.43

1.78

1.00

Skin

BIRDS — MERGINAE — MERGUS AMERICANUS. 813

MERGUS, Linnaeus.

Mergus, Linnaecs, Syst. Nat. 1735. Type M. castor, L.

Cii. — Bill longer than tlie licad, mostly red ; serrations conical, acute, recurved. Crest occipital, pointed, or depressed.
Tarsus about iwo-lliirds the middle toe. Tail about half the length of wings.

The two North American species of this genus are very differently marked, though tlie females
are quite similar. In external form they differ considerably from Lophodyles cucuUatus, and
to a less extent among themselves. The difference is chiefly in the position of the nostril, and
the outline of the feathers at the base of the bill, as well as in the shape of the crest.

The species may be briefly characterized as follows:

Nostril near the middle of the bill ; the frontal feathers extending much beyond the lateral,
ricad without conspicuous crest. Head and neck green. Beneath salmon colored. Sides
without transverse bars. Wing white from the extreme bend, crossed by one black bar.

M: americanus.

NoBtril towards the base of bill. Lateral feathers extending beyond the frontal. Head with
pointed occipital crest. Head and upper part of neck green ; jugulura light reddish brown,
streaked with black ; feathers in front of elbow white, margined with black. Sides finely
barred transversely with black. Edge of wing brown ; its white crossed by two black bars.

M. serraior.

MERGUS AMERICANUS, Cass in.

Goosander; Sheldrake; Fish Duck.

Mergvs merganser, Wils. Am. Orn. VIII, 1S14, 68 ; pi. Ixviii. Not of Linnaeus.— Bo v. Obs. Wils. 1825, 248.—
Doughty, Cab. I, 1830, 109 ; pi. x.— Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 461.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834,
460.— AtjD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838,261; pi. 331.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 297.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843,
387; pi. 411.

Mergus americanus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. VI, 1853, 187.

Merganser castor, var. A. americanus, Bon. Comptes Rendus XLIII, 1856.

Sp. Oh. — Feathers of the forehead extending on the bill in an acute angle for half the distance between those on the sides
and the nostril ; outlme of those on the sides nearly vertical and reaching but little beyond the beginning of lower edge of bill,
but as far as those on the side of lower jaw. Nostril large, far forward, its middle opposite the middle of the commissure.

J>/ii/e. Head without conspicuous crest. Head and neck green. Fore part of bacit black ; beneath salmon color. Wings
mostly white, crossed by one band of black. Sides scarcely barred transversely.

Female. Head with a compressed occipital crest. Head and neck chestnut. Above ashy ; beneath salmon colored. White
of greater coverts with a terminal bar of ashy, (sometimes wanting;) the black of base of secondaries entirely concealed.
Outer tertials ash.

Length, 26.50; wing, 11.00; tarsus, 1.84 ; commissure, 2.90.

Hab. — Whole of North America.

Head without conspicuous crest, though one is visible in life. Head and most of neck all
round very dark green ; rest of neck and the body generally, except the upper part, creamy
white, deepening to salmon red beneath. Lower part of back, rump, and tail feathers,
plumbeous. Fore part of back, interscapular region, and inner scapulars, black. Axillars,
inside of wings, coverts, most of secondaries, and tertials, with the outer scapulars, creamy
white; the greater coverts black at the base, forming a black bar and the tertials narrowly

814

U. S. p. R, R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

edged, externally, with the same. The primaries and outer secondaries are black ; the latter
tipped with paler.

The female has a compressed occipital and nuchal crest ; the head and neck chestnut brown ;
the chin yellowish white ; the upper jjarts entirely bluish gray ; the under parts like the male.
The white on the wing is confined to the secondaries and the greater coverts, which are black at
the base and brown at the end, producing a bar. The tertials are entirely plumbeous. The
brown bar at the end of the greater coverts is sometimes wanting, leaving the speculum white.

According to Mr. Cassin the American "sheldrake," or goosander, differs from the European
in having the prolonged feathers of the head almost restricted to the occiput and neck behind,
while in the other species they begin almost at the base of the bill, and are erectile and crest-
like. On the greater wing coverts of the American bird there is always an exposed and
conspicuous bar of black, which in the European is entirely concealed by the lesser coverts.
Bonaparte says that the bill of the American species is shorter and thicker.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

1304
879
5473
5140
5139

9878
9881
9880
4413
9879
9877

..„..

9

Mar. 21,1844
Nov. 25, 1842
Aug. 16, 1856
Nov. 19, 1855
Nov. 17, 1855

Oct. 20, 1853
Mar. — , 1855
Dec. 9, 1853
Jan. 7,1855

26.50
23.25

38.25
83.50.

11.00
9.75

do

ycllowstone river

do

160

33

155i

26.50

38.50

12.00

St. Mary's Mission, R. nits.
Boca Grande, Mexico...,

Gov. Stevens...

Maj. Emory

Gov. Stevens. ...

Dr. Sucklcy

do

Dr. Sucklny ...

black, eyes black.

Fort Dalles, O.T

April — , 1854

Gov. Stevens,...

68

MEEGUS SERRATOR, Linn.

Red-breasted Merganser.

Mergus serratm; LisN. Syet. Nat. I, 1766, 208.— Gm. I, 546.— Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 81 ; pi. Ixix.— Bon. Obs.
1825, No. 249.— Sw F. Bor. Am. 11, 1831, 462.— Nuttall, Man. U, 1834, 463.— Evton, Moii.
1838, 175.— AuD. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 92; pi. 401.— Ib. Sya. 298.— Ib. Birds Am. VI, 1843, 395;
pi. 412.
Merganser serrator, Steph. Shaw's Geu. Zool. XII, 1824, 165.— Bun. List, 1838.
Mergus cridalus and serratm, Bri nn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 23.
gp_ Ch. — Featbers of tlie forehead extending on the bill in a ehort obtuse angle, and falling far short of the end of those on the
sides; the oulline of the latter sbiping rapiilly forwards, and reaching halfway from tlio posterior end of the lower edge of bill
to the nostrils, and far buyoiid tboso ou the sido of lower jaw. Nostrils narrow, posterior ; their posterior outline opp<i8ite the
end of basal third of commissure.

Male. Head with conspicuous pointed occipital crest. Head and upper part of neck, all around, dark green ; under parts
reddish white. Jugulum reddish brown, streaked with black. Sides conspicuously barred transversely with fine lines of black.
Feathers anterior to wing, white, margined with black. White of wing crossed by two bars of black,

Female. Head with compressed occipital crest; chestnut brown. Body above ash; beneath reddish white. The black at base
of secondaries exposed; outer tertials white, edged with black.
Length, 23.25 ; wing, 8.0(1; tarsus, 1.8(1 ; commissure, 2.76.
Uab Whole o North America and Europe.

BIRDS — MERGINAE — LOPUODYTES.

815

Head with an elongated slender occipital crest. Head and upper part of neck dark green,
turning to black below and behind. Rest of neck and under parts generally cream white.
Jugulum and sides of neck below light brownish red, streaked with black. Sides of body
beneath wings sharply undulated transversely with white and black ; the concealed portion of
back mittled with black and gray. Feathers just before the bend of wing, white, margined
sharply with black ; the fore part of hack, interscapulars, and inner long scapulars, with the
primary quills, black. Wing coverts, secondaries, outer scapulars, and tertials, white ; the
wing showing two black bars across the base of the greater coverts and secondaries ; the tertials
edged externally with black.

Female with tlie head and neck above chestnut, tinged above with ashy ; tlie upper parts
bluish ash ; the lower white. The white on the wing is confined to the ends of the greater
coverts and of the secondaries ; their basal portions black. There is no visible dark bar, as the
coverts have none at their tips, and cover the basal black of the secondaries. The outer tertials
are whitish, edged externally with black.

There is not the slightest difficulty in distinguishing the adult male birds of this species from
M. americanus. The females likewise are very similar, but differ in the specific character of
the bill. The colors are much the same. The greater coverts in M. serraior lack the terminal
brown bar, while the black at the base of the secondaries is more extended, often showing
externally, while in the other the dark bar is on the tips of the greater coverts ; the basal black
of the secondary quills more concealed. The outer tertials are mostly white, edged externally with
black, instead of being plain bluish ash. The size is much less.

List of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sei.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwiugs.

Wing.

Remarks.

311

C?
<?

April 24, 18-11
Nov. 16,1857

S. F. Baird

23.25
20.00

33.00
31.50

9.00

Yellow iris

6903

Nelson river, H . U . T

D. Gunn

SI883

9883

(?

San Francisco

Mar. —,1855

Lt. Williamson

Lt. Trowbridge

9887

F. A. Szabo

Eye ringtf rose red

9884

LOPHODYTES, Reich.

Lophodytet, Eeich. Syst. Av. 1852, p. ix.

Cn. — Bill shorter than the head, black. Serrations compressed, low, short, inserted obliquely on the edge of bill ; the point
truncated, and not recurved nor acute. Tail more than hiilf the wings. Tarsi short ; half the feet. Head with a much
compressed, vertical, circular, and erect crest.

But a single species of this genus is known to naturalists.

816

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SDRVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

LOPHODYTES CUCULLATUS, Reich.

Hooded Merganser.

Mergm cucidlaius, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 207. — Gmelin, I, 544. — Wilson, Am. Orn. VIII, 79; pi. Ixix. — Bon. Oba
No. 251.— Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 463.— Nuttall, Man. II, 465.— Aud. Orn, Biog. m, 1835, 246 :
V, 619 ; pi. 233 —Ib. Syn. 299.— Ib. Birds Amer. VI, 1843, 402 ; pi. 413.— ErxoN, Mou. Anat. 177.

Merganser cuadlatus, Bonap. List, 1838.

Lopliodytes cucuUatus, Reich. Systema Avium, 1852, p. ix. — Bonap. Comptes Rendus, XLIII, 1856.

Round-crested Duck, Catesbv, Carol.

Sooded Merganser, Pennant.

Sp. Ch. — Head with an elongated, compressed, semicircular crest. Anterior extremity of nostril reaching not quite as far as the
middle of commissure. Frontal feathers extending nearly as far as half the distance from lateral feathers to nostril ; the latter
much beyond the feathers on side of lower mandible. Bill shorter than head.

Male. Bill black. Head, neck, and back black; under parts and centre of crest white. Sides chestnut brown, barred with
black. White anterior to the wing, crossed by two black crescents. Lesser coverts gray ; white speculum with a basal and
median black bar ; black tertials streaked centrally with white.

Female with a shorter and more pointed crest. The head and neck reddish brown ; the back \vithout pure black ; the sides
without transverse bars ; the white of wings less extended.

Length, 17.50; wing, 7.90; tarsus, 1.20; commissure, 1.98.

Hub. — Whole of North America.

The black border of the crest is about a quarter of an inch deep, the central portion snowy
white. The lower part of back and rump are dark brown. The greater coverts and secondaries
are black, tipped with white ; the black showing at the base of both as two bars. The middle
coverts are ashy gray. The white of secondaries is confined to the outer webs. The axillars
and inside of wing are white.

The female has a much smaller crest, more like that of the female of the other species. The
head, neck, and jugulum are grayish chestnut brown ; the back and top of head dark brown ;
the chin whitish ; the under parts purer white. The wing is somewhat similar ; the white
more restricted, especially on the tertials ; the middle coverts dark brown. The bill appears to
be blackish above, and reddish below.

Some specimens, perhaps young males in female plumage, have the reddish feathers of the
crest passing into whitish at the tips.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Wing.

tieniurks.

5475

Yellowsione river

DoHa Ana, New Mexico

July 24

Nov. 21,1855

5941

Uapt. Pope

1G4

I'J.OO

8.00

Bill brown, iris yellow

fcetgrny.

Gov. Stevens

do

..do.

2

28
48

Dr. Suckk-y....

9874

do . . .

Feb. 2,1854

do

9873

.\o

do

v..A-_ak*

*^ -f.

«• -♦

^---_*x.«

1- «.<i.

UB-OEDER

GAVIAE.

In~the table, on page 594, taken from Bonaparte's system of 1853, the Gaviae are made
to consist of the Toiipalmi and Longipennes ; the Anseres of Lamellirostres, Urinatores, and
Ptilopteri. Subsequently the Urinatores, or Brachypteri, were removed by that author to the
Gaviae, and the Ptilopteri, or Impennes, raised to the rank of a separate order. How far this
modified arrangement agrees better with the author's primary idea of Alfrices and Praecoces I
am unable to speak ; if some of the Brachypteri are known to rear their young in nests, the
majoiity are supposed to conduct them to the water as soon as hatched. Be the circumstances,
in this respect, as they may, the later arrangement of the orders and sub-orders seems the more
natural, and I therefore adopt it in the present case.

As already stated, the chief characteristic of the Gaviae is to be found in the entire absence
of lamellae within the edges of the bill. The wings are either conspicuously lengthened, as in
the Longipennes ; or they are quite short, the hinder toe connected to the anterior by a mem-
brane, (Totipalmi,) or free, (Urinatores.) In all, the toes are well webbed, although the web is
sometimes split. The young in most Longipennes, at least, are born helpless, and reared for a
certain time in the nests.

The sub-order was originally divided by Bonaparte, as stated, into two tribes, Tofipalmi and
Longipennes, to which he subsequently added the Urinatores. Their characters are as follows :

A. Totipalmi. — Hind toe connected with the inner by a membrane^ and more or less lateral
or anterior. Bill generally longer than the head, and usually with a sharp curved nail at the
end ; sometimes without it. Nasal aperture an elongated narrow slit ; sometimes scarcely
visible. Face and throat usually somewhat naked.

Pelecanidae. — Upper jaw with a hooked, decurved, and acute nail at the tip. Edges of
the bill even, without serrations. Throat naked, with an extensible pouch.
Pelecaninae. — Tarsus and throat naked. Tail broad, rounded.
Tachypetinae. — Tarsus feathered. Wings and tail excessively lengthened ; the
latter deeply forked.
Plotidae. — Bill straight, notched or serrated on the edges, with a slightly curved nail,

or none. Face and chin partly naked. Tail rounded, or cuneate ; rather long.
PiiAETONiDAE. — Bill without nail, slightly curved ; edges scarcely serrated. Head entirely
feathered. Tail with the middle feathers excessively lengthened.

B. Longipennes. — Hind toe disconnected from the lateral, small ; the anterior toes webbed to
the claws. Wings lengthened, acute ; the first primary generally as long as the second. Bill
without serrations. No naked spaces about the head.

BIRDS — GAVIAE 810

Procellaridae. — Nail only of hind toe projecting. Nasal apertures circular, opening

in i)rojecting tubes. Bill with a much decurved niiil iit tip. Outer toe as long as the

middle. Legs reticulated in front.
Laripak. — Hind toe free when present. Nasal apertures linear, opening laterally ; not

at all tubular. Bill without nail except in Lestris. Outer toe shorter than the middle.

Legs scutellate transversely in front.

C. Brachypteri. — Wings and tail short, the latter sometimes wanting. Hind toe free, or
■wanting. Legs very far backwards. Entirely aquatic, and for the most part capturing the
food beneath the water.

CoLTMBiDAE. — Hind toe distinct, with a broad hanging lobe. The membrane of toes

entire, or divided. Claws nail-like, flattened. Mostly inhabit fresh waters of all

countries.

Alcidae. — Hind toe wanting. Claws compressed. Entirely marine, and chiefly arctic.

In a strictly natural arrangement the Totipalmi should, perhaps, precede the Longipennes.

In order, however, to facilitate the passage of the present report through the press, the latter

tribe has been made to begin the sub-order, as the manuscript belonging to it was first ready for

the printer. For a similar reason the Anseres come before the Gaviae, although most authors

place them last.

The determinations and descriptions of the Gaviae have been prepared and furnished by
Mr. George N. Lawrence, with the exception of the Alcidae, which are from the pen of
Mr. John Cassin.

Tribe LONGIPENNES.i
Family PROCELLAEIDAE. The Petrels.

Ch. — Bill more or less lengthened, compressed, and deeply grooved, appearing to be 'brmed of several distinct parts ; the tip
s strong, much hooked, and acute ; the nostrils open from distinct tubes, either single or double, and are situated at the base
of the upper mandible.

All the birds embraced in this family are strictly oceanic, some of the smaller sjiecies only
being observed in bays near the ocean during or after a storm. They vary greatly in size, some
being quite diminutive, while others are equal in dimensions to the largest known birds of
flight.

Two sub-families, namely, Diomedeinae and Procellarinae, constitute this family, the dis-
tinguishing characters of which are as follows :

Diomedeinae. — Bill very strong, curved, an(l acute at the end ; nostrils short, tubular, and
situated on the sides of the upper mandible near the base.

Procellarinae. — Bill more or less strong, curved at the end, and pointed ; nostrils tubular,
situated on the culmen, near the base, and opening forwards.

Sub-Family DIOMEDEINAE.— The Albatrosses.

Ch. — These birds have powerful bills, much curved, and pointed at the end ; the nostrils resemble short pipes, and are
situated on each side of the upper mandible, near the base of the lateral groove ; feet large and webbed.

They possess great extent of wing, and, consequently, very enduring powers of flight. But
one genus is comprised in this sub-family.

DIOMEDEA, Linnaeus.

Diomedea, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1758. Typo D. exulans, L.

Ch. — Bill rather longer than the head, compressed, with the end much curved, and the point acute ; upper mandible deeply
grooved on the sides for its entire length; nostrils near the base of the upper mandible, separate, tubular, and prominent;
wings very long and narrow, the second quill the longest ; tail rather short ; legs strong, the tarsi shorter than the middle toe ;
intordigital membrane full ; hind toe wanting ; claws short and obtuse.

All the species are of large dimensions ; they are most abundant in the Southern and Pacific
Oceans, and are particularly numerous in the neighborhood of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape
Horn. In the Pacific some species are found in quite high northern latitudes. Their food
consists principally of fish, of which they are most voracious eaters.

' Prepared by Mr. George N. Lawrence, of Now York.

BIRDS — DIOMEDEINAE — DIOMF.DEA EXULAN8. 821

There arc four species in this geuus which are stated to freijuent the Pacific coast of the
United States ; the following are their characteristics :

Very lar^e ; bill yellow ; upper jdumage white, with transverse black lines ; under

plumage white; tail of medium size and rounded, dull plumbeous D. exulana.

Large ; bill pale reddish yellow ; upper and under plumage white ; tail short, white,

with the tip dark brown I^>- hrachijura.

Large ; bill black, culmen yellow ; upper plumage dark brown, rump and under parts

white; tail of medium size, lead colored l>- chlororhjnchvs.

Large ; bill black, with a yellow suture on the sides of the under mandible ; entire

plumage fuliginous ; tail long and cuneate, blackish brown D.fuliyinosa.

Diomedea, Linn.'
DIOMEDEA EXULANS, Linnaeus.

The Meandering Albatross.
Diomedea emlans, Linn Syst. Nat. 1, 17C6, 214— Box. Syn. 1628, No. 314.— Nutt. Miin. 11, 1834, 340.
DlomcJea spadicea, Gmf.lin'. Young.
Diomcdctt albatrus, Pallas.

Figure.— PI. enl. ccxx.wii.

Sp. Ch. — Upper part of the liead cinereous ; upper plumage white, with narrow transverse lines of black on the back and
wing coverts ; quill feathers black ; tail dull lead color and rounded in form ; below white ; bill yellow ; tarsi and feet flesh
color.

Length, 44 inclies ; wing, 24 ; tail, 9 ; bill, 7 ; tarsus, 45.

The younff birds are dusky brown, more or less mixed with white according to age.

Hoi. — Pacific ocean. Specimens in the government collection from the south Pacific.

This species appears to differ much in size ; the dimensions gl^en by writers vary from 3 to 4
feet in length, and in alar extent from 10 to 17. The measurements given are from a specimen
in my collection.

Bonaparte speaks of this species as being " rare and accidental on the coasts of the middle
States." According to Latham, they abound in the North Pacific, in summer, in the vicinity
of the Kurile Islands, being attracted to these regions by the abundance of food ; they are vora-
cious feeders and are lean on their arrival, but soon become very fat.

There is not, to my knowledge, any well authenticated instance of this bird having been
procured off the coast of any part of our territory ; but being described by several writers as a
North American species I have included it. It is possible that this species has been confounded
with some others by the older authors, and that probably D. hracJajura, which greatly resembles
it in plumage, but is smaller, and abundant off the northwest coast, has been mistaken for it.

Idst of specimens.

Locality.

Whence and how obtained. Original No.

Collected by—

Length.

Wing.

Pacific George N. Lawrence ' 1010

J.Boston 44.00

24.00

' Bill broad. Tail short.

822

U, S. p. E R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Phoebastria, Reich.'
DIOMEDEA BRACHYURA, Temminck.

The Short-tailed Albatross.

Diomedea irachyura, Temm. PI. col. v, about 1828.— Cassin, HI. 1, 1855, 289 pi. 1. Adult.

Diomedea nigripes, AvD. Cm. Biog. V, 1839, 327.— 1b. Birds Am. Vll, 1842, 198.— Cass. Ills. 1,1854,210-, pi.

XXXV. (Young.)
? Diomedea chij-iensis, Temm.
7 Diomedea epomophora^ Lesson.
Sp. Ch. — ^idult. Head and neck white, tinged with pale yellow ; primaries, tips of secondaries and tertiaries, upper edge of
the wing and greater wing coverts brownish black ; tail white, tipped with dark brown ; back and entire under plumage pure
white ; bill pale reddish yellow ; legs flesh color.
Length, 33 inches ; alar extent, 84 ; wing, 20 ; tail, 5J ; bill, 5 ; tarsus, 3|.

The young are ashy brown, lighter on the abdomen; for some distance around the base of the bill, and a space below the eye,
grayish white ; bill dusky ; tarsi and feet black.

//(i6. — North Pacific ; coasts of California and Oregon.

There are four specimens of the young in the collection.

In Mr. Cassin's Illustrations of the Birds of California, &c., (referred to above,) is given a
quite full history of the habits and changes of plumage of this species, taken from Peale's volume
on the Birds of the Exploring Expedition of the Vincennes and Peacock.

It seems to he an abundant species in the North Pacific, but most of the specimens obtained are
young and in the plumage in which it is described by Mr. Audubon as D. nigripes. In adult
plumage it resembles D. exulans, but is smaller and distinguished from it by its shorter tail.

Audubon gives 36 inches as the length, but the measurements given above are those of a
young specimen in my cabinet taken when in a fresh state. They no doubt vary much in
size as in some of the other species.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wings.

9901

3

Coast of California.

Lieut. Williamson .

Dr. Heermann ....

9902

9903

Pacific coast

. do

April 5, 1856

Dr. Buckley

Geo. N. Lawrence .

303
1011

J. Boston ...

33.00

84.00

20. 00

Thalassarche, Reich.-
DIOMEDEA CHLORORHYNCHUS, Gmelin.

The Yellow-nosed Albatross.

Diomedea chlororhyhchos, Gmel. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 568 Aud. Orn. Hiog. V, '1839, 326.— 1b. Birds. Am. VII,

1844, 196.
" Diomedea chrysostoma, P^onsTER.*'
" Diomedea presnga, Brkndt."

' Rill broad. Tail excessively short.

' Bill compressed. Tail moderate.

BIRDS — DIOMEDEINAK — DH )MEDEA FDLIGINOSA.

823

FiocREs.— PI. col. 468.

Sp. Cu. Head and neck grayish ash ; space between the bill and the eye, and around the latter, grayish black, a white line

on the hind part of llic lower eyelid ; back and wing coverts dark brownish ash, lightest on the back ; rump and upper tail
coverU pure white ; primaries brownish black, having the edge of the inner webs dark ash, except neiir the end ; shafts of the
primaries white at the base, but gradually changing to brown at the end ; secondaries dark brownish ash, with the basal parts
of Iho inner webs ash gray ; tail plumbeous gray, with the base and shafts white : breast, abdomen, an<l under tail coverts white;
bill black, having the ridge of tlie upper mandible yellow quite to the point ; lower part of under mandible also yellow ; legs
and feet yellow.

Length about 36 inches ; wing, 22 ; tail 9 ; bill 4i ; tarsus 3i.

Hab. — Pacific ocean ; coast of Oregon.

One specimen in the collection from off the mouth of Columbia river.

The most striking characteristics of this species are its pure white rump and lead colored tail,
and the yellow culmen of bill.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Wings.

272C

S F Biiird

J. K. Townsend

Geo N Lawrence----------

1012

22.00

Phoebetria, R e i c h . ^
DIOMEDEA FULIGINOSA, Gmelin.

The Sooty Albatross.

Diomedea fuliginosa, Gmel- Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 568.

" Diomedea anlarctica. Banks."

*' Diomedea palpebrata^ Forster.'*

Diomidae fusca. Add. Orn. Bi.og. V, 1839, 116.— Ib. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 200 ; pi. ccccliv.
FiGOREs.— Fl. Col. 469.

Sp. Ch. — The general color of the plumage is sooty brown, darkest on the head ; the quill feathers and tail blackish brown,
the shafts of both conspicuously white ; the tail cuneate ; bill black, with a deep, yellow lateral groove on the under mandible ;
tarsi and feet yellow ; the eyelids are bordered with pure white, except for a small portion of the anterior part.
Length, 34 inches ; wing, 21 ; tail, 11 ; bill, 4 J ; tarsus, 3.
Hab. — Pacific coasts of California and Oregon.

Eeadily distinguished from all the other species by its dark colored plumage, the white border
to the eye, and the cuneate form of its tail.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Wings.

2718

Coast of Oregon

Pacific

S F Baird

J. K. Townsend

1013

20.00

' Bill short, compressed, deeply sulcate ; tail elongated, cuneate.

824 n. S p. E. R. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sub-Family PROCELLARINAE.— Tlie true Petrels.

Ch. — The bill more or less strong, compressed, tip iiiucli hooked and pointed ; the nostrils tubular to a greater or less extent,
and situated on the basal part of the culmen. Generally of medium or small size, wandering in their habits, and capable of
sustaining themselves on wing for a great length of time.

In this sub-family there are five genera which belong to North America, with the following
characters :

1. Procellakia. — Bill rather stout, strong, curved at the end ; lower mandible with a
lateral groove ; nostrils covered by an elevated sheath, opening forwards, divided by a
thin septum, and situated near the base of the culmen ; tarsi strong and rather short.

2. Daption. — Bill short, broad, compressed near the tip which is curved and acute ;
nostrils at the base of the culmen, opening forwards, and covered with a flattened
sheath ; tarsi slender.

3. Thallassidroma. — Bill short and slender; nostrils situated at the base of the culmen,
tubular and prominent ; tarsi slender and very long.

4. Fregetta. — Bill small ; nasal tubes short and recurved, situated at the base of the
culmen ; tarsi long, toes strong, nails flattened.

5. PuFFiNUS. — Bill long, rather slender ; nostrils at the base of the culmen, covered
with a sheath, which is elevated at the opening, where the apertures are separate ;
tarsi rather long and compressed.

PROCELLARIA, Linnaeus.

Procellana, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1746.

Ch. — Bill rather short, strong, somewhat compressed near the tip, which is much curved and acute ; nostrils tubular, of
different lengths, opening forwards and divided by a thin septum ; lower mandible grooved laterally and with the tip much
arched ; wings long and pointed, first quill the longest ; tail rounded or cuneate ; tarsi strong and rather short ; toes long and
united by a full web ; in place of the hind toe a triangular claw or spur.

They are found mostly in the higher latitudes, are strictly marine, seldom visiting the
neighborhood of the shore. They feed on fish, and the flesh and blubber of cetaceous animals.
They are rapid in their manner of flying, and graceful iu their movements.
Five species belong to North America, which may be characterized thus :

Large ; bill dark yellow ; nasal case long ; back and wings brown, mottled with dull

white ; under plumage white; legs and feet dusky yellow P. gigantea.

Middle size ; bill yellow ; back and wings pale grayish blue ; below white ; legs and feet

flesh color P. glacialis.

Middle size ; bill yellow ; nasal case with the ridge carinate ; back and wings light

greyish blue; under parts white; legs and feet yellow P. pacifica.

Middle size ; bill yellow, with the nasal case and tips of both mandibles black ; back

and wings greyisli blue ; below white; legs and feet yellow P. tenuirostris.

Of rather small size ; bill black ; buck and wings dark brown ; under plumage
white ; tarsi aud base of feet pale yellow ; terminal two-thirds of feet blackish
brown P- meridionalis.

<_<k:A

w* .TS-. Jli

.t ft

y^-i

,w

»■• *• 5

826

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Tliese birds abound in the North AtUintic ocean, also in the large bays and straits ; they are
constant attendants upon the whalers, and when the process of cutting up a whale commences
they assemble in immense numbers, and are so greedy and fearless, at such times, as to approach
within a few yards of the men engaged in the work.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Original No.

1014

PROCELLARIA PACIFICA, Audubon.
The Pacific Fulmar.

Procellaria pacifica, Add. Dm. Biog. V, 1839, 331.— Ib. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 208.
Fulmarus glacialis, var. C. pacifica, Bon. Consp. II, 1855, 187.
Sp. Ch. — Jidull. Back and wings liglit grayish blue ; the feathers largely terminating vvitli lirovvnish gr;iy ; primaries and
coverts blackish brown tinged with gray ; lail brownish gray, white at the base ; head, neck, and under plumage, pure white ;
bill, tarsi and feet, yellow.

Length, 18 inches; wing, 12J ; tail, 4J ; bill, IJ ; tarsus, IJJ.

Young of a uniform brownisli gray ; a dark spot before llie eye ; primaries brownish black ; bill and legs yellow.

Hii. — Pacific coast of North America.

The type specimens are now in the cabinet of Prof. Baird, by whom they have been transmitted
to me for examination.

Differs but little in form and size from the Atlantic bird, but the bill is rather smaller, with
the unguis narrower and much weaker ; the nasal case diifers in having its ridge distinctly
carinato, and its ujipcr outline straight. Bonaparte considers it as merely a variety of the
P. glacialis.

List of specimens.

Catal. No.

locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Wings.

2750

S. F. Baird -

J. J. Audubon.............

12. 50

2751

do

do

do

12. 25

Thalassoica, Reich.
PROCELLARIA TENUIROSTRLS, Audubon.

The Slender-billed Fulmar.

Procdlaritt ttnuironlrls, Add. Orn. Ijiog. V, 1830, 333.— Ib. Birds Amor. Vll, 1844, 210.
Thalassoicu glacialoides, vur. b, Imuiroslris, Bon. Consp. II, 1855, 102.

Sr. Cii. — Jldult. Back and wings clear grayish blue ; tail of the same colDr, hut rather lighter ; primaries l)rowni,sli black on
pbe outer webs and on the inner at the end, remainder of inner webs wliito ; Benondarios dark hluisli gray on llie outer web and
ture while on tlie inner; front, top, and aidoa of the head, neck in frunt, and under plumage, wliito ; sides under the wing

BIRDS — PROCELLARINAE — PROCELLARIA MERIDIONALIS.

827

dusky ; there is a blackish spot in front of the oyo ; tlie hind nod; is grayisli blue, of a liglilor slmdc than tho back ; bill yollow,
except tho nasal case and tho ciuls uf both inandiblo.", which parts aro black ; tarsi and feet ycllon'.

length, 18] inches ; wing, 13 ; tail, 5 ; bill, 3,^ ; tarsus, IjJ.

//a6. — Pacific coast ; Columbia river.

Resembling the two preceding species, but quite distinct; tlio bill i.s longer and more slender;
the nasal case has its ridge a little concave and somewhat cariuate ; the black markings on the
bill and the white inner webs of the quill feathers are very distinguishing features.

In the color of its upper plumage, with that of the wings, and its rather narrow elongated
bill, it makes a near approach to the gulls.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Xo.

i Locality.

Whence obtained.

Original
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Wing.

2032

S. F. Baird

J. K. Townscnd (type)

18.00

13.50

...do

George N. Lawrence.

1015

Aestrelata, Bon.
PROCELLAEIA MERIDIONALIS, Lawrence.

The Tropical Fulmar.

Procfltaria meridionalls, Lawr. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. IV, 1848, 475.— Ib. V, June, 1852, 230; pi. xv.

Fulmarus meridionalis, Bon. Comptes Rendus tab. Gaviarum, 1855.

7',ProceUaria hasitala, Kuhl, Beitr. zurZool. 1820, 142, vol. V.

? Procetlaria basUata, Temm. PI. col. 416.— Newton, Zoologist, 1852, 3G91.

?" Jltslrclata diabolica, L'Herminier, PI. col. 41G." — Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 188.

Sp. Ch. — Front white, marked with narrow waved lines and small spots of pale brown ; top and sides of head and occiput
dark brown ; hind neck light brown, the white on the sides of tho neck almost meeting on its lower part ; upper part of the back
dark ash, this color extending for some distance on the breast ; lower part of back and wing coverts blackish brown ; primaries
blackish brown ;' secondaries dark brown at the end, with the base white; upper tail coverts while; tail brownish
black, with the ba<al part white for one-third its length ; sides of the neck and entire under plumage pure wliite ; the dark
feolhers of the back extend down on the sides near the insertion of the tail ; lower tail coverts white, tipped with ash ; bill
black ; tarsi pale yellow ; webs and toes yellow at the base for one-third their length, remainder blackish brown. Form not
robust ; bill short ; tail graduated ; an acute spur in place of a hind toe.

Length, 16 inches; alar extent, 39 inches ; wing, 12 ; tail, 5 , bill, U ; tarsus, li.

Ilab. — Atlantic coast, from Florida to New York.

The figure given in the "Zoologist" has the front rising rapidly from the bill an dthe forehead
very prominent ; this character is therein alluded to very particularly as existing in the mounted
specimen precisely as in the fresh bird. My specimen differs entirely in this particular, the top
of the head being quite flat, its outline receding regularly from the bill to the hind part of the
head ; but this may be owingto the manner of mounting. In the " Zoologist" two bands are
stated to be on the wings ; these are not apparent in my bird. Otherwise, in form, size, and
distribution of color they are much alike, and possibly my species may be the same as diabolica,
(which name has precedence given to it by Eonaparte over the other synonyms,) but as it differs
in the characters above stated, I feel justified in leaving it for the present as distinct.

828 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Whence obtained. Original

No.

Florida coast \ George N. Lawrence | 1016

Coast of New Yorli do '

DAPTION, Stephens.

Daption, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. Xlll, 1825, 239. Type Procdlaria capensis, L.

Ch. — Bill short, broad at the base, compressed near the tip, which is curved and acute, but rather weak ; nostrils un the base
of the culmen, and depressed ; wings rather moderate, first quill longest ; tail short and rounded ; tarsi of moderate length ami
rather slender ; anterior toes long and united by a full web; a short spur, rather obtuse, in place of the hind toe. In form quite
robust-.

This genus is founded on a single species.

DAPTION CAPENSIS, Stephens.
The Pintado Petrel ; The Cape Pigeon.

Procellaria capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 213. — Lawr. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. VI, 1853, 6.
Daplion capensis, Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIII, 1825. — Bon. Cons. Avium, II, 1855, 188.

Sp. Ch. — Upper'part and sides of tlie head, and hind nccl^ plumbeous blaclc ; bacls, rump, and upper tall coverts white, each
feather terminating with a plumbeous blacli mark, giving a mottled appearance to the upper plumage ; smaller wing covertB
plumbeous black, tipped with brown ; larger wing coverts white, margined with plumbeous black ; primaries black on the outer
webs'and white on the inner, except near the end where they are dark ash ; secondaries white, with dark tips ; tail white, with
a broad terminal band of plumbeous black ; lower parts white ; bill black ; tarsi and feel brown ; the toes marked with yellow.

Length, 15 inches ; wing, lOJ ; tail, 4? ; bill, Ij ; tarsus, 1|.

Hah. — Off the coast of California.

One specimen in the collection from the southern seas. Specimen in my cabinet from the
California coast.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Original
No.

Length.

Wing.

9971

Knnth Parifir

15.00

10.75

1017

TIIALASSIDROMA, V

1 g o r s .

Thalaasidroma, Vigors, Zool. Jour. 1825.
Ch.— Bill shorter than the head, slender and weak, the tip curved and acute, tlio sides compressed and moderately grooved ;
nostrils at the base of the culmen, tubular and prominent; wings long and narrow, the second qnill longest; tail forked or
cmarginatc ; logs slender and very long ; tibia bare for a considerable space ; anterior toes rather short and slender, united by
an indented web ; aeliort spur in place of the hind too.

BIRDS — PROCELLARINAE — THALASSIDROMA IIORNBYI. 829

This genua is comjiosod of the smnlU'st nionihers of the jtetrcl family ; tliey are also the most
diminutive of web-footed birds, but yet tliey are able to contend with the strongest gales, and
on such occasions appear to be particularly active and numerous. Wliile hovering near the
water, for the purpose of securing their food, they project their feet in such a manner as to givo
them the appearance of running on its surface.

The species embraced in this genus may be arranged in the following manner :

Plumage wholly bluish gray ; tail mucli forked ; legs and feet brown. Type of Oceano-

droma, Bonap T./urcata.

Upper part of back gray, lower part ash gray ; collar around hind neck and under parts

white ; tail forked T. homhyi.

Plumage sooty brown ; rump white ; tail forked ; tarsi and feet black T. leachii.

Pluma'je dark sooty brown ; rump white; tail slightly emarginate ; tarsi and feet black,

with the basal two-thirds of the interdigital webs yellow T. tvilsoni.

Plumage grayish black above, sooty brown below ; rump white ; tail a little rounded ;

tarsi and feet black T. pelagica.

Upper plumage entirely black, below sooty black ; tail deeply forked ; legs and feet
black T, melania.

Oceanodi'oma, Reich.
THALASSIDROMA FURCATA, Gould.

The Fork-tailcd Petrel.

Procellaria furcata, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 561.— Lath. Ind. II, 825.

T haloisidroma furcata, Gould, Voy. Sulph. Birds, 1S44, 50 ; pi. xxxiii. — Cassin, Birds of Cal. & Tc.\. I, 1855,

274; pi. xlvii.
Octanodroma furcata, BoN. Cons. Avium, II, 1855, 194.
" Thatassidroma cintrea, Godld." Bon.

Procellaria orientalis, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, 1811, 315.
'^ Thalassidroma orientalis, Gray." Bon.
Oceaiiodroma orientalis, Reich.
Sp. Cn.— Entire plumage light bluish gray, paler on the forehead, the abdomen, and under tail coverts ; dusky around the
eye ; greater wing coverts and secondaries with grayish wliite margins ; quills and tail brownisli, the latter with the external
web of the outer feather white ; bill black ; feet brown.
Length, about 8 inches ; wing, 6 ; tail, 3J ; bill, 2 ; tarsus, I.
Hab. — Coasts of Oregon and Russian America.

Specimens in Mus. Acad. Nat. Sc, Philadelphia.

THALASSIDROMA HORNBYI, Gray.

Hornby's Petrel.

TWajridromo Aorndsi, G. R. Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1853, 62.
Octanodroma hombxji, BoN. Cons. Avium, 1855, 195.
Sp. Ch. — "Front, cheeks, throat, collar round the hind part of the neck, breast and abdomen, pure white; crown, hind
head, a broad band in front of neck, bend of wing and lesser wing coverts, sooty grey ; upper part of back gray ; lower part o
back and tail ashy gray ; greater wing coverts brownish gray ; tertiaries and quills deep black.

"Total length, 8'" ; bill from gape, lOi'", from front, S't'" ; tail (outer feather,) 3J" ; tarsus, 1" ; middle toe, 1"."
Ilab. — Northwest coast of America.

830

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The above is a copy of Mr. Gray's description of this species ; he states that '' iu form it
agrees best with Thai, furcata, but the coloration differs much in several particulars."

Thalassidroma, Vigors.
THALASSIDEOMA LEACHII, Bon.

Leach's Petrel.

ProceUaria leachii, Temm. Man. II, 1820, 812.

Thalassidroma leachii, Bon. Syn. 1828, No. 309.— Is. Consp. II, 1855, 193.— Nutt. Man. 11,1834, 326.— AuD.

Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 434.— Ib. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 219 ; pi. cccclix.
ProceUaria bullockii, Flem. Br. Anim. 1828, 136, No. 219.— Vigors
? " ProceUaria leucorrhoa, Vieillot." Eon.
Sp. Ce. — The plumage generally is sooty brown, darUjr on the crown ; primaries and tail brownish black ; wing coverts and
inner secondaries ashy gray ; rump, feathers of the sides adjoining it, and outer lower tail coverts, white ; bill black ; iris dark
brown ; tarsi and feet black.

Length, 8 inches ; wing, 6^ ; tail, 3 ; bill, § ; tarsus ].

The female differs only in being rathei smaller.

Ilab. — Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to Baffin's Bay,

This is larger than Wilson's petrel, and has a much stronger bill ; it may be readily known
from it by its forked tail, and the interdigital webs being entirely black.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Original No.

1018

S. F. Baird

Washington, D. 0

Jo

THALASSIDROMA MELANIA, Bonaparte.

The Black Stormy Petrel.

ProceUaria melania, BoK. Comptes Rendus, Ac. Sc. XXVIII, 1854, 662.
Thalassidroma melania, Bon. Cons. Av. II, IS.W, 196.
" .' J'rucrlturiu Juliginosa, Lath. Not of Kuhl." Bon.
" ? ProceUaria scapxilala, Brandt."
Sp. Ch. — Entire upper plumage black ; wing coverts wholly black ; below fuliginous ; wings long ; tail short, but deeply
forked .

Jlab. — Coast of California.

It somewhat resembles Tlial. leachii, but is distinguished from this as well as all its congeners
by the absence of white on the rump, crissum, and on the wing coverts.

i*-_ -:» :«•. ji,

»? ^

^^y*

.- .-*. •♦.. -<

^'li^

mliatj

bowa

biitepi?

3*

832 U. 8. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

This is the smallest of the genus, has the white rump band conspicuous, the tail slightly
rounded, and the interdigital webs black.

FREGETTA, Bonaparte.

Frcgetta, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 197. Type Procellaria tropica, Gould.

Ch. — Bill small ; nasal tube short and recurved ; wings very much lengthened ; tail subtruncated ; tarsi very long ; toes
muscular for their entire length ; claws small and depressed. Colors, sooty, more or less varied with white.

The depressed form of the claws will at once distinguish this genus from Thallassidroma.
But one species of this genus is found on our coast.

FEEGETTA LAWEENCII, Bonaparte.

The Black aud White Stormy Petrel.

Thalassidroma fregetta, Lawr. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. V, 1851, 117.
Fregtlla lawrencii, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 198.

Sp. Ch. — Head and wings black ; neck, breast and back, dark plumbeous, or dull bluish ash ; wing coverts brown ; the tail
white at the base, with the terminal half and tlie two central feathers black ; abdomen, inside covering of wings, and rump,
white ; bill and legs black. Tail even ; claws flattened and of an ovate form.

Length, about 8 inches ; wing, 6 ; tail, 3 ; tarsus, Ij.

Hab. — Florida coast.

Prince Bonaparte has conferred my name on the above bird, which I had described as Thai,
fregetta. The specimen from which my description was taken was presented to the Academy of
Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia ; on a recent visit there I wished to compare it anew with Mr. Gould's
specimens of Thai, fregetta, but it could not be found at the time. I have, therefore, concluded
to let it stand as named by Prince Bonaparte.

PUFFINUS, Brisson.

Puffinus, Bmss. Ornithologie, 17G0. Type Procellaria puffmus, L.

Ch. Bill about as long as the head, rather slender, compressed near the end and obliquely grooved on the sides, the tip

curved, strong and acute, the lower mandible grooved laterally on the sides ; nostrils basal, with two distinct openings ; wings
very long and pointed, first quill the longest ; tail rather short and rounded ; tarsi as long as tho middle toe and compressed ;
toes long and united by a full web ; a straight claw or spur in place of the hind too.

These birds are of medium size, and are endowed in a remarkable degree with great powers
of flight. They swim lightly and gracefully, and while seeking their food have the habit (like
the small petrels) of patting the surface of the water with their feet.

The following diagnosis will serve to distinguish the five species of this genus, found in
North America :

Upper plumage brownish ash, under parts grayish white; bill yellowish green, tips
brownish black ; tail brownish black, graduated ; tarsi and feet yellow ; hind part of

tarsi and outer toe brown P. major.

Upper plumage sooty brawn, under pale dingy brown ; bill black ; tail blackish brown,
graduated ; legs and feet black P. fuliyinosus.

niRDS — PKOCELLARINAE — PUFFINUS MAJOR. 833

Upper plumage Mack, umler surface white ; bill brownish black ; tail black, rounded ;
legs aud feet dull orauge ; the hind part of tibia, the outer toe and part of the next,
dark brown; webs pale l^- anglorttm.

Upper plumage black, lower parts white ; bill pale blue black at tip ; tail black, short
and rounded ; tarsi and toes ou the outside bluish black, on the inside and webs pale
yellowish flesh color -P. obscurus.

Upper plumage lead colored gray, below white ; bill yellowish, with the culmen and
groove on the under mandible black ; tail brownish black, graduated ; tarsi and feet
yellow, having the hind part of tarsi and outer toes brown. Type of Priofinus, Homb.
et Jacq P- cinereus.

Ardenna, Reich.

PUFFINUS MAJOR, (Faber.)

The Greater Shearwater.

Procellaria piijjinus, Linn. Sj-st. Nat I, 176C, 213.
Procellaria major, Faber, Prod. Isl. Orn. 182i2,56.
Puffmus major, Ron. Cona. Avium. 1855, 203.

Puffinxa cinereus, Bon. Syn. 1828, No. 311.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 334.— Acd. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 555.— Ib.
Birds Am. VII, 1844, 212 ; pi. cccclvi.

Sp. Ch. — Mnlt. Head above, cheeks, occiput, a narrow line on the nape and upper part of back, brownish ash, paler on the
hind neck ; feathers of the back with lighter margins ; lower part of back dark brown ; upper tail coverts of the same color,
terminating broadly with grayish white ; primaries and tail brownish black, the former white on the basal part of the inner
webs ; secondaries and tertiaries dark brown, the secondaries white on their inner webs nearly to the end ; wing coverts ashy
brown with lighter margins ; under plumage pure white, the neck nearly encircled witli white ; sides of the neck anterior to
the bend of the wings marked with waving lines of pale ash ; some distinct spots on the side of the breast and sides of the body
at the junction of the tail brownish aah ; lower tail coverts dark ash, with light gray edgings ; bill yellowish green, the tipg
brownish black ; iris brown ; tarsi and feet livid yellow, with the outer toe and the hind part of the tarsus brownish ; claws
yellowish. Length about 20 inches; wing, 13j ; tail, 5 ; bill, 2j ; tarsus, 2^ ; middle toe and nail, 23.

Ilab. — Atlantic ocean. Florida coast to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

This species has been described by most ornithological writers as the P. cinereus of Gmelin.
It is quite abundant off our northern coast, and may be known from P. anglorum by its
larger size and the light brown color of its upper plumage.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Original
No.

Collected by—

2025

Atlantic ocean

Atlantic coast of New York.

S F Baird

J. J. Audubon ..

Geo. N. Lawrence .

1021

Aagnst 23, 1838.

105 b

834 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Nectris, Bon.
PUFFINUS FULIGINOSUS, Strickland.

The Sooty Shearwater.

Pvffinits fuliginosus, Strick. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, 199.
Jii'ectrisJ'uliginoius, Bon. Cone. Av. II, 1856, 201.

Puffinxis cinereus, DeKat, Nat. Hist. State N. Y., Birds, 1844, 287; pi. cx.xxvi, fig. 298 — Bon. Comptes Rendus,
XLUl, 1856.
Sp. Cii. — The entire upper plumage is sooty brown ; wings and tail blackish brown ; under plumage pale brown ; bill and
legs black. Bill more slender than that of P. major. Length, 18 inchcH ; wing, 12 ; bill along ridge, \^.j ; from rictus, 2|;
tarsus, 2j ; middle toe, 2j.

JIab. — Atlantic coast of the northern States. Banks of Newfoundland.

Specimens in the catiuet of the Lyceum of Nat. History, N. T.

I have always heen impressed with the opinion that this bird was not the young of P. major,
hut a distinct species.

Bonaparte, in Comptes Rendus, referred to above, states that M. Hardy, ornithologist of
Dieppe, has compared a large number of specimens of P. major and P. fuliginosus of both
sexes from the banks of Newfoundland, and is satisfied that there can be no doubt of their
being specifically distinct. He says that being completely convinced of this, he has accordingly
separated them.

PuflBnus, Linn.
PUFFINUS ANGLORUM, Temm.

The Mank's Shearwater.

" Procellaria puffmus, Linn., not of other authors." — Bon.
Procellaria anglorum, Temm. Man. II, 1820, 806.

Pvffinus anglorum. Rat, Synops. 1713, 134.— Temm. Man. IV, 509— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 312.— Nott. Man. TI,
1834, 33G.— AuD. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 604.— Ib. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 214 -, pi. cccclvii.—
Bon. Cons. Avium, 1855, 203.
" Pnffinus arcticus, Fabir."
Sp Ch. — Entire upper plumage, wings, tail, and the tibial feathers, black ; primaries and secondaries black on the outer webs,
dark ash on the inner; under parts white, sides of the neck and breast transversely barred with ash; bill brownish black; iris dark
brown; tarsi and feet dull orange, with the hind part of tibia, the outer toe, and a portion of the ne.xt toe, dark brown; webs pale
yellow ; claws brownish black. Length, 15 inches ; wing, flij ; tail, 31 ; bill, If ; tarsus, 1 J{| ; middle toe and claw, 23^,.
Hab. — Coast of New Jersey to Labrador.

The above description is from a specimen belonging to Professor Baird, from Mr. Audubon's
collection. Said by Audubon to be " not uncommon off the coast of Maine during summer."
Much smaller than P. major, with the bill quite slender and the upper plumage black.

List

of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Locality..

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

2725

Atlantic occiiu

S. F. Baini

BIRDS — PROCELLAHINAE — PUFFINUS CINEEEUS. 835

PUFFINUS OBSCURUS, Latham.

The Dusky Shearwater.

ProcfHorio obscura, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, S.W.

Puffinua obscurvs. Lath. Iiid. Orn. II, 1790, 828.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 313.— Ib. Consp. II, ISiJG, 204.— Ndtt.
Man. II, 1835,337.— Add. Orn. ISiog. Ill, 1835, G20.— Id. Birds Am. VII, 1814,210; pi. cccclviii.
" Puffinus I'herminitri, Lesson."

Sp. Ch. — Upper part of head, back, and wings, black ; tail black ; under plumage white ; bill light blue, lilack at the end ;
iris bluish black : outside of tarsus and toes bluish black, inside and webs pale yellowish flesh color ; claws black. Length, II
inches ; wing, ~l ; bill, 1^^ ; tarsu.f, IJ.

Hab, — Southern coast of the United States ; Gulf of Mexico.

Specimen in Museum of Lyceum of Natural History, New York.

In color it much resembles P. anglorum, but its very small size will distinguish it from that
and the other American species.

Adamastor, Bonap.
PUFFINUS CINEREUS, Gmelin.

The Cinereous Petrel.

Procellaria dnerea, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 563.

Procellaria melaniira, Bonn. Encyc. Meth.

Procellaria hccsitata, Forst. Descr. An. Licht. 1844.

" Procellatui httsitata, Kuhl." Gould B. of Aust. pi. xlvii.

Puffinus hasitttia, Lawr. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. VI, 1853, 5.

Mamaslor typus, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 187.

Sp. Cii. — Sides of the head and entire upper plumage plumbeous gray, rather darker on the head ; wing coverts dark bluish
ash, (in my specimen margined with umber brown ;) primaries grayish black on the outer webs and ends of the inner ; rest of
the inner webs light brownish ash, becoming whitish at the base ; secondaries and tertiaries brownish ash ; inner lining of wings
and axillary fcatliers ashy brown ; tail brownish black ; throat and sides of the neck pale cinereous ; under plumage white ;
lower tail coverts ashy brown ; upper mandible black along the ridge, the sides and hooked end yellowish white ; under
mandible dusky yellow, with the lateral grooves black ; tarsi and feet yellow, with the exception of the hind part of the tarsi
and outer toes, which are brown ; claws yellow with dusky tips ; a short and strong spur in place of the hind toe. Rather more
robust in form than the other species of Puffinus ; bill also stronger, tail rounded, the two central feathers a litUe projeclino-.

Length of skin, 19 inches ; wing, 13J ; bill, 2i ; tail, 5 ; tarsus, 2j ; outer toe and claw, 3.

Hab. — Pacific ocean, off the California coast.

When I described this species in the Annals Lye. Nat. Hist., referred to above, I was at a
loss for its true specific name, and do not feel fully assured that I am right in now affixing to it
Gmelin's name of cinereus.

Mr. Gould states that it is very similar to cinereus, and Mr. Newton (Zoologist, 1852)
considers Mr. Gould's hcesitata to be Gmelin's species. Bonaparte has made it the typo of a
new genus, viz : Adamastor, and in Cons. Avium names it A. typus. In the same work, under
Fuffinus kuhlii, Boie," he says that Proc. cinerea, Gm., is certainly the same as his Adam,
typus; if such be the fact, Gmelin's name must be restored; and if it does not belong in

836

U. 8. P. E. B. EXP. AND SUKYEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Puffinus, tlie genus Priofinus, Homb. et Jacq., for wliich this species is given as the type, will
have priority. It would, therefore, appear to have the best claim to Gmelin's name, which has
been more generally applied to P. major, Faber.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Wlience obtained.

Original
number.

California coast -- .....

Geo. N. Lawrence... 1022

\ 1

^^

^^^IdUV

lU il«

%'

838 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

STERCORARIUS, Brissou.

Stercorarius, Briss. Ornithologie, 1760.

Cii. — Bill rather strong ; the culmen straight and covered at the base with a smooth cere, the end curved. Nostrils linear

and more open anteri( rly. Wings pointed ; first quill longest. Tail of moderate length ; the two middle feathers elongated.

Tarsi strong, and covered wilh prominent scales ; claws sharp and much curved. Feet fully webbed ; hind toe short and
but little elevated.

Of this genus there are four species inhabiting North America equally with Europe, as
follows :

Very compact in form ; color entirely dark ; bill very strong ; central tail feathers projecting
but little beyond the others, and not at all pointed. S. catarractes.

Upper plumage dark ; light underneath ; central tail feathers exceeding the others about
two inches, and of a uniform width to the end 8. pomarinus.

Upper plumage dark ; under light ; central tail feathers extending about three inches beyond
the others, not varying much in width until near the end, when they rapidly become narrower
to the point S. parasUinis.

Dark colored above ; under plumage light ; middle tail feathers projecting about eight inches
beyond the others, and gradually tapering to a fine point S. cepphus.

STERCORAKIUS CATARRACTES, Temm.

The Common Skua.

Larus catarractes, Link. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 226.

Sttrcorarius catarractes, Temm. Man. d'Orn. II, 1820, 792. — Lawr. Am. Lye. N. Y. VI, 1853, 7. — Eon. Consp. II,

1856, 206.
Lestris catarractes, Bonap. Synop. 1826, No. 304.— Ndtt. Man. II, 1834, 312.
Catarracta ikua, Brunn. Orn. Bor.
Sp. Ch. — The plumage of the upper surface is dark brown, having the feathers tipped with gray ; wings chocolate brown,
with their shafts and basal parts white ; tail daik brown, white at the base ; under plumage dark grayish brown ; bill black,
with a tinge of dull blue ; legs and feet black. The central tail feathers extend one inch beyond the others. Length, 22 inches ;
wing, 15 inches ; bill, 2'^ ; tarsus, 21 ; tail, 5J.
Hab. — Coast of California.

This species has been rarely obtained in the United States. It may easily be distinguished
from all others of the genus by its very robust form, the dark color of the adult, and tlie
conspicuous white mark on the wing. There is a specimen in my possession obtained off the
coast of California.

STERCORARIUS POMARINUS, Temminck.

The Pomarine Skua.

Lestris pomarinus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. II, 1815, 514.— Bonap Synop. 1826, No. 305.— Rich. & Sw. F. B. A. II,
1831 42n.— NiiTT. Man. II, 1834, 315.— Aud. Birds Amor. VII, 1844, 186; pi. ccccli.— Bon.
Consp. II, 18.56,207.

Stercorarius pomarinus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. II, 1820, 793.

BIRDS — LARIDAE — STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS.

839

Sr. Ch. — .Idull. Kronl, crown of the head, back, wings, and tail blackish bruwn ; sides and back pari of the nock bright
yellow ; throat and entire under plumage white, with a band of brown epots extending across the upper part of the breast ;
sides and lower tail eoverUi barred with brown. ShafXs of quills and tail feathers white ; bill greenish olive, black at the tip ;
legs and fict bla' k. The middle tail feathers extend beyond the others for about two inches. They are rounded at the end,
and of a uniform breadth throughout. Length, 20 inches ; wing, 14 ; tail, 8 to 1) ; hill, 1 J ; tarsus, 2.

JJnb. — Labrador ; as far south as Now York in winter. One specimen taken in suninicr at ILirrisbnrg, Pa.

Young birds have the plumage of the upper parts blackish brown ; of the lower grayish
brown, with the feathers of the abdomen and lower tail coverts margined with dull ferruginous.
Tarsi and base of the toes and webs yellow.

List of sjKcimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

Wluii collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

1275

Harrisburg, Pa

Summer

S. F. Baird

2755

Atlantic

tin

STERCORAKIUS PARASITICUS, Temminck.

The Arctic Skna.

Lams parasiticus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1756, 226.
Stercorarius parasiticus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. II, 1820, 796.

Leslris parasiticus, Bonap. Synop. 1828, No. ."iOT. — Ib Conspectus, 11, 1856, 208.

Lestris richardsonii, Swain. F. B. A. 11, 1831, 433 ; pi. Ixxiii.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 319.— An). Birds Amer. VII,
1844, 190 ; pi. cceclii.

Sp. Ch. — .Idult. Upper part of the head blackish brown ; nape and sides of the neck yellowish white ; remainder of upper
plumage blackish brown ; wings and tail darker ; shafts of the primaries white ; under plumage white ; bill bluish at the base,
black at the point ; tarsi and feet black. The central tail feathers extend beyond the others about three inches ; they taper
slightly, varying but little in breadth until near the end, where they are abruptly accuminated, differing in this particular from
all the other species. Length, 20 to 22 inches ; wing, 13| j tail, 6| ; bill, If'j ; tarsi, IJ.

Hob. — Arctic America ; breeds in the Barren Grounds ; coast of the United States from New York northward.

List of specimens.

Catal.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

No.

2752

Atlantic ocean ...

S. F Baird

J. J. Audubon

9970

do

2764

2062

....do

T. M. Brewer

New Y'ork

840

D. S P. B. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAX, REPORT.

STERCORARIUS CEPPHUS, (Briinnich.)

Bnflbn's Skua.

Calharacta cepphus, Erunn. Orn. Eor. 17G4, 3G.

Leslrls cepplnts, Keys. & Blas. 1840.— Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 209.

Lestrls buffonii, Boie, Isis, 1822, 562.— Bonap. Sjnop. 1826, No. 306.

Lestris parasitica, Rich. & Sw. F. E. A. II, 1831, 430.— Aid. Birds Amer. VII, 1844, 192 ; pi. ccecliii.

Arctic Bird, Edwards, Birds, pi. c-xlviii.

Sp. Ch. — Adult. Space between the eye and bill, top of the head and nape black ; cheeks and sides of the neck yellowish
white ; back and wings blackish gray ; quills and tail black ; the shafts white, except near their tips ; under plumage white ;
breast tinged with pale yellow ; flanks and lower tail coverts brownish gray ; bill dull flesh color, dark at the tip ; feet black ;
tarsi yellow in front. The two middle tail feathers arc six or eight inches longer than the others, and taper gradually to a fine
point. Length, about 20 inches; wing, 12 ; tail, 10 to 12 ; bill, Ijfg ; tarsi, Ij'^j.

Hab. — Arctic seacoasts of America; Baffin's Bay.

There are no specimens of any of the genus Stercorarius in the collection, but in the private
cabinet of Prof. Baird are specimens of the three last species. These he has kindly sent me
for examination. They are the more interesting from the fact of being Mr. Audubon's type
specimens of the three species described by him, although in assigning names to two of them I
have been compelled to differ from him.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

2062

Adult..

S. F. Baird

Sub-Family LARINAE.— The Gulls.

Cn.— Bill diflering considerably in strength and form; generally straight, with the sides compressed; the culnien straight
at the base, with the end curved ; ^nostrils lateral and oblong ; wings long and pointed ; tail usually even ; in two or three cases
pointed or forked ; tarsi rather strong ; fore toes united by a web ; hind toe short and elevated.

These birds vary much in size, some being quite small, while others rank among the largest
of marine birds. Tliey are not peculiar to any region, but are found abundantly over the
world. Tliey congregate in large numbers on the sand bars at the entrance of inlets and large
bays. In winter they migrate in search of food, frequenting liarbors and ascending rivers.

This sub-ftimily has been subdivided into many genera by different writers, in some cases
the distinction being based mostly upon the color of the wings or back. Prince Bonaparte and
jM. I'rucli, who have both specially studied this family, differ very much in the generic
arrangement. G. R. Gray, in his Genera of Birds, does not approve of so great a subdivision,
and has retained most of the large species under the old genus Larus, which accords with my
own views.

BIRDS — LARINAE — LAliUS. 841

Eight well marked genera, however, included in this eub-family, are found in the United
States.

1. Larcs. — Of large and medium size ; bill strong and hooked at tip ; mantle generally
light colored ; head white ; tail nearly even.

2. Blasii'ils. — Of middle size ; bill long and rather slender ; head white ; rest of plumage
dark ; tail slightly emarginate.

3. CiiROicocEPHALUS. — Size medium and rather small ; bill moderate or slender ; the head
enveloped in summer with a dark colored hood ; tail generally even.

4. RissA. — Medium size ; bill long and rather strong ; colors light ; hind toe short or
rudimenial ; tail even.

5. Pacopoila. — Of middle size ; bill short and very strong ; mantle light; tarsi rather short ;
webs indented.

6. RHODOSTETniA. — Small in size ; bill short and rather slender ; mantle pale ; neck encircled
with a black collar ; tail uniform.

7. Creagrtjs. — Medium size ; bill very strong and much curved ; mantle grayish white ;
tail deeply forked.

8. XE.^fA. — Of small size ; bill short and rather slender ; mantle bluish gray ; tail moderate
and forked.

LAlRUS, Linnaeus.

Larus, Likn. Syst. Nat. 1735.

Ch. — Bill strong and laterally compressed ; the culmen straiglit at the base and curved at the end ; nostrils lateral and
linear, placed near the centre of the bill ; wings pointed ; first quill longest ; tail even ; tarsi nearly the length of the middle
toe ; feet with a full web ; hind toe elevated. The largest of the family are found m this genus ; none very small.

There are several well marked groups in this genus, but not sufficiently different for generic
distinction. They may be arranged in the following manner :

A. Leucus, Bp. — Large and powerful in form ; the upper plumage very light in color ;
primary quills white, or of the same color as the back.

Mantle grayish blue ; primaries white at the end for a considerable space L. glaucus.

Mantle greyish blue ; primaries of the same color as the back, except the tips, which

are white L. glaucescens.

]\Iantle pale grayish blue ; primaries of the same color at the base, terminating largely

with white , L. leucopterus.

Mantle grayish blue ; primaries ash gray ; the tips marked with a rounded white

spot L. chalcopterus.

B. DoMiNiCANUS, Bruch. — Large ; the upper plumage dark slate color ; primaries black near
the end ; tijjs white L. rnarinus.

C. Laroides, Brehm. — Large ; the mantle pearl or bluish gray ; primaries marked near the end
with a black band ; tips white.

Mantle pale bluish gray ; primaries black near the end, with the tips white. . . L. argentatvs.
Mantle bluish gray ; primaries crossed near the end with black ; tips white.

L. cali/ornicus.
Mantle dark bluish gray ; primaries black near the end, with the tips white.

L. occidentalis.

Angnst 23, 1858.

106 b

842 U. 8. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Mantle pale bluish gray ; primaries marked near their ends with black, the tips being

white ; bill yellowish green crossed with a black band. (Pr. Bonaparte puts this species

in Larus.) L. delaioarensis.

Mantle light pearl blue ; primaries black near their ends, with white tij^s ; bill rather
small and slender L. suckleyi.

LARUS GLAUCUS, Briinnich.

The Glaucous Gnll; The Bnrgomaster.

Larus glancus, Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 44.— Bonap. Synop. 1828, No. 302.— Rich. & Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 416.—

Ni-TT. Man. II, 1834, 306.— AuD. Birds Amer. VII, 1844, 170 ; pi. ccccxiix.
Laroides glaucns, Brucii, Cab. Journ. 1855, 281.
Ltucus glaucus, Bonap. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 215.
" Larus consul, Boie."
" Larvs glacialis, Macgill "
Sp. Oh. — Adult. The head, neck, rump, tail, and entire under plumage pure white ; the back and wings are of a light bluish
gray ; the edge of the wing, the ends of the first primaries, and the shafts and tips of the others white. Bill gamboge yellow,
with a spot of reddish orange near the end of the lower mandible ; irides light yellow, legs and feet flesh color.
Length, 30 inches ; alar extent, 60 ; wing, from flexure, 19 J ; tail, 8^ ; tarsus 2f \ ; bill, along the ridge, 2|.
Hob, — Arctic seas ; Labrador ; New York in winter, rarely.

Individuals appear to vary considerably from the above measurements, some being much
smaller ; but Capt. Sabine found one example to measure 32 inches, with an extent of wing of
65 inches ; its tarsus was 3^ inches in length, and its bill 4 inches.

The young have the upper plumage pale yellowish white, mottled with very pale brown ;
breast and abdomen gray ; tail white^ irregularly spotted with pale brown ; bill yellow for two-
thirds its length and terminating with blackish brown.

LARUS GLAUCESCENS, Lichtenstein.

The Glaucous-winged Gull.

" Laroidtsglaucescens, Licht." Brdcii, Rev. Lar. in Cab. Jour. 1855,281.
Ltncus glauctscens, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 216.

'^ Laroidts glaucopttrus, Kittl." Bruch, Rev. Lar. in Cab. Jour. 1855, 281.
7 Larus brachyrhynchus, Gould.

Sp. Ch. — Adult. Head and neck white, streaked with gray ; under surface, rump, and tail pure white ; back and wings light
pearl blue (same shade as in L. org:e7i(a(us ;) the primaries are of the same color, but rather darker, with well defined white
tips ; on the first quill the white extends on the tip for about two inches and is crossed by a bar of the same color as the prima-
ries ; iris white ; bill yellow, with an orange red spot on the angle of the lower mandible ; legs and foot flesh color.

Length, 27J inches ; wing, 161 ; tail, 7j ; bill along ridge, 2J, deep at base, 11-16, at angle, 12-16 ; tarsi, 2 9-16 ; middle toe
and claw, 2^.

Young mottled with grayish white and cinereous ; tlic ([uills and tail bluish ash ; bill black, in somo specimens yellowish at
base ; legs and feet dusky flesh color.

Hab. — Northwest coast of North America.

In the collection are a number of specimens of this fine gull, from quite young to fully adult ;
it is nearly equal in size to L. glaucus, but with a less powerful bill and more slender tarsi.

I have not seen the original description of L. glaucescens, the h)cality of wliich is Kamtschatka,
but the description of it by Bruch in his "Revision der Gattung Larus, Linn." in Cabanis

BIRDS — LARIDAK — LAEUS CI1ALC0PTKRU8.

843

Journal i'iir Oniith. Juli, 1S55, p. 281, applies so well to tlie aihilt speciiuens before me, that 1
have no doubt of their being the same. His account, in which no measurements are given, is
very concise and is as follows :

" Resembling L. glaucu-i altogether, witli the exception of the wing feathers, which in this
species are ashy gray with round white spots on the points."

He puts L. glaucopterus, Kittlitz, as a synonym, but gives no references where to find the
descriptions of either author.

The omission to make references to the original descriptions of species prevails throughout
Dr. Bruch's very valuable monograph ; it would have added much to its usefulness if this had
been done when citing authorities.

List of specimens.

Caul.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

When
collccled.

Whence ob-
tained.

Grig
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing. Reni:irks.

6463

O

o

o

9

0

Feb. 4,1856

215
559

154

7
6

Dr. Suckley..

25.00
26.00
23.00
24.00
26.01)
24.50

54.00

52.00
58.00
51.50

17.25
17.50

15.75
15.50
17.00

4527

Wnshin^on Terrilor>'.
Fort Steilacoom, VV. T.

Dr. Suckley ..

....do

....do

Dr. Cooper . .

....do

645-3

Dec. 26, 1856
Dec. 20, 1850
Oct. 13, 1854

May 3,1852

Mar.— ,1854

Dec— ,1854

Gov. Stevens,.

do

do

Shoal water Bay, W. T . .
do

15.50

Iris grayish yellow ; bill blue ;

feet flesh color.
Iris while ; bill yellow and

6458

do

do

Lt. Trowbridge.

67

6461

do

....do

T. A. Szabo..

22.50
27.75

52.00

15.00
16.50

red.
Iris dark brown ; hill and feet
gray.

6460

LARUS LEUCOPTERUS, Faber.

The White-winged Gall.

Larus leucopterus, Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. 1820, 91.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 301.— Rich. & Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831,

418.— NuTT. Man. II, 1834, 305.— Aud. Birds Amer. VII, 1844, 159 ; pi. ccccxlvii.
Laroides leucopUnis, BRccn, Cab. Journ. 1855, 281.
Leucus Uucopterus, BoK. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 217.
" Larus islandicus, Edmonston."
Laru3 glaucoidea, Temm.

Sp. Ch. — ,1dult. Back and wings pale bluish gray ; the terminal part of the quills and their shafts, as well as the rest of the
plumase pure white ; bill bright yellow, with an orange red spot on the lower mandible towards the end ; legs and feet pale flesh
color.

Length, 26 inches ; wing, 17| ; tail, 65 ; bill about 2 ; tarsi, 2^.

Hob — Arctic seas, Baffin's Bay, Labrador.

LARUS CHALCOPTERUS, Lawrence.
The Grar-winsed Gall.

" Laroides chalcopterus, Light." Bruch, Rev. Lar. in Cab. Jour. 1855, 282.
Leucus chalcopterus, Bon. Cons. At. II, 1856, 216.

The only notice of this species I have met with is in Bruch's Monograph of Gulls, referred to
above ; his description is as follows :

"Resembles very much L. leucopterus, except in the wing feathers, which are ash gray with
round white spotted points ; the young are dark gray like L. glaucopterus."

Hob. — "American coast of Behring's Straits and Greenland."

844 U. S. P, E. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

LAEUS MARINUS, Linnaeus.

Tlie Great Blnck-1>ackcd GiUI.

Larus marinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 1766, 225.— Bonap. Syn. 1823, No. 303 — Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 308.— AcD. Birds

Am. VII, 1844, 172 : pi. ccccl.
Dominicanus marinus, Brucb, Cab. Jour. 1855, 280. — Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 213.

Sp. Ch. — Mult. The head, neck, entire under p'umage, upper tail coverts, and tail are pure white ; the back and wings are
of a dark slate color ; the primaries are deep black, largely tipped with white, as are the extremities of most of the quills ; the
bill is gamboge yellow, with an orange red spot near the end of the lower mandible ; legs and feet pale yellow.

Length about 30 inches ; wing, 20 ; tail, 9 ; bill, 2 10-12 ; tarsus, 3 2-12.

Young. Head, rump, and under plumage grayish white with streaks of light brown ; back and wings mottled witli brownish
ash and grayish white ; primaries blackish brown, having the tips edged with white ; tail white, spotted with brown and having
a broad subterminal band of the same color ; bill brownish black, yellowish at the base ; legs and feet yellow.

Hab. — North Atlantic, Labrador ; as far south as Florida in winter.

LARUS AEGENTATUS, Briinnich.

The Herring Gull; The Silvery Gall.

Larus argentatus, Bronn. Orn. Bor. 1764,44.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 300.— Ndtt. Man. II, 1834, 304.— Ann. Birds

Am. VII, 1844, 163; pi. ccccxiviii.
Laroides argentatus, Beuch, Cab. Jour. 1855,262. — Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 218.
Laroides argentatoides, Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 417.

Sp. Ch. — Adult. Head, neck, under parts, rump, and tail, pure white; back and wings light pearl blue; the first six
primaries are marked towards their ends with black, which begins on the first at about half its length from the end, and is
rapidly lessened on the others until it becomes only a sub-terminal bar on the sixth ; the primaries all tipped with white ; on
the first quill it is about an inch and a half in extent, crossed near the end with a black bar, on the second quill there is a round
white spot on the inner web near the end ; secondaries and tertiaries broadly ending with white ; bill bright yellow, with an
orange red spot near the end of the lower mandible ; legs and feet flesh colored.

Length of male, 23 inches ; wing, 18 ; tail, 7| ; bill along ridge, 2' ; depth at angle, JJ ; tarsus, 21. Female a little
smaller than the male, but similar in plumage.

Young mottled with light grayish brown and dull white; primaries blackish brown ; bill brownish black, yellowish at the base.

Hab. — Atlantic coast from Texas to Newfoundland ; western States ; Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

L. argentatoides, Eichardson, is made a distinct species by both Bruch and Bonaparte.
Bruch describes it as differing from L. argentatus "merely by its paler gull blue."

Bonaparte (Cons. Av. II, 1856, 218) makes it the bird described by American writers, and
says, " distinct from L. argentatus, with the back paler, smaller, 20 inches in length, tarsi 2
inches."

I have specimens of the species herein described as L. argentatus, which vary in size from 22
to over 26 inches, but cannot discover sufficient characteristic differences to form two species.

There is great variation in the size of different individuals in the gull family, so much so that
it would not be safe to make dimensions a guide for specific distinction.

Mr. McGillivray, in his "History of British Birds," under L. argentatus, notices this great
disparity in size, and remarks upon the probable identity of the European and American bird
as follows: "Having carefully examined specimens from various parts of North America, I
find them clearly to belong to the same species."

^ .■•»

^1

^

t-:

I

846

U. S. p. E. B. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

LARUS CALIFORNICUS, Lawrence.

Tlic Coliroinia Gull.

Larus calijornictis, Lawr. Ann Lye. N. H. N. Y. VI, 1854, 79.
Laroides californicus, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 220.

Sp. Ch. — .IduU. The head, neck, under plumage, rump, and tail, pure white ; back and wings pearl blue, darker than in
L. argcniutus, but not so dark as in L. occidentalis; the six outer primaries are marked with black towards their ends, extending
on the first for about two-thirds its length, and becoming less on the others, until on the sixth it consists only of a sub-termina'
bar ; the tips of all are while, on the ex erior quill the white extends about two inches, and is crossed near the end by a black
bar; the secondaries and tertiaries terminate with white; iiis hazel; bill yellow; basal part of the upper mandible greenish
gray for two-thirds its length ; a blackish band crosses both mandibles near their ends, it is darker in color on the lower mandible,
where it is bordered with orange ; tarsus and feet flesh color.

Length, 225 inclies; wing, 16|; tail, 7; bill, 2; depth at angle, 10-16; tarsus, 23 ; middle toe and nail, 3|.

There are three specimens of this gull in the collection ; one, of which the above are the
measurements, differs only from my original specimen in the three outer primaries not having
white tips, the first having a white spot near the end, and the tail being marked with an
interrupted sub-terminal black band, an evidence that it is not fully adult.

The two other specimens are smaller, (probably females ;) they appear to be in mature
plumage, and have the end of the first primary white for an extent of two inches ; there is a
white spot on the second primary about one inch inside of the white tip, in other respects like
my specimen.

They measure in length 20 inches ; wing, 15^- ; tail, 6 ; bill, If ; depth at angle, j\ ; tarsus,
2| ; middle toe and nail, 2^.

Eoh. — West coast of North America.

Among various specimens of gulls sent me by Professor Baird from his private cabinet for
examination, I find two examples of the above species ; these were brought by Dr. Townsend
from the Pacific, and were labelled by him L. argentatus.

List of specimens.

Catat.
No.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

Cab. G. N. Lawrence..

985

4508
4509
6456

Dr. Newberry ..

Dr. Cooper

....do

J. K. Townsend
....do

30.00
20.00
22.50

49.00
55.00

15.25
15.25
16.00

Shoalwaler Bay

(Jo

Feb. 9, 1855
Oct. 5,1854

Oct. 22, 1836
Oct. 6,1836

Gov. Stevens

102

(ri» hazel; bill pale gray;

2771
27^

Columbia river

do

S.F. Baird

,,,,do

feet flesh color.

LARUS DELAWARENSIS, Ord.

The Ring-billed Gnll.

Larus dtla\oaremis, Ord, Guth, Geog. 2nd Am. VA. 11, 1815, .319.

torus conus, BoN. Syn. 1828, No. 2U6 — Kicii. & Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 420.

torus brachyrhtjnclius, Rich. & Sw. F. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 422, (not of Gould.)

tartis zonorhynchus, Rich. & Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 422 — Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 300.— Add. IJirds Am. VII,

1844, 152 ; pi. ccccxlvi.— Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 224.
Gavina zonorhynchus, Bruch, Cab. Jour. 1855,262.

niKDS — LARIDAE — LARUS DELAWARENSIS.

»47

Sp. Cii. — .iJuU. The licad, neck, under parts and tail arc pure wliile ; hack and wings very light pearl blue ; first and
second primaries black for two-thirds of their length towards the end, tho three next quills have the black much less in extent,
and on the sixth it is reduced to a sub-terminal bar, the first ([uill is bluck at the end, above which is a broad white band, the
second quill is black to tho tip, with a white spot un the inner web an inch and a half from the end, the other primaries tipped
with while; secondHries and tertiaries endmg in white; iris yellow; bill crossed near the end with a blackish brown band,
between which and tho base it is greenish yellow, Uio tip is yellow ; tarsi and feet greenish yellow.

Length, about '.^ inches ; wing, IS ; tail, 6 ; bill, 1^ ; depth at angle, J ; tarsus, 3j.

Voiin?. On tlic upper plumage mottled with blackish brown and gray; beneath grayish white, with light brown spots;
primaries black ; tail white, with a sub-terminal black band ; bill black, with the base yellow.

JIab. — Arctic .America ; Texas to Labrador ; western rivers ; northwest coast.

No bird possessing the peculiar character of Mr. Ord's ^'delatoarenais," also named "The
Toothed-hill Gull," has been met with since the time of his description, nor has his species
been identified with any other. His account of its measurements and coloraticn agrees
precisely with the adult L. zonorhynchm, the only character to reconcile is the tooth d bill ;
this I consider as a possible malformation, or probably an accidental toothing, caused by its
being worn in some particular mode of feeding.

It is, of course, difficult to establish certainly the identity of Mr. Ord's species with the present,
but I am strongly of the opinion that they are the same, for the reasons given above, and also
from the fact of no others having been obtained. As all our species are abundant, if this was
really distinct, it surely could not have so long escaped observation.

Feeling, therefore, quite confident that Mr. Ord's species can be no other than tlie one now
described, I have given his name priority.

Below I have given Mr. Ord's description.

"Length, 19i inches; extent, 46; upper mandible with four indentations or blunt teeth,
lower with three ; corner of mouth and eyelids bright vermilion ; head, neck, tail, and beneath,
pure white ; wings, back and scapulars, blue ash. Weight, 19 ounces."

I have appended to this,. and also to the account of several other species, extracts from some
original notes made by Dr. Suckley in Washington Territory.

Note by Dr. Suckley. — "This gull is quite common on Puget's Sound in winter. It seems to
be subject to great changes in color of plumage, feet and bill, at different ages. The habits of
this bird have been so well described by Nuttall and others, that I have scarcely anything to
add. On Puget's Sound, during the cool months, this species is found abundantly on the
marshes and flats at the mouths of the different rivers emptying into the Sound. When an
individual is wounded, like other gulls, his comrades hover over and circle around the victim,
as if impelled by motives of curiosity or compassion ; at this time frequently the others can be
rapidly brought down by the same gunner with his undischarged barrels. .But the occasion
must be quickly seized, because the sympathizing birds which at first are bewitched, as it were,
by the accident to their companion, soon lose the charm, and, becoming more wary, enlarge
their circles, and ascending higher and higher soon place themselves out of shot range."

List of specimens.

Caul.

No.

Sei.

Locality.

Wlien col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Coast of New Jersey Cab, G.N. Lawrence

Laramie river, N. T | July 23, 1857 Lieut. Br)-an

8908 Nebraska Territory '....j Lieut. Warren

6468 Port Thorn, N. M ! I Cap'. Pope

4161 ; Brazos, Texas j .Mar. 27, 1853 Capt. Van Vlict

9541 I Puget's Sound Oct. 22, 1857 I A. Campbell

Orig.
No.

Collected by-

Length . Stretch Wing.

I lofwinga.j

.53

W. S. Wood.
Dr. Hayden..
Dr. Henry . . .

Dr. Eennerly .

17,50 14.50

lil.OO 47.00 15.00

Eyes yellow .

848

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

LAEUS SUCKLEYI, Lawrence.

Suckley's Gull.

Larus suckleyi, La«r. Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. VI, 1858,264.

Sp. Ch. — Mult. Head, neck, under plumage and tail, pure white ; back and wings clear pearl blue ; ends of the primaries
black, occupying about half the length of the first and decreasing to the seventh, on which it consists only of a sub-terminal
spot ; the first primary has a white spot over both webs an inch and a half in extent inside the tip, the second has a similar
mark of white, but less in extent ; the tips of the first and second primaries are black, but of all the others white ; the
secondaries and tertiaries largely marked with white at their ends ; bill dusky yellowish green, except on the ridge of the upper
mandible, forward of the nostrils, and on the angle of the lower mandible, which parts are orange yellow ; tips of both
mandibles pale yellow ; legs and feet greenish yellow.

Length, 17| inches ; alar extent, 43^ ; wing, 13^ ; tail, hi ; bill, 1 5-16; tarsi, 1|.

young-. Mottled with grayish white and dark ash ; wings and tail dark brown, the latter ashy white at the base and tip ; bill
flesh coloi for half its lengtli from the base, terminating with black ; legs and feet flesh color.

Hab. — Pacific coast ; Puget's Sound.

Four specimens are in the collection.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained. lOrig'l
No.

Collected bj—

Lengtli.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

4571
8435
6472
6476

Puget's Sound

do

Feb. 4,1856
Sept. — , 1857
Dec. 26, 1854
Oct. 13, 1854

217

Dr. Suckley...
Dr. Kennerly ..

Dr. Suckley

Dr. Cooper

17.50
17.00
17.25
16.00

43.25

44.50
41.50

13.75
14.00
13.25
12.75

»

o
o

Fort Steilacoom

Shoalwater bay

Gov. Stevens

do

8
105

Iris hazel; bill flesh color,
black tips ; feet flesh color.

BLASIPUS, Bonaparte.

Blasipus, Bon. 1852.
Ch . — Bill long and rather slender ; general color dusky ; of medium size.

Bonaparte enumerates three species under this genus, only one of which inhabits our coast ;
in my opinion he has improperly placed "belcheri" and "fuliginosus" (closely allied species,
if not identical with the above,) in a different genus, viz : Leucophaeus, the type of wliich is
" haeinatorhynchus," a species having the bill very robust.

BLASIPUS HEERMANNI, Bon.

The White-headed Gull.

LorusAccrmonm, Cass. Proc. Acad. N. Sec. Phil. VI, 1852, 187.— Ib. Ills. I, 1853, 28; pi. v.
Melarus heermanni, Brucii, Cab. Jour. 1855, 279.
Blasipus heermanni, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 211.
Sp. Ch. — Jidull. " Bill red, both mandibles tipped with black ; feet and legs dark ; head white, which color gradually blends
into an ashy lead color, enveloping the entire body above and below, darker on the back and wings and paler ou the abdomen.
Secondary quills tipped with white, forming an oblique bar when the wings are folded. Superior coverts of the tail very pale
cinereous, nearly while. Quills and tail feathers brownish black, all of the latter narrowly tipped with white. Shafts of the
two first primaries white on the inferior surface of the wing."

"Total length, about 17j inches; wing, 13! ; tail, Sj ; bill from angle to tip of upper man<lible, 2; inches."
" Young. Smaller; total length, about IG inches ; wing, 13 ; tail, 5 inches. Entire plumage brown, darker on the head and
paler on the under surface of the body ; quills and tail feathers bruwiii^li black, the latter narrowly tipped with white."
Hah. — Coast of California.

BIRDS — LARIDAE — BLASIPUg nKERMANNI.

849

The above are Mr. Cassin's descriptions of the adult and young.

In the collection are seven speciuien.s which I consider to be identical with the abive species ;
one agrees very closely with Mr. Cassin's description of the young ; none of the others have
the head white, but in most of them this color exists on the throat and is developing itself on
the head in such a manner as to have no doubt that it wonld have become white eventually ;
the neck is of a clear ash ; the upper tail coverts are of a pearl gray color ; tail rather broadly
tipped with white.

In this plumage they agree very well with L. belcJieri, Vigors' ; the measurements given by
Vigors arc as follows: length, 21 inches ; wing, 11 ; tail, 6 ; bill, 2 ; tarsi, 2. The specimens
in the collection range in length from 18 to 21 inches ; wings, about 14 ; tail, 5^ to 6 ; bill, 2;
tarsi, 2. Ditlering from the dimensions of Udcheri only in the length of the wing, which I
am satisfied is an error, as a wing of 11 inches for a gull measuring 21 in length is out of all
proportion.

They also answer very well to the description of L./aliginosus, Gould, which is thus given
in the Zool. of the Voy. of the Beagle, Birds, p. 141:

"The whole of the plumage deep leaden gray; the upper and under tail coverts being
lightest ; bill red at the base, black at the tip ; feet black."

"Length, 16A inches ; wing, 13^; tail, 6; tarsi, 2^; bill, 2|," (probably from gajie.)

I incline to the opinion that the three names refer to the same bird, Mr. Cassin describing it
in perfect plumage as L. heermanni. If this proves to be the case, Vigors' name of Belcheri will
have priority.

Note by Dr. Suckley. — "Lams belcheri. Two gulls supposed by me to belong to this species,
were obtained in the Straits of Fuca, near Wliidby's Island, W. T. Both of these gulls had
red bills. The species does not seem to be fond of feeding on the shores and bare flats, like the
L. zonorhynchus and other species, but is almost always found on kelp beds floating in deep
water some distance from the shore. In these situations both my specimens were shot. These
gulls, when being skinned, emitted a very rank disagreeable odor, much stronger and more
unpleasant than that of L. zonorhynchus."

List of specimens.

Cawl.
No.

Age.

Loc.ility.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by —

Length

Stretch

of wings.

Wing.

Remarks..

6150

Pugel's Sound

do

Aug. 26,1856
dn

Dr.Sucklcy

do

556

J57

89

19.75

18.50
21.00

20.00
19.00
21.00

44 50

6449

' Shoalwaler bay....

' do

Sept. 8, 1854

Dec. — , 1854

Gov. Stevens

do

Dr. Cooper. . .

do

T. Szabo

42.50

Bill carmine and black ; iri9
brownish gray.

6447

O

Bodepi,Cal

43.00

13.95
14.00

6448

... do

Bill dark red ; legs black

6475

do

Lieut. Williamson.
Col. Abert

Mazatlan, Mexico..

' tortw htUheri, Vic. Zool. Jour. IV, 1829, 358.— Is. ZooL Blossom, 18.39, 39.

Angast 27, 1858.

107 b

850 U. S, p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

CIIROICOCEPITALUS, Eyton.

Chroicocephalus, Etton, Cat. Brit. Birds, 1836.

Ch. — Bill moderate, rather slender, much compressed ; upper mandible straight at base, more or less curved at the end;
nostrils lateral and longitudinal ; wings long, narrow, and pointed ; tail moderate, usually even ; tarsi rather slender ; feet
webbed ; hind toe small and elevated.

These gulls are of medium or small size ; in their spring attire the head is clothed with a
dark colored hood, but in winter it becomes white, with a dusky spot behind the ear. These
birds are very handsome, the dark and light colors of their jilumage forming a beautiful
contrast.

The species of this genus are beautiful birds, and readily known by the dark colored hood or
cowl which envelopes the head in summer. Five species are enumerated as belonging to the
United States, but the occurrence of minutus may be considered as accidental. They may be
known by the following characters :

Mantle and wings grayish blue ; hood blackish lead gray ; narrow white lines on the

upper and lower eyelids C. atricilla.

Mantle and wings dark bluish gray ; hood plumbeous black, eyelids ■vi\nie..C. franldinii.
Mantle and wings ash blue ; hood plumbeous black ; an oval white spot over the eye and

one on the lower eyelid ,C. cucuUatus.

Mantle and wings light grayish blue ; hood grayish black ; a white band divided by a

narrow black line surrounds the posterior part of the eye C. Philadelphia.

Mantle and wings pale bluish gray ; hood black ; behind the eye a white crescent

C. minutus.

CHROICOCEPHALUS ATRICILLA, (Linnaeus.)

The Langhing Gnll.

Larus atricilla, LiNV. Syst. Nat. I, 17CG, 225.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 294.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 291.— Acd. Birds

Am. VII, 1844, 13fi ; pi. ccccxliii.
Larus ridihundus, WiLs. IX, 1824, 89; pi. Ixxiv.
Jltricilla catesbyi, Brucii, Cab. Jour. 1855, 287.

Sp. Ch. — Mull. Head and upper part of neck blackish lead gray, extending lower in front ; upper and lower eyelids white
posteriorly ; lower part of neck, entire under plumage, rump, and tail pure white ; in spring a beautiful roseate tint exists on
the breast and abdomen ; back and wings grayish lead color ; the first six primaries are black, beginning on the first at about
two-thirds of its length from the point and regularly becoming less on the others until on the sixth it is reduced to two spots
near the end ; tips in some specimens white, and in others black to their points ; bill and inside of the mouth dark carmine ;
iris bluish black ; legs and feet deep red. In winter the head becomes white, intermixed on the crown and hind nock with
brownish gray.

Length, 17 inches ; wing, 13 ; tail, 5 ; bill, 1 J ; tarsus, 2 inches.

Uab. — Texas to Massachusetts.

BIRDS — LARIDAE — CHHOICOCErHALUS CTJCtTLLATUS.

851

List of specimens.

Onial. Bex
No.

6W1 S

64T3 cT

4999 Q

1318 ....

4319 ...,

s«a ...

4163 ...

Localiiy.

Wticn col-
lected.

Cim.<it Nrw York

Ki'y Bi-Hcayne, Fla April

Indian rivfr, Fla

81. Jolin'i* river, Fla

Calcaitieu Fos.^, La lc^^

do ' 1854

ludialiula, Tcxati ! Mar. 27,1855

Brazos, Texas.

Uar.2«,lB53

Whence obtained.

Cal>. G. N. Lawrence
G. WUrdeiiiiuin....

.do.,
.do..

, do

Oapt. J. Popo.

Gapt. Van Vliet .

Orig.
No.

988

Lcngtli. Sirclch Wing,
ofvinga.

I6.S0

16.00
17.00

16.50

39.50

40.50
39.50

Pupil, feet, and 1)111 (.') dark blue ; oyca
with liazel riri(,'.

13.50 : Bill dark purple

13.00

13.00

13.00

13.35 I Bill and gums red, cyeii dark, Tcct dark

gray.
13.00 ' EycM black

CHROICOCEPHALUS FRANKLINII, B r u c h .

I'laukliu's Kosy Gall.

Larusfranklimt, Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 424 ; pi. l.\xi.— Nott. Man. II, 1834, 293.— Aid. Birds Am. VU,

1844, 145, (not figured.)
Chroicoceplialus franklinii, Bruch, Cab. Jour. 1855, 289.

Sp. Ch. — .Idult. Head and upper part of neck black, with a plumbeous hue on the fore part of the neck extending a little
lower than it does behind ; both eyelids white, except in front ; lower part of nock, under plumage, rump, and tail white ; the
under surface and interior lining of the wings deeply tinged with peach-blossom red ; buck and wings dark bluish gray ; the
outer web of the first primary is black nearly to the end, the inner web of the first and both webs of the four next are crossed
with asubterminal black band about two inches wide on the outer and lessening to a half inch on the fifth; all the quill feathers
end with white, on the first primary it is about one inch in extent ; shafts of all the primaries and the inner web of the first
white, the other primaries are the same color as the back, except on the inner edge of the inner web and immediately adjoining
the black bar, where they are white ; bill and legs vermilion.

Length, 15 inches ; wing, 12; tail, 4 i ; bill, I; ; tarsus, 1|.

Uab. — Missouri river ; interior-of fur countries.

There are four specimens of this beautiful and well marked species in the collection, two of
them in perfect plumage, in which a delicate roseate tint on the neck and under surface is very
apparent. It is easily distinguished from C. atricilla by its much darker hood and the very
diflferently colored primaries.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks .

4897

C?
9

o

Kanesville, Neb

April 38, 1856
July 14,1856

Lieut. Warren

Lieut. Bryan

Dr. Hayden

15.00

38.12

12.00

Eyes

black

5784

5790

1

\

CHROICOCEPHALUS CUCULLATUS, Lichtenstein.

The Hooded Gull.

" Chroicocephalus cucuUatus, Licht." Brucu, Rev. Lar. in Cab. Jour. 1855, 290.

Sp. Ch. — ^Idull. Hood plumbeous black, with an oval white spot over the eye and another on the hind part of the lower eye-
lid, both extending backward; the entire neck, upper tail coverts, and under plumage pure white; back and wings ash blue,
about the shade of/ranA'(inii ; primaries bluish ash, the first black on the outer web and for one quarter its length on the inner

852

U. 8 P. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

at the end; tlie second, tliird, fourth, and fifth also crossed with black towards their ends, decreasing beliind ;oii tlio sixtli a nar"
row bar of black; the tips of all white, occupying most space on the si.xlh and lessening in extent to the first, where it becomes a
mere edging ; the remaining primaries, the secondaries, and tertiaries terminate largely with white ; the shafts of the tliree outer
primaries are blackish brown ; the three lateral tail feathers are white, the others light pearl blue, deepest in color on the two
central ones ; bill deep carmine, crossed near the end with black, tip dull yellow ; legs and feet red.

Lengtii of skin about 13 inches; wing, 11^ ; tail, 4 ; bill, Ij, depth at base C-IG, at angle 5-16 ; tarsus Ij ; middle toe and
claw, Ij.

Young. Differs from the adult in having the forehead grayish white, crown, occiput, and siees of the head blackish browji,
the white eye spots as in the adult ; the lesser wing coverts brownish ash, the primaries nmch darker, the inner ones tipped with
while ; secondaries and tertiaries witli dark brown centres and ending witli while ; tail crossed with a subtcrminal band of
brownish black.

Length of skin, 131 inches ; wing, 11 ; tail, 4 ; bill, 1^ ; tarsus, l^.

Httb. — lanama; coast of Louisiana.

Two specimens are iu the collection ; the adult is in fine plumage, and was obtained in
Louisiana by Mr. G. Wurdemann, the first instance of its occurrence within the limits of the
United States. This example agreeing so well with Bruch's description of cucullatus, cited above,
I have referred it to that species. Mr. Bruch considers L. ptpixcan, Wagler, to be the same as
cucullatus, but in Wagler's description nothing is said of the white eye spots, which are a very
conspicuous character.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex&

Age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Point of bill to
end of tail.

Wing from
carpal joint.

4320

o

Calcasieu Pass, Louisiana .
Panama

1854

G. Wurdemann.

Dr. Suckley. ----

13.00
13.50

11. 12

4522

Dec. 28, 1855

11.00

CHROICOCEPHALUS PHILADELPiIIA, Lawrence.

Bonaparte's Gull.

Sterna plUladelphia, Onn, Guthrie's Geog. 2d Am. ed. II, 1815, 311).

Larus capistratus, Bonai'. Syn. 1828, No. 293.

I.arus bo7iapartei, Rich. &. Sw. F. E. A. II, 1831, 425 ; pi. Ixxii.— Ninr. Man. 11,1834, 294.— Aun. Birds Am. VII,

1844, 131 ; pi. ccccxiii.
CUroicoccpkulus bonaparlei, Bruch, Cab. Jour. 1855, 292.

Sp. Cii. — ^idult. Head and upper part of neck grayish blr.ck, this color exletnling rather lower on the throat than on the neck
behind ; lower part of neck, under jjlumage, rump, and tail white ; hack and wings clear bluish gray ; first primary black on the
outer web ; inner web of the first primary , both webs of the second, and the outer web of the third white; the inner web of tho
third and all the other primaries are of the same color as the back ; the six outer primaries have their ends black for the extent
ofaI)Out an inch on the central ones, but less on the first and sixth, they are all slightly tipped with white ; shoulders, anterior
borders of the wings, and outer webs of the primary coverts white ; bill deep black ; inside of mouth carmine ; iris hazel ; legs
and feet orange with a reddish tinge.

Length, 14 j inches ; wing, lOi ; tail, 4] ; bill, 1 i ; tarsus, 1 5-lC.

}lab. — Texas to Nova Scotia, IVIississippi river, fur countries. Pacific coast of North America.

The young have the head white, intermixed on the occiput and hind neck with dark gray ; a
round spot of dark plumbeous behind the eye ; the smaller wing coverts brown ; the outer webs
of several of the primaries and a subterminal band on the tail lilack.

There are eleven specimens in the collection.

The specific name of " bonaparlei," under which this species has been so long known, iu my

«^*^s* •^-. Ji«

*-■.".- ..- ^-

854

U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENEBAL EEPOET.

These birds mostly inhabit the north. They assemble in flocks, and are most graceful birds
on the wing. They possess great powers of flight, being able to contend with the strongest
gale. Medium in size.

Three species belonging to this genua are found in the United States. They may be
distinguished as below :

Mantle light pearl gray ; bill moderate, pale greenish yellow ; tarsi moderate ; hind toe

rudimental , R. tridadyhis.

Mantle light pearl blue ; bill rather long ; greenish at the base, with the point yellow ;

hind toe short ; more developed tliau in the above species R. septentrionalis.

Mantle pale leaden gray ; bill short and strong, bright yellow ; hind toe short. ^. nivea.

EISSA TRIDACTYLUS, Bo nap.

Tlic Kittinakc Gull.

Lams triducUjhts, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1706, 234.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 297 Rich. &Sw. II, 1831, 423.—

NoTT. Man. II, 1834, 298.— Add. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 146 ; pi. ccccxliv.
Risso tridaclylus, Bon. List, 1838.-Ib. Cons. Av. II, 185G, 225.— Bruch, Cab. Jour. 1855, 284.
I.arus rissa, BRtJNN. Orn. Bor. 1764.

Sp. Ch. — Adult. Head, neck, entire under plumage, rump, and tail white ; back and wings light bluish gray ; the ends of the
five outer primaries and the outer web of the first black ; the fourth and fifth have small white tips ; bill greenish yellow ; iris
reddish brown ; legs and feet brownish black with a green tinge.

Youni;. The head is white, marked on the hind head and neck with bluish gray ; a spot of the same color over the cars ; a
narrow crescent of black in front of the eye. Wings and shoulders marked with black ; primaries black. Tail white, with a
sub-terminal black band. Bill black ; rest of the plumage same as in the adult.

Length, about 17 inches ; wing, 12 ; tail, SJ ; bill, 11 ; tarsus, 11.

Hub. — Fur countries ; Labrador ; southern coast in winter.

EISSA SEPTENTRIONALIS, Lawrence.

Tlic Noi-tli Paciflc Klttiwake.

Rissa septentrionalis, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y. VI, 1858, 265.

Sp. Ch. — Mult. Head, neck, under surface, and tail pure white. Back and wings light pearl blue ; first primary black for
about half its length from the end ; a white spot one and a half inches in length crosses both webs near the end, which is black ;
second primary black for about one third its length ; also with a white spot (but smaller) inside the black tip ; the next five
primaries are black at their ends, with white tips ; the black decreases inwards, existing as a spot only on the seventh ; basal
part of the primaries bluish ash, becoming white where it joins the black ends, except on the first and second ; secondaries and
tertiaries ending with white ; bill dusky green at the base for two-thirds its length ; remainder yellow, which deepens to orange
on the ridge of the upper mandible and angle of the lower ; legs and feet yellowish green. Length, 17' inches ; wing, 13J
tail, 5j ; bill, li ; tarsus, IJ.

Hab. — Pacific coast of North America ; Puget'a Sound.

Two specimens are in the collection.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Point of bill to
end of tail.

Wing from
ciirpiil joint.

6470
4471

Near Puget's Sound, W. T. ..
do

.July ."50, 1866...

Dr Suckley.. .. .......

620
619

1G.50
17.25

13.50

do

l.'i. 50

BIRDS — LARIDAE — PAGOPniLA. 855

RISSA BREVIROSTEIS, Brandt.

Tli« Sliart-blllrd KKtIwakr.

" Rissa breviroslria, Bkandt," Brdcii, Rev. Lar. in Cab. Jour. 1858, 285.

Sr. Ch. — Resembles R. tridaclyla very much, both in structure and figure, but with the hind toe bettor formed ; bill yellow ;
foot cored red.

Hob. — Northwest coast of North America.

No specimen in tlie collection.

The above is the substance of Bruch's description of this species. The type specimen he saw
at St. Petersburg.

Bonaparte (Consp. Av. II, 1857, 226) puts the name of this species as a synonym to
hrachyrhyncha , Gould, wliicli he says is not L. niveus, Pall., and puts the latter species in
Larus, diflering from Bruch, and also G. R. Gray, who consider L. niveus, Pall., and L.
hrachyrhyncha, Gould, as identical. Bonaparte further differs from Bruch in making a new
species, viz., liissa kotzebui, oi' " B. niveus. Pall., and hrachyrhyncha, Gould_," No. 36 of Bruch's
Monograph. These writers also vary materially in their views regarding other species ; but, as
Mr. Bruch has made this family of birds his especial study, with apparently good opportunities
for forming his oijinions, I have chosen to follow him in enumerating the species now described
as distinct.

RISSA NIVEA, Bruch.

The TcUow-bUlcd Gull.

Larus nivtus, Pall. Zoogr. II, 1811, 320 ; pi. l.\xiv.

Rissa nirea, Brdch, Cab. Jour. 1855, 285.

? Larus brachyrhynchus, Gould, Pro. Zool. Soc. July, 1843. — In. Voy. Sulph. Birds, pi. xx.xiv.

Sp. Cu. — Mult. Head, neck, all the under surface, rump, upper and under tail coverts, and tail,*pure white ; back and
wings, including the primaries, gray, passing into white at the tips of the scapulars, secondaries, and all but the first five
primaries, which are thus marked ; the outer primary has its external web and three inches of the tip of the inner web deep
black ; the next primary is tipped with black for three inches and a half on its outer, and two inches and a half on its inner web,
and has a very minute speck of gray at the extreme tip ; the third primary is tipped with black for two inches, and has a small
spot of gray at the extremity ; the fourth is tipped with black for an inch and a quarter, and has a larger spot of gray at the
extremity than the third ; and the fifth is crossed by an irregular band of black near the tip three-quarters of an inch wide, the
extremity being gray, fading into white on the margin of the inner web ; bill primrose yellow ; feet orange yellow.

Total length, 14 inches ; bill, Ij ; wing, 12| ; tail, 5i ; tarsi, Ij.

Hab. — Russian America.

The above is Mr. Gould's account in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Sulphur.
No specimen in tbe collection.

PAGOPHILA, Kaup.

Pagophila, Kadp, Nat. Syst. der Eur. Thier. 1829.

Ch — Bill short and stout, compressed ; the upper mandible straight at base, curved at the end ; nostrils linear and lateral ;
wings long and pointed ; tail moderate and even ; tarsi strong and rather short ; toes strong, united by an indented web ; hind
toe short.

Found only in high northern latitudes, generally far out at sea; their food consists mostly of
the flesh and blubber of cetaceous animals.

But two species known, which are mainly remarkable for the purity and whiteness of their
plumage. They inhabit the Arctic regions, and are of medium size.

856 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Plumage entirely white ; bill bright yellow, dusky at the base ; tarsi moderate.

P. eburneus.

Plumage more purely white than in the above species ; bill short, yellow, with the

point orange; tarsi short P. hrachytarsi.

PAGOPHILA EBURNEA, Kaup.

Tlie iTOry Gull.

Larus thurnms, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 596.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 297.— Rich. & Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 410 —

NuTT. Man. II, 1834, 301.— Add. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 150 ; pi. ccccxlv.
Pagophila eburnea, " Kaui'," Bruc.i, Cab. Jour. 1855, 286.— Ron. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 230.
Larus camlidun, Farr. Fauna Groenl. 67.
G'arto 7iirfo, Brehm.

Sp. Ca.—.lduU. The entire plumage is pure white ; bill bright yellow, dusky at the base ; mirgius of the eyelids vermilion;
iris brown ; legs and feet black. Length about 19 inches ; wing, 13j ; tail, 65 ; bill, 1 5-12 ; tarsus, 1 7-12.
Hab. — Coasts of Arctic America, Labrador, Newfoundland.

There are no specimens of this species in the collection.

In the cabinet of my friend J. P. Giraud, jr., esq., are two fine specimens, which originally
belonged to Mr. Audubon.

-"o^

PAGOPHILA BRACHYTARSI, Hollboll.

Tlie Slkort-Ies^ged Gull.

" Pagophila bracliylarsi, Hollb." Bruch, Rev. Lar. in Cab. J. 1855, 287.
" Pagophila nivetis, Brehm," Bonap. Cons. Av. II, 1856, 230.

Bruch says of this species, " resembles P. ehurnea in all its parts, but is smaller ; the wings
extend two lines beyond the tail."

Bonaparte makes it identical with L. niveus, Brehm., to which he gives precedence, and
describes it as similar to P. ehurnea, but whiter and handsomer ; as being larger than that
species, and having a shorter bill, which is yellow, with the point orange.

Hah. — Greenland.

There are no specimens in the collection.

RHODOSTETHIA, MacgiUi vray.

Rliodostethla, Macgill. Man. of Orn. II, 1842.

Oil. — Bill short and slender ; upper mandible straight for half its length, then slightly curved to the tip, which is very narrow ;
prominence on the lower mandible small ; wings long and pointed ; tail wedge-shaped ; tarsi rather strong ; toes united by a
full web, hind small and elevated.

But a single species in this genus, found in the Arctic regions; its most striking characteristic
is the cuneate form of the tail.

RHODOSTETHIA ROSEA, Bonap.

Tlic AVidge-lnllril (Jnll.

Jmtus rosevs, Jard. & Seliiy, Ills, of Orn. , pi. xiv.

295.— Add. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 130.
Rhodostethia rnsea, Briich, Cab. Jour. 1855, 278.— Bon. Cons Av. II, 1856, 230.
Larus rosiii, Rich. Parry 2d Voy. App. 1825, 359 Rich. & Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831. 427.— Nott. Man. II, lf-34,

BIRDS — LARIDAE — XEMA SABINII. 857

Sp. Cii. — " Color. Sc&|>ulan!, interscapulars, and Imlli surfaces of tlio wiiifjs, clear pearl gray ; outer web of llio first (luill
Mickish bruwii to \U tip, wliicli is gray ; tips of tlio scapulars and lessor <|uills wliitisli ; sonio small feathers near tl'c oyo and a
cullar round tlie middle of tlio neck pitch black ; rest of the plumngo white. The neck above and the whole under plumago
deeply tinged with peach-blossom red in recent specimens. Bill black ; its rictus and the edges of the eyelids reddish orange.
Legs and feet vermilion red ; nails bUckisli."

" Length, 14 inches; wing, lOi ; tail, Sj ; bill, } ; tarsus, 1.1-12."

Described as above in the Fauna Boroala-Amoricana.

Ilab. — Arctic seas.

No specimens arc in the collection.

CREAGRUS, Bonaparte.

Cr«igTtts, Bon. 1854.
Ch. — Hill strong and much curved ; lail strong and very deeply forked.

But one species in this genus, from the coast of California ; it is remarkable for its deeply
forketl tail, an unusual form among the gulls.

CREAGRUS FURCATUS, Nehoux.

The Swallow-tnllt'fl Gull.

JV/owl/e a queue fourchue, Neboux, Rev. Zool. 1840, 290.
Larusfurcalus, Neb. Voy. Venus, Zool. pi. x.
Creagrusfurcatus, Brcch, Cab. Jour. 1855, 292.

Sp. Ch. — Adult. Head and nearly all of the neck grayish brown ; two small rounded white spots, embracing symmetrically
the base of the upper mandible; mantle grayish white; breast, abdomen, and under wing coverts, white; wings extend beyond
the toil ; primaries black on their outer and inner edges ; the smaller wing coverts white ; the greater slate color bordered with
white; tail very much forked and white ; the two outer tail feathers much longer than is usual in this class of birds; bill very
much bent, black at the base and white at the extremity ; iris red ; eyelids orange ; tarsi and feet red ; claws black.

Total length, 60 centimetres.

Hab. — California

No specimen in the collection. .

XEMA, Leach,

Xema, Leach, Linn. Trans. XII, 1818.

Ch. — Bill short, rather slender and compressed ; upper mandible straight at the base, curved at the end ; nostrils lateral and
linear ; wings lengthened and pointed ; tail forked ; tarsi rather stronfj ; toes united by a full web ; hind toe short.

This genus has but one sjiecies, which inhabits the Arctic regions, seldom coming far to the
south. Small in size.

XEMA SABINII, Sabine.

The Fork-tallcil Gnll.

Larus sabinii, J. Sabine, Lin. Trans. XII, 1818, 520 ; pi. xxix.— Rich. & Sw. F. B. A. 11, 1831, 428 — Nott. Man.

II, 1834, 29fi.— AuD. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 127; pi. ccccxli.
Xema sobtntt, Bruch, Cab. Jour. 1855, 292.

Sp. Ch. — Adult. Head and upper part of neck blackish gray, terminated below by a ring of deep black; the rest of the
neck, under plumage, the upper tail coverts, and the tail, pure while ; the back and upper surface of the wings bluish gray ; the
edge of the wing from the flexure black; the first five primaries black, with their tips white; secondaries largely tipped with
white; bill black at base for more than half its length, then yellow to the point ; interior and angles of the mouth and edges of
eyelids vermilion ; feet black.

Length, 13^ inches; wing, 11 ; tail, 5; bill, 1 ; tarsus, 1 .4-12.

Hab. — Nova Scotia, northward; Arctic seas.

There are no specimens in the collection.

August 27, 1858.

108 b

858 U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sub-Family STERNINAE.— T h e Terns.

Ch.— Bill rather long, usually slender, straight, sometimes with the upper mandible curved at the tip, which is acutely
pointed; nostrils linear and pervious; wings elongated; primaries long and pointed, secondaries, of moderate length; tail
rather long and in most species forked ; tarsi slender ; anterior toes have their webs emarginate, hind toe small ; claws moderate,
curved and acute.

These birds are mostly found on the seacoast and neighboring hays, occasionally on rivers
and lakes ; they assemhle in large numbers on the sand bars and points at the mouth of inlets,
are much on the wing, and are remarkable for their buoyant and easy flight. Their food
consists of small fishes and Crustacea, which they obtain by hovering over and suddenly darting
down upon ; although they thus seize their prey while in the water, they only occasionally
swim or rest upon its surface.

This sub-family has been much subdivided into genera, but, as in the case of Larinae, I have
adopted the views of Mr. G. K. Gray and retained most of the species in Sterna. This reduces
the genera found in the United States to three, which may be characterized as follows :

1. Sterna.— Bill rather long ; nostrils basal, with the frontal feathers extending up to
them ; tail forked ; interdigital webs emarginate.

2. Hydrochelidon.— Bill rather short ; frontal feathers reaching nearly to the nostrils,
which are basal ; tail emarginate ; interdigital webs deeply indented.

3. Anous. — Bill longer than the head ; the nostrils situated far forward of the frontal
feathers ; tail graduated ; interdigital webs full.

STERNA, L i n u ae u s .

Sterna, Linn. Sjst. Nat. 1748.

C. Bill more or less strong, about the length of the head, the upper mandible slightly curved to the tip, whicli is narrow

and acute, the lower straight, with the junction of the crura about the middle ; the nostrils lateral and linear, with the frontal
feathers extending to the opening ; wings long, primaries narrow and tapering, the outer quill longest ; tail rather long and
more or less forked ; tarsi short ; toes small and slender, with the webs emarginate ; hind toe short ; claws slightly arched and
acute.

This genus is abundant in species, which vary much in size, but may readily be distinguished
by the following diagnoses :

Bill short and stout, entirely black ; mantle pale bluish gray ; under parts white ; tail

not deeply forked; legs and feet black. Type of Gelochelidon, Bp S. aranea.

Bill large and very strong, vermilion ; mantle pale bluish ash; under plumage white ;

tail moderately forked ; legs and feet black. Type of Hydroprogne, Kaup..^'. casjna.
Bill large and strong, deep red ; mantle bluish gray ; beneath white ; tail forked ; legs

and feet black S. regia.

Bill long, but rather slender, deep red ; mantle bluish gray ; under surface cream color ;

tail deeply forked ; legs and feet black S. elegans.

Bill moderate, black, with the point yellow ; mantle light pearl blue ; lower parts white ;

tail deeply forked ; legs and feet black. Thallasscus of Boie S. acnflavida.

Bill moderate, black, yellow at the point and base of lower mandible ; mantle liglit pearl

blue ; below white ; tail deejdy forked ; legs and feet orange yellow S. havellii.

Bill moderate, black, with tlie base and point yellow ; mantle light bluish gray ; under

parts of the same color ; tail deeply forked ; legs and feet orange yellow. ..»S. Irudeaui.

.N'^,^;^^;^>.:^>>

-* ,*« ^»y_« ^^ „ <k:du «

■''^•V «*.«JL. «.

8G0

U. S. p. E. R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Ch. — Mult. Front, crown, and long occipital feathers greenish Ijlack ; back and wings light bluish gray ; primaries hoary
black on their outer webs, and on their inner next the shaft ; remaining part of inner webs wliite ; tail pearl wliite ; entire
under surface pure wliite ; bill deep red ; iris dark brown ; legs and feet black. Length, 21 inclies ; wing, 15 ; tail, Tj ; bill,
25 ; depth at base, JJ ; tarsus, ]| ; middle toe and claw, 1},.

Hab. — Atlantic coast of the southern and middle Stales and California.

There are three specimens in the collection.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Florida

Cab. G N. Lawrence.
do

1000
&99

4314

Calcasieu Pass, La ...

1854

G. Wurdemann

21.00
21.00
2L00

42.00

15.00

6477

15.00

C478

Sau Diego, Cal

1853

do

153

15.00

STERNA ELEGANS, Gamhel.

Tlie Elrgnut Teril.

Sterna elegans, Game. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pliil. IV, 1848, 199.

Thallasseus elegans, Game. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbil. 2d series, 1, 1849, 228.

Sp. Ch. — .Hdull mule. "This elegant species differs from Slcrna rcgiii, not only in proportions, but in the delicate hue of the
under parts, which are of a satiny cream color when living, but faded very much in the dried specimen.

" The bill is of the same color as in the regia, and as long, but much more slender ; the prominent angle beneath half an
inch further from the point, and the depth at base two-tenths of an inch less. "Wings two and a half inches shorter, but of the
same color in every respect. Legs pure black ; the tarsus nearly as long as in the former, l)ut the toes much shorter. Tail
long, pure white, and deeply forked ; whole top of head from the bill pure white, extending into an ample flowing crest, as in
the former species, (S. rcgia.)

" I procured this species on the Pacific coast of Mexico, particularly at Mazatlan, at the mouth of the Gdf of California."

"Length, 17 inches; wing, 12j ; outer tail featlicrs,.6Jjy ; tarsus, 1^^ ; bill, bright red along the ridge, 2^"^ ; depth at
commencement of feathers, ^\j ; symphisis to point beneath, I5 inches."

This species heing an inhabitant of the coast of South California, I have included it among
our birds, as it undoubtedly must frequent that of North California also. The description is
taken i'rom Gamhel.

STERNA ACUFLAVIDA, Cabot.

C'aboi*s Tern.

Sterna cantiacu, Nutt. Man. U, 1834, 27fi.— Acd. Cm. Klog. Ill, 1835, 531.— 1b. Mirds Am. VII, 18'14, 87 ; pi.

ceccxxxi.
Sterna acujlavida, Cabot, Proc. Best. Soc. N. H. II, 1847, 257.

Sp. Ch. — Jidult. Upper partof the head, occiput, and hind neck deep black ; back and wings light pearl blue ; four outer primaries
blackish gray on their outer webs, and on the inner adjoining the shaft ; remainder of inner web white ; sides of the head below
the eye, neck, entire under plumage, runi]), and tail while ; bill black, with the tip yellow for one Iburth its cnglh •, iris brown ;
legs and feel black. Length, ]5J, inches ; wing, 11 ; tail, 5j ; bill, 2,', ; tarsus, I.

//«/). — Texas to Florida.

Specimen in my cabinet, iiinl in lliat ol Sinillisoiiimi InHtitutimi, from Texas.

BlliDS — STERNINAE— STERNA WILSONII. 8G1

STERNA HAVELLII, Audubon.

lluvcll'li Trril.

Sterna hatellii. Aid. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 122,— lu. Birds Am. Vll, 1844, !(».■) ; pi. ccxx.xiv.

Sp. Cu. — Mult in iriiiJer. Fore pari of the licail, crown, ruiiip, and entire under siirliicu white ; surrounding the eye and
extending tor about one inch behind it is a lino of plumbeous black ; back and wings lifrjit pearl blue ; primaries dusky gray,
except on the inner part of the inner web, whore they are grayish white, having a portion of their margins grayish black ; edge
of the wing and under wing covert.s white ; tail of the same color as the back, but of a lighter shade ; bill black, yellow at the
point for about one-fifth its length, and brownish yellow at the base of Iho lower mandible ; iris brown ; legs and feet orange
yellow.

Length, 13i inches; wing, 10_i ; tail, 4i; bill, I^ ; tarsus, 15-16.

Hab. — Te.xas to South Carolina.

Specimens in ray cabinet.

STERNA TRUDEAUII, Audubon.

Ti*ndcan*» Tern*

Stenia tradtatiii, Aud. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 125. — Tb. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 105; pi. ccccxxxv.

Sp. Ch. — .'Idiilt ill iriiifcr. Front, crown, sides of the head below the eye, and throat, white ; a line of dark plumbeou.s sur-
rounds the eye and extends behind it for about one inch; back, wings, and under plumage, light bluish gr ly ; rump white ; tail
same color as the back, but lighter ; first primary dusky gray on the outer web and on the inner next the shaft, the other prima-
ries hoary on these parts, remainder of the inner webs grayish white, margined on the inner edge with blackish gray, most so on
the inner quills ; bend of the wing and under wing coverts white ; bill yellow at the base for about one-third its length, then
black with the point for about one quarter the entire length of the bill yellow ; iris brown ; legs and feet orange yellow.

Length, 15 inches ; win;, 10| ; tail, 5i ; bill 1 9-16 ; tarsus, 1.

Hab. — Coasts of New Jersey and Long Island.

Described from a specimen belonging to J. P. Gir.aud, esq.

I bave never seen either tliis species or S. havellii in summer plumage ; they are both closely
allied to S. acujlavida.

STERNA FULIGINOSA, Gmelin.

The Sooty Tern.

Sterna fuliginosa, Gmel. Syst. Nat.T, 1788, 605.— Wils. Am. Orn. VIII, 1814, 145 ; pi. Ixxii.— Bonap. Syn. 1828,
No. 290— NcTT. Man. II, 1834, 284. -Aud. Orn. Eiog. Ill, 18.35, 2G3 : V, 1839, 641.- Ib.
Birds Am. VII, 1844, 90 ; pi. ccccxxxii.

Sp. Ch — Jldult. Forehead white ; lores, upper part of the head, hind neck, back, and wings, deep black ; tail black, except
the outer and the basal half of the inner web of the outside feathers, which are while ; sides of the head, edg«3 of the wings,
and entire under surface, white ; bill black ; iris chestnut ; legs and feet black.

Length, 16,1 inches ; wing, 11 J ; tail, 7| ; bill, IJ ; tarsus, 15-16.

//a6.— Texas to Florida.

Specimens in my cabinet and in that of Smithsonian Institution.

STERNA WILSONI, Bonaparte.

AVllsou*!! Tern,

Sterna hirundo, Wils. Am. Orn. VII, |H|3, 76 : pi. Ix.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 286— Nhtt. Man. II, 1834, 271.—

AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1638, 74. — In. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 97 ; pi. cccexxxiii.
Sterna icilsoni, Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, 61.

862

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Ch. — .Jdult. Upper part of tlie liead and hind neck deep black, tinged with brown on llie front part of the head ; back
and wings light grayish blue ; first primary with the outer web black, on the inner web grayisli black next the shaft, this color
increasing in e.xtent towards the end, where it covers the entire web for about one inch, rest of inner web white ; the next five
primaries are hoary on their outer webs and blackish gray on the inner next the shaft, occupying the entire web at the end,
margin of the inner webs white ; central tail feathers very pale bluish gray, the others white on the inner webs and dusky gray
on the outer webs, deepening in color from the central feathers until it becomes blackish gray on the lateral ones ; sides of the
head, throat, rump, and under tail coverts, white; breast and abdomen clear pearl gray ; bill coral red, black near the end with
the tip yellow ; iris hazel ; legs and feet coral red, not so dark as the bill ; claws brownish black.

Length, 14^ ; wing, lOJ -, tail, 5J ; bill, 1' ; tarsus, J.

Hab. — Texas to Labrador.

Four specimens in the collection.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wings.

4359

Q

Beesley's point, N. J

do

Aug., 1854
.do

S F Baird

13.00
14.75
13.00

30.50
30.00

28.25

10.37

4360

do

10. 75

4361
6928

Q

do

Nelson river H B T

do

do

U Gunn

10.12

Cab G. N. Lawrence

1005

1

STERNA MACRURA, Naumann.

Tlie Arctic Tern.

Slerna macroura, Naum. Isis, 1819, 1847.

S(erna ordica, Temm. Man. d'Orn. II, 1820, 742.— Bovap. Syn. 1828, No. 287.— Sw. & Rich. P. B. A. II, 1831,

414.— NoTT. Man. II, 1834, 275 — Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 366.— Ib. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 107 ;

pi. ccccxxiv.

Sp. Ch. — .idult. Upper part of the head and hind neck black ; back and wings light grayish blue ; first primary deep black on
the outer web, dusky gray on the inner next the shaft, and over the entire web at the end, inner margin of inner web white ;
the next five primaries are bluish gray on the outer web and on the inner web next the shaft, this color extending over the entire
web at the end, where it is blackish gray on the inner margin, the remaining part of inner web white ; central tail feathers and
inner webs of the others white, the outer web of the outer tail feather blackish gray, the outer webs of the two next pale bluish
gray ; rump, sides of the head, and under tail coverts, white ; under plumage bluish gray, of a lighter shade than the back ; bil]
deep carmine ; iris brown ; legs and feet dark crimson.

Length, 144 ; wing, lOJ ; tail, 65 ; bill, 1 2-lG ; tarsus, |.

JIttlj — Coast of the New Kngland States to Arctic seas ; fur countries.

Specimens in my cabinet and tliat of Prof. Baird.

Dr. H. Bryant (Proc. Bost. Soc. of Nat. H. vol. VI, p. 120,) sjieaks of finding this species on
the coast of Nova Scotia, breeding in large numbers and apart from any other kinds. He also
gives comparative measurements, and points out the differences between it and its near ally S.
ivilsoni.

STERNA FORSTERI, N-uttall.

Por«tcr'» Tt-rn.

Slerna hirunitn, Sw. k Rich. F. H. A. II, 1H31, 412.

Sterna fonleri, Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 274. (Note.)— Lawk. Annals N. V. Lyceum, V, 1852, 222.

BIRDS — STERNINAE — STEKNA PIKEI.

863

Sp. Cii. — .Idull. Upper part, and Hides of the head to a lino just below the eye, and hind neck, black ; back and wings bluish
^ray ; primaries grayish wliite on the outer webs, and dusky gray on the inner next the shaft, and over the entire wtb at the
end, darker on the inner margin, the remaining portion of inner webs while ; tail bhiish gray, except llio outer web of the
outer tail feather which is white, the inner web of this feather blackish gray for about two inches from the end ; rump white
with a slight tingo of pale bluish gray ; sides of the head, throat, and entire under surfiice, white; in llio dried specimens the bill
is orange yellow at the base, black near the end, with the tip pale yellow ; legs and feet scarlet.

Lengtli of skin 14 inches ; wing, Idj ; tail, G ; bill, Ij ; tarsus, J.

JIab. — Louisiana to Florida ; New York, fur countries, and California.

Tliree specimens are in the collection.

It is distinguished from S. wilsoni by having the outer web of the exterior tail feather white,
and the end of the inner web dusky gray, the reverse of wilsoni ; the tarsi are also uniformly
longer, as in five specimens now before me.

List of specimens.

Oital.
No.

Sei.

Locality.

When ' Whence obtained,
collected.

Orig.
No.

Length. Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Coast New York

-------- Cab. of G. N. Lawrence

1010

13. 00 29. 25

13.00

14.00

9.75
10 25

4928

9

St. Joba's river, Fla

.--..--- G. Wiirdemann ..

4317

Calcasieu Pass, La ---.--

1854 do

10.50

9973

Sacramento valley

Lieut. Williamson

California

1009

STERNA PARADISEA, Briinnich.

TKe Roseate Tern.

Sterna paradisea, Brinn. Orn. Bor 1764, 46.

Sterna dougalUi, Nutt Man. II, 1834, 278.— Add. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 296.— Ib. Birds. Am. Vll, 1841, 112 ; pi.
ccccxxxvii.

Sp. Ch. — Mull. Upper part of the head and long occipital feathers deep black ; hind neck white ; back and wings pale bluish
gray ; first primary blackish gray on the outer web and on the inner next the shaft ; the other primaries bluish gray, ihe second
and third dusky gray near the shaft ; all the primaries white on the inner part of their inner webs ; secondaries and tertiaries
edged willi white ; tail very light pearl gray ; entire under plumage while, with a beautiful roseate tinge ; bill brownish black,
orange at the base ; iris brown ; legs and feet vermilion.

Length, 16 inches ; wing, 95 ; tail, 8 ; bill, 1 j ; tarsus, 13-16.

//aft.— Florida to New York.

Specimens in my cabinet and that of Prof. Baird.

STERNA PIKEI, Lawrence.

Tlic .Slcniler-billcd Ttiii.

Sterna pikei, Lawh. Annals N. Y. Lyceum, VII, 1853, 3.

Sp. Ch. — Mult. Front white speckled with dark gray; crown and occiput black ; back and wings bluish gr.iy ; smaller
wing coverts dark plumbeous ; outer web of the first primary brownish black, inner web next the shaft dusky gray, with the
inner margin white ; the other primaries are dark bluish gray on the outer webs and on the inner next the shaft, als j at the end
of the inner web ; inner webs of all the tail feathers white, the outer webs of the long lateral tail feathers grayish black with
the tip white, outer webs of the others very pale gray ; throat, upper tail coverts and wliolc under plumage, while ; bill dark
brown tinged with dark red (probably deep carmine in the living bird) ; legs and feet orancc.

Length, 13 inches ; wing, 9 ; tail, 5^ ; t;ill, I^ ; tarsus, J .

Hab. — Coast of California.

One specimen in my cabinet.

8S4

V. S. P R. R. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

STERNA FRENATA, Gambel.

Tlio L.('i)sl Tiril.

Slema minula, AVii.s. Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 811 ; pi. Ix.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 288.— Aud. Orn Biog. IV, 1838,

175— Ib. Birds Ain. VII, 1844, 119; ul. ccccx.\.xix.
Sterna argentea, Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 280.
Sterna frenata, Game. Proc. Acad. Sci. piiil. IV, 1848, 128.

Sp. Ch. — Mult, On the forehead is a triangular white spot extending to the eye ; crown, occiput, and a line from the eye to
the upper mandible, deep black ; entire upper plumage and wings clear biuish gray ; first two primaries, with the outer web
and half the inner next the shaft, grayish black, ends of the same color, inner margins white, the shafts of these two quills are
black ; the other primaries same color as tlio back, with the inner margins white ; tail same color as the back except the outer
margin of the exterior feather, and the inner webs of the others at the base, where they are white ; entire under plumage
silvery white ; bill pale orange yellow ; iris hazel ; legs and feet light orange red.

Length, SI inches ; wing, 6| ; tail, 3j ; bill, 1 j ; tarsus, 9-16.

Hab. — Texas to Labrador ; western rivers.

Four specimens in the collection.

List of specimens.

Caial.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orlg'l Collected by-
No. '

Length.

Stretch
ofwings.

Wing.

Remarks.

"a"
s

9

Cab. G. N. Lawrence.

1016

4^15

Calcasieu Pass, La

1854

7.50 1

1

6.50

yoo5

July 10, 1857
1857

Lieut. Warren

Dr. Ilayden. .

do

; do

do

6.75
8.50

19.35
19.00

6.95

7.5U

Iris light blue, pupil
black

July 2, 1857

do

8999

HYDROCHELIDON, Bole.

Hydrochelidon, Boie, Isis, 1822, 563.

Ch. — Bill rather short, strong, the upper mandible curving slightly to the tip ; nostrils basal, lateral, and longitudinal, the
frontal feathers reaching nearly to the opening ; wings very long and pointed ; tail moderate and emarginate ; legs short ; the
anterior loes slender, with the webs deeply indented ; hind toe small ; claws slender and acute.

We have but a single species to represent this genus, which much resembles and is very
closely allied to the European 8. nigra.

They frequent the salt water bays as well as the inland rivers and lakes. Late in the
summer I have noticed them in compact flocks flying rapidly forward in the manner of some
species of Tringa.

HYDROCHELIDON PLUMBEA, (Wilson.)

The Sliort-talled Tcru.

Sterna plumbea, WiLs. Am. Orn. VII, 1813, 83 ; pi. Ix. (Young.)

Sternanigra, Eonap. Syn. 1828, No. 289.- Sw. & Rich. F. B. A. II, 1831, 415.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 282.—

Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 5.35: V, 1839, 642.— Ib. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 116 ; pi. ccccxx.\viii.
" Sterna svrinamensis, Gm." — Bonap. Cons. Gav. Syst. Conip. Rend. XLI, 1855.

Sp. Ch. — .idult. Head, neck, breast, sides and abdomen, black ; lower tail coverts white; under covering ofwings ashy
gray ; back and wings dark plumbeous gray ; the first four primaries grayish black, with their shafts white ; bend of the wing
edged with white ; tail same color as the back ; bill brownish black ; iris brown ; legs and feet reddish brown.

Length, 9j inches; wing, 8^ ; tail, 3j ; bill, li ; tarsus, |.

Yonng. Back, wings and tail, light plumbeous, with the feathers of the back margined with brown; top of the head and
around the eyes brownish black ; front and under |)luniage white ; tail short and but slightly forked.

Hab. — Texas to the Now England States, Mississippi river and tributaries, fur countries.

There are several fine specimens in the collection.

BIRDS — STKRNIDAE — RIIYNCHOPINAE.

865

List of specimens.

C»l«l. 8«x.
No. ,

Locftlily.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Oiig'l
No.

Collect. ,1 1 .^

l..-i,;h,

>\i. (.-It

Win-.

Kemarkii.

1018

7073 Q

7074 Q

7075

3l. Lout-

do

.Vlay 15, 1857
May 13,1857
do

Lt. F. T. Brjsn ' 88

W. 8. Wood...

1

do

do

78

do

do

do

1

7076

do

do

92

do

1)033 jj
S97!2 Q

Loup Fork

Aug. 8,1857
May 16, 1657

in nr.

01 7.1

8.25

ANOUS, Leach.

^nous, "Leach," Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. XIII, 1825, 139.

Ch. — Bill longer than the head and strong ; the upper mandible curving gradually to the tip, which is ratlier acute, the angle
on the lower mandible quite prominent ; nostrils lateral and longitudinal; wings very long and pointed, first quill longest;
tail long and graduated ; tarsi rather short and slender ; toes long and united by a full web ; the hind toe long and slender ;
claws slender, arched and acute.

These are tropical birds, are much at sea antl often seen at great distances from land ; but
one species is found oif our coast.

ANOUS STOLIDUS, Leach.

The Noddy Teru.

Sterna stolida, LisM. Sj-st. Nat. I, 176G, 227.— Bonap. Syn. 1825, No. 291.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 285.— Aud.
Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 516 : V, 1839, 642.— Ib. Birds Am. VII, 1842, 123 ; pi. ccccxi.

vinous stolida, Leach.

Sp. Ch. — Adult. Front part of the head grayish white ; a black spot over and before the eye ; the remainder of the plumage
sooty brown, except the primaries and tail, which are brownish black ; bill black ; iris brown ; legs and feet of a dull
brownish red ; the webs dusky.

Length, 15 inches ; wing, lOJ ; tail, b{ ; bill, I; ; tarsus, }*

/Aod.— Texas to Florida.

Specimens in my cabinet and that of Prof* Baird.

Sub-Family RHYNCHOPINAE.

Ch. — The mandibles are of very unequal length, the upper being much shorter and grooved to receive the edge of the lower >
from the base their sides are suddenly compressed to the end ; wings very long and narrow ; tail forked and of moderate
length ; tarsi a little longer than the middle toe ; anterior united by an indented web.

These birds abound most in the tropics ; they frequent the large bays and the inlets connecting
them with the ocean ; their principal food is fish, which they obtain by skimming close to the
surface of the water, into which they dip the lower mandible, suddenly closing it into the upper
when it comes in contact with their desired prey. They have a peculiar undulating mode of
flying. They are said rarely, if ever, to swim or rest upon the water, although possessing
webbed feet.

Angnst31,1858.

109 b

866 U. S. p. R. R. EKP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

RHYNCHOPS, Liunaeus.

Rynchops, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1756.

Ch. — Bill very broad at the base, from whence it becomes suddenly compressed for its entire length ; upper mandible
considerably shorter than the lower and curving gradually to the tip, which is pointed, it is narrowly grooved underneath ; the
lower mandible is straight and truncated, much more compressed than the upper, and having the cutting edge very sharp to
admit of its being received in the groove of the upper mandible; nostrils basal, oblong and lateral ; wings much elongated, first
quill longest ; tail forked; tarsi longer than the middle toe; toes rather short, united by an indented web; hind toe rather
elevated; claws much curved and acute.

But one species of this very peculiar genus is found on our southern coast.
They are stated by Audubon to be nocturnal in their habits, resting during the day upon
sand bars.

KliYNCBOPS NIGRA, Linnaeus.

Tile Black Skinimer.

Rynchops nigra, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17C6, 228.— Wils. Am. Cm. VII, 1813, 85; pi. Ix.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No.
283.— NuTT. Man. II, 1834, 264.— Add. Cm. Biog. IV, 1838, 203.— U. Birds Am. VII, 1843,
67 ; pi. ccccxxxiii.

Sp. Ch. Jldult. Front as far as the eye, throat and under plumage, white; crown, hind neck, wings and back, deep

brownish black ; primaries black, with the four inner ones white on their inner webs and tips ; secondaries broadly tipped with
white; central tail feathers dark brown, the others mostly white, some of them light brown on their inner webs; bill carmine
for about half its length, then black to the end ; iris hazel ; tarsi and feet red.

Length of male, about 19 inches ; wing, 144 ; tail, 5 ; lower mandible, 4^, upper, 3^ ; tarsi, 1].

Female smaller.

Hah. — From Texas to New Jersey.

Specimens in my cabinet and that of Smithsonian Institution.

2^.:

«?•;

J.". '

8GS U S. p. R K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Family PELECANIDAE.

Ch. — Bill long, with the culmen depressed, unguis hooked and acute. Nostrils situated in lateral grooves and hardly per-
ceptible. Wings lorg and pointed. Tail rather short. Toes long, and all four connected by webs. Underneath the lower
mandible, and connected with the throat, is a membranous sac or pouch, which may be exceedingly distended.

Bonaparte, in his Conspectus Avium, vol. II, divides this family into the genera Pelecamts,
Cyrtopelecamis and Onocrolaltis, our two, species being included by him in the last two. I have ,
however, thought best to retain them in the old genus Pelecanus.

PELECANUS, Linnaeus.

Pelecanus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735. Type P. onocroialus.

Ch. — Bill very long, nearly straight, and very much depressed ; the tip strong, curved, and acute. Upper mandible with an
elevated ridge convex at the base, but gradually becoming flat towards the end ; lower broader at base than the upper.
Nostrils basal, lateral, linear, situated in the grooves adjoining the ridge, and scarcely perceptible. Wings moderate, the
secondaries not differing much in length from the primaries ; second quill longest. Tail short, broad, and rounded. Tarsi
short and stout, covered with reticulated scales. Toes situated on the same plane, and all connected by broad webs ; middle toe
the longest. A loose membranous skin occupies a large space on the throat, extending to the end of the lower mandible, and
capable of great expansion.

The birds of this genus are all of large dimensions, and species are found in all parts of the
world. They inhabit rivers and lakes equally as well as sea- coasts. Their flight is heavy and not
elevated. When resting on the water or on sand bars, after feeding, they are not difficult of
approach.

Two species belonging to this genus are found in the United States, which may be known by
the following characters : .

Bill yellow, with a bony prominence on the upper mandible ; naked space in the region of the
eye yellow ; occipital crest yellow ; gular pouch yellow ; prevailing color white ; tail of 24
feathers F. erythrorhyncJms.

Bill greyish white, marked with dusky ; no prominence on the bill ; naked space between
bill and eye blue ; occipital crest light chestnut red ; gular pouch dark ; colors generally dark ;
tail of 22 feathers P./uscm.

Cyi'topelicanus, Reich.
PELECANUS EEYTHRORHYNCHUS, G m e 1 i n .

Rough-billed I'elicaii.

Petecanus erylhorhynclius, G.m. Syst. Nat. 1788, 57L

Pe/«anus(rac/iyr/i!;)ic/i«s, LATii.Ind.Orn. II, 1790,tS84.— Bon. Conip. List, 1838, GO.— Gray, Gen. of Birds, 1845,309.

Cyrtoi)elicanus trachyrhynchus, BoN. Cims Av. II, 1855, 1C3.

Ptlecanusonocrotttlus,]ioti Byn. 1828, No. 351 — Rich, and Sw. F.Bor. Am. II, 1831, 472-— NuTT.Nan. 11, 18.34, 471.

Pelecanus americanus, Add. Orn. Ciog. IV, 1838, 88. — Ib. Syn. 1839. — Ib. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 20 ; pi ccccxxii.

: Pelecanus mo/innt, Bp. Conip. Rend. XXXVIII, 1854.— Ib. Notes sur Coll. Delattre, 1854, 91.
liough-billeil Pelican, L,\th. Syn. VI, 1785, 58G.

Sp. Ch. — Head with a yellow <icci|>ilal croat ; bill yellow, eub-maxillary pouch very largo ; general color while : primaries
black, second the longest ; icjs and feet very strong

BIRDS — PELECAMDAE — PELECANUS ERYIHROKIIYNCHUS

869

^itult mate. — Tho gonoral pluinago is puro wiiito ; in Vlio breeding season, willi a roseate lingo ; tlio crcsl and elongated
leathers on the breast |>alo yellow ; tlio alula, primary coverts and primaries black, the Bhafls of the latter white for tho greater
part of their length, being brownish black ot the end ; the outer secondaries black, the inner more or less white, tho shafts of
all white underneath, liill yellow, willi tho edges and unguis reddish ; upper mandible high at the base, but becoming gradu-
ally flattened to the end ; on the ridge, just beyond the middle of tho bill, is a thin elevated bony process about one inch high,
and extending towards the end for three or four inches ; lower mandible broad at the base, with the cruta separated nearly to the
point ; underneath the lower mandible, beginning at the junction of tho cruta, and extending down tho nock for about eight
inches, is a large membranous sac or pouch, capable of great expansion ; it is of tho same color as the bill j bare space around
llie eye bright yellow ; iris white ; legs and feet yellow ; claws yellowish brown.

Tho female differs in not having the bony projection on the upper mandible.

Total length, 70 inches ; wing, 24.50 ; bill, 13.50 ; tarsi, 4.75 ; tail, 7.

Hab. — Throughout the United States, rare on the coasts of the Middle and Northern States. ur countries up to tiie IJUl
parallel. Specimens are in (he collection from various sections, a number from the Pacific coast. There is no observable diH'er-
cnce between them and eastern specimens.

This species breeds in the fur countries, generally selecting inaccessible places iu the neigh-
borhood of waterfalls. They also inhabit throughout the Rocky mountains and in California.
In winter they are very abundant on our southern coast from Texas to Florida.

They remain inactive on sand bars most of the day, procuring their food about sunrise and
again just before sunset. They swim buoyantly, and while feeding are very active in their
movements ; on such occasions they do not dive, but secure their food by thrusting the head
under water, but not keeping it below the surface for any length of time. Mr. Audubon states
that their usual food consists of fish of rather a small size.

In the breeding season the color of the bill, bare space around the eye, the pouch, the legs
and feet are much heightened in color, becoming reddish orange.

The peculiar bony process on the ridge of the upper mandible appears to be used for the pur-
pose of defence when combatting with their rivals ; in some old individuals it is much abraded
and worn, apparently caused by many and severe contests.

Both Gray and Bonaparte adopt Latham's name of " trachyrhynchus" for this species, cer-
tainly a very appropriate one; but Gmelin having previously called it '^ eryihrorhynchus,"
according to the law of priority, his name should take precedence.

List of specimens.

Catal. Sex.
No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

9947

Q

Q

4439

3

2719

a

9951

3

4523

s

9949

--._

9950

9

9918

<?

Texas

Rio Grande, Tex

1853
1853

Maj. Emory
do

Gulf of Mexico ' Cub.of G. N. Lawrence

Quasquitou, lo

H^tem U. S I

San Diego, Cal !

San Francisco, Cal Jan. 10, 185C

Pacific coast Jan., 1855

Bodega, Cal

Dr. E. C. Bidwell

S. F. Baird

Lt. Trowbridge

Dr. Suckley

Lt. Trowbridge

do

Sacramento valley ' Lt. Williamson.

Orig.

No.

Collected by —

1022

A. Schott ,
—•...do...

T. T. Bruzon.

J. J. Audubon -
A Cassidy

T. A. Szabo

do

Dr. Heermann.

Stretch
of wings.

70.00

Wing.

22.00

23.00

24. 50
25.50

23.00
24. 50

870

U. S. p. R R. EXP. AND SITRVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Onocrotalus, W a g 1 e r .

PELECANUS FUSCUS, Linnaeus.

Brown Pelican.

Pelecanusfuscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 215.— Bon. Syn. 1828, No. 352.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 476.— Aud. Orn.

Biog. Ill, 1835, 376; V, 1839, 212. -Ib. Syn. 1839.— 1b. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 32; pi.

ccccxxiii and ccccxxiv.
Leptopelicanusfusms, Reich. Syst. Av. 1850; pi. Ixx.
Onocrotalus J'uscus , Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 163.

Sp. Ch. — Head with a short occipital crest of light reddisli brown ; bill greyish white, more or less dusky, and marked with
pale carmine spots; a large pouch appended to the under mandible ; below the color is very dark ash, above hoary ; second
primary longest ; legs stout.

^dult male. Head white, except on the fore part, where it is yellow ; sides of the neck adjoining the pouch white ; hind part
of neck and lower part in front dark chestnut brown, the short crest pale reddish brown ; back and wings greyish ash, with
dusky margins, the former color prevailing on the larger wing coverts and scapulars; primaries brownish black, secondaries
dark ashy brown, with their outer margins greyish white ; shafts of the primaries white until near the end, when they become
black ; tail greyish ash, with the shafts of the feathers white for one-half their length ; terminal half black ; under plumage
dark brownish ash, with the sides of the body from the neck for its entire length, marked with narrow longitudinal white lines ;
on the lower part of the neck is a small patch of pale yellow ; bill greyish white, tinged with brown and intermixed with spots
of pale carmine ; the lower mandible blackish at the end, and having underneath a large punch similar in character to that of
the preceding species, but of a greenish black color, with the ridges formed by the wrinkles paler ; bare skin surroundmg the
eye deep blue ; iris white, the eyelids pink ; legs and feet black.

The plumage of the fully adult female is similar in color to that of the male ; the feathers of the head are rather rigid, not
downy as in the male.

In the young the plumage generally is of a dusky brown.

Length of male, 56 inches ; wing, 22 ; bill, 13.50 ; tarsi, 3 ; tail, 6.50.

Hab. — From Texas to North Carolina ; California coast.

The brown pelican is a permanent resident of our southern coast and the shores of the Gulf
of Mexico, also of California. Their nests are placed on trees, and also on the ground. Its
general habits are much like those of the preceding species, but their mode of procuring food
is quite different ; they dart upon their prey from on wing, fretjuently immersing the whole
body, but immediately rising on wing, dart down again and again until hunger is allayed.

According to Mr. Audubon, its ordinary food consists of fishes of rather a small size, not
often taking any longer than its bill ; attached to specimen No. 9959 is a note by Mr. Cassidy,
stating that he has seen a fish weighing 2-^ pounds taken from the pouch of one of this species.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

dig.
No.

Collected by—

Wing.

10 CO

9

Florida

Gulf of Mexico

do

S. F. Baiid

Cab. of G. N. Lawrence.
(1(>

1023
1024

T. T liruzon

20. 50

9959

9
3

San Diego, Cal

4526

Dr. Heermann

21. 110

9958

do

22. 00

BIRDS — SU1.IDAE — SULA FIBER. 871

Family SULIDAE

Ch Bill rallier long, straight, sides coinprossod, very strong, taperinsf to tlio point, which is a little decurvcd ; noslrila

hardly ob«crvable ; win^ very long ; tail long and cuncato ; toes long and all joined by full webs ; gnlar sac moderate.

Prince Bonaparte has placed our Booby Gannet in the genus Dysporus, 111., hut I have not
considered there was sufficient generic di.stinction to separate it from S. hassana, and have,
therefore, admitted hut one genus as existing in North America under this sub-family.

SULA, Brissou.

S»la, Briss. Ornitli. 1760. Typo PeUcanua hassanxa.

Ch. — Bill rather longer than the head, straight, stout at the base, with the sides compressed, grooved near the tip, which is a
little curved, tlie cutting edges serrated irrcgu arly ; nostrils basal and scarcely perceptible ; wings lengthened ; tail rather long
and much graduated ; tarsi short and stout ; toes long and joined together by full webs ; claws moderate, the middle one
serrated ; gular sac rather moderate.

These birds usually frequent almost inaccessible rocky islands, where they congregate in great
numbers during the season of reproduction, at other times migrating along the coast. Their
flight is rapid, powerful, and long continued.

The two species of this genus which are found in North America may be thus distinguished :

Bill bluish grey ; naked skin around the eye and on the throat blackish blue ; plumage
white, with the primaries brownish black S. hassana.

Bill bright yellow ; bare space around the eye and on the throat yellow ; head, neck, and
upper plumage brown ; breast and abdomen white F. fiber.

SULA, Brissou .
SULA BASSANA, (Linnaeus.)

Common Gannet ; Solan Goose.

Pdecanm bassamtf, Linn. Syst Nat. 1766, 217.

Sula bassana, Briss. Orn. 1760.— Bon. Synop. 1823, No. 359.— Ib. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 165 — Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 495.—

AuD. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 222.— Ib. Syn.. 1839, 311.— Ib. Bird's Am. VU, 1844, 44 ; pi. ccccxxv.
Dy.fom> bassanus. 111. Prodr. 1811, 279.
Sula americana, Bon. Comp. List, 1838, GO.
Sp. Ch. — General color of the plumage white ; bill bluish grey; bare space around the eye and on the throat blackish blue;
primaries brownish black, first longest.

Ailult The color of the plumage generally is white, the head and hind neck beLog of a fine bufl' yellow ; alula and primaries
brownish black ; shafts white for about two-thirds their length from the base, thence gradually becoming dark brown ; bill pale
bluish grey, greenish at the base, the lines on the upper mandible blackish blue ; bare space in the region of the eye, and down
the centre of the throat, blackish blue ; iris white ; tarsi, toes and their webs, blackish brown ; the lines of scutellae on the tarsi
and toes green ; claws bluish white.

Length, 38 inches; wing, 19,5U; bill, 4 ; tarsi, 2 -.^5; tail, HI.
The female resembles the male, but is rather smaller.

The young have the head, neck, and upper plumage dark brown, each feather terminating with a triangular white spot ; under
plumage greyish white, the fuathers broadly margined with greyish brown.
ffah — Atlantic coast, from Labrador to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Gannet breeds in almost incredible numbers on some of the rocky islands near the coast
of Labrador. When the breeding season is over, it wanders as far south as the Gulf of Mex-
ico. Its mode of flight is powerful, and at times graceful. Its food consists offish, principally
herrings ; these are obtained by plunging from on high, often remaining under water for a
minute or more at a time.

872

U. S. p. K. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Whunce obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by —

Stretcli
if wings.

Wing.

Cab. of Geo. N. Lawrence

S Y Ba.ird _ --

1025

J. Akliui'st

^8. 00

19. 25

J. J. Audubon

Dysporus, Illiger.
SULA FIBER, (Linnaeus.)

Booby Ganuet.

Pde'canus filer, LisN Syst. Nat. 17G6, 218.
Pelecamis sitla, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 218, 7.

Dysporus mla, Ilmger, Prod. 1811, 279. — Bon Cons. At. II, 1855, 164.
Sula brasiliensis, Spix, Av. Bras. 1824, tab. 107.

Sulafusca, Vieill. Gal. des Ois. 1825, tab. 277.— Bon Syn. 1828, No. 360.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 500.— Aud Orn.
Biog. Ill, 1835, 63.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 311.— Ib Bird's Am. VII, 1844, 57; pi ccccxxvi.

gp Oh. — Head, neck, and upper plumage brown; breast and abdomen white; bill and naked part around the eye and on the
the throat yellow ; wings brown ; first and second primary equal and longest.

Adidt. Head, entire neck, back, wings, and tail dusky brown; under plumage and lower tail coverts pure white; bill bright
yellow, flesh colored towards the end; naked space around the base of the bill yellow; iris white; tarsi and feet, with their
webs, pale yellow ; claws white.

Length, 31 inches; wing, 16.50; bill, 3.90; tarsi, 1.70; tail, 8.50.

The female is similar in plumage to the male, but smaller.

The young are of an uniform greyish brown, the lower parts being rather lighter; the bill dusky; the tarsi and feet dull
yellow.

Ilab. — Gulf of Mexico. Atlantic coast from Georgia southward.

The Booby Gannet is found only on our southern coast, where they collect at their breeding
places in large numbers ; their nests are built on low trees or bushes. Their method of pro-
curing food is similar to that of the common species.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

S. F. Baird

J. J. Audubon

30.00

15.00

Do

Cab. of G. N. Lawrence

1026

do

BIRDS — TACIIYPETIOAE — TACIIVPETES AQUILIJS. 873

Family T AC II YP ET 1 D A E.

Ch. — Bill very loop, strong, bookeil st the end, and acute: the culmen ilepressed ami concave ; nostrils basal, placed in the
lateral grooves, and scarcely observiible ; wings exceedingly lengthened ; tail long and much r>rked ; tarsi very short ; toes long,
frith the connecting webs deeply indented ; throat bare, and capable of being much distended.

This familv embraces but one jrcnus.

TACHYPETES, Vioillot.

Tachijpetes, Vieill. Analyse, 181G.
Ch. — Bill long, broad at the base, the culinan concave, the unguis nuich hooked and very acute, the sides grooved and com-
pressed ; nostrils basal, linear, and hardly visible ; wings very long and pointed, first two primaries longest ; tail lengthened and
deeply forked ; tarsi very short, strong, compressed, and feathered for half their length ; toes lung and all united by webs ;
claws curved and rather small, gular sac extending nearly to the end of the lower mandible, and admitting of considerable
expansion.

The tropical regions are the principal resort of this genus: they assemble in large numbers
in the breeding season, placing their nests on trees, rocks, or on tlie ground ; they wander to
very great distances from land, their power of wing being almost uneq[ualled ; they contend
against the severest gales apparently without ciTort.

TACHYPETES AQUILUS, Vieillot.

Frigate Pelican; 3Inn-of-war Bird.

Tachypttta aquilus, Vieili. Gal. des Ois. 1825 tab. 274.— Bom. Syn. 1828, No. .153.— Ib. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 166.—
Peltcanua aquilus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 216.

NoTT. Man. 11, 1834, 491 —Aid. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 495 : V, 18."?9, G34.-1b. Syn. 1839,
307.— Ib. Birds Am. VII. 1844, 10 ; pi. cccc.\.vi.— Game. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 2d Ser. I,
1849,227.
Mitogen aquila, Grat, Gen. of Birds, 1845.

Sp. On. — Plumage brownish black ; bill long, with the unguis much curved ; wings much lengthened, tail long and forked.

.'}i/u((. Entire plumage brownish black, with changeable reflections of green and purple ; primaries black ; outer secondaries
black on their outer webs, and amber brown en their inner, of which color are the inner secondaries ; tail dark brown, with the
shafts white on the under side ; bill pale purplish blue, white in the middle, with the tips dusky ; inside of mouth carmine ;
bare loral space purplish blue ; iris dark brown ; gular sac orange ; feet reddish above, orange underneath.

Total length, 41 inches ; wing, 25 ; bill, 5.50 ; tarsi, .80 ; tail, 18.

The female differs in having the sides of the neck and a broad space on the breast white, the feathers of the back not so
lustrous as those of the male, and the wings and tail more tinged with brown.

Hab. — Texas to Florida ; California.

The Florida keys are the principal resort of this species ou our coast ; here they congregate
in large numbers at their breeding stations, several nests being frequently placed upon one
tree. As might be supposed from their great depth of wing, they possess great power of
flight, not being excelled by any other bird. Tiiey are tyrannical in their habits, harassing
the terns and smaller gulls, robbing them of their food, causing tliem to drop or disgorge it,
which they descend after with great rapidity, and recover it before it reaches the water ; they
also prey upon flying fish, and pick up floating substances in the manner of gulls ; the young

Sept. 20, 1858.

110b

874

V. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

of other species are devoured by them when left unprotected. They do not dive, hut rest
liglitly upon the water, and rise easily from its surface.

A second species of lachypetes, T. palmerstonii, is admitted by some authors and denied by
others.

List of specimens.

Sex.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Orig.

No.

Collected by—

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Florida .

..--do...

do...

G Wiirdcnianu

<?
Q

Cab. G. N. I,a^v^ence

1027
1028

J. .1. Audubon

do

38. 00

25.00

Wti

.1..

v.!

876

*U. S. p. K. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

a short distance towards the bill ; very long, narrow, stiff white feathers on the neck and upper

part of hack ; shafts of tail feathers black -- G. penicillatus.

Dark green ; neck and sides violet blue ; bill slender ; gular sac orange, feathers extending
upwards upon it from its lower margin half way to the bill ; slender white feathers on the neck
and sides ; shafts of tail feathers black G. violaceus.

Phalacrocorax, B r i s s o n .
GRACULUS CARBO, Gray.

Common Cormorant.

Ptlna-ivis larbo, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176G, 216.

Phalacrocorax larbo, Bon. Syn. 1823, No. 353. — Is. va.i. macrorliynclius, Cons. Av. II, 1855, 168. — Nutt. Man. H,

1834, 479.— AuD. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 458.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 302.— Ib. Birds Am. VI, 1843,

412 ; pi. ccccxv.
Graculus carbo, Gray, Gen. of Birds, 1845.
Phalacrocorax americanus, Reich. Syst. Av. 185(1, t. 47.
"Phalacrocorax macrorhynchus, Gov." Eon. Comptes Rend. XLII, 1856, 76G.

Sp. Ch. — Bliiiali black ; fealliers on middle of occiput and hind neck elongated ; gular sac yellow, at the base of which ia a
broad band of while ; linear feathers on the head and neck white ; a patch of white on the sides ; third primary longest ; tail
of fourteen feathers.

^Qdult. Plumage in general black, glossed with greenish blue ; the feathers of the upper part and sides of the back and wing
coverts are dark ash, with bronzed reflections, and bordered with greenish black ; primaries and tail feathers greyish black,
secondaries greyish brown ; bare space around the eye dull olive, under the eye red ; the gular sac yellow, encircling the lower
part of which is a broad band of white ; numerous linear filiimcnt.ms white feathers are distributed over the head and neck ; on
the side over the thigh is a patch of elongated linear white feathers ; upper mandible greyish black, with the edges yellowish
white, lower dusky yellowish white at the base ; iris bluish green ; eyelids with dusky margins ; tarsi, feet, and claws greyish
black.

Length, 37 inches ; wing, 14 ; bill, 3.50 ; tail, 6.50 ; tarsus, 2.25 ; outer toe and claw, 4.25 ; inner, 2.90 ; hind, 1.90.

The female resembles the male, but is smaller.

Hab. — Labrador, and along the coast as far south as New Jersey in winter.

The bill is strong and powerful, the ridge is smooth, but the sides of both mandibles are
rugose.

The.se birds are abundant on the coast of Labrador, where large numbers assemble for the
purpose of reproduction, forming their nests upon the inaccessible ledges of rocky dill's.

Their mode of flight is swift and strong. Their food is obtained by diving and pursuing it
beneath the surface, where they make rapid progress by the aid of their wings.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Stretch
of wiiiKS.

Wiug.

Atlunlir coafit US

- --- Cub, G. N. Lawrence. ...

1029

J. J. Anihibon

40.00

I4.no

BIKUS — IIIALACKOCORACIDAE — ORACULUS DILOl'UUS. b77

GRACULUS PERSPICILLATUS, L a w r .

I'ullns' C'ornioiniit*

rhaiaerocoraz patjiiciUiitut, Pall. Zoog. Kusso-As. II, 1611,305. — Gould, Zool. Voy. Sulph. 1841,49; pi. xxxii —

Bon. Cons. Av. II, le55, 167.— lb. CompteB Eendus, XLIII, Sep. 1856.
"PeUcaima uriUt Lath." Gould. Zoul. Voy. Sulpb, 1844, 49.
Craculus unit, Reich. Syet. Av. 1850, t. 65.
Vhalacnxorax urile, Bo.nap. Coiuptes Rendu-', XLII, Ap. 1856, 766.

Sp. Cii. — Dark green ; on the face and upper part of the neck are long narrow hair-like feathers of a straw color ; gular sack
orange ; a large white mark on each side near the leg.

AduU. ''Face and crest rich deep shining purple; neck deep greenish blue; the face and the upper part of the neck
ornameDted «ith some thinly dispersid, long, narrow hair-liko etraw-colimni feathers; body above and beneath deep glossy
green; ecapularios and wings deep purple, primaries and tail black, the latter with white shafts; on each side of the abdomen,
at the ineerlioD of the leg, a large patch of white; bill blackish hair-color, lighter at the tip; naked part of the throat, corners
of the mouth, and naked skin of the coverts apparently rich orange."

" Total length, 36 inches; bill, 4 ; tail, 9; tarsi, 3."

" I/ab. — Russian America."

"Nearly allied to, if not identical with, but differs from the I'elecanus unltoi Latham in its much larger size, and in the
omameDtal plumes being dispersed over face and sides of the neck, instead of on the front of the latter only."

There are no specimens of this species in the collection.

The above is ilr. Gould's account of this species, taken from the Zoology of the Voyage of
the Sulphur.

There appears to be some doubt whether this may not be the Red-faced Cormorant of Pennant
and Latham, (" Pel. wile, Gmelin.") Gray puts it under P. urile, Gm., with a question, and
Bonaparte at one time also considered it to be that species, but finally concluded it was
distinct.

GRACULUS CINCINNATUS, Gray.

The Tufted Cormorant.

Carbo cmcinnattis, Brandt, Bull. Sc. Ac. Imp. Pet. Ill, 1837, 55.
Graculus cindnnatus. Gray, Gen. of Birds, 1845.

Phalacrocorax tmcinnalvs, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 168. — Ib. Comptes Rendus, XLII, ]8.')6, 766.
Sp. Ch. — Silky black, glossed with shining green ; superciliary feathers white, prolonged behind and curled downwards.
AduU. Head, neck, back, and entire under plumage silky black, glossed with green; wing-coverts dull brownish grey,
margined nith black; tail shining black; over the eye is a line fornied of white feathers, the hinder ones greatly elongated,
radiating singly, rather stifl', curled backward and downward; bill stout, horny, and very rugose; feet black.
Length, about 36 inches.
Sab. — Northwest coast, Sitka.

I have never had an opportunity of examining a specimen of this species.

Graculus, Bo n ap.
GRACULUS DILOPHUS, Gray.

Double-crestod Cormorant.

Pelecanut (Carlo) dilophua, Sw. Faun. Bor. Am. II, 1831, 473.
Fhalacrocorax dilcphut, Nott. Man. II, 1834, 483.— Bo.v. Conip. List, 1833, 60.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 420 : V.

1839, 628.— In. Syn. 1839, 302 —Ib. Birds Am. VI, 1843, 423; pi. eccc.xvi.
Graculus ddophut, Gray, Gen. of Birds, 1845. — Bos. Cons. Av. II, 1655, 172. — Ib. Comptes Rendus, XLII, 1856, 766.
Catbo dilophua, Ga.mb. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. 2d Ser. I, 1849, 227.

878

U. S. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Ch. — Greenish black; behind each eye a recurved crest of loose feathers; gular sac orange ; second (juill longest; tail of
twelve feathers.

Adult. The plumage of the head, neck, lower part of the back and entire under surface is greenish black, the feathers of the
upper part of the back, the wing-coverts, the ecapularics and tertiaries, greyish brown or dark ash, the margins of which are
greenish black; primaries blackishbrown, lighter on the inner webs ; the secondaries dark greyish brown ; tail black, as are also
the shafts ; running from the bill over the eye is a line of white filamentous feathers, there are also a few of the same character
sparsely distributed over the neck ; behind each eye is a tuft of rather long slender feathers, erect and curving forwards ; bare
space in the region of the eye, and gular sac orange ; upper mandible blackish brown, with the edges yellowish ; lower yellow,
marked irregular with dusky ; iris bright green ; legs, feet, and claws black, claw of the middle toe pectinated.

Length, 33 inches ; wing, 13; tail, 6.75 ; bill, 2.85; tarsus, 3.50; outer toe and claw, 4; inner, 2.50; hind, 1.75.

j0«i.— Atlantic coast from Labrador to Caroliua ; fur countries ; Pacific coast from Washington Territory to California.

Numerous specimens are in the collection, mostly from the Pacific coast, from which point
none are fully adult, most having the greyish under plumage of the young, the hills heing
yellow.

Ph. lenconotus and Ph. lencumus Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 334, are thought hy hoth Gray
and Bonaparte to be the young of this species.

The bill is strong, in the adult the culmen is smooth, the sides of hoth mandibles are crossed
with slight prominences of a curved or scale-like form, pretty regularly distributed about a
quarter of an inch apart from the base to the unguis.

This species resorts in large numbers to the low islands off the coast of Labrador, which are
their breeding stations ; they construct their nests on the surface of the rocks, not on the
shelves of precipices.

I once witnessed a large migrating flight of these birds to the south, along our seacoast; they
passed in great flocks, which succeeded each other frequently during the entire day ; each flock
formed a widely extended front, the individuals being side by side ; their mode of flight was
by alternate flapping of the wings, and their sailing for a short distance, the effect of which
was peculiar and striking.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Stretch
of wings

Wing.

2745

....

Atlantic coast. .. ..... ...

S. F Baiid

J. J. Audubon -..- ..

12. 00

2744

do

do

do 1

13.00

Count of New York ............

George N. Lawrence .
do

1030
1031

12.00

12.50

4438

....

1

Dr. E. C. Bidwell.-.l

12.00

9893

San Francisco, Cal .--, .. ..

Lt, Trowbridge ....

12. 50

4503

do

12.00

5571

Q

Pctaluma, Cal

Bodega, Cal

Shoalwater bay, W. T..
Steilacoom, Puget Sound

Feb. 1856
Dec. 1854
Oct. 5, 1854
Feb. 6,1856

12. 00

9894

T. A. Szabo

12. 00

9896

13.50

4577

Dr. Suckley . ........

216

60.60

14. 00

BIRDS — PIIILACROCORACIDAE— GRACULOS MEXICANUS.

879

GRACULUS FLORID ANUS, Bon.

Florida Cormorant.

Phalacrocorax JlorUamu, Ai-D. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 387 : V, 1839, C32.— Id. Syn. 1839, 303.— Ib. Birds Am. Vl,

1843, 430; pi. ccccwii.
Grncu/iuyioriJoiiiis, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 172.— Ib. Comptes Kondus, XLIl, 1856, 766.
Phalacrocorax 6ra»i/ifrijis, Box. Coinp. List, 1838, GO.
Gracitlus dilophtu, Gii.vv, Genera of Birds, 1845.

Sp. Cii. — Greenish black ; behind each eye a narrow line of elongated feathers ; gular sac orange ; second primary longest ;
tail of twelve feathers.

Mull. Head, neck, lower part of back, and under plumage, greenish black ; feathers of the back, wing coverts, scapularios,
and tertiarics, ashy brown, tinged with purple, having their margins greenish black ; primaries blackish brown, the inner webs
lighter ; secondaries dark brown ; tail and shafts of the feathers brownish black ; a crest of lengthened feathers extends in a
line behind each eye backwards, and curving downwards j bare skin near t)io eye and gular sac orange ; upper mandible black,
along the basal margins blue, lower blue variegated witli white spoU ; iris light green, margins of the eyelids light blue, spotted
with white ; tarsi, feet, and claws greyish black.

Length, 29.75 ; wing, 11.75 ; tail, 6 ; bill, 2.40 ; tarsus, 215 ; outer too and claw, 3.75 ; inner, 2.25 ; hind, 1.50.

Hab. — Along the coast from Texas to Florida ; Mississippi river.

Rather smaller than dilopJms, but in plumage much resembling it, the colors of the back and
wings are ashy brown, in dilophus greyish, the sides of the bill are rough in the same manner
as in that species.

Tiie Florida cormorant is solely an inhabitant of the southern portion of the United States,
not proceeding further to the north than Carolina. They congregate in thousands on the
Florida keys at the season of reproduction, placing their nests on the mangrove bushes, many
being established on the same tree.

They are exjiert divers and fly with great rapidity.

Lisf. of specimens.

Catalogue
number.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Original

number.

Collected by—

Wings.

2002

Florid.a ...

....do. .....

S. F. Baird

Cab. Geo. N. Lawrente

1032

J. J. Audubon

11.50
11.25

GRACULUS MEXICANUS, Bon.

Alexicaii Cormorant.

Cttrbo mexicanus, Bbahdt, Bull. Sc. Ac. Imp. Pet 111, 18.37, 56.
Graculus mexicanus, Box. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 175.
Phalacrocorax lacit^lris, Gcndlach's MSS.
" Phalacrocorax resplendeia, Lembete, Aves do Cuba, (Adult.)"
"Phalacrocorax townsendi, Lembete, Aves de Cuba, (Young.)"

Sp. Ch. — Purplish black ; sides of the neck ornamented with white linear feathers, gular sac brownish orange.

JIdull. Head, neck, lower part of the back, smaller wing coverts, and under plumage, glossy black, in a strong light having
a tinge of bluish purple ; imbricate feathers of the upper part of the back and wings are of a clear brownish gray, with their
margins and shafts glossy black ; primaries blackish brown, the other quills brownish grey ; tail and shafts black ; a line of
small white spots runs from the upper mandible over and beyond the eye ; scattered over the sides of the neck are rather long
filamentous feathers of pure white ; gular sac brownish orange, bordered narrowly with pure white ; the gular sac is wide, at

880

U, S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

the lower part of which, on eacli side, the bare skin descends for a short distance down the neck, gradually cominnf to a point,
thereby giving an arcuate form to the lower margin of the pouch ; bill brownish horn color, the lower mandible marked with
yellow spots ; iris pale green ; legs and feet black.

Length, 27, (skin) ; wing, 10 ; tail, 6.50 ; bill, 2.10 ; tarsus, 1.90 ; outer toe and claw, 3.10.

The young are dark brown, with the neck and breast brownish grey ; the bill yellow, with the ridge dusky.

Ilab- — Texas, on the Rio Grande ; Cuba.

Of this species, new to our fauna, there are seven sjieciraens in the collection, three nearly
adult ; they are all from the Rio Grande. I have two fully adult specimens in my cabinet, one
from eastern Mexico, the other from Cuba. The bill is of moderate length, rather stout, with
the culmen smooth, and the sides crossed with ridges, in the same manner as in dilophus and
Jloridanus.

Mr. Gundlach writes that it is abundant on the fresh water lakes and rivers of Cuba, also on
the sea-shore ; it breeds in Atigust ; the nests are placed on trees resembling those of G.
Jloridanus.

Mr. Gray appears to have had some doubt of G. mexicanus, Brandt, being a valid species, as

in his Genera of Birds he places it under dilophus, where he also puts Jloridanus, Aud. The

bird above described has strong and decided characters, and agrees very well with Brandt's

description of G. mexicanus.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex. Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Length

Stretch
of wing.

Wing.

Bemarks.

Cuba

Cab Geo. N. Lawrence
do

103-1
1033

' Gulf of Mexico

3834

. - . , Brazos , Texas

Feb., 1853

Caot Van Vliet

9.75
10.00
10.00

3833

do

26.50
26.00

36.00
36. 00

Eyes green

Eyes grass green.

4191

Q

Brownsville, Texas
Fort Thorn, N. M.

do

9897

Dr Henrv

9895

"do

9.75
10.60

9899

)

do

1

Urile, B 0 n a p .
GRACULUS PENICILLATUS, Gray.

Brandt's Cormorant.

Carho penicillatus, Brandt, Bull. Sc. Ac. Imp. Pet. Ill, 1837, 55.— Gamb. .Tonr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 2d ser. I,

1849, 227.
Phalocrocorax penicillatus, Heerm. Proc. Phil. Acad. VII, 1854, 178.
Urile penicillatus, Bon. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 175.

Graculus penicillalus, Gbat, Gon. Ill, 1845, 068 — Bon. Comptcs Rondus, XLII, 1856, 766

Phalocrocorax lownsendi, Aud. Cm. Biog. V, 1839, 149.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 304.— lu. Birds Am. VI, 1843, 438; pi. cccexviii.
Sp. Ch.— Dark green ; long hair-like 'eathors of the neck and back while ; gular sac blue, below which is a gorgelet of dark
fawn color.

Jldult. Head and neck of a fine bluish black color ; back, rump, and under plumage of a very deep rich green, in certain
positions inclining to bluish green ; imbricate feathers of the back and wings of a dull bronzed brownish green, very narrowly
margined with black ; primaries and inner webs of the other quills blackish brown, the outer webs brownish green ; tail and
shafU black ; sides of the neck and the upper part of the back on each side have numerous white, narrow, stift", hair-liko
feathers, which extend beyond the other feathers from 2 to 2^ inches ; gular sac blue, encircling the base of which is a broad
band of dark fawn color, the feathers of this gorgelet extend upward from the lower margin of the gular siC for } of an inch
and come to a point ; bill brownish, lighter at base of lower mandible ; logs and foot black.

Length, about 28 inches; wing, lOi ; tail, 5.25; bill, 2.90; tarsus, 2.40; outer toe and claw, 4; inner, 2.15; hind, 1.50.
These are the measurements of No. 4501.
Hal). — W<!Bt roast of North America.

BIRDS — PHALACROCORACIDAE — GRACULUS VIOLACEUS.

881

No. 9892 is larger, the wing measuring 12 inches ; the bill, 3 ; the tail, 5.50.

Young. Head, neck, back, and wings blackish brown, the feathers of the back and wings
with greyish brown margins ; under plumage dull rusty brown, the middle of the abdomen
greyish ; gorgelet fawn color as in the adult. Tins is the plumage of one of the original
specimens of Mr. Audubon's " loicnsendi," (now in the cabinet of Professor Baird.) The fawn
colored gorgelet which extends in a point on the lower part of the gular sac, together with the
form and character of the bill, agreeing with the specimens of the adult under examination, in
my opinion, are satisfactory evidence of its being this species.

The true position of " townse7idi" heretofore has been one of much uncertainty. Gray, in
Gen. of Birds, places it under " dilophus" as the young, as does also Gambel in Jour. Phil.
Acad. Bonaparte, in Cons. Avium, puts it with a question, as a synonym of "Gr. brasilianus,
Gm.," but in Comptes Rendus has it under " dilojjhus."

The form of tlie gular sac, and whether entirely bare or encroached upon by the feathers of
the throat, are points which appear to ha\ie been generally overlooked in describing the different
species of cormorants. I consider these features strong characters, that will materially aid in
determining species when not in mature plumage, as maybe instanced in the above case.

The bill is of moderate strength, and entirely smooth both on the sides and ridge.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Svx and
age.

Locality. When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by— Wings.

Remarks.

2742

(?o

Cape Disappointment,

Columbia river Oct 8. 1836

S. F. Baird

J. K. Townsend.

10 75

California ■

r!ah. a N. TjiwrpnrA

1037

9892

San Francisco, Cal. ..

Lt. Trowhride'n

12 GO

4501

Farrallon islands, Cal.

Lt. Williamson

Dr. Heermann 10.50

1

GEACULUS VIOLACEUS, Gray.

Violet Greeu Cormorant.

Peltcanus riolaceus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 575.

Graculus violaceus, Grat, Gen. of Birds, 1845. — Eon. Comptes Rendus, XL!I, 185G, 766.

Phalacrocorax resplendent, Acn. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 148.— Is. Syn. 1839, 304.— 1b. Birds Am. VI, 1843, 430 ; pi.

ccccxix.
Urile bicristatus, Bon. Cons. At. II, 1855, 175.

Sp. Oh. — Violet green ; narrow white feathers are sparingly distributed on tlic sides of the neck, and bind part and sides of
the body ; gular sac orange.

.Qdull. Crown and sides of the head dark bluish green, gradually blending with the beautiful violet bhie of the hind head and
entire neck ; back, rump, wings, and under plumage ofa rich deep green ; a.xillars, sides under the wings, and thighs violet blue'
smaller wing coverts violet ; primaries brownish black, as are the other quills on their inner webs ; tail and shafts black ; the
entire plumage very lustrous and silky in appearance ; dispersed over the neck and on the sides of the body near the thighs are
numerous short white piliform feathers which expand at the end in tlie form ofa small brush ; gular sac and bare space about
the ej'c orange; feathers of the throat extend upon the lower part of the gular sac for about half its length, and terminate in a
point ; upper mandible blackish brown, lower dusky yellow ; legs and feet black.

Length, 28 inches ; alar extent, 41 ; wing, 10.50 ; tail, 6.25 ; bill, 2 ; tarsus, 1.90 , outer toe and claw, 3.75.

Hab. — Western coast of Nurth America. California, Washington Territory.
Sept. 23, in.'>8.

m b

882

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Three adult specimens of this handsome species are in the collection.

The hill is slender, smooth on the culmen and sides ; the feathers of the wings and hack are
without the dark margins so characteristic of most of the species.

Bonaparte makes bicristatus, Pall., to he the same as the ahove species, whereas Gray puts
Ucristahis, Pall., as the synonym to P. urile, Gmelin.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l

1 No.

Collected by —

o Ml

Wings.

2004 Cape Disappointment, W. T.

4502 do do

'Orcas island, W. T

Feb., 1858

S. F. Baird...
Dr. Cooper...
A. Campbell .

J. K. Townsend .

100

Dr. Kennerly.

28. 50
27.00
28.00

40. OO; 10.50

I 9.75

41.00 10.50

BinDS — PLOTIDAE — PLOTUS ANHINGA. 883

Family PLOTIDAE.

Cii. — l!ill lung, s'roiglil, a f^liijlil curvature ul llic end, tlic edges serrated ; nostrilHfinall ; wings long ; tail long and rounded,
narrow at Ixiso ; tarsi short and stronjr ; toes united by full webs ; face and throat bare, the latter with an extensible sac.

Sub-Family PLOTINAE.

Cii. — Hill long, slender, nearly straight and sharp at the point ; nostrils very small ; wings rallicr long ; tail long, widening
at the end ; (arsi stout and very short ; toes lung, connected by full webs ; claws strong and curved ; gular sac rather moderate.

Only a single genus is comprised in this sub-family, containing but four recorded species, one
peculiar to America, and one each to Africa, Asia, and Australia.

PLOTUS, Linnaeus.

Plotus, Limn. Syst. Nat. 176G. Typo P. anhinga.

Ch. — Bill about twice the length of the head, very slender and pointed, with the sides compressed; nostrils scarcely visible ;
wings moderately long, third primary longest ; tail long, narrow at the base but becoming broader at the end, which is rounded,
the shafts very strong ; tarsi short and very stout ; toes long and united by full webs; claws strong, curved, and acute, the
middle one pectinated ; gular sac capable of considerable distention ; neck very long and slender.

The species of this genus inhabit the warm regions of the Old World, and also of America.
They assemble in communities on the shores of inland lakes, on rivers, and submerged swamps,
placing their nests on trees ; they are exceedingly watchful and diiEcult to approach, are very
expert in swimming and diving.

PLOTUS ANHINGA, Linnaeus.

Darter ; Snake Bird ; Water Turkey.

Flotus anhinga, Lin.v. Syst. Nat. 1766, 580.— Bon. Syn. 1828, No. 3G2.— Ib. Cons. Av. II, 1855, 180.— Aud. Orn.

Biog. IV, 1838, 136— Ib. Syn. 1839, 306 —Ib. Birds Am. VI, 1843,443; pi. ccccxx.— Ndtt. Man.

II, 1834, 507.
Ptotus melanogaater, VVils. Am. Orn. IX, 1824, 79 &. 82 ; pi. Ixxiv.

Sp. Ch. — Greenish black ; a broad band of gray over the wings ; bill long, slender, and pointed ; tail long, increasing in
width at the end.

Jldull male. Head, neck, back, and entire under plumage glossy greenish black ; on each side of the upper part of the back
is a broad band extending downwards, composed of spots of a greyish white color; they are quite sma'l on the upper part, but
become larger and elongated lower down ; the scapularies and tertiaries are long and lanceolate in shape ; they are black, but
largely striped longitudinally with greyish white ; the smaller wing coverts are black at the base, terminating with greyish
white ; the larger coverts are almost entirely of this color, having a narrow margin of black on a portion only of their inner
webs, this forms a conspicuous broad band over the wings ; primaries and secondaries black ; tail black, with a terminal margin
of brownish ash, paler at the end ; the two central feathers are crimped on their outer webs for their entire length — this peculiar
chaiacter exists also on some of the tertiary feathers; on the sides and back of the neck are numerous elongated filamentous
feathers of a dark ash color ; bare space in the region of the eye bluish green ; gular pouch orange ; upper mandible dull olive,
with the edges yellow ; lower yellow, the edges and tip dusky green ; iiis bright carmine ; tarsi and toes dusky olive in front ;
behind and the webs yellow ; claws brownish black.

Length, about 35 inches ; wing, 14 ; tail, 1 1 ; bill, 3.23 ; tarsus, 1 .35.

The female has the upper part of the head, neck behind, and upper part of back brown ; neck underneath and breast of a
light fawn color, margined with reddish brown where it joins the black of the abdomen ; elongated ash colored feathers on the
neck very few ; in other respects resembling the male.
llab. — Southern States from Florida to Carolina ; Texas.

884

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

The American Darter resides throughout the year in the Southern States, not ranging higher
to the north than Carolina, even in summer. It frequents mostly the inland lakes and secluded
bayous, never visiting the sea-shore. They fly with great rapidity, and are unexcelled in swim-
ming and diving ; they procure their food much in the same manner as cormorants do. Their
nests are constructed on trees or hushes, always over the water.

The Surinam Darter {Heliornis surinamensis, Gm.,) is noticed by Bonaparte and Nuttall as
accidental on our southern coast. Its occurrence must be exceedingly rare, as no instance
has ever come to my knowledge of one being obtained ; I do not therefore consider it entitled to
a place in our Fauna ; hut a short description of it may not be amiss.

It is a small and very beautiful species, being in length only 12 inches, the wing 5| inches.
Above it is dark umber brown ; the primaries reddish brown ; tail blackish brown, margined
narrowly with white ; upper part of head and hind part of neck jet black ; a white stripe runs
from behind the eye along the side of the head towards the occiput ; a broad line of light
chestnut red begins under the eye and runs half way down the side of the neck, then succeeds a
line of black, which continues for the other half; between the black of the lower part of the
neck and that of the hind neck is a line of pure white ; throat and neck in front white ; breast
and abdomen white, the former tinged with pale rufous ; sides of the body brownish ash ; bill
orange red ; feet yellow, barred with black.

List of specimens.

Catal. Sex and
No. age.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Original
No.

Wings.

(?

Q

South Carolina. ....... ...-..---

Cab. George N. Ijawronce .' 1035

13.25

do

do

103G

13.25

S. F. Baird

9898 Q

Dr. Henry 1

BIRDS — niAETONlDAE — PHAETON KLAVIUOSTKl.S. 885

Family PHAETONIDAE.

Oil.— Bill long, broad at the baso, and tlio upper outline gradually curving to the point, edges slightly serrated ; nostrils
pcr>ious ; wings long ; tail with the central feathers extremely elongated ; tarsi short and strong ; toes Joined by fall webs ; no
bare space on the face or throat.

Sub Family PHAETONINAE.

Cb. — Bill rather long, with the base broad, the sides compressed and point acute, outline of the upper mandible curving to the
tip ; nostiils basal, linear and open ; wings long and pointed ; tail graduated, the two central feathers exceedingly elongated ;
tarsi short ; toes long and connected together by full webs.

There is but one genus under this sub-familj' which helongs to North America.

PHAETON, Linnaeus.

Phaeton, Linn. S. N. 1756. Type P. aeOiereus.

Ch. — Bill about the length of the head, strong, broad at the base, compressed, the culmen curved to the tip, wliicli is pointed;
nostrils laleral, basal, and pervious, situated in a short groove near the ridge; wings long and pointed, tho fii.sl primary longest;
tail graduated, the two middle feathers extremely lengthened and narrow ; tarsi short and stout ; toes ratlier long, all connected
together by full webs ; claws small, curved and rather acute.

These birtls frequent the warm parallels of the tropics, and are generally noticed far from
and; at their breeding places they assemble in considerable numbers. They are excellent
swimmers, and have enduring power of wing ; flying fishes afford them an abundant supply of
food : these are seized as they emerge from the sea for their short flight above its surface.

PHAETON FLAVIROSTEIS, Brandt.

Yellow-billed Tropic Bird.

Leplurus caitdidus, Briss. Orn. VI, 1760, 485.— Bon. Comptes Rendus, XLII, 1856, 767.

Phaeton candidui, Gray, Gen. of Birds, 1847 ; pi. cl.\.x.\iii.

Phaeton aethereus, Bo.v. Syn. 1828, No. 361.— Is. Cons. Av II, 1855, 183.— Nutt. Man. II, 1834, 503.— Aud. Orn.

Biog. Ill, 1835, 442.— Ib. Syn. 1839, 312.— Is. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 64 ; pi. ccccxxvii.
Phaeton flavirosti-is, Brandt, Bull. Sc. Acad. Imp. St. Pet. I, 1837, 349. — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. I85G, 144.
The Tropic Bird, Edwards, Nat. Hist, of Birds, 1749 ; pi. c.xlix.

Sp. Ch. — White ; wings banded with black ; first five primaries black on the ouler webs ; shafts of long middle tail feathers
black to near the end, where they are white.

.iduU. General plumage of the body white, with a satiny gloss, and tinged on the head, back, and wings with cream color ;
there is rather a broad mark of black in the form of a crescent before the eye, extending over it in a line, and along the side ot
the head as far as the occiput ; a band of black extends over tlie wings, beginning near the flexure and crossing about the
middle of the coverts, where it is rather narrow, but occupying a large space on the base of the secondaries, and most of the
terminal portion of the tcrtiaries and scapularies ; the first five primaries are black on the outer webs and a portion of the inner
next the shafl, remaining part of inner webs and tips of outer white ; the sixth primary has the outer web black at the base; the
tail is white, the elongated central feathers with a tinge of pale salmon color ; the shafts of all the tail feathers are black nearly
'o the end, terminal portion white, as are all the shafts on the under side ; tho long hypochndriacal feathers are broadly marked
down their centres with greyish black ; bill orange red ; ins brown ; tarsus, liind toe, and outer basal edge of inner toe yellow,
remaining part of foot black.

Length, 30 inches ; wing, 11 ; tail, 18| ; bill, 2.05 ; tarsus, .90.

Hob. — Florida coast.

The above description is taken from a very perfect specimen obtained on the south side of

886

U. S p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Cuba. It is without doubt the species described and figured by Audubon, and which recent
writers refer to the " candidus" of Brisson, (Jiavirostris of Brandt.)

In a monograpli of the Phaetonidae, given by Professor F. Brandt in the Bulletin of the St.
Petersburg Academy, he says Gmelin, Latham, and others have confounded the two species
aethereus, Linn., and candidus, Briss.

The above bird agrees with the description of " candidus" as given by Brandt, diifering only,
in having the six outer primaries marked with black instead of four ; six is the number stated
by Edwards, whose figure agrees with the present species. The black markings on the
primaries probably vary with age, as in many sjiecies of gulls.

Mr. Sclater, in Zool. Proc, (as above,) adopts Brandt's name of "Jiavirostris," for the reason
that " Brisson was no binomalist, and has no claim to bestow specific names in a binominal
system."

I have another specimen, apparently of this species, purchased some years since from a dealer,
the locality from which it was obtained being unknown. The black markings are distributed
much the same as in the specimen from Cuba, but the black is confined to the four outer prima-
ries, not crossing the shaft of the fourth, and on the fifth a very narrow margining of black on
each side of the shaft near the base ; the black is much further removed from the tips also.
The prevailing color, instead of being white, is of a fine deep salmon, of a very uniform shade
throughout ; the hypochondrical feathers are striped with greyish black, of which color are the
upper tail coverts for about half their length at the base ; the bill is dusky greenish olive at the
base of the upper mandible and sides of the lower, the remainder pale yellow ; the toes are all
yellow at the base. The length is 32 inches; the wing 11-|-.

In the above plumage it agrees with a figure of this species given by Keichenbach, Syst. Av.
pi. 30, taken from a specimen in the Dresden Museum.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Original
No.

CoUected by—

Length.

Wings.

Cuba

Cab. George N. Lawrence

1038

30.00

11.00

Tribe BRACHyPTERI,
Family C 0 L Y 31 B T I) A E •'

Cii. — Bill moro or less loiigaiid compressed ; the nostrils are linear or rounded, and situated in a lateral groove ; tail rudimen-
tary or short ; tarsi much compressed ; anterior toes long, with the interdigital mombrnne more or less full, the outer longest ;
hind toe short, free, with a hanging lobe ; claws broad, depressed, buried in the body.

The species are remarkable for their powers of swimming and diving; their ease and grace-
fulness on the water is in strong contrast with their awkwardness on land.

The following are the characters of the two sxih-faimWes* CoJi/mbinae and Podicipinae :

CoLYMBiNAE. — Bill long, rather strong, much compressed, with the point acute ; nostrils basal,
linear ; tarsi much compressed ; toes long and webs full ; tail short ; lores feathered.

PoDiciPiXAE — Bill generally long and rather slender, compressed and pointed ; nostrils
situated in a groove, oblong and narrow ; tarsi compressed; toes long and broadly lobed ; tail
wanting, or very rudimentary ; lores naked.

Sub-Family COLYMBINAE.— The Divers proper.

Ch. — Bill about the length of the head, rather stout, much compressed, and acute ; nostrils basal, linear and pervious ; wings
of medium size, narrow aud pointed, first quill the longest, reaching far beyond the scapulars ; tail short and rounded ; tarsi
very much compressed ; entire tarsi and base of toes reticulated ; toes long, the anterior ones united by regular webs, the claw
of the middle twice as long as broad ; hind toe short, edged with a narrow membrane.

These birds excel all others in their rapidity of diving, and the great progress they are able
to make under water. Only one genus in this sub-family is recognised by authors.

COLYMBUS, Linnaeus.

Colymbus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735. Typo C. arcticus.

As the character of the sub-family include those of the single genus Colymbus, it is not neces-
sary to repeat them.

They are abundant during summer in the high northern latitudes, both on the seacoast and
on inland lakes; in winter they migrate to the south. They are solitary in their habits, keen
sighted, and very difficult of approach ; their flight is strong, rapid, and direct.
The species of this genus have the following characters :

Bill strong, compressed, nearly straight, a groove on the under mandible, continued from
the junction of the crura to near the point; head and neck dark bluish green, a small
patch of white feathers on the throat in front, also a larger one on each side of the

neck c. glacialis.

JBill rather strong, much like that of the above species, but smaller and without the
groove underneath ; head and neck bluish grey, a large space of purplish black on the

front part of the neck C. arcticus.

Bill not so strong as in either of the above named species. Adult plumage not

known G. pacijicus.

Bill straight and slender ; head and neck clear light bluish grey, hind neck marked with
white and greenish black, on the tore part of the neck is a large patcli of dark reddish

brown C. sepientrionalis.

^ Prepared by Mr. George N. Lawrence, of New York.

888

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

COLTMBUS TORQUATUS, Briinnich.
The Great Northern Diver; The Loon.

Colijmhus torquatus, Brunn. Orn. Bor. ]764, 134.

Colymbus glacialis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 221.— Forster, Phil. Trans. LXU, 1772, 383.— Wils. Am. Orn. IX,
1824, 84, pi. Ixxiv.— BoNAP. Syn. 1828, No. 368 —Rich. & Sw. F. B. Am. II, 1831, 474.—
NuTT. Man. II, 1834, 513.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 43, pi. 306.— Ib. Birds, Am. VII,
1844, 282 ; pi. ccccLx-xvi.

Colymbus immer, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 222. (Young of year.)

Sp. Ch. — Bill compressed, strong and tapering, outline of upper mandible nearly straight, very slightly curved ; the lower
mandible has a groove underneath, running from the junction of the crura towards the point; the tail consists of twenty
feathers .

Jidult. — The head and neck are dark bluisli green, the upper part and sides of the head glossed with purple ; tliere is a small
transverse mark on the throat, composed of while feathers of a quill hke form, distinct from each other and placed longitudinally
on each side of t!ie neck ; lower down are larger patches of white, of the same peculiar form, and running in the same direction ;
these almost meet behind, and in front are about one inch apart ; the eflect of these pure white feathers, relieved by the dark
color of the neck, is very beautiful ; the upper plumage and wing coverts are deep glossy black, beautifully marked with pure
white spots placed in regular transverse rows, slightly curving downwards ; these spots, on the upper part of the back, are small
and nearly round, but as they descend lower on the back increase in size and become quadrangular in form, being largest on the
scapularies ; on the lower part of the back, upper tail coverts and sides (which are black,) the spots are small and round ; the
sides of the neck, near the shoulder, are beautifully lineated with black and white ; the primaries, secondaries and tail brownish
black ; the under surface glossy white, with a narrow band of dusky feathers crossing the lower part of the abdomen, and
marked with small white spots ; lower tail coverts blackish brown, tipped with white ; bill black ; iris deep bright red ; tarsi and
feet greyish blue externally, tinged on the inside with pale yellowish red ; webs brownish black ; claws back.

Length, 31 inches ; wing, 14 ; tarsus, 3| ; bill, 3 ; height at base, 1.

Young.^—Xhe plumage above is greyish black, the feathers of the back margined with greyish white, the under plumage pure
white, bill yellowish with the ridge of the upper mandible dusky.

Ilab, — Very generally distributed ; it is abundant on the Atlantic coast, in the lakes of the interior and the fur countries
Specimens are in the collection from iho Pacific coast and from New Mexico.

There are two specimens in adult plumage^ and a head of a young individual from the
Pacific coast; two ot the young from New Mexico. Individuals vary considerably in size, some
measuring 36 inches in length.

Catal.
No.

Sex.

1550
2161

9»16
4516

4380
9930

Q

t

Locality.

When col- Whence obtained
lected.

Carlisle, Pa .May 18,1844 S. F. Baird .

.do.

Apr 26,1845 do .

Coast of New Jersey .

Fort Thorn, N. M ....
8ho:il water bay

Steilatoom, W. T...
do

.' Cab. of Geo. N.

Lawrence.
.1 Dr. T. 0. Henry.
.' Gov. Stevens.,..

Ilr. Sackley .
do

Orig'l

No.

575

Collected by —

Dr. Cooper .
Dr. Potts ...

Length. ! Stretch
of ffinss.

.^1.50
31.00

30.00
31.00

54.00
56.00

Wing.

14.00
14. 5U

14.50
14.00

Color of iris blood rod,
feet blue

COLTMBUS AECTICUS, Linnaeus.

The Black-throated Diver.

Odymltui arcticui, Lins. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 2-21.— Bo.vap. Syn. 1828, No. :iG!).— Rich, aud Sw. F. IS. A. II, 1831,
475.— NuTT. Man. H, 1831, 517.— Aud. Orn. Biog. IV, 1838, 345.— lit. Birds Am. VII, J844,
395; pi. pccclxxvii. — Gray Genera, III, f'.'.i); pi. clxxi.

\ 1

.« _T _^ 'I J ^ M

0* dU ^

I tie

1

P

890

U. S. p. R. B. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT

an examination of specimens of C. arcticus, in the Museum of the Phil. Acad., I found a fully
adult individual ; also one approaching maturity. These were precisely alike as regarded the
form of their hills ; there was also a specimen of a young hird labelled " C. arcticus," but,
having no locality marked upon it, it came with the Rivoli collection, and was originally from
that of the Duchess de Berri ; the bill was weak and slender compared with the two other spe-
cimens, and the whole appearance of the bird quite different. I could not, therefore, reconcile
them as being the same ; the young specimen in the Phil. Acad, was exactly like the species
now described, and may have come from the Pacific.

Eichardson Fauna Bor. Am., vol. II, p. 475, describes the young of "C arcticus," as "closely
resembling those of ' C. glacialis,' but may be distinguished by their inferior size, a slight
curvature of the upper mandible, and the want of a groove on the under one, which is not
thickened in the middle."

The above described specimens bear very little resemblance to " (7. glacialis," which strengthens
my opinion in thinking them distinct from C. arcticus. The true position of the Pacific species
can only be surely settled by obtaining it in adult plumage.

Catal. No. Locality.

Whence obtained.

Length.

Wing.

9921

San Dice) C:xl

24.00
23.00

10.25

9924

11.25

COLYMBUS SEPTENTEIONALIS, Linn.

The Red-throated Diver.

Columbus teplentrionalis, Linn S. N. I, 1766, 220.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, 370.— Rich, and Svr. F. B. A. II, 1831, 476.—
Nltt. Man. II, 1834, 519.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1833, 20: V, 1839, 625.— Is Birds Am.
VII, 1844, 299; pi. ccccLxxviii.

Cobjmbus Inmme, Brlnn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 132.

Colymbua Mlatus, Brunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 130.

Colymlms striatus, Gm. I, 1788, 556 (young.)

Colymbus lorealis, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 179it, 802 (young.)

gp. c'h. — Adult. Front, sidea of the head, upper part of the throat, and sides of the neck, clear bluish gray ; upper part of the
head of the same color, intermixed with blactieh spots; the hind neck streaked longitudinally with white on a greenish black
ground, the white feathers being raised above the others. On the fore part of the neck is a large longitudinal patch of deep
reddish brown. Upper plumage brownish black, slightly tinged with green, and on the upper part of the back and lower part
and sides of the neck streaked and mottled with white. Wings and tail brownish black ; under plumage pure white, with a band
across the hind part of the abdomen, and the lower tail coverts brownish gray ; bill bluish black ; iris bright red ; tarsi and feet
brownish black externally, on the inside pale flesh color; claws yellowith at the base, dusky at the end.

Length, 27 inches ; wing, 11^; tail, 2^; bill, 24 ; tarsus, 2^.

Youny. Upper part of the head and hind neck dull gray, streaked with grayish white; buck aud wings blackish gray, pro-
fusely marked with oval shaped white spots, there being two on each feather, smallest on the upper part of the back and largest
on the tertiaries; quill feathers and tail blackish brown, the latter edged with white; sides of the neck white, speckled minutely
with gray; under plumage silky white, crossed on the lower part of the abdoiiieu by a dusky band ; bill bluish gray, dusky on
the ridge and flesh colored at the base.

JJab. — During the winter as far south as Maryland ; inhabits as far north as the Arctic seas ; found also on the Pacific coast.

Two specimens are in the collection from the western side of the continent, and present no
marked differences from those of the Atlantic coast. No. y'J23 is in the anomalous dress of an

BIRDS — COLYMBIDAE— rODICEPS.

831

albino, being white, with the exception of light brownisli ash markings on the wings and lower
part of the back.

In this species there is great variation in the size of different individuals. The upper man-
dible is straight; under, witli the angle, very long, and sloping upwards to the point, giving a
recurved appearance to the bill, which is quite slender in form.

Catal
No.

Lociklity.

Wlience obtiiined.

Orig.
No.

Collected by —

Length.

Stretch
'if wings.

Wing.

Bcmarks.

9966

Atlantic coast

do

S. F. Baird

J. J. Audubon.
......do......

25.00

11. .)0

473

do .

Coast of N. York

do

Cab. of Geo. N. Lawience.
do

963
964

1

9922

San Diego, Cal

Port Townsend, W. T.

Lieut. Williamson

Dr. Suckley

Dr. Heermann.
G. Glbbs

24.10

40.00

10. :>o
10.00

9923

liyes red-
dish hazel.

Sub-Family PODICIPINAE.— The Grebes.

Ch. — Bill generally long, compressed on the pides, and pointed ; lores usiuilly naked ; nostrils placed in a groove, oblong and
narrow. Wings short, the second quill longest, shorter than the scapulars The tail is represented hy a tuft of downy feathers ;
tarsi much compressed and rather short; toes long, the outer longest, broadly and evenly lubed, most so oti the inner side ; clawa
short, broad and obtuse; tarsi with plates on the sides, in front with a single, behind with a double longitudinal series of project-
ing scales. Toes and their lobes plated above.

The plumage is very soft, and on the under surface silky. They are remarkably active on
the water, and when alarmed remain below the surface, exposing only the bill.

The species of the genus vary considerably in form, giving rise to almost as many genera. Of
these, however, I shall adopt only the two following :

1. PoDicEPs. — Bill long and slender ; the head ornamented with ruffs and crests in spring;
hind toe broadly lobed.

2. PoDiLYMBDS. — Bill short, rather strong, and much compressed on the sides ; without orna-
mental ruffs ; hind toe moderat'dy lobed.

PODICEPS, Latham.

Podkeps, Lath. lud. Oroith. 1790, 739. Type OAymhus crislalwi, L.

Ch. — Bill long, slender, tapering, and pointed; nostrils situated in a groove, small, linear, and pervious; wings short and
narrow, second primsry a little the longest, emarginate near the ends ; tail a tuft of loose feathers ; tarsi short, much com-
pressed, the edges covered with small scutellae and the sides with broad transverse scutellae ; toes long, the outer longest,
flattened, with the sides lobed, the most on the inner side, and at the base united by webs ; hind toe short and broadly lobed
claws small, depressed, and obtuse.

These birds mostly frequent the fresh water rivers and interior lakes, but they are also found
near the sea-coast. They are very expert swimmers, but make progress with great difficulty on
land ; their flight is rapid and direct. In the breeding season the head is ornamented with
ruffs and elongated tufts, whicli disappear when they assume their winter garb.

The species of this genus vary much in size. The characters given below will serve to de-
fine them.

892 U. S. P R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

A. Ciilmen as long as tarsus ; more than half the middle toe with its nail.

Medium size; bill rather long and strong, black, yellow at the base, with the tip pale ;
upper part of head and hind neck black, a white line under the eye ; throat ash gray ;
fore part and sides of the neck brownish red ; ruffs and crests very short. Type of
Pedeaithyia, Kaup P. griseigena.

Eather large ; bill rather long and strong ; blackish brown tinged with carmine ; upper
part of head and crests dark brown ; ruffs brownish red ending with brownish black ;
throat white ; neck adjoining the ruffs brownish red ; upper edge of the wing white ;
ruffs full and crests long. Podiceps, Lath P. cristatus.

Very large; bill long and slender, dusky black, with the cutting edges and tips yellow ;
loral space gray ; summer plumage not known P. occidentolis.

Eather large ; bill long and slender, yellow, with the ridge of the upper mandible black ;
a line of white between the eye and the base of the bill ; summer plumage un-
known P. darJcii.

B. Culmen about half as long as the tarsus ; not more than half the middle toe and nail.

Small ; bill short and weak, bluish black, yellow at the tip ; upper part of head, cheeks,
throat and ruffs black ; occipital tufts yellowish red ; loral space carmine ; ruffs and
crests very full. Type of Dytes, Kaup P. cornutus.

Small ; bill short and slender, dark brown, yellow at base of lower mandible, tip light
horn color ; has only been observed in winter plumage P. californicus.

Small ; bill short, black tinged with blue ; head deep black ; tufts orange at base, yel-
lowish at the end ; throat and fore part of neck black ; ear tufts long. Type of Proc-
topus, Kaup P. auritus.

PODIOEPS GEISEIGENA, Gray.

The Red-uecked Grebe.

Colymhus griseigena, Bodd. Tab. des PI. Enl. 1783, 55.

Podicepa suhcrislaius, Jacquin, Beit. 1784, 37. ; pi. xviii. — Gm. I, 1788, 590.

Colymlius pciTolis, Sparrmann, Mub. CarloB. pi. ix.

Colymhus rubricolUs, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. 1788, 592.

Podiceps nibricoUis, Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 783.— Bon. Syn. 1828, No. 3G5.— Rich, and Sw. F. B. A. U, 1831,

411.— NuTT.Man. II, 1834, 253.— Aud. Orn Biog. Ill, 1835,017 : V, 1839, G20.— In. Birds Am.

VII, 1844,312; pi. cccdxxx.
Colymhus cucullatus, Pallas, Zoog. II, 1811, 355.
Gilymlms nuevius, Pall. ib. 356.
Colymbaa hclboUi, Reinh. Vidensk. Meddel. 1853.

Sp. Ch. — Adult. Upper plumage blackish brown, with the upper part of the head and hind neck black ; primaries ashy brown,
secondaries mostly white, a few of the inner ones dark ash ; cheeks aud throat ash gray ; a white line extends from the lower
mandible under and beyond the eye ; fore part and sides of the neck rich brownish red ; lower parts silvery white, with tho
sides dusky ; bill black, paler at tho end and bright yellow at the base ; iris carmine ; tarsi and feet externally greenish
black, internally yellow.

Length about 18 inche.s; wing, 7 ; bill, 1.? ; tarsi, 2.

i'oung. The upper plumage is blackish brown, darker on tho head ; throat and abdomen white ; sides of the head and fore
part of neck brownish ash ; abdomen silky white ; sides dark brownish ash ; bill bright yellow.

jjuh.—V<iT coimtrieB and in the Atlantic States, as far south as Pounsjlvania, in winter.

A very fine specimen, in full summer plumage, is in the collection from the Selkirk Settle-
ment, II. B. T., which measures I'J.i iuclies in length ; wing, 7'j ; bill, 1 J.

This grebe is ol' a stouter form and with a shorter neck than P. crLiUUun ; tho occipital crest
is short, and the ruffs on the sides of the head very slight.

BIRDS— COLYMBIDAE — PODICEPS CRISTATUS.

893

The American bird has been separated from the Red-necked Grebe of Europe by Reinhardt,
under the name of holholli, principally on account of its being somewhat larger. On comparing
specimens obtained here with European specimens of " ruhricdlia," ours appear somewhat
larger, and generally with a longer bill ; but in this family individuals vary much in size. The
bills of the specimens of " rvhricolUs" from Europe measured lA inches ; in ours they ranged
from 1 g to 2 inches.

Writers differ as to their being specifically distinct, and as I am not able to make out satis-
factorily that they arc so, shall for the present consider them the same.

List of specimens.

Catnl.
No.

Ixxality.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Orig. Collected by —
No.

Length.

Wing.

Coast of New York

Do

1811

8. F. Baird

4(;G J. J. Audubon.
9GC

Cab. of Geo. N. Lawrence.
do

9C5

10400

Selkirk Settlement, H.BT

Spring dress ..

Donald Gunn ......

11). 50

7.75

PODICEPS CRISTATUS, Lath.

The Crested Grebe.

Co/ymktu criiMus, LiNV. Syst Nat. I, 1766, 222.

Podiceps crislalus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1790.— Rich. & Sw. F. B. A. II, 1831, 410 — Nctt. Man. II, 1834, 250.— Ann.

Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 595 ; pi. 292 —Is. Birds Am. VII, 1844, 308 ; pi. ccccUxix.
Colymbus xiriruitor, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 223.

Sp. Ch. — .Idult. Front, upper part of the head, and long occipital tufls dark umber brown, the base of the tufts brownish
red ; the rulV is bright brownish red on the upper portion immediately under the tufts and anteriorly, on the hind part brownish
black ; upper plumage dark umber brown ; humeral feathers white ; primaries umber brown ; secondaVies mostly white ; throat
and sides of the head white ; fore part and sides of the neck adjoining the ruff brownish red ; under plumage silvery white ;
sides dusky, tinged with reddish brown ; bill blackish brown, tinged with carmine ; bare loral space dusky green ; iris bright
car.iiine ; tarsi and feet greenish black externally, greenish yellow internally ; webs greyish blue.

Length, 23J inches ; wing, 7J ; bill, 2Jj, ; tarsus, 2i.

Foung'. Upper part of head dark brown ; hind neck brownish grey ; back and wings brownish black ; humoral feathers
white ; primaries dark umber brown on the outer webs, paler on the inner ; lower parts silvery white, sides brown ; upper
mandible brownish black, pale at the end and yellow on the sides at the base ; lower mandible yellow with the sides dusky.

Hob. — Atlantic States from Nova Scotia southward ; Texas in winter ; fur countries, Pacific side of the continent ; Wash-
ington Territory.

Two specimens of the young are in the collection from Shoalwater bay, W. T. These have
larger and stronger bills than the adult bird sent me by Prof. Baird from his cabinet, and of
two adult specimens in my collection, in one specimen. No. 4499, measuring 2^ inches along
the ridge, the adult having it but 2^^, (the measure given by Audubon is 2 inches) ; the
outline of the lower mandible from the angle to the point is concave, whereas in the adult it is
a little rounding, but they have one of the strongest characteristics of this species, the white
humeral feathers. It may, possibly, be a closely allied, but distinct species. This can only be
satisfactorily determined by obtaining it in spring plumage.

Both the above specimens were obtained by Dr. J. G. Cooper, and if future research should
prove it to be distinct, I propose for it the sjiecific name of cooperi, in honor of its discoverer.

894 U. S. p. E. B. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

PODICEPS OCCIDENT ALIS, Lawrence.
The AVestern Grebe.

Sp. Ch. — M'tMer. Upper part of the head and nape fuliginous black ; back and wing coverts greyish black, the feathers
maririned with grey ; primaries light oshy brown, darker at the end and white at base ; secondaries white, marked with ash on
the outer wets ; in some specimens the middle secondaries are pure white ; space between the bill and the eye grey ; throat,
sides of the neck, and entire under plumage silvery white ; sides marked with greyish black ; bill dusky, appearing nearly
black in the dried specimens, except on the cutting edges and at the end, where it is yellow; iris orange ; tarsi and feet appear
to have been greyish black externally and flesh color internally.

Length, 29 inches ; extent of wings, 36 ; wing from carpal joint, 8J ; bill, 3 ; tarsus, 3.

//a6._Pacific coast from Washington Territory to California.

There are six specimens in the collection, differing considerably in size, which I consider as
being specifically the same. They vary in length from 24 to 29 inches. Three of them
measure, respectively, 27, 28, and 29 inches. In the above account I have given the dimensions
of the largest one, as they were taken from the specimen while fresh. It is very superior in
size to P. cristatus, and, judging from analogy, it is fair to infer that in its nuptial attire it
makes a grand display. In this plumage its acquisition is very desirable.

The bill is quite diflferent from that of "cristatus," being much longer, straighter, and
relatively narrower. In some of the specimens it is quite slender.

On one of the specimens was a label with the MS. name of " occidentalis," which, being a
very suitable one, I have adopted.

This is the largest known species of this genus, and its discovery is one of the important
scientific results of connecting natural history explorations with the government expeditions.

Specimen No. 9544 resembles " clarkii" rather more than the others, not dififering much from
it in size and the color of the back ; but, having the bill dark colored, and being grey (not
white) between the eye and the bill, I have labelled it as belonging to this species.

lAst of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by — Length

Stretch
of wing.

Wing.

Bemarkg.

9927

4497

4498 B

9925*

9928

9544

9926

Bodega, C'al

Shoal water bay

do

Ft Steilacoom.W.T.

do

Puget's Sound

......do .....

Feb. 1855

Lt. Trowbridge.
Gov. Stevens

.do.

Dr. Cooper.
....do

24.00
28.00

7.50
8.50

Apl. 21, '56

Oct. 12, '57
Oct. 10, '66

Dr. Suckley..
Gov. Stevens.
A Campbell.
Dr. Suckley .

320
500

29.00

36.00

8.36

Or Suckley..
Dr. Kenncrly.

Irids,flamc r'd.
[rids, orange.

27.00

7.50
8.00

1 Bill dusky green above, grcenirih yellow on sides; outside of feet and tarsi dusky green, inside pale dingy greenish
yellow. Bill to angle of mouth 3.75 ; tarsus, 3.50.

BIRDS — COLVMBIDAE — PODICEPS CORNUTUS.

895

PODICEPS CLARKII, Lawrence.
Clark'8 Grebe.

Sp. Ch. — U'nilir. Upper part of the licaci and hind neck plumbeous black ; bark and wing coverts blackish grey, with a
plumbeous hue ; feathers with lighter margins; primaries ash at the end for oiic-tliird their length, basal two-thirds white ;
secondaries white, with the outer edges of the outer webs ush ; a line of white extends from the base of the upper mandible to
the eye ; fore part and sides of the neck, with the whole under surface, pure silky white ; the bill is yellow, except the ridge of
the upper mandible. Including and on a line with the nostiils, where it is black ; iris red ; tarsi and feet greyish black externally ,
and tiesli colored internally in the dried specimens.

Length, 2i inches; wing, 7i ; bill, 2J ; tarsus, 2}.

Hab. — California and Js'cw Mexico.

Three specimens are in the collection. It is a near allj' of " P. occidentalis," but, I think,
quite distinct. In general appearance and color they somewhat resemble each other, but this
species is smaller, has the bill differently colored, and a conspicuous white mark before the eye.
The bill differs in shape from that of occidentalis ; the upper mandible being slightly recurved
(nearly straight), and the outline of the under curving up to it. In "occidentalis" the outline
of the lower mandible from tlie angle to the point is straight.

All the species of this family resemble each other very much in the coloring of their winter
dress, consequently such species as approach each other in size are somewhat difficult to be
distinguished, the most reliable character being the form of the bill. This applies to the
preceding species and the one now described ; also to P. cornutus and P. californicus.

As is is well known, the distinguishing characteristics are the ruffs and crests with which the
head is ornamented in the breeding season.

List of specimens.

Catal.

No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wing.

Wing.

Remarks.

9930
9931

Chihuahua, Mexico ...

Santa Barbara, Cal

San Pablo bav, Cal

MajorEmory

Lieut. Williamson

do

J. H. Clark ...-

Dr. Heermann

22.00

28.50

7.00
7.25
7.25

Iris, red...

4498

Dr. Newberry

22.00

PODICEPS CORNUTUS, Lath.

The Horned Grebe.

Cdymbui eomulua, Gm. Syst. Nat I, 1733, 591.

Podwepj coTTiirfuj, LiTH. Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 783, — Bon. Syn. 1828, No. 366. — Rich. &. Sw. F. B A. II, IS31, 411.

NuTT. Man. II, 1834, 254.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1635, 429 : V, 1839, 623.— la Birds Am. VII, 1844,

316; pi. cccclxxxi.
Oolymbut obicurui, Gm. I, 592.
Oolymbut cafpicus, Gm. I, 593.
Oolymbiu tugricans, Scop. Ann. I, 101.
fPodiapi ardictu, Boie, Tagebuch.

Sp. Ch —Adult. Upper part of the bead, cheeks, throat, and ruff, glossy black ; a broad band running from the bill over the
eyes, and the elongated occipital tufU behind them yellowish red, deepest in color adjoining the bill ; upper surface brownish black,
the feathers margined with grey ; primaries brownish ash, secondaries mostly white, some of the outer ones dark ash ; the fore

896

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

neck and upper part of the breast bright chestnut red, sides of the same color, intermixed with dusky ; abdomen silky white;
bill bluish black, yellow at the tip ; loral space bright carmine ; iris carmiue, with au inuer circle of white ; tarsi aud feet dusky
grey externally, dull yellow internally, and on both edges of the tarsus. ^

Length about 14 inches; wing, 5^ ; bill, I ; tarsi 1'].

Young. The whole upper plumage greyish black, darkest on the head, feathers of the back with grey margins ; throat, sides
of the head, a broad space on the sides of the neck, nearly meeting behind, breast and abdomen silvery white; sides and lower
part of abdomen dusky.

Uab Generally distributed, specimens being in the collection from the Atlantic States, the interior ones and the Pacific

coast.

List of specimens.

Oatal.
Nu.

Sex.

Locality.

When
collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Collected by—

Length

Stretch
olwing.-*.

Wing.

Remarks.

6489

Washington, D. C.

May, 1857

5.50
5.75

do

299

9

Cnrli-Jle Pa

Cab. of G.N.Law-
rence.

do

969
970

do

3753
9969
6925

9939

9934
4592
9937
9930

Grosse lale, Mich..

Apr. 31,1853

Uev. 0. Fox

5.75

R. Kennicott,

NelBon's river, H.

H. n. T.

Shoalwater boy,
W. T.

, , do

5.75

5.75

Oct., 1854

Gov. Stcvene

do

100

Dr. Cooper

13.50

24.00

Iris carmine; bill bluish nhove,
flesh color below; feel black
and greenish white.

Sleilacoom,W. T..

Feb. 6,1856
Oct. 10,1856

Dr. Suckley

do

220
584

Dr. Suckley, ..

PortTownsend,W.

T.
Sinualimoo buy,W.

T.
Pugct's Sound

do

5.75
5.50

A. Cain[ibell

. .do

86

Dr. Kennerly . .
do

12.50

17.00

8436

Sep. 25,1857

PODICEPS CALIFORNICUS, Hoermann.

The California Grebe.

Fodkepa califomicus, IIeerm. Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil., VII, 1854, 179.

Sp. Ch — Winter Plumage. The entire upper plumage is blackish brown, nearly black on the head ; primaries brownish ash,
some of the inner ones tipped with white; secondaries white, with their basal portions dark ash; under parts silky white, the
neck in front light ash, and the sides aud lower part of abdomen brownish ash ; under lining of the wings white ; bill dark
browD, the base of the lower mandible yellowish, and its tip light born color ; iris yellowish grey ; tarsi and feet externally dark
green, on the inside yellow.

Length 12 inches ; wing, 5 ; bill, J ; tarsus, 1 J.

Uab. — California, head waters of Missouri river.

Numerous specimens are in the collection, all in winter plumage ; in its spring dress it lias
not yet been obtained. It resembles "P. cornulus" in its winter garb, but is smaller, and
the bill somewhat differently shaped.

Dr. Heermann speaks of it as being abundant in Calilbruia on the inland Irosh water ponds,
and on the sea shore.

898 U. S. p. E. E. EXP. AND SUEVETS — ZOOLOGY — GENEEAL EEPOET.

But two species are enumerated in this genus, one inhabiting South and the other North
America. They do not appear to go very far north, but are distributed pretty generally over
the temperate parts of the continent, prefering the fresh water streams and lakes.

When alarmed by the approach of any person, they have a peculiar habit of sinking gradually
in the water, the bill being the last to disappear; this is accomplished so slowly that no
disturbance of the water takes place.

The head is not adorned with ruffs or tufts.

PODILYMBUS PODICEPS, Lawrence.

The Pied-Bill Grebe.

Colymhus poiJkeps, Linn. S. N. 1766, 223.
Colymbus ludovicianus, Gm. I. 592.

Podicfps carolinensis, Lath. Ind. Oin. IT, 1790, 785.— Bonap. Syn. 1828, No. 367.— Eich. & Sw. F. B. A. 11, 1831,
412.— NuTT. Mnn. II, 1834, 259.— Ann. Cm. Biog. Ill, 1835, 359: V, 1839,624.— Ib. Birds Am.
VII, 1844, 324 ; pi. cccclxxxiii.
Sylbeon/clus caroJinfnsif, Bon. Comp. List, 1838, 64.
9 Podiceps bmiroslris, GR^y, Genera, 111; pi. clxxii.
Podilymbus lintotus, Heerimann, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phil. VII, 18.'>4, 179.
Sp. Ch. — AduU. Upper plumage very dark brown ; primaries dark ash ; secondaries ash on the outer webs and white on the
inner ; bill pale blue, dusky on the ridge of the upper mandible, both mandibles crossed with a broad black band, including the
nostrils ; chin and throat marked with a conspicuous black patch nearly two inches in extent ; cheeks and sides of the neck
brownish grey; lower part of the neck, upper part of the breast, and the sides, dull rusty brown, spotted and rather indistinctly
barred with brownish black ; lower part of breast and abdomen greyish white, mottled with dusky spots; iris, brown; tarsi and
feet, greyish black.

Length, 14 inches ; wing, 5i; bill,}; tarsus, 1 J.

Young. The throat is white and the bill without the transverse black baud, the under plumage more silvery white ; in other
respects the same as the adult. Some specimens, probably the birds of the year, have whitish lines on the sides of the head. I
have compared a specimen in this plumage with Dr. Heermaun's type of P. linmtm, and found them precisely alike.
Hah. — Atlantic States generally. Texas and New Mexico. California and Oregon.

There are six specimens in the collection in different stages of plumage, besides a chick, just
hatched, which is probably of this species ; in this the color is black, having several whitish
lines running the entire length of the body ; two pure white stripes from each side of the head,
and meeting above the bill, separated by a black line ; some white stripes on the sides of the
neck, and some bright rufous spots on the occiput ; the bill is black, tipped with pure white.

As in the allied genera, there is a great disparity in the size of individuals. This species
may be easily recognized by the short and stout form of the bill ; and in mature plumage, by
the black patch on the throat, and the transverse band on the bill.

BIRDS — COLYMBIDAK — P0DILYMBU8 P0DICEP8.

899

List of specimens.

CaUU.
No.

Sex. Locality. | When col-
1 lecied.

Wlicnce obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Sirclch
ofwingi*.

Wing.

Remarkfl.

77S

Q
9

Caiiule, Pa

8. F. Baird

1710

do Oct., 1844

Potomac river, D. C

do

12.50

695

do

New York

Cnb. George N.

Lawrence.
do

971

972
973

do

do

do

....

4436

Dr. Bidwcll

12.00
13.50

22.00
22.00

5.00
5.00

Eyes black.

Bill brown ; eyes black ; feel
dark gray ; gums pale blue.

S14S

DoBa Aao, N. M

Bodega, Cal

Nov. 20, 1816
Dec, 1854

Capt. Pope

Lt. Trowbridge...

162

9943

4501

9945

do

Jon. 15,1854

do

do

Dr. Suckley.

14.00

9946

do

900 U. S p. R. R. EXP AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Family ALCIDAE.'

Ch. — Bill without lamellae along the edges ; usually shorter than the head, compressed, and pointed. Anterior toes connected
fully by a continuous membrane ; hind toe usually entirely wanting ; the outer as largo as the middle ; the claws higher than
broad. Legs inserted far back. Wings short, concave.

The Alcidae are readily distinguished from the Cohjmhidae by the absence of hind toe, the
continuous webbing of the toes, the compressed claws, and other characters. The species are
all exclusively marine, usually arctic, only coming southward in winter. Owing to their
boreal residence they are little known, and several species doubtless yet remain to be discovered.

The present article embraces descriptions of nearly all the known species, including several
scarcely known as inhabitants of North America. They may be arranged under the following
sub-families, after Keyserling and Blasius.

Alcinae. — Bill compressed to the very tip ; in the middle several times higher than wide,
the ridge and keel sharp or acute. Both jaws in the typical forms, with transverse ridges and
furrows in the middle, the base of the upper generally with a well marked swelling.

Urinae. — Bill moderately compressed only, with the ridge and keel obtuse and rounded, and
without transverse ridges and grooves, or basal swelling.

It may be proper to state that the arrangement adopted for the Alcidae is essentially that of
Bonaparte's Conspectus Gaviarum in Comptes Kendus, XLII, 1856.

Sub-Family ALCINAE.

The preceding diagnosis will express the characters of the sub-family sufficiently for our
present purpose ; it is composed of two sections : one, Alceae, including- Alca, with its sub-
divisions ; the other, Phalerideae, embracing Mormon, Phaleris, and the other curious forms
from the Arctic seas, with crests of curved feathers on the head.

ALCA, Linn.

.Ilea, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758.
Ch.— General form short, broad, and strong; wings short ; tail short. Bill about as long as the head, feathered at base,
much flattened laterally, wider, and somewhat hooked at the end ; upper mandible with oblique transverse grooves. Wings
short and feeble ; tail short, pointed ; legs and feet short and strong ; toes fully webbed.

Chenalopex, Moehring.*^
ALCA IMPENNIS, Linnaeus.

TJie Great Auk.

.9/cfl impennis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 176fi, 210.— Bon. Syn. 1828, 432. Note.— Aub. Cm. Biog. IV, 1838, 316.—
Figures.— BtFFnx, Pi. Knl 3(i7.— Kdwards, Birds, III, pi. 147.— Gould, B. of Eur. VII, pi. 400.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 341 -,
Oct. ed. VII, pi 465. — Naumann, B. of Germ. pi. Xil.

Sp. Ch.— Size large, general form stout ; head largo ; bill rather long, enrvcd, flattened laterally ; upper mandible composed
of two parts, the first of which is narrow, smooth, the terminal part with about »i.\ to eight or ten curved transverse grooves ;
under mandible with about ten nearly straight transverse grooves ; both mandibles densely covered at base with short velvet-like
feathers. The lateral feathers of upper jaw falling far short of the middle of the conimissure and of the end of the feathers of
lower jaw. Wings rudimenlal, not admitting of flight ; tail short ; legs and feet short, very robust.

'Prepared by ,Mr. John ('assin of Philadelphia.

'Wings rudiniental, adupted to swiminiii;; only, and not to flight, not reaching to the rump.

« J-a ■ -it

902

U, S. p. E. K. EXP. AND SUKVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

This genus contains three or four species only, easily distinguished from all other sea birds
by their high compressed bills, usually brightly colored, and with the general heavy form,
presenting a peculiar and somewhat grotesque appearance. These birds inhabit high northern
latitudes, descending more southwardly in the winter season, and nearly all the species are
well known to navigators and travellers under the name of puffins. The bill in this genus is
uniformly corneous, and not composed of two parts of different texture, as is usual in birds.

Lunda. Pallas.

MOEMON CIRRHATA, (Pallas.)

The Tufted Puffin.

Alca drrhata, Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, pt. V, p. 7, (1769.)— G»i. Syst. I, 1788, 553.
Mormon cirrhafus, Bon. Syn, 1828, 429.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 599; pi. 293.— Ie. Syn. 343.

Figures.— Buff. PI. Eul. 7C1.— Pallas, Spic. Zool. pi. I and V.— Vieill. Gal. II, pi. 299.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 249, Oct. ed.
VII, pi. 462.

Sp. Ch. — The largest epecies of this genus, general form short and stout, head large, bill much flattened laterally, entirely
horny, upper mandible composed of three parts or lamina, the first of which, next to the frontal feathers, is narrow, and covered
with minute spots, the second smooth, with the apertures of the nostrils inserted at its lower edges, and with an elevated
Bub-cvlindrical process on its upper edge or the culmen of the bill; third with two or three transverse curved grooves, and
somewhat hooked at the tip; under mandible smooth. Head with two crests of elongated pendent feathers from behind the
eyes ; wings rather short, tail short, legs and feet strong, claws sharp.

Two first parts of the bill yellowish green, terminal part and under mandible reddish yellow or orange, the under mandible
greenish at base. Crests pale yellow, plumage around the base of the bill, including the eyes, white. All other parts of the
plumage brownish blacli, darker on the head and back, legs bright orange red.

Total length about 15 inches ; wing, 8 ; tail, 3 inches.

jjah. — Western coast of America. Oregon, (Dr. .Suckley,) California, (Dr. Heermann,) accidental on the coast of Maine, (Mr.
Audubon )

One of the most abundant species of this family on the coasts of western and northwestern
America. It is easily recognized by the pendent crest-like feathers on each side of the head.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

10692
8092
4370
3943

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

(J I Russian America i 1845

, N. W. coast

I Puget'sSound May, 1855.

. . I California ..

Whence obtained.

S. F Baird

John Gould

Dr. George Suckley.
Dr. A. L. Heefmiinn .

Collected by-

H. E. Strickland .

Fraercula,t B r i s s .
MORMON CORNICULATA, Naumann.

Mormon comiculata, Naumann, Isis, 1821, p. 782, (N. America.)
Mormon rjlaciali\ AuD. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, .59.9; pi. 293.
Figures.- Naumann, leis, 1821, pi. 7, fig. 3, 4.— Gray, Gen. of B. Ill, pi. 174.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 293. Oct. ed. VII, pi.
463.— Gould, B. of Eur. V, pi. 404.

8p. Ch.— An elevated, sharp, spine-like process over each eye, longer and sharper than in any other species, under the eye
a transverse process of the same description.

Smaller than the preceding, general form stout, head large, bill large, much flattened laterally, entirely corneous, upper
mandible composed of two parts, the first of whii-li at the base is narmw, and covered wirli minute spots, terminal portion with a

BIRDS — ALCIDAE — MORMON ARCTICUS.

903

ridge Ht iu baee, auJ two or ilireo curvi'il descemlinf; groOTes Dear (ho i-iid. unJtT iiiaiidiblo siouutb at base, and with about
three groovet near ita eud WiiiK rather short and weak, tail short, legs aud feet strong.

Throat black, uniting with (he name color of the upper parts of the body. Large space on each side of the heuil and entire
under p»r(8, from (he throat white, freipienlly tinged with ashy about the eyes. Kntire upper parts (and throat) brownish
black, darker and frequently dear black ou the back. Head above frci|iii'nlly dark ashy, separated liy a well defined line from
(be black of the other upper parts; bill aud feet orange yellow. Sides under the wings ashy black.

Total leiigth about Idi inches; wing, 7i, tail, 2? inches.

Hob. — Northwestern coast of America and adjacent coast of Asia. Kamtschatka, (Mus. Acad. Philad.)

Strongly marked by its black throat and the prominent horn over the eye. This is plainly
the species figured by Audubon and (roubl, and seems to be different from the succeeding,
M. glacialis.

List of specimens.

Cntal.
Xo.

Locality.

Whence obtained. Orig'l

No.

Collected by —

1984

Xorth Atlantic S. F. Uninl . .- . .. . V. 288

10694

Sea of Ochotsk

Capt. F. Bodgers, U. S. N. - .

\V. Stimpson

MOKMON GLACIALIS, Leach.

Mormon glacialit. Leach, Stephens, Shaw's Zool. XIII, 1826, p. 40.

FiouEEs — Naumann, leis, 1821, pi. VII, fig 2.

Sp. Ch. — An elevated, short and blunt process over each eye, and under it a narrow transverse process. About the size
of the preceding ; general form stout ; head large ; bill much flattened laterally, entirely horny ; upper mandible composed of two
parts, the first at the base narrow; and covered with minute spots or granulations, terminal part with two or three curved
grooves in its middle, and not so near (lie end as in the species immediately preceding; under mandible with grooves corresponding
to those of the upper ; bill rather longer, and not so wide laterally as in the preceding species, {M. comiculata. ) Wings moderate,
rather weak ; tail short i legs strong.

Throat white or pale ashy, large space on the sides of the head and under parts white, frequently tinged with ashy on the
former. Entire upper parts brownish black, darker on the back, and extending into a ring around the neck in front; head
above frequently ashy brown : bill and legs orange yellow, the former frequently dull greenish at base.

Total length about I2J inches ; wing, fi^J to 7 ; tail, 2^ inches.

Bab. — Northern and eastern coa.st8 of America, Northern Europe.

Possibly the young of the preceding, and only differing from it in having the throat white
or light ashy, and a short obtuse horn over the eye. The specimens of this bird that we have
seen are from Greenland and northern Europe.

MORMON ARCTICA, (Linnaeus,) Illiger.

.ilea arctUa, Li.vN. Syst. Nat. I, (1766,) p. 211.
Mormon arclica, Illiger, Prod. 1811 — Aud. Orn. Eiog. Ill, 10.5.
??.SIca labradoria, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, p. S.'iO, (1788.)
MomionfraUrcula, Temm. Man. II, 933.

Figures.— Buff. PI. Enl. 275.— Nauman, Isis, 1821, pi. 7, fig. 5, G, 7, B. of Germ., pi. 33.'> -Gould, B.of Eur. V, pi. 403.—
AuD. B. of Am. pi. 213, Oct. ed. VII, pi. 464.

Sp. Ch. — Smaller than either of (he preceding, but much resembling the two last species in lonn and color. A short, blunt
Process over each eye, and a narrow transverse process under it ; bill much lUttened laterally, lioriiy ; upper mandible composed
of two parts, that at the baae narrow, and covered with minute spots or granulations, terminal part with about four curved

904

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT,

grooves; under mandiblc'witli grooves corresponding to those of ilie ujiper. Wing moderate, or rather weak ; tail sliort ; legs
robust.

Throat wliite, or pale asliy ; large space on each side of tlie head, and under parts white, frequently tinged with ashy on the
ormer. Upper parts and ring around the neck in front brownish black, darker on the back ; head above frequently ashy brown ;
bill and legs orange yellow, the former frequently dull greenish at base.

Total length about llij, wing 65, tail 2^ inches.

Hab. — Northeastern coast of America, descending southwardly in the winter. Northern Europe.

This species, quite distinct and easily recognized, appears to be restricted to the North
Atlantic coasts of America and Europe. It is smaller than either of the preceding.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

1983

North Atlantic

do

S. F. Baird

J. J Audubon -

2731

do

do

SAGMATORRHINA, Bo nap.

Saginatorrhina, Bonaparte, Proc. Zoo\. Soc. London, 1851, p. 202.
Ch. — Bill twice as long as high ; upper mandible straight at the base, furnished with a very large cere, incurved at the point,
the lower mandible suddenly ascending beyond the middle, and forming an obtuse angle ; nostrils linear, marginal. — (Bonaparte,
as above.)

SAGMATORRHINA LABRADORIA, (Gmelin,) Gas sin.

Mca labradoria, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 550.

Sagmatorrhina lalhami, Bonap. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1851, p. 202 ; pi. xliv.

Sp. Ch. — " The largest (of this group), blackish, beneath pale fuliginous ; bill and feet red, cere and palms black. Length
IG inches ; bill 2 inches long, 1 inch high, g wide at the base, % in the middle ; wing 7^ inches ; tail 3| inches ; tarsi 1 J inches ;
the longest toe 2J inches " — (Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1851, p. 202.)

Hab. — Northwestern coast of America.

This bird is stated by the Prince Bonaparte to be an inhabitant of the Arctic regions of north-
western America, and he regards it as the largest of the group of which Phaleris is the type.
The specimen described by him is in the Briti-sh Museum.

This species has never come under our notice, though we are not without a suspicion that it
is intimately related to Ceratorhyncha monocerata, and possibly the same. According to Bona-
parte, tliis bird is also the same as Alca labradoria, Gmelin, which renders it necessary to adopt
that name for it, unless it can be demonstrated that such name implies a geographical error,
very dangerous to presume on in an Arctic species.

OERORHINA, Bonap.

Cerorhina, Bonap. Syn. 1628. Typo C. occidentalis .
Ceratorhyncha, Bonaparte, Comp. List, 1838, 66.
Chimerina, Esciisciioltz, Zool. At. 1820.

Ch. — General form short and heavy ; wings rather long ; tail short ; legs and feet large and strong ; tarsi short. Hill rather
long, much flattened laterally -, upper mandible usually with an upright horny appendage at its base, which is Ibittcned and
obtuse at the end ; angle of under mandible very distinct and generally with a gro{>vo across it, giving the appearance of an
additional part directly on the point of the angle.

BIRDS — ALCIDAK — CEIIORniXA MONOCERATA.
CEROftHINA MONOCERATA, (Tallas,) Cassin,

905

The Horn-billed Guillemot.

.Ilea monocerala, Pallas, Zoog. Kosso-Asiiit. l\, 1811, 36'2.

riiiileris ctrorhyneha , Bunap. 2oo1. Juur. HI, 1807, S3.

Cerorhyncha oceidrnlalis, Bonap. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 11, 1828, 428.

Ceratorlitjncha occidtntalis, Runap. Comp. List, 1S3S, 66. — Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 104 ; pi. 402.

Chimrrina cornii/a, Kscnscn. Zool. Atlas, III, 1829, 2 ; pi. xii.

" Cerorhina oritntalis, Bonap." Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Potorsburg, 1, 1837,345.

FiccBEs. — EscHscnoLTZ, Zool. Atlas, pi. 12. — Add. B. of Am. pi. 402, fig. 5, oct. cd. VII, pi. 471.

Sp. Ch — Bill rather large, flattened laterally ; upper mandible witli an upright horny appendage at its base, the lop or
termination of which is frequently broken or worn olT; angle of under mandible very distinct, and having the appearance of
being a distinct piece ; wings moderate, pointed ; tail short, rounded ; legs short, robust. Head and entire upper parts dark
fuliginous ; lighter and tinged with ashy on the throat and neck in front ; darker and nearly black on the back and rump. A
line of long yellowish white feathers over and behind the eye and another from the corner of the mouth. Under parts of body
white ; under wing coverts and sides ashy brown ; bill dark orange ; legs light colored.

Total length about 15 to 15J inches ; wing, 7J ; tail, 2{ ; bill to gape, 2 inches.

Hab. — Northwestern and western coasts of America ; northeastern Asia ; Japan, (Com. Perry's Expedition.)

This bird, though formerly regarded as very rare, and highly prized by naturalists and
collectors, is now frequently brought in the collections of expeditions and travellers, and is
apparently of quite usual occurrence on the western coast of North America. It is easily
distinguished by the short upright horn at the base of the upper mandible, which, in the
majority of specimens, is broken or worn off at the tip or end, leaving a hollow upright tube,
which we have known persons to mistake for this bird's nostril. This upright horn is not,
however, present in all specimens, and may be dependent for its growth or greater development
on season or sex. In a very fine specimen now before us, obtained by Mr. William Heine in the
island of Jesso, during the voyage of the United States Japan Expedition, there is not a vestage
of this appendage. This specimen is labelled as a female, and is alluded to by us in our account
of the birds collected by the Japan Expedition, in Vol. II of the Report of Commodore Perry.

The descriptions of this bird by the Prince Bonaparte, which have been relied on by American
naturalists, are very defective, and no measurements whatever are given. This circumstance,
in connexion with the fact that this bird has been little known to naturalists, has been the cause
of some confusion and difficulty in deiurmiuiug this species. Even the Prince Bonaparte himself
seems to have retained but an indistinct recollection of it, when he states that his Sagmatorhina
lathami is one-third larger. — (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1851, p. 202.) The fact is, there is very
little difference in the size of the two species, if such they are, though Sagmatorhina appears to
be slightly larger, the Prince Bonaparte giving its total length as IG inches in tlie description,
as cited above. Audubon gives the total length of the present bird as 15^ inches, which is very
nearly the measurement of the skins now before us, though variously distorted. We regard it
as by no means impossible that Sagmatorhina is the young of the present species.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

Bemarkg.

3945

California. . .....

Dr Heermann ..........

10698
10699

Hakodadi, Japan

do

May, 1854.

— do

Com. JI. C. Pcny, U. S. N....
...do

Wm. Heine

do

Eye pale yellow

Oct. 15, 1858.

114 b

906

U. S. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

CEKOEHINA SUCKLEYI, Cassin.

Sp. Ch. — Smaller than the preceding, and with the bill much more narrow laterally ; plumage darker. Bill shorter than the
head ; upper mandible curved towards the end, without distinct basal knobs ; under mandible with the angle very distinct ; bill
rather widened at the base, compressed towards the end ; wings short ; tail very short. Entire upper parts brownish black,
darker and nearly clear black on the head and back. Throat, neck, and upper part of breast dark cinereous ; lower part of
breast and abdomen white ; sides and under wing coverts cinereous ; bill light at base, dark at the end ; feet dark yellow.

Total length about 121 inches ; wing, 6| inches ; tail, 1| inch.

Hub. — Steilacooin, Puget's Sound, (Dr. Geo. Suckley.)

This species is smaller than the preceding and darker in color, especially on the upper surface
of the head and hody. The hill also is much more slender. The only specimen that we have
ever seen is in the coUection^made by Dr. George Suckley, U. S. A., whose name we have taken
the liberty of applying to it, as a slight testimonial to his great zeal and ability as a naturalist
and scientific traveller.

According to Dr. Suckley, this species is said by the Indians to be not uncommon on Puget's
Sound. He further states that in life the membrane at the base of the upper mandible is
grayish dusky, the knob (!) slightly more greyish. The middle of both mandibles dingy
orange, their tips dusky. Iris pale hazel. Under surface of toes bluish white, darker about
the articulations ; nails black.

List of specimens.

Catai.

No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Orig'l
No.

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Wing.

Remarks.

4o79 ' Fort Steilacoom, W. T..! Januarys, 1856.

Dr. Geo SticUley.

221

13.75

24.00

6.75

Iris hazel

PHALERIS, Temminck.

? Simorhynchus, Merrem, 1819. Type, .4ico cristatella.
Plialeris, Temminck, 1820. Same type.

Ch. — Genera! form, short and robu-st. Head rather large and frequently with a crest of narrow feathers curved forwards.
Bill short, compressed, with the commissure more or less curved. Aperture of the nostrils largo, and with the base generally
covered with short, velvety feathers. Wings moderate, pointed. Tail short ; legs moderate; tarsi compressed, covered with
minute circular or oval scales ; feet with three toes fully webbed, (no hind toe ;) claws moderate, rather short and blunt. Con-
tains several speciss, amongst which are the smallest of the water birds.

Simorhynchus, Merrem.
PHALERIS CRISTATELLA, (Pallas, )Bonap.

Crested Auk.

.Ilea cristatella, Pallas, Spic. Zuo]. V, 17G9, 18.— Gm. I, 1788, 552.

Plialeris criilatella, Bon. List, 1838. Not of Temminck.

PhttUris superciliosa, Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, CG.

" Phaleris superciliata, Bonap." (Name on Audubon's plalo 402.)

Una dabia, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- Asiat. II, 371, plate 87 .'

Figures.— Pallas, Spic. Zool. pt. V, pi. 3.— Id. Zoog. RosBO-Asiat. pi. 8G.-Aui-. li. of Am. pi. 402; Oct. ed. VII, pi. 467.

T:t :t':« '<t <x^

*. If.. 4r

t^

9Ji

908

U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL. REPORT.

dages of the bill so conspicuous in the latter. Its hill tip is darker colored, and altogether our
si^ecimen agrees quite well with the description and figure of Pallas, cited above.

PHALEEIS CAMTSCHATICUS, ( L e p e c h i n , ) C a s s i n .

»7/co camtschatica, Lepechin, Nov. Act. Acad. St. Petersburg, XII, IBOl, 3G9.
Uria mystacea, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso- Asiat. II, 1811, 372.
Mormon svperciliosa, Licht. Verz. 1823, 89.
Phaleris svpei-ciliosa, Bon. List, 1838.
Phakris cristalellus, Temm. PI. Col. V, pi. 200.

Figures.— Nov. Act. Acad. St. Petersburg, XII, pi. 8.— Temm. PI. Col. 200.— Vieill. Gal. II, pi. 297 Pallas, Zoog.

Rcsso-Asiat. II, pi. 89.

Sp. Cii. — Smaller tlian either of the preceding. Bill short, nearly simple ; commissure slightly curved; culmen ridged ; a
crest of very slender feathers in front, curved forwards ; angle of upper mandible very distinct ; wing moderate, pointed ; tail
short. Numerous white slender feathers at the base of the upper mandible and in a line from the corners of the mouth on the
neck ; long and pendent on tl]e latter. Entire upper parts dark brown ; under parts light cinereous ; paler and nearly white
on the abdomen. Bill orange red ; feet greenish brown ; crest black ; a few of the longer posterior feathers white.

Total length about Tj inches ; wing, 41 inches ; tail, 1| inches.

Ilab. — Northwestern coast of America, (Mr. John Gould ;) Kamtschatka, (Lepechin ;) Uiialashka, (Pallas.)

Of this species we have only seen a single head in the National Museum, to which it was
presented by the eminent naturalist Mr. John Gould, of London. Fortunately the skin and
plumage are carefully preserved, showing, of course, the form and colors, which are precisely
as given in Temminck's plate, as above cited, except that a few of the posterior feathers of the
crest are white, as represented in Lepechin's plate, also cited above. It appears to be one of
the handsomest of these birds, and is most assuredly distinct from any other species.

The feathers of the crest in this species are more slender than in any other. The present
specimen is labelled as from the Northwest Coast of America.

Ciital. Locality.
No.

Whence obtained. Nature of

fipecimen.

8098

John OoulJ Head ......

Ciceronia,^ K e i c h c u b a c h .
PHALEIIIS MICROCEROS, Brandt.

The Little \u\i.

Phaleris microceros, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, I, 1837, 34G.
Phaleris nodiroslra, Bonap. Comp. List, 1838, CG. — Auu. Orn. Biog. V, 10), pi. 4U2.
? ^Ica pygmaea, Gm. Syst. Nat. II, 1788, 554.

FiGDREa. — Ald. B. of Am. pi. 402. — Ib. oct. cd. pi. 4C8.

Sp. Ch. — Smaller than the preceding, not crested ; bill short, compressed, with a small elevated appendage or caruncle at
base of upper mandible; commibsuro nearly straight ; upper mandible curved and notched at the tip; wing moderate; tail
short. Bill orange red, with its baee and elevated caruncle dark bluish ; numerous white hair-liko feathers on the forehead, and
others below the eye. Entire upper parts brownish black, darker on the back ; cheeks and chin ashy brown ; under parts white,
with numerous large spots of dark brown, especially on the breast ; throat pure white ; under wing coverts white ; feet groonisU
brown.

Total length about 6| inches ; wing, 4 ; tail, I J inches.

//afc NorlhwuHtern coast of America, (iVIr. .lolin Gould ;) Bchring'H Straits ; Kamtschatka, (Mus. Acad. Pliilada.)

'The smallest of sea birds. General cliuructcr of lliu preceding, but with the head not crested.

BIRDS — ALCIDAE — I'lIALEBIS PUSILLA. 909

This Imnilsome little species is easily recognized by its short elevated carunclo at the base of
the bill and its small size, though larger than the succeeding. The figure of Mr. Audubon
cited above is very accurate, and represents the adult bird, though the young differs in no
material character. In all the specimens the under parts are spotted as described above, except
the throat, which is pure white. It appears to be abundant on the coasts of northwestern
America and northeastern Asia.

It is possible that the pigmy auk of Pennant, which is Alca pygmaea, Gmelin, may be the
young of this species, but it is more probable, judging from the descriptions of Latham and
Gmelin, that several small species have been coni'uunded under this name. Latham describes
his bird as having the bill : " the top is ridged, but on the sides of the ridge is considerably
depressed, as in the duck," which is a character of no species which has come under our notice.

List of specimens.

CatAl. No. , Locality.

8094 NorChweaC coast of America .

Whence obtained.

John Gould.

PHALERIS PUSILLA, Pallas.

The Least Auk.

l/'rio pKsilla, Pallas, Zoog. Ro3s.-Asiat. II, 1811, 373.
Figures. — Pallas, Zoog. Ross.-Asiat. II, pi. 90.

Sp. Ch. — Smaller than either of the preceding. Head rather large ; bill short, slightly curved upwards towards the tip,
without appendages ; a longitudinal groove in the under mandible ; wing moderate, second quill slightly longest ; tail short,
truncate or even at the end ; legs and feet rather large. Entire upper parts black, lustrous on the head above and back.
Scapular feathers ashy white, giving the appearance of two white spots on the upper view of the bird ; secondary quills tipped
with white ; a spot of white over the eye ; a ievi hair-hke feathers in front white, and a few of the same kind behind the eye.
Entire under parts white, with some narrow transverse lines of dark ashy on the sides. Bill black ; edges of both mandibles at
base, and tip of under mandible yellow ; legs dark. Narrow space on the throat at the base of the under mandible and cheeks
dark brownish cinereous.

Total length about 5| inches ; wing, 3J ; tail, 1 inch.

Hab. — Northwestern coast of America.- Semiavine Straits, (Nat. Mus. from Capt. Rodger's North Pacific Exploring
Expedition.) Kamtschatka, (Pallas.)

This interesting little species is the bird described by Pallas as above, and is altogether
distinct from the preceding. It is probably the very smallest of the sea birds, and is easily
distinguished by the clear black of its upper plumage and pure white of tlie under parts, with
the additional jsrominent character of having white scapulars.

The only specimens that we have ever seen of this bird are in the National Museum, and are
part of the very extensive zoological collection made by the North Pacific Exploring and
Surveying Expedition in command of Capt. John Rodgers, United States navy.

List of specimens.

Catalogue No. \ Loc.ility. [ Whence obtained.

Seniavinc Straits Captain J. Ilodfiors, United States navy.

Collected by-

W Slimpson.

910 U. S. p. R. E EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

PTYCHORHAMPHUS, Braudt.

Ptychorkamphus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, II, 1837.

Cn. — Small. General furni short and heavy; head rather large. Bill short, straight, conical, pointed; under mandible with
one curved longitudinal groove from the base ; upper mandible with two or three grooves of the same description ; membrane
of the nostril large; angle of the gonjs very distinct. Wings moderate, pointed, first quill longest; tail very short ; legs
moderate, compressed, covered with very small circular and hexagonal scales.

This genus embraces the present species only.

PTYCHORHAMPHUS ALEUTICUS, (Pallas,) Brandt.

Uria ttleidica, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, p. 370, (1811 ) '

Ptycho hamplnis aleutlcvst Brandt, 1837.

Mergulus cassinii, Gamdel, Proc. Acad. Philad. II, 1845, 2GG. — 1b. J. A. N. S. 2d series, II, 1850 ; pi. vi.

Sr. Ch — Small. General form short and heavy ; bill conical, pointed ; wing moderate ; tail short ; le»s and feet moderate ;
tarsi compressed. Bill brownish black, witli a conspicuous spot of yellow at the base of the under mandible. Head above and
entire upper parts dark fuliginous, nearly black on the back and top of tlie head, tinged with ashy on the rump. Throat and
sides of the neck hght ashy ; other under parts white ; a longitudinal stripe on the sides from the breast to the tibia dark asliy
brown; under tail coverts white ; feet dark.

Total length about 8 inches ; wing, 4J ; tail, li inches

Hab. — Western and northwestern coast of America; California, (Dr. Gambel.)

This quite peculiar little bird is well figured in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy, as
above cited, and is occasionally brought in collections from the western coasts of the United
States. It was first added to our fauna by the late Dr. William Gambel, as above, but is
undoubtedly the bird described by Pallas in Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,

List of specimens.

Catalogue No.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

8097

Northwest coast of America

John Gould

OMBRIA, E s c h s c h o 1 1 z .

? Phaleris, Temminck, Man. 1820.

Ombria, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, pt iv, p. 3, (1831.)

Ch. — General form short and robust ; head moderate. Bill short, much compressed ; upper mandible with the culmcn
very distinct, and its cutting edge curved upwards ; under mandible much curved upwards ; nearly falcate in ils terminal half;
membrane of the nostril large, corneous ; a short longitudinal groove at base of tho under mandible. Wings moderate, pointed;
tail short ; legs short, strong ; tarsus flattened laterally, covered with minute circular and oval scales ; feet with three toes only,
fully webbed ; claws rather long. Contains one species only.

OMBRIA PSITTACULA, (Pallas,) Eschscholtz.

Jilca psillaeula, Pallas, Sjiic. Zool. pt. V, I7C9, 13.

Phaleris psiltacula, Stei-hens, Xlll, i, 1826, 44.

Ombria psiltacula, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, IV, 1831, 3.

FicuREi.— Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, pi. 17.— Pallas, Spic. Zool. pi. 2.— Zoog. Uosso-Asiat. pi. 84.— Lath. Gen. Hist. .X,
pi. 170, fig. 2.

Sp. Ch. — A line of long hair-likc feathers from imder the eye, extending longitudinally on the side of tho nock, white. Head
and entire upper parU brownish black, slightly mixed with white on the throat ; breast mottled witii dark brown and white.

BIRDS — ALCIDAE — URIA GRYLLE.

911

Uniler parts of body from the breast whito ; sides under the wines spotted with asby brown ; tibiae osby brown ; under wing
coverts dark asby brown. Bill reddish ornngc, darker at base ; feet dark greenisb.

Total length about 9 inches ; wing, SJ ; tail, I] inches.

Uab. — Northwestern coast of America ; Kurilc islands ; Kamtschatka, (Pallas.)

The very singular bill of this bird strongly characterizes it, and seems to attain a maximum
of oddity amongst the queer bills of this family of birds. The whole affair looks as if it might
be a nose of wax badly pinched and jerked upwards, especially to the disadvantage of the under
mandible.

Though nearly related to Phaleris, it is quite probable tliat the stronger relationship of this
curious bird is to the genus Mormon. It appears to be not uncommon on the northwest coast of
America.

lAst of specimens.

Catalogue No.

Locjility.

Whence obtained.

Nature of specimen.

8099

Northwest coast of America

Head

8100

do

Skin

Sub-Family URINAE.

URIA, M o e b r i n g ,

Una, MoEHRiNG, Av. Gen., 1752. Type, Colijmbus gryUe, L.
Ch. — General form short and robust. Head moderate, bill rather long, straight, somewhat compressed, pointed, angle of the
tinder mandible distinct; nostrils in a groove at base of upper mandible, the membrane of which is covered with short velvet-like
feathers. Wings short, pointed ; tail short; legs short and robust ; tarsus shorter than the middle toe, compressed, toes rather
long, fully webbed ; claws rather strong, curved.

The size in this genus varies considerably, but is never large, and all the .species present a
general similarity of dark and white colors. There are not more than seven species, all of
which inhabit high northern latitudes, migrating more southwardly.

According to Keyserling and Blasius the two sub-genera of Uria are characterized as follows :

TJria, Moehring. — Upper jaw near the tip entire, and without groove. Culmen not more
than half the keel. Adult colors black, with patches only of white.

Cataractes, Moehring. — End of upper jaw with a lateral furrow running into a notch behiad
the tip. Culmen or ridge more than half the keel. Dark above, with lines or stripes of white.
Much white beneath.

Uria, Moehring.
URIA GRYLLE, (Linnaeus,) Latham.

The Guillemot.

AUagrylle, Likk. Syst. Nat. 1, 1758, 130.

ColtfnihM gryUe, Liss. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, p. 220.

Uria gryUe,l.i.Tai.nL, Ind. Orn.II, 1790, 797.— Bon. Syn. 1828, 423.— AuD. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 148; V, 627: pi. 219

Uria grylloides, Brunnich, Orn. Bor. p. 28, (1764.)

Uria balthica and gromlandica, Brvssich, Orn. Bor. p. 28, (1764.)

Uria scapularis, Stephe.ss, Shaw, Gen. Zool. XII, p. 250, (1824.)

Cepphia lacUola, Pallas, Spicil. V, :J3.

912

U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

FiGORES.— Edwards, Birds I, pi. 50.— Vieili.ot, Gal. 11, pi. 294.— Aud. B. of Am. pi. 219, oct. ed. VII, pi. 474.— Gould B.
Eur. IV, pi. 399.— NAUM.4NS B. of Germ. pi. 330.

Sp. Ch. — Bill straight, pointed; wing rather short, weak; first quill longest; tail short. A large oTftl transverse space on the
wing, white, which is also the color of the under wing coverts and a.xillary feathers, outer edge of the wing and shoulder brownish
black. All other parts of the plumage browuish black, with a greenish tinge and darker on the back. Bill black, feet red.
Younger and winter plumage, under parts, neck and rump w hite ; head above and back dark browu ; large space of white on the
wing, as in summer.

Total length about 13 inches; wing, 6J ; tail, 2 inches.

Ilab. — Northeastern coast of America, Greenland, (Dr. E. K. Kane ;) South, in winter, to New Jersey. Behriog's Straits,
Captain Rodgers.

Very abundant on the northeastern coasts and islands of America, and also in the northern
latitudes of Europe. This bird is very easily recognized by its black plumage and large white
space on the wing.

A single specimen is in the collection before me, collected by the expedition of Captain
Kodgers on Herald island, inside of Behring's Straits.

URIA COLUMBA, (Pallas,) Cassin.

The VVesteni (iiiillriiiiit.

CeppJms columha, Pali.as, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, p. 348, (1811.)
Uria imndlii, Light. Verz. p. 88, (1823) ?

" Uria mandlii. Light. Mus. Dresd." Reich. Vollst. Naturg. Schwimmv. pi. 4, fig 47.
Figures. — Voy. Vincennes and Peacock, Birds, pi. 38, fig. 1.

Sp. Ch. — Rather larger than the preceding, bill larger and stronger. White space ou the wing, divided by a band of brownish
black running diagonally from the edge of the wing ; under wing coverts dark ashy, frequently tipped with white ; axillary feathers
ashy brown. All other parts of the plumage brownish black, with a greenish lustre, and frequently tinged with ashy on the back.
Bill black, feet red. Younger and winter plunviye. Upper parts brownish black ; under parts white, generally more or less
spotted with dark brown ; white space on the wing as in summer, but frequently less distinct.
Total length about 13^ inches.

Ilah. — Western and northwestern coast of America. Kamtschatka, (North Pacific Surveying and E.xploring Expedition,
Captain Rodgers, United States navy.)

Much resembling the preceding, but easily distinguished by the white space on the wing,
being divided into two parts, as described above. This bird appears to be exclusively an
inhabitant of the North Pacific ocean, and rears its young as far soutli as Puget's Sound. In
the fine collection made by Dr. George Suckley, United States army, are young birds scarcely
feathered, which were obtained at that locality.

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Sex and
age.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Grig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch
of wing.

Win .

4407

S

Fort Steilacoom, W. T

do

1855

IM
521
500

13. ai
l4.a->

24.25
21.25

7.50

mm

Aueuat 8, 1856
do

do

7 00

8)X»

do

do

9810

O

do

do

mm

T 1

.** -« _*• dU M

914

U S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

URIA RINGVIA, Brfinnich,

Murie.

Uria ringvia, Erlnn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 28.

Uria laclirymans. La Pylaie.

Oria Uucopthalmos, Faber, Isis, 1824, p. 140.

Uria leucopsis, Erehm.

? Uria alga, Brlnn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 28.

UriaCroile, Bon. Syn. 1728, 424.— Ano. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835, 142; pi. 218.

Figures.— Gould, B. of Eur. IV, pi. 397.— Audubon, B. of Am. pi. 218.— Ib. oct. ed. VII, pi. 473.— Naumann, B. of
Germ. pi. 332.

Sp. Ch. — About the size of or rather larger than the preceding. Bill rather long, pointed, compressed; from the lateral
feathers longer than the tarsus or than the inner toe and claw. Wings rather short ; tail very short. A narrow line of white
encircling and running backwards behind the eye and over the ear. Head and entire upper parts dark brown, with a tinge of
ashy. Under parts white; sides with transverse stripes of ashy brown; under wing coverts white; bill black; feet greenish
black. Winter plumage, with the throat and all other under parts, white. The white line behind the eye frequently wanting,
and different in length in specimens.

Total length about 17 inches; wing, 7| to 8 inches; tail, 2 inches.

Hab. — Northern America; Northern Europe and Asia.

Easily distinguished by the line of white behind the eye, which is, however, not always
present in specimens, as stated above. This is one of the most common birds of the higher
northern latitudes on both sides of the continent. Specimens in the present collection are
from California,

List of specimens.

Catal.
No.

Locality.

When collected.

Whence obtained.

Collected by—

3944

Californici ......... _

... ,. .. 1 Dr. TTervni:i:in

9905

February, 1855

S. F. Baird

URIA ARRA, (Pallas.)

Thick-billed GuiUemot.

CepphuH arra, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, 1811,347.

Uria brunnichii, Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XII, p. 539.— Bon. Syn. 1828, 424.— Aud. Orn. Biog. Ill, 1835,

336; pi. 345.
Uriafraiicsii, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soo. London, XII, p. 588.
Uria troile, BrOnnich, Orn. Bor. 1764, 103. (Not of Linnaeus.)

Fir.uRES. — Audubon, B. of Am. pi. 345; oct. ed. VII, pi. 472. — Gould, B. of Eur. IV, pi. 398. — Naumann, B. of Germ
pi. 333.

Sp. Cii. — Much resembling the preceding in form and colors, but with the l)ill shorter. About the size of U. ring-fin. Hill
moderate or rather short; curved at the tip, compressed; the distance from lateral feathers lo tip less than the tarsus, but
longer tlian inner toe and nail. Wing rather short; tail very ehort; tarsi strong. Head and entire upper parts brownish black;
under parts white; tips of socondarics white; sides, under the wings, with transverse stripes of ashy brown; bill black; legs and
feet greenish brown; no white stripe or circle about the eye. Winter and iinruaturo plumage, with the throat, (and other
under parts,) white.

Total length about 17 inches; wing, 7| inches; tail, 2 inches.

JIttb. — Northern .America; Northern Europe and Asia; coast of New Jersey, (Mus. Acad. I'hilad.)

BIRDS — ALCIDAK— BRAClIVRAMrilUS MARMORATUS. 915

Tills is the most fVequoiit species of this group ou the coast of the Jlidillc iiml Noilhcru
States on the Atlantic, ami occurs nearly every winter as far south as the coast of New Jersey.
It differs from either of the preceding in having the bill much shorter and wider, and is not
difficult to recognize by its short and rather wide bill, though of the same colors of plumage as
the preceding.

List of specimens.

Locality.

Whence obtained.

Atldntio iKX'Jin .............. --.-

S. V. Baird

Herald island, Arctic ocean

Capt. J. Eodgere, U.S.N

BRACHYRIIAMPIIUS, Brandt.

Brachyrhamphus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg II, 1837, 345. Typo, Colymbns mamioralus, Gin.
Ch. — Small; general form short, broad, and very robust. Head rather large; wings moderate; tall short. Bill short, densely
covered with feathers at base, compressed. Upper mandib'e curved; lower mandible grooved at base. Wings pointed, first
quill longest. Tail very short; legs moderate; tarsi compressed; feet 'rather small. A group containing several species of
beautiful little sea birds inhabiting the North Pacific ocean.

Apobaptou, B r a n d t .1
BKACHYRAMPHUS MARMORATUS, (Gmelin,) Brandt.

Colymhvs marmoratits, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 583.

Uria marmorala, Lath. Ind. Orn. 11, 1790, 7'J'J.— Bon. Syn. 1828, 423.

Ceppkus perJix, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, 1811, 351.

L'ria brevirostris, Vigors, ZouI. Jour. IV, 1828, 357.

t'ria townsenilii, Ai-n. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 251, pi. 430 — Townsend, Narrative, 1839, 352.

Marbled Guilkmol, Pennant; Latham.

FiCDRES. — Lath. Gen. Syn. VI, pi. 96. — Pennant, Arc. Zool. II, pi. 22. — Aon. B. of Am. pi. 4.'10; oct. ed. Vll, pi. 475.

Sp. Ch. — Small; bill slender, distinctly notched near the end; frontal feathers advancing upon it to near half its length
Wings short; tail very short; legs and feet short and weak. Entire upper parts brownish black, tinged with ashy on the back.
Scapular feathers while, forming two conspicuous spots on each side of the back; ring around the back of the neck white.
Under parts white; under wing coverts dark ashy brown; longitudinal stripes on the side ashy brown; bill black; feet yellow.

Younger. Upper parts brownish black, with the feathers tipped and edged with dull reddish; under parts spotted and marbled
with brownish black and white.

Total length about 10 inches; wing, 5 inches; tail, 1^ inches.

Hab. — Western and northwestern coasts of America ; California, (Mr. Geo. Davidson;) Washington Territory, (Dr.
Cooper.)

A beautiful little sea bird, apparently abundant on the western coast of the United States,
and probably constantly resident in the latitude of Puget's Sound. In Dr. Cooper's collection
are young birds evidently in the plumage of the year, and with the under parts mottled, as
above described, and as tlescribed aud figured by Latham, as above cited.

Bill rather slender, size smaller tliaii in the succeeding sub gciiui.

916

U. S, p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGT — GENERAL REPORT,

List of specimens.

Calal.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No.

Collected by—

Length.

Stretch Wing,
ofwings.

Remarks.

4189
9552

Puget's Sound

Nov. 28, 1857

Dr. Kennerly ..

10.50

17.75

5.38

9914
5984

C?

Fori Sleilaccom

rio

Mar. — , 1854
Mar. 13, 1853

Sept. 12, 1854

Gov. Stevens

do

do

52
93

do

do

9.75
8.00

17.75
16.25

Iris hazel ; bill black;

Shoalwaler bay,

feet pale flesh color ;
webs bluish.
Iris grayish ; bill black ;

feet pale gray; webs
black.

Synthliboramphus, Brandt.'
BKACHYRAMPHUS ANTIQUUS, Gmelin.

The Ancient Auk ; The Grey-headed Ank.

.4/co anliqvtt, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 554.
UHa anliqua, Add. Orn. Biog. V, 1839, 100; pi. 40:2.
Uria senicula, Pallas, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. II, 1811, 367.
Mergulvs cirrhocephalus, Vigors, Voy. Blossom, Orn. p. 32, (lf'39.)
FiGDREs.— AuD. B. of Am. pi. 402, fig. 12; oct. ed. VII, pi. 470— Temm. & Sciileg. Faun Jap. Aves, pi. 80.

Sp. Ch. Small; bill wider and more flattened laterally than in the preceding, notched and curved towards the point. Wing

moderate; tail very short; legs and feet moderate. Throat and head above black. A longitudinal stripe of narrow white
feathers on each side above and behind the eye; another wide stripe of white on the neck below the eye, uniting with the
white of the under parts of the body; back and rump light ashy. Under parts white, with a transverse wide stripe of
brownish black on the sides below the closed wings. Under wing coverts white; <iuills and tail brownish black. Numerous
lines of white on the neck behind and on the shoulders; bill j'ellow, with tlie culmen dark brown; feet yellow. Younger, with
the upper parts obscurely tinged and striped with dull reddish, and the under parts with dark brown.
Total length, about 9j to 10 inches; wing, 5j inches; tail, Ij inches.
jlah. — Northwestern coast of America.

Another very handsome sea bird inhabiting the North Pacific, but apparently not so abund-
ant as the preceding. It is easily distinguished by its larger size and the white stripes on each
side of the head.

BKACHYKAMPHUS TEMMINCKII, Brandt.

Brachyramphus temminckii, Brandt, Bull Acad. St. Petersburg, II, 1837, 346.
Uria wmizwsume, Temm. Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 123.
Figures.— Temm. PI. Col pi. .579.- Temm. St. Sciilkg. Faun. Jap. Aves, pi. 79.

Sp. Ch.— Small ; bill rather lengthened and slender, a crest of long erectile feathers in front ; wings rather short ; tail short,
'ounded ; legs and feet short and rather weak. Crest feathers black ; longitudinal stripes on the top of the head, throat, back
of the neck, and longitudinal wide stripe on the sides throughout the length of the body, brownish black. Back, wing coverts,
and rump light cinereous ; (piills and tail brownish black. Wide stripes over each eye, uniting on the occiput, white Entire
under parts while ; under wing coverts white ; bill and feet light colored ; cuhnon dark brown. Female and idnlcr plumage 7 —
No crest ; head above brownish black ; throat ashy brown ; stripe on the sides ashy, frcciucntly with circular spots of white.

Total length about 9J inches ; wing, 5; ; tail, Ij inch.

llab. Northwestern coast of America ; nortliern Asia; Japan, (Mat. Miis , I'ruin I'crry's E.vpcdition.)

Ilill wide laloraliy, compressed; size larger than the preceding.

BIRDS— ALCIDAE — BRACHYRAMPnUS KITTLITZII.

917

Rather smaller than the preceding, and in adult plumage readily distinguished by its crest of
long elevated feathers. We have in (Ik- present collection young birds unly, all of wliicli are
from Washington Territory. Adult specimens in tlie National Museum are from Japan.

In addition to the preceding three species of this genus, of wliich numerous specimens are
DOW before us, three other species are described by Mr. liraudt in his very valuable Monograph
of the Alcidae, in the Bulletin of the Academy of St. Petersburg, II, p. 345, (1837.) Never
having seen either of those species, we can only transcribe the descriptions by the distinguished
author just mentioned. According to Bonaparte, they belong to Apobapion.

List of specimens.

CatAl.

No.

Sf.\ LiKSility.

When col-
lected.

Whence obtained.

Orig.
No

Collected
by-

Length.

Stretch
of wings.

Remarks.

8095

5

Northwest Coast Am .
Port Gamble, W. T ..

Shoal water l)ay

Simoda, Japan

Yedo bay, Japan

Slarch 16

Nov.25,'.i4
May, 1854
Feb. 1854

J. Gould '

5987

10.75
10.50

18.25
18. 2.5

Bill flesh color ■

!)9U

Com. Perry, U S. N.
do

11.3

irids, black; feet,
pale blue

10677

Wm. Heine
do

10696

BRACHYRAMPHUS WRANGELII, Brandt.

BrachyTamphxiS wroiig-eiii, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, II, 1837, 344.

Sr. Ch. — " Rostrum capitis dimidii circiter longitudine. Caput supra, nucha et dorsum o nigricante gri.soa. Alae et Cauda
nigrae. Reliquae partes, nee non stria longitudinalis supra alam albae. Tarsi digito medio brcviores. Longitudino a rostri apice
ad caudae apicem, 9j". Palria Insulae Aleulicae."

Bill about liulfthc length of the head. Head above, neck behind, and byk, blackish gray ; wings and tail black ; otlier parts
and a stripe on the wing white. Tarsus shorter than tlie middle toe. Length from the tip of the bill to the end of tlic tail, 9|
inches. Inhabits the Aleutian Islands.

BRACHYRAMPHUS BRACHYPTERUS, Brandt.

BrachyrampKus brachypierus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, II, 1637, 344.
" Uria brachyptera, Kittl. MSS." — Brandt, as above.

Sp. Ch. — "Supra cinerea, alis caudaque nigricantibus. CoUum subtus et in lateribus, pectus et abdomen alba. Rostrum
capitis dimidii circiter longitudine. Tarsi digito medio longiores. Longitudino a rostri apice ad caudae apicem 9". Patria
Unalascbka "

Alwvc cinereous ; wings and tail blackish ; neck beneath and on its sides, breast, and abdomen white. Bill about half the
length of the head ; tarsus longer than tlie middle toe ; length from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, 9 inches. Inhabits
Unalascbka.

BRACHYRAMPHUS KITTLITZII, Brandt.

Brachyramphu3 kittlitzii, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, II, 1837, 344.

Sp. Ch. — " Supra cinerea nigricanio et pallide e fusco-flavcscente unduluta et submaculata. Subtus alba, sub-fuscescente
tenuissime lavata, uigro et quidem in pectore frequcntius undulata. Alae e cinerascente et fusco nigrae. Rostrum brevissimum,
capitis longitudiuus tertiam partem circiter adaequans. Tarsi digito medio breviores. Loneitudo a rostri apico ad caudae
apicem 9". Patria Kamtschatka."

918 U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Above cinereous, unduluteil, and somewhat spotted with blackisli and pale yellowish brown. Beneath white, faintly tinged
with brownish, and undulated on the breast with black ; wings ashy and brownish black. Bill very short, about one-third llie
■ength of the head ; tarsus shorter than the middle toe. Length from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, 9 inches. Inhabits
Kanitschatka,

MERGULUS, Ray.

Mergulus, Rat, Synopsis Avium, 1713, 195.

Ch. — Small; general form short and heavy, head rather large. Bill short, thick ; upper mandible curved, slightly lobed on ilg
edge ; membrane of the rounded nostril large ; wings moderate or rather short, pointed ; first quill longest ; tail short ; feet
rather short.

MERGULUS ALLE, Linnaeus.

The Iiittle Auk ; The Sea Dove ; Dovekie.

Jllca alle, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 17GG, 211.

Mergulus alle, Vieillot, " Anal, l>-16."- Ie. Galerie, II, 1825, 237.— Ann. Syn. 347.

Uria ai(e,TEMMiNCK, Man. II, 928.— Bon. Obs. VVils. 1826, No. 23S.— Add. Orn. Ror. IV, 1838, 304 ; pi. 33i).

Mergxdus mclanoleucus, Rat, Syn. Av. p. 125.

^Ica Candida, Bni^NN. Orn. Bor. 1764, 26.

Mca alee, Gmelin, Syst. Nat I, 1788, 354.

FiGDRES. — Edwards, Birds, II, pi. 91 — Boffon, PI. Enl. 917. — Vieillot, Gal. II, pi. 295.— Wilson, Am. Orn. IX, pi. 74,
f5g. 5.— AuD. B. of Am. pi. 339, oct. ed. VII, pi. 4G'J.— Godld, B. of Eur. IV, pi. 403.- Naumann, B. of Germ. pi. 334.

Sp. Ch. — Small; head, breast, and entire up|ier parts brownish black, inclining to fuliginous on the head and breast; under
parts from the breast white. A narrow line of white over the eye ; secondaries tipped with white ; scapulars edged with white ;
under wing coverts dark asliy ; llanks with longitudinal stripes of brownish black ; bill black ; feet pale reddish ; webs of toes
dark. Winter plumage and young with the throat (and other under parts) white, extending somewhat on the sides of the neck.

Total length about Ik inches ; wing, 4j ; tail, 1^ inch.

Hnh. — Northeastern coast of America ; northern Europe; New Jersey, (Mus. Acad. Philad.;) Nova Scotia, (Nat. Mus.
Washington )

One of the most abundant of the sea birds of northern America and Europe, straying south
in the winter occasionally to the coastf* of the Middle States. We have never seen it from the
northern Pacific, though it appears to be an inhabitant of the entire Arctic circle.

List of specimens.

Locality. Whence obtained.

Halifax, N. S ; J. K. Willis

Nature of specimen

Mounted ,

BIBD8 — ALCIDAE. 919

NOTE TO ALCIDAE.

In order to iacilitate the comprehension of the genera of Alcidae, as given above, we present
the following synopsis of Brandt's paper, in the "Bulletin Scientifique, public par I'Acad. Imp.
des Sciences de St. Petersbourg," II, 1837, 344, which has served, with some modification, as the
basis of our article on the subject :

I. Pterorhines. — Nostrils covered more or less with short feathers.

1. Alca, Briss. — Bill transversely sulcate, compressed; lateral profile oval. Species,
A. torda, impennis.

2. Uria, Brilnn. — Bill not sulcate, sub-conical, compressed, about equal to the head.
Nostrils entirely covered above with feathers. Feet stouter.

Lomvia. — Bill higher and broader. Species, U. troile, brunnichi, ringvia.
Grylle. — Bill narrower, sub-conical. Species, U. grylle, mandtii, carbo.

3. Braciitriiami'IIUS, Brandt. — Bill much shorter than the head, hooked at tip, com-
pressed laterally. Nostrils half covered by feathers. Feet weaker.

Apobapton, Brandt. — Bill less elevated, more narrow. Species, B. marmoratua,

wrangelii, brachypterus, kittlitzii.
SyntJdiborhamphus, Brandt. — Bill short, high, lateral outline almost oval. Species,

B. atitiquiis, temminclcii.

4. Mergulus, Kay. — Species, M. melanoleucns.

II, Gtmnorhines. — Nostrils not covered by feathers.

5. Ptychorhamphus, Brandt. — Bill conical, sub-acute, moderately elongated. Basal part
of maxilla covered above with narrow, transverse, cutaneous folds. Species, P. aleuticus.

6. Phaleris, Temm. — Bill short, almost triangular. Maxilla without appendix at base,
hooked at tip. Upper edge of mandible straight, or nearly so. Species, F. tetracula,
dvbia, pygmaea, microceros, camtschatica.

7. Tylorhajiphus, Brandt. — Maxilla at the base with a tubercle near the angle of the
mouth. Upi)er margin of mandible emarginate. Species, T. cristaiellus.

8. Ombria, Esch. — Bill much compressed and elevated, lateral outline almost oval.
Maxilla emarginated beneath the tij) ; mandible with the tip acute and directed
upwards, falciform. Species, 0. psitlacula.

9. Ceroruixa, Bon. — Bill compressed, elevated, lateral outline almost oval. Maxilla
hooked, with a compressed born on the basal part of ridge. Mandible hooked, the tip
directed downwards.. Species, G. orienlalis, (occidenfalis.)

920 BIRDS — ALCIDAE.

10. Fratercula, Briss. — Bill very high, much compressed, lateral outline oval ; the tip
with parallel transverse grooves. Ceroma tumid, thickened.

Geralohlepharum, Brandt. — A horny triangular appendage above the upper eyelid.
Grooves at tip of hill arched backwards. An elongated furrow in the plumage
from the eyes to the nape. Species, F. arctica, corniculata.
Gymnoblepharum, Brandt. — No horny appendage to the upper eyelid. Grooves
of bill arched forwards. An elongated tuft of feathers occupying the place of
the groove in the preceding sub-genus. Species, F. cirrhata.

.«» .4» <•.

i'tetin

GtOOTfg

iof

Si

ADDITIONAL REMAUKS. 923

fiKOTiiLYPis TKlciTAS, Cab., p. 2-11. — A specimen from Fort Bridgcr has tlie light band
margining the bhick of ibrclieail posteriorly, extended over nearly the whole crown, and of a
whiter shade than usual. This is scarcely indicative of a specific difference unless it should
prove to be constant in western specimens, which does not appear to be the case.

Geotiilypis MAcaiLUVRAYi, Baird, p. 2-14. — Fort Tejon. J. Xantus de Vesey. Fort Laramie
and Fort Bridger,

HELMiNTHornAGA RUFICAPILIA, Baird, p. 256.— Fort Tejon. J. Xautus de Vesey.

Dendroica TOWNSENDir, Baird, p. 269. Cantonment Burgwyn, N. M. Dr. W. W. Anderson.

Dexdroica nigrescens, Baird, p. 270. — According to Mr. Sclater, the Sylvia haheii of Giraud
is the female of this species. It is found at Oaxaca. Mr. de Vesey has collected it at Fort Tejon.

Pyraxo.a rubr.\, Vieill., p. 300. — A curious variety of this species, shot near Niles, Michigan,
probably a male, has been furnished for examination by Dr. Sager, of Ann Arbor. It has the
wing and tail black, as usual ; but all the rest of the plumage is saffron yellow, instead of olive
green above and yellowish beneath, as in the young male generally. There is a slight resemblance
to P. huhviciana ; but the yellow is not pure lemon color, but has an orange shade, and the
yellowish bands of the wings and the red of head are wanting,

HiRUNDO mNTFRONS, Say, p. 309. — Mr. Sclater considers the E. melanogaster of Swainson
{Petrochelidon sivainsonii, Sclater) as quite distinct, and more allied to H. fulva.

Progne, ? — A Frogne collected by Mr. Wurdcmann at Cape Florida, May 18,

1858 (No. 10368), has the following characters :

Tail deeply forked (depth .80 of an inch). First quill rather shorter than second. Bill
very broad. Above glassy steel blue and purple, as in P. purpiirea ; under parts dark smoky
brown, passing on the belly into dull whitish. Under coverts whitish at base, passing into
mottled brown to the tip. Length, before skinning, 7.50 ; extent, 15 ; wing, 5.50.

This skin differs from any specimens before me of P. purpurea in rather smaller size and the
differently colored under plumage. The dark tail coverts separate it from P. dominiceims and
chahjhea. It may, after all, however, be nothing more than a peculiar stage of plumage of P.
purpurea.

Ampelis GARRULtJS, Linn. p. 317. Mr. Drexler saw "millions" of this species while in the
winter camp of the South Pass wagon road party, at the head of Powder river, Nebraska. Every
tree for miles was filled with them, the flock rivalling that of the wild pigeon in its size.

CiCHLOPSis xiTEXS, Bd. p. 320. — Mr. Sclater writes that the type of Cicldopsis {Turdus
leucocjonys of Berlin Museum) is very different from Ptilogonys niiens, Sw. He proposes for
the latter the generic name of Phainopepla, Sclater.

Myiadestes townsendii, Cab., p. 321. — Mr. Sclater is decided as to the difference of 31.
obseurus.

CoLLYRio borealis, Baird, p. 324. — A male shrike in good spring plumage, collected at Fort
Bridger, differs from a Pennsylvania specimen, killed in November, in rather larger size, clearer
grey above, and nearly white upper tail coverts.

Harporhyxcuus crissalts, Henry, p. 351. — This name was erroneously prin^ed in the
Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy as T. dorsalis. The page was afterwards cancelled
and reprinted.

A second specimen has been collected at Fort Yuma by Lieutenant Ives's party.

Troglodytes hyemalis, Vieill., p. 369. — Fort Tejon. J. Xantus de Vesey.

Cerihia mexicana, Gloger, p. 373. — Additional specimens from the west all show a much
longer bill than eastern ones, tending to substantiate the existence of a second species.

924 U. S. p. R. R'. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Parus septentrionalis, Harris, p. 389. — Specimens from Fort Bridger, like all others from
the Rocky mountains, show an unusual amount of white on the quills and tail, almost enough
to constitute them distinct species.

Parus meridionalis, Sclater, p. 392. — The specimen described is not one of the types, as
stated ; these are in the British and Paris Museums.

Paroides flaviceps, Baird, p. 400. — Fort Yuma.

Family Dacnididae. — The discovery of Certhiola jlavecla, on Indian Key, Florida, by Mr.
Wiirdemann, where it appears to be not rare, adds not only a species but a family {^Dacnididae)
to the fauna of the United States. The genus has the following characters :

CertJdola.^ — Bill nearly as long as the head, as high as broad at base, elongated, conical,
very acute, and gently decurved from base to tip. Culmen uniformly convex ; gonys concave.
No bristles at base of bill. Tail rounded, rather shorter than the wings. Tarsi longer than
middle toe. Primaries, nine.

Certhiola Jlaveola, Sund.^ — First primary about equal to sixth. Body above black ; chin,
throat, and sides, ash grey ; belly, edge of wing, and rump, yellow. A white stripe from
upper mandible over the eye as far as nape, and a black one below it from the commissure,
through and below the eye. Outer webs of primaries white at base, forming a patch ; all
narrowly edged with grey towards the tip. Crissum white ; tail feathers black tipped with
white, diminishing in amount from the outer feather inwards. Iris light blue ; bill and feet
black. Length, 4.75; extent, 7.75; wing, 2.50. No. 103G7. Indian Key, January 31, 1858.

This species appears subject to considerable variation, the throat being sometimes much
darker. Several allied species appear to exist, but this is probably the typical CertJiia Jlaveola
of Linnaeus.

The genus Certhiola belongs to the family Dacnididae, characterized among Oscines, with a
very few others, by the divided tongue. This in Certhiola has the branches bristle-like, divided
at the ends into pencils. There are but nine primaries, as in Sylvicolidae. Other genera of the
sub-family are Conirostrum, Dacnis, Coereba, and Diglossa.

Chrysomitris pinus. — Spring specimens from Fort Bridger and Fort Tejon differ from spring
specimens from Carlisle in having the streaks on the sides and belly darker and broader.

CuRViROSTRA AMERICANA, Wils., p. 426. — There seems to be a general tendency in the western
cross-bills from the Rocky mountains and the Pacific slope to have larger bills than the eastern,
thus referring them to the Loxia mcxicana of Strickland.

LoxiA MEXiCANA, Strickland, p. 427, is described in his review of Monographie des Loxiens by
Bonaparte and Schlegel, Jardine's Contributions to Ornithology, 1851, 43. "Colors as in L.
americana. Length, 6.2 ; wing, 3.9 ; bill to base, .8 ; depth of bill at base, .4. JIab. Near
city of Mexico."

Jlxco caniceps, Baird, p. 468. — A large collection of Junco from Fort Bridger embraces a
number oft/, caniceps, agreeing generally with the description given. One specimen, however,
is remarkable in having the sides reddish as in oregonus, altliough with the dorsal features of
caniceps. There is, however, a trace of reddish on tlie wing coverts, which assimilates it
further to oregonus. I have little doubt that it is a hybrid between tlie two species.

1 Certhiola, Sundevali,, IS2!>.

Cerlhia Jlaveola, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, I7Gfi.

Certhiola Jlaveola, "Sukdkvall, 1835." — GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 84. — Ib. Illustriilions, 1849, pi. xvi. — Reiciienbach,
]cor:c.», fig. 2825 •

AUUrriONAL RKMARKS. 92r»

The essential characters of J. canicepa consist in the reddish bill, with slight black tip, tlio
well marked rufous confined strictly to the middle of the back, and not extending on the wing
coverts at all. The head and neck all round are grey or ash, this color extending on the sides,
leaving the middle of belly only white, as in the J. hi/cmali.s, from wliich the red back distin-
guishes it. It shares the red bill with liycmalis and oregonus, both J. cinereus and dorsalis
having the upper mandible black, the lower yellow.

PoosrizA BiLiNEATA, Sclater, p. 470. — Big Caiion of Colorado. Lieut. Ives — IT. B. MuUhausen.

Peucaea Ri'FiCEPS, Baird, p. 48G. — Fort Tcjon. J. Xantus de Yesey.

Passerella schistacea, Baird, p. 490. — Eleven specimens from Fort Bridger, while generally
resembling those from Fort Tejon, differ in a much smaller bill, as in the type from the head
waters of Platte. Should this character be considered as specific, the bird of Fort Tejoa may
be called P. niegarhyncJius.

QuiscALus BARiTUS, VieilL, p. 556. — This species was found to be very abundant on Indian
Key, Florida, by Mr. Wurdemann, in the spring of 1858.

PicicoRVUs COLUSIBIANUS, BoD., p. 573. — Cantonment Burgwyn, New Mexico, Dr, Anderson.
Fort Tejon, J. Xantus de Vesey.

Cyanura macrolophus, Baird, p. 582. — Cantonment Burgwyn, New Mexico, Dr. Anderson.

Ctanocitta woodhousii, Baird, p. 585. — Cantonment Burgwyn, NewMexico^ Dr. Anderson.

Bonasa umbellus, var. xjmbelloides, p. 630. — Mr. Drexler collected a variety of the ruffed
grouse in the winter camp, in November, corresponding with what Douglas calls T. mnbelloides.
Its chief peculiarity lies in the bluish grey, which replaces the reddish yellow which jjrevails in
the common species. I am unable to distinguish any other features of importance indicative
of specific differences, although it may be that such exist. Douglas's specimens were obtained
in the valleys of the Rocky mountains, on the sources of the Pearl river, Linn. (Trans. XVI,
1833, 148.)

GA^rBETTA melanoleuca, Bon., p. 731. — Among Mr. Drexler's specimens from Fort Bridger is
a skin which differs in having the legs of a more greenish tint than in eastern ones. The basal
web of the toes is greater. The entire rump is banded two, three, or four times on each feather.
The under part and sides are more conspicuously banded than in eastern birds.

Trtngites rcfescexs, Cab., p. 739. — This species is not omitted by Bonaparte in his list pub-
lished in Comptes Eendus, as stated in page 739, but is given by him under Actiturus.

Anser hyperboreus, p. 760. — From a recent examination of geese in the collection of the
Philadelphia Academy, in company with Mr. Cassin, I am now satisfied as to the correctness of
his separation of caeridescens as a distinct species, the young hyperhoreus being (juite different.
It is also very probable that A. albalus, his smaller snow goose, is distinct from hyperhoreus.

Bernicla leucopareia, Cassin, p. 765. — The specimen in the Philadelphia Academy figured
by Mr. Cassin agrees very closely with Brandt's type in small size, pale breast, and black chin,
separating the white cheek patches into two. In some respects the specimen I describe resembles
A. iMrvipes, Cassin, as to feet and size, but differs in dark abdomen and white collar below the
black neck.

Erismatura DOMINICA, p. 811. — According to Dr. Cabot, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History^
YI, August, 1858, 375, a full plumaged male was shot at Alberg Springs, Missisquoi bay, Lake
Champlain, on the 2fith of September, 1857, and is now in the cabinet of the Boston Society of
Natural History. The E. dominica is ferruginous above, the head black anteriorly, the specu-
lum white. Length 13^ inches.

APPENDIX B.

BIRDS FOUND AT FORT BRIUGER, UTAH.

A large collection of birds made at Camp Scott, Fort Bridger, Utah, by Mr. C. Drexler, in
April, May, and Juno, of 1858, was received too late to have its specimens assigned to their
proper places in the present'report. The interest attaching to so excellent an illustration of the
ornithology of the central Rocky mountains is such as to induce me to give a complete list in
this place, especially as this will tend to throw much light upon the geographical distribution
of our western species. A striking feature of the collection is the entire absence of many birds
otherwise found both on the plains of Nebraska and on the Facific^slope, as well as the presence
of many species previously noticed only on the southern borders of New Mexico and the table
lands of Mexico, as Selasphorus platyce^xus, Empidonax ohscurus, Tyrannus vociferans, Tardus
pdllasii var. silens, &c.

Fort Bridger is situated on the Black fork of Green river, a tributary of the Colorado of the
west, about lat. 41° 20', long. 110° 30', and is said to be at an altitude of about 7,000 feet above
the sea. There is much level land to the north and east of the fort, and mountains at no great
distance on the south and west, covered with pines. Mr. Drexler was unable to visit these, or
he would "doubtless have added many species of jays, woodpeckers, and other birds to his list.
The open land about the fort is covered chiefly with low cotton wood.

Mr. Drexler was engaged in 1857 as assistant to Dr. Cooper, the surgeon of the South Pass
Wagon Road expedition, under Wm. M. F. Magraw, Esq. When the party was partly broken up
in September, 1857, Mr. Drexler remained with it and spent the winter in Mr. Magraw's camp
on the sources of Wind river. Neb. In March he went to Fort Bridger, where the forces of tho
United States, under General A. S. Johnston, United States army, had jjassed the winter, and
there commenced his collections. In this work he received most essential and indispensable aid
from General Johnston, by whose direction every facility was atforded him in his scientific
operations.

A' few species, not obtained at Fort Bridger, have their particular locality attached.

LIST OF BIRDS COLLECTED.

Tinnunculus sparverius.
Accipiter mexicanus.

fuscus.
Buteo bairdii. (West of Fort Laramie, Septem-
ber 20, 1857.)
montanus.
Pandion carolinus.
Bubo virginianus.
Picus harrisii.

gairdneri.
RphyrajiicuH nuchalis.

MeknerpestoniuatuH. (West of Ft. Laramie.)
crythroceplialus. do.

Colai)tes mexicanus.

Chordeiles henry i. (Abundant.)

Selasphorus platycercus. (Abundant.)

Ceryle alcyon.

Tyraunus carol! nonsis.

vociferans. (West of Fort Laramie
Sept. 8, 1857.)

verti calls.
Contopus borealis.

richardsonii.
Empidonax ohscurus. (Abundant.)
miuiinuH.

]iUsilluH.

X J^

Shi A« M

to fcir
M of tie
te list in
aktioii

) of the

:er,a
aentific

itamie

m^^y^^^if^mimmSBima^.^

filenf'

Hr(lrf'!«'''' '
Antliiii-L-
Seothljpistriflat
Bic;

I Deiilroicaaaitv-.

lljiofatfjf.
Seioflagarar:

pelis ;arrJ:=,

Myiailestes toTi^
CollyiiokciL'
Tireo oliTactffi.

tentn:

LIST OF AUTIIOPxITIES.

Agassiz, L— Nomenclator zoologicus continens nomina Bystcmntica gencram animalium tam viventium quam fossilium
secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis auctoribus libris in qnibus rcperiuntur, etc. Auctore L. Aqassiz.
Fasciculus II continens Avcs, ct Fasciculus XII continens Indicem universalem. Solocluri, 1842 and 1847.

Ag.\ssi7., L — See BosTo.N, Society of Nat. Hist : Proceedings.

AJICRICA.N Journal of Science. — See New Haven.

Amsterdam.— G en 00 tschap "Natura artis mufiistra": Bijdragcn tot de Dierkunde. Folio. I, i, 1848,
et stq.

Westkeman, G. F. — Beschrijving van twee nieuwe Soorten van Meezer. I, in, 1S51, 15. (Lophophanet woU-
tciberi and Psallria personata.)

AroCBOS, J. J.— Ornitbological Biography ; or an account of the habits of the IMrds of the United States of America,
accompanied by descriptions of the objects represented in the work entitled "The Birds of America." By Joun James
AcDiBOS. 5 vols. 8vo. Edinburg. Adam & Charles Black. I, 1831 ; U, 1834 ; III, 1835 ; IV, 1838 ; Y, 1839. (This U
the text or descriptive portion of the work in folio entitled "Birds of America.")

AiDUBON. — The birds of America, from original drawings, (made during a residence of 25 years in the Unitet' States and
their territories.) By Jou.x jAMts Addiibon. Folio. London 1827-1838. (This work was originally published in 87 parts,
but subsequently bound in five volumes. It constitutes the atlas to the "Ornithological Biography," and its plates are
quoted in that work. Vol. I, dated 1827-30, contains plates 1-100; II, 1831-1834, plates 101-200; 111, 1831-5, plates
201-300 ; IV, 1835-1838, plates 301-435.)

Aldcbon. — A synopsis of the birds of North America. By J. J. Aldcbo.n. 8vo. Edinburg. Adam & Charles Black.
1839. (This work serves as a general systematic index to the " Ornithological Biography," but embraces a very few species
not found in the latter, among them Carduelis stanleyi. The genera adopted, however, are very different.)

Audubon. — Birds of America, from drawings made in the United States and their territories. By John James Audubon.
7 vols. 8vo. New York, J. J. Audubon. Philadelphia, J. B. Chevalier. I, 1840 ; II, III, 1841 ; IV, V, 1842 ; VI, 1843 ;
VII, 1844. (This work is a reissue of the " Ornithological Biography," with the species arranged systematically, and under
the same names as in the "Synopsis." The plates are reduced by the camera lucida from those in the large folio " Birds of
America " The Appendix to vol. VII contains a few species previously unpublished by the author, chiefly collected during
a trip to the mouth of the Yellowstone in 1843.)

AucuBON.— See London, Loudon's Magazine, I, 1828, 115 ; — New Yobk, Lyceum Nat. Hist.

Bachman, Rev. J. — See New Haven, Am. Jour. Science.

Baibd, S. F. — See Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences ;— New Haven, American Journal of Science ;—GBmsBUHa,
Pa , Literary Record and Journal ; — New Yobk, Lyceum of Natuial History ; — Stansbuby, Salt Lake Exped.

Baikd, Wm. M. & S. F.— See New Haven, Am Jour. Sc ; — Puil-vdelphia, Academy of Nat. Sciences.

Bakbebe, P. — Ornithologiae specimen novum ; sive series avium in Ruscinoue, Pyrenaeis montibus, atque in Gallia
acquinoxiali observatarum, in classes, genera et species, nova methodo digesta. 4to. Perpignan, 1745.

Babton.— Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania. By Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D. Part First : Phila-
delphia, 1799. Folio. (No more published. Consists chiefly of lists of birds of Pennsylvania, with dates of migration.)

Baeton, M. D., Benj. Smith. — See London, Linnaean Society.

Babtbam, Joun. — Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, etc. 8vo. Phila. 1791.

Baetbam. — Reisen durch nord und sud Carolina, etc. Aus dem englischen. Mit erlauterndeu Anmerkungen, vou
C. A. W. Zimmermann. 8vo. Berlin. 1793 (Forming vol. X of " ilagazin von merkwiirdigen ncuen Reisebeschreibungen,
etc.") (Translation of preceding.)

Beagle, Zoology of. — See Dabwin.

Bechstein, J. II.— Gemeinniitzige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands, nach alien drei Reichen. 4 vols. 8vo. Leipzig. 1789,
1795. (Vols. II-IV on buds. 1791-1795. Several subsequent editions published.)
11Tb

930 U. S. p. R. K. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOUY — GENERAL REPORT.

Belx, Jko. G. — See New Toek, Lyceum of Nat. Hist.

Eexxett, E. T. — Tlie gardens and menagerie of the Zoological Society delineated. 2 vols. 8vo. II, Birds. London, 1835,

Berlin. — Archiv fiir Naturgeschiclite. Gegrundet von A. F. A. W'iegmann. Fortgesetzt von Erichson und Troschel.
Cabaxis.— Ornlthologischc Notizen. Von J. Cabanis. No. I, 1847, i, 202 ; No. II, lb. 308.
C'abaxis. — Uber die iu Obercaliforuien beobachteten Vogol. Von William Gambel. Mit Bemerkungeu von J.
Cabanis. 1848. i, 82.

Beklin. — K. Akademie der Wissenschaften: Abhandluugen. 4to.

LrcHTExsTEix. — Beitrag zur ornithologiscben Fauna von Californieu nebst Bemerkungen iiber die Artkenn-
zeicben der Pelikane und iiber einige Vogel von den Pandwich-Inseln. Gelesen Juni 1837. Aus dem Jahre 1838,
1839, 417. {Falco (Buteo) ftrruginem, Strix frontalis, (new species.)

MuLLEK, Johannes. — Ueber die bisber unbekannten typische Verschiedenheiten der Stimmorgane der Passerinen.
Jahrg, 1845, 1647, 321.

Bl.vckwall. — Researches in Zoology. London. 8vo.

Blaschke. — " Dissertatio inauguralis sistens topographiam medic.im portus novarchangelcensis. St. Petersburg. 1842."
(Quoted from Baer & Helmersen. who state that it contains a list of the birdd of Russian America, prepared by Brandt.)

Blossom, Zoology of. — The zoology of Captain Beecbey's voyage: compiled from the collections and notes made by
Captain Beeehey, the officers and naturalists of the expedition, during a voyage to the Pacific and Behring's Straits, per-
formed in his Majesty's ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F. W. Beecuey Iu the years 1825-'28. 4to. London.
1839. (Birds by N. A. Vigobs.)

Boddaert. — Table des planches enlumin6es d'histoire naturelle de M. d'Aubenton avec les denominations de MM. de
Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precede d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enlumin^es.
Par M. BoDDAEET, Med. Doct. ancieu conseiller de la ville de Flessingue, &c. Utrecht, 1783. (A manuscript copy of this
very rare work is in the library of the Philadelphia Academy.

BoLLE. — See Cassel.

Bologna. — Annali delle scienze naturale.

Bonaparte. — Catalogo Metod. VIII, ii. See Bonapat.te.

Bonapaete. — American Ornithology, or the Natural Histcry of the birds inhabiting the United States, not given by Wilson.
With figures drawn, colored, and engraved from nature. By Cuarles Lucien Bonaparte. Vol. 1, 1825 ; II, III, 1828 ;
IV, 1833. 4 vols. 4to. New York.

Bonapaete. — Observations on the nomenclature of Wilson's Ornithology. By Chaeles Ldclen Bonapaete. 8\o. Phila-
delphia. 1826. (Reprinted without paging from Journal of Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, which sci! )

Bonapaete, C. L. — Specchio comparative della ornitologia di Roma e di Filadelfia. 8vo. Pisa. Nistri, 1827. — Supplemento
alia specchio comparativo, etc., 1832.

Bonapaete, C. L — Sulla seconda edizione del regno aniraali del Barone Cuvier, osservazione. 8vo. Bologna, Marsigli,
1830.

Bonaparte, C. L. — Saggio di una distribuzione metodica degli aniraale vertebrati a sangue fredo. 8vo. Roma, Boulzalcr,
1831, 1832. (Contains monographs of Nummius, Scolopax, &c.)

Bonapaete, C. L. — A geographical and comparative list of the birds of Europe and North America. By C. L. Bonapaete.
8vo. London, Van Voorst, 1838.

Bonapaete, C. I.. — Catalago metodico degli Uccelli Europei. Di C. L. Bonaparte. 8vo. Bologna, Marsigli, 1842. (Ex-
tracted from Annali delle Scienze Naturali di Bologna, VIII, ji.)

Bosapabte — Revue critique de 1' ornithologie Europeenne de M. le Docteur Deglaud, (de Lille.) Par Charles Lucien
Bonapaete. Lettre a M. De Sely's Longchamps. 12mo. Bruxelles, 1850.

Bon APAP.TE.— Conspectus generum Avium, auctore Carolo Luciano Bonaparte. 8vo. Lugduni Batavorum. Tom. 1,1850;

Tom. H, 1857. (The signatures of tome I are all sejiiirately dated, from to Nov., 1850, and those of II from Oct.,

1854, to May, 1856 ; the work breaking olT abruptly in the account of the gulls.

Bonaparte, C. L. — See Paris, Ateneo llaliano : Acud(-mie des Sciences : Annnles des Sc. Nat. : Comptes Renrlus : Revue
et Magazin de Zoologie ; — London, Zoological Journal: Zoological Society; — I'iiiladelpiiia, Academy of Natural Sciences:
American Philosophical Society ; — New York, Lyceum of Natural History.

Bonaparte, C. L. — .Vdditional articles by Bonaparte, not quoted in (be present volume, are to be found in AmiiUi di
Scienze Naturale, di Bologna 1838, on Trogan paradiseua, and Agrilorhinua sittaceus; on birds of Bogota, in Alti della liiuniouo
degli scienziati Italiani, in Milano, 1844 : on Falco eleonorae, in ditto, of Turin ; on QuerquedtUa anguitiroilris, ami new Kuro|.oan
birds, in ditto, of Florence ; on rectifications of Eurojjean Ornithology, in ditto, of Lucca, etc.

Bonaparte et ScHLEOEL.— Monographie dcsLoxiens, par Cn. L. Bonaparte et II. Sciileoel. 4to. Leiden et Diissoldorf,
1850.

BIRDS — LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 931

Boston. — American Academy of Arts iiml Sciences: Memoirs. 4to.

NinxALL, Tno9. — Remarks mid inqiiiriis coucorning llic birds of M!\£s:ieliusett6. Now scries, I, 1833, 91.
B>^STON. — Boston Society of Natural History: Boston Joiiinal of Natural Ilistfiry, containing p;ipers and
communications read to the Boston Society of Natural History. Svo. Vol. I, 1831—1837, et leq.

Bbeweb, T. M.- Remarks on the position assumed by George Ord, esq., in relation to the Cow Blackbird, in
Loudon's Magazine for 1836. I. iv, May, IS,-??, 118.

Brewkb, T. M. — Some additions to the catiilogue of the birds of Massachusetts in Prof. Hitchcock's report,
etc. I, 1837, 435.

Brewkb, M. D. , TaosiAs >I. — A few ornithological facts gathered in a hasty trip through portions of New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia, in June, 1850. VI, April, 185-2, 297.

Buewf.r, M. D. , Tii0M,\s M.— Notice of the egg of 7halassidToma leachii, with descriptions of the eggs of Procellaria
bultcerii, Frocdlcria obseura, and Pujinua major. VI, 1SJ2, 308.

Cabot, Jb., Sauuel. — Observations on the plumage of the red and mottled owls. {Slrix oiio.) II, .i, February,
183S, 126.

Cadot, Jr., M. D.,Samdkl. — Observations on the character and habits of the ocillatcd turkey. (M^Utgria
occeUata.—Q\:\ .) IV, September, 1842, 246. (Gives 18 feathers to the tail, and says there is no pectoral tuft.)

Carot. Jr., M. D, Samiel. — Description and habits of some of the birds of YucaLin. IV, January, 1844, 460.
Further account of the same. V, Jan., 1845, 90.

Cabot, Jr.,M. D., Samdel. — Description of Pyrarijra roseoju/irfs. V, June, 1846, 41G.

Cabot, Jr.,M. D., Samuel. — The dodo (Didus iiieplus,) a rasorial and not a rapacious bird. V, Dec, 1847, 490.
GuxDLACH, Jons. — Description of five new species of birds, and other notes of Cuban species. VI, April, 1842,
313. (Muscicapa sagrae, lanheyii, Orpheus salurninus, Cori^us minutus, Columha cam:eps.)

Peabodv, Rev. W. B. 0 — A report on the birds of Massachusetts, made to the legislature in the session of
1838-'39. Ill, January, 1840, 65. (Same as that in the State report.)
Boston. — Society of Natural History, Continued: Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol.
I, 1841 to 1844, dseq.

Agassiz. — Observations on the structure of the foot in the embryo of birds. By Prof. Aga-Ssi/,. Ill, May 3,
1848, 42.

Brewer. — Facts tending to clear up the confusion and errors in the history of the Hermit Thrush, [Turdus
tcUlarius.) By Dr. Brewer. I, July 17, 1844, 170.

Brewer. — Observations on the appearance of the Cliff Swallow, (Ilirundo lunifrons,) giving data of its appearance
in Ne# England. By Dr. T. M. Bbewer. IV, Nov. 17, 1852, 270.

Brewer. — List of birds found both in Europe and America, sometimes confounded from close resemblances.
By T. M. Brewer. IV, April 6, 1853, 324.

Bryant. — Remarks on the Sandhill Crane. By Dr. Bryant. IV, Feb. 3, 1853, 303.
CABOr. — Remarks on the Mdcagris ocdlata. By Dr. Cabot. I, July 6, 1842, 73.

Cabot. — Obseivations on the birds common to Central America and the United States, with a memoir on
the Paraguay Guan, or Phasiamts motmoi. By Dr. Cabot. I, July 20, 1842, 76.

Cabot. — Remarks on the wild turkey. By Dr. Cabot. I, August 17, 1842, 80.

Cabot. — Remarks on a species of Orlyx discovered by him in Yucatan, {Ortrjx mgrogularis.) By Dr. Cabot. I,
Nov. 1, 1843, 151,

Cabot.— Remarks on birds from Yucatan, which he regarded as new. [Corvus vociferus, Oriolus musicus, Momotus
yucatensis.) By Dr. Samiel Cahot. I, November 15, 1813, 155.

Cabot. — Descriptions of three new species of woodpecker from Yucatan. PicM dubiua, P. parvus, P. yucatancmis.
By Dr. Cabot. I, January 3, 1844, 164.

Cabot. — Observations concerning the supposed identity of Anas pemlope and Atuis americana, the European and
American widgeons. By Dr Cabot. II, March 18, 1846, 118.

Cabot.— Remarks on the Tetrao cupido. By Dr. C.usot. II, March 18, 1846, 120.

Cabot. — Description of a specimen of Pyranya. By Dr. Cabot. (Pyrangarosto-gularis.) 11, December 2, 1846, 187.
Cabot. — Comparison between Sterna cantiaca of Europe and Sluma acujlavida, nobis, hitherto considered identical
with S. cantiaca. By Dr. S. Cabot. II, November 17, 1847, 257.

Cabot — Description of a new species of wren, under the name of Troglodytes aUnnudui. By Dr. S. Cabot. II,
November 17, 1847,257.

932 U. 8. p. E. R. EXP. AND SURVEKS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Cabot. — Statement of tbe comparative measurements of the American and European oyster catcher. By Dr.
S. Cabot. Ill, July 7, 1848, 43.

Caeot.— Observations upon the lecent appearance in New England oi Ibis guarauna. By Dr. Cabot. Ill, June
19, 1S50, 313.

Cabot, jr.. Dr. S — On the occurrence of Erismatura. dominica at Alberg Springs, Lake Champlain, September
26, 1857. VI, May, 1858, 375.
BorRCiEE — See Lyons ; — Paws, Eevue Zoologique, 1839, 294.
BotiBoiER ET MuLSANT.— See Lyons.

Braxdt. — Descriptiones et icones anrmalium Kossicorum novorum vel minus rite cognitorum. — Auctore J. F. Brandt. —
Aves, foso. 1. 4to. Petropoli. 1836.
Brandt. — See Blasohke ; — St. Petersburg.

Breiim, C. L. — Lehrbach der Naturgeschichte aller europ. Vogel. 2 Theile. 8vo. Jena, Schmid, 1823.
Brehji, C. L. — Handbuch der Naturgescliichte aller Vogel Deutschlands, worin nach den sorgfaltigsten Untersuchuugen
und den genanesten Beohachtungen mehr als 900 einheimische Vogel-Gattungen zur Begrundung einer ganz neucn Ansicht
und Behandlung ihrer Naturgescliichte vollstiindig beschrieben sind. 8vo. llmenau, 1831.
Breiim, C. L. — See C.^ssel, Cabanis Journal.

Brewer, Dr. T. M. — See Bostox, Society of Nat. Hist. : Proc. and Journal ; — New Haven, Am. Jour. So. ; — Washinqtojt,
Smithsonian Institution.

Brewer, ed. Wilson — See Wilson.

Brissox, M. J. — Ornithologia, sive synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsa-
''um varietates. Cum accurata cuj usque specie! descriptione, citationibus auctorum de iis tractantum, nominibus eis ab
ipsis et nationibus impositis, nominibusque Tulgaribus. 6 vols. 4to. et supplementum. Paris, 1760.

Brissox, M. J. — OrnitholOL;ia, etc. 2 vols. 8vo. Lugduni-Batavorum, 1703. (This is the Latin text of the preceding
work reprinted separately. A second edition was published in 4to at Paris, 1788.)

Browne, Patrick. — The civil and natural history of Jamaica, in III parts, with fifty copper plates. Folio. London,
1756. — Second edition with complete Linnaean index and a map of Jamaica. London, 17c9.
Eri:ch. — See Cassel.

Brunxich, M. T. — Ornithologia borealis, sistens collectionem avium ex omnibus imperio danico subjectis provinciis insulis-
que borealibus Hafniae factam, etc. 8vo. Hafniae, 1764.

Bryaxt, Dr. H. — See BostcJn, Society of Nat. Hist.: Proceedings. "

BuFFON. — Histoire naturelle des oiseaux. Par Geo. Louis Leclerc compte de Buffon, de Montbeillard, (et I'abbe Bexon. )
10 vols. 4to. Avec 1008 PI. color. Paris 1770-86. (The plates were published separately, under the tjtle of Planches
enlumin^es.)

BtTTFON ET d'Aubentox. — Figurarum avium coloratarura nomina systematica collegit 11. Kuhl. Edidit praefatione et indi-
cibus auxit T. Van Swinderen. 4to. Groningen, Oomkens, 1820.

BiRMEisTER. — Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasilicns, welche wahrend einer Reise durch die Provinzen von Kio de
Janeiro und Minas Geraes gesammelt oder beobachtet wurden von Dr. Hecnuann Burmeister, Prof., etc. Zweiter Theil.
Vogel, I, II. 8vo. Berlin, G. Eeimer, 1856.
BuBMEisTER, H. — See Nitzsch.

Cabot, Dr. S. — See Boston, Society of Nat. Hist.: Proceedings and Journal.

Cabanis. ^Museum Heineanum. Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sanimlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine, auf
Gut St. Burcliard vor Ualberstadt. Mit kritischen Anmerkungen und Beschreibung der neuen Arten, eystematisch bcarbeitet
von Dr. Jean Cabanis. I Tlieil. die Singviigel {Oscims) enthaltend. Halbcrstadt, 8vo. 1850-'51. (This work appears
to have been publislied a few signatures at a time, the first of which had the date of publication attached.)

Cabanis, Dr. J. — See Cassel, Journal fiir Ornithologic ; — Sciiombubgk's Reise ; — Tsciiudi, Fauna Peruana ; — Berlin, Wieg-
mann's Archiv.

Cassel. — Journal fiir Ornithologic. Ein Centralorgan fiir die gesammnten Ornithologic, zugleich Organ der deutschcn
Omithologen Gesellschaft. Herausgegeben von Dr. Jean Cabanis. 8vo. Cassel. Vol. J, 1853, et seq.

Bolle. — Der californische Condor, iSorcor/ianipAui caij/braianus. Von Dr. Carl Bolle. V, 1857,50. (Translation
of article of A. S. Taylor, of Monterey, Cal., in "Zoologist," 1855.

Breiim. — Der grossc Wiirger {Lanius acuUtor L.) und einigc seiner Verwandten. Von Pastor Cii. L. Breiih,
II, 1854, 143. (iioi\cc n{ Lanim ludovmanua and rmzicatma.)

Bbucu. — Monographische Ubersicht der Gattung Larua. Von Dr. Bbuoh. I, 1853, 96.

BIRDS LIST OF AlTnOHlTIF.S. 93 J

Bnucn.— Revision dor gattung lAiruf, Liu. Von Notar I>. Hnicii. Ill, 1S55, 273. Nachtrng, V, 1857, 23.
ZwciUr Niichtrag, V, 1857, 113.
Caua.ms. — See Gundlacii.

G.\TKK. — Dcr Wi'g der nordamoricanischo Vogel nach Eiiropa. Von Hkinbicii Oatke. IV, 1850, 70.
GcKDi.Aca.— Ur. J. Gunulacu's Bcitriigc zur Ornitholugiu Cuba's. Nacli Mittbeilungcn an Hrn. Bez. Dir.
Sctx-korn. Von HcransgclKT, Dr. J. Cauanis. II, 1854, Erinneruugschrift, Ixxvii. First article. Succeeding
ones in III, 1855, 465 ; IV, 1S5G. 1, 97, 337, 417 ; V, 1857, 225.

Haiitlaib. — Revision der G ittung J'lUica. Von Dr. (i. IIartlaub. I, 1853, Extraheft, 1854, 73.
Habtlaib. — Beitragc zur exotischu Ornithologie. Von Dr. G. Haetlaid. II, 1854, 409. (Notices of N.
American Cuculidae.

llABTLArB. — Ueber T((rao faUipennis. Nov. sp. Von Dr. G. Habtlaud. Ill, Jan 1S55, 39.
Hartlavu — Beitragc zur cxotisohen Ornithologie. Von Dr. G. HAitTLAi-a III, 1855, 97. (Notice of Fulica
aniericana.

Habtlai'b. — Ueber Gna hot/anus, Dudl. Von Dr. G. Hartlaub. Ill, 1855, 317.

Habtlacb. — Index r.u Pccuebax's " Etudes sur les types peu connus du Museede Paris," in Cueri.n's Revue et
Magazin de Zoologie. Von Dr. G. Hartlaub. Ill, 1855, 417.

Maluerbe. — Nouvellcs especes de Picidae, par M. Alfred Maluerbe. II, 1854, 171. (Pieus nataliae.)
MoscnLER. — Sotiz zur Ornitliologie Griiulands. Von H. F. Moschler. IV, 1856, 335.

Ml'lleb. — Einige Notizen iiber die Vogel des hochstcn Nordcns von Amerika. Von Baron Dr. J. W. Vom
Mi U.EB. IV, 1856, 304.

Ml LLER. — Notizen iiber einige Ornilhologcn, Sammler, und wissenschaftlische Anstalten in den vereinigten
Staatcn. Von Baron Dr. J. W. Von Mi i.ler. IV, 1856, 30G.

REicuENBAcn. — Aufzahlung der Colibris oder Trochilideen ; ihre Verwandtschaft und Synonymik. Von Hofr.
Dr. LrDw REicnEXBACU. I, Extraheft, 1853, 1854. (Besondere Bcilagc.)

Reinhardt. — h'emerkungcn zur Ornithclogie Gronlands, von J. REi.NHARDr, Uebersetzt von Dr. Glogkr. Ill,
1854, 423.

SiSDEVALL. — Ueber die Flijgel dcr Vogel. Von. C. J. Sn.NDEVAi.L. Ill, 1855, 118. (Translated from Kongl.
Vet. Akaderaieiis Handlingar, 1843, 303.)

TiiiENEMAXN. — Ueber die von Dr. Gcndlach elngesendeten Eier und Nester cubanischer Viigel. Von Dr.
F. A. L. TuinNEMANN, in Dresden. V. 1857, 145.

WiED. — Ueber den nordamerikanischen rothkopfigen Urubu, [Calharlea aura.) Von Max Puixz von Wied. IV,
1856, 119.

Wled. — Ueber die nordamerikanisclie Elster, (Pica hudsonica.) Von Ma.x Prixz von Wied. IV, 1856, 197.
Wied. — Ueber den Papagei von Nord America. PsiUacus {Oonuna) cardmema Lin. Von Max Prinz voii
Wied. V, 1857, 97.

Wied. — Verzcichniss der Vogel welche auf einer Reise in Nord America beobacijtet wurden. Von Max

Prixz von Wied. VI, 1858, I et seq.

Cassix, Joiix. — lUiistrations of the birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British and Rus.sian America. Intendixl to contain

descriptions and figures of all North American birds not given by former American autliors, .and a general synopsis of North

American ornithology. By Joax Cassin. 8vo. (First series.) 1853-1855. Philadelphia. J. B. Lippixcorr & Co. 1856.

(Fifty plates of unfigured species. Published in ten numbers.)

Cassix, J. — See Giixiss, U. S. Naval Ast. Exp ; — Piiiladelpuia, Academy of Nat. Sciences ; — New York, United States
Magazine; — Pebrt, Japan Expd. ; — Wilkes, U. S. Ex. Expd.

Catesby, Mare. — The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama islands. 2 volumes, folio, and appendix,
liondon, 1731, 1743, 1748. New edition, by Geo. Edwards. London, 1754. Third edition, revised by Edwards, with
Liuno^an index of the animals and plants. 2 vols. London, 1771.
Clayton, P. — See Loxdox, Philosophical Transactions.
Clixton, Dewiti. — See New York, Lyceum Nat. Hist.

Colue. — See Loxdox, Zool. Soc. Proceedings Comm. Sc. and Correspondence.

CorExnAGEN. — Naturhistorisk Tidskrift udgivet af H. Krotek. Svo. 1837, et seq. See also Kjobexuavx.
CoccH, LiECT. D. N. — See Puiladelpbia, Acad. Nat Sciences : Proceedings.
Cox, J. C. — See Loxdox, Zool. Soc. : Proceedings.

CuviER, Geo. — Tableau el^mentaire de I'histoire naturello des animaux. Paris, Bailliere, 1798.

CUTiER, Geo. — Lejons d'anatomie compart recueilles et publi^es sous aes yeux, par G. Dcmeril et G. L. Duverxoy.
5 vols. Svo. Paris, 1800, 1805.

934 U. S. p. R, R EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

CtJviER, Geo. — Le r^gne animal, distrilnie d'apres son organisation, pour servir de base a I'liistoire naturelle des animaux
et d' introduction a I'anatomie compar^e. 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.

Darivin, C — The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, during the years
1832 and 1S3G. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwlv. 1840-44.

Gould, J. — Birds, by Jonx GorLD. With a notice of their habits and ranges, by Charles Darwin.

Daudin, F. M. — Traitii ^I^mentaire et complet d'ornithologie, ou histoire naturelle des oiseaus. 2 vols. 4to. Paris,
1799, 1800.

DEr.LANi>.--Ornithologie europeenne ou catalogue analytique ct raisonnd des oiseaux observes en Europe. Par C. D.
Degland. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris et Lille, 1849.

De la Llave. — See Me.xico, Registro trimestre.

Desmarest, a. G. — Histoire naturelle des tangaras, des manaldns et des todiers, etc. 2 vols., folio. Paris, 1805.

Des Murs, 0. — ^Iconographie ornithologique, etc. 4to. Paris, 1845, et seq.

Detillk — See Paris, Revue et Magasin, 1852.

Donovan, Ed. — Natural history of British birds. A selection of the most rare, beautiful, and interesting birds which
inhabit this country. 11 vols. 8vo. London, 1794, 1818.

Donovan. — See London, Naturalists' Repository.

Doughty, J. & T. — A Cabinet of Natural History and American rural sports. 3 vols, 4to. Philadelphia, 1830-33.

Douglas, David. — See London, Linnsean Society : Zoological Journal.

DuBus, B. — Esquisses ornithologiques : descriptions et figures d'oiseaux nouveaux ou peu connues. 4to. Bruxelles,
1845, et seq.

DuBL-s, B —See Bedxelles, Academic : Bulletin XIT, 1847, 104 ; XXII, 1.

Dudley, W. — See PHiLADELrniA, Academy of Natural Sciences.

DuMERiL, A. M. C. — Zoologie analytique, ou methode naturelle de classification des animaux, rendue plus facile a I'aide de
tableaux synoptiques. 8vo. Paris, 180G.

DuMOST. — See Paris: Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles.

Dcpetit-Thouabs. — Voyage autour du monde sur la frigate la Venus pendant les annees 1836, 1837. Text in 8vo., atlas
in folio. (The atlas of Zoology was published in 18 — . The volume on Zoology of Vertebrata, in 8vo., did not appear until
1855. The Ornithological portion was prepared by MM. H. Prevost and 0. Des Muiis.)

Edwards, Geo. — A natural history of uncommon birds, and of some other rare and non-described animals, &c. In 4
parts, 4to. London, 1743-51.

Edwards, Geo. — Gleanings of natural history, exhibiting figures of quadrupeds, birds, insects, plants, &c. 3 parts, 4to.
London, 1758-'60-'64.

Edwaed-s, Geo. and CATESBY.^Sammlnng verschied. ausliind. und seltener Viigel, worinncn ein jeder derselben nicht nur
aufs Genaueste beschrieben, sondern auch iu einer richtigen und sauber ilium. Abbiklungen vorgestellct wird. Nach dem
engl. Von J. M. Seliomann. 9 vols., folio. Niirnbcrg, 174',l — '76.

Eydoux, Zool. of Favorite. — See Laplace.

Eyton, T. C. — A history of the rarer British birds, containing descriptions of all the species discovered since the time of
Bewick. 8vo. London : Longman & Co. ; 1836.

Eyton, T. C. — A monograph of the Analidae or duck tribe, including tlie geese and swans. 4to. London ; Longman &
Co. ; 1838.

Faber, Fe. — Prodromus dcr island. Ornithologie, oder Geschichte dor Vijgcl Islands. 8vo. Kopcnhagen, 1822.

Fabricius, O. — Fauna Groenlandiae, systematice sistens animalia Groenlandiac occidentalis hactenus indagata, &c. 8vo.
HafniiE et Lipsiae, 1780.

Feuillee, L. — Journal des observation physiques, mathematiques, et botaniques, faites par I'ordre du roi sur les cotes
orientales de I'Amcrique meridionalc, et dans les Indes occideutales, dcpuis I'anufc 1707, ju.sques en 1712. 3 vols. 4to.
Paris, 1714, 25.

Fleming, J. — A History of British Animals, exhibiting tlie descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the
genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusea, and radiala of the United Kingdom, &,c. 8vo. Edin-
burg, 1828.

Flemino, J. — Philosophy of Zoology ; or a general view of the structure, fiuictions, and classification of aninuils. 2 vols.
8vo. Edinburg, 1822.

F0R5TEB, J. R. — A catalogue of the animals of North America, &c. Pamphlet, 8vo. London, 1771.

F088TEB, J. B. — See XiONDOS, Royal Society : Philosophical Transactions, LXII, 1772.

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BIRDS — LIST OF AUTnORlTIKS. 937

KjuBtMiAV.N.— N ft 1 11 r li i 8 1 o r i s k e K o r .• n i n g : Vulenskiibuligo MuUdeloliior fiir Aarct, 1853. 8vo. 1854.

|{KiNii.\itui - N'otilKiT til (iioiiliiDtIs Oruithologic, of J. Kkiniiabdt. (Read Dec. 21, 1853,) in iiml iv, C9.
Kocii.— Sie lUuiLiN, Wii^'iimuu's Arcbiv, 1836. .

KUR.NIB, M.— Skamliniiviskii Kuglar tecknade efter natiiren lithograflernde, tryckte ocli utgifne af M. Kormku. 1-9 Hiiftct.
4to. Lund., 18.T.I 1843.

Kbuyeb, 'ndskrift. — See Cope.vuaqe.n.

KfiiL. H.— Beithige lur Zoologie und vergloichcudo Anatomie. 4to. Fninkfort-a-M. 1820.

KruL, H. — Conspectus peittacorum cum tpccierum definitionilius, synonymis et circa patriam siDgularum naturalcm
adversariis, adjecto indice museorum, etc. 4to. Bologna, 1820. (Extracted from the Nova Acta Acad. Lcop. Carol. X.)
Ki'iiL — See Bi'FFO.N.

LArREs.NAYE.— See PAHia, Rovuo Zoologique.

Laplace.— Voyage autour du mondo par leg mers de I'lndc et de Chine, execute sur la corvette de S. M. la Favorite.
Tome V, Histoirc Naturelle, 8vo. Paris, 1839. Zoologie par F. Etdodx.

LATUA.M. J. — .V natural history or general synopsis of birds, t! vols.; supplement, 2 vols; Index ornithologiciis, 2 vols.;
10 vols. 4to. London, 17S1-1802. (A second edition, published in 11 vols., 1821-1828, under title of General History of
Birds, etc.

Latham, J. —Index ornithologicus, sive systema oi-nithologiae, etc. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1790. Supplement, 1802.
Latuam, J — Index to the general history of birds. 4to. 1828.

Latham. J. — Systema ornithologiae, sive index ornithologicus complectens avium divisiones in ordines, etc., curis et
opera Elizii Johanneau. 12 mo. Paris, 1809.

Lawh»_sck, Gko N. — See New York, Lyceum Nat. Hist.

LiACH, Wm. E. — Systematic catalogue of the specimens of the indigenous mammalia and birds that are preserved in the
British Museum, with their localities and authorities, etc. 4to. London, 1816.
Lkacu, W. E. — See London, Zoological Miscellany.
Lbco.ttk, Joim — See Puiladelpuia, Acad Nat. Sciences : Proceedings.
Lkib, Ur. Geo. C. — See Puiladelpiiia, Acad. Nat. Sciences : Journal.
Leipzig. — Isis von Oken. 4lo. Brockhaus.

BoiE, F — Ucber Classification insonderheit der europaischen Vdgel. 1822, 545.
BoiE, F. — Generaliibersicht der ornithologischen Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen. 1826, 969.
BoiE, F. — Bemerkungen iiber mebrere neue Vogelgattungen. 1828, 312.
BoiK, F. — Deber Species und einige ornithologesche Familien und Sippen. 1831, 538.
Kaip, J. — Saurolliera mericana, eine neue Art aus Mexico. 1832, 991.

Stbeobei, a. B. — Die Cypseliden des Berliner Museums. 1848, 348. (Pseudoproau, 357.)
Wagleb, J. — Beitrage und Bemerkungen zu dem ersten Bande seines Systema avium. 1829, 505, 645, 736.
Wagler, J. — Revisio generis P^neZopc. 1830,1109.

Wagleb, .!.— Einige Mittheilungen viber Thiere Mexicos. 1831, 510. (Aves, 515.)
Waoler, J. — Mittheilungen iiber einige merkwiirdige Thiere. 1832, 275.

Waglkr, J. — Neue Sipiien und Gattungen der Saugthiere und Vogel. 1832, 1218. ( Vogel, 1221.)
Lembeve, J.— Avesde la isla de Cuba. Par Juan Lembeye. 8vo. Habana, 1850. (Plates taken chiefly from Audubon.)
Lesso.s, R. p. --Manuel d'Ornithologie ou description des genres etdes principales esp^ces d'oiseaux. 2 vols. 18rao. Paris,
1829.

Lesson. R. P. — TtmH d'omithologie ou description des oiseaux rfeunis dans les principales collections de France. 2 vols
8vo. Paris, 1831.

Lesson, R. P. — Uistoire naturelle des colibris, etc. 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1831, 32.

CiEstoN, R. P. — Les trochilid^s, ou les colibris et les oiseaux-inouches, etc. Ivol. 8vo. Paris, 1832, 33
Lesson, R P. — See Paris, Ann. du Mus. 1835, 121.

Lewis & Clark. — History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark to the sources of the Mis-
souri ; thence across the Rocky mountains, and down the River Columbia to the Pacific ocean. Performed during the years
1804, '5, '6, by order of the government of the United States. 2 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1814.

Llnnael'S, C— Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematic-e propositji per classes, ordines, genera, et species. Editio
I. Folio. Lugduno-Batav. 1735. Idem. ed. VI, 1748, Holmiac. Idem. ed. X, Holmiae, 1758. Idem. ed. XII, 1766o
(The last edition is the one usually quoted,)

LniSAEis, C. — Fauna Suecica sistens auimalia Sueciae regni, etc. 8vo. Stockholm, 1746.

118 b

938 U, S. p. R. R. EXP AND SURVEYS— ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

LiNNAEis, C. — See Stockholm, Kougliga Vetenskaps Akademieu.
LiNSLEY, Rev. J. H.— See New Haven, Ct. Am. Jour. Sc.

LiCHTENSTEiN, H.— Veizeichniss der Doiibletten des Zoolog. Museums der konigl. Universitat zu Berlin, nebst Beschreib-
ungen vieler bisber uiibekaniiten Arten von Siiugtbieren. Viigeln, Ampbibien, und Fistben. 4to. Berlin, 1823.

(LicHTKssTEiN.)— Nomcnclator avium musei zoologici berolinensis. 8vo. Berlin, 1854. (Supposed to bave been pre-
pared by Lichtenstein and Cabanis. )

LicuTEXSTEiN, Dr. H.— "Deppe und Schiebe, Preisverzeichuiss, 1831 ?" (A pamplilet sale catalogue of certain collections
In Mexico made by tlie above parties, and quoted by Ricbardson. I bave never been able to ascertain whether it contains
descriptions to accompany the numerous new names mentioned in it.)

LicnTKNOTEiN, H. — See Berlin, Akademle der Wissenschaflen : Abhandlungen, 1839.

LoxDON.— Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology, etc. Conducted by Sir W.
Jaedine, etc. 8vo.

ScLATEK, P. L. — Description of a new species of Woodpecker discovered by Mr. Thomas Beidqes in Northern
California. Ill Series, I, Feb. 1858, 127.

Strickl.\nd, H. E. — On Oyanodtla, a proposed new genus of GarruUnae, and on C. superciliosa, a new species of
blue Jay, hitherto confounded with C. uUraimirina , Bon. XV, April, 1845, 260. Further notice respecting the same,
May, 1845, 342.
London. — British Association for the Ad vaucemen t o f Science: Report of the meetings. «vo.

EiCHARDSON, J.— Report on North American Zoology. Report of the sixth meeting, held 1836. London, 1837,
121.
London. — Linnaean Society: Transactions. 4to. Vol. 1, et seq.

Barton, M. D., Benjamin Smith.— Some account of the Timtalus ephouskyca, a rare American bird. XII, 1818,
24, with plate.

Douglas, David.— Observations on some species of the genera Tdrao and Orlyx, natives of North America,
with descriptions of four new species of the former and two of the latter. XVI, 1829, 133.

Montagu, Geo. — Descriptions of three rare species of British birds. IV, 1798, 35. (Tringa nigricans.)
Sabine, Capt. Ed. — A memoir on the birds ol' Greenland, with descriptions and notes on the species observed
in the late voyage of discovery in Davis' Straits and Baffin's Bay. XII, 1818, 527. New species, Uiia bri'mnichii,
(p. 538,) Lotus argenlatus. (The Uiia bri'innichii, named by Leach, U francsii, on p. 588.)

Sabixe, Jos. — An account of a new species of gull lately discovered on the west coast of Greenland. XII,
1818, 520, with plate. {Larux sabini.)

Yarrell, \Vm. — Description of a species of Tringa killed in Cambridgeshire, new to England and to Europe.
XVI, 1829, 109. (?'. ru/escens.)
Lohdon. — The London Magazine of Natural History and Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology, and Meteor-
ology. Conducted by J. C. Loudon, etc. 8vo.

AuDOBON, JouN James. — Notes on the bird of Washington, Fako icashingloniana, or great American Sea'Eagle,
with fig., I. July 1828, 115.
London. — The Naturalists' Repository or Monthly Miscellany of Exotic Natural History, exhibiting rare and beautiful
specimens of foreign birds, insects, shells, quadrupeds, fishes, and marine productions ; especially such new sulijects as bave
not hitherto been figured. By Edward Donovan. 5 vols. 8vo. London, I823-'27.

London. — 'Ihe Philosophical Magazine or AnniUs of Chemistry, Mathematics, Astronomy, Natural History, and General
Science. By Richard Taylor and Richard Phiilips, London. 8vo. 1, Jan. — June, 1827.

SwAiNsoN.— A Synopsis of the Birds discoveii'cl in Mexico. By W. Bullock and Mr. Wm. Bullock, jr. Vol 1.
(New and united series of the Philosophical Magazine and Annals of Philosophy.) May, 1827, 361, Nos. 1 — 37,
and June, 1827, 433, Nos. 37—101.
London. — The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts. London. 8vo.

SWAISSON. — On the Tyrant Shrikes of America. By William Swainson, esq., XX, Jun., 1826, 26/.
London. — Royal Society : Philosophical Transactions of tlie Royal Society of London.

Clayton, Joun. — Letter to the Royal Society, giving a further account of the soil and otlur oliservables of
Virginia; of the birds. XVll, 1693, 988

Fobwteb, J. R. — An account of tlie birds sent from lludson's Bay, with observations relative to tluir natural
history. LXII, 1772, 382.

Pennant, Tuos. — An account of the Turkey. Communicated I'y Joseph Banks, esq. LX.XI, 17.'^1, 67.
London. — The Zoological Journal. Conducted by Thomas Bell, J. ti. Chilueiln, J. de Cable Sowerdy, and 0. B. Sowerby.
4 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, 1S25, el seq.

BIRDS — LIST OF ATTTHORITIES. 939

Bonaparte. C. L. — Supplement to llio pinera of Noitli American liirtiB, and to the KynopmE of the species
found within the territory of the Ihiiteil States. III. Jnnuary, 1S27, 4'J.

Bo.xAPAKTK. C. L. — An account of four species of Stormy Petrel, (Thalassidroma.) liy Cmaums Li'cikn Bona-
I'ABTE. III. January, 1827, 89.

BosAi'AHTK, C. L. — Notice of a nondescript spt-cies of Grouse from N'orth America. By Ciiari.g.m L. Bonaparts.
.hily, 1827. Ill, 212.

Doi'GL.\8, David. — Observations on the Vullier cali/ornianus o( Shaw. IV, January, 1829, 328.

Kino, Capt. Phillip Pahker — Extracts of a letter addressed hy Capt. Phillip Parker Kinft. R. N., to N. A.
Vigors, on the animals uf the Straits of Magellan. (Part 2.) IV, July, 1828, !)1. (Anas raJJU.m — a plate of the
species in tab. xxix, supplement.)

SwAiNSON, William — On several pioups aiul forms in nrnitholocy not hitherto defined. By William Swainson.
1827. HI, 158, 343.
London. — Leacb, W. E. — Zoological Miscellany ; -being descriptions of new or interesting animals, (conducted by VV. E.
Leach,) illustrated with colored figures drawn from nature by K. P. Nodder. 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1814-1817.

London. — Zoological Society : Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Coiiespondcnce. 2 vols. 8vo.
1831, 1832. (These precede the regular series of Proceedings of the Society commencing in 1833.)

Collie. A., esq — On the Pouch of the Frigate Bird (Tachyptiea aquilm.) By A. Collik. April 26, 1831. Pro-
ceedings of Committee of Science and Correspondence, I, 62.

GoiLD, John. — On a new species of Woodpecker (Picua imperialis) from California, liy .John Gould. July 24,
1832. Proceedings of Committee of Science and Correspondence, II, 139.

Owen, B. — On the anatomy of the Gannet, (Sula baasana.) By K. Owen, esq. June 14. 1^31. Proceedings
of Committee of Science and Correspondence, I, 90.

Owen, R. — On the anatomy of the Flamingo, (Phoenicopterut ruber.) August 28, 1832. Proceedings of Com-
mittee of Science and Correspondence, II, 111.

Richardson, J. — Birds and mammalia collected during the last Arctic Land Expedition under Sir John
Franklin. By J. Richardson, M. D. September 27, 1831. Proceedings of Committee of Science and Correspon-
dence, I, 132.

Vigors, N. A. — Characters of several new species of birds collected by Mr. Cuming in Chili and Mexico. By
N. A. Vigors. January 10, 1832. Proceedings of Committee of Science and Correspondence, II, 3.

Yarkell, W. — On the specific identity of the Qardmian and Night Herons {Ardea (jardeni and nydicoraz.) By
W. Yarreil. January, 1831. Proceedings of Committee of Science and Correspondence, I, 27.

Yarrell, W. — On the occurrence of several North American birds in England (^Anas sponsa, AntK occitlua, and
Alauda alptstrU.) By W. Yaureli. February 8, 1831. Proceedings of Committee of Science and Correspondence,
I, 35.

Yarrell, W. — On a hybrid bred by tlie Society between a Musco\'y Drake (Anas moschaUi) .-uid a Common Duck,

{Anas boschas.) By W. Yarrell. May 8, 1832. Proceedings of Committee of Science and Correspondence, 11, 100.

London. — Z oological Society, continued : Proceedings of the Ztiological Society of London. Vol. I. 1833, el seq.

Bonaparte. — Description of new or interesting birds from South America .md Mexico. By C. L. Bonaparte.
November 14, 1837. V. 108.

Bonaparte — On the Garruline Birds or Jays ; with descriptions of new species. By Prince Charles Lucien
Bonaparte. April 9, 1850. XVTII, 79.

Bonaparte. — On the largest known species of Phaleridine Bird. By Prince Cuaeles Licikn Bonaparte. July
22,1851. XIX, 201. (Sagmatorinua lathaml)

Cox. — Notice of a living Mocking-bird (7^<rrfM.sji)o?y^fc(/i«.) By J C. Cox, esq. October 22, 1833. 1,114.

Fbasek, L. — Description of three new species of birds. By L. Eraser. February 24, 1844. XII, 37.
{Lagopui ferrugineus, from Mexico.)

Gould. — On a collection of birds from North America presented by Mr. FoUiot. By .John Gould. February
25, 1834. n, 14.

GocLD.^-On several species of birds allied to the European Wren, with characters of new species. By .Foiin
Gould. October 11, 1836. IV, 88.

Gould. — On a new species of Ortyz from California {Ortyx phinafeia) from the collection of the late Mr. David
Douglas, and a new species of the genus Podargus from Java. By John Gould April 11, 1837. V, 42.

Gould. — On the characters of new birds in the Society's collection. By John Gould. July 25, 1837. V, 79.

Gould, John. — On the genus Anom. By John Gould, Oct. 14, 1845. XIII, 103.

940 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

GocLD. — On six new species of humming birds. By John Gould, June 25, 1850. XVIII, 162.
Gould, J. — On a new turkey, (Mekagris mexkana.) By John Gould, April 8, 185G. XXIV, 61.
Gould, J. — Descriptions of three new and very beautiful species of birds from Guatemala and from the Island
of tombock. By John Goild, April 28, 1857. XXV, 64.

Gould, John. — Observations on his visit to the United States of America, with description of a new species of
(kriiomis found in the collection of Dr. Cabot, of Boston, United States. By John Gould, July 14, 1857. XXV,
16G.

Gkay, G. K. — Op a new species of Thalassidroma. By George Robert Gray, (Thalassidroma hombyi,) May 10,
1853. XXI, 62.

Gray, G. K. — On a new species of Somateria, and the female of LamproneUa fisckeri. By G. R. Gray, November
27, 1855. XXIII, 211.

Hill. — Letter relating to the nests of the birds of Jamaica. By R. Hill, September 14, 1841. IX, 69.
Kaup. — Descriptions of some new birds in the museum oi the Earl of Derby. By Dr. Kacp, February 11, 1851.
XIX, 39.

Salle, Auguste. — Liste des oiseaux rapportes et observes dans la Republique Dominicaine (ancieune partie
Espagnole de I'le St. Domingue ou d'Haiti,) par M. A. Salle', pendent son voyage de 1849 a 1851. By Augustk
M. Salle, November 10, 1857. XXV, 230.

ScLATER, Lt:tley Philip.- On the genus Culicivora of Swainson and its component species. By Philip Lutley
Sclater, January 9, 1855. XXIII, 11.

ScLATER, Lutley Philip. — Note on sixteen species of Texan birds named by Mr. Giraud, of New Y^ork, in 1841.
By Philip Lutley Sclatek, March 27, 1855. XXIII, 49.

Sclater, Lutley Philip. — Note on the Zoological Appendix to the Report of the United States Naval Astro-
nomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere, and on the geographic range and distribution of the Tanagrine
Genera Calliste and Euplimia. By Philip Lutley Sclater, February 12, 1846. XXIV, 18.

Sclater, Lutley Philip. — Note on {Psallria flavkeps) a third American species of the Parine genus PsaUria.
By Philip Lutley Sclater, March 11, 1856. XXIV, 37.

Sclater, Lutley Philip. — Synopsis Avium Tanagrinarum. A descriptive catalogue of the known species of
Tanagers. By Philip Lutley Sclater, April 8, 1856. XXIV, 64, 108,230.

Sclater, Lutley Philip. — On the species of the American genus Parra. By Philip Lutley Sclater, July 8,
1856. XXIV, 282.

Sclater, Lutley Philip. — Catalogue of the birds collected by M. Auguste Ssillf? in Soutliern Mexico, with de-
scriptions of new species. By Philip Lutley Sclater, July 8, 1856. XXIV, 283.

S-clater, Philip L. — Notes on the birds in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
and other collections in the United States. By Philip Lutley Sclater, January 13, 1857. XXV, 1.

Sclater, Philip. — Review of the species of the South American sub-family Tityrinae. By Philip Sclater, April
18, 1857. XXV, 67.

Sclater, Philip. — On Pams meridionalis, and some other species mentioned in the catalogue of birds collected
by M. Salle in Soutliern Mexico. By Philip Lutley Sclater, May 12, 1857. XXV, 81.

Sclater, Philip. — List of birds collected by Mr. Tliouias Bridges, corr. mem., in the valley of San Jose, Cali-
fornia. By Philip Lutley Sclater, June 9, 1857. XXV, 125.

Sclater, Philip. — List of additional species of Mexican birds obtained by M. Auguste Siilld from the environs
of Jalapajind San Andres Tuxtla. By Philip Lutley Sclater, July 14. 1857. XXV, 201

Sclater, Philip. — On a collection of birds made by Sigiior Matteo Botteri in the vicinity of Orizaba, in Southern
Mexico. By Philip Lutley Sclater. July 28, 1857. XXV, 210.

Sclatbe, Philip. — On a collection of birds received by M. Salld from Soutlioin Mexico. Hy I'lULir Lutley
Sclater. Nov. 10, 1857. XXV, 226.

Sclater, Philip. — Notes on Califoriiian birds, by Thoinas liridges, corr. mem. Coiiiniunicatcd wifli ninarks
by Philip Lutlei Sclater. Jan. 12, 1858. XXVI, 1.

Sclater, Philip. — Notes on some birds from Kouthcrii Mexico. By I'milip Lutley Sclater. Feb, 2.1, 1858.
XXVI, 95.

ViooBS — On a collection of tkins of birds from California. By N. A. Vigors, e.si|. .Iiinc II, 18.'i.'! 1.65.
London. — The Zoologist, a pojmlar niiscellany of Natural History. Coiiductcd by Ed. Newman. 8vo.

Newton, Alfred. — Some account of a petrel killed at Soiilhacrc, Norfolk, X, Dec, 1852. .'1691. (ProcdU
ria haetUata.)
LoKo'g Expcd.— Account of an expedition from Pittsliurg to tbc Eocliv moiintains, performed in (he years 1819 and '20,

BIRDS — LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 941

under the commaud of Major Stepukn H. Lono. Compiled by E<lwin Janu's. 2 vula. 8vo. Philudfl|)bia, 1823. (Zoologi-
cal ui tides by Tlios. Say.)

Lvos. — Socittt Royali- d ' Ag r ic ii 1 1 u r v , Uistoire N ii t u r e 1 1 c et Arts utiluB do Lyon: An-
nalc6 dfs scicncvs physiques et nuturollc-s, d'ligriculture et d'industrie, publii're par la Boci^t^, etc. 8vo. Tome I, 1838, Hieq.
BouKCiEB, JiLEs. — Description et figures <le trois cspiccs nouvelUs d'oiBeaux-nioucheis. Ill, M;irili, 1840.
(Omytmya eotlat. PI. ii.)

Boi'KciEn ET Mi'LSANT.- — Description de viogt espiees d'oiscaux mouchcs. IX, 1846, 312. (Troehilus altxandri,
p. 330, Sierra Madre, Mex.)
U'Cau,. Col. Gso. A. — Sec PuiladeU'Hia, Acad. Nat. Sciences : Proceedings.
M'Cow.N, Capt. J. P.— See Nbw York, Lyceum of Nat. Hist.
M'Ccixou. — Si-e Boston, Society of Natural History : Journal.

Macuiluvbav, \V. — A manual of British ornithology, etc. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1840
Madi^.n, Wise — W iscoiisin State Agricultural Society: Transactions. 8vo. Vol. I, 18,'>2.

IIoY, M. D., P. K. — Notes on the ornithology of Wisconsin. II, 1853, 341. (This is a reissue, with a^lditions,
of the list of birds of Wisconsin by Dr. Hoy, in Proceedings of Phila. Acad. Nat. Sciences, and maljes mention of
287 species.)
Mauiekbk. E — See MtTZ, Aeaderaie : M6moires; — Paris, Revue Z<iologique, 1849, 93 ; 1852, 553 ; — Cas.sel, Cabanis .Jour-
nal fiir Ornithologie.

MAsSACULSirrrs. — Reports on the fishes, reptiles, and birds of Massachusetts. 8vo. Boston, 1839. (Birds, p. 255, by Wm.
B. O. Peabody.

Maximilian, Priiiz vou Wied — Reise in das innere Nord America, in den Jahren 1832 bis 1834. t vols. 4to Coblentz I,
1839; II, li?41. (See also under WiEi). )

Maximilian. Prinz von Wikd. — Beitragc zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilieu. Ill, Vogcl. i, 1830. ii, 1831.
Merbbm, Blas. — Beytrage zur besond. Geschichte der Vogel, gesammlet. 4to. Leipsig, 1786, 1787.
Mexico. — Registro trimestre 6 colleccion de memoiins He historia, litei'atura, ciencias y artes. Por una sociedad de literatos.
8vo. Tomo I. Mexico, 1832. Tomo II, 1833.

De la Llave. — Memoria sobre el (juetzaltototl, g^nero nuevo de aves. I. i, .Ian., 1832, 43. (Pharomacrus
mocinno.)

De LA Llave. — Sobre ties especies nuevas del g^nero Telrao. I. ii, April, \KVl, 141. (Tetrao marmorata, cristala,
and guttata )
Meven. J. F. — See Breslai:, K. L. C. Acad, nova acta. XVI, Suppl., 1.

Meter, B. und J. Wolf. — Taschenbuch der deutschen Vogelkunde, oder kurze Beschreibungen aller Vogel Deutschlands.
2 vols. 8vo. Frankfort a-M. 1809, 1810.

MiciiENER, Dr. E. — See Philadelphia, Acad. Nat. Sciences : Journal.
Mitchell, D. W. — See Gray, Genera of Wrds.

MobHRiNQ. — Avium genera. Auctore Paulo Henrico Gcrardo Moehringio. 8vo. Auriia, 1752
MoscHLEB. — See Cassel.

Molina, G.J. — Saggio suUa storia natnrale del Chili. 8vo. Bologna, 1782.
Montagu. — See London, Linnaean Society Transactions : IV, 1796, 40.

MoNTAOn, Geo. — Ornithological dictionary, or alphalietieal synopsis of British Birds. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1802. Sup
plemcnt, 1813. Second edition, edited by Jame.s Eenxie. 8vo. London, 1831.
JIOBTON, Dr. S. G. — Sec New Haven, Am. Jour. Sc.
Mulleb, Johannes. — See Beblin, Akad. der Wisseneh.
McLLEB, I'r. J. W. von. — See Cassel.

Nacmank, J. A — Naturgeschichte der Vcigel Deutschlands, etc. 12 vols. 8vo. and Supplement. Leipzig, 1822-1847.
Nacmannia — Sec Stuttgart.

New ToBK. — Lyceum of Natural History: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. 8vo.
vol. I, 1824, New York ; II, 1828 ; III, 1828-1836: IV, 1848 ; V, 1852 ; VI, i853-18o8.

Audubon.— Note on the Uirundofiilva. By John J. Audcbon. Head August 9, 1824, I, 163.
Audubon. — Facts and observations connected with the permanent residence of swallows in the United States.
By John J. Audcbon. Read Aug. 11, 1824, 1, 166.

Baibd. — Description of a new species of Sijlvkola. By S. F. Baird. (Si/hicola kirllandii.) Read Jan. 12, 1852,
V, 215.

Bell. — Observations on the Limosa scolapatca of Sa}'. By John Bell. Read October 9, 1848, V, 1.

942 U. S. p. R, K, EXP. AND SORVKYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

New York — Continued.

Bell. — On the PipUo oregmus, as distinguished from the PipUo arcticua of Swainson. By John Bell. Read
November 27, 1848, V, 6.

Bell. — Description of a new species of the genus Ftdigula. By John Bell. {Puliffula viola.) Read Aug. 30,
1851, V, 219.

Bonaparte. — Tlie genera of North American liirds and a synopsis of the species found wthin tlie territory of
the United States ; systematically arranged in orders and families. By Chakles L. Bonaparte. Read Jan. 24,
1826, II, 7, and 293. (These articles on genera of North American birds have been published separately in a single
volume, dated 1828. This is the edition quoted in the present volume, under the head of Synopsis. The memoir
was read Jan. 182t), but tlie volume docs not appear to have been published until 1828, its date.)

Bonaparte. — Further additions to the Ornithology of the United States and Observations of the Nomenclature
of certain species. By Charles L. Bonaparte. Read Nov. (!, 1826, II, 154.

CuNTON. — On the Ilirundofulva of Vieillot, with some general remarks on the birds of this genus. By Dewitt
Clinton. Read August 9, 1824, I, 156.

Giraud. — Description of a new species of Helinai. By J. P. Giraud, jr. Read October 8,1850, V, 40.
Gundlach, M. D. , John. — Description of a new species of bird of the genus Sylvicola. 8vo. VI, v, Oct. 1855,
161. {S. pityophila.)

Gundlach. — Notes on some Cuban Birds, with descriptions of three new species. By John Gundlach. Feb.
1858, VII, 1.

Jones. — Description of a New Species of Woodpecker, (Picits lecontei.) By William L. Jones, M. D. Read
March 13, 1847, IV, 489,

Lawrence. — Description of a New Species of Atiser. By GeokOe N. Lawrence. (Anser nigricans.) Read March
16, 1846, IV, 171.

Lawrence. — Description of a New Species of Procfttana. By George N. Lawrence. (^Procellaria meridionalia.)
Read Feb. 18, 1847, IV, 475.

Lawrence. — Observations on Mr. Bell's paper on Liimsa scolapacea. By George N .Lawrence. Read Jan. 7,
1849, V, 4.

Lawrence. — Description of ilimus mdanoptertis. By George N. Lawrence. Read April 16, 1849, V, 35.
Lawrenob. — On the occurrence of the Caspian Tern (Sylochdidon caspim) in North America. By George N.
Lawrence. Read May 6, 1850, V, 37.

Lawrence. — Description of a new species of Tyramms. By George N. Lawrence, (Tyrannus cassinii.) Read
June 3, 1850, V, 39.

Lawrence. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genera Conirostrum, Embirnngra and Jianlhornus, together
with a list of other species not heretofore noticed as being found within the limits of the United States. By
George N. Lawrence. Read April 28, 1851, V, 112.

Lawrence. — Additions to North American Ornithology. By George N. Lawrence. Read April 28, 1851, V, 117.
Lawrence. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genera Tuxo.itomii, Tyrmmuln, Plectrophanes. By Georoe
N. Lawrence. (ToxosUmta kconlii, Tyrannula cinerascens, Pkctraphanes McCuumii.) Read September 8, 1851, V, 121.

Lawrknce. — Additions to North American Ornithology. By CiEonGE N. Lawrence. Read September 8, 1851,
V, 123— VI, 1853-'4.

Lawrence. — Ornithological Notes. By George N. Lawrence. Read April 24, 1852, V, 220 — No. 2, VI, i,
1853-'7.

Lawrence. — Description of a new species of bird of the genus Lams. By (Jkougk N. Lawuknce. (Larus cali-
fornicus.) Read March 7, 1854, VI, 79. Othernew species, 1858.

Lawrence. — Description of seven new species of liuraming birds. By (Ieoroi', N. Lawrence. Read February
8, 18.58, VI, 258.

LAWHfaiCE. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genera Chordcilts and PoUoptUa. By GiMROE N. Law-
rence. Read December 22, 1856, VI, 165.

Lawreuck. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genera Orlyx, Sterna, and Jcleria. By (inoROE N. Law-
rence. (Oriyx texamis, Sterna pikei, Jcleria hngicauda .) Head February 14, 1K53, VI, May, 1853, 1.

Lawrence. — Description of a new species of hnmniing bird of the genus J/«W(»k^«, with a note on Trochilm
aquila. By Georc.e N. Lawrknce. Head April 2, 1855.

Lawrence. — Observations on the jiaper of Mr. Gumlliuh. By Geohi;e N. Lawrenok. February, 1858, VI.
Lawrence. — Description of two new species of gulls in the Smilhsonian Institution, at Washington, (Aarus
euckUyi and Ritta leptentrionalis. By George N. Lawrenoe. Read February, 1858, VI, 264.

^'.\

■tA'sfmiimmr'^mBc$»

BIRDS — LIST OF AUTHORniKS. 945

Paris. — Dictionnairo Clnssiqiic d'Histoiro NiitiircUo, jmr une sociiHt! du natumliiitefl. (Audouin, DRAriKZ, etc. ) 17 voIb.
8vo. Tiuis, 1822-';il.

Paris — Dirtioniiiiire ties sciences naturclles, dans leniiel on tmite mcHlioilitiiiument do dilTercntcs otres do la nature, etc.
(Ri'di^ltfs par Fbkd. Civike ) 60 vols. 8vo. Paris et Strasbourg, 1816 — 1830. (Oriiitholojiiciil articles, by Dimoxt )

Paris. — EncycIopLMio Mt'thodiqiie, ou par orJre do matif're, par une socic'td do gens de lettrcs. Histoire Naturello, 10
Tom. en 20 Pt. et 17 vols, de pi. Ito. Paris, 1782, 92, et scq.

BoNNATERRK — Tttblcau cHcyclopc'dique et radtbodique. Ornitliologie. Par I'AmiE Bonnatkure, 17'.ll).
ViKiLLOT. — Oiseaux, 1820.
Paris. — Journal de pbysique, de cbcniie, ct d'bistoiic naturelle. 4to. (Edited by Bi.ainviu.e from 1815 — 1820 )

RAriNESQUE, C. S. — Prodrome de 70 Nouveaux genres il'animaux decouverts dans I'interienr des Ktjvts-Unis

d'Amerique durant I'anncc, 1818. LXXXVIII, June 1819, 117. {IHmamphiix, Jfelmitlicros, Si/mphemia.)

Paris. — Nouveau Dictionnairo d'llistoiie Naturelle appliquee aux Arts, a rAgriculture, a I'Kcommiie ruralc etdomestique,

H la Mc'dioinc, etc. Par unesocietc de naturalisteset d'aiiriciilteurs. 2deiUtion, 36 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1816 — 1819. (The articles

on Oniitbology in this edition are by Vieillot. The first edition, 24 vols. 1802 — 1804, prol)ably contains nothing by him.)

Paris. — Revue Zoologique par la Socit'ti Cuvierienne, Association UniverscUe pour rAvanceinent de la Zoologie, de I'An-

atoniic Compar6e et de la Palaeontologie, Journal Mensuel. Publi6e sous la direction de M. F. E. Giikrin-Meneville. Svo.

Vol. I, 1838, etc.

BouRCiER, Jules. — Description de quclques especes nouvelles d'oiseaux mouches, 18.'i9, Oct. 294. {Ornymya
costal, California.)
Paris. — Re^•ue et Maga.«in de Zoologie, pure et appliquee, etc. Par M. F. E. Gcerin-Ubneville et avec la collaboration
scientilique de M. Ad. Focillo.n. Svo. Tome I, 1849, et seq.

Bonaparte, C. L — Monographie dcs laniens. 1853, July, 292 ; Oct. 433.
Bonaparte, C. L. — Tableau des Perroquets. 1851, March, 145.
Bonaparte, C L. — Tableau dcs Oiseaux mouches. 1854, May, 248.
Bonaparte, C. L. — Tableau des Oiseaux de Proie. 1854, Oct. 530.
Bonaparte, C. L. — Notes sur les Larides. 1855, Jan. 12.

Deville, E. — Observations faites en Amerique sur les moeurs de differentes espfeces d'oiseaux mouches, etc.
1852, May, 209. (Notice of Trochiliu calubris. The author was connected with Castelnau's expedition.)

Maluebhe, Aj.fbed. — Description de nouvelles cspftces de Picida:. 1852, Dec, 551. (Geopicm chri/soides.)
Peabodt, Rev. W. B. 0. — See Boston, Soc. Nat. Hist.: Journal.
PE.VB0DY, birds of Mass. — See Mass.vciiusetts.
Peale, T. R. — See Wilkes, United States exploring expedition.

Pennant, Thos. — Arctic Zoology. First edition. 3 vols. 4to. 1784-87. Second edition. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1792.
PiiiLADEi.pitiA. — Academy of Natural Sciences: Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
First series, I-VIH, in octavo, 1817-1842. Second series in large quarto.

BoNAPARTB. — An account of four species of stormy petrel. By Charles Bo.napabte. Read .January 13, 1824.
m, II. January 1824, 227.

Bonaparte. — On a new species of duck, described by Wilson as the same with the Anas fuligula of Europe. By
Charles Bonaparte. Read April 6, 1824. Ill, ii, April 27, 1824, 381. (Anca rufUarques.)

Bonaparte. — Description of ten species of South American birds. By Ciiaklks Bonaparte Read April 19,
1825. IV, II, May 1825, 370. (ilunma fusca, Bp. ; I'icus ruliricMis, G.M , var.; Dendromliiptcs angustiroatris, Vieill.;
FringiUaflaveola,'Lv!rs.; TanagraJlava,Gii.; Musciaipa violenla,Bo:<.; Muscicapa taenioptera, Qoit ,; MuscicapapuUata., Bon.:
Caprimulgua semitorqitalus, Gjiel. ; Rallus nigricans, Vieill.)

Bonaparte. — Descriptions of two new species of Mexican birds. By Charles Bonaparte. Read April 25, 1825.
IV, n, May 1825, 387. {Garrulus uUramarintts, Box.; Cassicus melaniclurus, Bon.)

Bonaparte. — Observations on the nomenclature of Wilson's ornithology. By Charles Bonaparte. Read
March 9, 1824. Ill, ii, pp. 340-352 Published April 5, 1824, (including Nos. 1-21 of Wilson's list in Vol. VI,
American ornithology.) — Ib. pp 353-371, April 27, (Nos. 22-58). — Continuation of the same read March 23, 1824.
IV, I, pp. 25-32, July, 1824, (Nos. 59-79.)— In. pp. 33-66, August, 1824, (Nos. 70-112.)— In. pp. 16.i-200,
November, 1824, (Nos. 113-';7.) -Ib. nV, n, pp. 251-277, (read November 23, 1824,) published February, 1825,
(Nos. 168-184, with review of preceding numbers.) — Ib. V, i, July, 1825, pp. 57-64, (Nos. 185-194.)— Ib. August,
1825, pp. 65-106, (Nos. 195-227.)

Bonaparte. — Additions to the ornithology of the United Stites. By Charles Bonaparte. Read May 10,
1825, V, I, June, 1852, 26. (Species collected in Florida by Titian Peale. Falco melanopknis : Sylvia palmarum;
CoUtmha Uucocephala ; C. zmaida, Bon., (n.s.); Rallus giyaniats, Bon., (u.s.); Aramus scolopaceus; Sterna cayana.)

119 b

946 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

Philaselpbia — Continued —

Bonaparte. — Notes to the paper entitled descriptions of ten species of South American birds. By CiiAnLES
Bonaparte. Read July 12, 1825. V, i, November, 1825, 137.

Bonaparte. — On the distinction of two species of Icterus, hitherto confounded under the specific name of ictere-
ceplialus. By Charles Bonaparte. Read February 28, 1826. V, ii, February, 1826, 222. (Icknis xanthocephalua,
Bom.; Jctenis icterocephalus, Daudin.)

Bonaparte. —rDescription of a new species of South American FringiUu. By Charles Bonaparte. Read March
1,1825. IV, II, April, 1825, 350. (FringiUa xanthona, 'Rio 3a.n<i\xo.)

Cassin — Jlonograph of the birds comprising the genera Bydropsalis, Wagler, and Anlrosiomim, Nuttall. By
John Cassdj. Second series. II, ii, January, 1852, 113.

Cassin. — Description of new species of birds of the genera Mdanerjxs, Swainson, and Lanius, Linnaeus. By John
Cassin. Second series. II, in, January, 1853, 257.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genus Spermesies, Sw. Second series. Ill, i. May, 1855, 69.

Cassin — Descriptions of new species of FsiUacida:. Second series. Ill, ii, December, 1855, 153.

Gambel — Remarks on the birds observed in Upper California, with descriptions of new species. By AVii.
Gaubel. 2d series, I, i, December, 1847, 25, and I, in, August, 1849, 215.

Gameei. — Description of a new species of Mergulus, Ray, from the coast of California. By Wii. Gambel, M.
D. 2d series, II. i. November, 1850, 55.

Keebmann. — Notes on the birds of California observed during a residence of three years in that country. By
A. L. Heermann, M. D. 2d series, II, in, lanuary, 1853, 259.

Leib. — Description of a new species of Fuligula. By Geo. C. Leib, M. D. Read January 7, 1840, VIII, I,
1840, 170. {Fuligxila grisea, F. lahradora.)

Leib. — Description of the nest and eggs of the Fidica ammcana and Anas dkcors. By George C. Leib, M. D.
Read November 16, 1841, VIII, ii, 1842, 203.

Michener. — A few facts in relation to the identity of the red and mottled owls, &c. By Ezra Michkner,
M. D. Bead July 3, 1838, VIII, i, 1839, 53.

Ord — Oliservations on the genus Gramla, of Latham. By George Ord. Read May 19, 1818 ; I, ii, May,
1818, 253. Gracula guiscala, (major,) and barita (versicolor.)

Ord.— All account of the Florida jay, of Bartram. By George Ord. Read May 26, 1826 ; I, ii, August,
1818, 345. (Garrulvs caerulescens.)

Ord. — An account of an American species of the genus Tantalus, or Ibis. By Grorge Ord. Read July 8,
1817, (Tantalus maciconus,) I, No. iv, August 1817, 53.

TowNSEND. — Description of twelve new species of birds, chiefly from the vicinity of the Coluniljia river. By
John Kirk Towksend. VII, ii. Read November 15, 1830 ; VII, i, 1837, 187. (Siala ocndmtalis, Fringilla oregona,
F. hkolor, Fkdrophanes ornata, Parus ru/escens, P. minimus, Sylvia occidenlalis, S. nigrescens, S. audubomi, S. lownsendii,
Orpheus montanw, Charadrius monlanus.) With an appendix, p. 193, containing a list of birds from the Columbia tiver.
Prepared by the Ornithological Committee of the Philadelphia Academy of N.atural Sciences.

Trvdeau. — Description of a new species of woodpecker. By James Tkudeal, M. D. Read June 27, 1837,
40 1. ( Picus audubonii. )

TowNSEND. — Description of a new species of Cypcelvs, from the Columbia river.. By John K. Townsend. Read
March 3, 1839 ; VIII, i, 1839, 148, (C. vauxii.)

Townsend. — Description of a new species of Sylvia, from the Cohmibia river. By John K. Townsend. Read
April 2, 1839 ; VIH, i, 1839, 149. (S. to/mo»i. )— Note on Sylvia tolnwci, p. 159. Read September 10, 1839.

Townsend. — List of birds inhabiting the regions of the Rocky Mountains, the Territory of Oregon, and tho
northwest coast of America. By John K. Townsend. VIII, i, 1839(.'), 151. Read September 10, 1839.

Trudeau. — Description of the white-winged tanager. (Pyranga leucoptera.) Read June 4, 1839 ; \'11I, i, 100.
Philadelphia — Academy of Natural Sciences, Continued: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia. I-IX, 1840-58. '

Baird, Wm. M. and S. F. — Descriptions of two species, supposed to be new, of the genus Tyrannula, Swainson,
found in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. By William M. and Spenceu F. Baihd, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
('/'. JUwiventris and minima.) I, July, 1843, 283.

Baibd. — Descriptions of new birds, collected between Allui(|ucr(iur, New Mexico, and San Fninci.sco, Californiii,
during the winter of 1853-54, by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly and 11. Ii. MolihauBcn, naturalists, attaclied to tho
survey of the Pacific railroad route, under Lieutenant A. W. Whipjile. (Oi/p.vlus vidanoleucus, Culicivora plumbea,

BIKDS — LIST OF ArTIIORITIES. 947

FiaUria plumhea, CyanodUa macrolcpha, Carjxxlaaa eaasiiiii, ZmuArichia faUax, PipUo maoleuciu, CMunu uropi/^alu. ) VII,
Jane, 1854, IIS.

Cassis.— On the occurrence of Sriz nydea, during the winter of 1843-44, in the vicinity of Philiulelphin. By
Joiuf Cassin. II, Miirch, 1844,19.

Cassi.n. — Description of a new vulture in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia.
(Catharta bumvianua.) By JouM Cassin. II, March, 1845, 212.

Cassin. — Note on an instinct probahly possessed by the herons. {Ardta.) By Joiuj Cassln. Ill, December,
1846, 135.

Cassin. — Description of a new rapacious bird in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Pliila-
delphia. {Cyminda triUonii.) By John Cassun. Ill, April, 1847, 199.

Cassi.n. — Description of a new Buceros, and a notice of Bticerm dolus, both of whicli ore in the collection of tho
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin. Ill, December 1817, 330.

Cassin. — Descriptions of tlirec new species of Icterus, (Briss,) specimens of whicli are in the Museum of tlio
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philatlelphia. By Joun Cassin. (Icterus maculi-alatut. Icterus auricjpiUus, Icterut
giraudii.) Ill, December, 1847, 332.

Cassi.v. — Descriptions of the new species of the genus Cyanooorax, of which specimens are in the collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By Jou.n Cassin. IV, Feb., 1848, 2(!.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genera Vidua, EupleUus, Pyrenestes, a,nA I'itylus ; specimens
of which are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By Joun Cassin. IV, June,
1848, G5.

Cassin. — Description of anew Tanayra in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By
JoH.\ Cassi.\. IV, Oct., 1848, 85.

Cassin. — Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. William S. Pease during the march of the army of the United
States from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. By John Cassin. IV, Oct., 1848, 87.

Cassin — Descriptions of owls presumed to be undescribcd ; specimens of which are in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin. IV, Dec, 1848. 121.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of the genera KyctaU and Sycobius; specimens of which are in the collection
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John C^vssin. IV, Feb., 1849, 157.

Cassin. — Notes of the examination of the family VuUuridae, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia. By John Cassin. IV, Feb., 1849, 158.

Cassin. — Remarks on a specimen of Anas rafflesii from Louisiana. By John Cassin. IV, Aug , 1849, 195.

Cassin. — Description of new species of birds of the family CapTtmiilgidae; specimens of which are in the collection
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia By Jon.'J Casslv. IV, Oct., 1849,236.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of birds, specimens of whicn are in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin. V, Jane, 1850, 56.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genera Paradisea, Pastor, and Buceros, and a proposition to
rename others of the genera Akycm and Birundo. By John Cassin. V, Aug , 1850, 67.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genera Parus, Emberiza, Cardudis, Slyiothera, Leuconerpes ;
specimens of which arc in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin. V,
Oct., 1850, 103.

Cassin. — Notice of an American species of duck hitherto regarded as identical with the Oidemia fusca, (Oidemia
velvelina.) By John Cassin. V, Dec., 1850, 126.

Cassix. — Sketch of the birds composing the genera Vireo and Vireosykia, with a list of the previously known,
and descriptions of three new species, ( Vireo huUoni, and Vireosylvia flai'oviridis, and phUadelj)hica.) By Joii.\ Cassin.
V, Feb., 1851, 149.

Ca^in. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genera Galbula and Bucco, specimens of which are iu the
collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin. V, Feb., 1851, 154.

Cassin. — Notes of an examination of the birds composing the family Caprimulgidae, in the collection of tho
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John CvssiN. V, April, 1851, 175.

Cassin. — Notes on specimens of EphiaUes naevia and E. asio. By John Cassin. V, Aug., 1851, 23G.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the family Laniadae, specimens of which are iu tho collection of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin. V, Aug. 1851, 244.

948 U. 8. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

rniLADELPiiiA — Continued —

C'assln. — Descriptions of birds of the genera Laniarius, Dicrurus, Graucalus, Manacus, and Picus, specimens of
■which are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By JouN Cassin. V, December,
1852, 347.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of Ilimnditmlae and PsiUacidae, specimens of which are in the collection
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelpliia. By John Cassin. V, June, 1853,369.

Cassin. — Synopsis of the species of Falconidae which inhabit America north of Mexico, with descriptions of new
species. By John Cassix. VI, Dec, 1853, 451.

Cassin. — Remarks on birds from the arctic regions, presented by Dr. Kane. VI, June 1852, 107.
Cassin. — Description of new species of birds, specimens of which are in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin. VI, Oct., 1852, 184.

Cassin. — Remarks on the appearance of Loxia leucoptera, in great numbers in the vicinity of Philadelphia. VIII,
Dec, 1854, 203.

Cassin. — Remarks on Crex praiensh, a specimen of which was obtained from Salem, New Jersey. VII, Jan.,
1855, 265.

Cassin.— List of pigeons of the genus Carpophaga, in the coUectioDB of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, and of the United States Exploring Expedition, Washington ; with descriptions and notices of new
and little known species. By John Cassin. VII, Dec. , 1854, 227.

Cassin. — Notes on North American Falconidae, with descriptions of new species, {Jiuleo calurm, elegam and
oxypterus.) By John Cassin. VII, Feb., 1855, 277.

Cassin. — Reference to several species of geese and other birds from the Falkland Islands, alluddl to in a letter
ofCapt. Burnsee. By John Cassin. VII, April, 1855, 289.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of birds from Western Africa, in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia. By John Cassln. VII, April, 1855, 324.

Cassin. — Notices of some new and little known birds in the collection of the United States Exploring Expedi-
tion, and the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By John Cassin. VII, Dec. 1855, 438.
Cassin. — Notes on North American birds in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
and National Museum, Washington. By John Cassin. VIII, Feb. 1856, 89.

Cassin. — Descriptions of new species of African birds in tlie Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia. Collected by Mr. P. B. Du Chaillu in Equatorial Africa. By John Ca.ssin. VIII, Aug. 1856, 156.

Cassin. — Descriptions and notes on birds of the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
and in the National Museum, Washington. By John Cassuj. VIII, Oct. 1856, 253.

Cassin. — Catalogue of birds collected at Cape Lopez, Western Africa, by Mr. P. B. Du Chaillu, in 1856, with
notes and descriptions of new species. By John Cassln. VIII, Dec. 1856, 316.

Cassln. — Notes on the North American species of Archibideo and Lanius, and description ol a new species of
toucan, of the genus Selenidera. By John Cassin. IX, Dec. 1857, 211.

Cassin. — Catalogue of the VuUuridae in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By
John CistsiN.

Cassin. — Catalogue of the Ilirundinidae in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
By John Cassin.

Cassln. — Catalogue of the SlrigiJae in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By
John Cassin.

Cassin. — Catalogue of the Jhdajonidae in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
By John Cassin. Nov. 1, 1852.

CocCH, Lt. D. N. — Descriptions of new birds of northern Mexico. VII, April, 1854, 66.

Dudley, W. — Description of a species of crane found in Wisconsin, presuiucd to be new. VII, April, 1854, G4,
(Grw hoyanm.)

Gambel. — Descriptions of some new and rare birds of the Rocky Mountains and California. By Wsi. Gambkl.
{Picus nuUalii, Parus montanus, Pringilla blandingiana. Laiihorlyx ganbelii.)l, April, 1843, 258.

Gambel. — Descriptions of new and little known birds, collected in Upper California. By Wm. Gambkl. LI,
Aug. 1845, 263.

(Iamuel. — Remarks on t lie birds oliserved in Ujipcr California. I'.y William Gambel. AccipUra, i\ , K^n\,
1846, 44 ; Pamm, 111, Oct. 1846, 110 ; 111, Feb. 1847, 154; April, 200.

Gasibel. — On an albino speeiimii of Mmciaipa virens from Liberty county, Georgia, and a specimen of wood-
pecker, Picmpndjoxats, but probably a new species. By Wm. Gambel. Ill, Oct. 1847, 278.

BIRDS — LIST OF ADTIIOKITIKS. 949

I'uiLADKLruiA— CoDtinuid —

(jAUUKi. — Ol'si-rvntious upon eeveral birilg recently collected by Dr. lUcrmnnn, (Hotlhramm lunnatus, Vireo lomji'
mtris, Ardta }<aUi.) By Wii. Gamuel. IV, Aug. 1848, 74.

Gauukl.— Description of ft new Mexiaiu quail, (Orti/z thoracina.) By Wm. Gasuiel. IV, Aug. 1848, 77.
Gahhel. — Contributions to Ameriain Ornithology. By Wm. Gasiokl. IV, December, 1848, 126.
HAU>t.M.vN. — Facts in Ornithology. By S. S. Haldmun. I, July, 1841, 54.

Uabbis On Cymindis liamatm. By Euwakd Harris. II, May, 1814, C5.

Harbis. — Description of a new species ot y'an« (i'or«« »g)fcn/rtonaiM) from Missouri. By Edward Harris. II,
Dec. 1845, 300.

Haymo.nd. — Birds of soutluastern Indiana. By Rufcs Hatmond, M. D. ^^ II, November, 1856,286.
Ueeruann. — Catalogue of the Oological collection in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. By
A. L. Hekbma-nn, M. D. March 1, 1853.

Beeumanm. — Additions to North American Ornithology, with descriptions of new species of the genera Aclidurus,
Podiap), Podylymbus. By A. L. Hkebjia.\n, M. D. VII, October, 1854, 177.

Hkxrt. — Notes derived from observations mode on the birds of New Mexico during the years 1853 and 1854.
By T. Charlton Hexbt, M. D., U. S. A. VIII, April, 1855, 306.

Hkkry. — Description of a new Tozostoma and Junto, from Fort Thorn, New Mexico, {Ibzottoma crissalii, Junco
dorsalis.) By Dr. T. Cuarltox He-sry, U. S. A. X, May, 1858, 116.

Hot. — Description of two new species of owls, presumed to be new, which inhabit the State of Wis-consiii.
(NyctaU kiTtlandii, Bubo subarctieus.) By P. R. Hot, M. D. V, December, 1852, 210.

Hot.— Notes on the ornithology of Wisconsin. By P. II. Hoy, M. D. VI, March, 1853, 30t; Aug., 381 ;
Oct., 425.

Kekneult. — Description of a new species of Cypselu), collected on the Northwestern Boundary Survey, A. Camp-
bell, esq., commissioner. [Cypsdus borealis.) By C. B. E. Kknnekly, M. D. IX, November, 1857, 202.

Leco.ste, John. — Notices of American animals formerly known but now forgotten or lost. By Joun Lecome.
Vm, Jan., 1854, 8.

Lecoxte, Joii.\. — Observations on the wild turkey or (roZfopaKo «yfo««m. By John Leco.nte. IX, Sept., 1857,
179.

Leib. — Description of nest and eggsof the Fulica amertcana. By Geo. C. Leib, M. D. I, November, I84I, 124
McCai.l. — Description of a supposed new species of Columba, iuliabitiug Mexico, with some account of the
habits of the Geococcyx viaticM, Wagler. By Geo. A. McCall. (Culumba solitaria,) Wagler. Ill, July, 1847, 238.
McCall. — Notes on Mexican birds heretofore not fully described. By George A. McCall. IV, May, 1849, 63.
McCall — Remarks on the habits, &c. , of birds met with in Western Texas, between San Antonio and tho
Rio Grande, and in New Mexico, with descriptions of several species believed to have been hitherto uudescribcd.
By Geo. A. McCall. (Cyanocorax cassinii, Carpodacus obsmrus.) V, June, 1850, 213.

Read.— Catalogue of the birds of Northern Ohio. By M. 0. Read. VI, August, 1853, 395.
ScLATEB. — Description of a new species of Tanager of the genus Saltator. By Philip L. Sclatek. VllI, Novem-
ber, 1856, 261.

ScLATEB. — Characters of an apparently undescribed bird belonging to the genus Campyhrhynchus, with remarks
upon other species of the same group. By Philip Lutlet Solater. VIII, November, 185G, 263.

Vesey. — Descriptions of two new species of birds from the vicinity of Fort Tejon, California. {Tyrannula ham-
mondii, Vireo catainii.) By John Xantiis de Vesey. X, May, 1858, 117.

WooDHOisE. — Descriptions of new species of birds of the genera Vireo and Zonotrichia. ( Vireo airicapiUa, Zmwlrichia
Cbwinii. ) By S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. VI, April, 1852, 60.

WoonuoisE. — Description of a new species of HclopieUs. {Ectopistes marginella. ) By S. W. Woodhouse, M. D.
^^, Jnne, 1852, 104.

Woodhouse. — Description of a new snow finch of the genus Struthm. {Struthui caniceps.) By S. W. Woodhouse,
M. D. VI, December, 1852, 202.
Philadelphia. — M aclurlan Lyceum of Natural History: Contributions of, 1828. 8.

Bonaparte, C. L. — List of birds of United States. (I cannot give the exact title, not having the work before me.)
rHiLASELPHiA. — American Philosophical Society: Transactions. 4to.

Bonaparte, C. L. — General observations on the birds of the genus Tttrao, witli a synopsis of the species hitherto
known. Read June 20, 1828. New series. III, 1830, 382.

Ord, George. — Some accoimt of the moulting of birds. New series. Ill, 1830, 292.

950 U. S. p. R. E. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Planches enlcminees. — See Buffon.

Prattes, H. — See Springfield, 111. State Ag. Soc: Transactions.
Peevost and Des Mues. — See DnPETiT-TnouAHS, Venus.
PucHERAN. — See Paris, Revue Zoologique, I, 103.
_PcTNAM, F. W. — See Salem, Esses Institute : Proceedings.

Eafikesque, C. S. — See New Y^ork, American Montlily Magazine ; — Paris, Journal de Pliysique.

Eamo.n de la S.iGRA. — Histoirc pliysique, politique, et naturelle de I'ile de Cuba, etc. Ornithologie par A. D'Orbigny.
Text, «vo, 1839. Plates in folio.

Hat, J. — Synopsis metlioilica avium et pisciuiu, opus posthumium, etc. 8vo. Loudon, 1713.
Bead, M. C. — See PuiLADELruiA, Acad. Nat. Sciences : Proceedings.

IiEicuE.NBAcn, L. — Avium Systenia Natuialc. Das natiirliche System der Vcigel mit liundert Tafelu grosstentlitils Oiiginal-
Abbildungen der bis jetzt entdeckteii fast zwolfhuudcit typischen Formcn. Vorlkufer eiuer Iconographie der Arten der Vogel
aller Welttlicile welche nacbdeui bereits fast dreitausend Abbilddungcn erschienen sind, ununterbrocben fortgcsetzt wird von L.
Reicuexbacu, Director am k. Zoolog. Museum in Dri;sdcn, &c. Erscluenen sind Taf. I-LI den 1 December, 1849. Taf. LU-
LXI den 1 Marz, 1S50. Taf, LXXII-LXXXVI den 1 Juni, 1850. Taf. LXXXVII den 1 August, 1850. Dresden und Leip-
zig, 1850, etc.

Eeichenbacu, L. — Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie, beschreibender Text zu der voUstandigsten Kupfcrsammlung der
Vcigel allcr Welttheile von Dr. Ludwig Eeicuenbach. Dresden und Leipzig, 1851, et seq.

Eeichenbach. — Deutschlands Fauna, oder praktiscb-gemeiimiitzige Naturgescbichte der Thieredes Inlandes, etc. 2 Theil,
gr. 8vo, 1842. Vol. II, Vogel.

Reiciienbacu. — See Cassel, Journal fiir Ornithologie.

Eeicuenbach, L. — Trochilinarum enumeratio ex affinitate naturali reciproca prima ducta provisoria. 8vo. Leipzig. J.
Hofmeister, 1855. (This is subsequent to the list in Cabani's Journal.)

Eeikuaedt, etc. — Xaturhistoriske Bidrrvg til en Beskiivelse af Gronland, af J. Reixhabdt, J. C. Scuiodte, 0. A. L. Mobcu,
C. F. LCtke-n, J. Lange, H. Ei.nk. 8vo. Kiobenhavn, 1857. Reprinted from "Gronland geographisk og statistisk beskrevct:"
by H. EiNK.

Eeiniiardt. — See Cassel, Journal fiir Orn.
Eennie, J. — See Montagu, Urnitbological Dictionary.

Richardson, J. — See Swainson & Richardson, F. Bor. Am; — London, British Association: Zool. Society: Proceedings
Comm. Sc.

Elppell. — See FR.UiKFURT-a-M. Senckenbergische Gesellschaft, Mus. Senck. 1837, 188.

Sabine, Capt. Ed. — See London, Linnsan Society.

Sabine, Jos. — See London, Linnaean Society.

Salem. — Essex Institute: Proceedings. 8vo. 1,1848-1850,2.

PuT.NAM, F. W. — Catalogue of birds of Essex county, Mass. 1, 1856, 201. (245 species.)
Salle, A. — See London, Zool. Soc: Proceedings.

San Francisco. — Hutchings' California Magazine. 8vo. Vol. 1. 1856, ct seq.
St. Petebsbubg. — Academic Imperiale des Sciences: Novi Commentarii, etc. 4to.

Gueldenstaedt, a. I. — Sex avium descriptiones. XIX, 1775, 463. (Scolopaz subarguata, p. 471 ; tab. xviii,)
Pallas, P. S. — Descriptiones quadrupcdem et avium anno 1769 observatarum. XIV, 1770, 548. (Sunia caspia.)
Si. Petebsburo. — Acad. Imp. des Sciences, continued: Nova Acta Acadcmiae, etc. 4to.

Slwastianoff. — Description d'une nouvelle esptjcc de canard et d'une vari6t6 de Ibuitrier. Xlll, 1802,346.
(Anat canagica )
St. Petebsblhg. — A cad. Imp. des Sc, continued : Bulletin Scicntifique public par I'Acad., etc.

Brandt. — Note sur r.4nser canaf/ensMi, ct sur Tenser ^JirfM de la Zoograpbie de Pallas, (lu avril 8,1836.) I,
1836, 37. (Names Anaer leucopareim.)

Brandt, J. F. — Beitrage zur Kenntniss d::r Ruderfiissigo ScLwimmvOgel, etc. II, 1837,305. (Extract from
memoir.)

Brandt, J. F. — Rapport sur une mouographie de la famille des Alcadfccs. II, 1837, 344. (Contains the
characters of genera and subgenera. )

Brandt. — Note sur Ics characteres des especes <Iu genre I'hadon II, 18.'J7, 319. (/', Jlaviruxtris.)
Brandt, J. F. — (Jbservations sur jilusieurs especes nouvelles du genre Curho ou riuiliicrocorax, etc. III,
1838, 53.

Iaf.m-

ulungder

.'lleil,

Wi:, J,

J. Hn,
staefc"

SVlll,)

lJ3i.) I,

tad tan

etc, in.

V.V.I

I*

I

■f.

■}■-

PBII3*'

|1 ToBt^i

Shaw, Ciu. "J •''■'"
Icniliiii, lis'-'"''

Sw)iJ(,P.T.-f«»'
Av(5, !')■•

?iiira.'.:- ■ " --^

\jjmj-i- ''-^^
Topografiiiiiii Li>iM>l
BitiisbfS.ff.lfo«B«

Sjmjosiutemnm

Spumu, i-S^^"
F1SC.I-IT. Fo!)'

Spc, J. Bi-Aiia f
l!Jj-!t.

StBEtim), nSnai-J
Em
hr
Sm.tt.U

SiiV.JujBi T(IL

Srv,
Anaia:-.,..

BIRDS — LIST OK Af II10RITIE3 9f>3

ViEii.iX)T. — See Paris, Nouveau Uictiounuire.

ViooRS, N. A. — Si'u LiMDO.v, Zml. Soc : rroc. Comiii. S-. and Procuodings ; Bloswm.

DK Vbikt, J. Xantuk. — Sco PuiLADELrniA, Academy of Niit. Sciences.

Ward, Javes F .— Sec Kew York, Lyceum Nat. Hist.

Washunoton. — S niithsuuiau Institution: Smitlisoniaii Contriliutions to Knowledge. 4to.

Brewer. — North Amoricim Oology. By Thomas M. I!iii;vv«b, M.I'. I'.irt 1, Rip'om and ri^nroslru. .Jiiiin,
1857. (To appear in vol. XI.)

W.ASiiiXGTOX. — War Department: Ri'port of explor.itioiis and surveys to ascMliia Die inj.it pr ulioilUe aad ccjujuiic il
route for a railroad from tlie Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean. JIade under the direction of the Secretary of War in
1854-'55, according to acta of Congress of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1851, ami August 5, 1854. Ordered ;i3d Congress, 2it
session ; Executive Document (Senate) No 78. 8 vols. •Ito., published up to 1858. Washington.

Vol. 1, 1855, contains : Report of the Secretary of War ; examina(iou of the reports of the several routes explored ;
railway memoranda ; letter of Major General Thoma.s S. lesup : and rejiort of Governor I. I. Stevens of route near the ■ITtli
and 49tli parallels of north latitude.

Vol. II, 1855, cjutains: Report of Lieutenant K. G. Beekwith, 3d artillery, upon the route near the 38th and 3'Jth
parallels, and that near the 4Ist parallel ; report of a reconnaissance from Pugct Sound to the Mississippi river, by F. W.
Lander ; report of Brevet Captain J. Pope, Topographical Engineers, upon the eastern portion of the route near the 32 I
parallel, lying between the Red river and the Rio Grande ; report of Lieutenant J. G. Parke, Topographical Engineers, upon
that poriion of the 32d pirallel lying between the Rio Grande and Fimos villages on the Gila ; extract from report made of
a militarj- reconnaissance made by Lieutenant Colonel W. H. Emory, U.S.A., of the portion of the route near the 32d
par.illcl lying between the mouths of the San Pedro and Gila rivers.

Vols. Ill and IV, 1856, contain : Report of Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, Topographical Engineers, of the route near the
35th parallel. Of this report Part vi, in Vol. IV, consists of the report on the zoology of the expedition by 0. B. R.
Kennerly, M. D.

Vol. V, 1856, contains the report of Lieutenant R. S- Williamson, Topographical Engineers, upon the routes in California
to connect with the routes near the 35th and 32d parallels.

Vol. VI, 1857, contains the report by Lieutenant Henry L. .Vbbott, Topographical Engineers, upon the routes in Oregon
and California explored by parties under the command of Lieutenant R. K. Williamson, Topographical Engineers, in 1855.
Part IV of this report includes one upon the zoology of the route by J. S. Newberry, M. D.

Vol. \'II, 1857, contains report of Lieutenant John G. Parke, Topographical Engineers, upon the routes in California to-
connect with the routes near the 35th and 32d parallels, and upon that portion of the route near the 32d parallel lying
between the Rio Grande and Pimos vilhiges of the Gila ; also the conclusion of the official review of the reports upon
explorations and surveys for railroad routes from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean.

Vol. VIII, 1857, cjntains : General report upon the zoology of the several Pacific Railroad routes. Part I, Mammals, by
S. F. Baird. Vols. IX and X will contain the remainder of the natural history.

WiED, Max. Prinz von. — See Cassel : Journal fiir Orn.

Wilkes, Capt. C. — United States Exploring Expedition.

Peale, T. R. — Report of tlie JIammalia and Birds of the U. 8 Exploring Expedition under Capt. Wilkes. 4to.
1848.

Wilson, Alexander. — American Ornithology, or the natural history of the birds of the United States. 9 vols. 4to. Phila
delphia. I, 1808 ; II, 1810 ; III, IV, 1811 ; V, VI, 1812 ; VII, 1813 ; VIII, 1814 ; IX, 1814. (Completed under the editor-
ship of George Ord.)

Wilson, Ord's ed. of. — American Ornithology, or the natural history of the birds of tlie United States. Illustrated with
plates, engraved and colored, from original drawings taken from nature. By Alexander Wilson. With a sketch of the
authors life by George Ord, F. L. S. 3 vols. 8to. text, and one of plates in folio. Publislicd by Collins & Co., New York,
and Harrison Hall, Philadelphia. I, II, 1828 ; III, 1829.

Wit.soN, (Alex.)— American Ornithology, or the natural history of the birds of the United States. By Alexander Wilson
and Charles Lccian Bonaparte. Edited, with notes and additions, by R. Jameson. 4 vols. 18mo. Etlinburg, 1831.

Wilson.— American Ornithology, or the natural history of the birds of the United States. By Alkxander Wilson ; with
a continuation by Cuarles Lucian Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano. The illustrative notes and life of Wilson by Sir Wii.
Jabdine, Bart. 3 vols. 8vo. London and Edinburg, 1832.

Wilson. — Wilson's American Ornithology, with notes by Jardixe ; to which is added a synopsis of American birds,
including those described by Bonaparte, Audubon, Nuttall, and Richardson. By T. M. Brewer. 8vo. Boston, 1S40.

(Several editions of this work, with later dates, have been issued in New York from the original stereotype
jUatea.)

120b

954 U. S. p. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS — ZOOLOGY — GENERAL REPORT.

Wisconsin State Ag. Soc, — See Madison.

■WooDHOcsE, Dr. S. W. — See PniLADEuniA, Acad. Nat. Sciences : Proceedings ; Sitgkeaves' Report

Woodruff, Samuel. — See New Haven, Am. Jour. Sc.

Xantus, J. — See Piiiladelphia, Acad. Nat. Sciences: Proceedings. Vesey.

Yarrell, Wm — See London, Linnaean Society ; Transactions, XVI, 109.

Zander. — See Cassel, Journal fiir Ornithologie.

ALniABETICAL INDEX.

I. SYSTEMATIC IXDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

Page.

AcuWatcd swallow 141

Albatrosses 820

Albatross, SUortrtaileJ 822

Sooty 823

Wandering 821

Yellow-nosed 822

AmericaD Avoset 703

Creeper 372

Dipper 229

Osprey 4t

. Ptarmigan 637

Saven 560

Swan 758

Teal 777

Turkey 615

Widgeon 783

Woodcock 709

Ani 71,72

Anna Humming Bird 173

Aonalaschka Thrush 2 13

Arctic Bird 840

Skua 839

Tern 862

Arkansas Finch 422

Flycatcher 173

Ash-colored Heron 668

Ash-throated Flycatcher. 179

Audubon's Oriole.. 5i2

Warbler 273

Avoset, American 703

B.

Bachman's Finch 484

Oyster Catcher 700

Warbler 255

Back, Gray 715

Baird's Buzzard 21

Bald Eagle 43

Baldpate 783

Rill, Butter 797

Baltimore Oriole 648

Banded Three-toed Woodpecker. 98

Pago

Baud-tiuled Hgeon 697 1

Bank Swallow.. 313

Barn Owl 47

Swallow 308

Barnacle Goose 768

Barred Owl 56

Barrow's Golden Eye 7!)6

Bartram's Sandpiper 737

Vireo 333

Bat, Bull 151

Bay- breasted Warbler 276

Bee Martin ...... 171

Bell'sFinch 470

Vireo 337

Belted Kingfisher 158

Bewick's Wren 363

Big Black Head 791

Bird, Arctic 840

Blue. 222

Cat 346

Cedar 317

Crow 524

Cow Black 524

Crying 657

French Mocking 353

Humming 129

Indigo 505

King -. 171

Mocking 344

Mountain Mocking 347

Oregon Snow 406

Oven 265

Owls 59

of Paradise 169

Phccbe 184

Bed 509

Keed 522

Rice 622

Singing 203

Snow 468

Surf 698

Western Blue 223

Yellow 421

Bittern 674

Pagtt

Bittern, Least 673

Minute 673

Black Brant 767

Duck 806

Flycatcher 183

Hawk 33

Parrot 71

Skimmer 8CC

Turnstone 702

Vulture 5

Warrior 24

Woodcock 107

Blackbird, Brewer's 552

Crow 555

Bed Wing 526

Ked-shouldered 529

Red and White shoul-
dered 530

Rusty 551

Swamp 526

Yellow-headed . 531

Black backed I'hree-toed Wood-
pecker 98

Black -bellied Plover 697

Black-billed Cuckoo 77

Black-cap Flycatcher 184

Titmouse 390

Black-cheeked "nt 396

Black-chinned Humming Bird.. 133

Sparrow 476

Black-crested Tit ;^^."l

Black-crowned Bunting 461

Black Hawk, Red-tailed 22

Black Head, Big 791

Little 791

Black-headed Flycatcher 184,337

Grosbeak... 413

Goldfinch 419

Black-necked Stilt 704

Black-poll Warbler 2.S0

Black-shouldcrcd Hawk 37

Black Stormy Petrel 830

Black-throated Blue Warbler. . . 271

Bunting 494

956

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

Paye.

Black-throated Diver 888

Green Warbler.. 207

Gray Warbler .. 270

Humming Biril . 130

Sparrow 470

Black and White Creeper 235

Stormy Petrel. S32

Black and Yellow Warbler 281

Blackburnian Warbler 274

Blauding's Finch 519

Blue Bird 222

Crane 668

Grosbeak 499

Heron 668,671

Jay 580

Warbler 280

Bird, Red-breasted 222

Bird, Rocky Mountain 224

Bhie-bill 791

Blue-headed Flycatcher 340

Pigeon ...... 608

Blue-Gray Flycatcher 280

Blue Mountain Warbler 278

Blue-winged Teal 779

Yellow Warbler... 254

Boat-tailed Grakle 555

Boblink 522

Bob-white 640

Bohf mian Chatterer 317

Bonaparte's Flycatcher 295

Gull 852

Brant, Common 767

Black 767

Brewdr's Blackbird 552

Sparrow 475

Broad-bill 791

Broad-tailed Humming Bird 135

Broad- winged Hawk 29

Brown-headed Nuthatch 377

Woodpecker 106

Brown Crane 055

Thnish 353

Buff-breasted Sandpiper .. 739

BuQle Head 797

Buffon's Skua 640

Bull Bat 151

Bull-head Plover 691)

Bullock's Oriole 459

Bunting, Black-crowned 461

Black-throated 494

Clay-colored 474

Chestnut-collared 435

Uenslow's 451

Lark 492

Leconte'n 452

Bandwicb Ill

FHge.

Bunting Smith's 434

Snow 432

Townsend's 405

Unalascha 444

Burgomaster 842

Burrough's Vulture 6

Burrowing Owl ..... 59, 60

Butter Ball 797

Buzzard, Baird's . 21

Harlan's 24

Harris' 46

Swainson's 19

Turkey 4

c.

Cabot's Tern 860

California Grebe 896

Gull 846

Jay 584

Nuthatch 378

Quail 644

Squirrel Hawk 33

Vulture. 5

Woodpecker 114

Canada Flycatcher 294

Goose 764

Grouse 622

Jay 590

Canvas-back 794

Carau 657

Cape Pigeon 828

Cape May Warliler 286

Caracara Eagle 45

Cardinal 509

Carolina Titmouse 392

Parrot 67

Carrion Crow , 5

Caspian Tern 859

Cassia's Flycatcher 174

Purple Finch 414

Vireo 340

Cat Bird 346

Catcher, Oyster 699

Cedar Bird 318

Chapparal Cock 73

Chat, Long-tailed 249

Stone 220

Yellow-Breasted 248

Chatterer, Bohemian 317

Cliattering Flycatclier 248

Chestnut-collared Bunting 435

Chestnut-backed Tit 394

Chestnut-sided Warliler 274

Chewink 512

Chiacaliicca 611

Page.

Chickadee, Long-tailed 389

Chicken, Mother Carey's 831

Prairie 623

Chimney Swallow 144

Chipping Sparrow 47.'5

Chuck-will's Widow 147

Cinereoag Petrel 855

Clapper Rail 747

Clark's Grebe 895

Crow 573

Clay-colored Bunting 464

Cliff Swallow 309

Cock of the Plains 624

Cock, Chapparal 73

Log 107

Sage 624

Colorado Raven 563

Turkey 682

Common Crow 567

Dove 604

Rail 749

Skua 838

Connecticut Warbler 246

Cooper's Hawk 16

Coot 751

Sea 806

White-winged 805

Corn-Crake 751

Couch's Fly-catcher 175

Courlan 657

Cow Blackbird 524

Cow-bird ... 524

Crane, Blue - 668

Brown ..... 655

White 654

Whooping 654

Sand-hill 655

Creeper, American . .. 372

Black and White 235

Crested Fly-catcher 178

Grebe 893

Crow Blackbird 555

Crow, Carrion 5

Clarke's 573

Common 567

Fish 671

Florida 668

Northwestern Fish 669

White-necked 565

Crossbill, Red -126

White-winged 427

Crying Bird 657

Cuckoo, Black-billed 'i^

Mangrove 78

Yellow-liilled 70

Cuckoos 65,71

SYSTEMATIC .INDEX OF COll.MON NAMES

957

Page.

Cuneato-Uiilcd Gull 856

Curli'W Siiiulpipvr.. 718

Curlew, liiiuiiuiiux 744

Hudsonitui 714

Pink fi83

SpunUtli 684

White 684

Cuthbert Duck 809

Cuvier's Golden Crest 228

D.

Day Owl 64

Dipper 797

American . 229

Diver, BIack-tliroa«ed 888

Great Northern 888

K*dthroated 890

Pacific 889

Divers 887

Dore, Common 604

Ground 606

Red-hilled 598

White-winged 603

Zenaida 602

Downy Woodpecker 89

Priver, St;ike 674

Uuck Hawk 7

Duck, Black 775,806

Cuthbert 809

Dusky .- -- 775

Eider 809

Fish 813

Grey 782

Harlequin 799

King 810

Labrador 803

Long-legged 770

Ring-necked 702

Round-crested 861

Ruddy 811

Scaup 791

Spirit 797

Steller's 801

Summer.. 785

Surf 806

Velvet 805

Dusky Duck 775

Grouse 620

DwarfThrush 213

E.

Eagle, Bald 43

Caracara 45

European Sea 43

Golden 41

Page.

Eagle, Gray Sea 43

Mexican 45

Northern Sea 42

UiuK-tailcd 41

Washington 42

White-headed 43

Egrot, Great 666

Reddish 662

Elder Duck 809

Eider, Iving 810

Pacific 810

Spectacled 803

Elegant Tern 860

English Snipe 710

Teal 778

Widgeon 785

Esquimaux Curlew . 744

European Sea Eagle 43

Evening Grosbeak 409

Eye, Golden 796

F.

Falcon, Ger 13

Iceland 13

Winter 28

Falcons 7

Field Plover 737

Sparrow 473

Finch, Arkansas 422

Bachman's 484

Bell's 470

Blanding's... 619

Cassia's Purple 414

Gold 421

Grass 447

Gray-crowned 430

Harris' 462

House.- 415

Lark 456

Lazuli 504

Lincoln's 482

Mountain.. 472

Painted 503

Pine 425

Purple 412

Sea-side 454

Sharp-tailed 453

Summer 484

Western Purple 413

Yellow- throated 494

Fish Crow 571

Duck 813

Hawk 44

Flamingo 687

Flicker 118

Flicker, Red shafted 120

I'HCr.

Florida Crow 568

Giilliiiule 752

Greenshauk ... 750

Heron . 669

Jay 586

Flycatcher, Arkansas 173

Ash-throated 179

Bonaparte's 295

Black 183

Black-cap 184

Bluck-headed 181,337

Blue-Gray 380

Blue-headed 340

Canada 294

Cassin's 174

Chattering. 2|s

Couch's 175

Crested 178

Forked-tailed 168

Great Crested 178

Green 338

Green Black-cap 293

Button's 339

Lawrence's 181

Least ! 195

Olive-sided 188

Bed 201

Red-eyed 331

Rose-throated 164

Say's 185

Small Green-crested. 197

Small-headed 293

Swallow-tailed 169

Traill's 193

Tyrant 166

Vermilion 296

Warbling 335

Yellow-bellied 198

Yellow-throated 341

Fly-up-the-creek 676

Fork-tailed Flycatcher 168

Gull 857

Petrel 829

Forster'sTeru 862

Fox- colored Sparrow 488

Franklin's Grouse 623

Rosy Gull 851

French Mocking Bird 353

Fulmar petrel 825

Fulmar, Gigantic 825

Pacific 826

Slender-billed 826

Tropical 827

G.

Gadwall 782

95H

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

Page.

Gairdner's Woodpecker 91

-Gallinule, Florida 752

Purple "53

Gambel's Partridge CI5

Ger Falcon 13

Gifiantic Fulmar 825

Gila Woodpecker 111

Glaucous Gull- 842

Glaucous-winged Gull 842

Glossy Ibis 685

Goat-suckers 146

Goat-sucker, short-winged 147

Golden Eagle. 41

Golden-eye, Common 796

Barrows 796

Finch 421

Robin 548

Plover. 690

Golden-crested Wren 227

Golden-crowned Sparrow 461

Thrush 260

Golden-Winged Warbler 255

Goldfinch, Black-headed 419

Mexican 423

Stanley's 420

Tarrell's 421

Goosander 813

Goose, Barnacle 768

Canada 764

White Fronted 761

Hutchin's 766

Laughing 761

Snow 760

Goshawk - 15

Grakle, Boat-tailed 555

Great-tailed 554

Purple 555

GrassFinch 447

Gray Back 715

Duck 782

crowned Finch 430

King-bird 172

Owls 55

Sea Eiiglc 43

Snipe. ..1 712

Gray-cheeked Thrush 217

Gray-headed Warbler 243

Gray-wint'ed Gull 813

Great lilack-backed Gull 844

egret 666

Crested Flycatcher 178

tailed Grakle 554

Gray Owl 56

White Heron 070

Homed Owl 49

Korthern Diver 888

PBge.

Groat Northern Shrike 324

Carolina Wren 3(11

Greater Shearwater 833

Grebe, California 896

Clark's 895

Crested 893

Eared 897

Horned 895

Pied bill 898

Ked-necked 892

Western 894

Grebes 891

Green Black-cap Flycatcher 293

Flycatcher 338

Heron C76

Greenhead 794

Green-winged Teal 777

Greenshank, Florida 730

Grosbeak, Black-headed 498

Blue 499

Evening 409

Rose breasted.. 497

Pine 410

Ground Dove 006

Eobin 512

Grouse 619

Grouse, Canada 622

Dusky 620

Franklin's 623

Oregon 631

Pinnated... 628

Kock 635

Ruffed 630

Sharp tailed C26

Spotted 622

White 633

Willow 633

Gull, Bonaparte's 852

Cuneate-tailed 856

Forked-tailed 857

Franklin's Rosy 851

Glaucous 842

Glaucous-winged 842

Great Black-backed 844

Gray-winged 843

Herring 844

Hooded 851

Ivory. 856

Kittiwake 854

Laughing 850

Little 853

Ring-billed 846

Short-legged 856

Silvery 844

Skua 837

Buckley's 848

Pngo.

Gull, Swallow-tailed 857

Western 845

White-headed 848

White-winged 843

Yellow-billed 855

Gulls 837,840

H.

Hairy Woodpecker 84

Hang Nest 548

Harlan's Buzzard 21

Harlequin Duck 799

Harrier 38

Harris' Buzzard 46

Finch 462

Woodpecker 87

Havell's Tern 861

Hawk Owl 64

Hawk, Black 33

Black- shouldered 37

Broad-winged 29

Cooper's 16

Duck 7

Fish 44

Marsh 38

Night 151

Texas 154

Pigeon 9

Red-shouldered 28

Red-tailed 25

Rough-legged 32

Sharped-shinned 18

Sparrow 13

Swallow-tailed . 36

White-tailed 37

Western Red tailed 26

Hawks 15

Head, Buffle 797

Green. 774

Heermann's Song Sparrow 478

Hemlock warbler 274

Hen, Marsh 746

Mud 747,751

Prairie 628

Henslow's Bunting 451

Hermit Thrush 212

Heron, Ash-colored 668

Blue 668,671

Florida 069

Great White 670

Green 67 1>

Large crested. (168

Lou isiana 6(13

Night 67S

Snowy . 665

White 666

.•dstf»_:»ik .Sj

8«

21

I!)

I

«
38
lil
ISi

!

3?
li
Ij

III

m

m

tif

tt3

its

!»1

% . 3 -4

Henitf'i'" ■■

EighH* '

Holdfr,aa

Sdti<^^ ■

OikJt-

nil, GI(ST..

fekJai..

%,Kne..

SYSTEMATIC INDKX OF COMMON NAMES,

9G1

Psjc. 1

Eed biril 50>t

Crofsbill 426

FlyiiiUlur 201

n)is .*. fi83

rbakTO|H' 707

Red Bird, Summer ;i01

Bed-l>reiistod Blue Bird 222

Lark 533

Jlerganst-r 814

Snipe 712

Seal 780

\Voodi>eiker 104

Redcockaded Woodpecker 96

Red-eyed Flycatcher 331

Red-head 793

Red-headed Woodpecker 1 13

Red-necked G robe 892

Reel -shafted Flicker 120

Red-shouldered Hawk 28

Blackbird 529

Red-Start . 277

Red-tailed Hawk 25

Black Hawk 22

Red-throated Diver 890

Red-winged Blackbird 526

Oriole 526

Red and white shouldered Black-
bird 530

Reddish Egret 662

Reed Bird 522

Rice Bird 522

RioGrandeJay 589

Ring-billed Gull 846

Ring-necked Duck 792

Ring-Tailed Eagle 41

Road-Runner 73

Robin 48

Snipe 715

Golden 548

Ground 512

Oregon Ground 513

Rock Ptarmigan 635

Wren - 557

Grouse 636

Rocky Mountain Blue Bird 224

Rose-breasted Grosbeak 407

Rose-throated Flyaitcher 164

Roseate spoon-bill 686

Tern 863

Rosy Spoon-bill 686

Royal Tern 859

Rough-legged Hawk 32

Rough- winged Swallow 313

Round-crested Duck 816

Ruby-crowned Wren 226

Rnby-throated Humming Bird.. 131

121b

Page.

Ruddy Duck - 811

lluir 737

Ruffed Grouse 630

Rusty Blackbird 561

S.

Sago Cock 624

Sanderling.. 723

Sjmd-liill Crane 655

Sandy Mocker - 353

Sandpiper, Bartram's 737

Buff- breasted 739

Curlew 718

LciLst 721

Purple 717

Seraipalmated 724

Solitary.. "33

Spotted -- 735

Stilt "26

Sandwich Bunting 444

Sapsucker 84,89

Sawbill 161

Saw-whet Owl 58

Savannah Sparrow 442

Say's Flycatcher 185

Scaled or Blue Partridge 646

Scarlet Ibis 683

Tanager 300

Scaup Duck - 791

Scissor-tail -- 169

Scoter 807

Scoter, Huron 808

Long-billed 806

Screech Owl 51

SeaCoot 806

Sea-side Finch 454

Semipalmated Plover 694

Sandpiper 724

Sharp-shinned Hawk 18

Sharp-tailed Finch 453

Grouse.. 626

Oriole 453

Shearwater, Greater 833

Manks 834

Sooty 834

Sheldrake 813

Short-billed Kittivvake 855

Marsh Wren 365

Short-eared Owl - 54

Short-legged Gull 856

Fewee - 189

Short-tailed Albatross 822

Tern 864

Short-winged goat-sucker 147

Shoveller 781

Shutller 791

PlIJO.

Shrike, Great Northern 324

Lopgerluail 825

Louisiana 325

White-rumpcd 327

Silvery Gull 844

Singing Birds 203

Skimmers 866

Skimmer, Black 866

Skua, Arctic 839

Bullon's 840

Common.. 838

Skua, Pomarine 838

Skua Gulls 837

Sky Lark 403

Skylark, Missouri — 234

Slenderbill Nuthatch 375

Fulmar 826

Tern 863

Small-headed Flycatcher 293

Small Green-crested Flycatcher. 197

Smew 817

Smith's Bunting 434

Snipe, English 710

Gray 712

Jack 720

Red-backed 719

Red-breasted 712

Robin 715

Stone 731

Wilson's 710

Snow Bird 468

Bunting 432

Goose "60

Snowy Heron 665

Owl 63

Solitary Sandpiper 733

Song Sparrow 477

Sooty Albatross 823

Shearwater 834

Turn 861

Sura 749

Southerly, South 800

South Southerly 800

Spanish Curlew 684

Sparrow Hawk . 13

Sparrow, Brewer's 475

Black- chinned 476

Black-throated 470

Chipping 473

Field

Fox-colored

Golden-crowned

Savannah

Song

Song, Heermann's

473
488
461
442
477
478

Swamp 483

962

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

Page.

Sparrow, True 472

Whitu-tliroated -1G3

White-crowned 458

Yellow- winged 450

Spectacled Eider 803

Spirit Duck 797

Spotted Grouse 022

Sandpiper 735

Spoonbill 781

Spoon-bill, Eoseate CS6

Rosy 6SG

Sprigtail - 776

Spruce Partridge 622

Squirrel Hawk, California 34

Stake-Driver 674

Stanley's Goldfinch 420

Start, Red 297

Stellcr's Duck 801

Jay 581

Stilt, Black-necked 704

Stilt Sandpiper 72G

StoneChat 220

Snipe 731

Stormy Petrel 831

Striped Three-toed Woodpecker. 100

Sucklcy's Gull 848

Summer Duck 785

Finch 484

EedBird 301

Surf Bird 098

Duck 806

Swainson's Warbler 252

Buzzard — 19

Swallow, Bank - — 313

Barn 308

Aculeated 144

Chimney 144

Cliff 309

Swallow, Kough.winged 313

Violet Green 311

White-bellied 310

Swallow-tailed Gull «57

Hawk 30

Flycatcher 169

Swamp Blackbird 526

Sparrow 483

Swan, American 758

Trumpeter .- 758

Swifts 140

Swift, Northern 142

Oregon 1-45

Wliite-throated 141

T.

Tanagur, Louisiana 303

Scarlet 300

Page.

Tatlur, Wandering 734

Tawny Thrush 212

Teal, American 077

Blue- winged 779

English 778

Grecu-wingcd 777

Red-breasted - 780

White-faced 779

Tell Tale 731

Tennessee Warbler 258

Tern, Arctic 862

Cabofs 800

Caspian 859

Elegant 860

Forster's 862

Havell's 861

Least 804

Marsh. 859

Noddy 805

Roseate 803

Royal 859

Short-tailed 864

Slender-billed _ 863

Sooty 801

Trudeau's 801

Wilson's- 801

Terns 858

Texas Kingfisher 159

Night Hawk 154

Thick-billed Parrot 06

Thrasher 353

Thrush , Aonalashka 213

Brown 353

Dwarf 213

Gray-cheeked 217

Golden-crowned 200

Hermit 212

Little 214,210

Olive-backed 216

Tawny 212

Varied 211

Water 269

Water, Large-billed 262

Wilson's 214

Wood 212

'lit. Black-cheeked 376

Black-crested 385

Chestnut-backed 394

Lark 232

Leiust 397

Titmouse, Black-cap 390

Carolina 392

Mexican -- 392

Tufted 3K4

Western 391

Towhce 512

Page.

Townsend's Bunting 493

Traill's Flycatcher 197

Tree Sparrow 405

'lYogous 65, 60

Trogon, Mexican 29

Tropical Fulmar 872

Troupial 542

Trudeau's Teru 861

Trumpeter Swan 758

Tufled Titmouse 384

Turkey Buzzard 4

Turkey Tulture.. 4

Turkey, American 615

Colorado 082

Mexican 618

Wild 015

Turnstone 701

Turnstone, Black 702

Typical Owls - 47

Tyrant Flycatchers 166

u.

Ultramarine Jay.. 588

Unalascha Bunting 444

V.

Varied Thrush 219

Velvet Duck 805

Vermilion Flycatcher 290

Vireo, Cassin's 340

Bartram's 333

Bell's 337

White-eyed 338

Virginia Partridge 640

Rail 748

Violet Green Swallow 311

Vulture, Black 5

Burrough's 0

California 5

IXirkey 4

W.

Wandering Alljatross 821

Tatler 734

Warbler, Audubon's 273

Bachman's 255

Bay-breasted 276

Blackburnian 274

Black Poll 280

Black throated Blue. . . 271

Black-throated Gray.. 270

Blaek-tliroated Green . 200

Black and Yellow 284

Blue 280

Blue Mountain 278

Blue Yellow-backed .. 238

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF COMMON NAMES,

963

rase.

Warbler, Cape May 286

Chestiiut-miK'il 279

Connecticut 240

Flycrttclicr .'i.iS

Golden wiiiL'ciI 25a

Griiy-lioiuled 213

Hemlock 291

HocHle.l... 272

Kentucky 247

Kirtland's 286

Macgillvmy's. 245

Mourning 243

NaBhville 256

Orange-crowned 257

Pine Creeping 277

Prothonotary 293

Prairie 290

Swoiniion's . 252

Tennessee 258

Western 268

Worm-eating 252

Yelluw 282

Yellow-tUroated 289

Y'ellow-rumped 277

Washington Eagle 42

Water Thrush 261

Ouzel 229

Western Blue Bird . . 223

Grebe 894

Gull 846

Lark 537

Mottled Owl 52

Night Hawk 153

Eed-tailed Hawk 26

Purple Finch 413

Titmouse 391

Warbler 208

Whip Tom Kelly 334

Whii)poorwill 148

Whippoorwill, Nuttall's 149

Whistle Wing 790

White Crane 054

Curlew 034

Heron 000

Grouse 033

Ibis 684

Owl 03

Ptirmigan 033

White-bellied Nuthatch 374

Swallow 310

Woodpecker 81

White-crowned Sparrow 458

White-eyed Virco 338

White-faced Teal 779

White Fronted Goose 701

White-headed Eagle 43

Tiigc.

White-headed Gvill 848

Pigeon 599

Woodpecker 96

White-necked Crow 405

Whiteninipcd Shrike 327

Woodpecker 113

White-throated Sparrow 403

Swift 141

Wliite-tttiled Hawk 27

Ptarmigan 036

Wren 350

White-winged Crossbill 427

Coot 805

Dove 603

Gull 843

Whooping Crane 054

Widgeon, American 783

English 784

Widow, Chuck-wills 147

Wild Pigeon 000

Turkey 615

Williamson's Woodpecker 105

Willet 729

Willow Grouse. 033

Wilson's Phiilaropc 705

Plover 093

Snipe 710

Stormy Petrel 831

Tern 801

Thrusli 214

Wing, Whistle 790

Winter Falcon 28

Wren 309

Wood Ibis 082

Pelican 082

Pewce 190

Thnish 212

Wren 368

Woodcock, American 709

Black 107

Woodhouse's Jay 585

Woodpecker, Banded Three-toed. 98
Black Backedniree-

toed 98

Brown-headed 100

California 114

Downy 89

Gairducr's 91

Gila 112

Hairy 84

Harris' 87

Imperial 82

Ivory-billed' 81

Lewis' 115

Nuttall's 93

Pileated 107

Woodpecker, Red-bellied 109

Red-breasted 104

Rt-d-cockadcd 90

Red-headed 113

Striped Tliree-toud. 100

Williamson's 105

White-billed SI

White-headed 90

White-rumped IV.i

Yellow-bellied. ..103, 110

Yellow shafted ... 118

Woodpeckers 05,79

Worm-eating Warbler 252

Wren, Bewick's 363

Golden-crested 227

Great Carolina 301

House 307

Long-billed Marsh 364

Parkmann's 367

Kock 357

Ruby-crowned 226

Short-billed Marsh 305

White-throated 350

Winter 309

Wood 308

Y.

Yarrcll's Goldfinch 421

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher 198

Woodpecker. ..103, 110

Y'ellow-billed Cuckoo 70

Gull 855

Magpie 578

Yellow Bird 421

Yellow Breasted Chat 248

Yellow-crowned Heron 079

Night Heron .. 079

Yellow-headed Blackbird 531

Yellow-Legs 732

Y'ellow-nosed Albatross 822

Y'ellow r.ail 750

Warl)ler 282

Red Poll 288

Warbler, Blue-winged .. 254

Ycllow-rumped Warbler 272

Y'ellow-shaft('d Woodpecker 118

Yellow-throat, Maryland 241

Y'ellow-tliroated finch 494

Flycatcher 341

Warbler 289

Yellow-winged Sparrow 450

z.

Zen.aida Dove 602

I

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OV SCIENTIFIC NAAJES,

967

Anna dispar 801

dumoKticii 774

oiytliropiis 768

feriiia 793

frenittn 7'Jl

fuligulii "'.12

falva 770

fusai 805

gak'ririilatn 785

glaciiilis 800

gloi'itnne 774

liistrioniai 799

hycmulis : 800

hyperborca.. 760

ilatliora 776

isluiidicu 796

jamaiconsis 811

labradoiia 803

IcucoccphaliiE 800

marila 791

uiaxiina.. 774

midonia 800

mimita 799

moUissima 809

nigra 807

nivalis 760

obteura 775,773

occidiia 801

penclope 784

pei-spicillata 806

purpiireo-viridis 774

lafflesii 780

rubens 718

riibida 811

rufitorques "92

nistica "97

sinuata "70

spectabilis 810

sponsa •. 785

stelleri 801

Etrcpera 782

sylvatica 777

urophasianus 776

vallisneriana 794

virgata 770

Anatidae 756, 755

Anatinae 772,756

anatum. Palm 7

Ancylocheilus subaniiiata 718

anglorum, Procellaria 834

Puffinus 834,833

anglica, Sterna 859

aiihinga, Plotus 883

ani, Orotophaga 72

animosa, Musicapa 171

Anisodact^li 156

I'agc.

anna, Alllih 137

Calliphlox 13"

OrniKiuya 137

TiodiiliiK, (Attliis) 137

annoxiis, Piirus 386

Aiiorthiira 366

.InuiH 865, 858

Anoiis MolUlws 865

Anter - ..TOO, TSg

Ansor albatus "60

albifrons 761

bcrnida 767

brudiii 762

caerulesccns 7(10

canadensis 764

frontalis 702

gamhelii .. . 761

hutchinsii "00

hyperboreia 700

leucopareins "05

leucopsis.. 768

medius 702

nigxicans 767

parvipes - "04

temmincUii 702

torqiiata 707

Ansereae 759

Anserea 755

Amerinae .. 50, 75, 67

antarctica, Diomcdea 823

anihinus, Passercuhis 445, 442

anthoides, Sylvia 261

Anlhtis 232,231

Anthus aquaticuB.. 232

ludoviciantig 232

pennsylvanicus 232

pipiens 232

rubens 232

spinoletta 232

antiqua, Alca.. 016

Uria 91G

Mcrgulus 916

Synthliborliamphus. .. 916

Anirostomm 140

A nlrmloTmis canlinensis 147

tiiiUatli 149

I'ociferus 148

aonalascbka, Turdus 213

Aphclocoma californica 584

lloridana 586

sordida 587

Aphriza 698

Aphriza townsendii 699

virgata 698

Apobapton 915,919

apricarlus, Charadrius 697

I'agc .

Aptii nuB 97

ApliriMis aiiierieaiiUK 98

areticiis 98

liirsutiis 98

uquaticus, Aiitliiis 232

lUIIiis 748

Turdus 201

Aqiiila 41

A'luilinae 41

aquila, Attiigen 873

Aquila caniulcnsis. 41

nobilis 11

pelagica 42

piscatrix 44

aquilinus, Falco 25

aciuilus, Tacbypetos 873

Aramldae (>57, 051

Aramiis (,57

Aramui gigantcus 657

scolopacius 057

aranm, Sterna S59, 858

arborea, Fringilla 472

Archihuleo 32

Ardiibutco alticeps 32

ferrugineui 34

lagopm 32

planiceps 32

regalls 34

sancli jolianmi 33

arctica. Anas

Alca 903

Euspiza 444

Emberiza 444

Erytliraca 224

Fratercula 903

Fringilla 513,444

Pipilo 513

Pyrgita.... 514

Sialia 222,221

Sterna 862

Strix 63

Sylvia 224

arcticus, Apternus 98

Bubo 49

Colymbus 888

Falco 13

Haematopus 699

Mormon 903

Pkoidea 98,97

Picus (Apternus ) 98

Picus 98

Pipilo 514,511

Puffinus 834

Arctonetta fisclicri 803

Ardea 667,659

Ardea alba 606

968

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

Ardea americana 654

caerulea 671

caerulescens , 671

calloccphala 679

canadensis .. 655

candidissima 665

carolinensis 665

chalybea 671

cayanensis 679

chloroptera 676

cyanopus 671

discors - 678

egretta.. 666

exilis 673

gardeni -- -- 678

herodias 668, 667

jamaicensis 679

jugularis 660

lessonii 668

leuce 666

leucogaster 663

lentiginosa 674

ludoviciana 663, 676

minor 674

mokoUo . 674

naevia 678

nivea 665

nycticorax 678

occideatalis 670

pealii. - 661

plumbea 671

rufa 662

rufescens .... 662

gexsetacea ... 679

stellaris 674

thula 604

torquata 676

violacea 679

virginiana cristata 668

virescens 676

uUrdemannii 669, 667

Ardeae .- 659

Ardeidae 659, 652

Ardenna 833

Ardeola exilis 673

Ardella - 672, 659

exUii 673

punctata 673

ardosiaceiis, Lanitis 325

arenaria, Calidris 723

Tringa 723

argentatoides, Laroides 844

argentatus, Laroides 844

Larvs 844,841

argentea, Sterna 864

argyrotis, Sylvia 296

Page.

Aristonetta vallisneria 794

arquata, Numenius 743

Scolopax 743

Arquatella 717, 714

arquatella, Tringa 717

arra, Cepphus 914

Uria 914

arundinaceus, Telmatodytes 364

Tliryothorus ...364,361

Troylodytes 361

mio, Scops 51

Strix 51

Astragalinns 418

mexicamiR 423

tristis 421

Astar 15

atricapilhis ... 15

striolatus.- 35

Asturina . . . 35

cinerea 35

nitida . 35

ater, Buteo 33

Baematopus 700

Pendulinus- 551

Pipilo 512

Tuidus 547

Athene... 59

cuniadaria. 60

hypugaea 59

patagonica 60

socialis 59

Athaiinae 59

atlantica, Symphemia 729

atra, Fulica. 751

Muscicapa 184

atrata, Fringilla 466

airaim, CaHharies 5

vultur 5

atricapilla, Culici vora 382

Emberiza 461

Fringilla 461

Poecila 390

atricapillus, Aslur . 15

Falco 15

Parus 390,388

Vireo 337,330

atriceps, Tyrannus 189

Atricilla catesbyi 850

atricUla, Chroicocephalux 850

Larns 850

alricruUiliis, Lophophanes, 385, 383

ParuB 385

atrlgiilarls, Spinitcs 476

SphMit 476, 471

atrimentalia, Stnitliiis. 476

Page.

atrothorax, Picus 103

Attagen aquila 873

rupestris 635

.Atthis 136,130

anna . 137

cosUte 138

ayresii, Colaptes 122

Aythya 793,786

erythrocephala 794

marila 791

americana 793

vallisneria 794, 793

azarae, Pyranga 302

azurea, Sylvia 280

Audubonia 670, 659

occidentalis 650

audubonii, Anas 774

Dendroeca 273,265

Falco 9

Icterus 242,540

Picus.. 85

Sylvia 273

Sylvicola 273

Tringa 726

Aulanax 182

Aulanax fuscus 181

nigricans 183

sayus 185

aura, Cathartes 5

Vultur i

auranlita, Falco 10

auraius, Colaptes 117, 118

Cuculus 118

Picus 118

auricollis, Icteria.. 249

Motacilla 396

Psarocolius 549

Sylvia 306

Sylvicola. 306

aurita, Zenaida 602

Auritus, Colyiubus 897

Podiceps 897

aurocapilla, Enicociobla 280

Fringilla 461

Henicocichla 260

Motacilla 260

aurocapillus, Accentor 2G0

Sylvia 260

Seiunis 260,259

Turdus 260

australis, Tringa 715

autumnalis. Anas 770

Dendroci/gna 770,769

Dendronessa 770

Sylvia 276

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

969

B.

Pago.

Vnchmnui, Amnioilrnmus 134

llrtoniutdiius . 700

HL-linma .- 255

Ilelminthophaga 255, 253

Helmitheros 255

Sylvia 255

Sylviiola 255

Verniivora 255

Peucaea 484

Baclophus 383

bicolor 381

bairdii, Btileo 21

Centronyz 444

CoturDiculus 441

Emberiza 44 1

biilthica, Uria 911

hillimore, Icterus 548, 54 1

Oriolus 548

Psarocolhis 548

YphantfS . 548

barbata, Muscicapa 187

Tyrannula 187

barbatus, Myiobks 187

burita, Gracula 555,556

baritus, Clialcophanes 556

Quiicalus 556

barrowii, Clangula 796

Fuligula 796

Bartramia 737

laticauda 737

bartramia, Triiiga 737

banramii, Vireo 333

bartramiua, ActUurus 737

Totanus 737

Tringoides 737

Saaleuterus 296

belli 305

braiieri 306

chrysophrys 305

culicivorus 306

ruber 296

rufifrons . 296

bassanus, Pelecanus 871

bassana, Sula 871

balthica, Alca 911

Balhmidurus 165

major - 165

beccheyi, Pica 592

belli, Basileuterus 305

Eraberiza 470

Muscicapa 305

Poospiza 470

Vireo 337,330

berengii, Auas ..... 801

Pnge.

bfrlamlieri, IhrioHionm 362, 3C0

ui'inicla, Anas 767,766

Auser 767

Bernidti 763.759

brrnla. 767, 763

canademis 764,763

ciythropus 768

hulchimii 766, 763

leucopareia 765,763

leucopsis . 765, 763

occidentiilis 766

nii/ricanf 767, "(l.'i

torquatus 767

bewlckii, Cyguus 758

Iclmatoilytes 363

Thnotltorits 363,360

Troglodytes 363

bicolor, Anas 770,774

Rveolophus 384

Calamoyiza . . 492

Corydalina 492

Dolichouyx 492

Fringillu 492

Herse 310

Birundo 310

Lophophanes . 384,383

Parus 384

Petrochelidon 308

Tachycineta 310

bifasciata, Sylvia 280

bilineata, Embeiiza , 470

Poospza 470

bimaculata, Fuligula 808

Oidemia 808

blackbumiae, Dendroica 274, 265

Mctacilla 274

liliiraaDphus .. 274

Sylvia 274

Sylvicola 274

Blacicus lawrencii 182

blandingiana, Embernagra 519

Fringilla 519

Blasipm 848

Blasipus heermannii 848

Bombt/cilla 316

carolincnsis 318

cedrorum 318

garrula 317

BombyciUidae 316,204

BomhycilUnae 316

bouapartii, Coccothraustes. 409

Larus 852

MuB'-icapa. -- 295

Myiodiocies 295

Setophaga 295

Page.

bonapartii, Sylvania 295

Trimja 722

Wilsunia 295

Sonata 629,619

cupido 628

labini 633,629

uinbclloides App.

vmbellus 030,629

borealis, Biileo 25,24,26

Cbltijrio .323

Conlopwi 188,185

Cyiwelus 142

Falco 25

Fringilla 429

Laniug 324

Linaria 429

Jliiiotilta 235

Jlyiobus 188

Kumenius. 744

Ortyx 640

Perdix 640

Picm 83

borealis, Scolopax - 744

Tringa 698

Tyrannus ...... 188

hoschtts, Ana$ 773

Botaureae 659

BolauTUS 674,669

lentiginosm 674

minor "'^4

bottae, SaurotUera 73

brachydactyla, Trichas 211

Brachyoim ^*

cassinii 54

palustris amiricanus.. 54

brachyotus, Strix 54

Brachypteri -.•- 886

brachypterus, Capiimulgus 147

Brachyrhaniphvis 917

Brachyrhampbus kittlitzii 917

marmoratus . . 915
brachypterus. 917

wrai g<'lii 917

brachyrhyncbus, Auas 800

Larus...842,846,855

brach/tarsi, Pagophila 856

Bradii/ura, Dtomedea 822, 821

broiieri, Basdeutertis 306

Muscicapa -- 306

brasiliana, Parula 237

brasilianvis, Chordeilcs 154

brasiliensis, Falco 4j

brasiliensis, Himantopus 704

Numenius 743

Phalacroorax 879

122 b

970

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

lirehmii, Scolopax 710

brenta, Bernicla 7G7,7G3

brevipennis, Helinai 305

hrevirootiis, Ibis . 684

Numenius 744

Rma 855

Ti-iDga 724

Troglodytes -- 365

Uria 914

brevipes, Ifeteroscelua .. 734

Totauus 734

breweri, Anas 774

Quiscalus 552

Spizdla 475,471

bnmnacapilliK, Campijlorhynchus.. 355

Ficolaples 355

brunnescens, Butorides 077

brunneuf, Turdus 216

brunnicbi, Uria... 914

Bubo 49

arcticus 49,69

ludoviciana. 49,50

pinicola 49

septentrionalis 49,50

striatus 51

sub-arcticus .. 49,50

virginianm 49

Buboninae 48

Bucephala 795,787

albeola 797,795

anwricana 796,795

ulandica 796,795

bucephala. Anas -- '^97

buccinator, Oygnus 758, 757

Olor 758

buffonii, Lestris 840

bullockii, Agelaius - L^^^

CorvTis -- 592

Iclerua 549,541

Procellaria 830

Xanthoruus 549

hurrovianus, Calhartes 6

Buko 19

americanus.. .- 25

ater 33

hairdii 21

horealia 25,24,26

californicus 34

caluTWi..... 22

cooperi 31

elegam 28

ferrugiaeus 34

ferrugineicaudus 25

fulvus 25

harUini 24

harriHii ,. ii\

Page.

Buko insignatns 23

limatua 28

monianua 26

oxypterus 30

pennsylva^icus 29

swainsoni 19

vulgaris 19

buteo, Falco 26

buteoides, Falco 28

Butor exilis 673

lentiginosus 674

Butorides 660,676

Butorides brunnescens.. 677

scapularis 676,677

tirescens . 676

c.

cacalpilyCorvus 558, 560, 563

Cacicus alaudarius 535

caelestis, Euphonia 304

caerulea, Aidea 671

Culicivora 380

Cyanoloxia 499

Dendroica ...268,280

Emberiza 505

Egretta 671

Florida 671

Fringilla 499

Goniaplioea 499

Gulraca 497,499

Herodias 671

Hirundo 314

Loxia 499

Motacilla 380

Muscicapa 380

Polioptila 379,380

Bubecula caroliueusis. 222

Sylvania '. 380

Sylvia 280,380

Sylvicola 280

caerulcata, Pterocyanea 780

Querquedula 780.

caeruleocephalus, Prionites 161

caeruleo-collis, Sialia 223

caerulesccns, Anser 760

Ardea 671

Garrulus 686

Motacilla _ 271

Pica 586

Sylvia 271

caeruleus, Coccoborus 499

cacruUcepa, Motiwtm 161

Prionites 161

cafer, Picus J20

CaUtmoapiza 49 1 , 492

Oilamospiza hi ojor 492

Pape.

calcarata, Fringilla 433

calcaratus, Centrophanes 433

Calendula pennsylvanica 226

calendula, Motacilla 226

Phyllobasileus 226

Keguloides 226

Begulus 226

Sylvia 226

C'alidiis 713,723

Calidris arenaria 723

tringoides 723

calidris, Charadrius 723

californiana, Saurotbera 73

californicus, Cuthartes 5

Gmcoocy 73

Vultur 5

californica, Apbelocoma 584

Callipepla 644

Cxjanociila . 584

Lopbortyx 644

Ortyx 644

Strix 60

califoinicum, Glaucidium 02

californicus, Buteo 24

Carpodacus 411, 413

Cyanocorax 584

Garrulus 584

Icterus 556

Larus ..811,840

Laroidcs 846

Lophorlyx 643, 64 1

Podiceps 896

Tetrao 644

Callichen 790

Callipepla 639,646

Callipepla californica 644

gambelii 645

picta 642

strenua ...... 616

squaniata 646

venusta 645

Calliplilox anna 137

calloccpbala, Ardea <i79

Calocitta 575,591

Calocitta colliaei 592

Caloonidac . 595

calurus, Buteo 22

Caly i)te costae 138

Campephilus 80,81

CamptphUm imperialia 82

principalis 81

carapestris, Fringilla 419

Totanus 737

Tringa 720

Camptolaemus 787,803

Camptolaanu.i Inbradorius 803

tJ3

■Km
■■ m

.. ?2!
- I!3

.. S

.. m

.. a

.. i8f

.. Wi

. m

.. 60

.. B

.. n

,.«M13

... 581

... JSt

.. M
... ««
,.. 13'
,.. 6"
,.ii5,»ll
... »!'

131

Vr

*.1^-'*« 't

< :■€

Jirlt*'*''""

ItbiW

Om

i,fji!*«"

Svlm

1 fl

cliscm "^

(^«,Ittn» — -

ai^im.-— ■

jwa

J#

Cma —

C<Jiiil«—
C<iit» —
Oinltai-.

CfftK —
ftrtno —

latata—

fm,-3i....

(Hnin

On

PiM

Pakr™ „

PSoa._

Faoli..

»..

({'•rik...„
Sjliii

:m

Toils .

'■'wmjia

Miiiiidj, ills,

Sail

IS, Uu;

liioii,..

m-. -

SYSTESIATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

973

roc'-

Chordeila 150, UC

amt'riatiiU6 151

brariliuiiuB 154

henryi 153

/)o^«f _..._. 151

Bapiti 154

texensis 154

virgininmis 151

Clinicoap/uilut 850, 841

alricilla 850

cucullutus 851,850

fraiiklimi 851,850

minu(U3 853, 850

philadtljihia 852, 850

chiysoides, Colaptes 125

Gcopicus 122.121

chrysolaema, Alauila 403

OiTysomitria 418, 408

columbianus 423,419

lotcrencii 424, 419

macroptera 425

magcllanica 419

rTWffeUunicus 419,418

maicania . 423,419

notatus 420,418

finus 425,419

psiiUria 422,419

sUinletfi 420,418

triilis 421,419

chrysophrys, Basileuterus 305

chrysops, Emberiza 444

chrysoptcra , Helinaia 235

Helmitheros 255

3elminthoplaga 255, 253

Motacilla 255

Sylvia 255

Sylvicola 255

Vermivora 255

chrysostoma, Diomedea 822

ciceronia 908

Cichlopsis nilens . 320

clnerasceDs, Pbalaropug 706

Tyrannula 179

cinerea, Astuiina 35

FiiDgilla 465,480

Pass.rella 480

Proccllaria 835

Strix 56

Squatarola 097

' Thalassidroma 829

Tringa 715

ZonotricLia 480

cinereum, Syrnium 66

cinereM, Junco 465, 464

Ptilogonys 319

Fuffimis 835,834,833

Page.

Cinclinae 229

CiucluB 229

anioricuiiiis. . 229

mi'xicaniig 229

luiTtoni 229

pallauii 229

townscndii 229

unicolor 229

Charadrius "01

cinclus, Pulidna 719

IVinga 719,722

cincia, Motacilla 272

cinnamometie, Falco 13

Ciraa 38

hudsoniui .... 38

rtrw, Cyanotpixa . 503,501

Emberiza.. 503

Fringilla 503

Passfiina 503

Spiza 503

cirrhata, Alca 902

Fnitercula 902

Lunda 902

Mormon 902

cirrhocepbalus, Mergulus 916

citrea, Mniotilta 239

Motacilla 339

Protonotaria 239

Cissa 576

Cissilopba sanblatiiina 592

CUtothonts 364

ptjluslris 364

sUWiris 365

citrinella, Sylvia 282

citiinus, Khimaiiiphus 2S2

tlamator, Capriiuulgiis 118

Grus 654

Clamalores 156

Clangula 799,795,798

all.eola 797

amt-ricana 796

barrovii 796

bistrionica 799

islandica 796

scapularis - 796

vulgaris.. 796

Clangula, Anas 796

Fuligula 796

clarkii, Podiceps 895

Cleptes 576

hudsonius 576

nuttalli 578

clypeata. Anas 781

Ebyiichafipis 781

Spatliulea 781

Sjmlula 781

fllgO

coco, TuntahiB G-4

Coccolorus 496

caoruleng. 499

ludoviciunus 497

ini-lauocepbalus. 498

Oxcotfirautlinue 406

Coccotbra\i6tc8 bonapartii 409

canadeiisi8 ..... 410

cardiiiulis 509

lucloviciana 497

mclannccphala.. 498

rubricoUis 497

vcspertina 409

vlrginiana 509

Coccygua 71,75

americanua... 76

trythroplahalvms 87

minor 78

Coccyzus 75

americauus 76

dominicus 77

erythrophthalmus .. .. 77

minor 78

pyrrbopterns 76

seniculus 78

ColapUs 117

auratws 118, 117

ayre.«ii 122

collarls. 120

cbrysoides 125

hybridus 122

mexicanus 120, 117

mexicanoides 121

rubricatuB 120

collaris, Anas 070, 792

Colaptes 120

Fuli.:.:ula 792

Fulix 792,791

Mariia 792

Strepsilas 701

Sturnella £35

Trocbilus 134

colliaei, Pica 592

CoUyrio 323

borealis 324

ezcubiloroitlcs 327, 324

lud^vicianui 325, 324

Colopterid'ie 155,163

colubris, Ornismya. . 130

TrochUas 131

colubrinus, Colymbus 8S7

Columba 596

americaua 001

canadensis 600

carolinensis 608

cyanocephala . 604

974

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

Cohimba fasciala 597

flaviroslris 598,597

hoiloti 603

leucocephala . 599

leucoptera - 603

margioata . 604

martinica 607

migratoria 600

monilis . 597

montana 607

mystacea 607

passeiina 606

soUtaria 599

Bquamnsa 605

tctraoides 608

trudeaui 603

zenaida 602

columba, Grylle 912

Uria 912

colundjarius, Falco . 9

Columbiana, Nuclfraga 573

columbianus, Anas ........ 758

Chrysomitris 419

Corvus 573

Pbasianus 62li

Picworvus 573

Vultur 5

Columbigallina montana 607

ColumUmie 596,595

Colymbidae 887,755,795

Colymbus 887

arctieus 888

auritus 897

borealis 890

colubrinus - 887

cornutus 895

cristatus 893

glacialis - 888

grifegena 892

grylle.. 911

immer 888

lumme 890

marmoratus 915

minor. 913

obscurus.. 895

pacificus 888

podiceps.. 898

septentrional is 890

stellatus 890

Htriatus 890

torquatus 888

troile 913

uriuator 893

Compsotblypis 237

amcricana 238

Piise.

Compsotblypis mexicaua 237

pitiayumi 237

pvotonotarius 239

Conirostrum ornatum • 400

consul, Larus - 842

Coniopus borealis 188,186

cooperi . . 183

richardsonii 189, 186

virens 190,186

Conitriis carolinensis . 67

cooperi, Accipiler IG

Buteo 31

Contopus 118

Falco 16

Myiarchus 180, 177

Muscicapa 188

Tringa 716

Tyrannus 188

Coraclas 576

mexicanus 590

corax, Corvus 560

cormoranus, Carbo 816

cornuta, Alauda.. 403

Chimerina 905

Eremophila 403

cornutus, Colmibus. 895

Otocoris 403

Pbileromos 403

Podiceps 805

coronata, Deruhoica 272, 265

Cyanura 583

Emberiza 461

Motaeilla 272

Muscicapa 201

Sylvia 272

Sylvicola 272

Zonotrichia 461,458

coronatus, Garrulus 583

Ebimanpbus 272

Turdus 260

corone, Corvus 56G

Gorvidae 205,558

Corvrua omericanus 556, 559

bu'.lockii 592

cacaloll 563,559

canadensis 590

carnivartus 560, 559

caurimta 569,559

columbianus .. 575

(orax 560

corone 566

cristatus . 580

rrttptiileurua 565, 559

Jloridimus 508,569,586

budsonica 570

Page.

Corvus jamaicensis 566

higubris 560

maritiraus 569

megonyx 573

nilnutus 569

nobilis 564

ossifragus 571,560

palliatus 584

pica ,.. 576

sinuatus . 564

splendens 564

stelleri 581

ultramarinus 584

Corydalina bicolor. , 492

Corythus ^ 409

canadensis 410

enucleator 410

Coscoroba T.ijT

Cosmonetta bistrionica 799

codae. Atthis 138

Calypte 138

Selaspborus 138

Coturnicops noveboracensis 750

Ooturniculiis 449,439

lairdii 441

hendowi 451,449

lecontii 452, 449

manimbe 449

passerinus . 450,449

Cotylc 312

riparia 313,312

serripertnis 313

coucliii, Ti/rannus 175, 170

crassirostris, Cbaradrius 693

Totanus 729

Quiscalus 556

Craxirex 46

galapagoensis 46

unicindus 46

Creagrus 857,841

furcalus 857

crecca. Anas 778

A'ellion 778,777

Qiierquedula 778

Oreciscus .. . 749

jamaicensis 749

crepUans, Rallus 747, 746

Crex galeata 752

Crex 753

Ores 751

gallinula 751

crex, Ilallus 751

Criniger 240

crinita, Muscicapa 178

Tyrannula 178

►^ -«_«•«.

•'«^.>^.,

- 5f(

- 5S1

- 50

- SIS
'•• 50

58}
19!

... ni

... 558
... 4f
... «
... 4t
..85I,«il
... !SI
... IIS
..lU,'"
... !I!
... M
... 1*9

..;«,'*«

... W

"53

'.. '»'

'.. i'l

... '51

2"

IIJ

SYSTEJIATIC ISDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

977

r«i!«.

Emberiza atria»pUla ^til

Ixtinlii •HI

Ixlli •»"«

bilinciita +70

caniulensis 172

caerulca 505

chrysops.. 4-tt

ciris — 503

coronata -ifil

cyanea 505

cyanella 505

erythroplitliiilina 512

glacialis 132

graiumaca. -- 456

graminca 147

henslowi . 451

hyemalis 4CS

lapponica 433

k'contii 452

Icucophrys 458

mexicana 494

montana - 432

raustelina 432

nivalis 432

ornata 435

oryzivora 522

pallida 475,474

passcrina 450

pecoris 524

picta. 434

pratensis 488

pusilla 473

rostrata . 446

rulina 480

sandwichensis 444

savanna 442

shattuckii 474

socialis 473

townsendii 475

erobevizoides, Ictcnis 524

Embemaffra . 487,440

Embernagra blandingiana 519

chlorura 519

ruJmTgala 487

Eniconetta stelleri 801

Empidonax . 167, 191

Empidonax acadicus 197,192

difficilis 198

jlaviventris 198,192

liammondii 199,192

hypoxantbus 198

minimus 195,192

obKurm 200, 192

pwsillus 194, 192

traaU 193,192

ter^htii 230

123 b

Enioonotta 801

Enicocichia aurocapilla 200

oniidealor, CorytUus 410

Loxia 110

Pyrrhiila 410

epbouekyca, Tantalus 681

epomophum, Diomcdea 822

otiues, Motacilla -- 238

Eremoplula - 402

Ernnophila coniula 403

ErameUs 724,714

Ereunetes pclrijicalu.t 724

mauri 723

semipalmatus 724

Erisraatura 811

Erismatnra dominica 811

ruhida 811

Erismaturinae -. - 756,811

erithacUorides, Chloris 283

crminea, Strix 63

Erodius - G''4

Erolia - 718,714

Erolia vaiiegata 718

Erythraca arctica 224

wilsonii -- 222

erytbrauchen, Picus 109

erythrocephala, Aythya 791

erythrocephalia, Melanerpes 113,112

Picus 113

erythromelas, Pyianga 300

evythropis, Pyianga 303

Erytbvophrys americanus 76

erytbiophthalmus 77

Beniculus . .. 78

erythrophtbalma, Emberiza 512

Fringilla 512

erythTopUhalmns, Coceygus 77

Coccyzus 77

Cuculus 77

Erytbrophys 77

Pipilo 512,511

erytbropus. Anas - 768

Bernicla 768

erytbrorbynchuB, Pelecanus 8GS

Erytbrospiza 411

Erythrospiza frontalis 415

purpurea 412

Eudocimus albus 684

ruber 683

Euliga 737

Evphonia 304

Eupbonia coelcstis 304

degantitsiTna 304

Enpsycbortyx cristatus 649

europaea, Sitta 374

europaeus, Troy lody tee.. 369

Pngo.

Euspina amcricana 491

/vW/«<i 493,491

Euspiia americana 494

arctica 411

towmmdii 495,474

Eutblypis canadensis 294

cxcubitoroidcs, Lanius 327

cxilis, Ardca. .- 673

ArdcoU 673

Arde/la 673

Butor 673

txulam, Diomcdea 821

F.

Falcinellus "SI

falcinellus, Ibis 685

Falcinellus ordii C85

Fako '

Falco atuitnm ... — '

aquiliuus 25

arcticus 13

atiicapillus l'>

auduboni 9

auranlim . 10

liorealis -5

brasiliensis 45

buteo 26

buteoides . 28

canadensis .- -. 41

candicam . .... 13

carjlinensis 44

cberiway 45

cinnamominus - 13

colundiariua 9

cooperi IG

cucullatns 10

cyaneus 38

deiroleucus 10

dispar ...... 37

dominicenais 13

dubius . 18

femoralis . 11

fuscus 18,13

gracilis 13

groenlandicus 13

baliaetus 44

bamatus 38

barlani 24

budsonius 38

bycmalis . ... 28

imperator .. 42

intermixtus 9

isabellinus . — 13

islundus.. 13

inlandicus.m.--* 13

lagopus ,...._ ,.... 32

978

SYSTEMATIC IN'DEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page

Ealco latissimus 29

leucocephalus 43

leucoptenis 42

lineatus 28

melanaetos 43

melanopterus 37

mississippiensis 37

niger 41,43

nigriceps . 8

nitidus 35

novae-teiTae 33

ophiopbagus 37

ossifraga — 43

ossifragus 43

pennatus 32

pennsylvanicus . - 29,18

peregrinus 7

plancus - 45

plumipes 32

polyagrus — 12

pygargus. - 43

regalis 15

religiosuB — 38

rufigularis 10

spadiceus 33

sparverius 13

stanleii 16

temerarius - 9

tharus 45

tboracicus 11,10

iinitiactus 4(j

uropogistus 38

velox 18

wasbingtoniana... 42

wabhingtonii -. 42

wilsonii 29

Falconidae 7

Falconinae • 7

falcirostra, Loxia 427

fallax, Zoaotiicbia 481

Melospiza 481,477

familiaris, Curlbia 372

fatciala, Cluimaea 370

Chloroenas 597

Cduml>a 597

l''ringill:i 447

Farus 370

Zonotrichia 481

fedoa, Limicula 740

Limota 740

Scolopax 740

Fclivox carolinensis 346

felivox, MimuB 346

Orpbeus. - 346

TurduB 346

fcmoralvi, Falco 11

Page.

fera, Meleagris 615

ferina, Anas 793

Fuligula 703

ferruginea, Fringilla 488

Gracula 551

Tringa 715

ferrugineicaudus, Buteo 25

ferrugineus, ArchibiUeo . 34

Buteo 34

Oriolus 551

Quiscalus- 551

Scolecopliagus 551

ferus, Cyguus Tj8

frenata, Sterna 864,859

frenatus. Icterus -- 531

fiber, Pelecanus 872

Ficedula canadensis major 239

doiuinicentis cinerea.. 280

ludoviciana 238

marilaudica 241

peunsjlvanica 252

trichas 241

flmbriatiis, Pbalaropus 705

flscberi, Arctonetta 803

Lampronetta . . 803

fistularis, Mareca 784

flava, Sylvia 282

flavicauda, Motacilla 297

liavicollis, Fringilla 494

Motacilla 289

Sylvia 289

flaviceps, Aegitbalus -- 400

Paroides - 400

Psaltria 400

flavifrons, Motacilla 255

Sylvia 255

Vireo 341,330

flavigaster, Psarocolius.. -- 545

flavigula, Melampicus 114

flavipea, Gambetta 732

Scolopax.. 732

Totanus 732

flaviroslris, Columha 598, 597

Cbloroenas 599

Fulica 753

flaviventris, Centurns 108

Empidomx 198,192

Picus 104

Tyrannula 198

Jlavoviridd, Vireo 332,329

Vireosylvia 332

Florida (i7 1,659

Florida caeruUa 671

lloridana, Apbeloconia 686

Cyiiitucilta.. . 586, 584

floridanus, Corvus.. SSO

age.

floridanus, Corvus, var 568,560

Cyanocorax 586

Cyanurus 586

Garrulus 586

Glottis 730

Pbalacrocorax 879

forficata, Muscicapa 169

forficatus, Mtlvidms 109

Tyrannus 109

formicivorus, Melanerpes 114, 112

Picus 114

formosa, Sylvia 247

Sylvicola 247

farmosus, Oporornis 247, 246

Myiodioctes. - 247

forsleri, Sterna 862,859

fraucsii, Uria 914

franklinii, C hroicocephalus . 851, 850

Larus 851

Stlrao 623,620

Fratercnla arctica 903

cirrbata.- 902

glacialis 903

fratercula, Mormon 903

fralerculm, Grus 656, 653

Fregetla 832,824

Fregetla laurencii . — 842

Tbalissidroraa 832

frenata, Anas 791

Marila. 791

Vireosylvia 334

frenatus, Pbalaropus 705

Fringilla aestiva 484

aestivalis --. 483

albiciiUis -- 463

americana 491

ambigua 524

amoena 504

arborea 472

arctica 444, 573

atrata...... 46C

atricapilla 461

anrocapilla 4(11

bacbniaui 404

bicolor 492

borealis.. — '129

blandingiaua 519

ciiorulea 499

axlciirala 4 33

campestris 419

canadensis 472

cardiualis 509

catotol 423

caudacuta. 453, 450

cblorura 519

cinerea 480,465

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NA3IE8.

979

I'ngo.

H'ringilla ciris •'>0.'<

comata 1<'2

cri!^fnlis 517

cyanca 503

erytUrophtlmlma 512

fasciata ^■i^

Jiavioiillis 49-t

gamlx'lii iCO

gcorgiana 183

gnuuinea — 447

grammaca '156

guttata 480

haeinorrhoa 417

hnrrisii 462

heuslowi 451

hiuUonia 468,460

hyemalis 447,442,468

icterica 419

iliaca 488

jimcorum 473

lapponica 433

leucophrys 458

linoiia 428

lincoluii 482

littoralis 453

ludoviciana 497

macgillivrayi 454

niagellanica 419

inaritima 454

melauocephala 498

melanoxaatba 423

melodia 477

meruloides 489

mexicana 421

monticola 472

moalig 468

orcgona 466

palustris 483

passerina 450

p«UQsylvanica 463

pecoris 524

pinus - 425

punicea 497

pupurea - 412

pusilla -. 473

rufa. 488

rufidorsis 465

savanna 442

savanarum 450

soclalis.. 473

tcxensls. 423

towDsendii . 489

tristis 421

querula 462

vespertina 409

xanthomaschalis 498

Pago.

Fringillidat 204,406

frontalis, Amer 762

Carpodacus 415,411

Erythrospiz-i 415

Ftiugilla 415

Pyrrhula 415

Strix 67

FhUca ■'51,746

americana 751

atra 751

flavirostris '53

Icucopyga 751

martinica - '53

martiniceusis . 753

novebora tnsis 750

wilsonii - 751

fulicaria, 'lYinga 707

fuUcarius, Phalaropm 707

Fuliceae 746

fuliginosa, Diomedea 823, 821

Hydrochelidon - 864

Nectris.- - 834

Pica 592

Procellaria 830

Fuffimis 834,832

Sterna 864

Slerm 861,859

Totauus 734

Fuligula aftinis 791

albeola 797

americana 794,807

barrowii 796

bimaculata 808

clangula - 796

coUaris 792

dispar .- 801

feriua 793

fusca 805

gesneri

791

glacialis 800

grisca - 803

liistrionica 799

labradora 803

marila 791

mariloides "91

minor 791

mollissiwa 809

nigra 807

perspicillata 806

nibida 811

rufitorques 792

stelleri 801

spectabilis. 810

vallisneriana.. - 7^6

viola - 774

anas 792

PHRO

Fuligulinae 756,786

FuImaruB 825

Fulmariij glacialis 825, 826

meridionalis 827

mix 790,786

aljinis 791

cMaris 792,791

marila "91

fulva, Anas 770

I)endroc>/f/iia 770, 769

Hiruudo 309

Motacilla 306

Eliyn(.lioiJ.s 866

Sylvia 306

fulvicapilla, Vermivora 252

fulvus, Buteo 25

Troglodytes 367

funerea, Strix -- 64

furcata, Muscicjipa 176

Oceanodroma 829

Procellaria -. 829

Thalassidroma 829

furcalus, Oreigrus *^57

Lanis 857

NaucUrits 36

furvus, Troglodytes - 3G7

fusca, Anas - 805

Diomedea 823

Fuligula 805

Grus 655

Loxia 426

Muscicapa - 1^4

Oidemia 805

Pipiio 517

Kieneria -- 517

Sula -

Tetrao 623

IMnga 706

Tyrannula 184

fmcescens, Tardus 214,210

fuscocapillus, Totanus 732

fuscus, Accipiler ^^

Aulanax -- 184

Falco 18,13

Garrulus -- 590

Oriolus 551,524

Pelicanus -•- ^70

Pipiio 511

Sayornis 184, 182

Tantalus ^^^

Tardus ^16

Tyraunus 184

G.

galapagoensiB, jCraxirex 46

980

STSTE»IATIC INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAJVIES.

Page-

galeata, Trox 752

Gallinula 752

galeatus, Lepturus.. 320

Lophoplianes 386

galericulata, Pipra 304

Galeoscoptes carolinensis 346

gallcpato, Meleagris 615, 614

Gallopavo sylvestrie 615

Gallhiae 610,594

Gallinayo 710,708

Gallinago wilsonii 710

gallinago, Scolopax 710

Gallinula 752,746

Carolina . 749

chloropus - 752

crex - 751

galeata ...... 752

marliniea 753

noveboracensis 750

porphyrlo 753

gambtlii, Anser - 761

Callipepla 645

Fringilla 460

Lophortyx 645, 643

Zonotrii-hia 460,458

Gambdta 731,728

flavipes - 732

mdanoleuca . 731

gardeni, Ardea 678

Nyctiardea 678

Nycticorax _ -- 678

gairdaeri, Picus 91

garrula, Bombycilla 3 17

Gamdinae - 575

Garrulus caerulescens 586

califoruicus 584

canadensis .. 590

coionatus..... 583

cristatus . - 580

cyaneus 586

floridanus 586

luxuosus 589

melanogaster 582

eanblasianus 592

sordidus 587

Btelleri 581

trachyriiynchus 790

ul tramariniis 584, 588

ijarrultu, Ampelia 317, 316

Lanius 317

Garzetta 664,659

candidUiima - 665

Gavianivea.. 856

Gaviae 818

Gavina zonorhyncbus 846

gnoma, Olaucidium 62

Page.

Goniaphea 496

melanocepbala 498

caeiulea 499

gouldii, Melospiza 379,477

Gouridae — 597

Oennaia 12

Geococcyx 71,73

californianus 73

mexicamis 73

variegata 73

viaticus 73

geoffroyi, Cyanocorax 592

Geopbilus cyanocephala 608

Geopicos . 117

Geopiciis chrysoides 122, 125

georgiana, Fringilla 483

Geotblypeae 234

Geothlypeae 240

Geothlypis 240

macgillivrayi 244,241

Philadelphia 243,241

trichas 241

vehlus 243,240

Geotrygon 601

maitinica 607

Geronticinae 681

gesneri, Fuligula 791

gigantea, Ossifraga 825

Procdlaria 825,824

giganteus, Aramm 657

Rallus -- 657

gilva, Muscicapa 335

gilvus, Vireo 335, 330

glacialis, Anas 800

Colymbus- 888

Crymonessa 800

Embeiiza 432

Fiatercula. ,. 903

Fulmarus 826

Fulmai'us 825

Fulgiila 800

Ilardda 800

Lanis 842

Mormon 903

Procelkiria 825, 824

Tringa 707

glacialoides, Tbalassoica 826

glauccscens, Laroidcs 842

Larws 842,841

Leiicus 842

gliireola, Totaniis 733

Tringa 734

Gtaucidium 61

Glaucidium californicnm 62

gnoma 62

glaucoideH, Larus.. 843-

Pace
Glaucion 795

glaucopterus, Laroidee 842

glaucus, Laroides.- 842

Larus 842,841

Luucus 842

glocitans, Anas 774

Glottis 730,728

floridanus 730

semipalmatus 729

GkMi$, Totanus 730

giiacu, Alcedo 158

guarauna, Ibis 685

Notbcrodius 657

gubernatoT, Agelaius 52 9, 526

Icterus 529

Psarocolius 529

Guiraca 496, 491

caenilea 499,497

ludaviciana 497

melanoctphala 49S, 497

tricolor 498

guttata, Fringilla 480

Muscicapa 213

Tetrao 647

Zonotricbia 480

guttatus, Pitylus 498

guttulatus, Thryotborus 356

Tardus 212

Gymnorhinus 574

cyanocepbalus 574

Gymnoldlta 574, 558

cyanocephala 574

gracilis, Falco . 13

Picus 94

Gracula barita 556,555

ferruginea 551

purpurea 555

quiscala 555

Graculus 875

graduacauda, Icterus 543

Gndkie 688

Grallatores 650,2

graminca, Emberizii 447

Fringilla 447

Zonotricbia.. 447

firamineus, ruoecaetes. .. 417

grammaca, Clwndutes .. 456

Eniljcriza 456

Fringilla 456

Graucalus carbo 876

grisca, Fuligula 803

Scolopax 712

griselgena, ColyrabuB. 892

griscigena, Podiccps 892

griseicollis, Sylvia 306

griatus, Macrorhamjih us 712

SYSTEMATIC INDKX OK SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

981

grixeus, Pnrus -2t>

Pkus lO'J

Tyniunus 172

groenlnniliai, Uria

groonluuilicus, Fiilco -13

HiUiuetus 43

Gnndae ;'>o3, 651

Orus - 553

americanut..... (154, C53

canadensis. . t>55, t>53

cliiuiator 654

frattrculus . 656, 653

f USUI 655

hoyimus 654

longiiostiis ..653, 656

poliupliaea 655

pnitcusis 655

struthio 6o4

Grylle coluuiba '.I12

scapuliiris -- 911

cephus 911

grylle, Colymbus. 911

Uria 911

grj'Uoides, Uiia 911

H

Ilabia 496

Ilaematopodidae 699,689

Jluemaiopas 699

arcticus 699

ater "00

bachmaui 700

hypoleucus 699

niger 700

ostralegus 699

pallialus 699

townseadii 700

haemorrhoa, Fringilla 417

PjTrhulinotiv 417

Hatmorrhous 411

purpurea 412

haemorrhous, Carpodacus 417,411

liarlani, Buteo 24

Falco 24

JIaliaelui 42

aUncHUt 43

groenlandieus 43

Uucocephalus 43

pdagiaa 42

itashinglonii 42

haliaetus, Falco 44

hamatus, Falco 38

hammonttii, Empidonax 199, 192

hammoadii, TyrannuUi 199

IlarMi 799,787

POBO.

IlttTclda gladalia 800

liistrionica 799

Btelleri 801

Harpcs 34 8

rcdiviva 349

Uarjxxrhynchui 348

crumhs 351, 348

airvirostris 351

Ucontii 350,348

longieauda 353

lungirostris 352

rediviviu 349 , 348

Tufus 353

harrisii, Buteo 46

Friugilla 462

Picas 83

Picus (Tridiopicus) 87

hacsitata, Procellaria 835,827

Puffiuus 835

Itavdlii, Sterna 861,858

Hcdymeles - - 496

ludoviciana .. 497

melanocephala . 498

heermanni, Adelarus 848

Blasipus 848

Larus 848

Mdofjnza 478,477

Hellnaia 257

bachmaui 2J5

brevipennis ;10.')

carbonata 2.s7

celata 257

chrysoptcra 255

peregrina 258

protonutarius 239

rubricapilla 256

solitaria . 254

swainsonii 252

vcrmivora 252

Heliornis surinamensis 884

Ildminthofhaga 253, 251

bachnaiii 255, 253

celaia 257

chrysoptera 255, 253

peregrina 253, 258

pimti .254, 253

rubricapilla 256

Tujicapilla 256, 253

solitaria 254

Helmitheros bachmaui 255

celata 257

chrysoptera 255

migratorius 252

percgriua 258

rubricapilla 256

' Helmitheros solitarius 254

Pngo.

Udmilherm 251

protoMotariuB 239

ixeauvsoni 252,251

vermivorws 252,251

HeloBpiza 177

helveticus, Charadrius 697

hdvdica, Sqitatarola 697

Tringa 697

HemipahiHia. 724

hiraantopuB 726

minor 724

niultistriata 726

Hemiprocue pelasgia 14i

hemirhynchus, Numenius 711

Henicocichla aurocapilla 2iiO

major 2(i2

noveboracensis 261

henryi, Chordeiles 153

henslom, Coiurniculm 451, 449

Emberiza 451

Fringilla 451

hepatica, Phoenicosoma 302

Vyranga 302,300

Uerodim 666, 659

lierodiaa, Ardea C68, 667

HeroiUas caerulea 071

candidissisna 665

egretia 666

egrdXa var. califarnim 067

leuce 660

leucoprymna 663

rufescens 662

ruticollis G63

virescens.. 076

Uerodiones . G51

herminierii, Puffiuus 835

Herpetotheres social lilis 38

Horse bicolor 310

Hesperiphona ... 408

vesperlina 409

Heteropoda 724

mauri 724

semipalmata 7

Beteroscdus 734,728

brevipes 734

biaticula, Charadrius 695

Tringa 694

hicmalis, Procellaria 825

(See hyemalis.)

Hierofalco.. 13

Uimantopus .. 704

brasiliensis 704

mexicanus 704

niyricoUis . 704

himantopus, Hemipalama 726

Micropalania 726

982

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAJIES.

Page.

Eecurvirostra. 704

Tringa 726

hippocrepis, Sturuella 537

birsutus, Apterous 98

Pkns 98

Picoides 98,97

mrundinidae 207,204

Uirundininae 307

Uirundo 307

amcricaua 308

apus dominicensis 142

bicalor 310

caerulea -. 314

cinerea 313

fulva 309

horreoTum 308,307

leucogiister 310

ludoviciana — 314

lunifrom 309

melanogaster 309

nigra 142

opifex 309

pelasgia - 144

purpurea. 314

riparia 313

republicana 309

rufa 308

rustica 308

serripennis 313

Bubis 314

Bwansonii 9"-3

thalatsina 311

versicolor 314

viridis - 310

violacea 314

hirundo, Sterna 802, 8G0

histrionica, Anas.- 79!i

Clangula 793

Cosmonetta 799

Fuligula 799

Harelda 799

Phylaconetta 799

Jlatrioniau.. 798,787

torqualut 799,798

hoilotl, Columba C03

holboUi, AegiothuB 429

Podiceps 892

hornbyi, Oceanodroraa 829

ThaUmidToma. 829

holoBtictus. Nothcrodius 657

hornemanni, Linaria - 429

horreoruin, JJirundo 308,307

hoyanuB, OruB ---- C54

liudHonia, FringiUa 468, 48G

Ktrix ('4

Page.

hudsoniiis, Ardea 668

Uudsonica, Corvus 576

Limosa - 741

Pcnlix 750

Pica 576

Scolopa.x 741

hudsonicus, Clcptcs 576

Xummiua 744

Circus . 38

Falco 38

Parus 395,388

Tuidiis 551

hiitcliinsii, Auscr 766

Pemicla 7 66, 763

huttonii, Vireo 339,330

hybridus, Colaplts — 122

Hydrohala mexicarta 229

Hydrochelidon .- 858,864

fuliginosum 86

plumbea 864

hyemalis. Anas 800

Kmberiza 468

Falco 28

Fringilla 442,447

Jimco 468,465

NipUoea 468

Struthus 4iiS

Troylodyles 369

Hylaiamus 80,107

Ihjlatomua pilcalus -- 107

Hylomaties 161

Hypacanthus 418

Hypacauthiis stanleyi 420

hyporliorea, Auas 760

Tringa 706

hyperboreus, Anser 760

Lobipes 706

Phalaropm 706

Hypothyniys uitenB 320

hypoleucus, Haematopus 699

hypomelas, Clmradrius - 697

liypopoliuB, Centurus Ill

Ilyjiotriorchvi ..... 9

hypo.\anthus, Kinpidonax 178

Hypsibates nigricollis 704

hypugaea, Athene . - 59

Strix 59

I.

Ibia 682,681

Ibui alba. 684

Lirevirostris 684

cbalchopturuB 685

falcinelluH 686

Pafo.

guaruana 685

Icucopygia 683

loiigirostris 684

naudopoa 682

ordii 685

rubra €83

Jbinae 681

Ictinia .. 37

Ictinia mismsippiensis .. 37

plumbea 37

Icteria 2 48

Icteria auricollis 218

dumt'cola 248

longicauda 249

velasquczii 248

viridis 248

icterica, FringiUa.. 419

Jcleridae 204,521

Iclerieae 234,248

Icterinae 540

icterocepbala, Motacilla 279

Sylvia 279

Sylvicola 279

ieterocephalus, Agelaius 531

Icterus 531

Xanihocephalus .. 531

Icterus agripennis 522

audubonii 542, 540

ballimore 548,541

bullockii 549,541

califuraicus 650

cucuUaluu ..... 546, 541

cmberizoidos 524

frenatus 531

gnuiuacauda 543

guburnator 629

ieterocephalus 531

melanocephalus 542

melanoceplialus 643,540

nielanoclirysura 544

mesomelas 541

parisorum 544, 540

peeoris 624

perspicillatus 531

phueuieeus 526

pustulatus 550

Bcottii 644'

spurius 547, 541

tricolor . 630

vulyaris 542,540

uayleri 545, 540

xautbocephaluB 531

Oriolus 542

iliaca, FringiUa 488

PatscnUa .. 488

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAJIES.

983

Impt'imU, Alia 900

Impomtor, Fiilco -12

imptriala, QunpfphilM f>2

DryocopuB 82

Drjotomus 82

Mepipitus 82

iDcniin, Mutacillii 306

Sylvia 306

incanns, Lobipcs 705

inciirniitA, Pliiton ... ()S(j

Inopti 59.J

infiiscata, Strlx C2

inornntu, Muiiiaipii 188

inortiatui, Lophophana 386, 383

Parus 386

Picus ST

Insesiorea 126

interiuixtus, Falco 9

intermedins, Nunienius .

interpra, Slrepsilas . 701

■i. Tringa 701

intrepidus, Tyrannus 171

infignatia, Buleo . 23

lonomis martiaiccnsi;; 753

irritabilis, Tyrannos 178

isabellinus, Falco 13

islandioi, Anas 796

Bucephala 796,795

Clangula 796

Tringa 715

uhndicus, Falco 13

Larus 843

islandus, Falco.. 13

Ifpida 157

Ispida ludoriciana 168

Ixorcus naevius 219

J.

jaguacate, Alccdo 158

jamaicengis, Anas 811

Ardca 679

Charadrius. - 692

Creciscus 749

Ortygometra 749

Porzana 749

Rallus 749

junceti, Sturnus 524

Junco 464,440

Junco cankeps 468,465,924

cinereus 465,464

hyemalii 468,465

ortgonua .466, 464

phaeonotus 465

juncorum, Friugilla 473

jugularis, Tardus 547

K.

Pnio.
kiiupii, ZebrnpicHB 111

Kieiii'ria .'■10

Kicneria alxTtii . . 516

fusca 517

nilipiloiis 519

KirOandii, Dmilroiea 286,266

Nyctalo 67

Sylvicola 286

Ktinorhynclnis strepera 782

kitditzii, Bmchyrhamplius 917

L.

labradora, Fulipula 803

Rhyndiaspis 803

labradoria, Anas 803

labrailorius, Gimplolaemus 803

Camptorhynchus 80.'1

Turdus 551

lachrymans, Uria 914

lacteola, Cephus 911

Uria 911

Lagopus 632,619

Lagopua alhua 633, 632

americanus 637

Uucurua 633, 636

rupestrii 633,635

lagopus, .4reAi4ute) 32

Falco 32

Tetrao 633,637

Lamellirostics 755

Lampornia 129, 130

Layiiporiiia mango -. 130

porphyrula 922

Lampronetta 787,802

Lampronitta fixheri 803

Laniidae 204,323

Lanius 323

Lanius agilis 333

ardosiaccus 325

borealis 324

carolinensis 171, 325

elegans 328

excubitor 324

excubitoroides 327

garrulus 317

ludovicianus 171,325

mexicanus 328

nootka 328

olivaccus 331

Bcptentiionalis 324

tyrannus 171,172

lapponica, Einberiza 433

J'ringilla 433

Scolopax 741

lapponicus, Ccntrophanes 433

Plerlrophanea . 431.433

PoBij.

Iftridao 819,837

Larinao 837,840

Laruidos argcntatoidcs 844

argcntatus 844

californicus 846

chalcopterus 843

glimcopterug 842

glauccscciis 842

glaucuR 842

leucopterus . 845

occidentalis 846

Larus 841

Lana argentatua 841,844

atricilla 850

belcheri 849

bonapartci 852

briichyrhynchus 842,846, 855

cali/ornicua , 841, 846

candidus 856

canus 84 6

capistratros 852

catiirractes 838

chalcoplerua 841,843

consul . 842

delawarensia 8t2,846

eburneus 856

franklinii 851

fuliginosus 8 19

furciitus 857

glacialis 842

gUiucescens . 841,842

glaucoides 843

glaucus 841,842

heermanni S43

islandicus 843

kucupterua 841, 843

TJUirinua 841,844

minutus 853

nivcus 855

occidetitalia 841,845

parasiticus 839

pipixcan 852

ridibundus 850

rissa 854

roseus 856

rossii 846

sabinii 85 J,

sucklegi 842,848

tridactylus 854

zonorbjnchus 846

lateralis, Sylvia 274

laticauda, Bartramia 737

latifasciatus, Thryothorus... 357

lathami, Picus 120

Sagmatorbina 91)4

lawreniii, Carduelis 424

984

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

lawrendi, Chrysomitris 419,424

Fregetta 832

Myiarchus 178, 181

I'yrarmula 180

lazulus, Pitylus 502

latissimus, Falco 29

leachii, I'rocellaria - 830

Thidassidroma 829,830

lecontii, Embeviza - ^•''2

Cotumiculua 449,452

HarpoThynchus 348, 350

Picus ^^

Toxostoma.- 350

lentiginosa, Ardea 6"^

lentiginosus, Balaurus C^'t

Butor 674

Leptostoina '3

Leptostoma lougicauda T3

Lepturus galeitus 320

lewisii, Picus - 1'^

le.ssoai, Ardea. - GGS

Lestridimie - - ^37

Lcstris 8^^

Lestiis Buflfonii 840

catarractes 838

cepphus 8^"

parasitica 840

parasiticus 839

pomarinus 838

richardsonii 839

Icuce, Ardea - "66

Egretta 666

Herodias 666

Leucoljlepliaron -- 753

leucocephala, Columba 599

Icucocephalus, Anas 800

Falco 43

HaliaelM 43

Patagioeuas 597,599

Pelecanus - 873

leucogaster, Ardea 6C3

Hirundo 310

Tyrannus 171

leucogastra, Sylvia 256

Troglodytes 863

TliryotUorus 363

leucomelas. Picus ^i

Leuconerpes albolarvatus 96

Leucoparcia '^63

leucopareia, Jiernicla 763,705

Icucopareius, Anser 765

leucomus, Muscicjipa -. 298

Icucophaea, Scolopax 712

Lcucopliaous 841

leiicoplirys, Emlicrim 458

Fringilla 458

Page.

leucophrys Zonotrichia 458, 460

LeucopoUws 695

leucoprymna, Herodias 663

leucopsis, Ansor 768

Bernida 763,708

leucoptera, Aegithina 305, 922

Columba 003

Crucirostra 427

Curvirostra 427

Loxia 427

Melopelia 603

Mniotilta 305

Sylvia 271,305

Zenaida 603

Leucopternk 23

leuoopterus, Falco 42

Orpheus 344

Laroides 843

Larus 841,843

Leucus 843

Turtiir 603

leucopyga, Fulica 751

leucopygia. Ibis.. 683

leucopygius, Cymindis .. 38

leucorhoa, Procellaria 830

Leucostide 408,430

Leucostide arcUms 430

griseigenys — ---- 430

grimnucha 430

teplirooolis 430

leucotis, Parus 290

Picus 96

leumrus, Elanus 37

Lagopus ..633,636

Milvus 37

Scolopax 710

Tetrao 630

Leucus cbalcopterus 843

glaucus 842

glaucescens 842

leuoopterus 843

limicola, Rallus 748

Liuiicolao 688

Liiiiicula marniorata 740

fedoa 740

TAmosa 740

LiniDsa ainericana 740

adspersa "'o

aegocopliala 'H

cdwardsii 741

fedoa 740

hudaonica . . 741

melanura .. ...... 741

6Colapace\is 712

Limoxae.. 727,740

lloaria, Acanthis 428

Prifte.

linaria, Ae^iolhm — 428

Fringilla 428

Linariaborealis 429

canescens 429

hornemauni 429

lincolnii 482

minor 428

pinus 425

savanna - 442

lincolnii, Fringilla 482

Linaria .... 482

Melospiza 477, 482

Peucaea 482

Uneatus, Bitlen 28

Falco 28

Podilymbus 898

Sparvius-... 18

Linota canescens 429

Liotrichidae 205, 343

littoralis, Fringilla 453

Thryotborus 361

lividus, Turdus 346

Lohipes . . ... 706

Lobipes hyperboreus 706

incanns 706

lobatus, Phalaropus — 705

lobata, Tringa 706

loculutor, Tantalus 682

lorn via, Ceplius 913

Uria 913

longicauda, Dafila 776

Harporhyrubus 353

Iderii 249

Leptostoma 73

Tiinga 737

longipes, Agelaius 531

Longipmncs 820

longirostro, Toxostoma 352

Itmgirostris, /larporhi/nchm 352

Metliriopterus 348

Mimus 352

Kumenius 743

Orpheus 350

lUilhis 748

Scolopax 712

Lophodytes 812,815

Loplmlyles cucuUatm 816

Ix'p/iophaiics ....... .... 38.3

lA>phophanes atricrislatm 383, 385

bieolor .383,384

galeatus 386

inomatm ......383, 386

missonrionsis ... 384

wollmhen 383, 386

I^plMrlyx 638,643

Lophortyx Cftlil'ornica Oil

;«:-s«-»c&;^-

»w:^\wv\»>in»r*v n >iii(niiliiii'i i ii

4!J

m

Slim

18

m

381

ilt

113
!13
lit
3)3
!1)
13
131
551

m

3M
353
3(1
3i!
?!3
35«

m

■12

812,815
81t

,J«3,»
381

r.:

loajimeria"-
aail* — •"

OIliiDlli'

nwiKS"-— ■

eaacl*

afflo*>

to

luiiiiLja..-
mesiain ....

otenn

poiilli

roid

riolsta

nrgjiia

!oya Paite

ilia.
iris.
BdIio..
Conia
OKCMh
OArt.

Epttu.
Ficelti

(rtrw.
Bi^
Binlt
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Uni.

HMqF
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I.

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fnriL

'wWfc

Tregio

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

087

raft:.

mexicaiin, Salpiuctois 3S6

R-olot-opliH^us 252

Sialia 223.251

Sylvia 256

IVmnnula 179

Tantalus 685

Thryothorus 356

'IVoKltHly tes 356

TKyon 69

Tyrnnnus 169

micldiita, Anas 800

inicroconw, Phaleris 908

Jtiercjtalwna 725,714

Micnpalama himantopta 726

Micropti'i-a aiucricauu 709

migratorius, Uclmitlierus 252

Turaua 218,210

PInnesticus 218

migratoria, Colamba tiOO

Ectopistes 600

Merula 218

militari!!, Trupialis 633

Sturnns 533

MUvinae 36

MihtUm 167 t

MUvulua forfifieaiiu 1C9

savanus 168

lyrannus 168

milrulus, Tyrannus 168

Milvus leucurus 37

Miminae 343

Miimu 343

Munus caudatiis 345

cunlintnsis 346, 344

curvirostris 351

felivox 346

longirostris 352

montanug 347

polyghttut 344

rufus 353

miniala, Selop)taga 299,297

Sylvia 296

minima, Poecile 397 |

Psaltria 397

TjTannula 195

mmimui. Empidonax 195,192

Parus 397

PtaUripanu 397,396

TiirduB 212

minor, Alauda 403

Ardea 674

Botaurua 674

Ooccygm 78

Coccyzus 78

Colymbus 895

minor. Cuculus 78

Fuligula 791

Hcutipalaiim 724

Linaria -128

Merula 214

Pokcanus 873

Philohtla 709

Kusticola 709

Scolopax 709

Tctmo 640

l\irdu8 212,214,216

uiinuta, Aniu 799

Muscicapa 293

Sterna 864

Sylvia 290,293

Wilsonia 293

minutillu, Ti-inga 721

miuitm, Chroicocephalwi 850, 853

LaruB 853

Mergus 817

Myiodioda 291,293

Tantalus 683

mississippiengig, Falco 37

Ictinia.. 37

Tanagia 301

mitrata, Motjioilla 292

Wilsonia 292

Sylvia 292

Sylvania 292

mitratus, Myioctonus 292

Mijiodiodes 291,292

MniclUta 235

Mniotilta borealis 235

carolinensis 306

citrea... 239

leucoptera - 305

noveboracensis 261

occidentalis 268

varia 235

Mniotitteae- 2 .i 4 , 2 35

mokoho, Ardea 674

moUissima, An;Ls 809

Fuligula 809

Somnteria 809

Platypus 809

MoMhrm 521,523

Molothrus jKcoris 524

Momoba 161

Momolw caeruUcep) 161

Bubhutu 161

monilis, Columba 597

monoccrota, Ceratorhina 905

montana, Columba 607

Columbigallina 607

Dendroica 266,276

l'«g"".

montana, Emberiza 432

Oroismya 135

Sylvia 278

Sylvicola 278

/enaida 607

montanut, Aegialitis 693

Dutto 26

Charadrius 693

Miraus 347

Orotcoptes 347

iirpheus 347

Parua 388,394

Pieus 115

Turdus 347

moiitezuiuae, Ortyx 647

monticola. I'riugilla 472

Spizella 471, 472

Zonotrichia 472

monticolug, Spinitos 472

morcletii, Spermophila 506

Sporophila 506

morinella, Tringa 701

morio, Psilorhinus 592

Mormon arcticus 903

cirrhata 902

corniculatii 902

fratercula 903

glacialis 902,903

superciliosa 908

mortoiii, Cinclus 229

Motacilla acstiva 281

albicoUis 282

americana 238

auricoUis 306

aurocapilla 260

blackburniae 274

caerulea 380

Ciierulescons 271

calendula 226

cana 380

Cfinadensis 271

chrygoptera 255

cincta 272

citrea 237

coronata 272

eques 238

flavicauda - 297

flavicoUis 289

flavifrong 255

fulva 306

icterocephala 279

incana 306

ludovlciana 306

maculosa 284

mitrata 292

988

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

Motacilla noveboracensis . 261

oenanthe 220

palmaruni 288

pinguis 272

pennsylvanica 279

pensilis 289

petechia 282

prctonotaiius 239

nibiginosii 306

ruficapilla 282

sialis 222

striata 280

superciliosa - 289

tigrina 286

troglodytes 361

umbra 272

varia 235

virens 267

vermivora 252

motacilla, Seiurus 262

Turdus 262

MoUuiUinae 231

multistriata, Hemipalama 726

murarius, Salpinctes 356

Troglodytes 356

MuBcicapa acadioA 197

altiloqua 334

animosa 171

atra 184

barbata 187

belli 305

bonapavtii 295

brasieri 306

caerulea . -. 380

canadensis 294

cantatrix 338

carolinensis 346

carolinensis fusca . . . 184

cooper j 188

coronata 201

crinita 178

cucuUata 292

derhanii 299

despotes 17G

dominicensis 172

ierox 177

forficata 169

furcata 17G

fusca 184

gilva 335

gutUta 213

inornata 188

leucomus 298

ludoviciana 178

melodia 335

minuta 293

Page.

Muscicapa nigricans 183

noveboracensis 338

uunciola 184

olivacea 331

phoebe 184,189

pusilla 194,293

querula 190,197

rapax 190

rex 171

ricbardsonii 189

rubineus 201

rubra 301

riibrifrons 306

ruticilla 297

savana 168

saya 185

selbyi 292

semi-atra 183

solitarius 340

striata 280

sylvicola 341

tniillii 193

tyrannus 168, 171

verticalis 173

virens 190

virginiana cristata 178

viridis 248

vulnerata 299

vvilsonia - 293

iinisicus, Cygnus 758

Vireo 338

mustelinu, Emberiza 432

Merula 212

mustdinus, Turdus 210,212,214

mutatus, Oriolus - 547

mutus, Tetrao 637

Myiadestea 320

Myiadcstes unlcolor. 321

towmendii 321

Mi/iarchus 167,177

Myiarchm cooperi .177, 180

crinitus 177, 178

lawrencii 178,181

mexicanuB i..l77, 179

nigricans 183

stolidus 181

Myiobius barbatus 187

borcalis 188

crinitus 178

nigricans .. 183

nuuciola 184

saya 185

virens.. 190

Myioctonus 291

Myioctonua mitratug 292

pusillus 293

Page.

Myiodioctes 291

Mtfiodioctes bonapartii 295

canadetms 291,294

formosus 248

mimilus 291,293

milraliK 291,292

pardalina 294

jmillus 291,293

wilsonii 293

Myothera obsoleta 357

mystacalis, Phyllomanes 334

mystacea, Columba 607

mystaceus, Eegulus 241

N.

uacurutu, Strix - 49

naevia, Ardea 678

Strix 51

Tringa 715

naevius, Actidurus 739

Ixoreus 219

Orpheus 219

TuTdus 210,219

naudopoa, Ibis 682

nanus, Pyi-ocephalus 201

Tiirdui 210,213

nashvillei, Sylvia 256

iiataliae, Picus 106

natator, Totanus 732

Natatores 2, 754

Nauckrus 36

Nmiderusfurcatus 36

ncbulosa, Strix .. 56

mbulosum, Symium 56

Nectris fuliginosus 834

neglectii, Sturnella 538

Neocorys 231

Neocorya spraguei 234

neoxenus, Ortyx — 649

Nephocaetes 140, 142

Kejilwcaeles niger ..142,922

Nephoecetes 922

Nettarion 790

IfcUion 772,777

A'cUion carolinavsia .- 777

crecca 777,778

nigra, Anas 807

Cypselus 142

Falco 33,41

Kuligula 807

llucmatopus 700

lliruado 142

Nephocaetet . 14

Oriolus .551, 556

liiistrhamus 38

liynchops 866

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

989

PlMfC.

nigra. Sculccoplingii8. 551

Bomat.riii V 809,810

SU-rna 864

nufntcena, Dmdroica 265,270

ItliimuDplius 270

Svlviii 270

Sylvicoln 270

Vcrmivora 270

AuKvr 767

nigricnns, Aulaiiax 183

Berniela 763, 767

Musoiaipn-. 183

Myiiinliue 183

Myiobius 183

Sayorim 182,183

Tringa 717

Tjranmila 183

TyranmiB 183

niffrictpi Faico 8

iiigTociiK-tii, Setophngtt 294

m/rrhJli", Uimanlopm 704

Hypsibates 704

Mncrotarsus 704

Passcrina .- - 494

IVmluIinus-- -. 547

uigripes, Dioinedea — 822

Nisus malfini 18

nitens, Uypothymys 320

rtilogonys 320

Quisciihis 555

CiclJopsis 320

niliila, Ailuritia 35

nitidus, Falco 35

Niphoca 464

Niphoca hyemalis 468

oregona 466

nivalis, Anas 760

Embcriza 432

Friugilla 468

I'ledrophana 432

nivca, Ardva 665

Egretta 671

Gavia 856

tiycUa 63

Hista 854,855

Strix 63

Tadorna 760

niveus, Larug 855

Pagophila 856

ttivoaa, Aegialilia 696

nobilis, Aquila 41

nodirostra, I'haleris 908

notatus, Chrysomitris 418

NotherodiuBguarauna.- 657

holostictiis 657

novae-terrae, Falco 33

Pugo,

uovt'boracenKiii, CoturiiicopK 750

Fulica 750

Galliiiula 750

Ilunicocidila 261

Motacilla 261

Mniotilta 261

Muscicapa 338

Ortygoinclm. .. 750

Porzana 750

Rallus 712

Stiiinu 259, 261

Scolapax 712

Sylvia 261

TurduB 261,551

Vireo 330,338

nuclialis, Pica. 590

Nucifraga columbiana 573

Xummieae 727,742

A'iinwniH* 742

Numenius arquata 743

boreala.. -- 744

brasiliensis 743

brcvirostris 744

hcniirynchus 744

hudsonicus 744

intermedins- -.

longirostris 743

melanopus 743

occidentalis 743

rufus 743,744

Numida - 613

nunciola, Muscicapa 184

Myiobius 184

Tyraniuis 168

nuUalli, Antrostomus 149

Caprimulgus 149

Cloptes 578

rim 578

Picus 83

Nyclale 57

Nyclale acadica 58

aUnfroiui 57

kirtlandii 57

richardsoni -. - 57

Ntjciea C3

Xydea nivta - 63

nyctea, Strix 63

Nydeininae 63

Xyclherodius 660, 679

Xytiherodius violaceua. — 679

Nyctutrdea 660,678

Nyctiardea gardeni 678

violacea 679

Nycticoraceae 660

Nycticorax amcricanus.. 678

gardeni 678

Puge.

Nycticorax grisca 679

violaceiis 679

nycticorax, Arilea 67(>

Nyroca nmericana 791

0.

olacura, Anus 773, 775

Canace 620

Loxia 497

Procellaria 835

'I'yrannula 200

obBCurus, Carpodacus 415

Empidonax 192, 200

Piius 113

I'ul}imis. 833, 835

Stdrnus 524

Tetrao 620

obsoleta, Myothera 357

obsoMus, Salpincles 357

Thryothoriis 357

Troglodytes -. 3;')"

occanica, I'rocellaria 831

oceanicus, Totanus 734

Oceanites 831

Oceanites wilsonii 831

Occanodroma 829

Oceanodroma fuicata.. 829

hornbyi 82'J

orientalis 829

ociidua, Anas 801

occidentalis, Ardea U70

Auduhonia 670

Berniela 76(i

Ceratorhiiia 905

Ceratorhynchia 905

Cerorhyncha 905

DmdToica 265, 268

Laroides S45

Lanu 841,845

Mniotilta 268

Numenius 743

Otocoris 403

Pants 388,391

Phaleris 905

Podiceps 894

Eecurvirostra . 703

Sialia 223

Sylvia 268

Sylvicola 268

Uria 905

ochropuB, Tringa 733

Ocniecus vircsccns 676

ochroleuca, Sylvia 306

OchlhodTomws 693

Ochthodromus wilsonius 693

990

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

Odontoplwrus meleagris 647

Oeua squamosa COS

oenanthe, Motacilla 220

Saxkola 220

oenauthoides, Saxieola 220

Oidemia 787,804

Oidemia americana .....804, 807

bimaailata . . . 80S

deglandii 805

fusca 805

perspicillala 806

velvetina 805

okeni, Charadims 695

oUvacea, Dendroica 305

Muscicapa 331

Sylvia 305

Sylvicola 305

Tanagra 248

Vireosylvia 334

Laniug 331

Phyllomanes 331

Turdus 216

rireo 329,331

Olor 757

Olor aniericanus 758

buccinator 758

Ombria psittacula 910

onorotalus, Pelicamis 870

opifex, Hirundo 309

ophiophagus, Falco 37

Oporornis 240,246

Oporomia affUis 246

formosas 246,247

ordii, Falcinellus 685

IbU 685

oregona, Fringilla 466

Niphoea -- 466

oregonta, Junco — 464, 4(j(i

Pipilo 511,513

Struthus 466

Oreopeleia martinica 607

Oreophasinae 610

Oreartyx 638,642

Oreortyx pictus 642

orientalis, Chimeriiia 000

Oceanodroma 829

Procellaria 829

Thalassidroma. 829

OrioluB baltimore 548

caetaneuB 547

caudacutus 453

fcrrngineus 551

foHcus 524, 551

ictcruB 542

ludovicianiis 555

rontatuB.. 547

I'agc.

Orioliis niger 555,551

phoeuiceus 526

spurius 547

varius 547

orizivora, Emberiza 522

Passerina 522

orizimriis, Dolichmyx 522

ornatii, Emberiza 435

ornatum, Conirostrum 400

ornatus, Centrophanes 435

Pledrophanes 431, 435

Ornit!mya colubris 131

montana.. 135

auna 137

tricolor 135

costae 138

sasin 134

Oroscoples 346

Oroscoptes mcmtamis 347

Orpheus 343

Orpheus carolinensis 346

curvirostris 351

felivox 346

leucopterus 344

longirostris 352

meruloidt's 219

mcntanus 347

nacvius 219

polyglottus 344

nifus.. 353

OrtaUda 610,611

Orlalida McCalli 611

poliocephala 611

vetula 611

Orthochires 128

Ortygiuae G38

Ortygometra Carolina 749

noveboracensis . . . 750

Orli/r 638,638

Ortyx borealis 640

californica 644

douglassii 649

elegans 649

I'asciatus. 649

massena 647

montezumae 647

neoxenus 649

pictsi 64^

plumifera 642

Bpilogaster 619

HquaniatuB 646

tcmmitickii 649

ttxantu 640, 641

virginiana 640

virginianm 640

Otcina 203

rage.

ossifraga, Fako 000

gigantca 825

Procellaria 825

Ossifragus.. 825

Oorvits 569,571

43

... 696

... 402

... 403

... 403

53

53

53

Falco

ostralegus, Haematopus.

Otocoris .

Otocoris cornutus

occiden talis

Otus

Otus iimericanus

wilsoiiianus

Oxyura 811

Oxyeohus 692

Oxj'echns vociferus 692

Oxt/pleriK, Buleo 30

pacijica, J'rocellaria 824, 826

pacificus, Colymbus 000

pachyrhyncha, RhyncliopsiUa 66

Pachyrhamphm 164

Pachyrhamphus aylaiae 164

major 165

PacUyrhynchus 164

pachyrhynchus, Macrocercus 66

Pachysylvia decurtata 305

Pagonettit 799

Pagophila 841,855

Pagophila brachytarsi . 856

ebumea 856

niveus 856

pallasii, Cinclus 229

Turdus 210,212

palliatus, Corvus 584

Jlaemaioptis 699

pallida, Emberiza 474, 475

Sayornis 185

Spinites 474

Spkella 471,474

Tyrannula 185

palmanim. Sylvia 288

Dendroica 266,288

Motacilla 288

palmerstonii, Pelecanus 874

palpcbrata, Diomedea 823

I'abidkolae .. 745

palustris americanus, lirachyotus 54

AmmodromuB 483

Certhia 364

Ciitodioni.i 364

Fringilla 483

Mdospiza 477,483

ParuB 390

PasserculuB 483

\ .-.t

.« ^«* Am U

-wV^-i^^..*

,<:»-.•«***!# .iA^!^ ,•,-.'- '•.•V'r^V^^-A.-iWWIWl.!.'

:.nr.

tl

SYSTEMATIC IN'DEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMF.S.

993

Ptf-

picU, Enilwriai 434

Ortyx C42

SfioiJiaga 298,297

pietuiu, niiitliiliou 15

pidiu, On(n>fiWi« •IIU

Oreortyx (;i2

ritrtrophann 434,431

TiinUIils C81

Pi'ciH 80

Pieut al'xJamttut 96,83

arcticus 98

atrothorax 103

aiidubonii 85

auratus 118

bortalis 96,83

cafcr 120

canadensis 84

carolinus 109

erythrauchen 109

erythrocephalus 113

flaviventris , 104

formicivorus 114

gairdneri 91

gracilis 94

griscus 109

harrisii 87,83

hiisatus 98

inomatus 87

lathami 120

Iccontii 87

Icucomclas 84

leucomelanus 84

leucolis 96

Icwisii 115

lincatns . 125

martinae 84

mcdianus 87

melanopogon 114

mcridionalis 87

montanus 115

nataliae 106

nutlalli 93,83

obscurus 113

parvus.. 94

phillijisii 84

pileatiis 107

principiUis 81

pubexem 89,83

(Dendrocopus) pnbesccns . 87
(Tricliopicus) pubescens .. 87

qiierulus 96

ruber 104

nibricapillus .. — 84

rubrkatus 120

Knlarii 94,83,93

scalaris 94

125

Pngo.

Picus septentrional is 84

tliyroidciis 10(i

toripiatus 115

triilaetylus 98

viuius 1(13

vii'illdlii 9(;

viUosus 84,83

williatnsonii 105

wilscmii 93

zebra 109

pUtti, Sterna 863,859

pileatus, Dryncopus 107

Jhjlatomm 107

Pious (Dryotomus) 107

Pilumnus ini

Pilumnus ruber 101

thyroideus 106

varius 103

Pinieola 409,408

Pi nicola americana 410

canadensis 410

pinicola, Bubo 49

pinguis, Motacilla 293

pinus, Certhia 254

Chrysomilris 425,419

Dendroica 277,266

Fringilla 425

ndminlhophaga .254, 253

Linaria 425

Ehimamphus 277

Sylvia 254

Sylvicola 277

Tbryothorus 277

pipiens, Anthus 232

Fipiloaberli 516,511

arctica 513

arcticus 514, 511

ater -. 512

clilorurus 519,511

erythropMhalmus 512,521

fusca . 517

fuscus 517, 511

megdonyx 515,511

mesoUucu) 518,511

oregonua 513, 512

rufipileus 519

pipiri, Tyranniis 171

Pipra elegantissima 304

galericulata 304

poiyglotta 248

piscatrix, Aquila 44

pitiayumi, Compsothlj'pis 237

Parula 237

Sjlvia 237

Pitylua cardinalis — 509

guttatus 498

rnKL'.

Pitylus lazulus 502

plancus, Fali-o 45

PlancsticiiB niigrnturus 218

planiceps, Arcbibutco 32

I'latalea 6SG

Platalea ajaja .. 686

incarnata 686

PlaUileidat 652,686

plalycerau, Sdmpliorus 135

Trochilus 135

platypterus, Sparvius. 29

Platypus mollisimus 809

platyrhynchus, Phalaropus 707

PlatyrhyncbuB pusillus 194

virescens 197

xanthopygius 187

PUdrophana 408,431

J'MrophaTUS lapponicua 433, 431

m'ccmcnii. . 437, 432

mdanomus .... 436, 431

nivalis 432,431

ornalus . .. 435,431

pidus . 444, 431

smiliii 434

Plotidac 883,818

Plotus anbinga 883

melanogaster 883

plumbea, Ardea 671

Culicivora 382

Jlijdroclididon 864

Ictinia 37

Polioplila 382,379

Sterna 864

Sylvia 237

plumheus, PsaUriparns 398, 396

plumicoUis, Tantalus 682

plumifera, Lophortyx 642

Ort.vx 642

Pordix 642

plumipcs, Falco 32

pluvialis, Charadrius 690

Podicipidae 755

Podicipinae - 891

Podiceps 891

Podiccps auritus 897

arcticus 895

brcvirostris 898

californicus 896

carolincnsis..... 898

clarkli 895

cornutus 895

cristatus 893

griscigena 892

holbiilli 892

occidentalis 894

rubricollis 892

994

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

Podiceps subcristatus 892

podiceps, Colymbus 898

Podilymbus 897

Podilymbus carolinensis 899

lineatus 898

Poecila atricapilla 390

carolinensis ... 392

luelanotis 39G

minima 397

nifescens 394

Foealoptemis 25

poliocephala, Ortalida fill

poliophaea, Grus G55

Folioplila 379

Polioptila bilineata 381

caernlea.....~ 380, 379

lembeyi 381

melanura . ...382,379

plumbm 382,379

pohjagnis, Falco 12

Pohjhcrus . 45

Polybonis taeniurus 46

iharus 45

Tulgaris 45

Mimus 344

Orpheus 344

Turdus 344

polynesiae, Totanus 734

Folysticta 801,787

Folysticta slelleri 801

pomarinus, Lestris 838

Stercorarius 838

Pomatorhinus turdinus 351

Foocaetea 447,439

Poocaetes confinis 448

gramineua 447

Poospiza - 4G9,440

Poospiza belli 470

Ulineata 470

popetue,Caprimulgus 151

Chordeiles 151

poi-phjTio, Gallinula 75.'!

Porphyrio americanns 753

cyanicoUis 753

martinica 753

tavoua 753

Forphi/rula 753, 74 (i

Porzana 748, 74(j

Parzana caroliruL 749

jamaicmm 749

novoboracensirf - 750

pracdatoriuB, Sturnus 52C

pratemii, Orex 751

Embcriza 488

Grus 055

Posscrina....... 450

Pago.

praiincola, Sirix 48

prcsaga, Diomedea 822

principalis, Campcphilus 81

Dendrocopus-- ... 81

Dryocopus 81

(Megapicus) Dry otomua 8 1

Picus 81

Prionites 161

Prionitea caeruliceps 161

caeruleocephal us 161

Prionitidae 155, 161

Froallaridae 820,819

Procellaria 831,824

Procellaria anglorum 834

buUockii 830

capensis 828

cinerea 835

fuliginosa 830

fureata 829

gigantea 825,824

ghmalis 825,824

liaesitata.... 827

hyemalis 825

leacliii 830

lencorrhoa .. 830

major 833

melania 830

melanonyx 831

melanura 835

melitensis 831

meridionalis 827, 824

obscura 835

oceanica 831

orientalis 829

OBsifraya . 825

pacificu 826,824

pelagica 831

puffimis 833,834

ccapulata 830

temuTOstris 826,824,831

ProceUarinae 824,820

Prn^/ie.---.. 314

Prugue clialybea 315

dominicensis.. 923

purpurea 314

Prosobonia 739,745

rriilonotaria 239

I'rolonotari't cilrca 239

protonotarius, Conipsothlypis .. 239

nilinaia 239

lU-liiiithtTus 239

MotJicilla 239

Sylvia 239

Vcrmivora 239

psnftria, Cliri/mmiiri) ..422, 4 19

I'Kaltria llaviocpH 400

Pagi;.

Psaltria melanotis 396

Psaltrja minima 397

personata 396

Paallriparua 395

I'saltriparus nulanolis 396

minimm 397,396

personatus 395

pluitibeus 398,396

Psarinae , 164, 163

Psaris aglaiae 164

Psarocolius auricollis 549

baltimore 54 8

caudacutus 522

cyanocephalus 552

flavigaster 545

gubernator. 529

meUmocephalus 543

pecoris 524

perspicillatus 531

pliouniceus 526

Pscudoprocne . 110

Psilarhinus 591

Psilorhinus cyanocephalus 574

mexicanus 592

morio 592

Psittaca carolinensis 67

Psittaddae . .-- -- 66, 65

psittacula, Alca. 910

Plialeris 910

Psittacus carolinensis 67

ludovicianus 67

pascha 66

Pterocyanea 779

Ptcrocyanea caeruleata 780

discors 779

raOlesii 780

Plilogonidinae 318

Flilogonys 319

Ptilogonj's ciuorcus 319

nitens 320

townsendii 321

rtilopteri 755

Pty chorliamphus aleutic us 910

puhescens, Picus 83

Picus (Dendrocopus). 87
Picus ('lYicliopic'Us) . . 87

Fufinui 832,834,821

Puffmus anglorum 834, 8.33

arcticua 834

cinereus 835, 834, 8,t3

fuUginostvi 834, 832

hacsitata 358

rhcitiiinieii 835

major 833,-832

ohseurus 835,833

pudimiB, Procellaria . 833, 834

SYSTEMATIC IN'DrX OF SCIKNTIFIC XAMKS.

01)5

Pngc.

pu(;niKJi, iliuheti' j 737

Philomaehia . . 737

Trinpi 737

pulveruli'ntua, Tetanus 734

puniila, Syhia 300

Sylvu-olii 306

ptimilia, Svlvnnin 293

piiiictatii. Anlitta 673

puniiva, Krin^illa 497

purpurntua, Quigcalus 5r>5

ptiqjurea, Erythrospiza 412

Fringilla 412

Hacmorrhous 411

Gmciila . 555

Hirundo 3U

Progne 315

purpurau. Carpodacua 412,111

Quisoalus 553

pii^illa, Embcriza 473

Fringilla 472

Loxia -426

Muscicapa 194

Pelidna 721

Scolopax 722

SUia 377,374

SpizeUa 473,471

Sylvania 293

Sylvia 271

Sylvicola 238

Tringa 721,724

Tyrannula 198

Tyrannus 194

Wilsonia 293

ptuilluf, Empidonax 194,192

MyioctoDUs 293

Myialiodes 293,291

riaty rhjTichiis 194

Spinites 473

pyirargns, Falco .- 43

pt/ijmaea^ Sitta - 378, 374

Vyranga 300

J'jfranga afjiiva ; 301,300

azarac 302

erj'throcephala. 303

erythromelas 300

erythropis 303

fix>Dtalis 415

hepatica 302,300

ludoviciana 303,300

rub,a 300

rubriceps 303

Eoirac 302

Pyrpisoma biarcuata 512

Pyiicita arctica 514

I'l/Toctphaliui 201

Pyroct-'phaliis iiauus 201

Pag<>.

PyrocepUalus rubinrus 201

pyirhoptorus, Coooyxus 76

Pyrrhula cDudeator 410

Iiicluviciaoa 497

PjTrhuliiiota haemorrhoa 417

Pyrrhdoiia 507,491

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata 508

pythaules, Stiix 49

Q.

Querqittdula 779,772,777

QucrqueJuIa cacruleata 780

carolinensis 777

crecca — 778

cyanoptera . 780,779

dixcors . 779

quenila, Fringilla 462

Muscicapa 197

Zmotrichia 462,458

querulus, Picug.. 96

Picus (Phrenopicus) 96

quigcala, Graciila 555

QuUcaUnae 550

Quixatta . 553

Quitealua baritua 550

breweri 552

crassirostris 55 G

fernigineus 551

macrouna 554

mai'or 555

nitens 555

purpuratus 555

purpurcus 555

versicohr 555

quiscaluB, Chalcophanes 555

E.

rafflesii, Anas - 780

Pterocyanea 780

Kallcae 745

EalUnae 746

Rdlus 746,745

Eallus aquaticus 748

ardeoides . 657

carolinus 749

crepitfim 747,746

crex 751

degam 740

gigantcus - 657

gigas 657

jamaiccnsis 749

limicola 748

longirostris 747

noveboracensis 750

ruficoUis 750

rythirliynchos 748

sUdidus 749

Rattiu virginiamts 7 18

nipax, Muscicapa 190

Ita/itorea 3,2

rara, Sylvia 280

Vormivora 280

Ratorta 593,2

rathbonia, Sylvia 282

Sylvicola 282

RecurviroMra . 703

Recurvirostra americana . 703

himantopua 704

occideiitidia 703

Reairviroslridae 703,689

rediviva, Harpes.. 349

Toxostoma 349

redivivua, Ihrporhjnchua 349,348

Arcliibutco 34

rcgalis, Falco 15

rtgia. Sterna 859,858

rcgius, Tballasscua 859

Regidinae . . 226

Reguloidce calendula 226

Regulm 226

Rcgulua calendula ..... 220

cristatus . 227

cuvieri 228,226

mystaccus . 241

rubineus 226

lalrapa 227,226

tricolor 227

regulus, Sylvia 227

republicana, Hirundo 309

resplendens, Pbalacrocorax ..... 88 1

rex, Muscicapa 171

liliimamphus 263

Khimamplius aesti vug 282

blackbiirniae . 274

canadensis 271

CiUitaneus 276

citrinus 282

coronatus . 272

discolor 290

maculosa 284

maritinius -- 286

nigrescens 270

pensilis 289

pinus . 277

ruacapillus 288

Btriatus 280

virens -. 207

Rhodostethia 841

Khodostethia rosea — 856

Rhyacophilus mlUarius 733

Rhynclwphanea 423

Rhynchophilus 733, 728

Rljyucophilus cUloropygius 733

996

SYSTEMATIC IKDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAllES.

Page.

Ehynchaspis 781

Bliyncliaspis clypeata 781

labradoia 803

Rhynchopinae 865, 837

RhyiKhops 866

EhyitchopsiUa pachyrhyncha 66

richardsonii, Contopus 189,186

Lestris 839

Muscicapa 189

Kyclale 57

Tetrao 620

Tyranniila 189

ridibundus, Laiiis 850

ringuia, Uria 914

ringvia, Uria 914

riparia, Cotyle 313,312

Hirundo 313

Kissa 841,853

Riem hremroslris 855

kotzbuei 855

nivea 855, 854

teptentrionalis 854

iridaciylus 854

lissa, Larus 854

roscoe, Sylvia 241

Tiichas 241

rosea, Loxia 497

Ebodostetbia 856

roseus, Larus 856

rossii, Larus 856

rostrata, Emberiza 446

roiitratus, Ammodramus 446

Paiserculus 446,442

Rostrliamus 38

Eostrhamus nigcr 38

sociabilis 38

Eubecula carolinensis caerulea. . 222

rubens. Anas 781

Anthus 232

ruber, Basileuterus - 296

Eudocimug Cn'i

Melanerpes.. 104

J'liomkopterm 6H7

Picus 104

Pilumnus 101

Sphyrnpicui 104

Tantiilus - 683

Trochilus 134

rabida. Anas 811

£ri>matura 811

Fuligula 811

nibidus, Cbaradrius 723

mbiginosa, Molacilla 306

mbioeus, Miisticapa 201

ryroctplialiu 201

Page.

rubineus, Eegulus 226

rubra, Alauda 232

CuTdtllina 296

Ibis (!S3

Muscicapa 201

Phoenicosoma 300

Phoenisoma 300

Pyranga 300

Setophaga 296

Tanagra 300

rubricapilla, Helinaia 256

Helmitheros 256

Eelminthopbaga.. 256

Sylvia 256

Vermivora 256

rubricapill us, Picus 84

rubricatus, Colaptes 120

Picus 120

rubricollis, Coccol hraustes 497

Podiceps 8: 2

rubrifrons, Cardellina 306

Muscicapa 306

rubrigularis, Melanerpes 105

rufa, Alauda 403,232

Ardea 662

Demiegntla 662,660

Hirundo 308

Tringa... 715

rufescens, Ardea 662

Egretta 662

Herodias.- 662

Poecila 394

Farus 394,388

Tringa 739

TryngUes 739

ruficapiUa, Helminthophaga 251, 253

Motacilla 282

Sylvia 282,256

Sylvicola 288

ruficapillus, Rhimamphus 288

ruficaudus, Accipter 25

ruficcps, Ammodramus 486

Peucata 486,484

ruCcoUis, Egretta 663

llorodias 653

Pbalaropus 706

Itallus 750

Tringa 719

rufidorsis, Fringilla . 465

rufifrom, llasilculerua . 290

Setophaga 296

rufigularis, Faloo 10

rufina, Emberiza 480

Melufjiha 480,477

Pauscrella 480

Fate

ruDpileuB, Kieneria 519

Pipilo 519

rufitorques, Anas 792

Fuligula 792

rvjhirgaia, Emheniagra . 487

rufopalliatus, Turdus 218

rufum, Toxostoma 353

rnfus, Caprimulgus 147

HarporhyiichM 353

Methriopterus 348

Mimus 353

Numenius 744,742

Orpheus 353

Phalaropus 707

Selasphorns 134

Trochilus 134

Turdus 353

rugirostra, Crotopbaga 71

rupestris, Attagen 635

Lagopus. ..... 635, 633

Tetrao 635

russeicauda, Sylvia 306

rustica. Anas 797

Hirundo 308

Rusticola minor 709

ruticilla, Muscicapa 297

Setophaga 297

Sylvauia 297

Eynchops fulva ... 866

nigra 806

rythirhynchos, Eallus 748

s.

sabiiti, Bonasa 631,629

Larus 857

Tetrao 631

Xema 857

Sagmatorhina lathaiuii.. 904

saliceti, Tetrao 633

solitaria, Columba 599

Salpincles 357, 354

Salpinctes mcxicanus 356

murarius 356

obsoMus 357

samuelis, Ammodramus 455

sanblasianus, Garrulus 592

fandijohannia, ArchibuUo 33

sandwicbensis, Emberiza 444

Piaserculm .-444, 442

Siintacruzii, Centurus 110

sapiti, Cbordeiles 154

sasashew, Totanus 7.il

sjwin, Ornysmitt - 1.14

talrtipa, Regulm ....... 227,227

^ .-^ _t _^ .

iH dl» U

I* •• — •*■

Sl^CTX^*^a^A■1Q^c^Jl,¥ !!W4i

sig

S19

19!

m

353

111

3i3

m

35J

3S3

HI
13!
l!i

a

II
(35
S,t3S
(35
31t
1)1
3«8
ID!
J!I
!)I

H8

,t31,B

,. 851

,. (31

.. 851

,. 104

.. (33

.. !>'

.3ii,3i4

.. 3Sf

355

351

455

5)!

.j}(,M2

1"

.. 15*

.. '3'

IJi

/.-.■.■«M»'j iivAvrrtUNS* •W'*^:-.-.' V- -•yrt»«>i£M<»Sa»«>*s'

SySTEMATIO INDKX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

999

S/erna ]>liiliulil[iliiii...... 8">2

plumbi-a S6i

rtyia 858,859

stolida 8Cj

(ruJaiui 858, 8(!1

vilioni 859, 861

Stemindt 837,858

atolMa, Steraii 805

HUithu, Aitous 8C5

MfKaloptorus 8G4

ItiUlus 749

strenua, Ciillipeplii 646

Btropeni, Anng..... 782

CfiauMitsntiiK . 7S2

Ktinorhynchus 782

Strqisilas 701

Strepsilns collaris 701

interpra 701

mclanoceplmlus 702

striala, Daidroica 2fi5, 280

striata, Motacilla 280

Muscieapa . 280

Sylvia 280

Sylvicola 280

Tringa 717

striatas, Accipiter 18

Bilbo 51

Ehimanphus 280

Btrigatiis, Ohondestes 456

Slrigidae 3,47

Striginae . 47

striolatas, Astur 35

Slriaora 2,128

Strobilophaga 409

struthio, Grus Co4

Struthus atrimentalis 476

caniccps 468

hyemalis 468

oregonus 4Gfi

Slrix 47

Strixacadica 58

acadiensis 58

acclamator 56

albifrons 57

aiiicricana 47,53

arctica 63

asio 51

brachyotus 64

califomica 60

Candida . 63

cinerea 56

cunicularia 60

dalhousiei 58

doliata 61

emiinea . 6.'i

frontalis 57

Pa JO.

Strix funortii 01

hudeuDJu 61

liypuKnea 59

infusoala 62

maKrIIanicus 49, 50

nebiilosa 56

naciirutu ■1!),50

naevia 51

nivca 63

nyctea 63

passerina 58

passerinoidcg 62

perigrinator 63

pratincola 47

pythaules 49

Bcandiaca 49,50

taigmalmi , 57

ulula C4

varius 56

virginianus 19

stulta, Sitta 376

Stunulla :i21,535

Sturnella collavis 535

defilcppii 534

hippocrepis 531,537

ludo^iana 536

magna 535

neglecta 537

Sturmis collaris 535

junceti 524

ludovicianus 535

militaris 533

obscurus 524

praedatorius 526

vulgaris 521

suarbeg, Uria 913

subarcticus, Bubo 4 11

subarquata, Ancylochcilus 718

Piilidna 718

Scolopax 718

Tringa 718

subbntn, Momotus IGl

subis, Hirundo 314

suckleyi, Cerorbiua 906

Larus 842,848

Sulaalba 871

amcricaua 871

bassana . 871

fusca 872

sula, Pelicanus 871

sulfurascens, Sciurus 261

sulfureiventer, Centurus 111

8uperciUosa, Cyanocitta 584

Dendroica 266, 289

Motacilla 289

Phaleris 908

P.iSf.

Siimla 04

Siimia iituln..... fit

twauuonii, Buleo 19,20

Hflinnlu 252

J/clmitliaw 251,252

Sylvia 252

Sylvicola 252

Tardus L'I0,J10

Vermivora 252

Virco 336

Sylbeocyclus carolinensis 898

Sylvia acstiva 282

agilis 246

albicollis 282

americana 238

anthoides 2(11

arctica 224

iirgyrotis 296

audiibnnii 273

auricollis 306

aurocapillus 260

autumnalis 276

ozurca 280

biichmanl 255

bifasciata 280

blackburniae 274

cacrulea 280

cacrulea 380

caerulescens . 271

calendula 226

cana *380

canadensis 271

caniicapilla 243

carbonata 287

carolinensis 306

castanea 276

celata 257

cbildreni 282

cbivi 333

chrysoptera 255

citrinella 282

corouata 272

cucuUata. 243

decurtata 305

delafieldii 245

discolor 290

domestica 367

flava 282

flavicollis 289

flavifrons 2J5

formosa 247

fulva 306

griBeicolIis 306

halseii 922

icterocepbala 279

incana 306

lateralis 274

lOOT

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

Sylvia leucogastra 256

leucoptera 271

leucoptera 305

ludoviciana... 30G

macgillivrayi. 24'1

macropus 271

maculosa 284

magnolia .,-- 284

marilandlca 241

maritima 286

mexicana... . 256

miniata 296

minuta 290

minuta 293

mitrata 292

montana 278

nashvillei 256

nigrescens 270

noveboracensis 261

occidentalis 223

ochroleuca 306

olivacea 305

palmarum 288

palustris 271

pardallna 274

parus 274

pennsylvanica.. 279

pensilis 289

peregrina 258

• petechia 288

petasodes .. 2S3

Philadelphia 243

pimis 254

pinus 277

pitiayumi 237

pluiubea . 237

protonotarius 239

pusilla 233

pusilla... 271

piimila - 306

rara 280

rathbonia 282

regulug — 227

roficoe 241

rubricapilla 256

ruficapilla 256.282

nis.seicauda .- 306

Bcmitorquata 306

fiialis 222

Bolitaria 254

sphagnosa -- 271

striata 280

gwainsonii 252

tiieniata 305

tcnncesaei 258

Page.

Sylvia tigrina 261

tigrina 278

tigrina 286

tolmici 244

torquata 238

townsenclii 269

trichas.. 241

troglodytes 369

raria 235

velata 243

venusta 237

vermivora , 252

vigorsii 277

virens 267

wilsonia 293

xanthoroa 272

Syl vania bonaparti 295

caerulea 380

mitrata 292

pumilia 293

pusilla 293

ruticilla.. 297

sylvatica, Anas 777

sylvestris, Gallopavo 615

Meleagris 615

Troglodytes 368

Sylvlcola 237,263

aestiva . 282

agilis 246

americana .- 238

audubonii 273

auricoUis 306

bachmani ... 255

blackburniae.- 274

caerulea 280

canadensis ... 271

carbonata 287

castanea 276

celata 257

chry Boptcra 255

coronata 272

discolor 290

formosa 247

icteroccphala 279

kirtl.andii 286

maculosa . . 284

maritima . 286

montana 278

nigrescens 270

occidentalis.. 268

olivacea 305

pannosa 271

parus 274

pardalina.. 274

peusilia . 289

rage.

Sylvicola peregrina. 258

petechia 288

pumila. 306

pinus 277

pusilla 2.38

rathbonia. 282

rubricapilla 256

ruficapilla 288

striata 280

golitaria. 254

Bwainsonii 252

taeniata . ., . 305

townscndii 269

varia 235

vermivora 252

virens 267

sylvicola, Muscicapa 341

Sjihicoleae 259,234

Sylvkolidae ...231,231

Si/lvicoplinae. 234

Sijmphemia 729,728

Symphemia atlantica ... 729

semipalmata ■ 729

Si/rninae .. . 55

Si/rnium . . 55

Syrinum cinereum 56

nebulosum 56

Synthliborhamplus antiqims 916

T.

Tachypetes aquilus .- 873

Tachypetinae 48

Tachycineta bicolor 310

thalassina Sll

Tachjtriorchu 31

Tadorna nivca . 760

taeniata, Sylvia 305

Sylvicola 305

taeniurus, Polyborus 46

Tanagra aestiva 301

caniicapella 243

columbiaua. . 303

cyanca. 505

lu<loviciana. 303

mississlppicnsis. 301

olivacea. ...... 248

rubra 300

variegata. 301

Tanagrinac . 279

Taiildiilae 081 , 652

Taiitnlinai' . 6S1

T.inlnliis 682,681

Tantalus alliuK 684

coco 684

cphouskyca. 681

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

1001

Tantalus fufscus 6S3

mexicanus 68S

luiiiutiis ...... 683

toailator 082

pictiig . 681

jilmuioUis 682

riilier 6S3

tavoaa, Porpli jrio 753

Tclniatoilytos 364

Telmatodytesarundinaceus 304

bewickii 363

tomcnirins, Falco . . 8

tenne««aei, Sylvia 258

Wnuirostris, Procellaria...826,824,831

Suiurus 261

tqAnxolis, LeucoflicU 4'j()

Trichas 240

tctracula, Alca 907

Tdmo 020,619

Tetrao albus 633

canace 622

Tkrao omadeiuU 022,620,623

californicus - 644

cristata 646

cupiJo 628

falcipcnnis .. 623

Telrao franklini 623, 620

fusca 623

guttata 647

lagopus. .633,637

leucurus 636

marilaudicus 640

minor 640

mutus.. 637

obtcunia . 620

phasianellus. 624,626

ricliardsoQii 620

rupcstris 635

sabinii. -- 031

saliceti 633

togatus 030

tympanxis. 030

umbelloides 630,925

umbelluB 631,630

urogallus 626

urophasianus 626, 624

virginianus 640

tetraoidcs, Columba 608

Tdraonidae 619,609

Tetrastes 629

texanus, Oriyz ..641,640

taeiaU, Chordates 154

Fringilla 423

Thalassarche 822

Thakaadroma 828,824

Thalassidroma cinerea 829

12G b

PtlfiO .

l'bulaKsidn>iiia fregottu 832

fuTcat.1 829

tiurnhyi 829

Uachii 830, 829

mdttnia 830, 829

orioDtiilis 829

pdiiffiea 831,829

triUonii 831, H29

Tbalasscus clcgans 860

reglu6 859

thala$sina, Chclidon 311

l/irundo 311

Tachycineta 311

Petrochelidoii 307

Th.imnophilus agllis 333

tliarus, I'aloo 45

J'oli/boruf,. 45

thoracicus, Faleo 10

Thalassoica glacialoides 826

Thriolhorus i. 359, 304

Thriolhonis bewickii 363, 360

herlanditri 362, 360

ludovicianus 361,360

maculipectus 300

thyroideus, Melanerpes 100

Picas 100

rilummis 100

Sphyrapicm 100

Thryotjionis 359

Thryothorus arundinaceus 361, 364

bewickii 363

guttulatus 350

latifasciatus 337

leucogastra 363

littoralis 361

louisianae ... 361

ludovicianus , 361

mexicanus 356

obsoletus 357

palustris 304

pinus 277

torquata 238

tigrina, Dendroica 286, 266

Motacilla 280

Sylvia 201

Sylvia 286

Tinnunadut . . 13

togatus, Tetrao 630

tolmiei, Sylvia. 244

Trichas 244

torda, Alca 901

torquata, Anser 767

Ardea. 076

Sylvia 238

Thryothorus 238

torquatus, Bernicla 767

Pn«".

torquatuB, CbaradriuR 692

IJiitriiinicus 799,798

Mrhmerpn 115,112

Pious 1!5

Totjineao 727

lUaninai ~ i'

Tolaoug birtrainius 737

brevipes 734

campeBtrig.. 737

chloropygius 733

crassirostris 729

flavipos 732

fullgino.sHS 734

fuscocapillus 732

glareola 733

glottis 730

macroptcra 733

macularius 735

melanoleucus 731

melanopygius 737

natator . 732

oceanieus 734

polyncsiae 734

pulveruleutus 734

sasasUew 731

Bemipalmatus 729

solitarius 733

gpeculiferus 729

variegatus 737

vociferus . 731

Totipalrai 866

Toxostoma 348

Toxostoma curvirostris 351

dorsalis 923

lecontii . 350

longirostre 352

rediviva 349

rnfuiu ...... .. 353

vetula 351

townscndii, Aphriza 698

Cinclus 229

Culicivora 321

Dendroica 209,265

Emberiza . ..... 495

Eu.'ijyiza 495,494

Fringilla 489

Hacmatopus . 700

Myiadtsta . 321

PassereUa 489,488

Phalacrorax 880

Ptiliogonys . 321

Sylvia 209

Sylvicola 269

Uria 915

Tracheophones 155

trachyrhynchus, Garrulus 590

1002

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OP SCIENTIFIC NAIIES.

Pago.

trachyrhynchTiB, Pelicanus 868

trailli, Empidonax 193,192

Muscicapa 193

Tyranuula 193

Tyrannua 193

Trichas 2t0

Trichas agilis 246

brachydactyla 241

caniicephala 243

delafieUUi 243

macgillivrayi 244

marilandica 241

personatus 241

Philadelphia 243

roscoe 241

tephrocotis 246

tolmici 244

velatus - 243

trichas, Ficedula 241

Geothhjph 241,240

Sylvia 241

Turdus 241

Trichopiais ... ^3

tricolor, Agtlaius 530, 526

Guiraca 498

Icterus 530

Ornysmia 135

Kegulus 227

tridactyla, Tringa 723

Tridactylia 79

tridactylus, Larus 854

Picus 98

PIcus (Apternus) 98

Eissa 845

Tringa 715,713,713

Tringa alpina, var. americana 719

arenara 723

arquatella 717

audubonii 726

australis 715

bartramia 737

bre virostrlB 724

honapartii . 722

borealis C98

campestris 720

earaitm 715

cinclus 719

cinclus 722

cinerea 715

cooperi 71G

douglawii 726

ferruginua 715

fulicarin 7(i7

fuRca 706

glocialig 707

glareola 734

Page.

Tringa helvetica . 697

hiaticula 694

himantopiig... . 725

hyperborea 70G

interpres 701

islandica... 715

longioauda 737

lobata 706

macularia .. 735

nuKulala . .. 720

vinritima — ... 717

minutilla 721

morinella .. 701

naevia 715

nigricans 717

ocbropus . 733

pectoralis 720

pugnax 738

pusilla . . 724

pusilla . 721

rufa 715

rufescens 739

ruacollis 719

schinzii 722

Bchinzii 719

semipalmata . . 727

solitaria ..... 733

striata 717

squafcirola > 697

mhnrqiiata 718

tridactyla 723

variabilis 719

virgata 698

wilsonii . 721

Tringeae 713,708

Triugltes 739

Tringoides 735,728

Tringoides bartramius 737

viaciilarius 735

tringoides, Calidris . 723

tristis, Astragalinus 421

Carduelis 421

Chrysomitrix 421,419

Fringilla 421

Trochilidae 128

Trochihis 131,129

Trochilus alezandri l.'!8

anna 137

(Atthis) anna 1 37

coUaris 134

colubris 131

ictcroccphaltis 137

mango l.'iO

platycercuB 135

ruber 134

rufiis 134

Pajc.

Trochilus sitlcenBis .. 134

Troglodytes . .... 366

Troglodylcs aedon 367

albicoUis 356

amcricamts . . . 368

arundinaceus 361

bewickii 363

brevirostris 365

europaeus 3G9

fulvus 367

furvus 367

hyemalis . 369

ludovicianus 361

leucogastra 363

mexicanus 356

murarius 356

obsoletus ... 357

palustris 364

parkmanni 367

parvulus 369

spilurns 363

Btellaris 365

Bylvestris 368

troglodytes, Motacilla 361

Sylvia 369

Troghdyiinae 859

TVogon Tnadcamis 69

Trogonidae 69,65

troile, uria 914

Colymbus 914

troivhridgii, PcliontUa ... 806,804

trudeaui, Columba 603

Sterna 861,858

Trupialis 538,521

Trupialis niilitaris 533

Tryngites 739

Tryngites rufescens 739

Turdidae 207,204

Turdinae 207

turdinus, Pomatorhinus 351

Turdus 208,207,211

Turdus aliciae 217,210

aonalast'hka . 213

aqiiaticus 261

ater 547

aurocapillus . 260

brunnvus . 216

canadensis 218

carolincnsiB 346

coronatus 260

felivox 346

fusmccm 211,210

fuscuB 216

guttntns 212

Turdus liudsoniuB 615

jugularia 647

:jt<^K«&iiM'

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139

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351

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SYSTEMATIC INDEX OP 6CIENTIFIC NAMES.

1005

wilKonii, Falco 29

Fulica 751

Gallimigo 710

Mcrultt 216

Myio(liocU-8 293

Vhalitropiis , . 705

I'icus 93

Picus (Trichopiciis) 93

Occanitcs 831

Scolo|>ax 710

SiUiplinyii 293

Siiiliii 222

S<iuntarola 697

Slema 861,859

Thalassidroma 831,829

Tringa 721

Turdus 214

mUoniut, Aegialilis 693

Chariulrius 693

Octhodromus 693

aoUweberi, Lophophana 386,383

woodhomii, Cyanocitta 585, 584

wrangcli, Brachynimphus 917

wrightii, Empidonax 200

vniTdemannii, Ardea 669, 667

X.

Xema 857,841

Xenta sabinii ... 857

xauthocheilus, Cbaradrius 690

Santhxephalus 53 1,521

P«|[C.

Xanthoctphalua icteroetphaliu 53 1

IKTspiiilliitus 631

xantboccpkulus, Agi-Iaius 531

Icterus 531

xontlioraaschalis, Fringilla 1 98

xantliop));ius, Platyrliyncluis .. IS7

XanthoruuB alliuis . 517

bullockii... 549

iiiclaDoccpbalas..543, 542

mexicanus . 550

parisoriim 511

xantboroa, Sylvia 272

Xanthoura . 589, 575

Xaiitboura guatcinalcnsis...... 589

luxuosus 589

peruviana.. 587

Xmopicu3 83

Y.

yarrelli, Carduelis 42 1

ChrysomUris 421,418

Yphantes baltimore 548

Eolitaria.. 547

yucas, Cyanocorax 589

z.

zebra, Picus 109

Zelirapicus 108

Zebrapicus kaupii 111

Zenaida 602,601

Zenaida amabilis 602

Pae.-.

Zenaida auritn . 602

leiicoplera 603

martinicaim 602

niuiitana 607

zenaida, Columl)a . C02

Xtnaidinac .. 60 1, 595

Zenaidura ... 603, 601

Zenaidura cJiroliuensis 601

marKinella. 601

/.onarius, I'asserculus 482

zonorbyncbus, Gavina 81(i

Larus 846

Zonotrichia 457

Zunutrkhia albiccllia ..463, 458

cassinii 485

cblorura 519

cincrea 480

comata 162

coronala... 401, 458

fallax 481

fasciata 481

gambelii i 60, 158

gramiuea.. 447

guttata 480

leucophrys 458

leucophrys . 460

melodia 477

monticola 472

pennsylvauica 463

guerulu 462,458

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