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The beautiful is as useful as the useful.— Victor Hugo.

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i CONTENTS. Page.
‘ A BABY HERON (Rest H. Metcalf) : i ; ‘ ; : ; 49
aa THE KILLDEER [Illustration] - : 4 3 . : a 50
tin COTTON TEXTILES Il. (W.E. Watt, A.M.) : P : , y 53
CINNAMON TEAL [Iffustration] 5; : ; : : : i 59
A SCRAP OF PAPER (Elanora K. Marble) A | ; b i 3 59
THE CLAPPER RAIL [Illustration] . 4 a . y : “ 62
THE SWINGING LAMPS OF DAWN [Poem] (Rev. C. C. Woods : 1 62
THE LATE DR. ELLIOTT COUES (C.C. Marble) ‘ et aie : 65
phir BOBBY’S COTTONTAIL (Granville Osborne) . A Sh eh aay 3 a 67
bi THE COUNTRY, THE COUNTRY (A. P. Russell), ene USER Ni 68
i THE GOPHER [Illustration] . . . ot) ee : : 2) ty 73
i} HANS AND MIZI (Dr. Albert Schneider) BAW incon (een : : | "a B72
£ GEOGRAPHY LESSONS .- ; : 4 : f . : - #73
e i THE MINK ([lIllustration] . F : I ahi Ais Ch: os yd 74
i; THE NEW SPORT (John Winthrop Scott) SONAR fc SOS aN saan! Sah
Pies MOLE CRICKET LODGE (Bertha Seavey Saunier) Ah ee A late 78
ie SNOW BIRDS (Louis Honore Forechette) - . Pa ni caret” Ait ‘ 79
ih VEGETATION IN THE PHILIPPINES { J s , t ; 80
f MINERALS CONTAINING CARBON (Theo. F. Brookins) [Illustration] . : 83
; FEBRUARY . : : , { f f ; ; : : 85
y LICORICE (Dr. Albert Schnetder) [Iflustration] - 3 ‘ - : ‘ 86
ts A WINTER WALK IN THE WOODS (Anne W. Jackson) ; is ik 90 :
Rear |") THE SCARLET PAINTED CUP (Prof. W. K. Higley) i : 4 , 92
r THE YOUNG NATURALIST . : , : K k : i 95
Bee an WASHINGTON’S MONUMENT (George P. Morris) .- . i 5 : 96
EpbITeED BY C. C. MARBLE.

ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.

"
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Py ae
iu ath |’ )
4
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_ BIRDS AND ALL NATURE.

MONTHLY—SEPTEMBER TO JUNE.

Iiustrated by Golor Photography.

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MAGAZINES for 1897 (12 Nos.), $2.00: single num-
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BOUND VOLUMES If, II, III, IV, V, VI, each
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20c. a Copy, Vol. Il. Begins
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A Bi-monthly [lagazine Devoted to the Study and Protection of Birds.
‘‘ The bonniest little Magazine ever put together on the subject.”’

Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN.

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AUDUBON SOCIETIES.

Audubon Department Edited by MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT.

NEARLY EVERY prominent American writer on birds in nature writes for BIRD-LORE,
among its contributors being JOHN BURROUGHS, Dr. HENRY VAN DYKE, BRADFORD TORREY,
OLIVE THORNE MILLER, FLORENCE A. MERRIAM, ANNIE TRUMBULL, SLOSSON, EDITH M.
Tuomas, J. A. ALLEN, WILLIAM BREWSTER, R. KEARTON, ROBERT RIDGWAY, ERNEST
SETON THOMPSON, and many others.

In addition to general descriptive articles, fresh from the fields, BIRD-LORE has de-
partments ‘‘ For Teachers and Students,’ wherein are given useful hintsin bird-study, and
** For Young Observers,’’ designed to develop the love for birds inherent in all children.
These, with reviews of current ornithological literature, editorials, and reports of the work
of the Audubon Societies, make a magazine which no bird lover can do without.

NOT LESS delightful and entertaining than the text will be BIRD-LORE’S illustrations.
They are not made from stuffed specimens or even drawings, but from actual photographs
of the birds in their haunts showing them at rest or in motion, brooding their eggs, or feed-
ing their young; in fact, the best possible substitutes for the birds themselves.

Among many interesting and valuable features for 1900 will be a series of papers on
methods of teaching ornithology by instructors who have made a specialty of this branch
of nature-study, and there will beestablished an ADVISORY COUNCIL, designed to place stu-
dents in direct communication with an authority on the birds of their region, composed of
over 50 prominent ornithologists, residing throughout the United States and Canada, who
have consented to respond to requests for information and advice.

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FOR THE SCHOOL AND HOME.

BOUND VOLUMES I, II, III, IV, V, VI, each 8vo, 244 pages, from 40 to 60 colored pictures, 8x10
inches. Cloth, $1.50; Half Morocco, $1.75; Full Morocco, $2.00. Combined volumes I and II, III and IV,
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Morocco. $2.50

MAGAZINES for 1897 (12 Nos.), $2.00; single numbers, containing 10 colored pictures, 20 cents. 1898 or
1899, $1.50 per year; single numbers, with 8 colored pictures, 15 cents. Special Offer—A11 of the magazines
from January, 1897, to January, 1900, for $4.50.
COLORED PICTURES, (Natural Colors) in monthly sets of ten, for 1897, each set 15 cents, or 12 sets
$1.50. For 1898, each monthly set of eight 12 cents, or 12 sets for $1.25. 1899 pictures in monthly sets of eight
each 12 cents, or entire year’s collection, 10 months, $1.00. Pictures assorted as desired, 2 centseach. No

order received for less than 20 pictures.

JANUARY, 1897.
1 Nonpareil.
Resplendent Trogon.
Mandarin Duck.
Golden Pheasant.
Australian Parrakeet.
Cock of the Rock.
Red Bird of Paradise.
Yellow-throated Toucan.
Red-rumped Tanager.
Golden Oriole.

FEBRUARY, 1897.
11 American Blue Jay.
12 Swallow-tailed Indian Roller.
13 Red-headed Woodpecker.
14 Mexican Mot Mot.
15 King Parrot.
16 American Robin.
17 American Kingfisher.
18 Blue-mountain Lory.
19 Red-winged Black Bird.
20 Cardinal, or Red Bird.

MARCH, 1897.
21 Blue Bird.
22 Barn Swallow.
23 Brown Thrasher.
24 Japan Pheasant.
25 Bobolink
26 American Crow.
27 Flicker.
28 Black Tern.
29 Meadow Lark.
30 Great Horned Owl.

APRIL, 1897.
31 Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
32 Canada Jay.
33 Purple Gallinule.
34 Smith’s Longspur.
35 American Red Crossbills.
36 California Woodpecker.
37 Pied-billed Grebe.
38 Bohemian Wax Wing.
39 Long-billed Marsh Wren.
40 Arizona Jay.

MAY, 1897.
41 Sereech Owl.
2 Orchard Oriole.
43 Marsh Hawk.
ae Scissor-tailed Fiycatcher.
46

SUMOWAUNL Wd

_

Black-capped Chickadee.
Prothonotary Warbler.
47 Indigo Bird.
48 Night Hawk.
19 Wood Thrush.
50 Cat Bird.

JUNE, 1897.
51 Yellow-throated Vireo.
52 American Mocking Bird.
53 Black-crowned Night Heron
54 Ring-billed Gull.
05 Logger-head Shrike.
56 Baltimore Oriole.
57 Snowy Owl.
58 Scarlet Tanager.
59 Ruffed Grouse.
60 Black and White Creeping
Warbler.

JULY, 1897.
61 American Kald Eagle.
62 Ring Plover.
63 Mallard Duck.
64 American Avocet.
65 Canvas-back Duck.
66 Wood Duck
67 Anhinga, or Snake Bird.
68 American Woodcock,
69 White-winged Scoter.
70 Snowy Heron, or Little Egret.

AUGUST, 1897.
71 Osprey.
72 Sora Rail.
73 Kentucky Warbler.
74 Red-breasted Merganser
7) Yellow Legs.
76 Skylark.
77 Wilson’s Phalarope.
78 Evening Grosbeak.
79 Turkey Vulture,
80 Gambel’s Partridge.

SEPTEMBER, 1897.

81 Summer Yellow Bird.

82 Hermit Thrush.

83 Song Sparrow.

84 Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

85 Ruby - throated Humming-
Bird.

86 House Wren.

87 Phoebe.

88 Ruby crowned Kinglet.

89 Mourning Dove.

90 White-breasted Nuthatch.

OCTOBER, 1897.
91 Blackburnian Warbler.
92 Gold Finch.
93 Chimney Swift.
94 Horned Lark.
95 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
96 Warbling Vireo.
97 Wood Pewee.
98 Snow Bunting.
99 Junco.
100 King Bird.

NOVEMBER, 1897.
101 Summer Tanager.
102 White-fronted Goose.
103 Turnstone.
104 Belted Piping Plover.
105 Wild Turkey.
106 Cerulean Warbler.
107 Yellow-bilied Tropic Bird.
108 European Kingfisher.
109 Vermilion Flycatcher.
110 Lazuli Bunting.
DECEMBER, 1897.
1i1 Mountain Blue Bird.
112 English Sparrow.
118 Allen’s Humming-Bird.
114 Green-winged Teal.
115 Black Grouse.
116 Flamingo.
117 Verdin.
118 Bronzed Grackle.
119 Ring-necked Pheasant.
120 Yellow-breasted Chat.

Special Offer—The complete list of pictures—312—for only $3.12

JANUARY, 1898.
121 Crowned Pigeon.
122 Red-eyed Vireo.
123 Fox Sparrow.
124 Bob White.
125 Passenger Pigeon.
126 Short-eared Owl.
127 Rose Cockatoo.
128 Mountain Partridge.

FEBRUARY, 1898.
129 Least Bittern.
130 Bald Pate Duck.
131 Purple Finch.
132 Red-bellied Woodpecker.
133 Sawwhet Owl.
134 Black Swan.
135 Snowy Plover.
136 Lesser Prairie Hen.

MARCH, 1898.
137 Black Duck.
138 Wilson’s Petrel.
139 Blue-Gray Gnat-Catcher.
140 American Coot.
141 Ivory-billed Woodpecker.
142 American Sparrow Hawk.
143 Silver Pheasant.
144 Scaled Partridge.

APRIL, 1898.
145 Ovenbird.
146 American Three-toed Wood-
pecker. :
147 Bartramian Sandpiper.
148 Nightingale.
149 Roseate Spoonbill.
150 Dickcissel.
151 Dusky Grouse.
152 Eggs, First Series.

MAY, 1898.
153 South American Rhea.
154 Baybreasted Warbler.
155 Black-necked Stilt.
156 Pintail Duck.
157 Double Yellow-headed Par-
rot.
158 Magnolia Warbler.
159 Great Blue Heron.
160 Eggs, Secend Series.

JUNE, 1898.
161 Brunnich’s Murre.
162 Canada Goose,
163 Brown Creeper.
164 Downy Woodpecker.
165 Old Squaw Duck.
166 White-faced Glossy Ibis.
167 Arkansas King Bird.
168 Eggs, Third Series.

JULY, 1898.
169 Wilson’s Snipe.
170 Black Wolf.
171 Red Squirrel.
172 Prairie Hen.
173 Butterflies, First Series
174 Gray Rabbit.
175 American Ocelot.
176 Apple Blossom.

A. W. MUMFORD, Publisher, 203 Michigan Ave., Chicago.

2

“

Le

:
e
-

BIRDS AND ALL NATURE.—Continued.

AUGUST, 1898.

JANUARY, 1899.

JUNE, 1899.

177 Wilson’s Tern. 217 Chimpanzee. 257 A Feather Changing from
173 Coyote. | 218 Puma. Green to Yellow.

179 Fox Squirrel. 219 Lemon. 258 Western Yellow-Throat

180 Loon. 220 American Mistletoe. 259 Myrtle Warbler.

181 Butterflies, Second Series. 221 Nuts. 260 Blue-winged Yellow Warbler.

182
183
184

American Red Fox.
Least Sandpiper.
Mountain Sheep.

SEPTEMBER, 1898.

222 Whippoorwill.
223 Snapping Turtle.
224 Sandhill Crane.

FEBRUARY, 1899.

261 Golden-winged Warbler.

262 Mourning Warbler.

263 Chestnut-side Warbler.

264 Black-throated Blue Warbler.
SEPTEMBER, 1899.

185 American Herring Gull. 225 Ginger. _ 265 Pointer Dog.
186 Raccoon. 226 Crab-eating Opossum. 266 Shells. FE
187 Pigmy Antelope. 227 Geographic Turtle. 267 Marbles.

188 Red-shouldered Hawk. 228 White Ibis. 268 Ores.

189 Butterflies, Third Series. 229 Tris, 269 Minerals.

190 American Gray Fox. 230 Duck-billed Platypus. 270 Water Lilies.
191 Gray Squirrel. 231 Cape May Warbler. 271 Yellow Perch.
192 Pectoral Sandpiper. 232 The Cocoanut. 272 Beetles,

OCTOBER, 1898.

MARCH, 1899.

OCTOBER, 1899.
273 Forests.

i i i 233 Tufted Titmouse.
i E L
He econ of waradixe 234 Northern Hare. 274 Grand Canon.
195 Bottle-nosed Dolphin. 235 Pineapple. 275 Terraced Rocks, Yellowstone
196 Tufted Puffin. 236 Hooded Merganser. Park.
197 Butterflies, Fourth Series. 237 Cloves. 276 Rooster and Hen.
198 Armadillo. 238 Common Ground Hog. 277 Oil Well.
199 Red-headed Duck. 239 Common Mole. 278 Polished Woods.
200 Golden Rod. 240 Azalea. 279 Brook Trout.
280 Niagara Falls.
NOVEMBER, 1898. APRIL, 1899. NOVEMBER, 13899.
201 Prairie Sharp-tail Grouse 241 Nutmeg. 281 Lady-Slipper.
202 Brown and Red Bat. 242 American Barn Owl. 282 Tea.
203 American Otter. 243 Kangaroo. 283 Towhee.
204 American Golden Plover 244 Hoary Bat. 284 Canary. j
205 Moths. 245 Nashville Warbler. 285 South Carolina Paroquet.
206 Canadian Porcupine. 246 English Grapes. 286 Chipmunk.
207 Caspian Tern. 247 Swift Fox. 287 Peach. F
208 Flowering Almond. 248 Hyacinth. 288 commen Minerals and Valu-
able Ores.
DECEMBER, 1898. MAY, 1899. DECEMBER, 1899.
209 African Lion. 249 Cedar Waxwing. 289 Narcissus.
210 Cacti. 250 Hyrax. 290 Coca. _
211 Flying Squirrel. 251 Coffee. 291 Red-tailed Hawk.

212
213

Humming-Birds.
Silkworm.

252 Bonaparte’s Gull.
253 Comation Baboon.

292 Maryland Yellow-Throat.
293 Lyre Bird.

294 Cow Bird.
295 Wild Cat.
296 European Squirrel.

FEBRUARY, 1900.
305 Killdeer.
306 Cinnamon Teal.
307 Clapper Rail.
308 Gopher.
309 Mink.
310 Carbons.
. 311 Licorice.
312 Yellow Ladcy-Slipper and Painted Cup.

254 Grinnell’s Water Thrush.
255 Hairy-Tailed Mole.
256 Cineraria.

JANUARY, 1900.
297 Virginia Rail.
298 Blue-winged Teal.
299 Yellow-headed Blackbird.
300 Black Squirrel.
301 Weasel (Ermine).
302 Quince.
303 Quartz.
304 Lily of the Valley.

214 California Vulture.
215 American Goldeneye.
216 Skunk.

PREMIUMS—We will send free with each yearly subscription either of the following colored
pictures: Song of the Lark, 18x21; Admiral Dewey, 10¥12; The Golden Pheasant, 18x24; Birth of the
American Flag, 12x18, or Sixteen Pictures from Magazine. At the same time you send in your subscrip-
tion you may order bound volumes, magazines or colored pictures from this circular at 33% per cent
discount and we will send them charges prepaid. Cash with order. At this rate you can purchase the
pictures at one cent each in monthly sets, or 67 assorted for $1.00.

We have Volume V. and find it very usefulin showing to librarians aud teachers at their associa-
tions throughout the state. Wethink it would be well to have the first four volumes so that we can
make acomplete set. Please send them in cloth with bill. ©

Madison, Wis. WISCONSIN FREE LIBRARY COMMISSION.

BIRDS AND ALL NaTorRgE will be found a valuable addition to the literature devoted to the attrac-
tive subject of nature study. The especially valuable features of the magazine are the illustrations
made by the process of color photography. Faithful and appreciative descriptions accompany each
illustration.—Springfield, Mass., Republican.

The January number of Brrps anpD ALL NaTuRE is better thanever. Your article on birds carry-
ing lights is very interesting, A black squirrel and yellow-headed blackbird are very seldom seen in
this part of the country. Success to BIRDS AND ALL NATURE, Wo. P. FIrzGERALD.

Hartford, Conn., Jan. 16, 1900.

SPECIAL OFFER—Birps anp ALL NATURE and extra monthly set of pictures one year, $2.00;
or BirDsS AND ALL NATORE one year and 50 assorted pictures from this list, $2.00.

SAMPLE COPY OF MAGAZINE, 10 CENTS.

A. W. MUMFORD, Publisher,
203 Michigan Avenue, Chicago.

3

Beene with the January (1900)
number, ST. NICHOLAS is devoting
several pages each month toa new
department, in which the fascinating
facts and phases of natural science are
clearly presented by Mr. Edward F.
Bigelow, A.M., editor of Poputar Science.
Mr. Bigelow has been for ten years a
teacher.
first to nature, and supplements school-
room inStruction by taking the pupils
out into the woods and fields. His work
has been appreciated by instructors and
greatly enjoyed by the young people of
the schools which he has visited.

Outdoor study and scientific investiga-
tion are now sanctioned and encouraged
everywhere. New York State makes a
large appropriation for this object, and it
isa part of nearly every school curricu-
lum. Mr. Bigelow’s pages in St. NIcHO-
LAS will include a department in which
he will answer for the young folks any
question that may be put to him in the
course of their reading and investigation.

He believes in taking a child.

Nature and Science tor Young Folks.

Out-of-Door Schools

Is the subject of a fully illustrated article
in the January number of St. NICHOLAS,
describing the work done in Washington,
D. C., where classes study plants and
animals, history, government, geogra-
phy, science and art in the parks, fields,
woods, libraries, public buildings and art
galleries of the city. ‘This article is
illustrated with twelve large photographs
of groups of children engaged in out-of-
door study.

The Program of “St. Nicholas”

was never better than this year. There
will be ten long stories, each complete in
a single number, contributed by Ruth
McEnery Stuart, Mary Mapes Dodge,
and other well-known writers, with serial
stories, articles on American history by
Eldridge S. Brooks, and contributions
from ‘Theodore Roosevelt, John Bur-
roughs, Ian Maclaren, and others.

Subscription price $3 a year.

subscription beginning with January.

THE CENTURY COMPANY, UNION SQUARE, NEW YORK.

November and December numbers free with a year’s

November begins the volume.

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whether you want GENTS’ OR LADIES’ SIZE and order to-day as
we will send out samples at this reduced price for 60 days only.

hi. KE. CHALMERS & CQ, 352-356 Dearborn St. Chicago,

Fifty varieties of
Shells, Crysta!s, beautiful, rare
——— marine speci-
mens. Each labeled, giving name, locality
and authority. A valuable collection for
teachers and collectors—ordinarily selling
for $5.00. A few sets left which we close out
at $2.50 each.

= Fifty varieties of minerals
Minerals which cover more of the Min-
eralogy, Geology or Physiog-
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nal cost. Send for free illustrated circular.

NATURALISTS’ SUPPLY ASSOCIATION, Successors
to J. M. Weirs, 357 W. Van Buren St., Chicago, III.

A

The Phebe A. Hearst
Kindergarten Training School
Offers a Two and a Three Years’ Course.

The advanced work for 1899 and 1900 is supple-
mented by the following eminent lecturers: Hon.
Wm. T. Harris, Miss Susan E. Blow, Mr, Hamilton W.
Mabie, Miss Laura Fisher, Miss C. M. C. Hart.

‘or fur her parti ulars adoress MISS HARRIET

NIEL. 1216 K Street, N. W., Washington, D.C
Interstate
Teachers’ Association

Teachers placed in Colleges and Schools.
Governesses and Tutors a Specialty.

MRS. MARGARET M. PENTLAND, Mgr.,
Fine Arts Building, Chicago, Tl.

THE PRATT TEACHERS’ AGENCY _

Recommends teachers to colleges,
schools, families.

Advises parents about schools.

WM. O. PRATT, Manager,
70 Fifth Avenue, New York.

7 7 All work guar-
Taxidermist anteed equal to
highest-priced at
lowest figures. Specimens of Thrushes,
Blackbirds, Blue Jays, Woodpeckers, Swal-
lows, Larks, etc.,at 50 cents each. My price
list, which is yours for the asking, will save
you money. Please send for it.

N. O. LAWSON, Geneva, III.

a a Ser y

BIRDS AND ALL NATURE.

ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.

a

VoL. VII.

FEBRUARY, 1900.

A BABY HERON.

REST H. METCALF.

OW many of the boys and girls
yea who read Birps anp ALL Na-
TURE ever sawa baby heron? |

am sure you would like to see

ours. He measures from tip to tip of his
wings, that is, with his wings spread
just as far as we could stretch them,
five feet and ten inches, and from the
tip of his bill to the tip of his toe very
nearly five feet. Now, isn’t that a
little baby? He is nearly full-grown
but has not on the dress of the old birds;
that is why we call him baby. He is
called a crane by some people, but his
right name is great blue heron, and his
scientific name is Ardea herodias. Shall
I tell you about his dress? His head
is all dusky now, but when he puts
on his new dress his forehead and cen-
tral part of the crown will be white en-
closed by a circleof black—a fine black
crest with two elongated black plumes
that make him appear to be very much
dressed up. His back and wings are
blue-gray, but like his head will be
decorated with elongated scapulz feath-
ers, when he gets on his dress suit, and
his long neck, which now has a rather
dingy look, will have a beautiful collar
of cinnamon brown tinged with purple
and a white line in front from throat to
breast. The tail isshort and very incon-
spicuous. He really is a beautiful bird
in spite of his long neck and long legs.
He is the largest of our New Eng-
land herons and is not very abundant.
You may find him about large bodies
of water, and during the daytime he
prefers the solitude of the forests and
sits quietly in tall trees for hours, but
in the early mornings and late after-
noons he may be seen standing mo-
tionless at the edge of the water until
a fish or a frog appears, when, with un-
erring stroke of his long beak, as

49

quickly as lightning, he seizes it amd
beats it until dead, then swallows it;
this act is often repeated. He varies
his diet with meadow mice, snakes, and
insects, so he certainly does not lead a
very monotonous life. Our baby ate
for his last breakfast four good-sized
perch. Wasn’t that a fine breakfast?
I know you would like to hear about
his early home. It was in a terribly dis-
mal swamp, where it was almost impos-
sible to reach, through mud to your
knees and through briers and tangled
bushes highas your head. There, several
feet above your head was a nest, nearly
flat, made of different sizes of twigs
put together in a loose and lazy man-
ner. Usually there are three or four
light bluish-green eggs. Only one brood
is reared in a season.

There are some people who say that
the blue heron is good for food, but
those who have once tried it do not
care for another plate. They are the
most suspicious of our birds and the
hardest to be approached for they are
constantly on the lookout for danger
and with their long necks, keen eyes,
and delicate organs of hearing, they
can detect the approach of a hunter
long before he can get within gunshot.

‘They have a very unmusical voice, their

call being a hoarse guttural “honk.”

Once they were found in larger num-
bers, but now are seldom seen but im
pairsorsingly, and what a pity that fool-
ish fashion of trimming ladies’ hats has
nearly exterminated so many varieties
of beautiful birds! God gave us many
beautiful things to enjoy in this world,
and are they not more beautiful when:
we can see them alive in nature just
where God placed them, than they are:
when dead and taken by pieces to
adorn our heads?

THE KILLDEER.. R

(Aegalitis voctfera.)

relative of this bird which he

met with in Africa as ‘‘a most

plaguey sort of public-spirited
individual that follows you everywhere,
flying overhead, and is most persever-
ing in his attempts to give fair warn-
ing to all animals within hearing to
flee from the approach of danger,” a
characteristic which has caused the
killdeer to be an object of dislike to
the gunner. It is usually the first to
take alarm at his approach and starts
up all other birds in the vicinity by its
loud cries. It can run with such swift-
ness that, according to Audubon, to
run “like a killdeer” hasin some parts
of the country passed into a proverb.
It is also active on the wing and
mounts at pleasure to a great height
in the air, with a strong and rapid
flight, which can be continued for a
long distance. In the love season it
performs various kinds of evolutions
while on the wing.

This plover is found throughout tem-
perate North Americato Newfoundland
and Manitoba, nests throughout range,
and winters south of New England to
Bermuda, the West Indies, Central and
South America. From March to No-
vember, and later, it is resident, and is
very abundant in spring and autumn
migrations. These birds are generally
seen in flocks when on the wing, but
scatter when feeding. Pastures and

DE LIVINGSTONE described a

cultivated fields, tracts of land near .

water, lakesides and marshes seem
necessary to it. The sound uttered by
it, kildeer, kildeer, dee, dee, is almost
incessant, but it is often low and agree-
able, with a plaintive strain init. When

apparently in danger the voice rises
higher and shriller. Cows, horses, sheep,
and the larger poultry that wander
over a farm are said not to alarm these
birds in the least. But they are wild
in the presence of man wherever they
have been persecuted. They will often
squat till one is close upon them, and
will then suddenly fly up or run off,
startling the unwary intruder by their
loud and clear cry. In winter the kill-
deer is an unusually silent bird, in
which season it is found dispersed over
the cultivated fields in Florida, Geor-
gia, the Carolinas, and other southern
states, diligently searching for food.
Davie says that it may often be heard
on moonlight nights. The nestis placed
on the ground, usually in the vicinity
of a stream or pond, often on an ele-
vated spot in the grass or in a fur-
rowed field. It is merely a slight de-
pression in the ground. The eggs are
drab or clay color, thickly spotted and
blotched with blackish brown and um-
ber, small and quite pointed. They
are generally four in number, measur-
ing 1.50 to 1.60 long by about 1.10
broad.

The plovers resemble the snipe in
structure, but are smaller, averaging
about the size of a thrush. Their bills
also are shorter. They have three toes
usually; their bodies are plump; short,
thick necks, long wings, and in some
instances they have spurs on the wings.
They pick their food, which is largely
of an animal nature, from the surface
of the ground, instead of probing for
it, as their shorter bills indicate. The
flesh of the killdeer is not highly re-
garded as a food.

enn ER eaie eet, At

SOS

*OZIS= £
“ODYDIHD '09 “aNd AGNLS 3YN1YN o fe SEMA % *ODVOIHS 'H3HSINANd ‘OHOJWOW M “¥

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<P:

COTTON TEXTILES, IL.

W. E. WATT, A. M.

OTTON is spun and woven into
so many useful forms that we
could hardly live without it
since we have become so thor-

oughly accustomed to the comforts
and luxuries it supplies to us.
From the loose fiber that we use in
treating our teeth when they get to
troubling us to the delicate lace hand-
kerchief which is such a dream of the
weaver’s art we use cotton for our com-
monest and our most extraordinary
purposes.

Muslin takes its name from Mosul,
in India, where it was first made.
Although muslin is now made in both
Europe and America in great quan-
tities, the kind that is most famed for
its fineness is that from Dacca, India.
To get an idea of the fine threads used
in making the rarest of this muslin we
must note that one pound of cotton is
spun into three hundred eighty
hanks of thread with eight hundred
forty yards of thread in each hank.
This means that one pound of cotton
is spun out to the length of 319,000
yards, or over one hundred eighty-one
miles.

One pound of this thread would, if
it could be stretched out without break-
ing, reach from New York City up the
Hudson to Albany, and there would
still be enough of it unused to reach
over to Saratoga. Ten pounds would
reach from New York city to Omaha,
with enough left over to reach back to
Chicago.

It is even possible to exceed this in
fineness if we do not care for use. To
show the perfection of a machine, a
thread of the fineness of 10,000 has
been spun. If this could be strung out,
as suggested above, it would reach
4,770 miles. One pound of the finest
fiber has thus been spun so that it
would reach from New York to Naples,
Italy, and there would still be enough
of it left to reach half-way back to
London on the return trip.

Where three hundred and eighty
hanks of thread are spun from a pound

the muslin made from it is called three
hundred eighty-degree muslin. But
even this is not the finest muslin made.
It is the finest made by the old hand
processes, but the perfections of ma-
chinery have made it possible for us to
have seven hundred-degree cotton. A
strange thing about our finest machine-
made cotton is that it does not seem
to the eye or the touch to be as fine as
the Dacca. There is a peculiar soft-
ness which cannot be imitated by the
machine.

I went the other day into one of our
great dry-goods stores to see how fine
a piece of cotton I could buy. I was
surprised to find that the gentlemanly
clerks knew very little about where the
goods were made and almost nothing
at all about the processes. They were
very obliging, but their business of
selling does not seem to require any
knowledge of those things I was so de-
sirous of learning.

The finest things I found were India
linen and Swiss mull. The India linen
has a remarkable name, seeing it is not
linen and is made in Scotland. The
Swiss mull is nearly as well named, for
it is also made in Glasgow. Whether
these goods sell better because their
names seem to indicate that they are
made somewhere else I cannot say, but
the truth seems to be that they were
called by these names innocently
enough by those who first made them,
being proud that they could produce
mull equal to the finest worn by the
ladies in Switzerland or equal to the
finest products of the Indian looms.

It is well known that in the dry-
goods business it seems to be greatly
to the advantage of the merchant to
have fine names for his wares, the
larger houses regularly employing
women who do nothing but find fancy
names for the things that are for sale.
Goods are sometimes displayed with
one name for several days without find-
ing a purchaser, but the namer soon
comes in with a new name to attach to
the goods and some of the very shop-

pers who do not care for them under
the first name buy them readily under
the new one.

. A lady recently asked me to tell her
the difference between muslin and long
cloth. I thought there might be a dif-
ference, but have been unable to find
anyone who can tell what itis. Both
names are applied to white cotton
goods of various degrees of fineness.
Long cloth is of a superior quality of
cotton, and so is muslin when intended
for dress goods. Some of the names
under which white cotton goods are
sold are muslins, tarletans, mulls, jaco-
nets, nainsooks, lawns, grenadines, sac-
carillas, cottonade, cotton velvet, and
velveteen.

Cotton is rarely manufactured where
raised. It is carried to the seacoast as
a rule by river steamers, though there
have been instances where the laziness
and ingenuity of man have combined
to send it down-stream in bales com-
pletely covered with india rubber wrap-
pings, so they floated to their destina-
tion with little care and no harm from
water.

With all our boasted Yankee shrewd-
ness and cunning in mechanics we do
not make up the finer grades of cotton
very extensively. Asa rule the coarser
kinds of cloth that take much material
and less skill are made here, while the
finer grades that get more value out of
the pound of cotton are made abroad,
chiefly in Great Britain.

As an indication of this the figures
taken in the year 1884 form a striking
illustration. The average amount of
cotton spun by each spindle in Great
Britain that year was thirty-four and a
half pounds, while the amount con-
sumed by each spindle in America av-
eraged just sixty-five pounds, showing
that the products of our spindles are
just twice as heavy on the average as
those of the English and Scotch. A
fortunate thing about our goods when
sent abroad is that they are accurately
marked and prove to be very nearly
what they are represented. This is not
the case with goods shipped out of
Great Britain, where their long expe-
rience in handling cottonhasmadethem
more expert than we in stuffing their
goods with sizing and other adultera-

54

tions which make the goods deceptive.
There is so little tendency in thisy di-
rection among American manufactur-
ers that our good name has givenusan
advantage in China and India, where
our manufactures are much more readily
sold than what purport tobe the same of
British make.

Most of our cotton that is not ex-
ported is made up into yarns, threads,
and the coarser goods, such as shirt-
ings, sheetings, drills, print cloths, bags,
and so forth. Yetthere areseveral of our
mills, especially in the North, that turn
out the finer fabrics with great credit
to the country. Large quantities of
cotton are, of course, used up in woolen
mills, where mixed goods are made,
and hosiery mills, felt factories, and
hat works consume it largely. Much
cotton also goes into mattresses and
upholstery.

It comes from a boll having three or
five cells. This bursts open when it is
ripe. Cotton fiber is either white or
yellow, and varies in length from a
little over half an inch to two inches.
When gathered it is separated from its
clinging seeds by the cotton gin, and is
then pressed firmly in bales weighing
about five hundred pounds _ each,
although in some countries the custom-
ary sizes of bales vary two or three
hundred pounds from this weight.

Of the twenty or more varieties of
cotton but two are given much atten-
tion in the United States. These are the
famous sea island cotton and the com-
mon, woolly-seed kind. The sea island
cotton grows on the islands off the coast
of South Carolina, in Florida, and on
the coast of Texas. The peculiar salt
air and humidity of these coasts seem
necessary to its perfection, for when it
is planted in the interior it quickly
loses its best qualities and becomes
similar to the common variety. Its
fibers are long and silky, and used for
the finest laces, spool cotton, fine mus-
lins, and such goods, but there is so
little of it as compared with the woolly
seed cotton that it is but an insignifi-
cant part of our great crop.

Cotton is the only fibre that is natur-
ally produced ready to be worked di-
rectly into cloth without special chem-
ical or mechanical treatment. It isthe

a

. i,

great article of comfortable and cheap
covering for man’s person. When
gathered and baled it is in a knotted
and lumpy state, from which it is rather
difficult to extricate the fibers and ar-
range them for spinning. As we fol-
low the cotton through the mill we
come to these machines in the follow-
ing order: It goes to the opener first,
where it is beaten and spread out so
that a strong draft of air drives out
much of its impurities; it then goes to
the scutcher after being formed into
laps; the lap machine makes it into
flat folds; the carding engine not only
cards it but straightens the fiber and
gives it another cleaning; in the draw-
ing frame it is arranged in loose ropes
with the fibers parallel; then the slub-
bing frame gives it a slight twist; the
intermediate and finishing frames twist
it still farther, especially when prepar-
ing it for the higher numbers; the
throstle frame prepares coarse warps;
and on the mules, either self-acting or
hand, the coarse or fine yarns are spun.
In some systems several operations are
performed by the same machine.

Weaving follows. It consists in pass-
ing threads over and under each other
as a stocking is darned, the main differ-
ence being that in darning the needle
passes up and down to get over or un-
der the threads it meets, while in weav-
ing the threads met by the moving
thread move out of the way so the
shuttle may pass straight through the
whole width of the cloth. As the shut-
tle comes back the threads are reversed
so that the ones that were up before
are now down and those that were
down are now up. The machine that
holds many threads for this work is the
toom.

An English clergyman by the name
of Edmund Cartwright has the credit
of inventing the power loom. His de-
scription of his labors is interesting.
We copy from one of his letters: ‘‘Hap-
pening to be in Matlock in the summer
of 1784, I fell in company with two
gentlemen of Manchester, when the
conversation turned on Arkwright’s
spinning machinery. One of the com-
pany observed, that as soon as Ark-
wright’s patent expired, so many mills
would be erected, and so much cotton

55

spun, that hands never could be found
to weave it. To this observation I re-
plied, that Arkwright must then set his
wits to work and invent a weaving mill.
This brought on a conversation on the
subject, in which the Manchester gen-
tlemen unanimously agreed that the
thing was impracticable; and, in de-
fense of their opinion, they adduced
arguments which I certainly was in-
competent to answer, or even to com-
prehend, being totally ignorant of the
subject, having never at that time seen
a person weave. I controverted, how-
ever, the impracticability of the thing,
by remarking that there had lately been
exhibited an automaton figure which
played at chess.”

“Some little time afterward, a par-
ticular circumstance recalling this con-
versation to my mind, it struck me
that, as in plain weaving, according to
the conception I then had of the busi-
ness, there could only be three move-
ments, which were to follow each other
in succession, there would be very lit-
tle difficulty in producing and repeating
them. Full of these ideas, I immedi-
ately got a carpenter and smith to carry
them into effect. As soon as the ma-
chine was finished I got a weaver to
put in the warp, which was of such
material as sail-cloth is usually made
of. To my delight a piece of cloth,
such as it was, was the product. As I
had never before turned my thoughts
to anything mechanical, either in
theory or practice, nor had ever seen
a loom at work or knew anything of
its construction, you will readily sup-
pose that my first loom must have been
a most rude piece of machinery. The
warp was placed perpendicularly, the
reed fell with a force of at least half a
hundred weight and the springs which
threw the shuttle were strong enough
to have thrown a Congreve rocket.

“In short, it required the strength of
two powerful men to work the machine
at a slow rate and only for a short
time. Conceiving in my great simplic-
ity that I had accomplished all that
was required, I then secured what I
thought a most valuable property by a
patent, 4th ot April, 1785. This being
done, I then condescended to see how
other people wove. And you will guess

my astonishment when I compared
their easy mode of operation and mine.
Availing myself, however, of what I
then saw, I made a loom, in its general
principles nearly as they are now made;
but it was not until the year 1787 that
I completed my invention, when I took
out my first weaving patent Aug. I of
that year.”

As usual this worthy man, who had
won the right to the title he received,
was not the only discoverer or inventor
of the thing credited to his name. Long
before his time a description of a sim-
ilar loom had been presented to the
Royal Society of London, but he had
no knowledge of it. He spent between
430,000 and £40,000 bringing his in-
vention to a successful stage, but failed
to make it profitable to himself. A
small return was made to him later, at
the suggestion of the principal mill-
owners of the country, when he re-
ceived from the government the sum
of £10,000. His work has been much
improved in detail since, but it has
never been altered in its main prin-
ciples.

But with all our arts and marvelous
machines the most beautifully fine cot-
ton fabric is yet the Dacca muslin. It
is called ‘woven wind,’ and when
spread out upon the grass it is said to
resemble gossamer. It used to be made
for the Indian princes before the days
when the British took possession of
the country. It was made only ina
strip of territory about,forty miles long
and three miles in width. With the
change in rulers the weavers largely
dropped the work which they and their
ancestors had done for centuries, hand-
ing down their art from father to son;
they took to the business of raising
indigo, as their soil and climate were
well adapted to its production and the
demand was good.

Yet there are some of them weaving
at this day, though not in sufficient
numbers to produce the muslin as a
regular article of commerce. A bam-
boo bow strung with catgut, like a
fiddle string, is used to separate the
fiber from the seed. It is carded with
a big fishbone. The distaff is held in
the hand and the loom is a very old-
fashioned affair, home-made of bam-

56

boo reeds, so simple that a few shillings
will purchase one, though a lifetime
will not make one able to use it.

The weaver chooses a spot under the
shade of a largetree, digs a hole in the
dirt for his legs and the lower part of
the ‘‘geer”’ and fastens his balances to
some convenient bough overhead. His
exceedingly fine threads will not work
well except in such a shady spot and
early in the morning, when there is
just the right amount of moisture in
the tropical air. There is no line of

hand work in which there is such acon-.

trast to-day as in the business of mak-
ing cotton goods. Machinery has
vastly outstripped the hand in quantity
of product and accuracy, yet the old
ways prevail in the manipulation of
the very finest of web. Although Whit-
ney’s saw gin made a revolution in the
industry, yet the long and delicate
fibers of sea-island cotton are separated
from the seed in the old way of pass-
ing seed cotton between two rollers
which are going in different directions.
The smooth seeds of this cotton pop
away from the fiber quite readily with-
out breaking it. If it were pulled
through Whitney’s gin there would be
more or less tearing and breaking. So
the great invention does not apply to
cleaning the very finest material. The
short wool fibers of common cotton
are not so much hurt by the saw teeth
and the amount of work done by the
gin makes this damage of no account.

At the Atlanta Cotton Exposition in
1882 the old and the new were strik-
ingly contrasted. The mountain peo-
ple of the South, in many instances,
live after the old fashions of colonial
times. They make homespun cloth
which is a revelation to us. Some of
these people were induced to show
their work at the exposition, and they
were as much astonished at the apparel
of their visitors who gazed upon them
and their strange laboras were the vis-
itors at the work and manners of the
mountaineers.

Two carders operated hand cards,
two spinsters ran the spinning-wheels
and one weaver made cloth upon a
hand loom. In ten hours these five
people made eight yards of very coarse
cloth.

~ ee ee oe ee

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COPYRIGHT 1900, BY
NATURE STUDY PUB, CO,., CHICAGO.

CINNAMON TEAL.

KAEMPFER,.

F.
A. W. MUMFORD, PUBLISHER, CHICAGO.

FROM COL.

¥% Life-size.

306

THE CINNAMON TEAL.

(Anas cyanoptera.)

AVIE says that the geographical
D distribution. of this beautiful
teal is western America, from

the Columbia river south to

Chili, Patagonia, and Falkland Islands;
east in North America to the Rocky
Mountains; casual in the Mississippi
Valley, and accidental in Ohio. It is
abundant in the United States west of
the Rocky Mountains, breeding in Col-
orado, Utah, Nevada, California, Idaho,
and Oregon. Its habits are similar to
those of the blue-wing. Its favorite
breeding-places are in fields of tall
grass or clover, not far from water.
The eggs range from nine to thirteen,
and the nest is so completely woven of
grass, feathers, and down that it is said
the entire structure may be picked up

without its coming apart. Oliver
Davie, the well known ornithologist,
says that it gave him pleasure to be
able to add this beautiful duck to the
avifauna of Ohio as an accidental vis-
itor. On the qth of April, 1895, a
fine male of this species was taken at
the Licking County reservoir by Wil-
liam Harlow. On the 6th Mr. Davie
skinned and mounted it and it is now
one of the rare Ohio birds in his col-
lection. It proved to be good eating.
This, he says, is the first record of the
cinnamon teal ever having been taken
in the state.

The eggs of this species are creamy-
white or pale buff, the average size be-
ing 1.88x1.38.

A SCRAP OF PAPER.

ELANORA KINSLEY

MARBLE.

‘* A bluebird sings on the leafless spray,
Hey-ho, winter will go!”’

E ARRIVED that year very
+t early in the season. It was
about the twelfth of February
that I first heard his plaintive
note far up in the maple tree. Could
it be Mr. Bluebird, I questioned as I
hastened to the window opera-glass in
hand? Yes, there he stood, not too
comfortably dressed I am afraid, in his
blue cap, sky-blue overcoat and russet-
brown vest edged with a trimming of
feathers soft and white.

There had been a slight fa!l of snow
during the night, and I fancied, from
his pensive note, that he was chiding
himself for leaving the Mississippi Val-

59

ley, to which he had journeyed at the
first touch of wintry weather in Illinois.

“If it wasn’t for the snowdrops, the
crocus, the violets, and daffodils,” he
was saying in a faint sweet warble, ‘‘I’d
linger longer in the South than I do.
They, dear little things, never know,
down in their frozen beds, that winter
will soon give place to spring till they
hear my voice, and so, no matter how
bleak the winds or how gray the sky, I
sing to let them know I have arrived,
my presence heralding the birth of
spring and death of winter. It well re-
pays me, I am sure, when, in March
under the warm kisses of the sun their

pretty heads appear above the ground,
and, smiling back at him, out they
spring dressed in their new mantles of
purple and yellow.”

At. this moment from the topmost
branch of an adjoining maple came a
low, sweet, tremulous note very much
indeed like a sigh.

“Ah,” said he, surveying the new-
comer with flattering attention, ‘‘that
is the young daughter of Mr. and Mrs.
Bluebird who nested in Lincoln Park
last summer. For some reason they
decided not to go South this season
but remained in Chicago all winter.
She strikes me as being a very pretty
young-lady bird, and certainly it will
be no more than friendly upon my part
to fly over there and inquire how she
and her family withstood the rigors
of a Northern winter.”

From Miss' Bluebird’s demeanor,
when he alighted upon a twig beside
her, I concluded she greatly disap-
proved of his unceremonius approach.
Prettily lifting her wings and lightly
trembling upon her perch she made as
if to fly away, but instead only changed
her position a little, coyly turning aside
her head while listening to what the
young gentleman. had to say.

Encouraged by this Mr. Bluebird’s
manner became very friendly indeed,
and very soon, reassured by his respect-
ful demeanor and sentiments uttered in
a voice of oh, such touching sweetness,
the young-lady bird unbent, respond-
ing at length in a very amiable man-
ner, I noticed, to her companion’s
remarks.

The conversation which followed
may have been very commonplace or
very bright and sparkling, but as there
is always an undercurrent of sadness in
the bluebird’s note, and an air of pen-
siveness expressed in its actions, one
could only conjecture what the tenor
of this one might be.

The pair, to my intense satisfaction,
the next day met again in the top of
the maple tree exchanging confidences

60

in low, tremulous strains of surpassing
sweetness, uneasily shifting their sta-
tions from time to time, lifting their
wings, as is their pretty habit, and
trembling lightly upon their perches as
though about to rise and fly away.

The following morning, which was
the fourteenth day of February, Mr.
Bluebird’s manner when he greeted his
new acquaintance appeared to .offend
her very much. She was cold and dis-
tant, whether from maidenly coyness
or a laudable desire to check his too
confident, proprietorship sort of air,
who can say? In no way daunted, that
gay bachelor pressed his suit warmly,
picturing in tones of peculiar tender-
ness the snug little home they would
establish together, what a devoted
husband he would be, attentive, sub-
missive, following her directions in all
things. Miss Bluebird shook her head.

It was all very well, she replied, for
him to talk of poetry and romance,
but he knew well enough that upon her
would devolve all the serious cares of
life. While he would be very active in
hunting for tenements, submitting, no
doubt, to her choice, was it not the
custom of all the Mr. Bluebirds to fly
ahead in quest of material, gayly sing-
ing, while their mates selected and car-
ried and builded the nest? What poetry
would there be in life for her, she would
like to know, under such circumstan-
ces, and then, when all was done, to sit
for hours and days on the eggs she had
laid in order to rear a brood. Oh, no!
She was not ready to give up all the
pleasures of life yet, and- then—and
then—Miss Bluebird lowered her eyes
and stammered something about being
too young to leave her mother.

What argument Mr. Bluebird brought
to bear against this latter reason for
rejecting his suit I cannot say, but be-
ing a wise bird he only stifled a laugh
behind his foot and continued more
warmly to press it. Again and again
he followed her when she took a short
flight, quavering ¢ru-al-ly, tru-al-ly, no

doubt telling her of the many good
qualities of the Mr. Bluebirds, how
devoted they were, how they ever re-
lied upon the good judgment and prac-
tical turn of their mates, never direct-
ing, never disputing, but by cheerful
song and gesture encouraging and ap-
plauding everything they did. Then,
too, unlike some other husbands that
wear feathers, they regularly fed their
mates when sitting upon the nest and
did their duty afterward in helping to
rear the young.

As he talked Miss Bluebird’s cold-
ness gradually melted till at length she
coyly accepted his invitation to de-
scend and examine a certain tenement
which, hoping for her acceptance, he
had the day previous, he said, been to
view.

‘“We can at least look it over,” he
said artfully, noticing the elevation of
her bill at* the -word “acceptance,”
“though of course it is too early in the
season to occupy it. Mr. Purple Mar-
tin lived in it last year and——”

Miss Bluebird interrupted him, a
trifle haughtily, I thought.

“Ts the tenement you speak of in a
stump, fence hole, or tree cavity?” she
inquired.

“ Neither,” he hastened to answer;
“it is a box erected by the owner of
these premises.”

“ Ah,’’ said she, graciously, ‘that is
another matter,” and very amiably
spread her wings and descended upon
the roof of the box in question.

“You see,” explained Mr. Bluebird,
“the man who put up this dwelling
knew what he was about. He had no
intention the sparrows should occupy
it, so he built it without any doorsteps
Or piazza, as you have no doubt re-
marked.”

“ Really,” replied Miss Bluebird, ‘in
my opinion that is a great defect. A
house without doorsteps——”’

“Ts just what certain families want,”
interrupted Mr. Bluebird, smilingly.

61

‘‘Our enemies, the sparrows, cannot fly
directly into a nest hole or box like
this, as we can, but must have a perch
upon which first to alight. It is for
that reason, my dear, this house was
built without doorsteps. No sparrow
families are wanted here.”

Miss Bluebirdat this juncture thought
it proper to be overcome with a feel-
ing of shyness, and could not be pre-
vailed upon to enter the box.

More than once her companion flew
in and returned to her side, singing
praises of its coziness as a place of
abode.

“With new furnishings it will do
capitally,” said he; “we might even
make the Purple Martins’ nest do with
a little—_—”’

Miss Bluebird’s bill at once went up
into the air.

“If there is anything I detest,” said
she, scornfully, “it is old furniture,
especially second-hand beds. If that
is the best you have to offer a pros-
pective bride, Mr. Bluebird, I will bid
you good-day,’’ and the haughty young
creature prettily fluttered her wings as
if about to fly off and leave him.

‘Do not go,” he pleaded; “if this
house does not please you I have oth-
ers to offer,” and Miss Bluebird, moved
apparently by his tender strains,
sWeetly said ¢vu-al-ly and condescended
to fly down and enter the box.

It was scarcely a minute ere she re-
appeared, and, flying at once to her
favorite branch in the maple tree, called
to him to follow. A scrap of paper,
woven into his nest by the Purple Mar-
tin the past season, fluttered to the
ground as she emerged from the box,
and while the pair exchanged vows of
love and constancy up in the maple
tree, I picked it up and saw, not with-
out marveling at the sagacity of Mr.
Bluebird, who probably had dragged
it into sight, a heart faintly drawn in
red ink, and below it the words:

“Thou art my valentine!”

THE CLAPPER RAIL.

(Rallus longirostris crepitans.)

HIS bird, sometimes called the
salt-water marsh hen, is found
in great abundance in the salt
marshes of the Atlantic coast

from New Jersey southward. It breeds
in profusion in the marshes from the
Carolinas to Florida, and has lately
been found breeding on the coast of
Louisiana on the Gulf of Mexico, Dr.
A. K. Fisher having taken an old bird
and two young at Grand Isle in 1880.
The clapper rail arrives on the south-
eastern coast of New Jersey about the
last of April, its presence being made
known by harsh cries at early dawn
and at sunset. Nest-building is com-
menced in the latter part of May, and
by the first of June the full comple-
ment of eggs is laid, ranging, says
Davie, from six to nine or ten in num-
ber, thirteen being the probable limit.
Farther south the bird is known to lay
as many as fifteen. On Cobb’s Island,
Virginia, the clapper breeds in great
numbers, carefully concealing the nest
in high grass. The color of the eggs
is pale buffy-yellow, dotted and spotted
with reddish-brown and pale lilac, with
an average size of 1.72x1.20, but there
is a great variation in this respect in a
large series,

At the nesting-season the rails are
the noisiest of birds; their long, rolling
cry is taken up and repeated by each
member of the community. The thin
bodies of the birds often measure no
more than an inch and aquarter through
the breast.) “SAsethincassa rail .-dsmd
well-founded illustrative expression.

“To get a good look at these birds
in their grassy retreats,” says Neltje
Blanchan, “is no easy matter. Rowa
scow over the submerged grass at
high-tide as far as it will go, listen to
the skulking clatterers, and, if near by,
plunge from the bow into the muddy
meadow, and you may have the good
fortune to flush a bird or two that rises
fluttering just above the sedges, flies a
few yards, trailing its legs behind it,
and drops into the grasses again be-
fore you can press the button of your
camera. A rarer sight still is to see a
clapper rail running, with head tilted
downward and tail upward, in a ludi-
crous gait, threading in and out of the
grassy maze.”

The rail can swim fairly well, but not
fast. Its wings are short, but useful,
and it is so swift-footed that dogs
chase it in vain.

THE SWINGING LAMPS OF DAWN.

REV. CHARLES COKE WOODS.

Anear the threshold of my home
A wily foe had strayed,
And on a rose-tree in the loam
A wondrous thing he made;
Beneath the cover of the night
He built a silken gin,
And at the break of morning light
Bade all the homeless in.

Each shining cord was made with skill,
And woven with such grace,

‘That none would dream he meant to

kal

In such a royal place;

The beauty of that bright bazar
No one could ever fear,

Its mirrors caught the morning star,
That glistened crystal-clear.

Its swinging lamps were globes of dew,
Enkindled by the dawn,

And when the morning breezes blew
Across the velvet lawn,

The shining lamps swung to and fro. /
Enravishing the eye,

Till garbed in light-robes, all aglow,
Was every flower and fly.

But when the lights began to wane,
As sea-tides slowly ebb,

I heard the minor notes of pain
Issuing from a web;

And as my cautious feet drew nigh,
I heard the dying song

Of one deluded, wayward fly
That watched the lamps too long.

COPYRIGHT 1900, BY
NATURE STUDY PUB, CO., CHICAGO.

CLAPPER RAIL.

FROM COL F. NUSSBAUMER & SON
A. W. MUMFORD, PUBLISHER, CHICAGO.

s life-size.

°

O7

9
r2)

‘

‘

THE LATE DR.-ELLIOT Fe COUES.

Cc. C. MARBLE.

HE subject of this sketch, whose
death occurred on Christmas,
1899, at Baltimore, Md., was

one of the few men who have
become famous both in physical and

psychical science. He had long been
recognized as one of the leading natu-
ralists of America, and of late years
had acquired equal distinction as a
philosopher.

Early in April last Dr. Coues sup-
plied us with the material for a sketch
of his life, to which we are indebted
chiefly for what this article contains.
He was born in Portsmouth, N. H.,
Sept. 9, 1842, and was the son of Sam-
uel Elliott Coues and Charlotte Haven
Ladd Coues. His father was the
author of several scientific treatises
which anticipated some of the more
modern views of physics, astronomy,
and geology; so that young Coues
would seem to have inherited his bent
of mind towards study and research.
The name is of Norman French origin.
Dr. Coues’ father was a friend of
Franklin Pierce, and early in the presi-
dency of the latter received from him
an appointment in the United States

_ explorations.

Un

patent office, which he held nearly to
his death in July, 1867. The family
moved to Washington in 1833 and Dr.
Coues had always been a resident of
that city, excepting during the years he
served in the West and South as an
army officer or engaged in scientific
As a boy he was edu-
cated under Jesuit influences at the
seminary now known as Gonzaga Col-
lege. In 1857 he entered a Baptist
college, now Columbian University,
where he graduated in 1861 in the aca-
demic department, and in 1863 in the
medical department of that institution.
To -the-decrecsiof Alb, Av veneer,
and M. D., conferred by this college,
his riper scholarship added titles
enough to fill a page from learned
societies all over the world.

His taste for natural history devel-
oped early in an enthusiastic devotion
to ornithology, and before he gradu-
ated he was sent by the Smithsonian
Institution to collect birds in Labra-
dor. Among his earliest writings are
the account of this trip, and a treatise
on the birds of the District of Colum-
bia, both published in 1861, and both
papers secured public recognition in
England as well as in this country, thus
making a beginning of his literary rep-
utation.

While yet a medical student, Dr.
Coues was enlisted by Secretary Stan-
ton as medical cadet, U. S. A., and
served a year in one of the hospitals in
Washington. On graduating in medi-
cine in 1863, he was appointed by Sur-
geon-General Hammond fora year as
acting assistant surgeon U. S. A. and,
on coming of age passed a successful
examination for the medical corps of
thearmy. He received his commission
in 1864, and was immediately ordered
to duty in Arizona. His early years of
service in that territory, and afterward
in North and South Carolina, were
utilized in investigating the natural his-
tory of those regions, respecting which
he published various scientific papers.

Though he wrote some _ professional
articles, during his hospital experience,
Dr. Coues seems never to have been
much interested in the, practice of
medicine and surgery. After about
ten years of ordinary military ser-
vice as post surgeon in various places
he was, in 1873, appointed naturalist of
the U.S. northern boundary commis-
sion, which surveyed the line along the
forty-ninth parallel from the Lake of
the Woods to the Rocky mountains.
In 1874 he returned to Washington to
prepare the seientific report of his ope-
rations. He edited all the publications
of the United States geological and
geographical survey of the territories
from 1876 to 1880 and contributed
several volumes to the reports of the
survey, notably his “Birds of the North-
west,” “Fur Bearing Animals,” “Birds
of the Colorado Valley,” and several
installments of a universal Bibliogra-
phy of Ornithology. The latter work
attracted especial attention in Europe,
and Dr. Coues was signally compli-
mented by an invitation, signed by
Darwin, Huxley, Flower, Newton,
Sclater, and about forty other leading
British scientists to take up his resi-
dence in London and identify himself
with the British Museum.

Dr. Coues also projected and had
well under way a “ History of North
American Mammals,” which was or-
dered to be printed by act of Congress
when suddenly, at the very height of
his scientific researches and literary
labors, he was ordered by the war de-
partment to routine medical duty on
the frontier. He obeyed the order and
proceeded to Arizona, but found it, of
course, impossible to resume a life he
had long since outgrown. His indig-
nant protests being of no avail, he re-
turned to Washington and promptly
tendered his resignation from the army
in order to continue his scientific career
unhampered by red tape.

As an author he is chiefly known
by his numerous works on ornithol-
ogy, mammalogy, herpetology, biblio-
graphy, lexicography, comparative
anatomy, natural philosophy, and
psychical research. He was one of the
authors of the Century Dictionary of
the English Language, in seven years

6 6

contributing 40,000 words and defini-
tions in general biology, comparative
anatomy, and all branches of zodlogy.
During the last few years he contrib-
uted several volumes on western his-
tory, in all twelve volumes, and by
study and research was enabled to cor-
rect many errors. In 1877 he received
the highest technical honor to be at-
tained by an American scientist in his
election to the Academy of National
Science and was for some years the
youngest academician. The same year
saw his election to the chair of anat-
omy of the National Medical College
in Washington, where he had graduated
in ’63. Hethen entered upon a pro-
fessorship and lectured upon his favor-
ite branch of the medical sciences for
ten years. He appears to have been
the first in Washington to teach human
anatomy upon the broadest basis of
morphology and upon the principle of
evolution. Nearly all his life Dr. Coues
has been a collaborator of the Smith-
sonian Institution of Washington, his
name being most frequently mentioned
in that connection. Many of the num-
berless specimens of natural history he
presented to the United States govern-
ment were found new to science and
several have been named in compli-
ment to their discoverer.

At the height of his intellectual ac-
tivity in physical science the spiritual
side of Dr. Coues’ nature was awak-
ened. He became interested in the
phenomena of spiritualism, as well as
in the speculations of theosophy. Be-
longing distinctively to the material-
istic school of thought and skeptical
to the last degree by his whole train-
ing and turn of mind, he nevertheless
began to feel the inadequacy of formal
orthodox science to deal with the
deeper problems of human life and
destiny.

Convinced of the soundness of the
main principles of evolution, as held
by his peers in science, he wondered
whether these might not be equally
applicable to psychical research, and
hence took up the theory of evolution
at the point where Darwin left it, pro-
posing to use it in explanation of the ©
obscure phenomena of hypnotism,
clairvoyance, telepathy and the like.

He visited Europe to see Mme. Bla-
vatsky, founded and became president
of the Gnostic Theosophical Society of
Washington, and later became the per-
petual president of the Esoteric Theo-
sophical Society of America. In 18go
he published an exposé of the impos-
tures of Blavatsky, and from that time
his interest in the cult gradually ceased.

Most men can do some things well,
but nature is seldom so lavish of her
gifts as to produce a genius who does
all things equally well. It is rare to
find a man like Dr. Coues, who was
capable of incessant drudgery in the
most prosaic technicalities, yet blessed
with the poetic temperament and ar-
dent imagination, able to array the
deepest problems in a sparkling style
which fascinated while it convinced.
His literary labors would have killed

most men, but to his grasp of mind
nature had kindly joined a strong,
healthy body that proved capable of
any demand upon his physical endur-
ance that his intellectual activity might
make. He was tall, well-formed, classic
in features, straight as an arrow, with
the air of the scholar without the stu-
dent’s stoop, betraying no trace of
mental weariness—a man with the
tastes of a sybarite and the soul of a
poet; to quote from a leading journal,
“the imagination of a Goethe and the
research of a Humboldt.”

In conversation he was fascinating,
possessing much of the personal mag-
netism ascribed to James G. Blaine. It
was the pleasure of the writer to have
many interviews and to enjoy a some-
what intimate correspondence with him
almost up to the time of his death.

BOBBY’S “COT TON-TAIL.”

GRANVILLE OSBORNE.

Name’s Bobby Wilkins; I’m a-goin’ on six years old;

Aunt Polly says ’at I’m a-gettin’ purty pert ’n bold;

She ’aint er might uv use fer boys ’at’s jest er-bout my size;

If Tabby’n me hev eny fun her “angry pashuns rise,’ ’n

When I try ter make some sparks fly out uv Tabby’s tail

Aunt Polly says, ‘‘ Bad boys like you are sometimes put in jail;”
But I don’t mind her not a bit, an’ make jest lots uv noise,

An’ nen she looks so cross an’ sez, ‘‘ Deliver me frum doys.”

My Aunt Polly likes her cat er-nough sight better’n me, ’n’
Keeps a-coddlin’ it ’ith cream ’n’ sometimes catnip tea.
Seen some tracks behin’ ther shed, an’ nen I sez, sez I,
“T’ll catch yer, Mister Cotton-Tail, to make a rabbit pie;”
So me’n’ Tommy Baker found er empty cracker box;
Thought we'd hev it big er-nough fer fear he wuz er fox,
An’ nen we propped ther cover up ’n’ fixed it {ith a spring
"At shut it suddin’ ’ith a bang ez tight ez anything.

MM i fe

We cut er fresh green carrot top ’n’ put it in fer bait,

Wuz both so sure we’d ketch him ’at we couldn’t hardly wait;
Pounded in some stakes each side ’n’ made it good ’n’ stout;
If Mister Cotton-Tail got in he never could get out.

Tom staid ’ith me till mornin’, an’ almos’ ’fore it wuz light
We run behin’ ther shed ’n’ foun’ our trap all shet up tight;
An’ nen I shouted, “ Got him!” ’n’ Tom threw up his hat—
Blame ’f that ol’ rabbit wasn’t my Aunt Polly’s cat!

“THE COUNTRY, THE: COUNTRY!

PROM A CLUB OF ‘ONE, BY Ay Po) RUSSEERE, Es i; D.*

REPS Lbink of them! Inthe

| United States thirty-six varieties
of oak, thirty-four of pine, nine

of fir, five of spruce, four of hem-

lock, two of persimmon, twelve of ash,
eighteen of willow, nine of poplar, and
I don’t know how many of the beautiful
beech. I once counted over thirty dif-
ferent varieties of trees in the space of
one acre. And the leaves—their num-
ber, their individuality, their variety of
shape and tint, the acres of space that
those of one great tree would cover if
spread out and laid together! In the
autumn to watch them fall—how slowly,
how rapidly! Yet they say nobody ever
saw one of them let go. Homer’s com-
parison to the lives of men—how fine!
Better than Lucian’s to the bubbles. I
remember very well one October day
in Ohio. It was long ago—“in life’s
morning march, when my bosom was
young.” (I lke to quote from that
poem of Campbell’s, it is incomparable
of its kind.) A delightful tramp! El-
derberries. (The great Boerhaave held
the elder in such pleasant reverence for
the multitude of its virtues, that he is
said to have taken off his hat whenever
he passed it.) Grapes. Haws. Paw-
paws. (Nature’s custard.) Spicewood.
Sassafras. Hickory nuts. Nearly a
primeval forest. Vines reminding one
of Brazilian creepers. Trees that were
respectable saplings when Columbus
landed. The dead roots of an iron-
wood—-so like a monster as to startle.
Behemoth I thought of. ‘Fle moveth
his tail like a cedar.’ Thistle-down.
Diffused like small vices. Every seed
hath wings. Here and there a jay, ora
woodpecker. Grape-vines, fantastically
running over the tops of tall bushes,
grouping deformities, any one of which,
if an artist drew it, would be called an
exaggeration, worse than anything of
Doré’s. Trees, swaying and bowing to
one another, like stilted clowns in Na-
ture’s afterpiece of the seasons. Trees

68

incorporated, sycamore and elm, maple
and hickory, modifying and partaking
each other’s nature; resembling so much
as to appear one tree. A jolly gray
squirrel, hopping from limb to limb,
like a robin; swinging like an oriole;
flying along the limb like a weaver’s
shuttle; scared away, at length, bya
scudding cloud of pigeons, just brush-
ing the tallest tree-tops, as if kissing an
annual farewell. Clover. Sorrel. Pen-
nyroyal. A drink of cider from a bit
of broken crockery. (‘‘Does he not
drink more sweetly that takes his bev-
erage in an earthen vessel than he that
looks and searches into his golden chal-
ices for fear of poison, and sleeps in
armor, and trusts nobody, and does not
trust God for his safety?” “All is fair
—all is glad—from grass tosun!” Not
a‘‘melancholy” day. Keats’ poem on
Autumn comes to mind; and Crabbe’s

“Welcome pure thoughts, welcome, ye
silent groves;

These guests, these courts, my soul most
dearly loves.”’

Indian summer. Balzac’s comparison
toripe womanhood. Thesignificant worn
walk round the mean man’s field; its
crooked outline impressively striking.
All in all, a white day. Memory of it
supplies these notes. They might be ex-
panded into an essay. The country,
the country! Though the man who
would truly relish and enjoy it must be
previously furnished with a large and
various stock of ideas, which he must
be capable of turning over in his own
mind, of comparing, varying, and con-
templating upon with pleasure; he must
so thoroughly have seen the world as
to cure him of being over fond of it;
and he must have so much good sense
and virtue in his own heart as to pre-
vent him from being disgusted with his
own reflections, or uneasy in his own
company. Alas!

*By permission.

ee.

FROM COL, Fs KAEMPFER. GOPHER. COPYRIGHT 1900, BY

A. W. MUMFORD, PUBLISHER, CHICAGO. rn “6 . NAVTURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.
fae 6 Life-size.
2035

THE GOPHER,

HE name of gopher, according to
Brehm, is applied in some
American localities to various
other widely variant rodents.

The zoGlogists, who first described the
animal, obtained their specimens from
Indians, who had amused themselves
by cramming both cheek pouches full
of earth, distending them to such a de-
gree that if the animal had walked the
pouches would have trailed on the
earth. These artificially distended
pouches obtained for the gopher its
name; the taxidermists who prepared
the dead specimens endeavored to give
them what was supposed to be a life-
like appearance by following the prac-
tice of the Indians in distending the
cheek pouches, and the artists who de-
lineated the animal followed the mod-
els which were accessible to them, but
too truly in their drawings. Owing to
these circumstances, the pictures of
gophers of even recent date represent
really monstrous animals, when they
honestly intend to familiarize us with
the gopher.

The gopher may be found east of
the Rocky Mountains and to the west
of the Mississippi river, between the
thirty-fourth and fifty-second parallel
of north latitude. It leads an under-
ground life, digging tunnels in various
directions. Tunnels, of old standing,
says Brehm, are packed hard and firm
from constant use. Lateral passages
branch off at intervals. The main
chamber is situated under the roots of
a tree at a depth of about four and one-
half feet; the entrance tunnel is sunk
down to it with a spiral direction. This
chamber is large, is lined with soft
grass, and serves for a nesting and
sleeping-place. The nest in which the
young, numbering from five to seven,
are born about the beginning of April,
is lined with the hair of the mother. It
is surrounded with circular passages
from which the tunnels radiate. Ges-
ner found that a passage leads from the
nest to a larger hole, the storeroom,
which is usually filled with roots, pota-
toes, nuts,and seeds. When throwing

71

up the earth the gopher exposes itself
to view as little as possible and imme-
diately after accomplishing its purpose

plunges back into its hole. Accord-
ing to Audubon it appears above
ground to bask in fhe sun. We have

seen it sit at the entrance to its den
with an air of bold indifference to the
approach of danger and then suddenly
vanish under ground. Its acute sense
of hearing and great power of scent
protect it from surprises.

Audubon kept several gophers in
captivity for months, feeding them on
potatoes. Their appetites were vora-
cious, but they would drink neither
water nor milk. They made incessant
efforts to regain their liberty by gnaw-
ing through boxes and doors. They
constantly dragged clothing and other
similar objects together, utilizing them
as bedding, first gnawing them to
pieces. One of them, straying into a
boot, instead of turning back, simply
gnawed its way through the tip. The
habit of gnawing was unendurable and
Audubon incontinently got rid of them.

The gopher is very destructive to
valuable trees and plants, for which
reason man is its most dangerous en-
emy, the only other foes it has to fear
being water and snakes.

This pretty little rodent is often found
in populous neighborhoods. A few
years ago the writer saw one rush into
a hole under the root of a large osage
orange bush in Woodlawn, Chicago.
Curiosity led him to watch for the re-
appearance of the animal, which soon
put its head cautiously above the en-
trance and eyed the intruder with as
much interest as a weasel will often
show under like circumstances. For
several weeks the gopher was visible
in the morning hours. We pointed it
out to several persons, each of whom
declared it to be a ground squirrel.
There is a great difference in these
small animals, but they are frequently
confounded.

The name of gopher is applied in
some American localities to various
other rodents.

HANS AND MIZI.

DR. ALBERT SCHNEIDER.

ANS was a little blue-eyed Ger-
rT man orphan who had_ been
“adopted” by a man and wife
because they thought they could
make good use of him; but to their
chagrin they were disappointed. Hans
had been told again and again that he
was an ungrateful, lazy, good for-noth-
ing. This was also the reason why his
master whipped him so frequently.
Now Hans was only nine years old and,
of course, he could not know that he
was so thoroughly bad unless he was
told and the telling of it accompanied
by cuffs, in order to impress this fact
more fully upon his dull brain.

It was really true that Hans was lazy
and perhaps queer in many ways. He
disliked hard work, preferring to wan-
‘der about the fields and meadows, the
ditches, pastures, and the trees of the
nearby forest. He had been discovered
lying in the grass watching the fleeting
‘clouds overhead and listening to the
sighing of the wind in the tall grass
and the overshadowing trees. In hisim-
agination the breezes whispered sooth-
ing words, soft and low. He watched
the busy bees, the ants, and the black car-
rion beetles tugging great loads up hill.

Often he had observed a lady with two
children about his age going by on their
way to Sunday-school. With wistful
eyes he would watch the romping of
the children and listen to their excla-
mations of joy as they played among
the flowers. Sometimes the kind lady
would beckon to Hans and talk kindly
to him and make him presents. Then
little Hans would cry as though his
poor heart would break. He hid the
gifts in a secret nook in the granary
which was also his sleeping place and
often he would think of the kind lady
and her happy children while the love-
hunger shone in his eyes.

Mizi was only a half-starved, home-
less, gray kitten which came to Hans
while he was hoeing in the orchard.
The two understood each other at once,
and why should they not? Both were
homeless, friendless, and _ soulless.
Everybody knows that a cat, much less

—!I
hn

a stray kitten, has no soul. You may
say that Hans was neither a cat nor a
kitten, but some little boys of the
neighborhood had sneeringly remarked
that he was a “fraid-cat.” Besides, his
master had whipped all the spirit out of
him. ,Therefore he, too, was without a
soul. Hans petted Mizi and gave her
some bread-crusts and hid her in the
shed to keep her out of sight of his
master. Mizi gained in flesh and be-
came very fond of Hans, and at times
would try to follow him, but Hans
would take her back and put her in a
more secure place. Mizi did not know
of the cruel master and in spite of all
precautions she finally made her escape
and searched for Hans. She could not
find him, so she mewed again and again
and finally succeeded in attracting, not
only the attention of Hans but also that
of the master who promptly picked up
a stone and hurled it at Mizi but for-
tunately missed her. It may be that
Mizi was not so easily frightened as
Hans, for in time she tried to get to him
even if the masterwasnear. Poor, igno-
rant Mizi,she did not know that this show
of friendliness would get Hans into
trouble. The master concluded that
Hans was responsible for the presence
of Mizi and ordered him to take her
and kill her then and there. In agony
and despair Hans ran to Mizi to frighten
her away but she only rubbed her glossy
fur against him and purred gently and
only when the frenzied master attempted
to grasp her out of the protecting arms
of Hans did she attempt to flee—but too
late! a vicious kick caught her in the
side but she managed to escape under
the protecting granary. In the evening
Hans went to the shed and called “Mizi,
Mizi,” and poor, suffering Mizi dragged
herself far enough so that little Hans
might stroke her head. Hans brought
some bread and milk ‘but Mizi only
mewed piteously. In the morning
Hans found Mizi stiff and cold near the
opening of the shed. Poor Hans, he
sobbed and sobbed and called, ‘Mizi,
Mizi,’ most piteously but Mizi did not
answer; her sufferings were over.

GEOGRAPHY LESSONS.

geography diligently every day and

forgetapparently nearly everything

he learns. Both geography and his-
tory are studies which may be pursued
in such a way that nearly all that is ac-
quired in any given month is lost inthe
next month. Those who are inclined
to doubt this have but to test a class
where the text has been the subject of
acquisition. Test them on what they
learned a month previously and even
those inclined to believe this statement
will be astonished that so little is re-
tained of what once seemed to be known
so well.

Mr. A sweeps his barn with the doors
open and the wind blowing against his
work. He works with much energy
and some apparent efficiency; but the
wind brings back the chaff to such an
extent that there is never much clear
space on his floor. Mr. B takes ad-
vantage of the direction of the wind,
and every stroke counts for success and
is more than doubled in effect by the
help of the wind. The chaff flies be-
fore him and his floor is clear in a short
time.

I have seen a steamer in waters open-
ing upon the Bay of Fundy pouring
out black smoke, beating the water into
foam, and apparently making great
progress. But observation of the dis-
tant shore proved that she was actually
standing still. The adverse tide was
such that she could not contend with
it successfully. So she dropped her
anchor and saved coal and the wear of
machinery. Two hours later she swung
with her cable, the anchor was hoisted,
and she moved rapidly in the desired
direction without the aid of a poundof
steam. In Passamaquoddy bay are so
many islands and channels and such
a great fluctuation of tide that the
waters are racing in various directions
at all times. Fishermen study their
courses and never tack against the tide.
Those who go out every day do not
leave home at the same hour Tues-
day: as on Monday, but just fifty
minutes later. They do not go and re-
turn over the same courses, for many

B IS possible for a pupil to study

times the strongest flow of tide does
not run where there was the swiftest
ebb. With them the proverb, ‘The
longest way round is the shortest way
home,” is often true, and I have heard
them quote those words frequently.

In psychology there are both a wind
andatide. The wind is what the pu-
pil thinks of the subject—as to its use-
fulness in his future life. The tide is
his natural interest in the thing for its
own sake.

Wind and tide are sometimes both
against us, and it is a poor skipper who
lacks the sense to tie up for a short
time or take another course when he
finds both set against him.

But there are teachers who battle
fiercely against the desires and inter-
ests of their pupils, bound to compel
them to learn, making a tremendous
fuss, filling families with tears and
tremblings, threatenings, scoldings,and
reviewings—all with no permanent re-
sults of value.

There is a natural interest in children
for birds. It is so strong and absorb-
ing that it amounts to a psychological
tide. The things of the bird-world act
upon the child-mind rather instinctively
than mentally. The whole child is
active and alert when the subject is
such that it fully interests him. A little
effective teaching just at that time is
worth more than hours of perfunctory
drudgery over a similar task presented
in the wrong way.

There are birds wherever man lives.
They differ in color, form, and habit
according to environment. The pupil
who seems to be interested least in the
ordinary things of the text book in
geography is the very one, as arule, to
be caught with the birds and animals
of the various parts of the earth. The
pupil who will not retain information
about the products of a country may
be induced to consider intelligently
something about the fauna of that
country and pass readily to an inter-
ested study of the flora, and from what
grows there to what is shipped from
that place.

THE MINK.

(Putorius vison.)

HIS soft fur bearing animal has
been described by Audubon
and Prince De Wied. Its near-
est relatives are very closely

allied to the polecat and differ from it
only by a flatter head, larger canine
teeth, shorter legs, the presence of
webs between the toes, a longer tail,
and a lustrous fur, consisting of a
close, smooth, short hair, resembling
otter fur. Its color is a uniform brown.
The fur of the American mink is much
more esteemed than that of the Euro-
pean, as it is softer and of a more
woolly character.

According to Audubon the mink
ranks next to the ermine in destructive
capacity, prowling around the farm-
yard or duck-pond, and its presence is
soon detected by the sudden disap-
pearance of young chickens and duck-
lings. Audubon hada personal experi-
ence with a mink which made its home
in the stone dam of a small pond near
the home of the naturalist. The pond
had been dammed for the benefit of
the ducks in the yard, and in this way
afforded the mink hunting-grounds of
ample promise. Its hiding-place had
been selected with cunning, very
near the house and still nearer the
place where the chickens had to
pass on their way to drink. In front
of its hole were two large stones,
which served the mink as a watch
tower, from which it could overlook
_ the yard as well as the pond. It would
lie in wait for hours every day and
would carry away chickens and ducks
in broad daylight. Audubon found the
mink to be especially plentiful on the
banks of the Ohio river, and there ob-
served it to be of some use in catching
mice and rats. But it was also ad-
dicted to poaching and fishing. The
naturalist observed it to swim and
dive with the greatest agility and pur-
sue and attack the quickest of fishes,
such as the salmon and trout. It will

eat frogs or lizards, but when food is
plentiful it is very fastidious, preying
upon rats, finches and ducks, hares,
oysters and other shell fish; in short,
Brehm says it adapts itself to the local-
ity and knows how to profit by what-
ever food supplies it may be able to
find. When frightened it gives forth
a very fetid odor like the polecat.

The female gives birth to five or
six young at about the end of April.
If taken young they get to be very
tame and become real pets. Richard-
son saw one in the possession of a
Canadian lady who used to carry it
about with her in her pocket. It is
easily caught in a trap of any kind,
but its tenacity of life renders it diffi-
cult to shoot. The European mink
much resembles the American, ex-
cept that it is somewhat smaller and
its fur is coarser.

Upon a large farm in Michigan vis-
ited by the writer this summer ran a
creek where the chickens, when the
trough was dry—and dry it usually was
—traveled to getadrink. Inthe bank
of the creek a mink made his home,
and not a week passed that one or more
hens did not appear in the barnyard
crippled or mangled in a manner pain-
ful to behold—painful, that is, to the
visitor, but not apparently to the farm-
er, who only said: “It’s that darned
mink; some day, when I have time, I’ll
set a trap and catch him,” and so went
coolly on his way, leaving the poor
maimed creatures to drag out a painful
existence for days or weeks, hoping
that nature would heal the wounds
made by the mink.

Aside from the lack of thrift thus
shown by the farmer—for the hens,
when badly mangled, in time suc-
cumbed—the inhumane aspect of the
case never seemed to strike him. The
cultivation of his fields left no time
for cultivating the finer feelings of the
heart.

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THE NEW SPORT.

JOHN WINTHROP SCOTT.

N THE early days every man and

| boy knew how to use a gun. It

was a necessity of life. It brought

in meat for the family. The regu-

lar business of every holiday was to go

to the woods and kill. The free life of

the woods, the pleasure of ranging

about for a purpose, and the excite-

ment attending success in bagging game
were among their greater pleasures.

Now we live in cities mainly. Even
the country boy has less regard for the
gun. The game and many of the birds
and animals that are not game have
been killed off, so that country boys
now wish to give them a chance for
their lives. Probably the worst mur-
derers of songsters and innocent ani-
mals are the ignorant city youths who
get only a day or two in the woods in a
year.
~ Guns have been “improved” to such
an extent that whether the gunner
has any skill or not everything in
sight can be killed because of the
rapidity of fire and the number of
chances for killing. A gun has been
invented which pours a steady stream
of rapid fire as long as you hold the
trigger. It was invented for killing
men on the battlefield; but there are
other guns nearly as destructive that
are used for “sport...

Public schools, Audubon societies,
women’s clubs, and other humanizing
agencies have so modified the ideas of
boys and young men that there are but
few who hunt for sport.

The cheapening of the camera and
its perfection for amateur use have
placed a new shooting apparatus in
their hands, and many young people of
both sexes are now more or less expert
in making exposures and developing.
A shot with a camera is worth more
than a shot with a gun. You have to
eat or stuff the unfortunate bird or
animal you shoot with a gun. When
it is gone you have nothing to show
for your skill.

The shot with a camera gives you a
handsome picture with many thrilling

~1
I

details to relate. If you wish to boast
you have the evidence at hand to cor-
roborate your statement. The pictures
last indefinitely, are easily stored, and
may be duplicated at will.

Camera presents last Christmas far
outnumbered the guns given. Boys
and girls much prefer the new sport to
the old. With the aid of the bicycle
in getting about the country, young
people are making trips to the country
with loaded cameras and bringing in
much more satisfactory game than
they used to get with guns.

The skill some of them have mani-
fested in getting a focus on some shy
resident of the woods or fields is in-
deed remarkable. Imitations of brush
heaps are made out of light stuff that
may easily be carried about. These
may be placed before the residence o
a rabbit or woodchuck for several days
before the attempt is made to get a
shot from beneath. A great deal of
caution is sometimes necessary to get
the subject accustomed even to a
strange brush heap, so he will act
naturally at the instant the snap is
made.

Two young Englishmen made a mock
tree-trunk of cloth, painted its exterior,
cut holes in it for observation and
for the camera, tricked it out with
vines, spread it out on a light frame so
they could set it up where they chose,
and got so many beautiful and scien-
tifically interesting views that they have
written a book that has had a large
sale. It is embellished with half-tone
engravings made from their collections
of photographs, and is a most delightful
and useful addition to one’s library. It
is entitled ‘Wild Life at Home,” and
is published by Cassell & Company of
New York. It has met with such pop-
ularity largely because it has appeared
just at the time when so many young
people are turning their attention from
the killing of birds and animals to the
more pleasing and humane business of
catching their likenesses in their native
haunts.

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, of Washington,
a distinguished naturalist, has made
many photographs of wild life in the
United States, and embellished his own
works with reproductions of these pic-
tures which are so very interesting and
difficult to secure.

The telephoto lens is a great help in
taking the more timid subjects. Audu-
bon used a telescope to get the most
familiar glimpses of these little inhabi-
tants of the forests long before the dry
plate was invented. What would he
not have given to have been the pos-
sessor of a means of taking instantly

all the details and attitudes of the wild
birds he loved so well!

The camera is now adding daily to
the accurate knowledge we possess of
the things of nature, and every young
person should own one and become
familiar with its rare qualities and use-
fulness. It is very gratifying to think
that sport in the woods now means
something superior to the old bloody
work our boys formerly pursued with
guns. With a copy of the book above
mentioned a boy is equipped with sug-
gestions and directions enough to keep
him busy and well employed for several
seasons.

MOLE CRICKET LODGE.

BERTHA SEAVEY SAUNIER.

R. and Mrs. Mole Cricket had

M folded their hands for the

winter. The busy season

was over, for the ground was

all hard with the foot tread of Jack

Frost and the snow lay all over the

lodge — a solid, warm cover that

squeaked and crunched quite musically

when little Boy Will rode back and
forth on it with his sled Dasher.

Shadows lay rather heavily in the
lodge. The caverns and galleries
which had been built in warmer times
were hung with darkness and all was
still in slumber.

Side by side in the chamber, just
under the long, dead grass and the
white snow, with a roof formed of tiny
roots and loose earth, lay Mr. and Mrs.
Mole Cricket.

It was the same chamber in which
had lain the little white eggs that the
warm sun had hatched, and from it the
young crickets had gone out, already
valiant, to burrow their own galleries,
and seek their own food.

Slumber had gone on in the chamber
for many weeks when, at a sudden
sound, Mr. Cricket moved. We fancy

he was cross at being disturbed.
‘““What’s that?” he said.
“Boy Will,’ answered his wife.

“He’s digging up the snow
snow man, and shouting.’’

“He'll make us cold,” grumbled Mr.
Cricket.

to make a

“Then we must go to the cavern.”
“But we can’t—I’m as stiffasa stick.”
“TI believe I am, too.”

The earth that covered their roof
was very sandy and loose, when not
frozen, and as it was, it yielded readily
to persistent thumps such as now fell
about it. The snow was soggy—yjust
right for building purposes—and Boy
Will, in his enthusiasm, scraped up a
shovelful of dirt with the last bit of
snow that covered the lodge. His
sharp eyes saw something black lying
beneath the little dead roots that had
in the summer belonged to his forget-
me-nots. He took the shovel—it was
his mother’s stove shovel—and care-
fully pried the dark bundle up, and
with his little red fingers separated it
from its wrappings.

MAthial’ he ‘said, and” tran “intor the
house. ‘Look a-here!” he cried as he
fan up to his father’s desk, 9 “Well:
well!” said his father, looking at the
objects through gold-bowed spectacles,
“that’s the same sort of fellow that we
teased last summer witha grass blade.”

“Tell me,” said Boy Will, in wonder,
“don’t you remember the little hole in
the garden, and when I put ina spear
of grass how the fellow grabbed it
with his jaws? I drew him out and
there was Sir Mole Cricket that does
so much mischief in the garden.”

“Oh yes; and now here are two; but

they/aretdead.” ,
tog

‘No, only asleep for the winter. The
warm room will revive them but they
may die after all. They will have
awakened out of season.”

“T wish I could put them back,” said
Boy Will.

“We will study them a little and then
we will see,” returned his father as he
took up his penknife and pointed to
the folded legs.

“Those big flat fore-legs are what do
all the mischief. They are like strong
little hands and have claws on them
and they are used for digging. The
main business of Sir Cricket is to bur-
row and he works away with these
hands of his until he will have made a
number of underground passages.
And in his work he will cut off hun-
dreds of new, tender roots that belong
to plants and shrubs. And that’s the
mischief of him.”

“What do they eat?”

“Why, little bugs; but they are
fierce, hungry creatures, and when they
meet a mole cricket that is weak and
defenseless they pounce on him and
eat him. They are no respecter of
relatives.”

“They don’t deserve to live!’’ cried
Boy Will, with a stamp.

“But wecan give them their chances,”
returned Mr. Rey. ‘Now look at this
one. There are two sets of wings. One
outside and one inside like grasshop-

pers, but much shorter. Here are two
delicate feelers, or antennz, bent back-
ward, and two at the end of the body.
I suppose those are for the purpose of
dicovering any danger that might ap-
proach them from ‘behind while they
are busy at digging. The jaws are
toothed and horny, and so, all in all,
we may put Sir Cricket down in the
same order in which are the katydid,
grasshopper, field. and house cricket,
cockroach, earwig and so on, which is
the order Orthoptera. Now come and
show me where you found them.”

Boy Will led the way where stood
his half-built snow-man, and Mr. Rey
with a stick felt about in the chamber
for the opening to another cavity to
the lodge.

“Ah, here it is—a warmer and a bet-
ter one than the other because it is
deeper,” and he slipped the two ob-
jects in and stopped the doorway with
earth and snow.

“Well, I declare!” said Mr. Mole
Cricket from under his horny skin,
“What do you think of that?”

“Why,” said his wife, ‘“they’ve put
us in the cavern where we should have
been in the first place. What a mistake
it was to go to sleep in the nursery!
Now we shall be quite safe untilspring.”

“Well, well, true enough!” returned
Sir Mole Cricket. And they both fell
asleep again.

SNOW BIRDS.

This poem, by Louis Honore Fre-
chette, the laureate of Canada, is very
fine in the original, and holds the same
position in French-Canadian literature
that Bryant’s “Lines to a Waterfowl”
occupies in American classics. It is one
of the poems that won for its author
the crown of the French academy and
the Grand Prix Monthyon of 2,000
livres.

When the rude Equinox, with his cold
train
From our horizons drives accustomed
cheer:
Behold! a thousand winged sprites
appear
And flutter briskly round the frosty
plain.

79

No seeds are anywhere, save sleety rain,
No leafage thick against the outlook

drear;
Rough winds to wildly whip them far
and near;
God’s heart alone to feel their every
pain.
Dear little travelers through this icy
realm,
Fear not the tempest shall you over-
whelm;
The glad spring buds within your
happy song.

Go, whirl about the avalanche, and be,
O birds of snow, unharmed, and so

teach me:
Whom God doth guard is stronger
than the strong. —C.G. B.

VEGETATION IN THE PHILIPPINES.

UCH attention has of late been
devoted to the Philippines, and
as one result considerable in-
terest has been evinced in their

natural products. In the matter of
vegetation they are highly favored.
Fruits grow in great abundance, and
the reputation of some of them is
already established abroad, as is the
case, for example, with the mango.
Other fruits grown in the islands are
the ate (the cinnamon apple of the
French colonists), the mangosteen, the
pineapple, the tamarind, the orange,
the lemon, the jack, the jujube, the lit-
chi (regarded by the Chinese as the
king of fruits), the plum, the chico-
mamey (the sapodilla of the West In-
dies), the bread fruit, and the papaw.
The last named is eaten like a melon,
and is valued asa digestive; its juice
furnishes an extract which is used as
a medicament under the name of papa-
ine, or vegetable pepsin. The banana
grows abundantly and is a great boon
to the poor people, supplying them
with a cheap, delicious, and exceed-
ingly nutritive food; there are many
varieties, ten of which are in particular
highly esteemed.

Plants which are cultivated for in-
dustrial purposes include the sugar
cane, of which four varieties are grown
—yellow cane, Otaheite cane, purple
of Bafaviascanewand. striped cane.
Of vegetables there are several pulses
used as food by the natives which never
appear on the tables of the European
settlers. These include the mango,
mentioned above, and three or four
kinds of beans, such as the butingue,
the zabache, the Abra bean, and the
Patami bean. These suit the natives
much better than the garbanzos, or
chick peas, that are so highly prized
by the Spaniards. Among the tuber-

80

ous rocts valued as food the sweet po-
tato ranks first, with an annual produc-
tion of 98,000,000 pounds. The com-
mon or white potato, although of infe-
rior quality, stands nextin importance.
Then follows the camotengcahoy or
manihot (cassava), the root of which is
made edible by the removal of its poi-
sonous juice in the same way as in the
West Indies. After expression of the
juice the pulp forms a sort of coarse-
grained flour that is very nutritious,
pleasant to the taste and easy to digest.
Besides these tubers other plants, such
as the ubi, the togui and the gabi, are
cultivated in the fields for the sake of
their edible roots. Other edible vege-
tables include calabashes, melons,water-
melons, cucumbers, carrots, celery,
parsley, tomatoes, egg plants, peppers,
capers, cabbages, lettuce, endives, mus-
tard, leeks, onions, asparagus, and peas.
Of the cocoa palms the ordinary co-
coanut tree is the most important, the
oil of which is put to many and varied
uses. The bamboo is much valued,
the young and tender shoots making a
very acceptable article of food, in the
form of salads and other dishes, and
the fibre is used for numerous purposes.
Tobacco as a cultivated crop is gener-
ally grown in the same field as maize.
Of spices the Philippines grow cinna-
mon, nutmegs, pepper, ginger, and ma-
joram. Of medicinal plants the most
familiar are the papaw, already men-
tioned, and ipecacuanha.

Among aromatic and ornamental
plants may be mentioned magnolias,
camellias, clematis, several kinds of
roses, dahlias, ylang-ylang, papua,
jessamine, and many species of or-
chids and ferns. These, however,
grow wild in such profusion that little
care is bestowed upon their cultivation.
—Gardener’s Magazine.

S YRIGHT 1900, BY
FROM COL, CHI. ACAD SCIENCES CARBONS. cop ,
NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.

Ww. MUMFORD, PUBLISHER, CHICAGO Bituminous Coal -
Anthracite Coal Graphite

310

COMMON MINERALS AND VALUABLE ORES.

3.—MINERALS CONTAINING CARBON.

THEO?) b. BROOKINS, Bs s:, 4
Principal Au Sable Forks Union Free School and Academy, New York

MONG minerals of economic im-
‘al portance carbon minerals hold
the unique position of being
at the same time of the most
common and the most rare occur-
rence, As far as external appear-
ance. indicates,. .a) ‘prece | of ;y.com-
mon coal and the most brilliant dia-
mond are widely separated; with re-
gard to chemical composition they are
closely related. Intermediate between
the coal of the stoke furnace and the
“brilliant” of the jewelry shop is still
another well-known form of carbon,
the graphite of the lead pencil. These
three substances comprise the far
greater part of carbon-containing min-
erals.

In so far as our mind’s picture of a
mineral is that of an aggregation of
crystals of fairly perfect form our con-
sideration of coal as a mineral is erro-
neous. We must yield to a broader
interpretation of the essential charac-
teristics of a mineral and modify our
idea so as to include any homogeneous
substance (solid, with the single ex-
ception of mercury) of fairly definite
chemical composition ‘occurring in
nature but not of apparent organic
origin.” Organic substances are those
that are alive or have lived.

Vegetation is, undoubtedly, the origin
of all coal, but often much more than
a cursory examination is necessary to
prove such origin. In the less altered
coals the vegetable origin is readily
proved by the actual presence of seeds,
plant fibers, and other equally apparent
organic remains. A microscopic study
is necessary for finding the presence
of woody fiber in the more metamor-
phosed form. The word metamor-
phose comes from the Greek; meta
means after or over; morphe is form.

83

A metamorphosis is a change of form
or a forming over.

The history of the discovery of the
value of coal as a means of producing
heat and of the development of the
coal-mining industry covers a compar-
atively recent period. Coal occurs in
such quantities near the surface of the
earth’s crust and its outcrops are so
numerous that it cannot have failed to
attract the attention of the most an-
cient of peoples. Indeed, that coal
could be used as a fuel is mentioned
by a writer, Theophrastus, who lived
300 years B. C. The ancient Celts of
Britain are reputed to have evidenced
knowledge of the industrial value of
coal. It was not until near the middle
of the thirteenth century, however,
that coal became so important an eco-
nomic product as to result in statutes
granting to certain places the privilege
of mining it. After a long period of
trial in England the superiority of coal
over other fuels was recognized, and
stone coal, as the harder form was
commonly known, came into general
use. In America bituminous, or soft
coal, was mined to a slight extent in
the latter half of the eighteenth. cen-
tury. The form now commonly used
in house-heating furnaces, anthracite,
for a long time baffled the colonists in
their efforts to mike it burn. The
knowledge that an anthracite fire is
most effective if not continually poked
is said to have been acquired generally
by accident.

Europe and the United States to-day
produce practically all the coal of the
world. In Europe, Great Britain, Ger-
many, France, Austria-Hungary, and
Belgium are the main sources of sup-
ply. Several important coal areas ex-
ist in our own country, notably that of

the New England basin, with an area
of 500 square miles; the Appalachian
district, with an area of 65,000 square
miles; the northern area, in Michigan,
covering 7,000 square miles; the cen-
tral area, comprising parts of Il|linois,
Indiana and Kentucky, and including
48,000 square miles; the scattered west-
ern area, with a total of 98,000 square
miles; the indefinite Rocky Mountain
area, and the Pacific coast region, in-
cluding parts of California, Oregon,
and Washington. Coal mining is yet
an undeveloped industry in our terri-
torial possessions. Alaska has an
abundant supply of coal, and lesser
quantities are found in Cuba and Porto
Rico.

Mention has already been made ofthe
two common kinds of coal, bituminous
and anthracite. Thesetwo kinds mark
different stages in the transformation
from plant organism to mineral prod-
uct. As the biologist traces the suc-
cessive steps in the evolution of an in-
dividual of a species from germ to
adult, so the geologist unfolds before
us the wonderful history of a piece of
coal from its first appearance on the
earth to the time when it is thrown
into our fire grate as fuel. Coal is the
metamorphosed product of vegetable
growths, changed by atmospheric agen-
cies and the internal forces of the earth
acting through a total period of per-
haps millions of years. Inthe remote
past, ages before man had appeared on
the earth, the atmosphere of our globe
was highly charged with carbon gases.
Vegetation flourished in luxuriance.
Great swamps were common. The
ocean alternately covered and receded
from verdure-clothed landareas. Ponds
were transformed to morasses and
swamps. In the swamps thus formed,
the accumulated sediment of centuries
upon centuries covered alternate lay-
ers of decayed plant organisms, until
finally beds of peat were formed.
Great masses above pressed on those
underneath; the internal heat of the
earth reached up and transformed the
densely packed masses of peat until
the beds became hard and brown, the
product of the partial metamorphism
being what we know as lignite, or
brown coal. With the continued action

84

of the forces of metamorphism, the
lignite turned still darker, and as more
gases were driven off, became heavier,
until the bituminons stage was reached,
which, in turn, was succeeded by the
anthracite stage.

Graphite, or black lead, is a mineral
containing not more than five per cent
of impurities, and is generally supposed
to have originated as did mineral coal,
and to represent a still more advanced
stage of development. It occurs in
various localities both in the vicinity
of coal measures and far removed from
them. The chief part of the world’s sup-
ply comes from Ceylon, though Ger-
many and the United States pro-
duce quantities of graphite of excellent
quality. In the Laurentian rocks of
Canada, and of course with as ancient
origin, extensive deposits are found.
This presence of graphite in strata in
which as yet no certain traces of or-
ganic life have been found has led
some to believe that this form of car-
bon mineral may have another than
organic origin.

Various uses are served by graphite.
The chemist finds it of great value in
making his crucibles; the engineer
uses it, finely powdered, as a lubricant;
the housekeeper polishes stoves with
it; the electrician uses it in his arc
lights; all civilized nations use it in the
lead of lead pencils. The stem, grapho
(to write), on which so many of our
words, as geography, telegraph, graph-
ophone, etc., are formed, suggests also
the origin of the name, graphite. The
finest quality lead pencils are those
made from graphite occurring ina state
sufficiently pure to allow the cutting
and grinding of pieces to the size
needed. In the case of the medium
and poorer grade pencils. the graphite
has first been finely powdered and then
pressed into the requisite shape and
size.

The purest form of carbon found in
nature is the diamond. The rare oc-
currence of diamonds indicates that
the essential conditions in nature for
causing the transformation of some less
pure form of carbon into diamond are
seldom present. While diamonds have
actually been produced in the labora-
tory by far-seeing and indefatigable

chemists, yet the cost of such products
is SO great as to preclude the possibil-
ity of the most precious of gems be-
coming at allcommon. The diamond
is the hardest of all known substances,
and will scratch any other mineral
across which it may be drawn.

Three localities have successively
furnished the main part of the world’s
stock of diamonds. A century and a
half ago, practically all the diamonds
came from India, where at one time
60,000 persons were employed in dia-
mond digging. Toward the middle of
the eighteenth century, when the dia-
mondiferous districts of India were be-
coming exhausted, the discovery of the

precious gem in Brazilian deposits was
made. At present, the supply of dia-
monds from Brazil has much dimin-
ished, and the diamond fields of South
Africa, where is located the famous
Kimberley mine, produce the larger
part of the world’s output of diamonds.
Among famous diamonds of the
world should be mentioned the Koh-i-
noor of the British crown, which, Hindu
legend relates, was worn five thousand
years ago by one of their national he-
roes. The largest known diamond,
weighing three hundred sixty-seven
carats, was found in Borneo, and is
now owned by the Rajah of Matan.

FEBRUARY:

FEBRUARY,—fortnights two,—
Briefest of the months are you,

Of the winter’s children last.

Why do you go by so fast?

Is it not a little strange

Once in four years you should change,
That the sun should shine and give
You another day to live?

May be this is only done

Since you are the smallest one;

So I make the shortest rhyme

For you, as befits your time:

You're the baby of the year,

And to me you're very dear,

Just because you bring the line,

“Will you be my Valentine?”
—Fyrank Dempster Sherman.

The snow had begun in the gloaming,
And busily all the night

Had been heaping field and highway
With a silence deep and white.

Every pine and fir and hemlock
Wore ermine too dear for an earl,
And the poorest twig on the elm-tree
Was ridged inch-deep with pearl.

From sheds new-roofed with Carrara
Came Chanticleer’s muffled crow,
The stiff rails were softened to swan’s-

down,
And still fluttered down the snow.
—Lowell.

85

LICORICE.

(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)

DR. ALBERT SCHNEIDER,
Northwestern University School of Pharmacy.

But first he cheweth greyn and Jlicorys

To smellen sweete.

HE licorice yielding plant is a
perennial herb with a thick root-
stock, having a number of long
sparingly branched roots and

very long runners or rhizomes. It be-
longs to the same family as the peas
and beans (Leguminose). It has pur-
plish flowers with the irregular corolla
characteristic of the family. The pods
are rather small, much compressed,
each with from two to five seeds.

The plant is in all probability a na-
tive of the warm parts of the Mediter-
ranean region. There are several var-
leties of G. glabra, all of which are more
or less extensively cultivated and
placed upon the market.

As to the exact habitat of licorice
there is some difference of opinion.
According to some authorities its na-
tive home is in the vicinity of the sea
of Azov. Dioscorides was among the
first to give a description of the plant
and designated the pontic lands and
Kappadonia of Asia Minor as its home.
The Romans named the plant Glycyr-
vhiza. Celsius, Scribonius Largus, and
Plinius described it as Radix dulcis,
Sweet root, on account of its sweet
taste. Galenus, the eminent Roman
physician, made extensive medicinal
use of the roots as well as of the juice.
Alexander Trallianus also recom-
mended licorice very highly. Although
this plant enjoyed extensive use during
the middle ages it was apparently not
included in the herbal list of Charle-
magne, Karl der Grosse. In the 13th
century licorice was highly prized in
Switzerland as a remedy for lung
troubles. It was similarly used in
Wales and in Denmark. Pietro di
Crescenzi of Bologna (1305) was the
first to give a full report of the occur-
rence and cultivation of licorice. The
Benedictine monks of St. Michaelis

86

—Miller’s Tale, l. 504; Chaucer.

cultivated it extensively in the vicinity
of Bamberg. The eminent authority,
Fliickiger, reports a peculiar practice
by these monks. A new hand in the
horticultural work was initiated by re-
quiring him to dig up a complete root
of a licorice plant with all its branches
including the rhizome. This was by
no means an easy task on account of
the ramification of the roots and the
extreme length of the rhizome.

Glycyrrhiza is extensively cultivated
in Greece, Italy, France, Russia, Ger-
many, the Danubian Provinces, south-
ern China, northern Africa, and to
some extent in England. In the Italian
province of Calabria licorice is planted
with peas and corn. In the course of
three years the roots are collected, the
juice expressed and root evaporated to
the proper consistency for shipping.
Newcrops are grown from cuttings of
the srhizomes) | There is an excellent
quality of licorice grown in the vicinity
of Smyrna. The principal commercial
varieties are grown in Spain, southern
Russia, Turkey and Italy. Spanish
and Russian licorice root is dried and
shipped in bales or bundles. Spanish
licorice root is unpeeled and occurs in
pieces several feet in length. Russian
licorice is usually peeled. Most ofthe
licorice used in the United States is
obtained from Italy, Russia, and Ger-
many. Some of the licorice found
upon the market is quite fragmentary
and very dirty. The licorice raised in
England is intended for home con-
sumption and is placed upon the mar-
ket in both the fresh and dried state.
The fresh roots have an earthy and
somewhat nauseous odor. The peel, or
bark, of the roots contains tannic acid
anda resinous oil, both of which are
undesirable; hence the peeled article is
usually preferred.

FROM KCEHLER’S MEDICINAL-PFLANZEN,

dll

LICORICE. CHICAGO

We MUMFORD PUBLISHE™

The characteristically sweet taste of
the licorice roots and rhizomes is due
to glycyrrhizin and some sugar. Gly-
cyrrhizin is a glucoside which splits up
into glucose, a substance closely akin
to sugar, and glycyrretin, a bitter sub-
stance. The extract of licorice is pre-
pared by crushing the fresh roots or
rhizomes, then boiling repeatedly in
water, expressing and then condensing
the sap in copper kettles until itis
quite hard when cooled. In Calabria
the condensed juice, while still warm
and pliable, is rolled into sticks and
stamped with the name of the locality
where it was prepared. In those coun-
tries where the fresh roots cannot be
obtained the dried roots are crushed
and then treated as above. The lico-
rice sticks prepared in this country usu-
ally have stamped upon them the in-
itials of the manufacturing firm. Much
of the evaporated juice is also placed
upon the market in large lumps or
masses. The pure licorice extract,
prepared as indicated above, is a glossy
black, very brittle, with a glassy frac-
ture. For shipment it must be care-
fully packed to prevent its being broken
into small bits. To reduce the brittle-
ness various substances are added as
starch and gum arabic.

Licorice extract is a highly appre-
ciated sweetmeat but unfortunately it
is often grossly adulterated with dex-
trin, starch, sugar, and gum arabic.
Many of the licorice drops, etc., con-
tain very little licorice, but even the
poorest article seems to be highly
prized by the average child. Licorice
extract in mass is known as licorice
paste and is extensively employed in
preparing chewing tobacco and in
brewing beer, to. which substances it
imparts a peculiar flavor and a dark
color.

Licorice extract is a popular remedy
for colds and sore throat, though its
curative powers are certainly very
slight. Physicians make extensive use
of it to disguise the disagreeable taste
of medicines, such as quinine. It isan in-
gredient of many cough remedies. The
finely powdered roots are dusted over
pills to prevent their adhesion and to
give them consistency.

Licorice roots have the same proper-

89

ties as the extract and may be similarly
used. Many children prefer the dried
roots obtained at the drug store to the.
stick licorice or the licorice drops.
This choice is in many respects a good
one; the roots are at least not adul-
terated, but of course only the juice
should be swallowed—a _ precaution
which it is not necessary to emphasize—
as the fibrous nature of the wood makes
it difficult to swallow. Even if a little
of it is swallowed no particular harm
would be done, as it is not in the least
poisonous, though the fibers may act as
an irritant to the stomach.

Asalready indicated there are several
species of Glycyrrhiza of which the
roots and rhizomes are used like those
of G. glabra, but, in addition to these
there are a number of other plants des-
ignated as licorice. Indian licorice or
the wild licorice of India (Adrus preca-
tortus), is a woody twining plant grow-
ing quite abundantly in India; it is
sometimes substituted for true licorice.
Prickly licorice (Glycyrrhiza echinata)
resembles true licorice quite closely.
The wild licorice of America ( Glycyr-
vliza lepidota) is found in the North-
west. Its roots are quite sweet and
often used as a substitute for true lico-
rice. The European plant known as
“rest harrow’ ( Ononts spinosa), so-called
because its tangled roots impede the
progress of the harrow, has roots with
an odor and taste resembling licorice.
The roots are extensively employed by
the country practitioners of France and
Germany in the treatment of jaundice,
dropsy, gout, rheumatism, toothache,
ulcers, and eruptive diseases of the
scalp. The name, wild licorice, also
applies to Galium circaezans and Galium
lanceolatum on account of the sweetish

roots. The wild licorice of Austra-
lia is Teucrium corymbosum. Licorice
vetch (Astragalus glycyphyllus) has

sweet roots. Licorice weed (Scoparia
dulcis) is a common tropical plant
which also has sweet-tasting roots.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE.—A, flower-
ing portion of plant; I, flower; 2, 3, 4,
parts of the flower; 5, stamens; 6,
stigma; 7, ovary; 8, fruit; 9, one valve
of pod with seeds; 10, II, 12, different
views of seed.

A WINTER WALK IN THE WOODS.

ANNE W

AST week I had the good fortune

) to be invited with two other

girls to spend a few days in the

country. We hailed the invita-

tion with délight and accepted it with

alacrity, for we all three love to get out
into the woods and fields.

We started on Friday afternoon, go-
ing the first part of the journey by train.
The sky was cloudy and the weather
mild. We watched the moving pictures
that sped by the car windows as eagerly
as children.

After a half-hour’s ride we arrived at
a little ‘‘town” consisting of the station,
one store, one house, one grain eleva-
tor, and a blacksmith’s shop. Here
our hostess met us with a surrey and
pair, and we were soon driving along at
a brisk pace, drinking in the fresh air
and country scenery with pure delight.
The person whose power of enjoyment
in little things has become blunted, is
greatly to be pitied. “Ours was as
keen as though newly sharpened for
the occasion; and nothing we saw, from
the fields, trees, and hedges, to the set-
ting sun, failed to give us pleasure.

A merry drive of three or four miles
brought us to the farm-house, where we
were cordially welcomed.

I should like to tell you about all the
fun, we had that night, for it was our
hostess’ birthday, and there was a sur-
prise party, at which we were as much
surprised as she was. But as it is our
walk I’m going to tell about, I must
leave the events of our first evening
unrelated.

The next morning we three girls de-
cided to take a walk, as we were anx-
ious to see what birds there were about.
It was a gray day, threatening rain, and
very wild for December.

The moment we set foot out of doors
the distant “caw-caw”’ of the crows
sounded like an invitation in our ears.
How I love that sound! It is to the
ear what a dash of color is to the eye.

We took the road to the right, where
we saw some woods a quarter of a mile
or more away,

. JACKSON.

90

Before we had gone far we heard a
medley of bird notes coming from the
fields on our left. We couldn’t make
out what they were, as they were some
distance away, but I caught a note now
and then that sounded like a fragment
of the meadow-lark’s song—just a faint
reminiscence of it.

After passing two pastures and a
cornfield on our left, we came to a piece
of thin timber land. The road, which
began to descend here, had been cut
down somewhat, leaving banks more or
less steep on either side. We went
along slowly, stopping frequently to
examine the beautiful mosses and lich-
ens which abounded. We had seen no
birds, with the exception of a wood-
pecker, at close range yet.

Presently we came to a turn in the
road which led us up a slight rise of
ground, bordered on both sides by
woods. Arrived at the top of this hil-
lock we loitered about looking at the
many interesting thing that are always
to be seen in the woods. All at once
we were Startled bya shrill scream, or
cry, which sounded like some young
animal being strangled, and behold! an
immense hawk flew off over the tree-
tops. It didn’t fly very far though, and
gave us more of its music at intervals.

The road from this point led down to
a small brook spanned by a wooden
bridge. Looking down toward this
bridge, a gorgeous sight met oureyes. A
flock of cardinals, half a dozen or more,
were flying and sporting about among
the low bushes near one end of it. What
a delicious touch of color for a winter
landscape! There were. chickadees,
too, hopping about among them in a
most neighborly fashion. We watched
them closely, quietly drawing nearer
and nearer. Pretty soon they flew into
the trees close by, and from thence
deeper into the woods. We saw and
heard many woodpeckers, both the
downy and the hairy being very plen-
tiful.

As the place where we had seen the
redbirds was such a pretty one, we

were in no haste to leave it, even after
they had departed. So we perched our-
selves on top of an old rail fence, and
waited for some birds to come to us and
be looked at. We hadn’t been there
very long before some tufted titmice
came into the trees near us, and de-
lighted us with their cheery notes and
cunning ways. The “caw” of the crows
was quite loud here and, with the added
notes of the woodpeckers and chicka-
dees, made it quite lively. Every once
in a while a few drops of rain would
fall. But this only added to the wild-
ness of our surroundings, and seemed
to put us farther away from the rest of
the world.

Though we found our rural perch
very enjoyable, we felt obliged to move
on again, however reluctantly. So we
crossed the bridge and climbed the hill
beyond. A short walk then brought us
to another turn, to the right, but on the
left an open gate into the woods.

We lost no time in turning in here,
you may be sure. We found many
more birds inside the woods than we
had along the road. Here were tit-
mice, chickadees, plenty of nut-hatches
white - breasted; hairy and downy
woodpeckers, and also a third kind that
we were uncertain about. Its upper
parts looked like black and white shep-
herd’s plaid, and the back of its head
and nape were deep red. Its note was
a sonorous cow-cow-cow-cow-cow. We
heard brown creepers about, and saw
many flocks of juncos.

When we came to the end of the
woods we saw a pair of our cardinals
flying about some low brushwood. It
was like seeing old friends.

I must not forget to mention the blue-
jay, who added his voice and brilliant
color to the pleasure of our walk.

We had entered a cornfield, and as we
advanced, flocks of little birds, mostly
juncos, would start up before us and
fly into the hedge or next field, twitter-
ing gaily. Twice we heard distinctly
the goldfinch’s note; but as the birds
all flew upat our approach, we couldn’t
get near enough to distinguish them.

It seemed very odd to hear this sum-
' mery note amidst that wintry scene.

We crossed the cornfield and came to
a fence, at right angles, following

91

which took us in the direction of the
road. Just as we came up to a few
scattered trees, part in the field, and
part in the pastures on the other side
of the fence, we again heard our medley
chorus of many voices, some of which
had reminded us of the meadowlark’s.
The members of the chorus who
proved to be the meadowlarks’ cousins,
the rusty blackbirds settled in these
trees and gave us a selection in their
best style. Some of the solo parts were
really sweet.

After climbing a rail fence we crossed
a small pasture and looked in vain for
agate. Nothing but barbed wire. We
finally made our escape through a pigs’
corn-pen, from whence we emerged into
another pasture where the grass was
like the softest. carpet to our feet.
This pasture had a gate opening onto
the road; so we were very soon back
again at the house, with appetites for
dinner fully developed.

We saw and heard no less than four-
teen different kinds of birds during our
walk. So those who desire to see birds
need not despair of finding them be-
cause it is winter. Nature always has
plenty of beautiful things to show us,
no matter what the time of year.

My story ought to end here, but I
must tell you about the tufted “tits” we
saw next morning. The weather turned
very cold that night, and in the morn-
ing a keen wind was blowing, so we
didn’t think many birds would be about.
But hearing some chickadees in the
yard, we ventured out, and went across
the road, where we sat down in the
shelter of a large corncrib.

From here we saw plenty of chicka-
dees, titmice, nut-hatches, and other
woodpeckers busily engaged in hunting
their breakfasts. We had a fine op-
portunity of studying them with our
glasses.

One bold “tit” stole a grain of corn
from the crib and carried it off to the
tree in front of us, where he took it in
his claw, and proceeded to pick the
choicest morsel out of it. Presently
another tufted rogue flew up and there
were some “passages of arms,’ and a
flight into another tree, and in the
midst of the fray, alas! the corn was
dropped.

THE SCARLET PAINTED CUP.

PROF. WILLIAM KERR HIGLEY,
Secretary of The Chicago Academy of Sciences.

These children of the meadows, born

Of sunshine and of showers.

HE scarlet painted cup belongs
to a large and interesting group
of plants known as the figwort
family (Scrophulariacee). The

common name of the family is derived
from the reputed value of some of the
species in the cure of ficus or figwort,
a disease caused by the growth of a
stalked excrescence on the eyelids,
tongue, or other parts of the body that
are covered with a mucous membrane.
The technical name is derived from
scrofula, as some of the species are
considered efficacious in the treatment
of that disease. This family includes
about one hundred and sixty-five gen-
era and over twenty-five hundred spe-
cies. They are common all over the
world, reaching from the equator into
the regions of constant frosts. It is
claimed by some authorities that fully
one thirty-fifth of all the flowering
plants of North America are classed in
this family.

Besides the painted cup there are
classed in this group the mullen, the
common toad-flax, the foxglove (Dig-
wtalis), the gerardias, and the calce-
olarias.

The foxglove, though causing death
when the extract is taken in excess, is
one of the most highly valued medic-
inal plants known. Nearly all the spe-
cies of the family are herbs, without
fragrance. Some of the species are
known to be partially parasitic. True
parasites are usually white or very
light colored and contain no green col-
Oring matter, which is essential when
the plant is self-supporting. The para-
sitic forms of this family, however, do
contain green coloring matter and are
thus not entirely dependent on their
host for the preparation of their food
supply. Thegerardias (false foxgloves)
are frequently found attached to the
roots of oaks, large shrubs, and even
on the roots of grasses. It has also

92

— Whittier.

been shown that there is a cannibalistic
tendency in some of the species of
gerardia. They will not only fasten
their sucker-like roots on those of
other species, but also upon those of
other individuals of the same species,
and even upon the root branches ot
their own plants. This double para-
sitism is not rare.

The scarlet painted cup of our illus-
tration (Castilleja coccinea, L.) is a
native of the eastern half of the United
States and the southern portion ot Can-
ada. It prefers the soil of meadows
and moist woods and has been found
growing abundantly at an elevation of
from three to four thousand feet.

The generic name was given this
plant by Linnzeus in honor of aSpanish
botanist. The specific name is from
the Latin, meaning scarlet. Nearly all
of the forty species are natives of North
and South America.

The flowers are dull yellow in color
and are obscured by the rather large
floral leaves or bracts, which are bright
scarlet—rarely bright yellow—in color.
These conspicuous leaves are broader
toward the apex and usually about
three-cleft. By the novice they are
usually mistaken for the flower, which
is hardly noticeable. The stem sel-
dom exceeds a foot in height and bears
a number of leaves that are deeply cut
in narrow segments. The bright color
of this plant has given it many local
common names more or less descrip-
tive. Prominent among these is the
Indian paint brush.

A pretty myth tells us that the
painted cup was originally yellow, but
that Venus, when lamenting the death
of Apollo, pressed a cluster of the blos-
soms to her parched lips and drank
the dew from the flowers, the outer -
leaves of which have ever since re-
tained the color of her lips.

COPYRIGHT 1900, BY

YELLOW LADY’S SLIPPER AND PAINTED CUP.
NATURE STUDY PUB. COs, CHICAGO.

BY PER HARRIET E HIGLEY.
A.W. MUMFORD, PUBLISHER, CHICAGO.

312

he

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— ese ee ee,
My

oe Oo

eat 2 ee
aa

al

~~

:

-

THE YOUNG NATURALIST.

AHARA SEA.—Much of the
great desert of Sahara is below
the level of the Atlantic. It is

proposed that the water be let
in. The space covered would be big
enough to warrant us in speaking of it
as an ocean. There would be islands
in it, as there are places that are of
considerable elevation.

So much water would make a differ-
ence in climate in all directions from
the present desert. It is thought the
vineyards of southern Europe would
be injured, as they are dependent on
the dry winds that come across the
Mediterranean from the great desert.
The rainfall in at least one-third of the
inhabited parts of the globe would be
affected by this great change in the
amount of water on the surface. Ships
would be able to sail to ports at the
south of Morocco and Algiers where
now are shifting sands and few people,
and new cities would spring into being
far to the south where the new coast
line would be formed.

There are other low and barren spots
on the earth’s surface that are below
sea level. They would form useful
basins of water if the proper canals
were dug. A company has been formed
to let water into the Yuma desert in
southern California, where 13,000
square miles of land with no inhabi-
tants, lies below the sea level, some of
it as much as 1,000 feet. A great des-
ert in the middle of Australia is also
low. If it were flooded it would make
of Australia a great rim of continent
reaching round an immense sea.

One scientist has advocated the mak-
ing of the Red Sea into a great fresh
water lake by changing the course of
the Nilesoasto make that sea its outlet
instead of the Mediterranean. By pre-
venting the flow of salt water from the
north through the Suez canal, and
building an embankment at the south,
it has been estimated that the Red Sea
would become fresh in the course of
time.

They Red. Sex. project is noteat all
likely to be carried out, but those for
California and the Sahara may soon be
made effective. When the world of
commerce comes to realize what the
Sahara Sea will mean for its enterprise,
there will bea lively prospect of much
digging and plenty of fighting over the
damages done to existing interests and
the rights of the various European na-
tions to the new seaboard that will be
formed.

FEEDING.—One of the duties of
the teamster is to see that his horses are
well fed. Where the team must be on
the road at five in the morning it is the
business of the man who feeds them to
get up at four to give them time to eat.
Incidentally he rubs them down and gets
his own breakfast in a leisurely manner.
An Ohio man has an electric device
which will give the teamster a chance
to lie a little longer in the morning.
He has arranged an alarm clock which
may be set for any hour so that instead
of striking the hour it will make an
electric connection. This connection
lets fall a bag that is placed the night
before over the manger of the horse to
be fed at that hour in the morning.
The first sound that greets the ear of
the horse is not the teamster coming
to open the stable, but the rattle of
oats into his feed-box, and he has am-
ple time to eat and begin the operation
of digestion before he sees the man
who used to be so welcome. Possibly
he will not greet the man so affection-
ately in the future when his coming
means not food for a hungry stomach
but a hard day’s work. But those who

.know the horse best are inclined to be-

95

lieve that the horse will always greet
his master affectionately in the morn-
ing regardless of the state of his stom-
ach.

RUBBER.—The use of rubber has
grown wonderfully in the last ten years.
Every year a rubber famine is pre-
dicted, and every year someone an-

nounces that a substitute has been
found that is just as good as the real
article. The facts seems to indicate
that neither the famine nor the substi-
tute is really at hand. Rubber planta-
tions are being extended in Mexico to
meet the demands of the growing trade,
but the bulk of our rubber still comes
from the Amazon country in South
America, and that country is almost
limitless in its supplies of this article.
It is true that the trees along the banks
of the rivers have been tapped until
their product is much inferior to what
it once was, but this condition exists
only for a distance of two or three miles
along the river banks. There are plenty
of magnificent trees standing un-
touched a little farther back. All that
is needed to get more rubber is to get
more men into these forests gathering
it. The real difficulty is to get the
men to do the work. The finest rub-
ber forests remaining near the river
fronts are along the Purus, one of the
large rivers flowing into the Amazon
from the south.

SUNSHINE CAUGHT.—Forithou-
sands of years men have tried to use

the heat of the sun’s rays in the place
of fire. It is now claimed that Dr.
William Calver of Washington has
finished an invention which will bring
into the space of a few inches all the
rays of heat from the sun that would
naturally fall upon one acre of ground.
By bringing so many rays to a focus he
gets such a powerful heat that ironand
steel melt in it like icicles.

A magnifying glass or lens of almost
any sort held in the sunshine makes a
bright, warm spot. Dr. Calver’s ma-
chine gets the same effect, only more
powerfully. He has secured a tem-
perature of several thousand degrees
Fahrenheit. To make his machine use-
ful for heating houses and making
steam for factories he has invented a
reservoir to store the heat gathered
while the sun is shining, so that it may
be used at night or on dark days. Men
of science have been looking for such
a machine for a long time, and if Dr.
Calver and his friends are not much
mistaken his invention will be as great
a help to civilization as the harnessing
of Niagara Falls for electric work. His
laboratory is in the outskirts of Wash-
ington, aC:

WASHINGTON’S MONUMENT.

GEO. PB. MORRIS.

A monument to Washington?
A tablet graven with his name?
Green be the mound it stands upon,
And everlasting as his fame!

His glory fills the land—the plain,
The moor, the mountain and
mart!
More firm than column, urn or fane,
His monument—the human heart.

the

The Christian, patriot, hero, sage!
The chief from heaven in mercy sent;
His deeds are written on the age—
His country is his monument.

“The sword of Gideon and the Lord”’
Was mighty in his mighty hand—

The God who guided he adored,

96

And with his blessing freed the land,

The first in war, the first in peace,

The first in hearts that freemen own;
Unparalleled till time shall cease—

He lives, immortal and alone.

Yet let the rock-hewn tower rise,
High to the pathway of the sun,

And speak to the approving skies
Our gratitude to Washington.

ow

FOR 50 CENTS

You can Transform
Your School-room.
:

Send 50 cents for ten of the

Q

§ PERRY PICTURES, Extra Size,
and hang them upon the
walls of your school room.

Your pupils will enjoy them. orders.
They are marvels of beauty.

during February.

&

ANGEL. children.

CATALOGS. Send 2-cent stamp for Catalog,

orcer sheet, return envelope, sam-
ple picture, list of Elson prints, etc., or 10 cents for
illustrated Catalog containing ten full-size pictures
and these five pictures besides, on paper 5% by 8
inches—Washington, Lincoln, Longfellow, Lowell,
Dickens.

The Perry Pictures—Extra Size.

Send 25 cents for these five extra size Perry Pic-
tures, on paper 10x12 inches—Countess Potocka, St.
Cecilia, The Christ, Angelus, Aurora.

The Perry Pictures—Small Size.

On paper about 3x3 1-2 inches. For note book
use, etc.

Price: One-half cent each for 50 or more, assorted
as desired. No orders for less than 50 of the pictures.
110 Subjects. Zhe list of subjects is given in the
Catalog.

THE PERRY [IAGAZINE.
Will aid you in Picture Study.

Your school—your home—you—should have this
magazine. Beautifully illustrated. Articles by Dr.
G Stanley Hall, Sarah Louise Arnold, Irene Weir,
James F. Hopkius, Henry T. Bailey, and others,
Send to-day. Price, $1.00.

THE HOLIDAY RUSH

We are prepared to give prompt attention to your

ONE CENT EACH

FOR 25 OR MORE.

1500 SUBJEGTS.

THE

Raphael. 324.

IS OVER.

Are you bringing beauty and gladness into the lives
of your pupils through the use of

Perry Pictures

If you have not taken up the

STUDY OF PICTURES

February is a good month in which to begin.

These pictures are recommended for study in February:

GradelI. Baby Stuart, Van Dyck. 648.
II. Prince Don Balthazar,

Grade V. Madonna under the
Apple Tree, Aubens, 635.

es 5 VI. Madonna of the Meyer
' Velasquez. 659. Family, Flolbein. 788.
Ill. Portrait of an Old VIL. Assumption, Titian, 311.
Woman, Rembrandt. 716. VIII. Angelus, Millet. 509.
IV. Madonna of the Chair, IX. Fighting Temeraire,

Turner. 882.

Although our rules are ‘‘ No orders for less than 25 pictures,’’ we
will send these nine pictures, as samples, and a catalog, for 10 cents,

We believe you cannot afford mot to study pictures with your

The Days We Celebrate.

Sent for a 2-cent stamp. A list of subjects of pictures

for each month in the year.

For example, under Feb-

ruary—Washington, Lincoln, Longfellow, Lowell,

Dickens.
112. Washington.

113. Martha Washing-
ton.

1409 Mount Vernon,

1410 Capitol.

1411 White House.

1412 Washington Elm.
1413. Washington Mon-
ument.

1414 Washington Cross-
ing the Dela-
ware.

1445 Washington at
Trenton.

1416 Washington and
Lafayette at
Mount Vernon.

141464B Washington’s
Headqrarters at
Newnpurgh, N.Y.

1416C Washington Re-
signing His
Commission.

14144D Washington
Equestrian
Statue, Boston.

45 Lowell.

46 His Home.
47 His Study.

96 Charles Dickens.
Feb. 7, 1812 — June 9, 1870.

98 His Home.
99 Old Curiosity Shop.

15 Longfellow.

16 His Birthplace.

17 His Home, Portland.

18 His Home, Cam-
bridge.

19 His Daughters.

20 His Armchair.

21 His Statue,Portland.

22 Wayside Inn.

23 Evangeline.

125 Lincoln.

1419 His Home.

1420 His Statue, Boston.

1421 His Statue, Chicago.

1423 First Reading of
Emancipation
Pr clamation.

Send 33 cents for the 33 pictures in the February Set. Do
~~ not wait but order these pictures at once.

ts. If ab-
Send money order, express order, or registered letter. Do not send checks forsmall amoun
solutely evesuuky to ‘Nea stamps, send 1's, 2's or 5’s, but do not send stamps unless necessary. Address

THE PERRY PIGTURES GO., Box 18, MALDEN, MASS, zeth'sth ave, New York.

‘

A large publishing house in Chicago who
sell their books exclusively through agents,
are desirous of having two permanent rep-
resentatives in each state to look after their
interests. If any of our readers wish to
make considerable money they should ad-
dress the Providence Publishing Co., W,
Caxton Building, Chicago, I11.

BR

The Naturalist’s Supply Association, 357
W. Van Buren Street, Chicago, has recently
succeeded to the business of J. M. Weirs,
the well-known dealer in Natural History
Specimens. Mr. Weirs retains an active
interest in the Association, which fact bids
well to make this enterprise a success.
Teachers, Collectors and those interested in
Natural History should send for their cata-
logue. Their ad is in this issue.

AR

You should write to F. Nussbaumer Sons,
18S. Desplaines St., Chicago, if you desire
to procure the finest specimens of stuffed
birds, animals, etc., at lowest prices. They
give satisfaction every time.

AR

“Tales of Fortune” ‘is a neat circular
telling about the zinc and lead mines of
Missouri, and ‘‘Snap Shots”’ gives a number
of photo views of scenery in that highly
favored country. Both of the above will be
sent free on request with a favorable propo-
sition for making a small investment that
will yield regular monthly returns. Write
to Walter Taylor, 171 LaSalle St., Chicago,
Ill., for them.

Wanted, For Sale or Exchange

Advertisements inserted under this head-
ing for three cents per word, each insertion.
Cash must accompany advertisement. If
you have anything to sell or exchange, or
wish to purchase anything, an ad. in this
column will bring about the desired result.
Try it next month and see for yourself.

AVE LARGE AND FINE COLLECTION OF
Mounted Birds, containing over five hundred
specimens. Will sell for a third of their value.
Schools, museums or private collectors would find the
opportunity worth investigating. A. CATTELL,
709 Woman’s Temple, Chicago.

ADY AGENTS WANTED—TO SELL A FAST-
selling article. Write for particulars.
MARY SPITZER, Celina, Ohio.

OR SALE—Prehistoric Indian Relics and Chinese
Jades. Prof. W. O. Emery, Crawfordsville, Ind.

FREES

light or dark s

send us the

DRESS

Here is an honest advertisement. No beating around the
bush. You can get full 10 to 15 yards of beautiful silk, Black, brown, blue, green or pink, in
Raden and a beautiful mercury diamond breast pin for selling our remedies.
We taik plain English & guarantee to do exactly as we say. We don’t ask a cent. If you agree to sell
only 6 boxes of our Positive Corn Cure at 25 cts. a box, we send you the Salve by mail. When sold you
1.50 and we send you the solid gold laid mereury diamond breast pin. together with
our offer of a handsome silk dress, same day money isreceived. We make this extraordinary induce-
ment to secure honest people and prove our Corn Cure the best on earth. There is no chance aboutit

$1,000 SALARY PER YEAR!

: We have shared the general pros.
Ladies or Gentlemen perity of the country, and peTtCe

need one or two permanent representatives in each
state to look after our interests, manage our agents,and
attend to collections. This position involves no canvass-
ing and is a bona fide weekly salaried position, with all
expenses paid, tothe right party. It is mainly office
work conducted at your own home, with an occasiona!
trip out among the agents, No investment required.
Also three salaried vacancies in the traveling lepart-
ment. Enclose references and self-addressed stamped
envelope to PROVIDENCE €0., W Caxton Bldg., CHICACO.

LASS BOOK FREE—To introduce our New Reci-
tation Record (Class Book), we will send postpaid
one copy and 25 Term Report Cards, on bristol] card,
ou receipt of 25 cents in stamps. This is the regular
price for cards alone. Money returned if unsatis-
factory. Our new Illustrated School Supply Cata-
logue mailed free. The Oliver Adams Pub. Co.,
Dept. F, 24-26 Adams St., Chicago.

Watches ~

DIAMONDS,
JEWELRY,

At Lowest Prices.
Catalogue mailed free on Application.

SILVERWARE,
B.G.UHER & CQ. 121 Dearborn St. Chicago, IN.

ETC.

When calling, please ask for
BOOKS | MR~ GRANT.
Whenever you need a book,
LIBERAL Address MR. GRANT.
DISCOUNTS Before buying Books, write for

quotations. An assortment of
catalogues, and special slips of
books at reduced prices, will be sent fora 10-cent stamp.

F. E. GRANT, Books,?3 West 245¢-

Mention this advertisement and receive a discount.

5-95 DIAMOND

STUDDED CASE

: Bolid 14K Gold Plated Case3 Par-

isian Diamonds, and Rubies. Am-

\ erican movement Jeweled &

\\ accurately regulated stem

Reyes \\\ wind &seb Warranted for

20 years. x

Sent C.0, D. $5.95

with privilege ofexamination

Do not take from the expres

office if you think this watch is not equalin

appearance toe $50 watch. Dlcation nearest

Z@ oxpress office, Ladies’ or Gent's, -Agentsand
galesmen coin higmoney. A*ires9

EAGLE WATOH O@., 66 Maiden Lane, New York

CANCER, SALT RHEUM,

RHEUMATISM, PILES
yand all Blood Diseases
yCured by fluid and solid extract of

Red Clover Blossoms.

Pest Blood Purifier known, nota
patent medicine but PURE RED
CLOVER. Our preparations have
a world-wide reputation. Send for
circular. D, NEEDHAM’S SONS,

25 tater Ocean Building, Chicagos

If you comply with the offer we shall send you ; the silk dress (full 10 to 15 yards, any color you desire) will be
given absolutely free. Don’t pay out money for a handsome dress while you can get one free for selling our rem-
edies. Addressatonce, MANOFAOTURERS’ SUPPLY DEPT. “mM,” No. 65, 5th Ave. N.Y. Oity.

6

MARINE SHELLS

AND CURIOS.

Twelve shells and curios for 50c, all
good specimens. Collections of choice
: Shells from 25c. to $1, sent postpaid and
safe arrival guaranteed. Allare correctly named and
are perfect. My illustrated catalogue will be mailed
free with each order. Send for descriptive circular.

J. H. HOLMES, Dunedin, Fla.

A Skin of Beauty ts a Joy Forever.

R. T. FELIX GOURAUD’S' ORIENTAL
D CREAM, OR MAGICAL BEAUTIFIER.

ee Removes Tan, Pimples,

Freckles, Moth Patches,
Rash, and Skin diseases,
and every blemish on
beauty, and defies de-
tection. It has stood the
test of 50 years, and isso
harmless we taste it to
be sure it is properly
made. Accept no coun
terfeit of similar name.
Dr. L. A. Sayre said toa
lady of the haut-ton (a
patient): “As you ladies
will use them, I recom-
mend ‘*Gouraud’sOream’
as the least harmful of
all the Skin prepara-
tions.” For sale by all
Druggists and Fancy-
Goods Dealers in the U. S., Canadas, and Europe.

FERD. T. HOPKINS, Prop’r, 37 Great Jones St., N.Y.

The Working Teacher's Library

Under this general title
has recently been issued
a collection of five stand-
ard volumes of unex-
ampled interest and
value, No other collec-
tion so happily covers the
whole field of pedagogical
literature or meets so
fully and_ satisfactorily
All the Actual Needs
of the Public School
Teacher. The Library
Contains: — The Theory
: @ and Practice of Teach-

mea ing, The Teacher in Lit-
erature, Practical Lessons in Science, Practical
Lessons in Psychology, The Manual of Useful
Information. Each volume is in itself a complete
study of the subject of whichit treats and taken
‘together they form a set of five of the most help-
ful, useful and valuable books ever published for
the use of teachers. They are endorsed and
recommended by leading Educators every-
where and every teacher who wishes to keep
thoroughly up to the times should haye these
books. Handsomely printed on heavy paper
and elegantly bound in uniform style in twilled
silk cloth with gilt back and side stamps,
marbled edges, boxed or sold separately. The
regular price for this set is $¢.00, but for the
next 60 days we are going to make a Special
Offer Price of only $3.00. Thisisa grand offer
that every teacher should not fail to accept.
Single volumes $1.25. Send for our large illus-
trated catalogue, quoting lowest prices on books,
FREE. Address all orders to

THE WERNER COMPANY,
Publishers and Manufacturers. Akron, Ohio.

cos

the Skin.

as Beautifies
No other

Purifies as well
metic will doi

.-» 1 AXIDERMISTS...
18 S. Desplaines St.,
CHICAGO,

F. Nussbaumer
and Son

Birds, Animals, etc., Stuffed to order,
Deer, Efk, Moose, Buffalo Heads and Specialties in this line
put up in most Artistic manner at low Prices.

Finest specimens for schools and colleges always,
in stock. Write for prices.

88 STATE ST.

Play with the Birds.

The birds we mean are litho-
graphed. They are on fifty-two
finely enameled cards in natural
colors—enclosed in case, with full
directions for playing.

This beautiful ‘‘ Game of Birds”? has
just been published, and if there is
anything neater, nicer or more novel
we haven’t seen it.

It’s so new—so interesting—you’ll
certainly like it. Send 2-cent stamp
for free sample card.

What better gift can you make
your friends, young or old? It enter-
tains the whole household, and so
reasonable, too—only 35 cents, post-
paid.

We will send as Special Offer,
BIRDS AND ALL NATURE one year
and the game all for $1.60. Address

A. W. MUMFORD,

203 MICHIGAN AVE., - - CHICAGO.

ESTABLISHED 1857.

ee

KAEMPFER’S <

NBird Store.

OPP. MARSHALL FIELD & CO. CHICAGO.

TAXIDERMY IN ALL ITS BRANCHES.

Stuffed Birds and Animals

And a Full Line of Taxidermists’ Supplies.

ELGIN, WALTHAM

and GOLD - FILLED WATCHES,
Warranted 20 Years, ARE THE LOWEST.
Before you buy it will not cost you a cent to examine
this great bargain Watch and Chain, complete,
$4.50. CUT THIS OUT and send it to us with
your name, post office and express office address
and we willsend you C. 0. D. for examination

OUR PRICES ON

this beautifully engraved 14k double nunting
case, gold plated, stern wind and stem set watch
fitted wit jeweled movement, guaran-
eeper and equal in appear-
ch. A long gold plated

FoIC DOO
Ore,

ay ;
HOs\) ance to a
Vory chain n for gents and our
MOS 20 year guarantee sent with each watch. After
vos examination if you are isfied it is a great
Si] bargain pay the express agent our special pric

Seal

$4.50 and express charges and it is yours.

Mention if you want gent’s or ladies’ size.
DIAMOND JEWELRY CO.,,
CHICAGO, tEL.
Dept. B13, 225 Dearborn Street.

ZINC AND LEAD.

“TarLEs OF FORTUNE,” a neat circular telling all
about the zinc and lead mines of Missouri. Also

SNAP SHOTS

Being a number of photo views of scenery in that
highly favored country. Both of the above will be
sent free on request, with a favorable proposition for
making a small investment that will yield regular
monthly returns. Address

Walter Sayler, 171 La Salle St., Chicago, Ill.

“Apache Pappoose!”’

is the name of one of those Rinehart Indians who have caused such a sensation.
Certainly you know of them. Well, we have made arrangements with the pub-
lisher to furnish these beautiful Color Reproductions of American Indians to
our readers, in combination with Brrps AND ALi, NATURE, at a fraction of the
regular price. ‘These pictures are the

’Riginal Rinehart Reproductions

From colored photographs, showing in detail the fantastic coloring, gaudy
clothing, head dresses and ornaments of the following subjects:

SET I. SET IT.
Chief Wolf Robe (Cheyenne), Chief Louison (Flathead),
Chief Mountain (Blackfeet), Chief Josh (Apache),
Hattie Tom (Apache), Chief Little Wound (Ogalalla),
Chief Hollow Horn tear (Sioux), Chief Black [Man (Arapahoe),
Chief Grant Richards (Tonkawa), Chief White Swan (Crow),
Chief White Man (Kiowa), Chief Wets It (Assiniboine),
Wichita Pappoose, Apache Pappoose,
Sac and Fox Pappoose, A Pair of Broncho Busters,
Broken Arm on Horseback. Two Little Braves.

Size of pictures, 6x8 inches. Regular price, 15 cents each,

As a SPECIAL OFFER.

We will send you Brrps AND ALL, NATURE one year and either of the above
sets of pictures for $2.00. The regular value is $2.85.

Those not desiring this combination offer may secure a set for the special
price of $1.00.

This offer is limited. Better send at once.

A. W. MUMFORD, Publisher, ____ 203 Michigan Ave., Chicago.

Standard
School

22 years of age.
od

23d year opened
Sept. 5.

Ce

Modern methods combined with all that
has proven practical by years of experi-
ence. °

ELOCUTION, DELSARTE,
DRAMATIC ART, LITERATURE,
JOURNALISM, MUSIC.

Special Gourses

For Teachers, Saturdays and evenings.

Lawyers, Clergymen, and others at all Send 25 cents to C. A. Hicerns, A. G. P.
times A., Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R’y, Great
Northern Bldg., one for Ree of Aztec
Calendar, January to June, 1900. ontains six

Send for Illustrated Catalogue. separate reproductions in colors (8x 11 inches)

of Burbank’s not Uae Indian portraits.

HE 5 Series comprises ick-ah-te wah, Ko-pe-ley
NRY M SOPER, Pres., Si-we-ka, Si-you-wee-teh-ze-sah, Quen-chow-a,
STEINWAY HALL, and Zy-you-wah, of the Moki and Zufi tribes.

Also engraved cover representing ancient

17 Van Buren St, Chicago. Aztec calendar stone. Ajandsomeand unique

> se ee souvenir; edition limited ; order early,
a Soper’s Recitation Books, 25 cents each.

VOL. VI. NOW READY.

id WW E HAVE just issued Volume VI of Birps anpD ALL
ms NaturE and are now prepared to fill orders for this
; beautiful book promptly. All who have purchase? the
previous volumes will be especially desirous of securing

this volume to make the set complete to date.

For Holiday or Birthday Gifts, nothing more attractive, appro-
priate or appreciable can be selected. These volumes delight the
young and are invaluable because they teach them how to distin-
guish the different Birds, Animals, Flowers, Plants, Insects, etc.,
that are common to various sections of the country. They also
inculcate a love for Nature. Teachers greatly value them, and
everybody who is selecting a library—interested in Art or Natural
History—will greatly enjoy and admire them.

Certainly no periodical and probably no book on Birds
ever before found anything like such favor with the
public.—vening Post (New York).

e These pictures are so natural that it almost seems as if
the creature r nted is going to start out of the page
and excape.—Chicago Record.

These books are printed on fine quality paper, nicely bound in red cloth, ph
morocco, and full morocco, with gilt top and cover neatly stamped in gold.
Each volume contains an index.

VOL. # includes January, 1897, to June, 1897. 280] VOL. &V includes July, 1898, to December, 1908.
pages, 60 colored illustrations. 244 pages, 48 colored illustrations.

VOL. Il includes July, 1897, to December, 1897. | VOL. V includes January, 1890, to May, 1899
244 pages, 60 colored illustrations. 244 pages, 40 colored illustrations.

VOL, Ill includes January, 1998, to June, 1898, | VOL. VI includes June, 1899, to December, 1899.
244 pages, 48 colored illustrations. 244 pages, 40 colored illustrations.

Volume VI contains a variety of natural subjects.

e Vol. VI, also Vols. I, I, Ill, IV, or V—cloth, $1.50; half
PRICES ; morocco, $1.75; full morocco, $2.00. ; f

Vols. I and II combined, or Vols. III and IV, or V and VI—
cloth, $2.50; half morocco, $3.00; full morocco, $3.50.

Special Offer. The six volumes in red cloth, sent prepaid,
for 87.20.

Al orders witli ba filled immediateiy ea receipt of price, and sent propel.

A. W. MUMFORD, Publisher,
203 Michigan Awe. CHICAGO.

READ WHAT EDUCATORS ARE SAYING ~—_

ABOUT OUR

GHARTS OF NORTH AMERIGAN BIRDS.

Office of

Board of Education,
HERBERT 8B. HAYDEN, SUPT.
oor

Counct1, BLUFFs, Iowa, Oct. 8, 1898.
W. E. Wart, President.

DEAR StrR—It is indeed a pleasure to bear
testimony to the educational value of so beauti-
ful a production as the CHARTS OF NORTH
AMERICAN BIRDS, issued by the Nature
Study Publishing Co., of Chicago.

We have recently ordered a supply of these
Charts for the Schools of this city. Our
teachers are already finding them a most
oie basis for Nature Study and Language
work.

They inspire a love for the birds and through
this, a love for all Nature. The children are
eager to tell about the birds with which they
are acquainted and are very ready to look up
information concerning those that are new to
them. All this adds a new spirit and zest to
the Language work in those rooms in which
the Bird Charts have been used. Asa basis for
Information Lessons they are also of great value.

The color-photography process gives us the
most beautiful representation of our North
American birds of which I know. I consider
the set invaluable. Cordially given,

HERBERT B. HAYDEN,
Supt, City Schoste,

WHAT TWO ORNITHOLOGISTS AND AUTHORS
OF BIRD LITERATURE
Sav OF OUR SD

Charts of North Amer’

Iam in receipt of the CHART;S ~
letter, and it is indeed beantifrA
shonld render you the gratitude.
Company has done such wonde
I wish that every school aa S

copy. % é4rel ours,
Piexico, Mo. FON BASEETT.

I find it impossible to ex, JS to you the great
leasure your CHARTS OF NORTH AMERICAN
IRDS give me. They are superb. They will be
certain to find a ready sale, and will be no less certain
to smooth the path of every beginner. The daring of
your enterprise since its inception has been a con-
tinual marvel to me. The world already blesses you
for this undertaking, for you are helping to make it

better. ours von truly
Oberlin, Ohio. LYNDS Jonas.

Natourz Stupy Pus. Co.,
203 Michigan Ave., Chicago.

Hed in your
y bird lover

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1726 N St., Washington, D. ce a
October 20, 1898. i

NATURE STUDY PUB. CO, 4
Chicago, TL.” S50 @

GENTLEMEN:—The package of Charts :

is just to hand, and I hasten to express
my high appreciation of them for ed- | 4
ucational purposes. I think I should
have gone wild with joy if I had seen
such pictures when I was a schoolboy, —
and now I should like to see the set of ©
Charts in every public school and
kindergarten in the United States.
They combine beauty and utility ina
high degree, should be immensely
popular, and make the study of birds
a great pleasure. I do not see how —
entertainment and instruction could
have been more happily or effectively
combined.

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Be
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Yours truly,

DR. ELLIOTT COUES,
Editor of Osprey.

Joliet, ili... Nov. 9, 1898. _
Dear Mr. Watt: it
It gives me pleasure to tell you that
the Nature Study Chart you left is :
giving us all the results you claimed
for it. Interest in all bird life, in their
homes, habits, and their preservation —
has been aroused in the children.
The conversations upon the birds —
furnish excellent material for language —
work. I have a most creditable paper —

Kate A. HENDERSON, Mr.
Supt. Joliet Pub. Schools. |

These charts contain 18 sheets heavily-coated manilla paper and two cover sheets, including 142 _
individuai Bird Plates, and representing 49 species of Birds’ Eggs, mounted on a tripod holder. For
descriptive circular and methods of introduction, address holt

Chact Department, Nature Study Publishing Co., Chicago. — i

Le ae