QL 691 964012 1917 BIRDS ei es w. Biviston of Birds a es Fei. ao: cP be es Ks Ny oo ne bs 9; an ye pal WS Phaie a api ak | Pee aes wi . | - , A mi ‘y i A, 7 ne; ‘ : 7 q ' Ww et A ma ty , a) ‘a fi F . =~ nS ae A y : j ms. van: ; <= VW i ¢ a > A ; ip / pace ‘ ; 5 ze : . ey , P i ‘ ~ .* ' } 7 Ved A i r < fi ' AA ads ‘ a 0 baty ¢ Ue ve a iS ad ‘ x = ) . . J i i : ss i] — ‘ - i rh i ry © < ' ety — : ade re : y - ? ne : : | “iar 7 j I 5 Pi + 5 - a - Ay ‘ a ’ t " ¥ res - a tsi | . ' \ a ' ‘ Sd = . ’ * » Fi é * aa ’ i P, LD 1, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION L012 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 2 \ : Bulletin 98 THE BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER Of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IssuED JUNE 30, 1917. ADVERTISEMENT. The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins. The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum, presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthro- pology, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis- tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are also recorded in the tables of contents of the volumes. The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and cata- logues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The majority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Contribu- tions from the National Herbarium, has been published as bulletins. The present work forms No. 98 of the Bulletin series. RIcHARD RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, In charge of the United States National Museum. WasuincrTon, D. C., Jnne 12, 1917. oo TABLE OF CONTENTS. MPI ERICEION © Se yeas oS sjure wie eam ee Sroacied.e cissciscicls «aoa hie eda a eiacia Be cle UE SNe SRT EY oI RS 8 i aa OE eee ee oes toa MEMS Up AE ee ee eso iaieein Sacto cee eernia x a eiSw cte'eim aisieaieie'e TDI? ae Se See Se Be es eee eee AA ee tee eee ae Pere oneeh Hoe mA TOIANOB: Soe cis aslo cco caiemcins aictecie.n cad on see eere dw amaeine Check-list cf the Birds of the Anamba Islands..................--02-00+ emtamiionmer DITOs, WY ISAO: . 2.2 <2. 21.5 ~ cece dooce needs cas eee st vem UPD) LSP eS ee ee err SPijcob ELUTE Ge eS Rae eee ge ere es en re ee ne ee MORI ISUEL ates Sule ore crt a ee RG. oda Bh a sioameieniaran Se wsae ances IP clay STOTT ls bike is gs ee eee NI Fore De ee PEPE MBN TESDS INTs Pareto See Cn oo ea ain ors aS ea saad ose ale pei eee ote LOL LAIST RES Sse os Sec 0 ae a ei ed ea ee gee Ae ae te A LPL LETTE Bes CS a Pn ers eRe tess Ese Meebo UIE See pe janis ciate ne secs vias wes sae Rae eee oe fe SRE Eee =P yr) TGS es A a ep a ge eS Se ee ee 12 vl) Qa y ie A es eT ie ee ra ae ee OL ne ea ore gees Paunalelationships of the Anamba: Islands. ..-..2..2...5..s-22..--esese ee PRM MEELIS AOL DINGS! 0) tata ecco Je wwe oe Boeeae Ue Seb sade Galas «since os PcG AG eee ne ran a ee inne Sk cc. Meee anetae ieee toes sepimeee Rone elt Orne ee ae rc itt S 2 Scie hog Hee teal aets ola o ees SBE Chiara eae cesses BAA DRG ee ae oes BOE EE eee ent sth er REP EIPI ACH AC ie oe Is ia oe ieie face, sidia 8 Cisgs pista sions iso ape sis asa, n sara is wo wicie Sle (Oechomarrneys 63 64a Apia e Ores SE eee ee Dee [LD TAIGN Be 5 5S oe eH re ee a Ar Pee a! TGIOTIT L. s e SB SS GROSS Oe AIS BEES eee A en aoe ES A NEST EL CLO ACC reer te pas ay tn Gy eR Ue) Sa dt ee Guar es slaphta mo Crocornllite eau Se Bee ee ye re ee et Ce eee SO a eat a OCS: ees agen tn ben ii ceeyolritanr ye BY i 57 Pegs Mee ret eee HS Spar pre eee copes LO Sry re Rp sre TA ORCAS CEO MP sca =, 22 Se ve ate cae rard sl cieteea ate, ere mis Bie. miulatiefntn al Sebi bons aera pane PPPS COCMIGCAD Seer. te The names of colors employed in the descriptions are based, except where otherwise stated, on Mr. R. Ridgway’s recently published Color 1 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, pp. 53-80. 2Tdem, pp. 68-80. 3 Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, Feb. 25, 1911, p. 602; and Collocaliafuciphaga amechana Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, Mar. 6, 1912, p. 13. 4See pp. 16 and 24. 5 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 533. 70536°—Bull. 98—17——1 i 2 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Standards and Nomenclature.t. All species not represented in the collection by specimens, but included solely on the authority of Doctor Abbott or Mr. Kloss are prefixed with an asterisk. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The only published notes on the birds of the Anamba Islands occur in the following papers: Kuioss, C. Bopen.—Notes on a Cruise in the Southern China Sea. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 41, January, 1904, pages 53-80. OBERHOLSER, Harry C.—A Monograph of the Genus Collocalia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, April (July 26), 1906, pages 177-212. OBERHOLSER, Harry C.—A Monograph of the Flycatcher Genera Hypothymis and Cyanonympha. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 39, February 25, 1911, pages 585-615. OBERHOLSER, Harry C.—A Revision of the Forms of the Edible Nest Swiftlet, Collocalia fuciphaga (Thunberg). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 42, March 6, 1912, pages 11-20. OBERHOLSER, Harry C.—A Synopsis of the Races of the Crested Tern, Thalasseus bergi (Lichtenstein). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 49, December 23, 1915, pages 515-526, pl. 66. PHYSIOGRAPHY. The Anamba Islands are situated in the southern portion of the South China Sea, between the Natuna Islands and the Malay Penin- sula. The center of the group les approximately in latitude 3° north and in longitude 106° east; and in an air line is about 140 miles from the nearest point of the Malay Peninsula, 225 miles from Borneo, 240 miles from Sumatra, 610 miles from Java, and 400 miles from the nearest part of the mainland of Cochin China. There are about 20 principal islands, and possibly 200 more islets and rocks, spread over a geographical area some 55 miles east and west and 65 miles north and south. All fall roughly into three groups: A southern group, which includes Pulo Repon, Baua, Rittan, Riabu, Piling, and White Rock; a northern group, which includes Pulo Siantan, Mata, Mobur, Kelong, Minjalin, Panjang, and Manguan; and a western group, made up of Pulo Jimaja, Telaga, Little Telaga, and Pulo Domar, with, as in the other groups, many islets and rocks. Nearly all the islands are high and rocky, formed chiefly of hard rocks and laterite, and with a fringe of coral reefs about their bases. There are also many coral reefs between the islands; while the 1 Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, 1912 (Jan. 16, 1913). U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 98 PL. 1 P2Kelong PP Pahat Mee Pullo Mobur a ay &PoMinjalin po S Duraii ines Mongo Pullo Betis nae Isan Pulo Mati ep ° “So Pulo Panjang Pulo Mack a ULittle Telagas R Island ( uloTeli "oPule Ujong Pulo Jimaja © Pylo Temain Pulo enting Pulo Srays h Safle Riabu ¢Pyulo Domar ECP ing~ Pulo Rittans P°Baya,s. S) 0 P’Re OTL o White Rock SKETCH MAP OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 98 PL. 2 UPPER: COASTAL FOREST ON PULO JIMAJA, ANAMBA ISLANDS, THE HOME OF HORIZILLAS MAGNIROSTRIS AND AETHOPYGA SIPARAJA OCHROPYRRHA. LOWER: MANGROVES ALONG THE COAST OF PULO SIANTAN, ANAMBA ISLANDS. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 3 islands of the main, or northern, group—Siantan, Mata, Mobur, etc.—are virtually connected by them. The islands have many coastal indentations, and the numerous resulting bays and channels afford good anchorages. The soil of at least the larger islands is fairly fertile and supports nearly everywhere a good forest growth,}! except where cleared for cultivation or the planting of coconut trees. These clearings are numerous along the coast of some of the larger islands, while from a few of the smaller islands the forest has entirely disappeared in this way. Wild mammals are not numerous, and consist chiefly of various species of rats, squirrels, monkeys, tree shrews (Tupaia), and bats. The climate of these islands, owing to frequent heavy rains and fresh breezes, is much cooler than that of Siam. The population of the Anamba Islands is probably not over 3,000 or 4,000, made up mostly of Malays, with a few Chinese traders. The principal village is Terempa, on a little bay on the northwestern coast of Pulo Siantan. It is inhabited chiefly by Chinese, who have here many shops. The island of Jimaja, or Pulo”® Jimaja, the largest of the group, is about 14.miles in length north and south, about 9 miles wide, and has an area of approximately 47 square miles. The surface is uneven, and there are many peaks over 700 feet high, the greatest elevation being 1,530 feet. The coast line is very irregular, and there are consequently numerous bays. In places along the coast there are swampy areas of limited extent grown up to mangroves. There are a number of streams on the island, also a few low water- falls and pools, the latter merely rocky basins in the stream beds. Pulo Siantan, in the eastern part of the Anamba Archipelago, is the second largest island, with an area of about 31 square miles. It is rough and hilly, and rises at one point to an altitude of 1,855 feet. There are some small streams on this island, and on the north- eastern coast a waterfall about 400 feet high. This island is heavily forested, and has also patches of mangroves in places along its coast.’ Pulo Telaga, or Peaked Island, is a conspicuous object in the sea between the northern and western groups, and is surrounded by a number of smaller islands. It is a narrow wooded ridge, about 5 miles long, extending north and south, and has near its northern end a picturesque peak 1,740 feet in height. Pulo Mata and Pulo Mobur, which lie a short distance north of Pulo Siantan, are among the larger islands, and do not differ in characteristics from those already described. Pulo Kelong, northeast of Pulo Mata, is a narrow island some 5 miles in length and a mile or less in width east and west, with its ridge rising to a height of 600 or 700 feet. See pl. 2, upper figure. 2“ Pulo” is the Malay word for island. See pl. 2, lower figure. 4 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ITINERARY. Doctor Abbott visited the following islands of the Anamba group on the dates given after each: Pulo Rittan.—May 21, 1900. Pulo Poling.—August 17, 1899. Pulo Riabu.—August 18, 1899, and August 22-23, 1900. Pulo Siantan.—Terempa, August 19-24, 1899; September 7-13, 1899; Telok Ayer Bini, September 5-6, 1899. Pulo Mobur.—August 24 to September 1, 1899. Pulo Mata.—August 24 to September 1, 1899. Pulo Kelong.—September 1, 1899. Pulo Manguan.—September 1-2, 1899. Pulo Telaga.—September 14-15, 1899. Pulo Jumaja.—September 17-28, 1899. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. The total number of birds, species and subspecies, at present known from the Anamba Islands is 56, of which Doctor Abbott re- ported 45 and Mr. C. B. Kloss the remaining 11.1. This is, of course, considering the area involved, not a large number, and doubtless will be greatly increased by future explorations. The Anamba group, however, seems not to be so rich in bird life as are the Natuna Islands, which lie much nearer Borneo. The complexion of its bird fauna may be seen from the subjoined CHECK-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. . Fregata minor minor (Gmelin). . Butorides javanicus javanicus (Horsfield). . Demiegretta sacra sacra (Gmelin). . Cuncuma leucogastris (Gmelin). Arenaria interpres oahuensis (Bloxham). . Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin). . Pagoa leschenaultii (Lesson). . Cirrepidesmus atrifrons (Wagler). . Totanus totanus eurhinus Oberholser. 10. Pisobia ruficollis (Pallas). ll. Actitis hypolewca (Linnaeus). 12. Orthorhamphus magnirostris (Vieillot). 13. Thalasseus bergit pelecanoides (King). 14. Sterna melanauchen melanauchen Temminck. 15. Anous stolidus pileatus (Scopoli). 16. Caloenas nicobarica (Linnaeus). 17. Chalcophaps indica indica (Linnaeus). 18. Myristicivora bicolor (Scopol). 19. Muscadivores aeneus polius Oberholser.? 20. Dendrophassa vernans adina Oberholser.? 21. Loriculus galgulus (Linnaeus). SCAN Aor WD = 1 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79. 2 New subspecies; described beyond. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. HE 22. Conurus longicaudus (Boddaert). 23. Urococcyx erythrognathus (Hartlaub). 24. Sauropatis chloris cyanescens Oberholser. 25. Alcedo ispida bengalensis Gmelin. 26. Ceyx rufidorsus rufidorsus Strickland. 27. Micropus subfurcatus (Blyth). 28. Collocalia lowi (Sharpe.) 29. Collocalia vestita amechana Oberholser. 30. Hemiprocne longipennis harterti Stresemann. 31. Hemiprocne comata comata (Temminck). 32. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scopoli. 33. Hypurolepis javanica abbotti Oberholser.} 34. Lantus cristatus Linnaeus. 35. Artamides sumatrensis calopolius Oberholser.! 36. Cyornis banyumas lampra Oberholser.! 37. Xanthopygia zanthopygia (Hay). 38. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea Oberholser. 39. Aegithina viridissima thapsina Oberholser.! 40. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis Oberholser.} 41. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus Oberholser.! 42. Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius Oberholser.! 43. Horizillas magnirostris (Moore). 44, Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis (Hartlaub). 45. Mixornis pileata zophera Oberholser.! 46. Kiitacincla malabarica ochroptila Oberholser.! 47. Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna Oberholser.! 48. Orthotomus atrogularis Temminck. 49. Gracula javana prasiocara Oberholser.1 50. Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus Oberholser.! 51. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus Oberholser.! 52. Motacilla boarula melanope Pallas. 53. Anthreptes malacensis anambae Oberholser.! 54. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis Oberholser.! 55. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha Oberholser.! 56. Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum Oberholser.' DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS BY ISLANDS. So far as known, there is only a single species, Kittacincla mala- barica, which has more than one subspecies in these islands. In this case Kittacuncla malabarica heterogyna occurs on the southern Pulo Riabu and Pulo Piling; while Kittaconcla malabarica ochroptila occu- ples the more northern islands. The bird of widest distribution in the Anamba Islands appears to be Cyornis banyumas lampra, for Doctor Abbott found it on 9 of the 10 islands that he visited. Next to this, Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus, Anthreptes malacensis anambae, and Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha were each found on 8 islands; Muscadiwores aeneus polius on 7; Dendrophassa vernans adina on 6; Hypurolepis javanica abbotti, Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea, and Gracula javana prasiocara on 5 islands; and the following on 4: Cun- cuma leucogastris, Myristicwora bicolor, Alcedo ispida bengalensis, 1 New subspecies; described beyond. 6 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mizornis pileata zophera, Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila, Ortho- tomus atrogularis, and Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus. Lists of the birds found by Doctor Abbott on the different islands are given below. he PULO RITTAN. Myristiciwora bicolor. Oyornis banyumas lampra. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha, en ee ee ee so tall yes PULO PILING. Myristicivora bicolor. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna. Gracula javana prasiocara. Dissemurus paradiseus maicrolophus. PULO RIABU. Cuncuma leucogastris. Myristicivora bicolor. Muscadivores aeneus polius. Alcedo ispida bengalensis. Collocala low. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis. Mixornis pileata zophera. Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna. Gracula javana prasiocara. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. PULO SIANTAN. Cuncuma leucogastres. Actitis hypoleuca. Muscadivores aeneus polius. Dendrophassa vernans adina. Urococcyz erythrognathus. Sauropatis chloris cyanescens. Alcedo ispida bengalensis. Hypurolepis javanica abbott. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Xanthopygia zanthopygia. Hypothymis agurea opisthocyanea. Aegithina viridissima thapsina. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus. Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. Horizillas magnarostris. Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis. Mixornis pileata zophera. Kittaciencla malabarica ochroptila. Orthotomus atrogularis. Gracula javana prasiocara. Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis. Aethopyga siparajza ochropyrrha. Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum. PULO MOBUR. Chaleophaps indica vndica, Myristiciwora bicolor. Muscadwores aeneus polvus. Dendrophassa vernans adina. Sauropatis chloris cyanescens. Cyorms banyumas lampra. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis. Orihotomus atrogularis. Gracula javana prasiocara, Lamprocoraz panayensis heterochlorus. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha. Dicacum trigonostigmum hypochloum. PULO MATA. Arenarva interpres oahuensis. Currepidesmus atrifrons. Pisobia ruficollis. Thalasseus bergi pelecanoides. Sterna mélanauchen melanauchen. Muscadwores aeneus polius. Derdrophassa vernans adina. Sauropatis chloris cyanescens. Hypurolepis javanica abbotti. Artamides sumatrensis calopolius. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Horizillas magnarostris. Orthotomus atrogularis. Lamprocoraz panayensis heterochlorus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae, Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha, BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. PULO KELONG. Pagoa leschenaulti. Cirrepidesmus atrifrons. Thalasseus bergw pelecanordes. Sterna melanauchen melanauchen. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha. PULO MANGUAN. ; Muscadivores aeneus polius. Alcedo ispida bengalensis. Hypurolepis javanica abbottr. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila. Gracula javana prasiocara. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Motacilla boarula melanope. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha. PULO TELAGA. Cuncuma leucogastris. Actitis hypoleuca. Muscadwwores aeneus polius. Dendrophassa vernans adina. Hypurolepis javanica abbott. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Mizxornis pileata zophera. Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha. PULO JIMAJA. Cuncuma leucogastris. Totanus totanus eurhinus. Muscadiwores aencus polius. Dendrophassa vernans adina. Conurus longicaudus. Alcedo ispida bengalensis. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 3) Ceyx rujidorsus rufidorsus. Collocalia vestita amechana. Hemiprocne longipennis harterti. Hirundo rustica gutturalis. Hypurolepis javanica abbotti. Cyornis banyumas lampra. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus. Horizillas magnirostris. Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis. Mixornis pileata zophera. Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila. Orthotomus atrogularis. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis. Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha. FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. The southern end of the South China Sea is hemmed in on the east by Borneo, and on the west by Sumatra and the Malay Penin- sula. To the south are the southeastern end of Sumatra, and, beyond the Java Sea, the island of Java; while to the north the nearest land mass is the mainland of Indo-China. Scattered all through the southern portion of the South China Sea are numerous small islands, the largest of which, Banka and Billiton, mark the transition to the Java Sea. The avifaunal relationships of the Anamba Islands are, as would be expected, with the small islands of the adjacent waters, and with the five large land areas above mentioned. A brief analysis will aid in determining to which of the latter the Anamba Islands are most closely affined. Of the 56 birds now known from the Anamba group, the following 11 are migrants from the north, do not breed here, and hence are to be disregarded in faunal comparisons: Arenaria interpres oahuensis. Pluvialis dominica fulva. Pagoa leschenaultit. Cirrepidesmus atrifrons. Totanus totanus eurhinus. Pisobia ruficollis. Actitis hypoleuca. Mirundo rustica gutturalis. Lanvus cristatus. Xanthopygia zanthopygia. Motacilla boarula melanope. 10 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The remaining 45 species and subspecies may properly form the basis of our faunal deductions. There are not yet sufficient data for entirely satisfactory comparison of the birds of the various islands or groups of islands in the Anamba archipelago; but so far as I can see from our present knowledge there is very little difference between the individual islands, or between the islands of the eastern and western or northern and southern parts of the group. My treatment here is, therefore, of the Anamba Islands as a faunal whole. Fifteen species, or rather their subspecific representatives, are pe- culiar to the Anamba Islands, as follows: Muscadiwores aeneus polius. Dendrophassa vernans adina. Collocalia vestita amechana. Artamides sumatrensis calopolius. Cyorms banyumas lampra. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus. Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius. Mixornis pileata zophera. Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna. Gracula javana prasiocara. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. Anthreptes malacensis anambae. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis. Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum. Of these, the nearest relatives of 7 are found in the Malay Penin- sula; of 4 on Sumatra; of 4 on Borneo; of 2 on Java; and of 1 in Indo- China.! Subspecies of 6 other species are, outside of the Anamba Islands, confined to some of the other small islands of the South China Sea, chiefly the Natuna Islands, the Tambelan Islands, Pulo Tioman, and Karimata Island. These subspecies are: Hypurolepis javanica abbotti. Hypothymais azurea opisthocyanea. Aegithina viridissima thapsina. Kittacencla malabarica ochroptila. Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus, Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha. Of these, 6 find their nearest relatives in the Malay Peninsula, 1 on Sumatra, 1 on Borneo, 1 on Java, and none in Indo-China.! The remaining 24 Anamba birds belong to more or less wide ranging Asian, Indo-Malayan, East Indian, Polynesian, Australian, Old World tropical, or tropicopolitan species. Twenty-two of these 1Jn this, as in the following enumeration, it is necessary to explain that the nearest relative of some of the Anamba birds occurs in more than one of the five areas above mentioned. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 1a occur in the Malay Peninsula; 22 on Sumatra; 21 on Borneo, 14 on Java; and 11 in Indo-China. It will readily be seen by examination of these facts that the Anamba Islands, in so far at least as their avifauna indicates, are most closely related to the Malay Peninsula; less so but about equally to Sumatra and Borneo; still less to Java, and only compara- tively slightly to Indo-China. The data on the faunal relationships of Anamba birds given in the above paragraphs may be more graphically presented in the follow- ing table. In this the first column is reserved for endemic forms; in the other columns occurrence of the Anamba birds themselves is indicated by an asterisk (*); and of their nearest relatives by a dagger (f). Faunal relationships of the resident birds of the Anamba Islands. ' qa ial & Sills 3 Name. £8 5 ples | an Ss a | Sa3| | oO elise alse 32/8 =| a | eS) St et Hs es 7) ° is 3 q Ay 2) A ies |m |e HCO UOT ULNA es aoa oso ree ee ccelecise soaccieese oe elon oak sa tusclszeacene se Pr eee Ncw) ate cts iene PEP OMIGES LUM TICUSGLUOMICUS a a ata cane cacsse fosacene sein~aleneciscess fail sca fra Hes) MICTIE INET SACHONSUCTO saree Sones © cena Seon ca sodesicncaoeee ecw sisaese os Se\lec BS If he || esol eke GULLIT RT CUCOG RSET See a ee eon ee ene mad Beleeeeeeewesacecwoaseeas BEaood lesa dil Gees ee at) METGOMROTIBDILICSRIIVEG TAT OST IS ra ope Sete sate face clans a to wie ie asec eiaarelemlectetsielais Soll eile emeeel| ee loose Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides.............--------- BP rata aida ev ade sete eames oS a oe Cee) 22 3) ene oe NL CRIMMILELETEDULCIVETL TRELUNEUCHEN = soc c's caja cess oe ccisceian nine Sasa seizes ese ore Br rl ca tah oe allt AUTGRTS: STIRS GNIS Se AE ES Op Ce ence ee eet eee eee BoA alleen bee pee pe eS GHIOETNESER ACO DUNICH tay tse cee Ne ee ayn cecenth Meme dense ae Goce ee seeeesins Bor ru laneatl et) al) fs (Pi jsillae (BINGETR GLC A CLOT 3 5 oe aR en aE See Ca eee eM EER Et oo AS ea ES WS WES Pe RE SEAEDOT CA ICOLOT Ne Ps tae eee eT Te ck ELL eer. Sek oc eee tacee: Sues | ee RG eek SU MEATIL ANTE SALEM CLUSEDIOLEULS eters Sate ine ise eieininiehs einioee oe ais etc iafete wis civinleetelsieleisintsteisse ES | ital secal ecicte oer lee ETM TON USROLVEN ILEUS LONE Ree aoe coe nce d cracie ns None uae ecececisiisccceciscesiese cosa Wie a he Sere saaelgace SPOR ACCTUVEC SN DULG ILL ELSI te ot ela a) mista ser ci porate cite ec ioters alone aie Sieleeinre ine sieaepeis tere eisiecie seleiseis Bel iat || ois tS fea WROTLALT AE SEUOALRCILLO LG eee fers ae ae eso are econ aac b eicho clalsie/eiain cicisi= siolsvsja\e's'oeleeie's Seat ee) te lin nc MU TICOCCTORETAU TIEN OO TUBULES Seren sats tarot eae cia nia Seo nis Memes eee cae eisios erie Sooo te |) es ea He eats UNO DALSICRIOTIS CYONESCENS: «<=. 5- -25--s0-+e5-s- PAT i ee SE Mm cca ere aoe Nae lke CAS PAN ELUIES PD CAUNOLTIOMIETS IS me eaiic iors tate oars ties a aroha aswicete Gisle isin oe eel tolnie esas eietels Broo eA gee eee he RA le GENT RULOT SUS TILLLON SUS sae ek mac roensciee cine a eee ne secs ainla = sisisiv wisiaie smisin soi sisisini= Sie | Pees) SEG ees | emotes SACRED IL SES ILD AL. CHIUS ame ate nie ce lete mn esas Srsiele Sic Sen ee oie owleleisoe eeinteloniees abies Bae er peated) ee diese tt PSAALDUTL ELAM OU CROP tte Sate oe Soe cn Se ene oie fa Man ae Byasee caine obles eeemineseer snare Meee bees ec le Se ot RE TLIGIDL EOD ESTILO NILECIUL ILS 5 No enic ee meen msec ie omens eicleG: osc elstalaie's siteletnayeetele's ee eee Ney oath ICT DLOCILE ORO UDCI TIS MOT LEN LU a niee omic co jo note mesa nee cicae cieislonia seriaate cle ictsiare ee exe lane 2 = ICI AR OUILE COND OLCONIAL Rt ae een aoe oe oem cicidavoein a so suis ei aeesicisis se tseeimccic WSeced | eoily hess Ea o EL DUTOLED ar] BUENACE BOUOIE Roe oe os tae mba catemenemes cca cec maces: Loos cee sess eee i & eee bese Be Pease PAU ITEMLESIS LTILOLT CUSIS (CULO POLLS oe ace aie nc Ga eimcliisielse sejce eb mie nisinicieleselsnicss wean eel ea tieae PVOWAS ODI RUTERSULTINIITO a1) Seise we ciciecs © nals ee slosaae ec comelece asec seisielsine sisters ene iG i ee jal eee a es PAU VOY MISVACUTED AO DIStROCY AMEN «2-2 = oe coe o nie' ma nies aisicinin o w'sis(u « Siacisins vein sis se [See Ta hola Knog PEO TEIEPILURULTECISSUTIUOALILG DS UME ic, cic occ x cate aeinceialn sen desninceoes Cases UeaceneTeeeltisas T |oace esol tess eee EFC TOTLOLUS DEUMLOSWS CRINOPEUNIS= isc soe va cletele cum sicin eck cicls whic sistejoains cleateiec seis asia ere la UCONN SENTDIEL BGLIZOMLS s< 2. Lacan Sue eee welsociecte Buateck See mee es cccccccere ell * { A soe ee bee Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius......----- Be ene te ee Semon mn aienee aawencacieee Hee apap || cece sees) eee [eater PETC RLUTRRINENECTOAT OSET.ES ameter oa cik Sanco cree eee eee ee area lai nisie Rial ices Vhefepe Se | P| eo | PAUL OTINESTTIBLIACCERTSTS INALECLENS ISn on wae oe cessed ace eeses ntewiec cms sales sel | Ste eal eal lance S055 BUPEEITIASED BLELLDICODINET Dears aac deals Sse cae a tne daection ea ben eins Aen Meson cee GE ts Papas Be es pal see RTALCETCLUATTLUIRU ICO OCT ODUIG uae oe cls cia a ele teineilete mee ieeicies © ccs “einen ceiian ets lecenliste tlemee loses | netns sone RETICITICIE IILELLO TAC IBCLET OG UM acc. << So nas cle Sete Vac dale ciotleea cls oe eistsclablereeicciets gaia reel iis eter ea ee MDT PILOLITERL SLT OORULOTIS ae is oe cacao ma eee oe eae See se ofa one wlueicee les sicwtaleee ae Pesaran eee see ee jie cae CUCL I QUOTE IDTASIOCUT Otero te ce Seon Coe cmon ce tate cree eae oniccae a Saamneele sine Re esl Teale piers lees ERMUDTOCOTAL PUTAYENSIS WELETOCNLONUS © << « occ o Juin canasesajeaeeinieiswaa ce as sisineisiess.< aoe tlsose Seria icnee 5 PYISSENUUTUS PUNLOEUWS) MACTOLO DUS ce nitene seem ascites es doesn inicc’ece 2 heise sensi hes sel Geral . PAIUITE TPES LELACEN SIS QIUUINULE 2 ase waecnal=/ ae alsin cleinine sinisa cee an o Soelecueinscte ty gh See) Eee CRT ESIUT 9 LER UO CLUNTECES ns oe icin oe ae ie hee clue tose ee nes eeinsieeceearaneeeete EO) te Te Srey (eee eas eee Acthopyga siparaja OChrOpyTiha een woe e we wenn nance ncee cen scecesaces|acce ipl beet See Sees S502 RE RCU TT IGONOStIG IU IM NY POCHLOUWM as cticesencee dcmacescecictacwsece ec sscice ses sok bin Bi ee eel ssl cere Totals (including both Anamba forms and nearest relatives)..........-.- | 15 | 37 | 26} 17 | 27) 12 | 1 Occurs on only the Anamba group and other small islands in the southern part of the South China Sea. 12 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS. Family FREGATIDAE. * FREGATA MINOR MINOR (Gmelin).1 [Pelecanus] minor GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 572 (no locality: type region designated by Rothschild as eastern half of Indian Ocean), Observed in the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,? but not reported by Doctor Abbott. Family ARDEIDAE. * BUTORIDES JAVANICUS JAVANICUS (Horsfield). Ardea Javanica HorsrieLp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 13, 1821, p. 190 (Java). Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.? * DEMIEGRETTA SACRA SACRA (Gmelin). [Ardea] sacra GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 640 (Tahiti Island, Society Islands). Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.’ Family BUTEONIDAE. * CUNCUMA LEUCOGASTRIS (Gmelin). [Falco] leucogaster GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 257 (no locality: type-locality given by Mathews as New South Wales, Australia). No specimens of this species were obtained, but it was observed by Doctor Abbott on Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899; on Pulo Siantan be- tween August 19 and September 13, 1899; on Pulo Telaga, September 14 to 15, 1899; and on Pulo Jimaja between September 17 and 28, 1899. Family ARENARIIDAE. ARENARIA INTERPRES OAHUENSIS (Bloxham). Tringa othuensis BLoxHAM, in Byron’s Voy. Blonde, Sandwich Ids., 1826, p. 251 (Sandwich [i. e. Hawaiian] Islands). One male, No. 171011, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 235 mm. This specimen is apparently immature; and it is molting some of the wing feathers. Mr. Mathews is apparently quite right in separating the Pacific turnstone from that of Europe,’ for it differs from the latter, as he says, in smaller size and deeper shade of the chestnut-colored por- tions of the upper surface. The earliest available name is that selected by Mr. Mathews and here used. It might be well to men- tion, however, that if the date of Pallas’ ‘‘Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica” be 1811, as some contend, the proper subspecific designation of this turnstone would probably be cinclus, from Charadrius cinclus Pallas.‘ 1 Species prefixed with an asterisk are not represented in Doctor Abbott’s collection. 2 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80. 3 Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, pp. 5-10. 4 Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., vol. 2 (1811?), 1826, p. 148 (Siberia). BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. eS Family CHARADRIIDAKE. * PLUVIALIS DOMINICA FULVA (Gmelin). [Charadrius] fuluus Gmetin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 687 (Tahiti Island, Society Islands). Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,! but not noted by Doctor Abbott. PAGOA LESCHENAULTII (Lesson).2 Charadrius Leschenaultii Lesson, Dict. Sci. Nat., vol. 42, 1826, p. 36 (Pondi- chery, India). Chlaradrius]. Geoffroyi WaaiER, Syst. Avium, 1827, Charadrius, No. 19, p. 61 (Pondichery, India; and Java). Three adults in winter plumage, as follows: Male, No. 171033, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length, 209.5 mm. ‘Bill black; feet slaty.” Male, No. 171032, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length, 219 mm. “Iris dark brown; bill black; tarsi slaty; toes blackish.” Female, No. 171031, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length 203 mm. ‘Bill black; legs greenish slaty; toes blackish.” All of these birds are in process of molt. The present species is undoubtedly not a member of the same genus as is Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, the type of Hupoda. The use of the name Pagoa has already been explained.? CIRREPIDESMUS ATRIFRONS (Wagler). Ch{aradrius]. atrifrons WaGLER, Isis, 1829, p. 650 (Bengal, India). Ch{aradrius|. inconspicuus WAGLER, Isis, 1829, p. 651 (Bengal, India). Charadrius pyrrhothoraz GouLp, Birds Europe, vol. 4, 1837, pl. 299. Aegialitis pamirensis Ricamonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 18, July 25, 1896, p. 589 (Tagdumbash Pamir, central Asia). Seven specimens: Adult female, No. 171015, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 190.5 mm. Immature male, No. 171034, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length, 197mm. ‘Feet blackish slaty; bill black.” Immature male, No. 171035, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. ‘‘Feet dark slaty; iris dark brown.” Male in juvenal plumage, No. 171018, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 203 mm. Female in juvenal plumage, No. 171016, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29,1899. Length, 216 mm. Female in juvenal plumage, No. 171014, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 190.5 mm. : Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80. 2 ¥or this change of specific name, see Mathews, Y mu, vol. 16, July, 1916, p. 34. 3 See Mathews, Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, pp. 81-84. 14 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Female in juvenal plumage, No. 171017, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 184.5 mm. Immature male, No. 171034, U.S.N.M., is practically adult except for the incompleteness of the cinnamon breast-band and collar, and the brown, black, and white mottled condition of the mask. The other immature male (No. 171035, U.S.N.M.), is identical with the adult female except for the presence of many dusky feathers on the white forchead. The male in juvenal plumage (No. 171018) is apparently just like the three juvenal females, and has buffy-suffused lower parts and buffy-edged upper parts. The specific name of this species must apparently undergo another change, as already indicated by Mr. G. M. Mathews,! and the bird now become Cirrepidesmus atrifrons (Wagler); since the Charadrius enconspicuus of Wagler,? the applicability of which was pointed out by the present writer some time ago? is posterior to the Charadrius airvfrons of Wagler,t based evidently on the same species. The use of the generic term Cirrepidesmus Bonaparte for this bird is not an innovation here.° Family SCOLOPACIDAE. TOTANUS TOTANUS EURHINUS Oberholser. Totanus totanus eurhinus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 207 (Lake Tsomoriri, Ladak). One male, No. 171067, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Jimaja, September 24, 1899. Length, 276.5 mm. ‘‘TIris dark brown; bill black, pale red- dish brown at base; feet orange; claws black.’’ This was obtained in an open place in a mangrove swamp. PISOBIA RUFICOLLIS (Pallas). Trynga ruficollis Pautuas, Reis. Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 700 (Dauria, Siberia). Two specimens in autumn plumage: Male, probably immature, No. 171013, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 162 mm. Adult male, No. 171012, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 159 mm. Specimens of this species in autumn plumage are very difficult to distinguish with certainty from examples of Pisobia minuta in cor- responding state, but they are usually paler above, with upper tail- coverts more blackish, and have the lower surface more purely white, the breast less tinged with ashy. 1 Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 81. 4 Isis, 1829, p. 650. 2 Isis, 1829, p. 651. 5 See Mathews, Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 3 Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 207. 2, 1913, pp. 81-84. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 5 Mr. Mathews has recently reduced this species.to a subspecies of Pisobia minuta;* but, as it seems to me, judging from the well- characterized differences between the two in summer plumage, upon quite insufficient grounds. ACTITIS HYPOLEUCA (Linnaeus). [Tringa] hypoleucos LinNaxEvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 149 (Sweden). One adult male, No. 170931, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Siantan, August 24, 1899. Length, 199.5 mm.; ‘‘feet pale greenish.” Doctor Abbott says that the species was common along the beach. He noted it also on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899. A series of some 80 specimens of this species in the United States National Museum, covering all parts of its range, seems to show that there are no recognizable subspecies. Careful comparison of these specimens fails to reveal any difference in either size or color between birds from western Kurope and those from eastern Asia, notwithstanding their great geographical separation. Hence, the eastern form, Actitis hypoleuca aurita (Latham), recently somewhat hesitatingly recognized by Mr. Mathews,’ can not be maintained. Family ORDICNEMIDAE. * ORTHORHAMPHUS MAGNIROSTRIS (Vieillot). Oedicnemus magnirostris Viertor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., vol. 23, 1818, p. 231 (Geoffroy MS.) (no locality). Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.’ Family LARIDAE. THALASSEUS BERGII PELECANOIDES (King). Sterna pelecanoides Kine, Surv. Intertropical and West Coasts Aust., vol. 2, 1827, p. 422 (Australia). Two specimens are in the collection, both nearly adult, but showing still some immaturity in the whitish crown, brown primaries, and a few brownish feathers in the wing-coverts. One of these birds (No. 171029, U.S.N.M.) is molting some of the wing-quills. Male, No. 171010, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 28, 1899. Length 470 mm. “Bill dirty yellow; iris dark brown; feet black.” Male, No. 171029, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length 444.5 mm. ‘Bill greenish yellow; feet black, soles pale fleshy.” Both of these examples belong unquestionably to the race inhabit- ing the East India Islands. For a discussion of the status of this form, as well as for the use of the generic name Thalasseus, consult the writer’s recent paper on Thalasseus bergu.* 1 Birds Australia, vol. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 250. 2 Idem, pp. 216-219. 8 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80. 4 Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, Dec. 23, 1915, pp. 515-526. 16 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. STERNA MELANAUCHEN MELANAUCHEN Temminck. Sterna melanauchen TemMmMiIncK, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. d’Oiseaux, vol. 5, livr. 72, 1827, pl. 427 (coast of Celebes). One specimen, No. 171030, U.S.N.M., Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. A few of the wing-quills are in molt. This example is identical with others from the Philippine Islands, Amoy (China), and Condore Island, and represents the typical form of the species, which was described from Celebes.1_ Birds collected by Doctor Abbott on the islands off the eastern coast of Africa, however, are easily separable subspecifically, and as they hitherto have escaped being named, all the synonyms of the species having been applied to the typical race, they may be known as STERNA MELANAUCHEN PROVIDA, new subspecies. Subspecific characters.—Similar to Sterna melanauchen melanau- chen, but upper parts lighter, the mantle of a paler gray; bill longer; wing, tail, and tarsus shorter. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 128756, U.S.N.M.; Provi- dence Bank, 300 mites southwest of the Seychelles, north of Mada- gascar; August 17, 1892; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Crown, hind neck, upper tail-coverts, tail, sides of head and neck, with entire lower parts, including under side of wings, pure white; a spot on lores, and a broad postocular band, broadening posteriorly and uniting with its fellow across the occiput, black; back, rump, scapulars, and exposed surface of wings, very pale pearl gray, this color showing faintly as a narrow stripe along the shafts on the inner webs of the outer few primaries, increasing on the rest of the wing-quills, which are tipped and margined broadly on inner webs with white; outer web of first (outermost) primary all but tip and extreme base blackish slate; bill and feet black. All the four specimens available present little individual variation in either color or size, except, as is, for obvious reasons, often the case with terns, in the length of the tail-feathers. There seems to be in this species no size difference of consequence between males and females. The geographic range of Sterna melanauchen provida comprises the islands of Aldabra and Providence, with doubtless the neighboring islands off the east African coast, north at least to the Seychelles. The range of the typical form, Sterna melanauchen melanauchen, extends probably from the Andaman Islands and Sumatra to the liu Kiu Islands, Polynesia, and Australia. The subjoined measurement tables will serve to show the size differences between the two races here defined. 1Temminck, Nouv. Ree. Planch. Col. d’Oiseaux, vol. 5, livr. 72, 1827, pl. 427. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. LG Measurements of specimens of Sterna melanauchen provida. s ; bo) Zz a =e | be oglag : Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. — : os" al a Zz z= 1) - |Psia S| 2 = 5 |2|2 Kee | & Dp ae|/EFlaeia imple eas m.|mm.|\mm) mm) mm 128758 | Male....| Providence Island, 300 | Aug. 17,1892 | W. L. Abbott-./330. 2)..... 129 |38.5/50 | 16.5 miles southwest of the Seychelles. i ay Gi Cen Caen | ea (1 Se ae oan dota loess. ao: Se. 1327 |214 |132 |39 |50.5) 16.5 128757 Female . pace GOs ee serach eccane: fe xsi GQeo = cecfoe ose G0. sf2cccss 223.9|215 |126. 5|35. 5/46. 5| 17 128759 |...do....; Aldabra Island, In- | Nov. 29, 1892 |....-. G0s= 225-5 |298. 5/213 |105 36. 5/47. 5} 16.2 dian Ocean. | | AVOrage Ol A SPECIMENS? © «oe sa chec sciecsce cece ces ceeaeanssses estes \294 ee 123 is 4'48.6| 16.6 Measurements of specimens of Sterna melanauchen melanauchen. | 200769 | Male....| Basilan Straits, Philip- | Apr. 19,1906 | E. A. Mearns..|..... 216 |126.5/36.5/47 | 18.5 pine Islands. mOULOT | 2-200....|..--. COs aaa sce ateses | scams dOxs.20225|-0055 dO: sae) Sees 227 (|1385 (35. 5/46. 5) 18.5 107660 | Female . ee Island, China | ————,,1867 | M. Germain...|..... 218 {127 (33 {43 | 17.5 200763 |...do....- Basilan Straits, Philip- | Apr. 19,1906 | E. A. Mearns. Seas 220 |136 |36. 5/47. 5! 19.5 pine Islands. | 200762 | EAOsssee lector: 0 (0 ee ret el eee (6 Co aps oles mel tes ees 0 C1 es ae 224 |152 134 |45 19 200764 2c eel eee 0 (0 See Ne eee Pee GOss =. =. \eane8 do3s. 54s} 215 |133 |32. 5/43. 5) 18 200766 tT ae ese Sacer Reeee Renee Oe =e- esa) soeee GOs asee|ecane 220 |136 |33 |44 18 200168) 22d 02. <= 2|=<--< CLO eee ee eigenen! (areas dose S452) haan Gos 5504 = Sele eee 221 1141 |35 |47.5) 18.5 EPOBON ee Ss Pulo Kelong, Anamba |} Aug. 30,1899 | W. L. Abbott.|311. 2/226 |..... 32.5/44 | 19.5 Islands. | | PSVETALG OL OISDECINOHS >, .cc eins dscen gees ete e ino jae ideaee scweeeue sobs: 20 8,135. 8:34. 3/45. 3) 18.6 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type. * ANOUS STOLIDUS PILEATUS (Scopoli). Sterna pileata Scorou, Del. Faun. et Flor. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 92, No. 73 (Philippine Islands). Recorded from the Anamba Islands by Mr. C. B. Kloss.’ Family CLARAVIIDAE. * CALOENAS NICOBARICA (Linnaeus). [Columba] nicobarica LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Nicobar Islands, Bay of Bengal). Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,‘ but not ob- tained by Doctor Abbott. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA INDICA (Linnaeus). [Columba] indica Linnazus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (eastern India). One specimen, No. 170992, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899. Length, in flesh, 254 mm. ‘‘Feet, dark purple red; bill, coral red; cere, dull purple.”” This bird is apparently identical in size and color with specimens from the Malay Peninsula. § Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80. 4Idem, p. 79. 70536°—Bull. 98—17——2 18 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, Family TRERONIDAE. MYRISTICIVORA BICOLOR (Scopoli). Columba bicolor Scorout, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 94 (New Guinea). Five specimens in perfect plumage, although the white areas are more or less soiled: Adult female, No. 174663, U.S.N.M; Pulo Rittan, May 21, 1900. Length, 400 mm. “Bill blue, black at tip; feet pale blue, claws black.” Adult female, No. 170901, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899. Length, 394 mm. Adult male, No. 170902, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Pilg, August 17, 1899. Length, 394 mm. Adult male, No. 170900, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899. Length, 381 mm. Adult male, No. 170903, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899. Length, 407.5 mm. “Tris dark brown; bill pale blue, black at tip; feet light blue, claws black.” These all appear to be identical, both in size and color, with birds from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and Sumatra. Two of our birds, Nos. 170900 and 170901, have a few spots of blackish on the lower tail-coverts, but the others have this part immaculate. Doctor Abbott says that on Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899, this species was “common, feeding in flocks of 12-15 upon wild fruit trees.”” On an islet off Pulo Mobur, from August 24 to September 1, 1899, a few individuals came to roost at night. This pigeon was seen also on Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899. MUSCADIVORES AENEUS POLIUS, new subspecies. Subspecific characters.—Similar to Muscadivores aeneus aeneus, from Borneo, but averaging somewhat smaller, tail more greenish (i. e., Jess bluish); pileum and nape paler, more grayish (less vinaceous); and lower parts slightly paler. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170923, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Anamba Islands, August 20, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Head, throat, and cervix, vinaceous gray, the lower part of the cervix nearly pure gray; chin, extreme anterior part of forehead, and orbital ring, cream white; remaining upper parts metallic bluish green, with a strong bronzy sheen; tail bluish green, with a slight metallic sheen, the middle pair of rectrices most decidedly blue; tertials metallic green like the back; primaries and secondaries dull brown on basal two-thirds of inner half of inner webs, glaucous green- ish slate color on remaining portions, the outer vanes of secondaries BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 19 with more or less metallic green gloss; primary coverts and exterior greater coverts greenish slate with some metallic green on outer webs; rest of wing-coverts metallic green like the back; crissum deep maroon-chestnut; remainder of inferior parts cmereous with a slight vinaceous tinge, particularly on lower breast and abdomen; under surface of wing-quills fuscous; ling of wing plumbeous; “‘iris dark red; eyelids deep red; bill leaden; cere purplish red; feet purplish; claws leaden.” This new subspecies is similar to Muscadivores aeneus chalyburus, from the Philippine Islands, but differs in having the gray of the head less sharply defined from the metallic green of the back; the posterior lower parts less vinaceous (more clearly grayish); the upper surface of the tail nearly always brighter, less glaucous, more bluish green. All the Anamba Islands specimens are fairly uniform in characters, though two of them, No. 170925, U.S.N.M. and No. 174669, U.S.N.M., have the tail above less bluish than the others, thus approaching Muscadiwores aeneus chalyburus. Males and females are identical in color. The colors of the soft parts in a male from Pulo Mata (No. 171019, U.S.N.M.) are given as follows: ‘‘Bill leaden, pale at tip, dark at base; cere dull purple; feet purple.”” The same in a female from Pulo Siantan (No. 176924, U.S.N.M.) are: ‘‘Iris dark red; eyelids red; feet purple, soles pale brownish; bill leaden; cere red- dish.” The weight in flesh of each of two males (No. 176925, and No. 176993, U.S.N.M.) is given as 14 pounds. Doctor Abbott men- tions that he found the species common in the forest on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 18, 1899, and on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899. He observed it also on Pulo Manguan, Sep- tember 1-2, 1899, and on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899. Measurements of all the specimens obtained are subjoined. Measurements of specimens of Muscadivores aeneus polius. — fee | cots hee | 3S a a Ban Sex. | Locality. Date. | Collector. jeh) Fi a |S8H| 2 C ch Srey aes as} Ss & |aole | | mm.| m Al mM.) Mn.) mm 171057 | Male....| Bulo Selsee An- | Sept. 14,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott ./412.8/240 [142 | 26 | 32 amba Islands. H } 171019 | Male....| Pulo Mata, Anamba | Aug. 29,1899 |...-- GOs oe ars 419.1/226 1384 | 26 | 29 islands. 170993 | Male....| Pulo Mobur, An- | Aug. 27,1899 |..... doOss2 2-22.62 J(480e8|235) 149) 1)) 22)" 132 | _amba Islands. | 170923 | Male.... Pale Beaten: An- | Aug. 20,1899 Seca doset =: 50554: 431. 8/226 {141 | 25 | 30 amba Islands.? | 170926 | Male....|....- OR bs acne |} Sept. 11,1899 }..... (COPE epeosencaan 409. 7/222 |137 | 22 | 32.5 EZOO257|) Males < clo - <<. COS ae ene ees | Sept. 12,1899 |..... GO! ea see ce. 425.5/228 136.5) 23 | 31.5 170924 | Male....|..... orate Seu Auapes 291809) | 4.0 Motel szieste a. 406.4/221 |140 | 21 | 29.5 AITORASEIOLE (KU AOS einaace aera as aleleteia niniciseeeciesies stiainicts temseamsials 2 419. 6) 228. 3/139. 9) 23.6} 30.9 174669 | Female.) Pulo, Riaba,, An- | Aug, 23,1900 |.....d0-....-..-.-. 144.5239 |152 | 23.5] 31 | amba Islands. | 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type. 20 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. + DENDROPHASSA VERNANS ADINA, new subspecies. Subspecific characters.—Similar to Dendrophassa' vernans vernans, from the Philippine [slands, but much larger; male duller, averaging less greenish above, and of a decidedly paler yellow on abdomen; female averaging duller, much less greenish (more plumbeous) above, and much paler, duller, less greenish and yellowish below, the center of abdomen generally whitish. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 171020, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, Anamba Islands, August 29, 1899; Doctor W.L. Abbott. Pileum, sides of head, chin, and throat, plumbeous, rather darker on occiput, the post-ocular region washed with vinaceous; a collar around hind neck and jugulum, broadening on the sides of the throat and neck, vina- ceous heliotrope; interscapulum, back, scapulars, and rump, dull olive green, with a plumbeous wash, and rather brighter posteriorly ; upper tail-coverts isabella color, gradually merging into the olive green of rump; tail slate gray, with a broad subterminal band of black, and tipped narrowly with slate color; wing-quills, except ter- tials, slate black, the outer primaries brownish black distally, all the quills shading inwardly into slate gray basally; tertials and wing- coverts grayish olive green, like the back, the bend of wing washed with plumbeous, the greater coverts and tertials conspicuously mar- gined distally on outer webs with pale yellow; chest tawny ochra- ceous; lower breast and upper abdomen light yellowish apple green; sides deep plumbeous washed with greenish; lower abdomen and flanks sulphur yellow, the latter broadly streaked with greenish slate color; lower tail-coverts light reddish chestnut; under surface of wing, including wing-coverts and axillars, slate gray. Doctor Abbott obtained six males and five females from the islands of Siantan, Mata, Mobur, and a small islet near Pulo Mobur. The males show no differences in color between specimens from the differ- ent islands, although there is some individual variation in the depth of shades both above and below. The same is true of the females, but the individual variation in them is more marked. One female, No. 170928, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Siantan, is much more greenish above than any of the others, as well as darker below and washed with brownish across the breast; and it is evidently immature, as the tawny-tipped feathers on the sides of the neck dicate. According to data on the labels of the males, the iris is sometimes red, some- times in two rings, the inner blue, the outer pink; the feet ‘‘red” or “dark red;”’ ‘‘bill leaden; cere yellow.’”’ Females have the iris yel- low, the feet red. On the islet off the coast of Pulo Mobur, where Doctor Abbott took some of these birds, hundreds of them roosted regularly. 1 For the change of the generic name Osmotreron Bonaparte to Dendrophassa Gloger, see Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, October 26, 1912, p. 2. « BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 91 The species was common on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 13, 1899 ; abundant on Pulo Mobur, August 24 to September 1, 1899; observed on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899; and on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899. Following are measurements of all the specimens taken: Measurements of specimens of Dendrophassa vernans adina. Dal co | | > | 5 | 1SNN | | | eee Sex. Locality. Date. Colle:tor. = = | 38 g S oa rt 77] | S38) 31s B}/Fle & le | MM. MM.) WM.\NMNsMMe 170990. ...| Male....] Islet near Pulo Mobur,| Aug. 26,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott.|279. 4 153. 5| 92 119 [23 Anamba Islands. | | | POR ee Ns The second specimen mentioned above is the type of the subspecies. 1 See Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 460. 2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., July 26, 1906, p. 191. 8 Verhandl. Ornith. Gesells. Bayern, vol. 12, May 15, 1914, p. 11. 4 Yor the change of specific name, see Stresemann, Verhandl. Ornith. Ges. Bayern, vol. 12, May 15, 1914, pp. 2-6. 5 Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 189; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, Mar. 6, 1912, p. 13. 28 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Family HEMIPROCNIDAE. HEMIPROCNE ! LONGIPENNIS HARTERTI Stresemann. Hemiprocne longipennis harterti StRESEMANN, Novit. Zool., vol. 20, June, 1913, p. 339 (Deli, northeastern Sumatra). Two specimens: Adult male, No. 171070, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 25, 1899. Length in flesh, 210 mm. ‘‘Feet dark brownish purple.” Adult female, No. 171069, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18, 1899. Both are in process of molt, and though somewhat worn, seem to be identical with birds from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, which represent this newly described and readily distinguishable race. Doctor Abbott reports that this bird was common in the mangrove swamps of the Anamba Islands. There are now recognizable the following forms of Hemiproene lon- gupenmas: Hemiprocne longipennis longrpennis (Rafinesque).—Islands of Java and Bali. Hemiprocne longipennis harterir Stresemann.—lIslands of Sumatra, Banka, Billiton, and Borneo, north to the Natuna Islands, Anamba Islands, the Malay Peninsula, Tenasserim, and Burma. Hemiprocne longipennis thoa Oberhoiser.—Batu Islands, Barussan Chain, western Sumatra. Hemiprocne longvpennis perlonga (Richmond).—Simatur Island, Barussan Chain, western Sumatra. Hemiprocne longipennis ocyptera Oberholser.—Nias Island, Ba- russan Chain, western Sumatra. * HEMIPROCNE COMATA COMATA (Temminck). Cypselus comatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. d’Oiseaux, vol. 4, livr. 45, April, 1824, pl. 268 (Sumatra). s Noted in the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,? but not reported by Doctor Abbott. Family HIRUNDINIDAE. HIRUNDO RUSTICA GUTTURALIS Scepoli. Hirundo gutturalis Scorout, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 (based on Sonnerat, Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinée, p. 118, pl. 76; type-locality, Antigua, Panay Island, Philippine Islands). Doctor Abbott obtained but a single specimen of this migrant swallow—a juvenal male (No. 171093, U.S.N.M.) from Pulo Jimaja, taken on September 26, 1899. 1 For the use of the generic name Hemiprocne Nitzsch in place of Mucropteryx Swainson, see Oberholser. Proce. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 19, May 1, 1905, pp. 67-69. 2 Joura. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 41, January, 1504, p. 79. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS, 29 The comparison of the above specimen with examples of this and allied forms has led incidentally to an examination of Hirundo rustica rustica, Hirundo rustica transitiva, Hirundo savigni, Hirundo gutturalis, Hirundo tytleri, and Hirundo erythrogastris, with par- ticular reference to their relationships with each other. After careful study of the specimens in the United States National Museum and of the literature on the subject, I am led to consider them all geo- graphical races of one species, and thus to agree completely with the view expressed by Dr. R. B. Sharpe and more recently by Dr. E. Hartert.? This is also the same opinion as that held by Mr. Henry Seebohm,’ except that he unites Hirundo tytlert with Hirundo ery- throgastris. That Hirundo rustica rustica, with its usually unbroken dark jugular band, intergrades with the broken-banded HMirundo rustica gutturalis, both geographically and individually, there seems to be not the slightest reason to doubt, for there are altogether too many intermediate specimens. Furthermore, some of the darker exam- ples of Hirundo rustica guttwralis are exceedingly close to the lighter specimens of Hirundo rustica erythrogastris, and are difficult to dis- tinguish without actual comparison; in fact the two forms overlap individually in all characters. Similarly, the dark extreme of Mirundo rustica erythrogastris overreaches individually the light ex- treme of Hirundo rustica tytleri, and thus connects these two forms. After careful examination and comparison of a large series of Hirundo rustica erythrogastris from various parts of its range, in- cluding a considerable series from western Alaska, I am entirely unable to see any even average differences which entitle the Alaska bird to subspecific separation as Hirundo erythrogastra palmeri;* since all the supposed distinctions of both size and color seem to be merely individual variations. Reverting again to Hirundo rustica tytleri, it is evident that inter- mediates between this and Hirwndo rustica gutturalis would be practi- cally indistinguishable from Hirundo rustica erythrogastris; and that such intergradation actually takes place in northeastern Siberia where the breeding range of Hirundo rustica tytleri approaches that of Hirundo rustica gutiuralis is evident from the fact that birds from Lake Baikal are practically like specimens of Hirundo rustica ery- throgastris,> although for geographical reasons referable of course to Hirundo rustica gutturalis; and from the various winter specimens from Burma and Cochin China that so closely resemble Hiruwndo rustica erythrogastris that Doctor Sharpe and others have identified them as such. 1 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, pp. 126-140. 2 Vogel palaiarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, pp. 800-804. 3 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. 2, 1884, pp. 171-172. * Grinnell, Condor, vol. 4, May 15, 1902, p. 71 (Amaknak Island, Unalaska Harbor, Alaska). 5 See Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, p. 127. 30 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The breeding bird of Egypt, Hirundo rustica savignii, while very different from Hirundo rustica rustica, is so close to the widely separated Hirundo rustica tytleri that individual variations overlap all the subspecific characters. Furthermore, Hirundo rustica tran- sitwa, from Palestine, is a connecting form between Hirundo rustica savignii and Hirundo rustica rustica. From the above statements it is obvious that all six of these forms of Hirundo are subspecies of Hirundo rustica. Their characters and ranges are as follows: ' 1. Hirundo rustica rustica Linnaeus. [Mrundo] rustica LinNAEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 191 (Europe). Subspecific characters.—Size large; metallic blackish jugular band wide and usually not interrupted medially; posterior lower parts whitish, more or less tinged with rufous or isabella color. Type locality. Sweden (restricted by Hartert,1910 ?). Geographic distribution.—Breeds throughout Europe, and west to Iceland, east to western Siberia, Turkestan, and the Himalaya Mountains; south to Baluchistan, Persia, Asia Minor, Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco. Winters south to southern Africa, southern India, the southern Malay Peninsula, the Philippine Islands, and the Molucea Islands. Casual in Greenland. 2. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scopoli. Mirundo gutturalis Scorou, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 (“In Nova Guiana, p. 118, Tab. 76”). Subspecific characters.—Similar to Hirundo rustica rustica, but much smaller; blackish jugular band usually divided by the chestnut of throat; posterior lower surface averaging more whitish. Type-locality.—Antigua, Panay Island, Philippine Islands. Geographic distribution.—Breeds in northeastern Asia, north to the Siberian provinces of Amur, Transbaikalia, and Irkutsk; west to Irkutsk and northern China; south to northern China and to Korea; and east to Japan. Winters south to southern India, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, the Molucca Islands, New Guinea, and occasionally northern Australia. 3. Hirundo rustica tytlert Jerdon. Mirundo Tytleri Jervon, Birds of India, vol. 3, 1864, p. 870 (Dacca, Bengal India). Subspecific characters.—Similar to Hirundo rustica gutturalis, but rather larger; posterior lower parts rufous chestnut imstead of usually whitish; white spots on the rectrices, together with the concealed white subterminal portions of the dark feathers of the upper surface, more or less tinged with buff, instead of practically pure white. Type-locality.—Dacca, Bengal, India. 1 For the synonymy of these birds, see Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, pp. 128-140; and Hartert, V6gel paliarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, pp. 800-804. 2 Vogel paliarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, p. 800. eae BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 34) Geographic distribution.—Breeds in Kamchatka and other parts of northeastern Siberia; and migrates west to Irkutsk in central southern Siberia. Winters south to southern China, Pegu, and Tenasserim. 4. Hirundo rustica erythrogastris 1 Boddaert. Hirundo erythrogaster BoppAERT, Table Planch. Enlum., 1783, p. 45 (Cayenne). Subspecific characters.—Sunilar to Hirundo rustica tytlerr, but aver- aging decidedly paler on the lower parts; white tail-spots and white subterminal portions of feathers of upper parts less strongly tinged with buff; and size somewhat smaller. Resembling Hirundo rustica gutturalis, but throat averaging paler; remaining lower parts more heavily shaded with fulvous; tail-spots and concealed white subtermi- nal portions of feathers of upper surface more or less tinged with buff. Differs from Hirundo rustica rustica as from Hirundo rustica gutiuralis, and additionally in smaller size and interrupted blackish jugular band. Type-locality.—Cayenne, French Guiana. Geographic disiribution—Breeds in North America, east to the Atlantic Ocean; north to central Quebec (southern Ungava), northern Mackenzie, and northwestern Alaska; west to the Pacific Ocean; and south to the States of Tepic and Jalisco (Mexico), southern Texas, and North Carolina. Winters south to Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Casual or accidental in Greenland, the Galapagos and the Bermuda islands. 5. Mrundo rustica transitiva Hartert. Hirundo rustica transitiva HartEertT, Vogel paliarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, June 1910, p. 802 (Plain of Esdralon, Palestine). Subspecific characters——Similar to Hirundo rustica rustica, but smaller, and with lower parts much more deeply rufescent. Type-locality.—Plain of Esdralon, Palestine. Geographic distribuiion.—Palestine. 6. Hirundo rustica savigni Stephens. Hirundo Savignii SterHens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. 10, pt. 1, 1817, p. 90 (Egypt). Subspecific characters.—Resembling Hirundo rustica transitiva, but lower surface much darker, of a rich rufous chestnut. Very much like Hirundo rusiica tyileri, but with a usually unbroken blackish jugular band, and deeper tawny buff suffusion on the light tail-spots and the white concealed subterminal portions of the feathers of the upper surface. Type-locality._Kgypt. Geographic distribution.—Egypt and Nubia. 1 The subspecifie term erythrogaster as here used is a Latin adjective of the third declension, and there- fore has for its proper feminine nominative erythrogastris, not erythrogastra, as commonly written. 32 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. The name Chelidon Forster has recently been revived by Dr. E. Hartert 1 as the proper generic appellation for Hirundo rustica and its allies, on the ground that Schaeffer? did not fix the type of Hirundo as HMirundo rusiica, and that Forster,* as the first author to subdivide the group, thereby determined its type. While it is quite true that Schaeffer in 1774 did not in the modern sense fix the type of the genus Hirundo, it is likewise true that the action of Forster in merely applying different generic names to several of the species is equally of no effect. The International Code of Nomenclature pro- vides that in order to make a type designation valid an author must definitely indicate a species as the type. So far as we have been able to ascertain, the first designation according to the speci- fications of the International Code was by Selby in 1825,4 who selected Hirundo rustica as the type; and Gray, in 1840,° designated the same species. There is thus open, under the rules, no other course than to consider Hirundo rustica the type of Hrundo Linnaeus. ~ HYPUROLEPIS JAYANICA ABBOTTI,§ new subspecies. Subspecific characters—Similar to Hypurolepis javanica javanica,’ from Java, but larger; forehead, chin, and throat darker; posterior lower parts more grayish (less brownish), and medially much more whitish. Descripiion.—Type, adult male, No. 171048, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, Anamba Islands, September 1, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Forehead and sinciput bay; rest of upper parts shining metallic dusky bluish green; rectrices brownish black, their upper surface more or less glossed with metallic deep green, all but the middle pair with a conspicuous subterminal transverse spot of white; wings brownish black, the exposed surface glossed with metallic green lke the tail, the lesser wing-coverts edged with the metallic bluish green of the upper parts, and tertials with minute buffy tips; chin and throat between russet and tawny; sides and flanks hair brown, many of the feathers with paler tips; breast paler brown, the feathers with light tips; middle of abdomen brownish white, the central portion of the feathers mostly pale brownish with dark shaft lines; lower tail- coverts fuscous, the subterminal portions black, the tips buffy; lmning of wing fuscous, with minute russet edgings; “‘iris dark brown; bill and feet black.” 1 Végel paliiarktischen Fauna, vol. 1, pt. 6, June, 1910, pp. 800-801. 2 Hlem. Ornith., 1774, Classis II, Ordo VII, pl. 40. 3 Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 17. 4 Tilustr. Brit. Ornith., pt. 1, 1825, p. xxviii. 5 List Genera Birds, 1840, p. 8. 6 Named for the collector and donor, Dr. W. L. Abbott. 7 Hirundo javanica Sparrman, Mus. Carlson, fase. 4, 1789, pl. 100 (Java). BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. oo This new race may be distinguished from Celebes specimens of Hypurolepis javanica frontalis (Quoy and Gaimard)! by reason of larger size; duller, darker throat; darker, somewhat less brownish sides and flanks; less dull, less brownish, and therefore more strongly contrasted whitish middle portion of abdomen. From Hypurolepis javanica domicola (Jerdon),? which is a recognizable race from south- ern India, and the Malay Peninsula, Hypurolepis javanica abbotti differs in duller, darker throat; darker, more grayish (less rufescent) brown of sides and flanks; less brownish tinge of the whitish middle portion of the abdomen, whereby this latter is more sharply in con- trast to the lateral brown areas; and in the more conspicuously spotted appearance of the posterior lower surface. One specimen (No. 171060, U.S.N.M.), taken on Pulo Telaga, September 14, 1899, is a juvenal male, and differs from the adult in entirely lacking the bay frontlet; in having the upper parts very much duller, the wings with scarcely any metallic sheen; and lower surface very much lighter throughout, the crissum dull brown, without any black. One of the other birds (No. 171090, U.S.N.M.) has the outer primaries in process of molt; and most of the remaining examples show indication of molt in the body plumage. Doctor Abbott reported this species common on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; and observed it on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 13, 1899. He obtained seven specimens on the various islands of the Anamba group. The subjoined table of measurements includes all our Anamba examples of Hypurolepis javanica abbott, and for comparison some specimens of Hypurolepis javanica javanica from Java. Measurements of specimens of Hypurolepis javanica abbottt. | er ", | ls | | | q . U.S.N.M.| goy Locality. Date. Collector. & ISS] os No. | | cae agree alec aiiees | | @ = |m& a a|/EFlea|a |e | mm.| mm.\ mm.| mm 9 171026....| Male. “Palo Mata, Anam- | Aug. 28,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott ./139.7 109.5) 45.5) ba Islands. | 171048....| Male....| | Pulo Manguan, | Sept. 1,1899 |....- dO: BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 35 Description.—Type, adult female, No. 171023, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, Anamba Islands, August 29, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Sides of head and neck, pileum, cervix, back, and scapulars, slate gray;' rump and upper tail-coverts varying from slate gray to gray No. 8,1 broadly and boldly barred with white and black, the white predomi- nating on the shorter coverts; tailslate black, irregularly tipped with white; wings slate black, all the quills tipped, the secondaries broadly, the primaries narrowly, margined exteriorly with white, and all the remiges broadly edged interiorly on basal portion with white; lesser and median wing-coverts, with outer webs of tertials, gray, like the back; greater coverts slate gray, narrowly margined with whitish; primary coverts and alula slate color, narrowly edged and broadly tipped with white; chin, throat, and jugulum gray No. 6,! slightly and obsoletely barred imperfectly in places with paler gray; rest of lower surface white, boldly barred with black, these bars much nar- rower on the crissum; lining of wing white, narrowly barred with black; ‘‘iris gray; bill black; feet dull black.” Measurements of type—Total length, 292.1 mm.; wing, 160; tail, 112.5; exposed culmen, 26.5; tarsus, 27. The female type above described is the only specimen obtained by Doctor Abbott. It is about the size of Artamides sumatrensis bun- gurensis (Hartert),? from the Natuna Islands, but differs from the same sex of that race in the absence of ashy clouding on the posterior lower surface; the white and black bars being sharply contrasted, even more so than in Artamides sumatrensis sumatrensis; white bars of lower surface apparently broader; and lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more sharply banded with black and white. This new race may be distinguished from Artamides sumatrensis difficilis (Har- tert),? from Balabac Island, Philippine Islands, by its larger size, and in the female by the wider white bars on the posterior lower surface. Our single specimen of Artamides sumatrensis calopolius is appar- ently not fully adult, for the outer tail-feathers are tipped and sub- terminally mottled with dull white, and most of the primaries, all the secondaries, tertials, and primary coverts are broadly margined with white; while on the throat are seen some faint remnants of dark and light barring. Family MUSCICAPIDAE. CYORNIS BANYUMAS LAMPRA, new subspecies. Subspecific characters.—Similar to Cyornis banyumas philippinensis, but the male with upper parts of a lighter, brighter blue; anterior lower surface paler, more ochraceous (less tawny); posterior lower 1 Of Mr. Robert Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists, 1886. 2 Graucalus bungurensis Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 1, 1894, p. 477. ® Graucalus sumatrensis difficilis Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 2, 1895, p. 470. 36 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. parts more whitish, the sides and flanks with much less ochraceous. Female very much paler, duller, and more grayish above than the same sex of Cyorms banyumas philippinensis, with ochraceous of lower surface lighter, and that of lower breast, sides, and flanks much less extensive, the sides and flanks with very little; lores dull grayish instead of white. Descruption.—Type, adult male, No. 171095, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands, September 22, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Sides of head and neck, with entire upper parts (except forehead) rather light, grayish, indigo blue; forehead and short superciliary stripe azure blue; lores and nasal plumes black; remiges and rectrices grayish clove brown, all edged externally with the blue of the upper parts; lesser and median wing-coverts cobalt blue; remaining wing- coverts like the secondaries; chin and moustachial stripes deep blue black; throat, jugulum, and upper breast, ochraceous; rest of lower surface white, laterally washed with ochraceous; under wing-coverts buffy white, the feathers centrally fuscous, the edge of wing beneath fuscous mixed with whitish, buff, and blue; axillars buff; ‘‘bill black, feet brownish lavender.” The male of this new race differs from the male of Cyornis ba- nyumas banyumas im somewhat lighter blue upper surface; in pure white median posterior lower parts, including the crissum; and very much less extensively ochraceous sides and flanks. The female differs from that of Cyornis banyumas banyumas m the much more bluish gray Gnstead of brownish gray) upper surface, the tail exter- nally blue instead of dull ferrugmous; and in practically pure white instead of ochraceous abdomen and crissum. 'The male intergrades in color with Cyornis banyumas banywmas through Cyorns banyumas philippinensis and Cyornis banyumas mindorensis Mearns; while the female is intermediate between Cyornis banyumas philippinensis and Cyornis banyumas banyumas, though nearer the former. ) . g | mshee - q i) USNM) gor. Looslity. Date. Collector. | = Bel a|=s 5 = or) eq =] bola) SS | le. (eles 5 s tail a so a /|2]e |e a |SB | mm.) mm.| mm.) mm.) mm.) mm 170917....| Male....} Pulo Riabu, Anamba | Aug. 18,1899} Dr. W. L. |196.9) 85 | 79 | 15 | 20.3) 13.8 Islands. A bbott | HO091OS~ 8 .|55 200-02.) 0 eS sees eee Beeer dome-seace pa eO Olean ase |222. SN 8Oro|e cS) el 4ealeal tte: LOGOE =. \22-G0:-<-. Pulo Mobur, Anamba | Aug. 25,1899 |...do......./203.2) 86 | 80 | 14.5] 21 13.5 Islands. | | POG38.. 5... doses: Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Aug, 20,1999 |...do....... 196.9| 88 | 78 | 15.5] 20.5] 14 ba Islands. S094 eal OS << selec =e GO snaene ese Aros 211899) dO: neal a scere | 89 77 15.3)) 21 14 P(r TERRE | eee: Co oe! eee G0itaen cand se csete |) Aug. 245-1899) |": -do....... 203.2) 90.5) 80 15.5] 20 14 170943... .|-.. a ee ee "CC ee ee area WSeptss061899)|/ sada essen eames | 89.5] 81 | 16 20.8} 14.2 DOES DG TICE SRO AN Ok a a Ey 204.5] 87.8] 79 | 15.2} 20.7| 13.9 170939....| Female..| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Aug. 21,1899 {| Dr. W. L. |200 | 83.51 ion Vals | 20.5! 13.8 ba Islands. Abbott. | 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type. ~» PYCNONOTUS SIMPLEX HALIZONUS, new subspecies. Subspecific characters.—Like Pycnonotus simplex olivaceus, from the Malay Peninsula, but decidedly larger; lower parts lighter, brighter, and less tinged with brownish (more grayish). Description.—Type, adult female, No. 171080, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands, September 22, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Upper surface dark olive brown, with a slight tinge of greenish, the upper tail-coverts sepia; wings and tail between clove brown and sepia, the wing-quills and their upper coverts edged externally with sepia; sides of head, together with neck and breast, olive brown, the shafts of auriculars a little paler; lower surface pale yellowish white, the sides and flanks light olive brown, the breast and jugulum heavily washed with the same color; lining of wing yellowish white; thighs light olive brown tinged with yellow; ‘‘iris white; bill horn brown, pale beneath at base; feet fleshy brown.” This new race differs from Pycnonotus simplex simplex from Su- matra, in larger size, darker lower parts, and paler, more greenish upper surface. The following five specimens were obtained by Doctor Abbott: Adult male, No. 170944, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 9, 1899. Adult male, No. 171078, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 20, 1899. ‘‘Iris gray; feet fleshy brown.”’ Adult female, No. 171077, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 19, 1899. ‘Iris white; feet fleshy brown.” Adult female, No. 171076, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 19, 1899. ‘Iris white; bill horn brown, paler at base beneath; feet fleshy brown.” 44 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female (type), No. 171080, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, Septem- ber 22, 1899. The iris, it will be noticed, is white or gray. All five specimens show more or less evidences of the nearly completed molt, but on those collected on September 19 and 22 only shght traces remain. Measurements of the series of Pycnonotus simplex halizonus are given below: Measurements of specimens of Pycnonotus simplex halizonus. | ise a oO; | 3 s | |£8 a Hy e | | U.S.N.M.| — gey. Locality. Date. Collector. | & atlas) lees No. | a | Se) Sie | S|) Sha ie) 2128 | ° a oS p a1 Boyes) a H | ae | mn, |mm,|mm.)mm.|mm,, mm, 170944....! Male...-| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 9,1899 | Dr. W.L. |.....|..... %3- | 13) | WSy ye | ba Islands. | Abbott. LOTS 22a od Oseeac | Pulo Jimaja, Anamba | Sept. 20,1899 |...do...... 190.5) 84 | 76 | 13.2) 18.5) 13. | | Islands. | | JANES OU AUN AD IIE Oke, Soc odos aoe oHSacacueb oc cdcouddenanededc codes 190. 5 84 | 74.5) 13.1 18.3 12.5 171076....| Female..| Pulo Jimaja, Anamba | Sept. 19,1899 | Dr. W. L. 187.3] 84 | 76.5| 12.1 18.511 | Islands. Abbott AMOR. <<]. 0< do.....|....-do BORA DECRCAn one naan GOL ass arc OO meses 187.3) 84 | 76.5) 12.2) 18.2) 11.8 A EOSG ee 5. Sd OSs ss oforse eOO.2iciaceaat cies clan Sept. 22,1899 |...do...... 181 | 82.5) 76 | 12.8 18 | 11.5 FACIALS OL LNTCE eM ALES 27 aj assen Dasenk eer oaamioadeeeinewet emcees 185.2) 83.5! 76.3) 12.4 18,2 11.4 | | ear 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type. There are evidently two distinct species at present confused under the name Pycnonotus simplex. One of these is a large bird, in color much resembling Pycnonotus plumosus, with rather yellowish brown upper parts; distinctly scaly crown feathers; brownish and buffy lower surface, particularly the crissum; and red or orange iris; to which the name Pycnonotus brunneus of Blyth,’ despite the briefness of the accompanying description, undoubtedly applies. The other species, which occupies nearly the same geographic range, is of sinaller size; has no scaly appearance on the feathers of the crown; has a darker, more greenish olive brown upper surface; lower parts with the dark areas grayish, rather than buffy, brown; the light areas, especially the crissum and throat, whitish, with yellowish instead of brownish and buffy suffusion; iris white or grayish; and in general coloration is almost identical with Jole olivacea. This bird is Pieno- notus simplex Lesson.* Dr. C. W. Richmond has recently identified ° Picnonotus ‘simplex Lesson with the large, brownish and buffy, red- eyed species; and following him the present writer described the Su- matra race of the white-eyed bird as Pycnonotus olivaceus chloeodis.® After much further study of these birds I am now convinced, how- * Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2, No. 164, December, 1845, p. 568 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula). 4 Rev. Zool., vol. 2, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra). 6 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, Feb. 4, 1903, pp. 506-507. € Smiths. Mise. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, Oct. 26, 1912, p. 11. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 45 ever, that Pycnonotus simplex of Lesson is the white-eyed species, and that consequently my Pycnonotus olivaceus chloeodis is a synonym. Lesson’s original description reads as follows: ‘‘Corpore supra griseo- luteola, albo luteo tincto infra; rostro corneo; pedibus bruneis.’’ The really distinctive portion of this diagnosis is the expression ‘‘albo luteo tincto infra,’’ which could not apply to the red-eyed bird, but is very well descriptive of the white-eyed species, as is at once evident on comparison of both with this description. The expression ‘‘cor- pore supra griseo-luteolé”’ also agrees better with the white-eyed than with the red-eyed species, for the latter is decidedly brown above. Of Pycnonotus simplex at least three subspecies are recognizable. The synonymy and geographic ranges of these are as follows: 1. Pycnonotus simplex simplex Lesson. Picnonotus simplex Lesson, Rev. Zool., vol. 2, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra). Pycnonotus olivaceus chloeodis OBERHOLSER, Smiths. Mise. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, October 26, 1912, p. 11 (Tapanuli Bay, northwestern Sumatra). Geographic distribution.—Sumatra, Borneo, and some of the adja- cent islands. 2. Pycnonotus simplex olivaceus (Moore). Microtarsus olivaceus Moors, in Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. East Ind. Co., vol. 1, 1854, p. 249 (Malacca). Geographic distribution.—Malay Peninsula. 3. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus Oberholser. Pycnonotus olivaceus halizonus OBERHOLSER, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 98, 1917, p. 43 (Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands). Geographic distribution.—Anamba Islands. -““PYCNONOTUS BRUNNEUS ZAPOLIUS, new subspecies. Subspecific characters—Simiular to Pycnonoius brunneus brunneus, from the Malay Peninsula, but larger; upper surface darker; lower parts lighter, more grayish, the dark areas less brownish, the light areas more clearly yellowish, less ochraceous. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170942, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 5, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum between olive brown and deep olive, the darker brown edgings of the feathers imparting a more or less scaly appearance when viewed in the proper light; cervix, back, and scapulars deep olive with a slight olive brown .tinge, the (largely concealed) centers of the feathers clove brown; rump and shorter upper tail-coverts dark buffy brown; longest upper tail-coverts olive brown; wings and tail somewhat olivaceous clove brown, but the lesser wing-coverts of the same color as the back, though slightly paler, the remaining superior wing-coverts and the 1 Rev. Zool., vol. 2, June, 1839, p. 167. 46 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. wing-quills edged, and the coverts and tertials also tipped, with the deep olive of the back; sides of head and neck like the pileum but with less squamate appearance; chin and upper throat soiled cream color with a slight olive buff tinge; median portion of abdomen and breast marguerite yellow; thighs, flanks, sides of breast and of body, buffy olive, somewhat paler posteriorly and shading into the pale yellow of the middle of abdomen; jugulum and breast paler buffy olive, mixed with light yellowish; crissum dull cream buff, tne centers of the feathers light buffy olive; lining of wing cream buff, the outer edge chamois; ‘‘iris red; bill dull black, horn brown at base beneath; feet fleshy brown.” Measurements of type—Total length (in flesh), 190.5 mm.; wing, 90; tail, 75; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe without claw, 13.5. Although this new race of Pycnonotus brunneus is here described from a single specimen, it must be regarded without doubt as distinct. The type has been carefully compared with all of our large series of this species, from various parts of its range, and can not be matched by any other example. ‘This is, so far as the upper parts are concerned, one of the darkest and most greenish of the races of Pycnonotus brunneus; while below it is more grayish and more clearly yellow than any of the others. Thus it superficially very much resembles some of the forms of Pycnonotus simplex, but it is readily distinguished from all of these by its dark buffy crissum, red eyes, squamate pileum, and other characters. The type is in fresh plumage, but still shows evidences of molt among the contour feathers, rectrices, and remiges. Its proper wing length may therefore be even somewhat longer than above given. Doctor Abbott reports this species as common on Pulo Siantan at the time of his visit, but this may refer in part at least to Pycnonotus simpex halizonus, since at that time no one separated these two species. The following races of Pycnonotus brunneus are now recognizable: 1. Pycnonotus brunneus brunneus Blyth. [Pycnonotus] brunneus BiyTH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2, No. 164, December, 1845, p. 568 (in text) (Malacca, Malay Peninsula). Brachypus modestus BiytH, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2, No. 164, December, 1845, p. 568, footnote (new name for Pycnonotus brunneus Blyth) (A. Hay MS.). Geographic distribution.—Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and neighboring islands. 2. Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius Oberholser. Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius OBERHOLSER, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., No. 98, 1917, p. 40. Geographic distribution.—Anamba Islands. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 47 3. Pycnonotus brunneus prillwitzi Hartert. Pycnonotus prillwitzi HartERT, Novit. Zool., vol. 9, December 16, 1902, p. 561 (Karangbolong, southern Java). Geographic distribution —Java. Family TIMALIIDAE. HORIZILLAS MAGNIROSTRIS (Moore). Alcippe magnirostris Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854 (May 8, 1855), p. 277 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula). Nine specimens are in the collection, as follows: Male, No. 171024, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29,1899. Length, 178mm. ‘Bill dark horn brown above, horny yellow beneath.” Female, No. 170946, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. Length, 165 mm. ‘“‘Iris pink; feet pale leaden; upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible leaden. Shot in heavy forest.’’! Male, No. 170945, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. Length, 178 mm. ‘‘Feet pale leaden blue; upper mandible horn brown; lower mandible leaden.”’ Male, No. 171083, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21, 1899. Length, 184.5 mm. ‘‘Iris red; feet slaty blue, soles yellow. Male, No. 171087, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 22, 1899. Length, 171.5 mm. ‘‘Feet fleshy white; iris gray brown; upper mandible horn brown; lower mandible yellow.” Sex unknown, No. 171088, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 22, 1899. Length, 181 mm. “Iris red; feet lavender blue; upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible leaden.”’ Male, No. 171084, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 24, 1899. Length, 178 mm. Male, No. 171086, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 24, 1899. Length, 178 mm. Male, No. 171085, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 26, 1899. Length, 178mm. “Iris red; feet slaty blue; tarsi brownish; upper mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible leaden.”’ All these birds are more or less in process of molt. The streaking on the jugulum is almost obsolete in some, strongly marked in others. The color of the back and scapulars varies from a grayish olive brown to a decidedly rufescent olive brown. There is appar- ently no difference of consequence in either size or color between this series from the Anamba Islands and a larger series from the Malay Peninsula. : Doctor Abbott found this bird common on Pulo Jimaja from September 17 to 28, 1899. 1 For the character of this forest, see pl. 2, upper figure. 48 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. This species is clearly out of place in the genus Turdinus, to which Doctor Sharpe has referred it,! but is strictly congeneric with Horizillas magna, the type of Horizillas. The present generic name for this group is Horizillas Oberholser,? the employment of which in place of Malacopteron Eyton * we have elsewhere explained. ANUROPSIS MALACCENSIS MALACCENSIS (Hartlaub). Brachypteryx malaccensis Harritaus, Rey. Zool., 1844, p. 402 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula). Three specimens are in the collection, as follows: Adult male, No. 171081, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21, 1899. ‘‘Iris dark red; feet pale brownish fleshy.” Adult male, No. 176948, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10, 1899. Adult female, No. 170947, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 24, 1899. They average a very little darker on upper parts, sides, and flanks than typical examples of the species from the Malay Peninsula; but in the absence of any other characters, these differences appear too slight and inconstant to be of subspecific importance. All these examples show traces of a nearly completed molt; but the bird taken on September 10 (No. 170948, U.S.N.M.) has many more undeveloped feathers than the others, particularly on pileum, throat, breast, and tail, Measurements are given below. Measurements of specimens of Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis. | > 5 = ; eee i eae Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | 2 : 38 H ; a ap . |S8lis | oe a =) a Zz iS) = 3 |x x |e |B lea ja |e | F mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm. 170948....| Male....) PuloSiantan, Anamba| Sept. 10,1899 | Dr. W. L. Ab- |136.5| 68 | 30 | 16 | 28.5 Islands. bott. | 171081....| Male.... Ble Jima ie, Anamba | Sept. 21,1899 |..... GOs ciste == 0) trees 67.5] 35 | 16.5) 29 slands, | 170947....| Female... Pe Sree Anamba| Aug. 24,1899 |..... dows btscds 1139.7! 63.5) 33. | 15 | 28 islands. 1 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 7, 1883, p. 547. 2 Horizillas Oberholser, Smiths. Mise. Coli., Quart. Issue, vol. 48, May 13, 1905, p. 65. 3 Malacopteron Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 102 (type, Malacopteron magnum Eyton) 4 Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quart. Issue, vol. 48, May 13, 1905, pp. 64-65. 5 Measured in the flesh by the collector. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS, 49 > MIXORNIS PILEATA ZOPHERA, new subspecies. Subspecific characters—Similar to Mixornis pileata pileata Blyth,! from the Malay Peninsula, but averaging larger; upper surface darker, more rufescent, the chestnut of pileum more extended posteriorly; lower parts paler; streaks on throat and jugulum much heavier. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 171062, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, Anamba Islands; September 14, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum reddish chestnut (between chestnut and burnt sienna), the forehead mixed with grayish; superciliary stripe and sides of head and neck olive buff, with obscure streaks of dusky, the auriculars shading pos- teriorly into light reddish chestnut; rest of upper parts raw umber; middle tail-feathers and outer vanes of others, except two outermost pairs, chestnut, the tips and obsolescent bars which extend faintly over all the feathers almost to their bases, sepia, the rest of tail dark rufescent hair brown with numerous almost obsolete darker bars, the inner webs narrowly margined with pale brownish on their basal por- tions; primaries and secondaries dark hair brown, basally margined on inner webs with cream white, on outer webs with chestnut, except outermost primaries, which are edged with pale brownish; tertials chestnut; superior wing-coverts burnt sienna; edge of wing sulphur yellow; throat, jugulum, breast, and middle of abdomen sulphur yel- low, the throat and jugulum heavily streaked with black; sides, flanks, and crissum, olive buff; lining of wing pale sulphur yellow; ‘iris reddish brown; bill dark horn brown, dark leaden beneath; feet pale brownish green.” This new form, in its pale, heavily streaked lower parts and large size, resembles Mizornis pileata everetti of the Natuna Islands, but differs from that bird in its lighter, much less rufescent (more grayish) upper surface (the back thus more contrasted with pileum), and in the somewhat heavier streaking of the anterior lower parts. Eleven specimens were obtained, as follows: Adult male, No. 170915, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899. Adult male, No. 170949, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899. ‘Iris gray brown; feet brownish olive; upper mandible horn brown; lower mandible leaden; naked orbital skin blue.” Adult male, No. 170950, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 11, 1899. ‘‘Iris dark brown; lores blue.”’ Adult male (type), No. 171062, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 14, 1899. Adult male, No. 171065, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 15, 1899. ‘Iris ochrous brown.” 1 The name in common use for this species is Mixornis gularis, which is the Motacilla gularis of Raffles (Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 13, 1822, p. 312); but this is preoccupied by Motacilla gularis Gmelin (Syst, Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 997), and therefore untenable. The proper name seems to be Prinia pileata Blyth (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p. 204). This species should consequently stand as Mizornis pileata (Blyth). (See Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, Oct. 26, 1912, p. 9). 70536°—Bull. 98—17——4 50 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male, No. 171082, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21, 1899. “Iris dark brown; feet brownish green.” Adult female, No. 170914, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 17, 1899. Adult female, No. 174796, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 23, 1900. “Tris pale yellowish gray; naked skin about eye dull blue.” Adult female, No. 171064, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 14, 1899. “Iris ochrous brown; upper mandible dark leaden; lower man- dible leaden; feet pale brownish green.”’ Adult female, No. 171063, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 14, 1899. “Tris dark brown.” Adult female, No. 171066, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 15, 1899. The above series is very uniform in color, notwithstanding con- siderable individual difference in the width of the streaks on the throat, and the degree of rufescence on the back. The female is in size identical with the male, but is noticeably less rufescent on the upper surface, excepting, of course, the pileum. All these specimens excepting the type, taken from August 15 to September 15, show evidences of molt in progress. Doctor Abbott writes that this was a common species on Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899; on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; common in thickets on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 6, 1899; and that it was the commonest bird of any kind on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899. Measurements of the entire series are given below. Measurements of specimens of Mixornis pileata zophera. Z 3 ie | oO be ee iee: eS Naat Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. = 38 ‘a wb a) . |o8| 3s Sie (elk |B e/E lea ia |a |mm.|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm 170950....| Male....| PuloSiantan, Anamba | Sept. 11,1899 | Dr. W. L. Ab- |.-.-. 60 | 53 | 13.5) 18 Islands. bott. 170940 eace eee Gorssee neeee ot Oe See Sept. 6,1899 |..... Gh seohaped 146.1] 61 | 51 | 14.5] 20 1710653228 | 522do:-—- oe Tele, Anamba | Sept. 15, 1899 |..... (3 (eee eae: 1136.6} 61.5] 58.5 13.5) 18 slands 71062 =... 5|-scd0-sesslocere Os Sj csaecueee Sept. 14, 1899 |..... G0 ccse28aec 152.4) 62.5) 55 | 13 | 19.5 MOGTDSS4|2-2002--<¢ a Riabu, Anamba | Aug. 18,1899 |..... OOse ee sac2 |146.1) 63.5) 59 | 15 | 20.5 slands. 171082....)... Gozs.<- Pulo Jimaja, Anamba | Sept. 21,1899 |..... CO sjsteccsee closes 62 | 55 | 14 | 20 Islands. | AvverageiohGuniales ive le. cess hc ee ee 1145.3] 61.8| 54.4) 13.9] 19.3 | 171063....; Female... ee elas, Anamba | Sept. 14, 1899 Dr os L. Ab- |146.1) 62 | 56 | 13.5) 19 slands. : 171064255015 -- G0. as|s~. 02 GOas sinc Sets sees aeee C () Ree mGaal Baace GO eee haces 136.6} 58.5} 51.5) 13 17.5 UZ106G=252|- 5 < G0: 2<.0|see28 dOusseckstecteeeees Sept. 15, 1899 EMO costo oe ealtaoes 60.5)349 | 12.5) 19.5 170914....|..-. do-.-- Pulo Hiab, Anamba | Aug. 17 1899 | meer (6 RRS Onepae 146.1; 65 | 61 | 14 | 20 fslands =. cseacesccecs| 4 1747962.) 20 Go: ose |s2cne (0 (a A eee ee | | Aug. 23, 1899 | asilee do sess 2enise 149.4 61.5) 56 14.5) 20 Average of.5 females - sec. aeseeaicsee sean Sas Soon sae eee ae Oe 144.6, 61.5) 54.7| 13.5) 19.2 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type. = Tail molting. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 51 Family TURDIDAE. ~~ KITTACINCLA MALABARICA OCHROPTILA, new subspecies. Subspecific characters.—Similar to Kittacincla malabarica' from the Malay Peninsula, but larger; male with the deep tawny color of pos- terior lower parts much lighter; metallic sheen of upper parts less purplish; female with slate color of upper surface and breast lighter, and rufous of posterior lower parts more uniform. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170954, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Anamba Islands, September 8, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Whole head, neck, jugulum, back, scapulars, lesser and median wing- coverts, glossy blue black; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; wing-quills, primary and greater coverts, clove brown, with a bluish black sheen on exposed upper surface; tail brownish black with a slight bluish sheen, the outer four pairs of feathers with broad white tips; whole of posterior lower surface and lining of wing deep tawny, the latter somewhat mixed with white. Geographic distribution —The Anamba Islands, except the south- ern islands of Pulo Riabu and Pulo Piling. The male of this new race differs from that of Kittacincla malabarica suavis, of Borneo, most conspicuously in having broad dark brown bases to the outer tail-feathers; the throat, breast, and upper surface are not so deeply black, but somewhat more glossy. The female is very different from the male, and is likewise in striking contrast to the female of Kittacincla malabarica suavis, for the entire upper sur- face is slate color, not black; the wings and tail are lighter, and more brownish or slaty; upper wing-coverts with some tawny edgings; throat and breast slate color instead of black; rufous of posterior lower parts lighter; outer tail-feathers with brown bases. Of this new form Doctor Abbott obtained seven specimens, as follows: Adult male (type), No. 170954, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Septem- ber 8, 1899. Adult male, No. 170956, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10, 1899. Adult male, No. 171043, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899. Adult male, No. 171075, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 23, 1899. Immature male, No. 171042, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899. Adult female, No. 170955, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 8, 1899. 1 For the use of the specific name malabarica Scopoli in place of macroura Gmelin, see Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 1903, p. 512. 59 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Immature female, No. 171041, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31,1899. Length, 203 mm. All the adult birds are in process of molt, involving chiefly the wing and tail feathers, though the type (No. 176954, U.S.N.M.) has the feathers of most of the chin and forepart of the head in their sheaths, and all the other specimens have some molting feathers on the body. The adult female differs from the adult male in her shorter tail; smaller general size; dull, nonmetallic, bluish slate-colored upper parts, throat, and breast, the pileum with a brownish tinge; duller, more brownish wings and tail; tawny edgings on some of the upper wing-coverts; and lighter shade of the posterior lower parts, the thighs and middle of abdomen particularly paler. The immature male (No. 171042, U.S.N.M.) obtained by Doctor Abbott is in process of molt, and is changing from the juvenal mto the completely adult plumage. It differs from the adult male in partly brown head and back, the black feathers of the adult plumage having only partly replaced those of the juvenal dress; short, more brownish tail; much more brownish wings, the remiges edged partly on exterior webs with tawny, the greater and median wing-coverts broadly tipped with the same (the lesser coverts have assumed the black of adult plumage); sides of head and of neck dull dark brown, mixed with tawny ochraceous, also with a few black feathers, leaving only the center of chin, throat, and jugulum glossy black; posterior lower parts of a paler rufous. The immature female (No. 171041, U.S.N.M.) is in what appears to be juvenal plumage, and differs from the adult female in having the upper surface lighter, decidedly more brownish, the pileum, back, and scapulars being particularly brown; the rump with an anterior band of tawny, and all the white washed with tawny; tail more brownish, all the white tips, excepting those of the two outer pairs, much mottled with brown; wmgs more brownish; remiges broadly edged on outer webs with dull tawny; median wing-coverts more conspicuously tipped with tawny ochraceous; lesser wing- coverts with a broad white streak along the shaft or on the outer web of each feather; forehead, lores, superciliary stripe, orbital region, and cheeks, dull white, finely mixed with brownish gray; sides of neck slate gray; auriculars slate gray, streaked with whitish; chin buffy white; a buffy ochraceous spot on upper throat just back of the chin; rest of throat rather light gray, washed and streaked broadly with buff; posterior lower parts much paler than in the adult. This example shows only slight indications of molt. Doctor Abbott reported this species as common on Pulo Siantan from August 19 to September 6, 1899; and observed it also on Pulo Kelong, September 1, 1899. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 53 The following measurements of the adults of this race are all that could be taken with any reasonable accuracy, owing to the molting condition of the wings and tail, and it is possible that the wing and tail dimensions here given are, for the same reason, somewhat less than they should be. Measurements of specimens of Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila. q 7) = No | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | Total length.! Exposed cul- men 170954....| Male....| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 8, 1899 |Dr. W.L. Abbott.|298.5] 99 | 173 | 18 | 27.5 ba Islands.2 LIZA SS ees) Paseo 0 eee seer GOS S22 Fe cS 8= Sept. 10,1899 |...... doz tias%25)--|215-9|5-2e2 Beeoe| 16.8| 27 MWOfoee-<)-..c00... << Pulo Jimaja, Anam- | Sept. 23,1899 |.....- G0s.ec25- a 228.6] 97 |... 15 | 26 | ba Islands. Tg (ee ee PuloManguan,Anam- | Sept. 1, 1899 |......do..........|..... (ia eee | 15.5) 25. 8 ‘ . ba Islands. Average of four males 70955....| Female..| Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 8,1899 Dr. W.L.Abboit.|215.9| 88 | 108 | 16 | 24 ba Islands. | 1 Measured in the fiesh by the collector. 2 Type. KITTACINCLA MALABARICA HETEROGYNA, new subspecies. Subspecific characters—Similar to MNittacincla malabarica ochrop- tila,* but female very much darker, particularly on the throat, breast, and upper surface. Description—Type, adult female, No. 170918, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, Anamba Islands, August 18, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Head, neck, jugulum, back, scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts, slate black; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; greater wing-coverts, primary coverts, and wing-quills, dark brown, between sepia and clove brown, these coverts somewhat darker, the greater series narrowly margined externally with tawny; tail clove brown, the three outer- most pairs of rectrices with broad white tips on both webs, the fourth pair with a broad white tip confined to outer web; posterior lower surface tawny, the thighs and middle of abdomen somewhat whitish; lining of wing tawny, a little mixed with whitish and dusky. ‘‘Iris dark brown; feet fleshy white.” Measurements (of type).—Wing, 92 mm.; tail, 97.5; exposed culmen, 15.5; tarsus, 24.5. Geographic distribution—Pulo Riabu and Pulo Pilmg, in the southern Anamba Islands. Unfortunately, we have no adult male of this new race, but the female is easily separable, not only from Kittacincla malabarica 8 See, p. 5. 54 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ochroptila, but from the other races of the species. It differs from Kittacincla malabarica malabarica (specimens from the Malay Penin- sula) in its darker and more blackish throat and upper surface. It is even more different from Kittacincla malabarica suavis, for it has broad, brown bases to the outer rectrices, lighter, less metallic black (more slaty) upper parts and throat, and lighter posterior lower parts. It is particularly interesting as being the only known instance of a second resident form of the same species on the Anamba Islands. It is apparently confined to Pulo Riabu, where Doctor Abbott says that it is fairly common; and to Pulo Peling, where he observed it, August 17, 1899. Two specimens are in the collection—the type above described and an immature male, No. 170919, U.S.N.M., also from Pulo Riabu, taken, August 18, 1899. This bird is just beginning to molt from the juvenal into the adult plumage. The head, hind neck, and part of the back are still dull clove brown; the wings lighter brown of a more sepia tone, the quills rusty edged, and some of the coverts with tawny spots; the tail is short like that of the female, and dull colored; the sides of the head are dull brownish slate black, with small ochraceous streaks; chin and throat dull brownish slate color with rather large spots of ochraceous; posterior lower parts deep tawny rufous, the middle of breast shghtly mottled with blackish, and the middle of abdomen white. Family SYLVIIDAE. ORTHOTOMUS ATROGULARIS (Temminck).! Orthotomus atrogularis TemminckK, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Color. d’Oiseaux, vol. 35 livr. 101, 1836, text to livr. 101 (Malacca and Borneo). Seven specimens are in the collection, as follows: Adult male, No. 171002, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899. Length, 118 mm. ‘“‘Iris pale yellow brown.” Juvenal male, No. 171025, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length, 108 mm. Juvenal male, No. 170970, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 5, 1899. Length, 115 mm. Juvenal male, No. 171001, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899. Length, 108 mm. ‘‘Bill dark horn brown, pale brownish fleshy beneath; feet dark fleshy brown.” Adult female, No. 170968, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20, 1899. Length,115mm. ‘‘Iris pale yellow brown.” Juvenal female, No. 170969, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 21, 1899. Length, 111 mm. “‘Iris pale yellowish brown; feet pale brownish fleshy.” 1 This is the original spelling of the specific name. BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 55 Juvenal female, No. 171089, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 23, 1899. Length, 111 mm. “‘Iris yellow brown; feet fleshy brown.” Although the number of adults is too few to admit of a perfectly satisfactory comparison, they seem to be identical with birds from the Malay Peninsula which represent true Orthotomus atrogularis. The adult female is like the adult male, except that the black gular patch is much less extensive and broadly streaked with white. The two youngest juvenal males (Nos. 170970 and 171001, U.S.N.M.) resemble the adult female, but have rather duller, lighter upper parts, particularly the pileum, with a mixture of olive green in the pileum; less black on the jugulum, and a wash of olive yellow across the breast. The juvenal female is like the juvenal male, but entirely lacks the blackish on the jugulum and the olive yellow wash on the breast; the crown and forehead of one (No. 170969, U.S.N.M.) are entirely olive green like the back, save for one half-grown rufous feather; the forehead and sides of crown of the other (No. 171089, U.S.N.M.) are rufous, but the rest of the pileum is olive green. The adult male (No. 171002, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 25, 1899, is in heavy molt of contour feathers and is also molting some of the wing-quills; and the adult female (No. 170968, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 20, 1899, is in the same condition. One of the juvenal males (No. 171025, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 29, 1899, is passing from the juvenal plumage into that of the first autumn, and has acquired the rectrices, nearly all the remiges, and approximately three-fourths of the contour feathers. The two other juvenal males (No. 171001, U.S.N.M., August 25, 1899; and No. 170970, U.S.N.M., September 5, 1899) are just beginning to change from juvenal into the first autumn livery; and one of the juvenal females (No. 170969, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 21, 1899, is in the same condition. The remaining juvenal female (No. 171089, U.S.N.M.), taken, September 23, 1899, has apparently rather more than half completed the change to first autumn plumage. Doctor Abbott found this tailor-bird common on Pulo Siantan from August 19 to September 6, 1899. Family GRACULIDAE. ~ GRACULA JAVANA PRASIOCARA, new subspecies. Subspecific characters—Similar to Gracula javana javana, from Java, but larger; sides of crown more greenish. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 170905, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, Anamba Islands, August 17, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Entire plumage black, excepting a large white spot on the middle of the six 56 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. outer primaries; middle of crown, the back, jugulum, and lower part of thighs, with metallic violet or bronzy violet sheen; throat and chin with a dull greenish blue sheen; sides of crown, sides of occiput, all of lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, abdomen, and crissum, with metallic bottle green sheen; margins of all the superior wing- coverts, except the greater series, with glossy bluish, greenish or violet sheen; wing-quills and rectrices with slight bluish or greenish reflections, excepting the inner webs of the former, which are brown- ish, decidedly paler along the basal portion of the inner margin. This new race is most nearly allied to Gracula javana javana, with which it agrees in size of lappets and in having the supra-auricular bare space completely divided by a line of feathers. So far as known it is confined to the Anamba Islands. Birds of this species from Borneo and Sumatra seem to agree with those from Java. Doctor Abbott obtained seven specimens, four of which (Nos. 171039, 174721, 170995, and 170905, U.S.N.M.) show slight evi- dences of molt. He found the species common on Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899; and about Telok Ayer Bini on Pulo Siantan, Sep- tember 5-6, 1899. The measurements of all the specimens collected are as follows: Measurements of Gracula javana prasiocara. | | S| Se.) eee U.S. | ag =i ae 3o_g|38 ss N.M.j| Sex. Locality. Date. Collectors.) (25) 7 So1y8/ y los No. |' = | bo | . | 34 ai} 5 |se | | Ls |e) |e tas) epee | | File lala [ma |e (Se [ra Sane hr ree ea ae | = = great aaa | | mm.\mm.|\mn.|mm.|mm.|mm.|mm 170905 Male....| Pulo Piling, Anam- | Aug. 17,1899 | Dr. W. L. |349.3193 | 91 27.5) 16 | 41.5 33 | _ ba Islands? Abbott. | | | 170995 | Male....| Pulo Mobur, Anam-| Aug. 25,1899 |...do.....- '336.6178.5) 85 | 28 | 15.5) 41.5) 33.5 | ba Islands. | | | | 171039 | Male....| Pulo Manguan, | Aug. 31,1899 |...do....-. 330.2185 | 87 | 28 | 16 | 39.5! 34 | Anamba Islands. | | 170912 | [Male]... Pulo Riabu, Anam- | Aug. 18,1899 |...do...... '323.9193 | 93.5) 25.5] 15.5 40 | 33.5 | ba Islands. —— —_ —_ — IACVETALE. OVA INATESS 25-5 5 hare) Sisiaisistotatsrem ema sein cine See cee ciae eee 1335 187. 4 89.1] 27.3) 15.8 40.6) 33.5 | | 7 | ] 174721 | Female..| Pulo Riabu, Anam-| Aug. 23,1900 | Dr. W. L. |336.6]182 | 88 | 25 | 15 | 40 | 33.5 ba Islands. Abbott. 170904 | Female.} Pulo Piling, Anam- | Aug. 17,1899 |...do...... 323.9/180 | 82 | 27.5) 15.5} 40 | 32.5 ba Islands. | 171040 | Female.| Pulo Manguan, | Aug. 31,1899 |...do.....-|..-.- 178.5) 85.5) 28 | 15 | 89.5) 33 Anamba Islands. | | | | ‘Average O83 females <= -ooc.ccicmeniseios osnis os wives cite anes ease 330.3180. 2 85. 2} 26.8] 15. 2) 39.8) 33 1 Meastred in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type. The present species was first described in 1757 as Corvus javanensis by Osbeck,? in a pre-Linnaean book, which in 1771 was translated into English. This name has been in common use, dated from 1771, but according to present rules of nomenclature it is untenable, since the book in which it appeared was a mere translation of an ® Dogh. Ostind. Resa, 1757, p. 102. ote a Shae BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. By ineligible pre-Linnaean work. This being the case, the species must take the name Gracula javana, because Eulabes javanus Cuvier! is the next available specific designation. This change Doctor Hartert has already explained. ~+ LAMPROCORAX PANAYENSIS HETEROCHLORUS, new subspecies. Subspecific characters.—Similar to Lamprocorax panayensis striga- tus, from Java, but very much larger, and plumage of male through- out more bronzy or oily green. Description—Type, adult male, No. 170996, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, Anamba Islands, August 26, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Entire plumage, excepting the remiges and rectrices, metallic bottle green, with a slight bronzy tinge, the chin and throat with a some- what purplish sheen; remiges and rectrices biackish on upper sur- face, with steel greenish, bluish, and purplish reflections; lower surface of tail and wings blackish clove brown, the under wing- coverts and axillars margined with metallic green. This new race is very distinct and separable at a glance from Lamprocoraz panayensis strigatus of Java by the characters above given. It is, however, more closely allied to Lamprocorax panayensis panayensis, from which, in the male, as comparison with a large series of Philippine specimens shows, it differs in its more grassy; less oily or bronzy green upper parts, and particularly in its decidedly less bronzy lower surface, which is also much brighter green, par- ticularly on the posterior portions, where Lamprocoraz panayensis panayensis is nearly always distinctly grayish. Four specimens are in the collection, as follows: Adult male (type), No. 170996, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 26, 1899. Length, 229 mm. Adult male, No. 170997, U.S.N.M.; islet near Pulo Mobur, August 26,1899. Length, 216 mm. Immature male, No. 170933, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August, 1899. Immature male, No. 170998, U.S.N.M.; islet near Pulo Mobur, August 26, 1899. Length, 203 mm. The type (No. 170996) is in perfect plumage; and the other adult male (No. 170997) is nearly so, though molting the under wing- coverts, with some of the wing-quills and body feathers. One of the immature birds (No. 170998) is in the juvenal plumage, which closely resembles that of the adult female, but is molting many of the body feathers. The other immature is similar but is more extensively glossy green above, has the breast nearly solid green, and the posterior lower parts much more mixed with glossy green; it is molting wing, tail, and body feathers. 1 Régne Anim., vol. 1, 1829, p. 377 (Java). 2 Novit. Zool., vol. 9, 1962, pp. 439-440. 58 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Doctor Abbott observed this bird on Pulo Mata, August 24 to September 1, 1899; and on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899. The two adults measure as follows: Measurements of specimens of Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus. $ 8 ae Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. 2 ; Ba os 2| #8] a /88l z o |e | 3 |ea] & &)/F lela |e mm.| mm.) mm.) mm.) mm. 170996....| Male....| Pulo Mobur, Anam-| Aug. 26,1899 | Dr.W.L.Abbott..| 229 | 108 | 76 18 | 23.5 ba Islands.? 170997....|..- co bo ee rae GO eesceseccesseel soca GOs cee uel so OO baw ccreeceees 216 | 112 | 72.5) 20} 23.5 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type. The earliest name among the subspecies of Lamprocorax chalybeus of authors is of course Lamprocorax panayensis (Scopoli),? which there- fore becomes the name for the species as a whole, and of which Lampro- corax chalybeus becomes a subspecies. The proper designation for the last-mentioned form is, however, Lamprocorax panayensis stri- gatus Horsfield,t because Turdus strigatus Horsfield * has anteriority over Turdus chalybeus Horsfield * of even date. Some recent authors have united the genus Lamprocoraxz Bonaparte with Aplonis Gould, on the ground that the characters usually as- signed to these groups are not constant. This is true, for in both form of bill and of tail there are intermediates, which might without violence find a place in either group. There is, however, a structural character which does hold good for the separation of all the forms of both generaexamined. In Lamprocorax the second (counting from the spurious outermost) primary is decidedly longer than the fifth, while in Aplonis it is usually shorter, sometimes equal, but never longer. Furthermore, the recognition of two genera by this criterion leaves all the species, with one exception, in the genera in which they have been. This exception is Aplonis cantoroides, and the necessity for its transferral was long ago suggested by Dr. R. B. Sharpe. The following species of these two genera have been examined in this connection: Lamprocorax metallicus (Temminck) and subspecies. Lamprocorax panayensis (Scopoli) and subspecies. Lamprocorax todayensis Mearns. Lamprocoraz minor (Ramsay). Lamprocoraz cantoroides (Gray). 3 Muscicapa panayensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 (Panay Island, Philip- pine Islands). 4 Turdus strigatus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., ser. 1, vol. 13, pt. 1, May, 1821, p. 148 (Java). 5 Turdus chalybeus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., ser. 1, vol. 13, Dt. 1, May, 1821, p. 148 (Java). § Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol, 13, 1890, p. 125, a BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 59 Aploms opaca (Kittlitz) (= Aplonis kittlitzi Authors). Aplonis atrifusca (Peale). Aplonis vitiensis Layard. Aplonis brevirostris (Peale). Aplonis tabuensis (Gmelin) (—=Aplonis cassini Gray). Aplonis atronitens Gray. Aplonis striata (Gmelin). Family DICRURIDAE. ~; DISSEMURUS PARADISEUS MICROLOPHUS, new subspecies. Subspecific characters.—Similar to Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus of Siam, but frontal crest denser, stiffer, and very much shorter. Description.—Type, adult male, No. 171074, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands, September 21, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Entire plumage brownish black, all the exposed parts of the body plumage, except on the chin, throat, abdomen, and flanks, glossy metallic greenish or bluish, this on the breast taking the form of apical spots, on the pileum and nape broad V-shaped terminal markings which leave more or less well-defined dull shaft streaks, these most conspicuous on the crown; wings and tail somewhat shiny brownish black, the rectrices and remiges with their outer webs mostly metallic greenish or bluish, the exposed surface of the upper wing-coverts similar; racquets large; crest short. Eleven specimens are in the collection, from the islands of Siantan, Jimaja, Piling, Mobur, Riabu, and Telaga. All are more or less in process of molt; some have the long racquet feathers fully developed, others but partially, while one (No. 170907, U.S.N.M.) lacks them entirely. Among the adults there is comparatively little individual color variation, though some specimens are rather more bluish, others more greenish on the metallic portions of the plumage. Three (Nos. 170906, 170908, and 170934, U.S.N.M.) are immature, in which condition they differ from the adults in being much duller, the upper parts mixed with brown, the lower parts almost entirely dull brown, with very few metallic bluish or greenish feathers. Doctor Abbott notes that No. 170934 (immature) has the 1 This species has for long been known as Aplonis kittlitzi (Finsch and Hartlaub) (Calornis kittlitzi Finsch and Hartlaub, Beitr. Fauna Centralpolyn., 1867, p. 109 [Ualan Island, Caroline Islands.}). It was, however, first recognized and described by Kittlitz (Kupfertafeln Naturgesch. Vogel, Heft 2, 1833, p. 11, pl. 15, fig. 2), who applied to it the names Turdus columbinus Gmelin (which is Lamprocorar panay- ensis Scopoli) and Lamprotornis opaca, a manuscript name of Lichtenstein’s, here first given nomen- clatural status by being published with a description and a figure. The latter name is introduced by Kittlitz in the following fashion: “Fig. 2. Turdus columbinus Gm. L. oder Lamproth. opaca Lichten- stein, ein haufiger Vogel auf den Marianen und Carolinen, * * *.”? The species must therefore bear the name Aplonis opaca (Kittlitz), since this is long prior to Aplonis kittlitzi (Finsch and Hartlaub). Subsequently G. R. Gray called it Calornis opaca (Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pac. Brit. Mus., 1859, p. 26), using Lichtenstein’s name opaca, and citing the above-mentioned descriptions and figure of Kittlitz, under the name “‘ Lamprotornis columbina”’ Kittlitz. ‘ed AT, ¢ ‘SULYIOW « *10,09][00 044 Aq YSoy oY} Ul pounsvopy { £ FS cL £3 eS S°L1 €'9L Or aes RORC ACen MENG TI Dat ee ce eae oan ae ee eee ae eg ga ean SEAR Bae Rea e Oe SO[BULO} IMO] JO osvIOAV G8 8 SOL (Gs VAS 19 G'ShL | S°1eé 9ST Gebanl ee ete on te op’--*"| 6681 ‘ST “shy |- ~~ Spteysy vquivuy ‘nqery omg |°-"~ "Op" = "|" " -ST60ZT ‘ ‘ = FZ Z ai GSE COL GL 681 GLE Zoe NOS SEE Test ec oe op’--**| 668T ‘FT “3deg |--“spuesy equieuy BseloT, OM | -""-~ op "~ Sem Se0LLE si 1x6 GEL ai 2 ateae | Serna cera Sen et ol oe PE ete oe ge L¥T TGOGs Gino ee eee ORE gett OP Sotte |\S ie ae ee iota fl OP sir) 2 Oemom |) Z060LT 5 o'Se Gk LOI GCE 8°6T 48 LL 18 LL | RRR | Moqqy “TM “Id | 6681 ‘ZT “sny |"""“spuelsy vquieuy Sut ong |[wat] epeurey |° ~~“ S060LT A (a GL COT as £61 €°16 G\G pass NCePOE) | Gna Slee lms ees |fasse Siete SISOS slats Seeger a ce ee) ba eee wan meme ne Bey Hike kegs SO[VM WAADS JO OSVIOAY e. se | ts el ge ae (GURL Sea Wye [epee ee pes dee Ope rae op" *"*|7"7 "986021 = G°9G ore, (rai GSE EPI SI OGRD: PGi SLOW || Wa nate ae ie eww Pe ae Opes: ss lean aaa 2) a d L°S2 ¢°9 Clee sae 0S Seo Te ROOR TONS MV ane nes erin one ieene cas Camere op*-~~>|7-[uar)) even Se (4 a 4 &e “-7+| 66816 “jdog |" ‘spuejsy vqueny ‘ueptErs OfMg |77 7" 7” Ope: ; meee Soe | SEZ er | 8°Se “--7*] 6681 ‘TZ “4dog |*“espulsy vqureuy “elem oft |" ~7 ~*~ OTe |” A G 1g a ze 66RT ‘ZT “Bny |" "spuysy equreuy Surprg opng |*~ [ut] ope S vw | 9's cai Sal oie nea (5 i eae 9ST s| 1°26e |"3}00qy "TM “Ic | 668T Gs “Sny |-*“Spue[s] equieny “Ingo [Nd |" ~*”~ OTe A “UU “UU “UU “ULUL UU Ulub UU WU “ULUL ULUL a 2 wee = 3 hat 2 ‘A “48010 “gonbowr “sl n [eyuo.y | ‘aseq ye] ‘uouT jo |yonboes) -yye9y reall < ‘ON a “susie ], jo tiqyo | -jno | yyprM jo |gonboer| ‘preg, | ‘Sura |! we U *IOJDOTTOD Oye *A41C00'T “x05 WN'S'A < TOY JVI | FYSTIOH | [VIOL 4soa-|ygsuory | ydeoxe TeHOL r: Pay 4sosuo'T -} 8014) [Heh n Si ee I i D at = = te eae ee da ee Alle ae e ‘snydojouonu snasypound snunuassigg fo suaunoads fo sjuswaimsnapy py : Pe . [2 nN n . en Be oa > iS Bea comes Ge mc ol tec ay soso BP Nayak =I wana FSoaas Bho ae 6S Z = De dia} le if) > Ay = (Pyke?) Ps) = =: mer set ee Gea} “Nes Bios} aio") Gerona ow iB) 2 wD SS ot et Sense On Oe SS ot Pars Wom ~o ar) Sn oS em she vas Tt > o “So gis gies 5 gd 2 Sees eS pis) Sales —e ee or ey o = 8 2) ch) ae Bee ae Oo Oe Gey SC ee pee oe el fa} ale RECS ww Vo 1o6) Hoo o> SS 8 a Sete oo YY Qos ge oO NOD MOAR OS a Fp OY, 2 on 5 ah Cre nee» | | = = or) a See v a o os) a 2 5 Ay See I~ = I~ a ovo ae fee ees ac.4. oa a eo. oray rote et oe peerage oes Ae eo ge SG a eae Gale ize] 5 tel 8) = Dhan! ig (o>) a = nD mB - © ue en as st 4 Ree Behe oe ee Soe Me Ses Pern noe Se See one Te el aly he Se re eee Sere oe oe Ao os BS oo mPRES SBR OS — ops n2s kos oe Sho ; — t ¥ SOS Sea RBAR EP ee wot akeeev dA $08 S we esoett FEnNSASBHaM eS Chas BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 61 Family MOTACILLIDAE. MOTACILLA BOARULA MELANOPE Pallas. Motacilla melanope Pattas, Reise Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 696 (Dauria, Siberia). One apparently immature female, from Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899. Length, 190.5 mm. Family NECTARINIIDAE. r, 15 specimens, as follows: Adult male, No. 171102, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 26, 1899. ! This is the original spelling of the specific name. 62 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male (type), No. 171009, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899. Adult male, No. 170984, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August —, 1899. ‘Bill black above, horny brown beneath; iris pinkish red; feet olive, soles yellowish.” Adult male, No. 170985, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 8, 1899. Adult male, No. 171037, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Adult male, No. 171051, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899. Adult male, No. 171052, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1, 1899. Immature male, No. 171050, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31, 1899. Length, 117.5 mm. Immature male, No. 174855, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Rittan, May 21, 1900. Length, 136.5 mm. Immature male, No. 170982, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20, 1899. ‘Feet olive; soles yellow.” Immature male, No. 171027, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 28, 1899. Adult female, No. 170983, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 24, 1899. Adult female, No. 171099, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18, 1899. Adult female, No. 171100, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21, 1899. Immature female, No. 171101, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 22, 1899. All of these specimens, excepting the single immature female (No. 171101, U.S.N.M.) and two of the immature males (Nos. 170982 and 174855, U.S.N.M.), are more or less in progress of molt. The adult female from Pulo Siantan, taken, August 24 (No. 170983, U.S.N.M.), is in badly worn and much faded plumage and had just begun to molt. Some of the adult males have the back, cervix, and pileum almost wholly metallic violet, but this seems to be an individual variation that appears in all the forms of Anthreptes malacensis. Doctor Abbott noted this species common on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 6, 1899; on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; and also observed it on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899. The measurements of all the adults obtained by Doctor Abbott are given in the subjoined table. fat pees BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 63 Measurements of specimens of Anthreptes malacensis anambae. & 3 t= o on CON Sex. Locality. Date ~ Collector. = ; 3 Sie = = ita) og Z a) 8 im ion iS) ne! So |r 3 a) e oH | i] | mm.| mm.| mm.| mm.| mm 171009....| Male....| Pulo Mobur, Anam-| Aug. 25,1899 | Dr. W. L. Abbott..|139.7| 70.5) 47.5) 17.5) 18.5 ba Islands.? | 171037. ..-|--.d0.:.<- Pulo Kelong, An- | Aug. 30,1899 |..... Oly pede soececen| haccc COP ate | Seletico | _ amba Islands. #71102. ...|.--do..-.- Pulo Jimaja, --.-!bnlo Jimayja,) An- || Sept:.18,1809 |... -do:..-5:- 260s: 114.3) 66 | 43 | 16.5) 16.3 amba Islands. { IVAN Dea sel Boat (Reena eae G0serseaeesctec| Sept. 21,1899 |....-. Ol) feacneesrecs serge 63 | 41 | 16.5] 17 AVOLACCCOMGNOML ANOS aite sa ceess oats ccie anbiescssaiiae secs Sales m iaisieisiciaia sisesniinm eieeiiniels 114.4) 50.8) 41.6) 15.3) 13.4] 8.2 171061....} Female..| Pulo Telaga, Anamba | Sept. 15,1899 | Dr. W. L. |104.9| 46 | 34 | 15.3) 13 7.8 Islands. Abbott. 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type. Family DICAEIDAE. ~ DICAEUM TRIGONOSTIGMUM HYPOCHLOUM, new subspecies. Subspecific characters.—Similar to Dicaeum trigonostigmum trigono- stigmum,' from the Malay Peninsula, but male with gray of throat and slaty blue of upper parts and wings paler; juvenal female duller, more grayish (less greenish) above, and less yellowish below. Description.—Type, immature male, No. 170972, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Anamba Islands, September 8, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum, cervix, back, scapulars, sides of head, and sides of neck, rather light slaty blue (but still much mixed with the olive green and grayish olive feathers of the juvenal plumage); rump and shorter upper tail-coverts saffron yellow; longest upper tail-coverts slaty blue lke the upper parts; tail-feathers fuscous, narrowly margined with dull olive green; wings fuscous, the superior coverts and quill-edgings mostly slaty blue, the inner margin of basal portion of primaries and secondaries white; chin and throat light blue gray; breast and sides cadmium orange; abdomen, flanks, and crissum, wax yellow, the middle of abdomen lighter; thighs pale yellowish gray; lining of wing yellowish white. Four specimens are in the collection, as follows: 1 This specific name is derived from Tplywvos and 67iyua; and when Latinized should undoubtedly be treated as an adjective. Thus after dicaewm, a neuter name, it should be trigonostigmum, not trigono- stigma, as usually written. 68 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nearly adult male (type), No. 170972, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 8, 1899. Immature male, No. 170971, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 5, 1899. Juvenal female, No. 170973, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 9, 1899. Juvenal female, No. 171006, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 26, 1899. ‘Bill horn brown, orange beneath at base.” Unfortunately neither of our two males is fully adult; but the plumage of the lower parts, in the type particularly, is practically complete; while there are enough new slate blue feathers of the adult plumage on the upper surface to show the difference in color between the Anamba birds and those from the Malay Peninsula. The contrast between the females, both adult and young, of these two races is even more striking. The present form is, by reason of its much paler throat and upper surface, still more different from Dicaeum trigonostignum antioproctum Oberholser,! of Simalur Island; Dicaeum trigonostigmum lyprum Oberholser,’ of Nias Island; and Dicaeum trigonostigmum melanthe Oberholser,’ of Pulo Lasia, western Sumatra. Both of the males (the type, No. 170972, U.S.N.M., September 8, and No. 170971, U.S.N.M., September 5) are molting from the juvenal into the adult plumage, the former specimen with this molt about three-quarters complete; the latter with about a third part of the adult orange and a third of the adult blue-gray feathers of the lower parts, but with only a few scattered adult feathers in the plumage of the upper surface, wings, and tail, which are still in juvenal livery. The juvenal plumage of the male is practically like that of the adult female. One of the juvenal females (No. 171006, U.S.N.M., August 26) is in complete juvenal plumage, and shows no evidence of molt. In this stage the anterior lower parts are darker, duller, more slaty than in the adult. The other female (No. 170973, U.S.N.M., Septem- ber 9) is about a third molted into the adult plumage, all but most of the lower surface of the body being still in juvenal livery. Doctor Abbott reported this species common on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 6, 1899; also on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; and he observed it on Pulo Mata, August 24 to Septem- ber 1, 1899; and on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899. Although none of our specimens are entirely adult, they seem to be nearly or quite full grown. Their measurements are as follows: 1 Oberholser, Smiths. Mise. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, Oct..26, 1912, p. 21. — exten athasetalel BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 69 Measurements of specimens of Dicaewm trigonostigmum hypochloum, on Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. 170972....) Male, | Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 8,1899 | Dr. W. L. vixad.| ba Islands.? Abbott. LOM ess Mae... |iosce G0. 5 Shics Sumecesexe Sept. 5,1899 |...do-...-..- juvenal SAVES ZO: OF LWOMIDSIOS scm .- ccletsiwinic ciciasc.ste-cieie sieisisivisielelnicieicjciecieiscitw/esiels.s 170973....| Female, | Pulo Siantan, Anam- | Sept. 9, 1899 Drow las b juvenai.| _ ba Islands. Abbott, 171006....|... does Hale Apo, Anamba | Aug. 26,1899 |...do....... slands. Average of two females eee ee ee =, ' oO . a E 2k op e = 5] od oo a] '88\4 38 S|2\a/8"| 2 |~a a K a= SiE/S la | 8 Se Ean es as mm,|mm,) mm. mm.) mm,| mm, 88.9) 49.5) 23.5) 10.1) 13 8.3 95.3) 51 24 10.1) 14 7.7 92.1| 50.3) 23.8 10.1| 13.5) 8.0 88.9} 46 | 23 10 | 13 Seoae 50 22 10.6) 13 7.8 88.9) 48 | 22.5) 10.3) 13 7.9 1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. INDEX. {Figures in black-faced type indicate family, specific or subspecific headings.] Page. abbotti, Hypurolepis javanica............... 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 82, 33 Metitis hypoleuca..22-..--.scs-ses-e-ce 4,6, 8,9, 15 Ihnypoleucaaurita <2. s6cccce~ coos 15 adina, Dendrophassa vernans..........-...- 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11,20, 21 Mopialitis pamirensiS. ... 2.2. ccess cansscescesessaccs 28 michMOndis.sssee se seats 49 || macroura, Kittacincla--....-......<-c--s0-s- 51 Styanl-c. 5.2 seaste scat 39) |) magna, Horizillas’s ccs cseecs-seceere ens ccoeu 145 SYMIMEXEG so eises tae tate 40) | mapnirostris; Alcippe:-.. 2. cccc-cosncae soe 47 tYflOFls 32 5ssc 5 sss ces ss 39 POriziNeasice ceca ec cee coe 5, 7,9, 11,47 EBV DHUOIODIS) <0. 0055 smncic oceans ~ncewe ees on 34 Oedienomuse---es---seeesseeee 15 javanica abbotti................ 5; Orthorhamphus=2----2--.-=< 4,11,15 6,7, 8,9, 10, 11,82,33 | magnum, Malacopteron.................-..- 48 domicola=s2sessesccto5 33 | malabarica, Kittacincla.................-...- 5,51 FLOMGALIS Esse ssriseseaeais 33 malabarica.......... 54 JAVANICR 2. 2s scccesiccies 32,33 | malaccensis, Anuropsis malaccensis.... 5,7, 9, 11,48 idiochroa, Hypothymis azurea............... 39 iBTachy PtCLy kacsccseeecaseeneee 48 inepnspicuus, Charadrius 22.2 ..-2---2.sc-s-< 13,14 | malacensis, Anthreptes...............---cee0 62 indica, Chalcophaps indica.............. 4,7,11,17 malacensis.......-... 61 Golomb a: saeseceesescsceseccsscessice Lie Malacopterons.. 2 -cesssecesecaseessacence ss Ge innominatus, Ceyx rufidorsus................ 23 MAONUIME 3065 ce waskccescncs cee 48 elerolivaces.=.526< asses scasedioeedeecectsss 44 | melanaguchen, Sterna. . 22.2.2 .cccccccwnences 16 isocara, Hypothymis azurea................. 40 melanauchen. 4,7,8, 11,16, 17 ispida, Alcedo ispida=- 5-2 22 Ste eee ee 23\ iP melanope, Motacilla. .--..-..cos--s.-csecsess 61 PAM eaE ciel OLACTLIDY 3 <0 tenis lose oe nse e Aciok eens 57 oarulal se ss seee 5,8, 9,6 anangeesssccsce ose toes 55,56 | melanthe, Dicaeum trigonostigmum......... 68 74 INDEX. Page metallicus, Lamprocorax.......-------+------ 58 microlophus, Dissemurus paradiseus.....-.-- 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,59, 60 Micropodidae!-. 2... 222scese Seco e nae sess eae 26 Micropus subfurcatus...........------«:--- 5, 11,26 minor, Mrerata minopecsc.---eeneee sees See 4, 11,12 HAM procoraxs-cescs oeeec ss scccesessesccses ee 15, }\ trigonostigma, Dicaeum..-..-..... .f..2-s-.< 67 PU CALASE 2 acsiseccsisioccS sisasos'e's can se asic 17 | trigonostigmum, Dicaeum trigonostigmum . . 67 RH SEPT OUIS sac ake Saisie stecinwicesmam eect OOF welninea, Dy POleUCOSeaacensciecninasieeseeectee aoe 15 strigatus, Lamprocorax payanensis........-- 57, 58 OSNUOUSIS oe oem s-e eae te cee eee 12 PINUS sees hee oe esas Dees OS: |e LYM PaTURGCOMISE DJ .cacsasesses Semme eee toes 14 styani, Hypothymis azurea.........--......- SO) | RR UPAIAS 25 coke occa amiscics Maasai eet ce eemeree 3 suavis, Kittacincla malabarica.............-- OU Oat VUPAIGRO ss cas cscs weseceasaas sceanessesiceae 51 SHDlirCawus,| Cy DSCluSes 50.0. ost So ee cote da 26.) elbrGinus: 2.55 c casa cnacnese sce eee oe 48 MICTOPUS=sc.5cocee secon sates ott 2G6:| Durdusichalybeus.cecass-aees eseedseseeecere 58 BMisCa PEMITUNG 02s cas osee- 6. siceecioaccces ss 34 cColumbinus!. 22. - eas cen eeeaeneeres 59 sumatrensis, Artamides sumatrensis......... 34 Sirigatus!:2 5 ..ceeccccs ccincecosteeeee 58 [Sir iil cb: ee ee DBaeocboses sates of: } ty tier!) euirundo..5~.-s-cocas seme een cee eenee 29, 30 symmixta, Hypothymis azurea ...-......... 40 RUSbICa= 3 cece ot beeen 29, 30, 31 LADEORSIS | APLONIS=.occ2ccsscccenseses--n0es 59 Hy pothymis azurea: ..-c2-22--2-— 2c" 39 CAM IG a CET Os oxin cnc sscacecnanacceeccce ss Ba: NWOUTOCOCCYR: << scwacce == sesane se ae eae eneeeee 22 PRR SASSEUS = jen san tosck scam ess caninsooses sess 15 erythrognathus............... 5,6, 11,22 DOLE Hosmer ece sss ccsconsees aces 23s 15 | vernans, Dendrophassa vernans............- 20 pelecanoides......... Ay i511, Lom! virescens, Butoridess.. 2 2<--=-seen==s sae see 1 thapsina, Aegithina viridissima-... 5,6,10,11,40,41 | viridissima, Aegithina....................... 41 PRHOLOSMe me cas cee scat nc aciclowscicsccecc sae ~is 25 Viridissimg=-..-seseee 40 AT PON tab ore wa case see seeatase dade 26} || -vitiensis; -A‘plonis-. 4.55. .2eesoe Sess cene seco 59 CYAN OPCCLUS Ne xm asc lesic Sa wines asses ce 26: | -~whiteheadi, 'Collocalia-= 2.-- 2 .4..oss--esseee 26, 27 SQUIDANI RSE eect enim cnesecsee cine 26 whiteheadi........... 26, 27 thoa, Hemiprocne longipennis..............- 28 | Xanthopygia zanthopygia........ AO caen 5,6, 9,38 “LENTET GEN IIG EVD SPR 47 | zanthopygia, Muscicapa................-.-.- 38 todayensis, Lamprocorax................-.-- 58 Manthopysgia= -sece= ene -ssee 5,6, 9,38 Totanus totanus eurhinus.......-...-.-.- 4,8,9,14 | zapolius, Pyenonotus brunneus... 5,6, 10, 11,45, 46 transitiva, Hirundo rustica..........-.-.- 29,30,31 | zophera, Mixornis pileata... 5,6,7,8,9,10, 11,49, 50 O is Sia 2 rsp el “atti, hea = hm J Pn tah y \j : F i 1 ¢ b i | , ) im | f i] \ ‘ ies ‘ , : ‘ i (oe \ : i ne ‘ , ‘ f sT ; pe } ie ie ee ili | ee “ig * Soa ——— Cee ni \ ip a, i . « , _ ; ‘ } * . ¥ ay 4 i ! a, | ? ¥ ‘ F . - 7 « , - hy a ie , ay i : » ’ . “ - ee : J ; ‘ < =) a! ra a iy ,