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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bulletin 98

THE BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS

HARRY C. OBERHOLSER

Of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1917

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

Bulletin 98

O

THE BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS

HARRY C. OBERHOLSER
Of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture

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WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1917

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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Issued June 30, 1917.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The scientific publications of the United States National Museum
consist of two series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins.

The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are
intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and
usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum,
presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthro-
pology, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions
of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis-
tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number
of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists
and others interested in the different subjects as soon as printed.
The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are
also recorded in the tables of contents of the volumes.

The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a
series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large
zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasionally
in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and cata-
logues of type-specimens, special collections, etc. The majority of
the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few
instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable.

Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to
the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Contribu-
tions from the National Herbarium, has been published as bulletins.

The present work forms No. 98 of the Bulletin series.

Richard Rathbun,
Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution,

In charge of the United States National Museum.

Washington, D. C, Jnne 12, 1917.

ni

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction I

Bibliography 2

Physiography 2

Itinerary 4

Birds of the Anamba Islands 4

Check-list cf the Birds of the Anamba Islands 4

Distribution of Birds, by^ islands 5

Pulo Rittan 6

Pulo Piling 6

Pulo Riabu 6

Pulo Siantan 6

Pulo Mobur 7

Pulo Ma.ta 7

PuloKelong 8

Pulo Manguan 8

Pulo Telaga 8

Pulo Jimaja 8

Faunal Relationships of the Anamba Islands 9

Annotated list of birds 12

Fregatidae 12

Ardeidae 12

Buteonidae 12

Arenariidae 12

Charadriidae 13

Scolopacidae 14

Oedicnemidae 15

Laridae 15

Claraviidae 17

Treronidae 18

Psittacidae 21

Cuculidae 22

Alcedinidae 22

Micropodidae 26

Hemiprocnidae 28

Hirundinidae 28

Laniidae 34

Campophagidae 34

Muscicapidae 35

Pycnonotidae 40

Timaliidae 47

Turdidae 51

Sylviidae 54

Graculidae 55

Dicruridae 59

Motacillidae 61

Nectariniidae 61

Dicaeidae 67

Index 71

v

THE BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

By Harry C. Oberholser,

Of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture.

INTRODUCTION.

Dr. W. L. Abbott was the first ornithological collector to visit the
Anamba Islands of the South China Sea. Accompanying him was
Mr. C. Boden Kloss, who later published an account of the cruise
with a nominal list of the birds of these islands.1 This trip was
made in the summer* and autumn of 1899. During the summer of
the following year Doctor Abbott again visited these islands. As
one of the results of these two excursions Doctor Abbott sent back to
the United States National Museum a collection of 212 birds, repre-
senting 44 species and subspecies, which has proved to be of much
interest.

The following report on the avifauna of the Anamba Islands is
based entirely on Doctor Abbott's specimens, his manuscript notes,
and the data published by Mr. Kloss.2 Nineteen new subspecies are
here described from the Anamba Islands in addition to the two
hitherto published.3 Two others — one from the Seychelles, the other
from the Andaman Islands — are also named incidentally in the fol-
lowing pages.4

In the preparation of this contribution the writer has enjoyed the
facilities of the United States National Museum, and the cordial
cooperation and assistance of the assistant curator of the Division
of Birds, Dr. Charles W. Richmond. The writer is also personally
indebted to Doctor Abbott for geographical and other information
concerning the Anamba Islands.

All measurements are in millimeters, and have been taken as
explained in the writer's recent paper on Butorides virescens.5 The
names of colors employed in the descriptions are based, except where
otherwise stated, on Mr. R. Ridgway's recently published Color

i Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, pp. 53-80.

2 Idem, pp. G8-80.

3 Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, Feb. 25, 1911, p. 602;
and Collocaliafuciphaga amechana Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, Mar. 6, 1912, p. 13.

* See pp. 16 and 24.

6 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 533.

70536°— Bull. 98—17 1 1

2 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Standards and Nomenclature.1 All species not represented in the
collection by specimens, but included solely on the authority of Doctor
Abbott or Mr. Kloss are prefixed with an asterisk.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The only published notes on the birds of the Anamba Islands occur
in the following papers :

Kloss, C. Boden. — Notes on a Cruise in the Southern China Sea.
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 41,
January, 1904, pages 53-80.

Oberholser, Harry C. — A Monograph of the Genus Collocalia.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
April (July 26), 1906, pages 177-212. .

Oberholser, Harry C. — A Monograph of the Flycatcher Genera
Hypothymis and Cyanonympha. Proceedings of the Uniteo1 States
National Museum, vol. 39, February 25, 1911, pages 585-615.

Oberholser, Harry C. — A Kevision of the. Forms of the Edible
Nest Swiftlet, Collocalia fuciphaga (Thunberg). Proceedings of the
United States National Museum, vol. 42, March 6, 1912, pages 11-20.

Oberholser, Harry C. — A Synopsis of the Races of the Crested
Tern, Thalasseus bergii (Lichtenstein) . Proceedings of the United
States National Museum, vol. 49, December 23, 1915, pages 515-526,

pi. 66.

PHYSIOGRAPHY.

The Anamba Islands are situated in the southern portion of the
South China Sea, between the Natuna Islands and the Malay Penin-
sula. The center of the group lies approximately in latitude 3°
north and in longitude 106° east; and in an air line is about 140
miles from the nearest point of the Malay Peninsula, 225 miles from
Borneo, 240 miles from Sumatra, 610 miles from Java, and 400
miles from the nearest part of the mainland of Cochin China.

There are about 20 principal islands, and possibly 200 more islets
and rocks, spread over a geographical area some 55 miles east and
west and 65 miles north and south. All fall roughly into three
groups: A southern group, which includes Pulo Repon, Baua,
Rittan, Riabu, Piling, and White Rock; a northern group, which
includes Pulo Siantan, Mata, Mobur, Kelong, Minjalin, Panjang,
and Manguan; and a western group, made up of Pulo Jimaja,
Telaga, Little Telaga, and Pulo Domar, with, as in the other groups,
niany islets and rocks.

Nearly all the islands are high and rocky, formed chiefly of hard
rocks and laterite, and with a fringe of coral reefs about their bases.
There are also many coral reefs between the islands; while the

1 Ridgway, Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, 1912 (Jan. 16, 1913).

U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 98 PL. 1

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM

BULLETIN 98 PL. 2

Upper: Coastal Forest on Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands, the Home of
horizillas maqnirostris and aethopyqa siparaja ochropyrrha.

Lower: Mangroves Along the Coast of Pulo Siantan, Anamba Islands.

BIRDS OF THE AISTAMBA ISLANDS. 3

islands of the main, or northern, group — Siantan, Mata, Mobur,
etc. — are virtually connected by them. The islands have many
coastal indentations, and the numerous resulting bays and channels
afford good anchorages. The soil of at least the larger islands is
fairly fertile and supports nearly everywhere a good forest growth,1
except where cleared for cultivation or the planting of coconut trees.
These clearings are numerous along the coast of some of the larger
islands, while from a few of the smaller islands the forest has entirely
disappeared in this way.

Wild mammals are not numerous, and consist chiefly of various
species of rats, squirrels, monkeys, tree shrews (Tupaia), and bats.

The climate of these islands, owing to frequent heavy rains and
fresh breezes, is much cooler than that of Siam.

The population of the Anamba Islands is probably not over 3,000
or 4,000, made up mostly of Malays, with a few Chinese traders.
The principal village is Terempa, on a little bay on the northwestern
coast of Pulo Siantan. It is inhabited chiefly by Chinese, who have
here many shops.

The island of Jimaja, or Pulo 2 Jimaja, the largest of the group,
is about 14 miles in length north and south, about 9 miles wide,
and has an area of approximately 47 square miles. The surface is
uneven, and there are many peaks over 700 feet high, the greatest
elevation being 1,530 feet. The coast line is very irregular, and
there are consequently numerous bays. In places along the coast
there are swampy areas of limited extent grown up to mangroves.
There are a number of streams on the island, also a few low water-
falls and pools, the latter merely rocky basins in the stream beds.

Pulo Siantan, in the eastern part of the Anamba Archipelago, is
the second largest island, with an area of about 31 square miles.
It is rough and hilly, and rises at one point to an altitude of 1,855
feet. There are some small streams on this island, and on the north-
eastern coast a waterfall about 400 feet high. This island is heavily
forested, and has also patches of mangroves in places along its coast.3

Pulo Telaga, or Peaked Island, is a conspicuous object in the sea
between the northern and western groups, and is surrounded by a
number of smaller islands. It is a narrow wooded ridge, about 5
miles long, extending north and south, and has near its northern end
a picturesque peak 1,740 feet in height.

Pulo Mata and Pulo Mobur, which lie a short distance north of
Pulo Siantan, are among the larger islands, and do not differ in
characteristics from those already described.

Pulo Kelong, northeast of Pulo Mata, is a narrow island some
5 miles in length and a mile or less in width east and west, with its
ridge rising to a height of 600 or 700 feet.

1 See pi. 2, upper figure. 2 " Pulo" is the Malay word for island. '■■ See pi. 2, lower figure.

4 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ITINERARY.

Doctor Abbott visited the following islands of the Anamba group
on the dates given after each:

Pulo Rittan.— May 21, 1900.

Pulo Piling.— August 17, 1899.

Pulo Riabu — August 18, 1899, and August 22-23, 1900.

Pulo Siantan. — Terempa, August 19-24, 1899; September 7-13,
1899; Telok Ayer Bini, September 5-6, 1899.

Pulo Mobur. — August 24 to September 1, 1899.

Pulo Mata. — August 24 to September 1, 1899.

Pulo Kelong. — September 1, 1899.

Pulo Manguan.— September 1-2, 1899.

Pulo Telaga.— September 14-15, 1899.

Pulo Jimaja. — September 17-28, 1899.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

The total number of birds, species and subspecies, at present
known from the Anamba Islands is 56, of which Doctor Abbott re-
ported 45 and Mr. C. B. Kloss the remaining ll.1 This is, of course,
considering the area involved, not a large number, and doubtless will
be greatly increased by future explorations. The Anamba group,
however, seems not to be so rich in bird lif e as are the Natuna Islands,
which He much nearer Borneo. The complexion of its bird fauna
may be seen from the subjoined

CHECK-LIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

1. Fregata minor minor (Gmelin).

2. Butorides javanicus javanicus (Horsfield).

3. Demiegretta sacra sacra (Gmelin).

4. Cuncuma leucogastris (Gmelin).

5. Arenaria interpres oahuensis (Bloxham).

6. Pluvialis dominica fulva (Gmelin).

7. Pagoa leschenaultii (Lesson).

8. Cirrepidesmus atrifrons (Wagler).

9. Totanus totanus eurhinus Oberholser.

10. Pisobia ruficollis (Pallas).

11. Actitis hypoleuca (Linnaeus).

12. OrthorhampJius magnirostris (Vieillot).

13. Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides (King).

14. Sterna melanauchen melanauchen Temminck.

15. Anous stolidus pileatus (Scopoli).

16. Caloenas nicobarica (Linnaeus).

17-. Chalcophaps indica indica (Linnaeus).

18. Myristicivora bicolor (Scopoli).

19. Muscadivores aeneus polius Oberholser.2

20. Dendrophassa vernans adina Oberholser.2

21. Loriculus galgulus (Linnaeus).

1 Joum. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79.

2 New subspecies; described beyond.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 5

22. Conurus longicaudus (Boddaert).

23. Urococcyx erythrognathus (Hartlaub).

24. Sauropatis chloris cyanescens Oberholser.

25. Alcedo ispida bengalensis Gmelin.

26. Ceyx rufidorsus rufidorsus Strickland.

27. Micropus subfurcatus (Blyth).

28. Collocalia lowi (Sharpe.)

29. Collocalia vestita amechana Oberholser.

30. Hemiprocne longipennis harterti Stresemann .

31. Hemiprocne comata comata (Temminck).

32. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scopoli.

33. Hypurolepis javanica abbotti Oberholser.1

34. Lanius cristatus Linnaeus.

35. Artamides sumatrensis calopolius Oberholser.'

36. Cyornis banyumas lampra Oberholser.1

37. Xanthopygia zanthopygia (Hay).

38. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea Oberholser.

39. Aegithina viridissima thapsina Oberholser.1

40. Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis Oberholser.1

41. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus Oberholser.1

42. Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius Oberholser.1

43. Horizillas magnirostris (Moore).

44. Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis (Hartlaub).

45. Mixornis pileata zophera Oberholser.1

46. Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila Oberholser.1

47. Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna Oberholser.1

48. Orthotomus atrogularis Temminck.

49. Gracula javana prasiocara Oberholser.1

50. Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus Oberholser.1

51. Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus Oberholser.1

52. Motacilla boarula melanope Pallas.

53. Anthreptes malacensis anambae Oberholser.1

54. Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis Oberholser.1

55. Aeihopyga siparaja ochropyrrha Oberholser.1

56. Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum Oberholser.1

DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS BY ISLANDS.

So far as known, there is only a single species, Kittacincla mala-
barica, which has more than one subspecies in these islands. In this
case Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna occurs on the southern Pulo
Riabu and Pulo Piling; while Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila occu-
pies the more northern islands. The bird of widest distribution in the
Anamba Islands appears to be Cyornis banyumas lampra, for Doctor
Abbott found it on 9 of the 10 islands that he visited. Next to this,
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus, Anthreptes malacensis anambae,
and Aeihopyga siparaja ochropyrrha were each found on 8 islands;
Muscadivores aeneus polius on 7; Dendrophassa vernans adina on 6;
Hypurolepis javanica abbotti, Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea, and
Gracula javana prasiocara on 5 islands ; and the following on 4 : Cun-
cuma leucogastris, Myristicivora bicolor, Alcedo ispida bengalensis,

1 New subspecies; described beyond.

6 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mixomis pileata zophera, Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila, Ortho-
tomus airogularis, and Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus.

Lists of the birds found by Doctor Abbott on the different islands
are given below.

PULO RITTAN.

Myristicivora bicolor.
Cyornis banywmas lampra.
Anthreptes malacensis anambae.
Aeihopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

PULO PILING.

Myristicivora bicolor.
Cyornis banywmas lampra.
Hypothymis azurea opisihocyanea.
Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna.
Oracula javana prasiocara.
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus.

PULO RIABU.

Ouncuma leucogastris.
Myristicivora bicolor.
Muscadivores aeneus polius.
Alcedo ispida bengalensis.
Collocdlia loivi.

Hypothymis azurea opisihocyanea.
Pycnonotus plumosus chiropletMs.
Mixomis pileata zophera.
Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna.
Gracula javana prasiocara.
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus.

PULO SIANTAN.

Cuncuma leucogastris.
Actitis hypoleuca.
Muscadivores aeneus polius.
Dendrophassa vernans adina.
Urococcyx erythrognathus.
Sauropatis chloris cyanescens.
Alcedo ispida bengalensis.
Hypurolepis ]avanica dbbotti.
Cyornis banyumas lampra.
Xanthopygia zanthopygia.
Hypothymis azurea opisihocyanea.
Aegiihina viridissima thapsina.
Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis.
Pycnonotus simplex halizonus.
Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

Horizillas magnirostris.
Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis.
Mixornis pileata zophera.
Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila.
Orilwtomus atrogularis.
Gracula javana prasiocara.
Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus.
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus.
Anthreptes malacensis anambae.
Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis.
Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.
Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum.

PULO MOBUR.

CJialcophaps indica indica.
Myristicivora bicolor.
Muscadivores aeneus polius.
DendropJiassa vernans adina.
Sauropatis chloris cyanescens.
Cyornis banyumas lampra.
Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis.
Orihotomus atrogularis.
Gracula javana prasiocara.
Lamprocorax panayensis Jieteroclilorus.
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus.
Anthreptes malacensis anambae.
Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.
Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum.

PULO MATA.

Arenaria interpres oahuensis.
Cirrepidesmus atrifrons.
Pisobia ruficollis.
Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides.
Sterna melanauchen melanoMchen.
Muscadivores aeneus polius.
Dendrophassa vernans adina.
Sauropatis chloris cyanescens.
Hypurolepis javanica abbotti.
Artamides sumatrensis calopolius.
Cyornis banyumas lampra.
Horizillas magnirostris.
Orthotomus atrogularis.
Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus.
Anthreptes malacensis anambae.
Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PULO KELONG.

Pagoa leschenaultii.
Cirrepidesmus atrifrons.
Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides.
Sterna melanauchen melanauchen.
Cyornis banyumas lampra.
Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila.
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus.
Anthreptes malacensis anambae.
Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

PULO MANGUAN.

Muscadivores aeneus polius.
Alcedo ispida bengalensis.
Hypurolepis javanica abbotti.
Cyornis banyumas lampra.
Hypoihymis azurea opisthocyanea.
Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila.
Gracula javana prasiocara.
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus.
Motacilla boarula melanope.
Anthreptes malacensis anambae.
Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis:
Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

PULO TELAGA.

Cuncuma leucogastris.
Actitis hypoleuca.
Muscadivores aeneus polius.
Dendrophassa vernans adina.
Hypurolepis javanica abbotti.
Cyornis banyumas lampra.
Hypoihymis azurea opisthocyanea.
Mixornis pileata zophera.
Lamprocorax panayensis heteroehlorus.
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus. '
Anthreptes malacensis anambae.
Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

PULO JIMAJA.

Cuncuma leucogastris.
Totanus totanus eurhinus.
Muscadivores aeneus polius.
Dendrophassa vernans adina.
Conurus longicaudus.
Alcedo ispida bengalensis.

BIRDS OP THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 9

Ceyx ruftdorsus rujidorsus.
Collocalia vestita amecliana.
Hemiprocne longipennis liarterti.
Hirundo rustica gutturalis.
Hypurolepis javanica abbotti.
Cyornis banyum,as lampra.
Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea.
Pycnonotus simplex Jializonus.
Horizillas magnirostris.
Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis.
Mixomis pileata zophera.
Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila.
Orthotomus atrogularis.
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus.
Anthreptes malacensis anambae.
Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis.
Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

FAUNAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

The southern end of the South China Sea is hemmed in on the
east by Borneo, and on the west by Sumatra and the Malay Penin-
sula. To the south are the southeastern end of Sumatra, and, beyond
the Java Sea, the island of Java; while to the north the nearest land
mass is the mainland of Indo-China. Scattered all through the
southern portion of the South China Sea are numerous small islands,
the largest of which, Banka and Billiton, mark the transition to the
Java Sea.

The avifaunal relationships of the Anamba Islands are, as would
be expected, with the small islands of the adjacent waters, and with
the five large land areas above mentioned. A brief analysis will aid
in determining to which of the latter the Anamba Islands are most
closely affined. Of the 56 birds now known from the Anamba
group, the following 11 are migrants from the north, do not breed
here, and hence are to be disregarded in faunal comparisons:

Arenaria inter pres oahuensis.

Pluvialis dominica fulva.

Pagoa leschenaultii.

Cirrepidesmus atrlfrons.

Totanus totanus eurliinus.

Pisobia ruficollis.

Actitis hypoleuca.

Hirundo rustica gutturalis.

Lanius cristatus.

Xanthopygia zanthopygia.

Motacilla boarula melanope.

10 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The remaining 45 species and subspecies may properly form the
basis of our faunal deductions. There are not yet sufficient data for
entirely satisfactory comparison of the birds of the various islands
or groups of islands in the Anamba archipelago; but so far as I can
see from our present knowledge there is very little difference between
the individual islands, or between the islands of the eastern and
western or northern and southern parts of the group. My treatment
here is, therefore, of the Anamba Islands as a faunal whole.

Fifteen species, or rather their subspecific representatives, are pe-
culiar to the Anamba Islands, as follows:

Muscadivores aeneus polius.

Dendrophassa vernans adina.

Collocalia vestita amechana.

Artamides sumatrensis calopolius.

Cyornis banyumas lampra.

Pycnonotus plumosus chiropleihis .

Pycnonotus simplex halizonus.

Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius.

Mixornis pileata zopliera.

Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna.

Gr acuta javana prasiocara.

Dissemurus paradiseus microlopTius.

Anthreptes malacensis anambae.

Oinnyris brasiliana eumecis.

Dicaeum trigonostigmum Tiypochloum.

Of these, the nearest relatives of 7 are found in the Malay Penin-
sula; of 4 on Sumatra; of 4 on Borneo; of 2 on Java; and of 1 in Indo-
China.1

Subspecies of 6 other species are, outside of the Anamba Islands,
confined to some of the other small islands of the South China Sea,
chiefly the Natuna Islands, the Tambelan Islands, Pulo Tioman, and
Karimata Island. These subspecies are:

Hypurolepis javanica abbotti.

Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea.

Aegithina viridissima thapsina.

Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila.

Lamprocorax panayensis Tieterochlorus.

Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

Of these, 6 find their nearest relatives in the Malay Peninsula,
1 on Sumatra, 1 on Borneo, 1 on Java, and none in Indo-China.1

The remaining 24 Anamba birds belong to more or less wide
ranging Asian, Indo-Malayan, East Indian, Polynesian, Australian,
Old World tropical, or tropicopolitan species. Twenty-two of these

1 In this, as in the following enumeration, it is necessary to explain that the nearest relative of some of
the Anamba birds occurs in more than one of the five areas above mentioned.

BIRDS OP THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

11

occur in the Malay Peninsula; 22 on Sumatra; 21 on Borneo, 14
on Java; and 11 in Indo-China.

It will readily be seen by examination of these facts that the
Anamba Islands, in so far at least as their avifauna indicates, are
most closely related to the Malay Peninsula; less so but about
equally to Sumatra and Borneo ; still less to Java, and only compara-
tively slightly to Indo-China.

The data on the f aunal relationships of Anamba birds given in the
above paragraphs may be more graphically presented in the follow-
ing table. In this the first column is reserved for endemic forms;
in the other columns occurrence of the Anamba birds themselves is
indicated by an asterisk (*); and of their nearest relatives by a
dagger (f).

Faunal relationships of the resident birds of the Anamba Islands.

Name.

Fregata minor minor

Butorides javanicus javanicus

Demiegretta sacra sacra

Cuncuma kucagastris

Orthorhamphus rmgnirostris

Thalasseus bergii pelecanoides

Sterna melanauchen melanauchen

A nous stolidus pileatus

Caloenas nicobarica

Chalcophaps indica indica

Myristicivora bicolor

Muscadivores aeneus polius

Dendrophassa vernans adina

Loriculus galgulus

Conurus longicaudus

Urococcyx erythrognalhus

Sauropatis Moris cyanescens

A Icedo ispida bengalensis

Ceyx ruftdorsus rufidorsus

Micropus subfarcatus

Collocalia lowi

Collocalia vestila amechana

Hemiprocne longipennis harterti

Hemiprocne comata comata

Hypurolepis javanica abbolti 1

Artamides sumatrensis calopolius

Cyornis banyumas lampra

Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea i

A egithina viridissima thapsina i

Pycnonotus plumosus chiropethis

Pycnonotus simplex halizonus

Pycnonotus brunneus zapolius

Horizillas magnirostris

Anuropsis malaccensU malaccensis

Mixornis pileata zophera

Kittacinda malabarica ochroptila '

Kittacincla malabarica heterogyna

Orthotomus atrogularis

Gracula javana prasiocara

Lamprocorax panayensis keterochlorus ]
Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus . ..

Anthreptes malacensis anambae

Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis

Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha '

Dicaeum trigonostigmum hypochloum..

Totals (including both Anamba forms and nearest relatives).

37

2G

27

12

1 Occurs on only the Anamba group and other small islands in the southern part of the South China Sea.

12 BULLETIN" 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRDS.

Family FREGATIDAE.

* FREGATA MINOR MINOR (Gmelin).i

[Pelecanus] minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 572 (no locality: type
region designated by Rothschild as eastern half of Indian Ocean).

Observed in the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,2 but not reported
by Doctor Abbott.

Family ARDEIDAE.

* BUTORIDES JAVANICUS JAVANICUS (Horsfield).

Ardea Javanica Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 13, 1821, p. 190 (Java).
Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.2

* DEMIEGRETTA SACRA SACRA (Gmelin).

[Ardea] sacra Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 640 (Tahiti Island, Society
Islands) .

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.2
Family BUTEONIDAE.

* CUNCUMA LEUCOGASTRIS (Gmelin).

[Falco] leucogaster Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 257 (no locality:
type-locality given by Mathews as New South Wales, Australia).

No specimens of this species were obtained, but it was observed by
Doctor Abbott on Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899; on Pulo Siantan be-
tween August 19 and September 13, 1899; on Pulo Telaga, September
14 to 15, 1899; and on Pulo Jimaja between September 17 and 28,
1899.

Family ARENARIIDAE.

ARENARIA INTERPRES OAHUENSIS (Bloxham).

Tringa oahuensis Bloxham, in Byron's Voy. Blonde, Sandwich Ids., 1826, p. 251
(Sandwich [i. e. Hawaiian] Islands).

One male, No. 171011, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899.
Length, 235 mm. This specimen is apparently immature; and it is
molting some of the wing feathers.

Mr. Mathews is apparently quite right in separating the Pacific
turnstone from that of Em-ope,3 for it differs from the latter, as he
says, in smaller size and deeper shade of the chestnut-colored por-
tions of the upper surface. The earliest available name is that
selected by Mr. Mathews and here used. It might be well to men-
tion, however, that if the date of Pallas' " Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica "
be 1811, as some contend, the proper subspecific designation of this
turnstone would probably be cinclus, from CJiaradrius cinclus Pallas.4

1 Species prefixed with an asterisk are not represented in Doctor Abbott's collection.

2 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80.

3 Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, pp. 5-10.

* Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat., vol. 2 (1811?), 1826, p. 148 (Siberia).

BIRDS OF THE AMMBA ISLANDS. 13

Family CHARADRIIDAE.

* PLUVIALIS DOMINICA FULVA (Gmelin).

[Charadrius] fulvus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 687 (Tahiti Island,
Society Islands).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,1 but not noted
by Doctor Abbott.

PAGOA LESCHENAULTII (Lesson).*

Charadrius Leschenaultii Lesson, Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. 42, 1826, p. 36 (Pondi-

chery, India).
Ch[aradrius]. Geoffroyi Wagler, Syst. Avium, 1827, Charadrius, No. 19, p. 61

(Pondichery, India; and Java).

Three adults in winter plumage, as follows:

Male, No. 171033, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899.
Length, 209.5 mm. "Bill black; feet slaty."

Male, No. 171032, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899.
Length, 219 mm. "Iris dark brown; bill black; tarsi slaty; toes
blackish."

Female, No. 171031, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899.
Length 203 mm. "Bill black; legs greenish slaty; toes blackish."

All of these birds are in process of molt.

The present species is undoubtedly not a member of the same
genus as is Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, the type of Ewpoda. The
use of the name Pagoa has already been explained.3

CIRREPIDESMUS ATRIFRONS (Wagler).

Ch[aradrius]. atrifrons Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 650 (Bengal, India).
Ch[aradrius]. inconspicuus Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 651 (Bengal, India).
Charadrius pyrrhothorax Gould, Birds Europe, vol. 4, 1837, pi. 299.
Aegialitis pamirensis Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 18, July 25, 1896,
p. 589 (Tagdumbash Pamir, central. Asia).

Seven specimens :

Adult female, No. 171015, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899.
Length, 190.5 mm.

Immature male, No. 171034, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30,
1899. Length, 197 mm. "Feet blackish slaty; bill black."

Immature male, No. 171035, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30,
1899. "Feet dark slaty; iris dark brown."

Male in juvenal plumage, No. 171018, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata,
August 29, 1899. Length, 203 mm.

Female in juvenal plumage, No. 171016, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata,
August 29, 1899. Length, 216 mm.

Female in juvenal plumage, No. 171014, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata,
August 29, 1899. Length, 190.5 mm.

1 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, p. SO.

2 For this change of specific name, see Mathews, T'mu, vol. 16, July, 1916, p. 34.

3 See Mathews, Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, pp. 81-84.

14 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Female in juvenal plumage, No. 171017, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata,
August 29, 1899. Length, 184.5 mm.

Immature male, No. 171034, U.S.N.M., is practically adult except
for the incompleteness of the cinnamon breast-band and collar, and
the brown, black, and white mottled condition of the mask. The
other immature male (No. 171035, U.S.N.M.), is identical with the
adult female except for the presence of many dusky feathers on the
white forehead.

The male in juvenal plumage (No. 171018) is apparently just like
the three juvenal females, and has buffy-suffused lower parts and
buffy-edged upper parts.

The specific name of this species must apparently undergo another
change, as already indicated by Mr. G. M. Mathews,1 and the bird
now become Cirrepidesmus airifrons (Wagler) ; since the Charadrius
inconspicuus of Wagler,2 the applicability of which was pointed out
by the present writer some time ago 3 is posterior to the Charadrius
airifrons of Wagler,4 based evidently on the same species. The use
of the generic term Cirrepidesmus Bonaparte for this bird is not an
innovation here.5

Family SCOLOPACIDAE.

TOTANUS TOTANUS EURHINUS Oberholser.

Totanus totanus eurhinus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p.
207 (Lake Tsonioriri, Ladak).

One male, No. 171067, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Jimaja, September 24,
1899. Length, 276.5 mm. "Iris dark brown; bill black, pale red-
dish brown at base; feet orange; claws black." This was obtained
in an open place in a mangrove swamp.

PISOBIA RUFICOLLIS (Pallas).

Trynga ruficollis Pallas, Reis. Versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs, vol. 3, 1776, p. 700
(Dauria, Siberia).

Two specimens in autumn plumage :

Male, probably immature, No. 171013, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Mata,
August 29, 1899. Length, 162 mm.

Adult male, No. 171012, U.S.N.M.-: Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899.
Length, 159 mm.

Specimens of this species in autumn plumage are very difficult to
distinguish with certainty from examples of Pisobia minuta in cor-
responding state, but they are usually paler above, with upper tail-
coverts more blackish, and have the lower surface more purely
white, the breast less tinged with ashy.

1 Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1, Apr. 2, 1913, p. 81. < Isis, 1829, p. 650.

2 Isis, 1829, p. 651. 5 Sse Mathers, Birds Australia, vol. 3, pt. 1 , Apr.
s Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 22, 1900, p. 207. 2, 1913, pp. 81-84.

BIRDS OP THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 15

Mr. Mathews has recently reduced this species to a subspecies of
Pisobia minuta;1 but, as it seems to me, judging from the well-
characterized differences between the two in summer plumage, upon
quite insufficient grounds.

ACTITIS HYPOLEUCA (Linnaeus).

[Tringa] hypoleucos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 149 (Sweden).

One adult male, No. 170931, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Siantan, August
24, 1899. Length, 199.5 mm.; "feet pale greenish." Doctor
Abbott says that the species was common along the beach. He
noted it also on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

A series of some 80 specimens of this species in the United States
National Museum, covering all parts of its range, seems to show
that there are no recognizable subspecies. Careful comparison of
these specimens fails to reveal any difference in either size or color
between birds from western Europe and those from eastern Asia,
notwithstanding their great geographical separation. Hence, the
eastern form, Actitis hypoleuca aurita (Latham), recently somewhat
hesitatingly recognized by Mr. Mathews,2 can not be maintained.

Family OEDICNEMIDAE.

* ORTHORHAMPHUS MAGNIROSTRIS (Vieillot).

Oedienemus magnirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., vol. 23, 1818, p. 231
(Geoffroy MS.) (no locality).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.3
Family LARIDAE.

THALASSEUS BERGII PELECANOIDES (King).

Sterna pelecanoides King, Surv. Intertropical and West Coasts Aust., vol. 2,
1827, p. 422 (Australia).

Two specimens are in the collection, both nearly adult, but showing
still some immaturity in the whitish crown, brown primaries, and
a few brownish feathers in the wing-coverts. One of these birds
(No. 171029, U.S.N.M.) is molting some of the wing-quills.

Male, No. 171010, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 28, 1899. Length
470 mm. ''Bill dirty yellow; iris dark brown; feet black."

Male, No. 171029, U.S.N.M. ; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899. Length
444.5 mm. ''Bill greenish yellow; feet black, soles pale fleshy."

Both of these examples belong unquestionably to the race inhabit-
ing the East India Islands. For a discussion of the status of this
form, as well as for the use of the generic name Thalasseus, consult the
writer's recent paper on Thalasseus bergii.*

1 Birds Australia, vol. 3, Aug. 18, 1913, p. 250.

2 Idem, pp. 216-219.

3 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, p. 80.
* Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, Dec. 23, 1915, pp. 515-526.

16 BULLETIN" 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

STERNA MELANAUCHEN MELANAUCHEN Temminck.

Sterna melanauchen Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Col. d'Oiseaux, vol. 5, livr.
72, 1827, pi. 427 (coast of Celebes).

One specimen, No. 171030, U.S.N.M., Pulo Kelong, August 30,
1899. A few of the wing-quills are in molt.

This example is identical with others from the Philippine Islands,
Amoy (China), and Condore Island, and represents the typical form
of the species, which was descrihed from Celebes.1 Birds collected by
Doctor Abbott on the islands off the eastern coast of Africa, however,
are easily separable subspecifically, and as they hitherto have escaped
being named, all the synonyms of the species having been applied to
the typical race, 'they may be known as

STERNA MELANAUCHEN PROVIDA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Sterna melanauchen melanau-
chen, but upper parts lighter, the mantle of a paler gray; bill longer;
wing, tail, and tarsus shorter.

Description.— Type, adult male, No. 128756, U.S.N.M.; Provi-
dence Bank, 300 miles southwest of the Seychelles, north of Mada-
gascar; August 17, 1892; Dr. W. L.Abbott. Crown, hind neck, upper
tail-coverts, tail, sides of head and neck, with entire lower parts,
including under side of wings, pure white; a spot on lores, and a
broad postocular band, broadening posteriorly and uniting with its
fellow across the occiput, black; back, rump, scapulars, and exposed
surface of wings, very pale pearl gray, this color showing faintly as a
narrow stripe along the shafts on the inner webs of the outer few
primaries, increasing on the rest of the wing-quills, which are tipped
and margined broadly on inner webs with white ; outer web of first
(outermost) primary all but tip and extreme base blackish slate;
bill and feet black.

All the four specimens available present little individual variation
in either color or size, except, as is, for obvious reasons, often the case
with terns, in the length of the tail-feathers. There seems to be in
this species no size difference of consequence between males and
females.

The geographic range of Sterna melanauchen provida comprises the
islands of Aldabra and Providence, with doubtless the neighboring
islands off the east African coast, north at least to the Seychelles.
The range of the typical form, Sterna melanauchen melanauchen,
extends probably from the Andaman Islands and Sumatra to the
Liu Kiu Islands, Polynesia, and Australia.

The subjoined measurement tables will serve to show the size
differences between the two races here defined.

i Temminck, Nouv. Eec. Planch. Col. d'Oiseaux, vol. 5, livr. 72, 1827, pi. 427.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 17

Measurements of specimens of Sterna melanauchen provida.

6

a
Szi

to

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

a

o

T3
Sri

CD

K 5

mm
38. 5

39

35.5
36.5

37.4

a

o
^ a5

"~ P.
C3

«

mm
50

50.5
46.5
47.5

48.6

3
to

§

128758
128756

Male

...do....
Female .
...do....

Average

Providence Island, 300
miles southwest of
the Seychelles.
do2

Aug. 17,1892
do

W. L. Abbott.

do

do

do

mm.
330. 2

327

223.9

298.5

294.9

mm.

214
215
213

214

mm.
129

132

126.5
105

123.1

mm.
16.5

16.5

17

16.2

16 6

128757
128759

do

Aldabra Island, In-
dian Ocean.
)f 4 specimens

do

Nov. 29,1892

Measurements of specimens of Sterna melanauchen melanauchen.

200769

Male

...do

Female .

...do

...do

Basilan Straits, Philip-
pine Islands.
do

Apr. 19,1906
do

E. A. Mearns..

216

227
218

220

224
215
220
221
226

126.5

135
127

136

152
133
136
141

36.5

35.5
33

36.5

34

32.5

33

35

32.5

47

46.5
43

47.5

45

43.5
44 '

47.5
44

18.5

200767

do

M. Germain...

18 5

107660

Condore Island, China
Sea.

Basilan Straits, Philip-
pine Islands.
do

,1867

Apr. 19,1906
do

17.5

200763

E. A. Mearns..

19.5

200762

do... .

19

200764

...do

...do

do

do

do

do

18

200766

do

do.

200768

...do

do

do

do ..

18 5

171030

Pulo Eelong, Anamba
Islands.

Aug. 30,1899

W. L. Abbott.

311. 2

19.5

Average (

220.8

135. 8

34.3

45.3

18 6

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

* ANOUS STOLIDUS PILEATUS (Scopoli).

Sterna pileata Scopoli, Del. Faun, et Flor. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 92, No. 73
(Philippine Islands).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by Mr. C. B. Kloss.3
Family CLARA VIIDAE.

* CALOENAS NICOBARICA (Linnaeus).

[Columba] nicobarica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (Nicobar
Islands, Bay of Bengal).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,4 but not ob-
tained by Doctor Abbott.

CHALCOPHAPS INDICA INDICA (Linnaeus).

[Columba] indica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 164 (eastern
India).

One specimen, No. 170992, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Mobur, August 25,
1899. Length, in flesh, 254 mm. "Feet, dark purple red; bill,
coral red; cere, dull purple." This bird is apparently identical in
size and color with specimens from the Malay Peninsula.

8 Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, p.
70536°— Bull. 98—17 2

* Idem, p. 79.

18 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Family TRERONIDAE.

MYRISTICIVORA BICOLOR (Scopoli).

Columba bicolor Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 94 (New
Guinea).

Five specimens in perfect plumage, although the white areas are
more or less soiled :

Adult female, No. 174663, U.S.N.M; Pulo Rittan, May 21, 1900.
Length, 400 mm. "Bill blue, black at tip; feet pale blue, claws
black."

Adult female, No. 170901, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899.
Length, 394 mm.

Adult male, No. 170902, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899.
Length, 394 mm.

Adult male, No. 170900, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899.
Length, 381 mm.

Adult male, No. 170903, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899.
Length, 407.5 mm. "Iris dark brown; bill pale blue, black at tip;
feet light blue, claws black."

These all appear to be identical, both in size and color, with birds
from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and Sumatra. Two of our
birds, Nos. 170900 and 170901, have a few spots of blackish on the
lower tail-coverts, but the others have this part immaculate. Doctor
Abbott says that on Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899, this species was
"common, feeding in flocks of 12-15 upon wild fruit trees." On an
islet off Pulo Mobur, from August 24 to September 1, 1899, a few
individuals came to roost at night. This pigeon was seen also on
Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899.

MUSCADIVORES AENEUS POLIUS, new subspecies.

Subspecijic characters. — Similar to Muscadivores aeneus aeneus, from
Borneo, but averaging somewhat smaller, tail more greenish (i. e.,
less bluish); pileum and nape paler, more grayish (less vinaceous);
and lower parts slightly paler.

Description.— Type, adult male, No. 170923, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Siantan, Anamba Islands, August 20, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Head, throat, and cervix, vinaceous gray, the lower part of the
cervix nearly pure gray; chin, extreme anterior part of forehead,
and orbital ring, cream white; remaining upper parts metallic bluish
green, with a strong bronzy sheen; tail bluish green, with a slight
metallic sheen, the middle pair of rectrices most decidedly blue;
tertials metallic green like the back; primaries and secondaries dull
brown on basal two-thirds of inner half of inner webs, glaucous green-
ish slate color on remaining portions, the outer vanes of secondaries

BIRDS OF THE AMMBA ISLANDS.

19

with more or less metallic green gloss; primary coverts and exterior
greater coverts greenish slate with some metallic green on outer webs;
rest of wing-coverts metallic green like the back; crissum deep
maroon-chestnut; remainder of inferior parts cinereous with a slight
vinaceous tinge, particularly on lower breast and abdomen; under
surface of wing-quills fuscous; lining of wing plumbeous; "iris dark
red; eyelids deep red; bill leaden; cere purplish red; feet purplish;
claws leaden."

This new subspecies is similar to Muscadivores aeneus chalyhurus,
from the Philippine Islands, but differs in having the gray of the head
less sharply denned from the metallic green of the back; the posterior
lower parts less vinaceous (more clearly grayish) ; the upper surface
of the tail nearly always brighter, less glaucous, more bluish green.
All the Anamba Islands specimens are fairly uniform in characters,
though two of them, No. 170925, U.S.N .M. and No. 174669, U.S.N.M.,
have the tail above less bluish than the others, thus approaching
Muscadivores aeneus chalyhurus. Males and females are identical in
color. The colors of the soft parts in a male from Pulo Mata (No.
171019, U.S.N .M.) are given as follows: "Bill leaden, pale at tip,
dark at base; cere dull purple; feet purple." The same in a female
from Pulo Siantan (No. 17G924, U.S.N .M.) are: "Iris dark red;
eyelids red; feet purple, soles pale brownish; bill leaden; cere red-
dish." The weight in flesh of each of two males (No. 17C925, and
No. 170993, U.S.N.M.) is given as l\ pounds. Doctor Abbott men-
tions that he found the species common in the forest on Pulo
Siantan, August 19 to September 13, 1899, and on Pulo Telaga,
September 14-15, 1899. He observed it also on Pulo Manguan, Sep-
tember 1-2, 1899, and on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899.

Measurements of all the specimens obtained are subjoined.

Measurements of specimens of Muscadivores aeneus polius.

U. S. N.
M. No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

ce,r!
og

a

'3

CB PI
|I

X p

1

E-4

171057
171019

Male

Male

Male

Male

Pulo Telaga, An-
amba Islands.

Pulo Mata, Anamba
Islands.

Pulo Mobur, An-
amba Islands.

Pulo Siantan, An-
amba Islands.2
do

Sept. 14, 1899

Aug. 29,1899

Aug. 27,1899

Aug. 20,1899

Sept. 11,1899
Sept. 12, 1899
Aug. 21,1899

Dr.W. L.Abbott,
.do

mm.
412.8

419.1

431.8

431.8

409.7
425.5
406.4

mm.
240

226

235

226

222
228
221

228.3

mm.
142

134

149

141

137

136.5

140

mm.
26

26

22

25

22
23
21

mm.
32

29

170993

.do

32

170923

do

30

170926

.do

32.5

170925

do

do

31.5

170924

do

29.5

Average (

419.6

139.9

23.6

30.9

174669

Female .

Pulo Riabu, An-
amba Islands.

Aug. 23,1900

do

144.5

239

152

23.5

31

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

'Type.

20 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

DENDROPHASSA VERNANS ADINA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Dendropliassa1 vernans vemans,
from the Philippine Islands, but much larger; male duller, averaging
le?s greenish above, and of a decidedly paler yellow on abdomen;
female averaging duller, much less greenish (more plumbeous)
above, and much paler, duller, less greenish and yellowish below,
the center of abdomen generally whitish.

Description.— Type, adult male, No. 171020, U.S.N.M. ; Pulo Mata,
Anamba Islands, August 29, 1899 ;DoctorW. L.Abbott. Pileum, sides
of head, chin, and throat, plumbeous, rather darker on occiput, the
post-ocular region washed with vinaceous ; a collar around hind neck
and jugulum, broadening on the sides of the throat and neck, vina-
ceous heliotrope; interscapulum, back, scapulars, and rump, dull
olive green, with a plumbeous wash, and rather brighter posteriorly ;
upper tail-coverts isabella color, gradually merging into the olive
green of rump; tail slate gray, with a broad subterminal band of
black, and tipped narrowly with slate color; wing-quills, except ter-
tials, slate black, the outer primaries brownish black distally, all the
quills shading inwardly into slate gray basally; tertials and wing-
coverts grayish olive green, like the back, the bend of wing washed
with plumbeous, the greater coverts and tertials conspicuously mar-
gined distally on outer webs with pale yellow; chest tawny ochra-
ceous; lower breast and upper abdomen light yellowish apple green;
sides deep plumbeous washed with greenish; lower abdomen and
flanks sulphur yellow, the latter broadly streaked with greenish slate
color; lower tail-coverts light reddish chestnut ; under surface of wing,
including wing-coverts and axillars, slate gray.

Doctor Abbott obtained six males and five females from the islands
of Siantan, Mata, Mobur, and a small islet near Pulo Mobur. The
males show no differences in color between specimens from the differ-
ent islands, although there is some individual variation in the depth
of shades both above and below. The same is true of the females,
but the individual variation in them is more marked. One female,
No. 170928, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Siantan, is much more greenish
above than any of the others, as well as darker below and washed with
brownish across the breast; and it is evidently immature, as the
tawny-tipped feathers on the sides of the neck indicate. According
to data on the labels of the males, the iris is sometimes red, some-
times in two rings, the inner blue, the outer pink; the feet "red" or
"dark red;" "bill leaden; cere yellow." Females have the iris yel-
low, the feet red. On the islet off the coast of Pulo Mobur, where
Doctor Abbott took some of these birds, hundreds of them roosted
regularly.

1 For the change of the generic name Osmotreron Bonaparte to Dendrophassa Gloger, see Oberholser,
Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, October 26, 1912, p. 2.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

21

The species was common on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September
13, 1899; abundant on Pulo Mobur, August 24 to September 1, 1899;
observed on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899; and on Pulo
Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899.

Following are measurements of all tlie specimens taken:

Measurements of specimens of Dendrophassa vernans adina.

-c

"3

«

M

0

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collei tor.

hi

SB

3

£

C

•73

ft

S2

° £

c3

e | £

H

w

H

mm.' mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

170990. . . .

Male....

Islet near Pulo Mobur,

Aug. 26,1899

Dr. W. L. Abbott.

279. 4 153. 5

92

19 1;

Anainba Islands.

170989....

...do

do

do

do

2S5. 8 149

87

19

24

1709S7

...do. ...

do

do

do

273

304. 8

153
155

8t\5
94

18
18.5

?3 ",

170930....

...do

Pulo Siantan, Anain-

Sept. 12, 1899

do

24. 5

ba Islands.

171020 2...

...do

Pulo Mata, Anamba
Islands.

Aug. 29,1899

ao

llil

100

17. 5 24

171021....

...do

do

do

292

151.5

91.5

18. 5 23

Average of ti m

287. 0

153. .8

91.8

18. 4^23. 7

170991....

Female. .

Pulo Mobur, Anamba
Islands.

Aug. 2(5,1899

Pr. W. L. Abbott.

279.4

151

84

18 23

17098S....

...do

Islet near Pulo Mobur,
Anamba Islands.

....do...:....

do

153.5

90

16.523.5

170927....

...do...,.

Tuio Siantan, Anam-
ba Islands.

Sept. 10,1899

do

26S. 7

147.5 80

17 22.5

170928

...do

...do

do

Sept. 11, 1899
Sept. 12, 1899

do

. ...do

273
273

144.5 85
158 79

17 24

170929....

do

17 23. 5

273. 0

150.9 84.8

17. 1 23. 3

1 Measured in the flesh bv the collector.

- Type.

Family PSITTACIDAE.

LORICULLS GALGULUS (Linnaeus).

[Psittacus] Galgulus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 103 (India).
Reported from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.3

CONURUS LONGICAUDUS (Boridaert).*

Psittacus longicauda Boddaert, Tabl. Planch. Enlum. d'Hist. Nat., 1783, p. 53
(Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

A single adult, No. 171068, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Jimaja, September
27, 1899. Length, 432 mm. "Iris in two rings — the inner green,
the outer yellowish white; feet green; upper mandible red, horn
brown at tip; lower mandible horny brown." This specimen is
rather more bluish above than birds from the Malay Peninsula and
Sumatra, but such is probably only individual variation. Doctor
Abbott states that the species was common on Pulo Jimaja.

3 Joum. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79.

4 For the change of generic name from ralaeornis to Conurus, see Mathews, Xovit. Zool., vol. 58, 1912
p. 11.

22

BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Family CUCULIDAE.

UROCOCCYX ERYTHROGNATHUS (Hartlaub).

Phoenicophaeus erythrognathus Hartlaub, Syst. Verz. Naturhist. Samml.
sellschaft Mus. [Bremen], pt. 1, 1844, p. 95 (Sumatra).

Ge-

One adult male, No. 170932, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Siantan, taken in
heavy forest, September 11, 1899. Length 477 mm.; "iris blue;
•naked orbital skin red; bill green, base dull red; feet dark leaden."
In both size and color it is identical with birds from the Malay Penin-
sula.

Dr. C. Parrot's recent reference of this species to the genus Rham-
phococcyx l is not valid, since Urococcyx is generically distinct, as the
structure of the nostrils well shows.

Family ALCEDINIDAE.

SAUROPATIS CHLORIS CYANESCENS Oberholser.

Sauropatis chloris cyanescens Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 52, Feb-
ruary 8, 1917, p. 189 (Pulo Taya, eastern Sumatra).

Two specimens of this recently described race are in the collec-
tion— an adult male from Pulo Mobur, August 26, 1899; and an
immature male from Pulo Mata, August 28, 1899. The latter is
rather more greenish on the upper parts than the adult, has the
crown somewhat more brownish, the forehead with whitish edgings,
the white feathers of the breast tipped with dusky; and it is also
somewhat smaller. Both examples are indistinguishable from
Bornean specimens. Doctor Abbott saw this kingfisher also on
Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 13, 1899.

The generic name Sauropatis Cabanis and Heine is, as already
shown,2 the proper one for the present species. Of the generic dis-
tinctness of this group from Halcyon and Entomothera 3 there can be
little doubt.

Measurements of specimens of Sauropatis chloris cyanescens.

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

1
o

"o

a

'3

H

02

Eh

170994....
171022

Male..

Male,
im.

Pulo Mobur, Anamba

Islands.
Pulo Mata, Anamba

Islands.

Aug. 28,1899
Aug. 28,1899

Dr. W. L. Abbott.
do

vim.
247.6

254

mm.
111.5

108.5

mm.
6S

66

mm.
47

41.5

mm.
15.5

17

i Abhandl. k. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., II Kl., vol. 24, 1 Abth., 1907, p. 185.

2 Mathews, Austral Avian Record, vol. 1, No. 5, Dec. 24, 1912, pp. 108-109; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., vol. 52, February 8, 1917, p. 189.

3 See Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, May 18, 1915, p. 642.

4 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

BIRDS OF THE AMMBA ISLANDS. 23

ALCEDO ISPIDA BENGALENSIS Gmelin.

[Alcedo] bengalensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 450 (Bengal, India).

One immature male, No. 174699, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Kiabu,
August 22, 1900; length in flesh, 172 mm. Doctor Abbott reported
this species tolerably common on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28,
1899; noted it on Pulo Siantan, August 19 to September 13, 1899;
and on Pulo Manguan, September 1-2, 1899.

Although difference in size appears to be the only distinction
between Alcedo ispida ispida and Alcedo ispida bengalensis, the latter
is quite enough smaller to warrant its recognition.

CEYX RUFIDORSUS RUFIDORSUS (Strickland).i

Ceyx rufidorsa Strickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1846, p. 99 (Malacca).

One adult male, No. 171073, U.S.N.M., from Pulo Jimaja, Sep-
tember 25, 1899. Length, 149 mm. "Iris dark brown; bill and
feet coral red. The only one seen; shot on a small creek in jungle;
stomach contained insects."

According to the geographical lines that Doctor Hartert has drawn,2
this bird should be true Ceyx ruftdorsus rujidorsus, but it is very
small for that form, as the wing measures only 57 mm., and the
exposed culmen 33.5 mm. It is also paler below than specimens
from other localities usually are. Possibly further examples from
the Anamba Islands would show these differences to be subspecific.

The In do-Malayan region from Java and Borneo westward,
exclusive of most of the Philippine Islands, possesses the following
six forms of this beautiful genus:

1 . Ceyx rujidorsus rujidorsus Strickland ( = Ceyx euerythra Sharpe ;
= Ceyx rufidorsa robusta Parrot, Abhandl. k. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.,
II Kl., vol. 24, 1 Abth., 1907, p. 208). Southern Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Batu Islands, Linga Islands, Borneo, Labuan Island,
Natuna Islands, Anamba Islands, and the southwestern Philippine
Islands north and east to the islands of Mindoro and Sulu.

2. Ceyx rujidorsus innominatus Salvadori. — Islands of Java, Banka,
Bali, Kangean, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Sumba.

3. Ceyx dillwynni Sharpe (= Ceyx sharpei Salvadori). — Extreme
southern Malay Peninsula (only eastern side ?), Kateman Island,
Great Karimon Island, Nias Island {teste Salvadori), Borneo, Labuan
Island, and southwestern Philippine Islands (Palawan).

4. Ceyx enopopygius Oberholser. — (Ceyx enopopygius Oberholser,
Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, October 26, 1912, p. 7 [Aru Bay,
eastern Sumatra]). Eastern coast of Sumatra.

5. Ceyx tridactylus tridactylus (Pallas). — Ceylon, southern India,
Nepal, and Lower Bengal; east to Bhutan, Assam, and the Burmese

1 As Doctor Hartert has shown (Novit. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, p. 431), the generic term Ceyx is of masculine,
not feminine gender as commonly considered.

2 Novit. Zool., vol. 9, 1902, pp. 430-431.

24 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

provinces; south through the Malay Peninsula to the Mergui Archi-
pelago and Malacca.

6. Ceyx tridactylus macrocarus, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Ceyx tridactylus tridactylus, but
decidedly larger; the bluish black forehead spot at base of culmen
much smaller, often wanting; and the pileum of a somewhat darker
ferruginous.

Description. — Type, adult male, No. 178555, U.S.N .M.; Great
Nicobar Island, Nicobar Islands, March 14, 1901; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Pileum and cervix ferruginous, strongly washed posteriorly and
laterally with magenta; forehead on each side of the culmen with a
spot of ochraceous buff; a conspicuous spot of pale canary yellow on
each side of the neck; above this a spot of hyacinth blue; back
hyacinth blue: scapulars and wings black, the scapulars, lesser and
middle coverts broadly tipped with the same blue; the quills broadly
margined interiorly except at tips with tawny ochraceous; bend of
wing orange rufous; rump and upper tail-coverts magenta over
orange rufous; tail ferruginous, the central feathers tipped with
fuscous; chin white; rest of lower parts, including the lining of the
wings, rich lemon yellow, paler on the throat, richer on the breast
and sides of body; sides of head and neck the same but tinged with
tawny; bill bright red.

Measurements.1 — Wing, 56-62 (average, 58.4) mm.; tail, 22-27.5
(24.3); exposed culmen, 33-35.5 (34.7); tarsus, 8-10 (9.1).

Geographic distribution. — Nicobar Islands; '4 Andaman Islands.

AH the names that have been applied to Ceyx tridactylus 2 refer
without doubt to the mainland form. All our specimens are from
the Island of Great Nicobar, but Ceyx tridactylus macrocarus doubtless
occurs on also other islands of the Nicobar group. I have seen no
specimens of Ceyx tridactylus from the Andaman Islands, but the
species occurs there, and will probably prove to be of the Nicobar
form. There seem to be no differences in color, other than those
already mentioned, between Ceyx tridactylus macrocarus and Ceyx
tridactylus tridactylus. The small size of the blackish forehead spot
is very noticeable in the former, so far as our specimens go; in six of
our ten birds this marking is either absent or reduced to insignifi-
cance, while in none of the others is it so large as is usual in Ceyx

1 No separation of males and females is here made, because their dimensions are practically alike.

2 These are:

Aleedo tridactyla Pallas, Spicel. Zool., fasc. 6, 1769, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 1 (Surinam [!]; locality wrong; I desig-
nate Bengal, India, as type-locality).

Aleedo erythaca Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 449 (Bengal, India).

Aleedo 'purpurea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 449 (Pondiehery, India).

Ceyx luzoniemis Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., vol. 13, pt. 2, 1825, p. 106 (new name for Aleedo tridac-
tyla Shaw, Gen. Zool, vol. 8, 1811, p. 104).

Ceyx microsoma Burton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837 (Feb. 13, 1838) p. 89 (India Maderaspatana).

Boddaert's Aleedo rubra (Tabl. Planch. Enlum. d'Hist. Nat., 1783, p. 48 [Madagascar!, is sometimes
quoted as a synonym of Ceyx tridactylus, but it is clearly the same as Ispidina madagascariensis (Linnaeus) .

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

25

tridactylus tridactylus. The deeper shade of the pileum and cervix
is not wholly constant, but is easily seen in a series. We have thus
in Geyx tridactylus macrocarus another of the large dark races of
birds, of which there are so many on the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands. The difference in size, particularly of bill and wing, between
this new form and typical Geyx tridactylus is very evident upon even
superficial comparison. Eight specimens of Geyx tridactylus tridac-
tylus from various localities, including the Mergui Archipelago,
measure as follows:

Wing, 53.5-56.5 (average, 55.2) mm.; tail, 19-27 (average, 22.6);
exposed culmen, 29.5-33 (average, 31.6); tarsus, 6-8.5 (average, 7.7).

The United States National Museum series of Geyx tridactylus
macrocarus exhibits the following detailed measurements :

Measurements of specimens of Ceyx tridactylus macrocarus.

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

a

is

'a

Eh

"3

o

Cw cp

SB
ft

X

w

C3

178557....

178555....
178556... .

Male

...do

...do

Great Nicobar I., Nico-
bar Is.1

do

do

Mar. 15,1901

Mar. 14,1901
Mar. 30,1901
Mar. 12,1901
Mar. 9,1901
Mar. 8, 1901

do

Mar. 11,1901
Mar. 7, 1901

do

Dr. W.L.Abbott..

do

do...

mm.
57

59.5

58

59.5

59

57

62

56

57

58.5

mm.
24

22.5

22

25

25.5

26

24.5

mm.
35.5

35.5

34.5

35

35

35

34

mm.
8.5

8
9 5

178562....

Female
...do

do

do

do

9.5

178560....

... .do...

9 5

178559

do

do...

10

178561

...do

do

. .do...

9

178558....

...do

do

. .do....

27 5 33

g

178563....

do

do

22.5
23

35

34

8 5

178564....

do

...do

9

Ave

rage

58.4

24.3

34.7

9.1

'Type.

Two groups which are quite as well characterized as many current
genera of Alcedinidae compose at present the single genus Geyx.2
One of these includes Ceyx tridactylus, the type of Geyx, together with
the majority of the species, and must of course retain the name Geyx.
The other comprises at least Geyx soliiarius Temminck, Ceyx argen-
taius Tweeddale, and Ceyx cyanopectus Lafresnaye, with possibly
some further forms among those that I have not been able to ex-
amine, and should stand as Therosa Bonaparte,3 since Ceycis Gloger,4
if not a nomen nudum, is a synonym of Ceyx. This group Therosa
differs strikingly from Ceyx in the much more slender, more com-
pressed bill, the outlines of which, both laterally and vertically, are

2 Tne generic name Ceyx is commonly cited from Lacepede, Mem. l'Inst. Nat. Scl. et Arts, vol. 3, 1801,
p. 511, but the original description occurs in Lacepede's Tableau, Oiseaux, 1799, p. 10 (type, A Icedo tri&actyla
Pallas).

3 Therosa Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, vol. 1, 1850, p. 158 (Muiler manuscript) (type by monotypy,
Ceyx solitaria Temminck).

* Gemein. Hand- und Hillsb. Naturg., 1842 (1811), p. 338.

26 BULLETIN" 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

less convex, the culmen much more sharply ridged — almost as in
Alcedo and Alcyone — and the gonys more decidedly keeled. The
three species above included should therefore be called:

Therosa argentata (Tweeddale) .

Therosa solitaria (Temminck).

Therosa cyanopectus (Laf resnaye) .

Family MICROPODIDAE.

*MICROPUS SUBFURCATUS (Blyth).

Cypselus subfurcatus Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, August, 1849,
p. 807 (Malay Peninsula).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by Mr. C. B. Kloss.1

COLLOCALIA LOWI (Sharpe).

Cypselus lowi Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 333 (Labuan Island,
northern Borneo).

One adult male from Pulo Riabu, August 22, 1900. Length, 133.5
mm.; wing, 134 mm. "Shot out of a flock of nearly a hundred that
were hawking along the beach in the evening." The present example
has the tail distinctly though not deeply emarginate; but this can
be regarded as scarcely more than an individual peculiarity. Indeed,
the shape of the tail, as a character used to distinguish Collocalia lowi
from Collocalia whiteheadi, is of doubtful value, for some specimens of
the latter have the tail almost square, while Collocalia lowi sometimes
shows distinct emargination.

Mr. Erwin Stresemann has recently described 2 as a subspecies
of Collocalia lowi the form of Collocalia whiteheadi from Palawan
Island which the present writer some years ago indicated as possibly
separable. This is a bird with unfeathered tarsi, like Collocalia
whiteheadi, and clearly is a subspecies of that species, not of Collocalia
lowi, with which it has nothing to do, and should, therefore, stand
as Collocalia whiteheadi palawanensis. These two species, Collocalia
lowi and Collocalia whiteheadi, are very similar in coloration, as,
indeed, are so many of the other distinct species of this difficult
genus, but Collocalia lowi is somewhat darker below than both
Collocalia whiteheadi whiteheadi and Collocalia whiteheadi palawa-
nensis, with more distinct dark shaft streaks and more uniform
coloration, the throat not being noticeably lighter than the breast
and abdomen, as is the case in both forms of Collocalia whiteheadi.
In fact, the most satisfactory means of distinguishing these two
species is the difference in the feathering of the tarsi. Thus, to
consider Collocalia whiteheadi, a bird with unfeathered tarsi, a sub-

i Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79.

2 Collocalia lowi palawanensis Stresemann, Verhandl. Ornith. Gesells. Bayem, vol. 12, May 15, 1914,
p. 10.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 27

species of Collocalia lowi, a bird with well-feathered tarsi, is clearly-
doing it violence; and this the more since true Collocalia lowi with
feathered tarsi occurs also on Palawan Island,1 the very locality
from which comes its supposed subspecies palawanensis! This last
fact was apparently overlooked by Mr. Stresemann in diagnosing
Collocalia whiteheadi palawanensis.

The bird from Mindanao Island, described by the writer as Collocalia
origenis,2 which Mr. Stresemann,3 without examining any specimens,
suggests is possibly the same as Collocalia whiteheadi, is undoubtedly
distinct from the latter. That it may eventually prove to be a geo-
graphical race of that species may well be so; but the original speci-
mens in the United States National Museum, which, so far as we know,
are all that exist in any collection, certainly do not indicate such to be
the case. This bird has an entirely unfeathered tarsus, like Collocalia
whiteheadi, of the island of Luzon, but differs from that species in its
decidedly darker, more blackish, and more uniform coloration above,
the rump not being appreciably lighter than the back; and in its
also much darker and more uniform lower surface, with the throat
not noticeably if at all paler than the breast and abdomen, instead
of decidedly lighter, as in Collocalia whiteheadi whiteheadi and
Collocalia whiteheadi palawanensis. In fact, Collocalia origenis is
decidedly darker above than even Collocalia lowi, and fully as dark
and uniform, in some specimens darker, below than is that species;
and in the general aspect of its coloration is really more like Collocalia
lowi than like Collocalia whiteheadi. It is, however, of course, readily
separable from the former by its unfeathered tarsi, and also by the
almost total absence of blackish shaft-lines on the feathers of the
posterior lower parts, in addition to the color differences already
noted.

COLLOCALIA VESTITA AMECHANA Oberholser.*

Collocalia fuciphaga amechana Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, March
6, 1912, pp. 12, 13 (Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands).

Doctor Abbott obtained only two specimens of this swiftlet:

Adult female, No. 171071, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 19,
1899. Length, 127 mm.

Adult female, No. 171072, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 19,
1899. Length, 124 mm.

These are both more or less in process of molt. They have been
fully discussed in previous papers.5 The second specimen mentioned
above is the type of the subspecies.

i See Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 460.

2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., July 26, 1906, p. 191.

3 Verhandl. Ornith. Gesells. Bayern, vol. 12, May 15, 1914, p. 11.

* For the change of specific name, see Stresemann, Verhandl. Ornith. Ges. Bayem, vol. 12, May 15, 1914,
pp. 2-6.
6 Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 189; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, Mar. 6, 1912, p. 13.

28 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Family HEMIPROCNIDAE.

HEMIPROCNE i LONGIPENNIS HARTERTI Stresemann.

Hemiprocne longipennis harterti Stresemann, Novit. Zool., vol. 20, June, 1913,
p. 339 (Deli, northeastern Sumatra).

Two specimens:

Adult male, No. 171070, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 25,
1899. Length in flesh., 210 mm. "Feet dark brownish purple."

Adult female, No. 171069, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18,
1899.

Both are in process of molt, and though somewhat worn, seem to be
identical with birds from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, which
represent this newly described and readily distinguishable race.
Doctor Abbott reports that this bird was common in the mangrove
swamps of the Anamba Islands.

There are now recognizable the following forms of Hemiprocne lon-
gipennis:

Hemiprocne longipennis longipennis (Rafinesque). — Islands of Java
and Bali.

Hemiprocne longipennis harterti Stresemann. — -Islands of Sumatra,
Banka, Billiton, and Borneo, north to the Natuna Islands, Anamba
Islands, the Malay Peninsula, Tenasserim, and Burma.

Hemiprocne longipennis thooj Oberholser. — Batu Islands, Barussan
Chain, western Sumatra.

Hemiprocne longipennis perlonga (Richmond). — Simalur Island,
Barussan Chain, western Sumatra.

Hemiprocne longipennis ocyptera Oberholser. — Nias Island, Ba •
russan Chain, western Sumatra.

* HEMIPROCNE COMATA COMATA (Temminck).

Cypselus comatus Temminck, Nouv. Eec. Planch. Col. d'Oiseaux, vol. 4, livr. 45,
April, 1824, pi. 268 (Sumatra).

Noted in the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss,2 but not reported by
Doctor Abbott.

Family HIRUNDINIDAE.

HIRUNDO RUSTICA GUTTURALIS Scopoli.

Hirundo gutturalis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 (based
on Sonnerat, Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinee, p. 118, pi. 76; type-locality,
Antigua, Panay Island, Philippine Islands).

Doctor Abbott obtained but a single specimen of this migrant
swallow— a juvenal male (No. 171093, U.S.N.M.) from Pulo Jimaja,
taken on September 26, 1899.

1 For the use of the generic name Hemiprocne Nitzsch in place of Mtcropleryx Swainson, see Oberholser,
Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., vol. 19, May 1, 1905, pp. 67-69.

2 loam. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79.

BIKDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 29

The comparison of the above specimen with examples of this and
allied forms has led incidentally to an examination of Hirundo
rustica, rustica, Hirundo rustica transitiva, Hirundo savignii, Hirundo
gutturalis, Hirundo tytleri, and Hirundo erythrogastris, with par-
ticular reference to their relationships with each other. After careful
study of the specimens in the United States National Museum and of
the literature on the subject, I am led to consider them all geo-
graphical races of one species, and thus to agree completely with the
view expressed by Dr. R. B. Sharpe 1 and more recently by Dr. E.
Hartert.2 This is also the same opinion as that held by Mr. Henry
Seebohm,3 except that he unites Hirundo tytleri with Hirundo ery-
throgastris.

That Hirundo rustica rustica, with its usually unbroken dark
jugular band, intergrades with the broken-banded Hirundo rustica
gutturalis, both geographically and individually, there seems to be
not the slightest reason to doubt, for there are altogether too many
intermediate specimens. Furthermore, some of the darker exam-
ples of Hirundo rustica gutturalis are exceedingly close to the lighter
specimens of Hirundo rustica erythrogastris, and are difficult to dis-
tinguish without actual comparison; in fact the two forms overlap
individually in all characters. Similarly, the dark extreme of
Hirundo rustica erythrogastris overreaches individually the light ex-
treme of Hirundo rustica tytleri, and thus connects these two forms.

After careful examination and comparison of a large series of
Hirundo rustica erythrogastris from various parts of its range, in-
cluding a considerable series from western Alaska, I am entirely
unable to see any even average differences which entitle the Alaska
bird to subspecific separation as Hirundo erythrogastra palmeri;* since
all the supposed distinctions of both size and color seem to be merely
individual variations.

Reverting again to Hirundo rustica tytleri, it is evident that inter-
mediates between this and Hirundo rustica gutturalis would be practi-
cally indistinguishable from Hirundo rustica erythrogastris; and that
such intergradation actually takes place in northeastern Siberia
where the breeding range of Hirundo rustica tytleri approaches that
of Hirundo rustica gutturalis is evident from the fact that birds from
Lake Baikal are practically like specimens of Hirundo rustica ery-
throgastris,5 although for geographical reasons referable of course to
Hirundo rustica gutturalis; and from the various winter specimens
from Burma and Cochin China that so closely resemble Hirundo
rustica erythrogastris that Doctor Sharpe and others have identified
them as such.

1 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, pp. 126-140.

2 Vogol palaarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, pp. 800-804.

3 Hist. Brit. Birds, vol. 2, 1884, pp. 171-172.

4 Grinnell, Condor, vol. 4, May 15, 1902, p. 71 (Amafcnak Island, Unalaska Harbor, Alaska),
s See Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, p. 127.

30 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The breeding bird of Egypt, Hirundo rustica savignii, while very-
different from Hirundo rustica rustica, is so close to the widely
separated Hirundo rustica tytleri that individual variations overlap
all the subspecific characters. Furthermore, Hirundo rustica tran-
sitiva, from Palestine, is a connecting form between Hirundo rustica
savignii and Hirundo rustica rustica. From the above statements it
is obvious that all six of these forms of Hirundo are subspecies of
Hirundo rustica. Their characters and ranges are as follows : 1

1. Hirundo rustica rustica Linnaeus.

[Hirundo] rustica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 191 (Europe).

Subspecific characters. — Size large; metallic blackish jugular band
wide and usually not interrupted medially; posterior lower parts
whitish, more or less tinged with rufous or isabella color.

Type locality. — Sweden (restricted by Hartert,1910 2).

Geographic distribution. — Breeds throughout Europe, and west to
Iceland, east to western Siberia, Turkestan, and the Himalaya
Mountains; south to Baluchistan, Persia, Asia Minor, Tunis, Algeria,
and Morocco. Winters south to southern Africa, southern India,
the southern Malay Peninsula, the Philippine Islands, and the
Molucca Islands. Casual in Greenland.

2. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scopoli.

Hirundo gutturalis Scopoli, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 ("In
Nova Guiana, p. 118, Tab. 76").

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Hirundo rustica rustica, but
much smaller; blackish jugular band usually divided by the chestnut
of throat ; posterior lower surface averaging more whitish.

Type-locality. — Antigua, Panay Island, Philippine Islands.

Geographic distribution. — Breeds in northeastern Asia, north to
the Siberian provinces of Amur, Transbaikalia, and Irkutsk; west to
Irkutsk and northern China; south to northern China and to Korea;
and east to Japan. Winters south to southern India, the Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, the Molucca Islands, New Guinea, and
occasionally northern Australia.

3. Hirundo rustica tytleri Jerdon.

Hirundo Tytleri Jerdon, Birds of India, vol. 3, 1864, p. 870 (Dacca, Bengal
India).

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Hirundo rustica gutturalis, but
rather larger; posterior lower parts rufous chestnut instead of
usually whitish; white spots on the rectrices, together with the
concealed white subterminal portions of the dark feathers of the
upper surface, more or less tinged with buff, instead of practically
pure white.

Type-locality. — Dacca, Bengal, India.

1 For the synonymy of these birds, see Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, pp. 128-140; and
Hartert, Vogel palaarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, pp. 800-804.

2 Vogel palaarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, p. 800.

BIRDS OF THE AMMBA ISLANDS. 31

Geographic distribution. — Breeds in Kamchatka and other parts
of northeastern Siberia; and migrates west to Irkutsk in central
southern Siberia. Winters south to southern China, Pegu, and
Tenasserim.

4. Hirundo rusiica erythrogastris i Boddaert.

Hirundo erythrogaster Boddaert, Table Planch.. Enlum., 1783, p. 45 (Cayenne).

Subspecijic characters. — Similar to Hirundo rustica tytleri, but aver-
aging decidedly paler on the lower parts; white tail-spots and white
subterminal portions of feathers of upper parts less strongly tinged
with buff; and size somewhat smaller. Resembling Hirundo rustica
gutturalis, but throat averaging paler; remaining lower parts more
heavily shaded with fulvous ; tail-spots and concealed white subtermi-
nal portions of feathers of upper surface more or less tinged with buff.
Differs from Hirundo rustica rustica as from Hirundo rustica gutturalis,
and additionally in smaller size and interrupted blackish jugular
band.

Type-locality. — Cayenne, French Guiana.

Geographic distribution. — Breeds in North America, east to the
Atlantic Ocean; north to central Quebec (southern Ungava), northern
Mackenzie, and northwestern Alaska ; west to the Pacific Ocean ; and
south to the States of Tepic and Jalisco (Mexico), southern Texas, and
North Carolina. Winters south to Chile, Argentina, and Brazil.
Casual or accidental in Greenland, the Galapagos and the Bermuda
islands.

5. Hirundo rustica iransitiva Hartert.

Hirundo rustica transitiva Hartert, Vogel palaarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, June
1910, p. 802 (Plain of Esdralon, Palestine).

Subspecijic characters. — Similar to Hirundo rustica rustica, but
smaller, and with lower parts much more deeply rufescent.
Type-locality. — Plain of Esdralon, Palestine.
Geographic distribution. — Palestine.

6. Hirundo rustica savignii Stephens.

Hirundo Savignii Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., vol. 10, pt. 1, 1817, p. 90
(Egypt).

Subspecijic characters. — Resembling Hirundo rustica transitiva, but
lower surface much darker, of a rich rufous chestnut. Very much
like Hirundo rustica tytleri, but with a usually unbroken blackish
jugular band, and deeper tawny buff suffusion on the light tail-spots
and the white concealed subterminal portions of the feathers of the
upper surface.

Type-locality. — Egypt.

Geographic distribution. — Egypt and Nubia.

1 The subspecific term erythrogaster as here used is a Latin adjective of the third declension, and there-
fore has for its proper feminine nominative erythrogastris, not erythrogasfra, as commonly written.

32 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The name Chelidon Forster has recently been revived by Dr. E.
Hartert 1 as the proper generic appellation for Hirundo rusiica and
its allies, on the ground that Schaeffer 2 did not fix the type of
Hirundo as Hirundo rustica, and that Forster,3 as the first author to
subdivide the group, thereby determined its type. While it is quite
true that Schaeffer in 1774 did not in the modern sense fix the type of
the genus Hirundo, it is likewise true that the action of Forster in
merely applying different generic names to several of the species is
equally of no effect. The International Code of Nomenclature pro-
vides that in order to make a type designation valid an author
must definitely indicate a species as the type. So far as we have
been able to ascertain, the first designation according to the speci-
fications of the International Code was by Selby in 1825, 4 who
selected Hirundo rustica as the type; and Gray, in 1840,5 designated
the same species. There is thus open, under the rules, no other
course than to consider Hirundo rustica the type of Hirundo
Linnaeus.

HYPUROLEPIS JAVANICA ABBOTTV new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Hypurolepis javanica javanica,7
from Java, but larger; forehead, chin, and throat darker; posterior
lower parts more grayish (less brownish), and medially much more
whitish.

Description. — Type, adult male, No. 171048, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Manguan, Anamba Islands, September 1, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Forehead and sinciput bay; rest of upper parts shining metallic
dusky bluish green ; rectrices brownish black, their upper surface more
or less glossed with metallic deep green, all but the middle pair with
a conspicuous subterminal transverse spot of white; wings brownish
black, the exposed surface glossed with metallic green like the tail,
the lesser wing-coverts edged with the metallic bluish green of the
upper parts, and tertials with minute buffy tips; chin and throat
between russet and tawny; sides and flanks hair brown, many of the
feathers with paler tips; breast paler brown, the feathers with light
tips; middle of abdomen brownish white, the central portion of the
feathers mostly pale brownish with dark shaft lines; lower tail-
coverts fuscous, the subterminal portions black, the tips buffy; lining
of wing fuscous, with minute russet edgings; "iris dark brown; bill
and feet black."

1 Vogel palaarktischen Fauna, vol. 1, pt. 6, June, 1910, pp. 800-801.

2 Elem. Omitta., 1774, Classis II, Ordo VII, pi. 40.

3 Synop. Cat. Brit. Birds, 1817, p. 17.

* Illustr. Brit. Ornith., pt. 1, 1825, p. xxviii.
6 List Genera Birds, 1840, p. 8.

6 Named for the collector and donor, Dr. W. L. Abbott.

7 Hirundo javanica Sparrman, Mus. Carlson, fasc. 4, 1789, pi. 100 (Java).

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

33

This new race may be distinguished from Celebes specimens of
Hypurolepis javanica frontalis (Quoy and Gaimard)1 by reason of
larger size; duller, darker throat; darker, somewhat less brownish
sides and flanks; less dull, less brownish, and therefore more strongly
contrasted whitish middle portion of abdomen. From Hypurolepis
javanica domicola (Jerdon),2 which is a recognizable race from south-
ern India and the Malay Peninsula, Hypurolepis javanica abbotti
differs in duller, darker throat; darker, more grayish (less rufescent)
brown of sides and flanks; less brownish tinge of the whitish middle
portion of the abdomen, whereby this latter is more sharply in con-
trast to the lateral brown areas; and in the more conspicuously
spotted appearance of the posterior lower surface.

One specimen (No. 171060, U.S.N.M.), taken on Pulo Telaga,
September 14, 1899, is a juvenal male, and differs from the adult
in entirely lacking the bay frontlet; in having the upper parts very
much duller, the wings with scarcely any metallic sheen; and lower
surface very much lighter throughout, the crissum dull brown,
without any black. One of the other birds (No. 171090, U.S.N.M.)
has the outer primaries in process of molt; and most of the remaining
examples show indication of molt in the body plumage.

Doctor Abbott reported this species common on Pulo Jimaja,
September 17-28, 1899; and observed it on Pulo Siantan, August 19
to September 13, 1899. He obtained seven specimens on the various
islands of the Anamba group.

The subjoined table of measurements includes all our Anamba
examples of Hypurolepis javanica abbotti, and for comparison some
specimens of Hypurolepis javanica javanica from Java.

Measurements of specimens of Hypurolepis javanica abbotti.

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

60

1

"3
o

1

'3
Eh

o

sa

1

CO

3

Eh

171026....
171048....
171060....
171047...

Male

Male

Male, ju-
venal.
Female. .

Female. .

Pulo Mata, Anam-
ba Islands.

Pulo Ma n g u a n,
Anamba Islands.4

Pulo Telaga, Anam-
ba Islands.

Pulo M a n g u a n,
Anamba Islands.

Pulo Jimaja, Anam-
ba Islands.

do

do

Aug. 28,1899
Sept. 1,1899
Sept. 14,1899
Sept. 1,1899
Sept. 25,1899

Dr. W. L. Abbott.

do

do

do

mm.
139.7

133.4

133.4

136.5

133.4

mm.
109.5

108.5

106

109

105

mm.
45.5

46

44

44

43.5

mm.
9

8.5

8.5

8.8
7.5

mm.
10

9.5

10.1

11

171091....

do

10

171092. . . .
171090

Female. .

Sept. 26,1899
Sept. 18,1899

do

do

130.2
136,5

110.5

46
49

8.5
8.5

10
10

rage of 7 s]

134.7

108.1

45.4

8.5

10.1

'i1 Hirundo frontalis Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. I' Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 1, 1830, p. 204, pi. 12, fig. 1 (Dorey
harbor, New Guinea).

2 Hirundo domicola Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit. and Science, vol. 13, pt. 1, No. 30, "April, 1844," p. 173
(Nilgiri Hills, southern India).

3 Measured in the flesh by the collector.
» Type.

70536°— Bull. 93—17 3

34 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measurements of specimens of Hypurolepis javanica javanica.

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

cub

.a
is

'3

"3

o

sa

M

CO

S

08

218518....
218520

Male

Goenoeng Bo end er,

Mount Salak, Java.
do

May 18,1909

May 15,1909
May 2, 1909
May 3, 1909
May 18,1909

do

mm.
105

97
104
101
101

mm.
47

42
49
42
44.5

mm.
9

7
9
7.5

8

mm.
10

m

218519

...do

do

in

218522

...do....

do

9.3

218521

_rtn

do

9.8

101.6

44.9

8.1

9,8

The present species is structurally different enough from Hirundo
rustica Linnaeus, by reason of its broad bill, very short, slightly
forked tail, to necessitate its generic segregation, as already claimed
by Mr. Mathews.1 The proper generic name for it seems to be
Hypurolepis Gould 2 (type, by subsequent designation,3 Hirundo
domicola Jerdon [=Hirundo javanica domicola Jerdon]), since Herse
Lesson4 is preoccupied by Herse Oken, 1815, for a genus of Lepidop-
tera.5 Mr. Mathews, in designating the type of Hypurolepis Gould,
states it to be Hirundo domicola Jerdon "by nionotypy"6; but Gould
in his original institution of the genus in the text to plate 32 of his
"Birds of Asia" specifically included Hirundo domicola Jerdon,
Hirundo subfusca Gould [= Hirundo taliitica Gmelin], and provisionally
Hirundo neoxena Gould.

Family LANIIDAE.

* LANIUS CRISTATUS Linnaeus.^

[Lanius] cristatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 93 (Bengal,
India).

Recorded from the Anamba Islands by C. B. Kloss.7
Family CAMPOPHAGIDAE.

ARTAMIDES SUMATRENSIS CALOPOLIUS, new subspecies.

Subspeciftc characters. — Similar to Artamides sumatrensis sumatren-
sis, from Sumatra, but larger, particularly the bill; female with upper
surface and anterior lower parts somewhat paler; white bars on pos-
terior lower parts broader, the black bars also somewhat so; black
bars on rump and upper tail-coverts wider.

> List Birds Australia, 1913, p. 163.

5 Birds Asia, vol. 1, April, 1868, text to pi. 32.

• Mathews, List Birds Australia, 1913, p. 163.

• Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 145 (based on "Les Herses" of Lesson, Compl. Oeuv. Bufion, vol. 8, 1837, p. 496).
e Herse Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., vol. 3, 1815, pt. 1, p. 762.

• List Birds Australia, 1913, p. 163.

' Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc, No. 41, January, 1904, p. 79.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 35

Description. — Type, adult female, No. 171023, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Mata, Anamba Islands, August 29, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Sides of
head and neck, pileum, cervix, back, and scapulars, slate gray;1
rump and upper tail-coverts varying from slate gray to gray No. 8/
broadly and boldly barred with white and black, the white predomi-
nating on the shorter coverts ; tail slate black, irregularly tipped with
white; wings slate black, all the quills tipped, the secondaries broadly,
the primaries narrowly, margined exteriorly with white, and all the
remiges broadly edged interiorly on basal portion with white; lesser
and median wing-coverts, with outer webs of tertials, gray, like the
back; greater coverts slate gray, narrowly margined with whitish;
primary coverts and alula slate color, narrowly edged and broadly
tipped with white; chin, throat, and jugulum gray No. 6,1 slightly
and obsoletely barred imperfectly in places with paler gray; rest of
lower surface white, boldly barred with black, these bars much nar-
rower on the crissum; lining of wing white, narrowly barred with
black; "iris gray; bill black; feet dull black."

Measurements of type. — Total length, 292.1 mm.; wing, 160; tail,
112.5; exposed culmen, 26.5; tarsus, 27.

The female type above described is the only specimen obtained by
Doctor Abbott. It is about the size of Artamides sumatrensis oun-
gurensis (Hartert),2 from the Natuna Islands, but differs from the
same sex of that race in the absence of ashy clouding on the posterior
lower surface; the white and black bars being sharply contrasted, even
more so than in Artamides sumatrensis sumatrensis; white bars of
lower surface apparently broader; and lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts more sharply banded with black and white. This new
race may be distinguished from Artamides sumatrensis difficilis (Har-
tert),3 from Balabac Island, Philippine Islands, by its larger size, and
in the female by the wider white bars on the posterior lower surface..

Our single specimen of Artamides sumatrensis calopolius is appar-
ently not fully adult, for the outer tail-feathers are tipped and sub-
terminally mottled with dull white, and most of the primaries, all the
secondaries, tertials, and primary coverts are broadly margined with
white; while on the throat are seen some faint remnants of dark and
light barring.

Family MUSCICAPIDAE.

CYORNIS BANYUMAS LAMPRA, new subspecies.

Subspecijic characters. — Similar to Cyornis lanyumas pliilippinensis,
but the male with upper parts of a lighter, brighter blue; anterior
lower surface paler, more ochraceous (less tawny); posterior lower

1 Of Mr. Robert Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists. 1886.

2 Oraucalus bungurensis Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 1, 1894, p. 477.

6 Graucalus sumatrensis difficilis Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 2, 1895, p. 470.

36 BULLETIN 96, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

parts more whitish, the sides and flanks with much less ochraceous.
Female very much paler, duller, and more grayish above than the
same sex of Cyornis banyumas pJiilippinensis, with ochraceous of
lower surface lighter, and that of lower breast, sides, and flanks much
less extensive, the sides and flanks with very little ; lores dull grayish
instead of white.

Description— Type, adult male, No. 171095, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Jimaja, Anamba Islands, September 22, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Sides of head and neck, with entire upper parts (except, forehead)
rather light, grayish, indigo blue; forehead and short superciliary
stripe azure blue; lores and nasal plumes black; remiges and rectrices
grayish clove brown, all edged externally with the blue of the upper
parts; lesser and median wing-coverts cobalt blue; remaining wing-
coverts like the secondaries; chin and moustachial stripes deep blue
black; throat, jugulum, and upper breast, ochraceous; rest of lower
surface white, laterally washed with ochraceous; under wing-coverts
buffy white, the feathers centrally fuscous, the edge of whig beneath
fuscous mixed with whitish, buff, and blue; axillars buff; "bill black,
feet brownish lavender."

The male of this new race differs from the male of Cyornis ba-
nyiimas banyumas in somewhat lighter blue upper surface; in pure
white median posterior lower parts, including the crissum; and very
much less extensively ochraceous sides and flanks. The female
differs from that of Cyornis banyumas banyumas in the much more
bluish gray (instead of brownish gray) upper surface, the tail exter-
nally blue instead of dull ferruginous; and in practically pure white
instead of ochraceous abdomen and crissum. The male intergrades
in color with Cyornis banyumas banyumas through Cyornis banyumas
pJiilippinensis and Cyornis banyumas mindorensis Mearns; while the
female is intermediate between Cyornis banyumas pMlipjrinensis and
Cyornis banyumas banyumas, though nearer the former. A trinomial
seems best to express this bird's relationships.

There is considerably more difference between the sexes in this
form than in C. b. pJiilippinensis, the female being relatively as well
as actually much paler and more grayish above. Two males (Nos.
171004 and 170961, U.S.N.M.) in part juvenal, part first autumn
plumage, differ from the adults of the same sex in having the throat
and chin whitish, the tawny of breast more or less mixed with black-
ish, this chiefly in the form of scale-like feather edgings ; many of the
superior wing-coverts and some of the tertials with broad apical
spots of ochraceous; and the feathers of head and hind-neck with
broad shaft streaks or apical spots of tawny or ochraceous. Two
immature females (Nos. 170910 and 170967, U.S.N.M.) differ from
adult females in their paler anterior lower parts and duller, more
brownish upper surface. There is comparatively little individual

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

37

color difference among the adult males of this series, such as exists
consisting chiefly of the depth of the blue on the upper parts, and the
shade of the tawny on breast and throat.

Notes on the colors of the soft parts are given by Doctor Abbott
on the labels, as follows:

Adult male, No. 171095, U.S.N .M. (type); Pulo Jimaja: "bill
black; feet brownish lavender."

Adult male, No. 174825, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Rittan: "bill black; feet
lavender."

Adult male, No. 171059, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga: "bill black; iris
dark brown."

Adult male, No. 171046, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan: "bill black;
feet lavender gray."

Adult malefNo. 171005, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur: "bill black."

Adult female, No. 170911, U.S.N .M.: Pulo Piling: "bill black; feet
pale purplish fleshy."

Adult female, No. 170960, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan; "bill dark horn
brown; iris dark brown."

Immature female, No. 170967, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan: "bill
black, brownish beneath."

Doctor Abbott further says that the species was fairly common in
the forest on Pulo Mobur, August 24 to September 1 , 1 899 ; common
in the forest on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; and about Telok
Ayer Bini on Pulo Siantan, September 5-6, 1899; common also on
Pulo Piling, August 17, 1899; and seen on Pulo Mata, August 24 to
September 1, 1899; on Pulo Kelong, September 1, 1899; and on Pulo
Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

Doctor Abbott obtained altogether 19 specimens of this new Cyornis,
the detailed measurements of which are given herewith.

Measurements of specimens of Cyornis banyumas lampra.

U.S.N.M.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

-a

IB

o

Eh

ti

'3
Eh

3

o

11

§

TO

03

Eh

170965
170966

Male

...do

Pulo Siantan, Anam-
ba Islands.
do

Sept. 8,1899
do

Dr. W. L. Abbott
do

mm.
152.4

152.4

mm.
72.5

74

73

74.5

76.5

76.5

74.5

72

73.5

74
73

75

mm.
63.

61

57

63.5

64

64

61

63.5

62

62
62.5

62

mm.
12

12.5

12

12.5

12.5

12

12

11.5

12.5

12.5
12

mm.
17.5

18

170961

Male 2. . .

do

Aug. 21,1899
Aug. 22,1899
Aug. 24,1899
Aug. 25,1899

Aug. 26,1899
do

Sept. 21, 1899

Sept. 22, 1899
Aug. 30,1899

Sept. 1,1899

...do

152.4

158.8
158.8
158.8

152.4
158.8
158.8

155.6
158.8

152.4

18.5

170962
170964
171003

171004
171005
171094

171095

Male

...do

...do....

Male2...
Male. .
...do....

...do
...do....

...do....

do

do

Pulo Mobur, Anamba
Islands.

do

do

Pulo Jimaja, Anamba

Islands.
do.s

Pulo Kelong, Anamba
Islands.

Pulo Manguan, Anam-
ba Islands.

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

18

18.5

18

18
18
18

17

171036
171046

do

do

17.5
18

! Measured in the flesh by the collector.

» Immature.

'■ Type.

38 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Measurements of specimens of Cyomis banyumas lampra — Continued.

U.S.N. M.
No.

Sex.

170963

170960
170967
170911

170910

[Female].

Female .
Female2.
Female..

Female2.

Locality.

174825 Male Pulo Rittan, Anamba

Islands.
171059 . . .do Pulo Telaga, Anamba

Islands.
Average of 14 males

Date.

May 21,1900
Sept. 14, 1899

Collector.

Dr. W.L.Abbott
do

Pulo Siantan, Anam-
ba Islands.

....do

....do

Pulo Piling, Anamba
Islands.

....do

Aug. 22,1899

Aug. 21,1899
Sept. 8,1899
Aug. 17,1899

.do.

Dj. W. L. Abbott

do

do

do

do

Average of 5 females .

mm
155.6

152.4

155.6

142.9

152.4
146.1
155.6

152.4

149.9

mm.
74

73.5

74.0

71.5
67.5
73

70.8

mm.
60

62.0

57.5

58
56
59

57

57.5

mm.
13

11.5

11.3

11.5

11.5
12

12.5

mm.
18

18

17.9

18

16.5

17

17.5

18

17.4

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Immature.

XANTHOPYGIA ZANTHOPYGIA (Hay).3

Musticapa Zanthopygia Hay, Madras Journ. Lit. and Sci., vol. 13, pt. 2, "Decem-
ber, 1844" (1845), p. 162 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

One specimen, No. 170986, U.S.N.M, from Siantan Island, Septem-
ber 12, 1899. Length in flesh, 127 mm.; "iris dark brown; feet blue;
upper mandible dark horn brown, lower mandible pale plumbeous."

HYPOTHYMIS AZUREA OPISTHOCYANEA Oberholser.

Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39,
February 25, 1911, p. 602 (Pulo Piling, Anamba Islands).

Doctor Abbott obtained nine specimens — 5 males, 4 females — of
this recently described form from the Anamba Islands, collected
August 18 to September 11, 1899, on Pulo Piling, Pulo Riabu, Pulo
Manguan, and Pulo Siantan. Two of the three adult males from
Pulo Siantan are rather less bluish on the posterior lower surface,
particularly on the lower tail-coverts, than the other examples, but do
not differ in size. There is some individual difference among all the
males in the color of the upper parts, especially the pileum, this due
largely to wear, as the tone of the blue seems particularly liable to
change from this cause. One bird from Pulo Manguan, taken, Sep-
tember 1, one from Pulo Riabu, August 18, and two from Pulo
Siantan, August 24, are just completing the molt. Except for their
larger size the females of this race are very close to those of Hypothy-
mis azurea azurea, though the lower surface is usually more exten-
sively shaded with blue. An immature male from Pulo Manguan,
taken, August 31, is like the adult female, but has the secondary
wing-coverts much more deeply bluish. One of the females had the

3 This is the original spelling of the specific name, as may be seen from the original citation.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

39

"bill black; feet dark leaden blue;" another female, possibly imma-
ture, had the "bill black above, bluish beneath."

Doctor Abbott writes that this species was fairly common on Pulo
Siantan, August 19 to September 6, 1899; common on Pulo Jimaja,
September 17-28, 1899; observed also on Pulo Piling, August 17,
1899; on Pulo Kiabu, August 18, 1899; and on Pulo Telaga, Sep-
tember 14-15, 1899.

Detailed measurements of eight adults in the collection are as
follows:

Measurements of specimens of Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea.

U.S.N.M.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

3
o

'3

Eh

•a a

sa

P.
M

mm.

mm.

mm.

79

11

76.5

76

10.5

75.5

78.5

12

77

78

11

80

76

10.5

78

75

12

74.5

75

11.5

77

78

11

170957.

170958.
170959.
171045.

Male..

..do..
..do'..
..do..

Pulo Siantan,
Anamba Islands,
.do.
do.

170909..
170920..

170922.
170921.

...do....

Female..

.do.
.do,

Pulo Manguan,
Anamba Islands.

Pulo Piling, Anam-
ba Islands.3

Pulo Riabu, Anam-
ba Islands.

do

....do

Aug. 24,1899

Aug. —,1899
Sept. 11, 1899
Sept. 1,1899

Aug. 17,1899

Aug. 18,1899

do

do

mm
Dr. W.L.Abbott. 158.8

....do

....do

....do

168

165.1

.do.
.do.

....do

....do

...175

...171.5

...J171.5

mm.
17

16

16.5

17.5

18

17

16
16.5

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

i Type.

Together with the races recently described, the following forms of
Hypothymis azurea seem now to be recognizable 3 :

1. Hypothymis' azurea azurea (Boddaert). — Philippine Islands,
including Palawan and the Sulu group.

2. Hypothymis azurea styani (Hartlaub). — Island of Hainan.

3. Hypothymis azurea ooerholseri Stresemann. — Formosa.

4. Hypothymis azurea coeruleocephala (Sykes). — India north to the
Himalaya Mountains, and east to Cochin China.

5. Hypothymis azurea ceylonensis Sharpe. — Ceylon.

6. Hypothymis azurea prophata Oberholser. — Malay Peninsula
to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

7. Hypothymis azurea forrestia Oberholser. — Mergui Archipelago.

8. Hypothymis azurea nicobarica Bianchi4 (=Hypothymis azurea
calocara Oberholser). — Nicobar Islands excepting Car Nicobar.

9. Hypothymis azurea idiochroa Oberholser. — Car Nicobar Island,
Nicobar Islands.

10. Hypothymis azurea tyileri (Beavan). — Andaman and Cocos
Islands.

8 See Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, 1911, pp. 593-615; Stresemann, Novit. Zool., vol. 20,
1913, pp. 293-297.

* Hypothymis azurea nicobarica Bianchi, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. de St. P^tersb., vol. 12, No. 1,
June, 1907, p. 76 (Nicobar Islands).

40 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

11. Hypothymis azurea opisthocyanea Oberholser. — Anamba and
Tambelan Islands.

12. Hypothymis azurea gigantoptera Oberholser. — Natuna Islands.

13. Hypothymis azurea symmixta Stresemann. — Islands of Bali,
Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, and Alor.

14. Hypothymis azurea ponera Oberholser. — Batu Islands, western
Sumatra.

15. Hypothymis azurea isocara Oberholser. — Banjak Islands,
western Sumatra.

16. Hypothymis azurea leucophila Oberholser. — Pagi Islands, west-
ern Sumatra.

17. Hypothymis azurea amelis Oberholser. — Nias Island.

18. Hypothymis azurea consobrina Richmond. — Simalur Island,
western Sumatra.

19. Hypothymis azurea richmondi Oberholser. — Engano Island,
western Sumatra.

Family PYCNONOTIDAE.

AEGITHINA VIRIDISSIMA THAPSINA, new subspecies.

Suhspecijic characters. — Similar to Aegiihina viridissima viridissima,
from Sumatra, but much larger ; oil green of upper surface, in the male,
more yellowish; lower breast and abdomen paler, more yellowish.

Description, — Type, adult male, No. 170951, U.S.N .M.; Pulo
Siantan, Anamba Islands, August 20, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Entire upper surface, excepting the upper tail-coverts, oil green, the
rump somewhat yellowish; upper tail-coverts glossy black; lores
blackish; lengthened supra-orbital and suborbital spots rich lemon
yellow ; tail black, slightly tipped with oil green ; wing-quills blackish
clove brown above, the tertials and outer webs of primaries and sec-
ondaries brownish black, the primaries, except the outer two, mar-
gined basally with oil green, the secondaries edged almost throughout
with the same color, the tertials margined on outer webs with oil
green, where marked distally with a conspicuous yellowish white spot,
and on inner vanes broadly bordered with citron yellow; all the upper
wing-coverts glossy black, the median series broadly tipped with
white, the greater row more narrowly with yellowish white; inferior
surface of remiges grayish clove brown, broadly edged on basal por-
tion of inner webs with dull white; under wing-coverts inwardly white,
barely washed with canary yellow, exteriorly, including the edge of
wing, canary yellow; axillars canary yellow, basally somewhat whit-
ish; sides of head and neck, with chin, throat, and jugulum, oil green,
like the upper surface; sides of body, breast, and abdomen, yellowish
oil green, the middle portion, together with the crissum, canary yel-
low; flanks with a patch of elongated silky-white feathers; thighs

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

41

black, more or less overlaid with canary yellow; "iris dark reddish
brown; bill black above, leaden beneath; feet blue; claws black."

The female of this new form, compared with a female of AegitMna
viridissima from Pulo Lankawi, western Malay Peninsula, is very
much more yellowish below.

Three specimens were obtained by Doctor Abbott, as follows:

Adult male (type), No. 170951, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August
20, 1899. "Iris dark reddish brown; feet blue; claws black; bill
black above, leaden beneath."

Adult male, No. 170952, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 21, 1899.
"Feet blue leaden; bill black above, leaden beneath."

Adult female, No. 170953, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 5,
1899. "Feet blue; bill leaden blue, culmen and tip black."

The type has some of the wing-quills in process of molt, so that its
true wing measurement is possibly somewhat greater than that given
below. Doctor Abbott states that this species lived in the forest,
and was tolerably common on Pulo Siantan from August 19 to
September 6, 1899.

Measurements of specimens of AegitMna viridissima thapsina.

U.S.N.M.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

■g
to

a

©

o

el

'3

"3

o

-a a

sa
&

H

C3

Eh

170952....
170951

Male

Male .

Pulo Siantan,
Anamba Islands.
do.2..

Aug. 21,1899

Aug. 20,1899
Sept. 5,1899

Dr. W. L. Abbott.
do

mm.
158.8

140
140

mm.
63

64
65

mm.
47

49.5
50

mm.
14.5

15
15

mm.
18.5

19

170953....

...do...

do

19

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector. 2 Type.

PYCNONOTUS PLUMOSUS CHIROPLETHIS, new subspecies.

Subspccific characters. — Similar to Pycnonotus plumosus plumosus,
from Singapore and the Malay Peninsula, but much larger.

Description.— Type, adult male, No. 170941, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Siantan, Anamba Islands, August 24, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Upper parts olive brown, washed with olive green, least so on the
pileum, the rump rather lighter and less grayish; wings and tail
olive brown, the wing-quills, rectrices, and superior wing-coverts
margined with olive green, most broadly on the secondaries and
rectrices; sides of head and neck grayish hair brown, the shafts of
auriculars grayish white; chin and throat cream buff; crissum dull
olivaceous gallstone yellow; rest of lower parts dull olive gray,
lighter and inclining to buff medially, the middle of abdomen dull
buff; lining of wing buff, edge of wing greenish olive yellow; thighs

42 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

brownish gray, tinged with olive yellow; "bill brownish black; feet
dark fleshy brown."

Doctor Abbott obtained the following eight specimens :

Adult male, No. 170916, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899.

Adult male, No. 170917, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899.
"Iris brownish red; bill dark horn brown, paler beneath; feet fleshy
brown."

Adult male, No. 171000, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899.
"Iris red; bill black; feet dark fleshy brown."

Adult male, No. 170938, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20, 1899.
"Feet fleshy brown."

Adult male, No. 170940, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 21, 1899.

Adult male (type), No. 170941, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August
24, 1899. "Bill brownish black; feet dark fleshy brown."

Adult male, No. 170943, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10,
1899.

Adult female, No. 170939, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 21,
1899.

There is comparatively little individual color variation in the
series, such as there is consisting chiefly in the more deeply ochraceous
tinge on the abdomen, and the more golden hue of the olive yellow
crissum. The worn summer plumage is considerably paler than the
freshly molted feathers.

In all but one bird the molt is more or less in evidence. In four
(Nos. 170938, 170940, 170941, and 171000, U.S.N.M.), taken, August
20 to 25, it is from about two-thirds to three-fourths completed;
and many feathers of the old plumage remain; in one (No. 170943,
U.S.N.M.), taken, September 10, it is about five-sixths advanced;
in two others (Nos. 170916 and 170917), taken, August 18, it is, to
external appearances, complete except for the wing- and tail-quills,
but some of the contour feathers are still partly in their sheaths.
One female (No. 170939), taken, August 21, has apparently not yet
begun to molt.

Doctor Abbott says that this species was common in the scrubby
jungle on Pulo Siantan. Measurements are as below:

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

43

Measurements of Pycnonotus plumosus chiroplethis.

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

M

a

o

hi

'3
Eh

3
Eh

o &

♦j OS

c?

T3 o

3 "5

170917....
170916

Male

...do

Palo Riabu, Anamba

Islands.
do

Aug. 18,1899
do

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.

...do

mm.
196.9

222.3
203.2

196.9

mm.
85

86.5
86

88

89

90.5
89.5

87.8

mm.
79

78
80

78

77
80
81

mm.
15

14.8
14.5

15.5

15.3

15.5
16

mm.
20.3

21
21

20.5

21
20
20.8

20.7

mm.
13.8

14

171000

...do

Pnlo Mobur, Anamba
Islands.

Pulo Siantan, Anam-
ba Islands.
...do

Aug. 25,1899

Aug. 20,1899

Aug. 21,1899
Aug. 24,1899

...do

...do

...do

13.5

170938....
170940...

...do

...do. ...

14
14

170941

...do

do

do2

...do

...do

203.2

14

170943

do

Sept. 10, 1S99

14.2

Average of 7 m

204.5

79

15.2

13.9

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.

170939....

Female. .

Pulo Siantan, Anam-
ba Islands.

Aug. 21,1899

200

83.5

75

15

20.5

13.8

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

2 Type.

PYCNONOTUS SIMPLEX HALIZONUS, new subspecies.

Subspecijlc characters. — Like Pycnonotus simplex olivaceus, from the
Malay Peninsula, but decidedly larger; lower parts lighter, brighter,
and less tinged with brownish (more grayish) .

Description.— Type, adult female, No. 171080, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Jimaja, Anamba Islands, September 22, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Upper surface dark olive brown, with a slight tinge of greenish, the
upper tail-coverts sepia; wings and tail between clove brown and
sepia, the wing-quills and their upper coverts edged externally with
sepia; sides of head, together with neck and breast, olive brown, the
shafts of auriculars a little paler; lower surface pale yellowish white,
the sides and flanks light olive brown, the breast and jugulum heavily
washed with the same color; lining of wing yellowish white; thighs
light olive brown tinged with yellow; "iris white; bill horn brown, pale
beneath at base; feet fleshy brown."

This new race differs from Pycnonotus simplex simplex from Su-
matra, in larger size, darker lower parts, and paler, more greenish
upper surface. The following five specimens were obtained by Doctor
Abbott:

Adult male, No. 170944, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 9,
1899.

Adult male, No. 171078, U.S.N.M.;
1899. "Iris gray; feet fleshy brown."

Adult female, No. 171077, U.S.N.M.
1899. "Iris white; feet fleshy brown."

Adult female, No. 171076, U.S.N.M.
1899. "Iris white; bill horn brown,
fleshy brown."

Pulo Jimaja, September 20,

; Pulo Jimaja, September 19,

; Pulo Jimaja, September 19,
paler at base beneath; feet

44

BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female (type), No. 171080, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, Septem-
ber 22, 1899.

The iris, it will be noticed, is white or gray. All five specimens
show more or less evidences of the nearly completed molt, but on
those collected on September 19 and 22 only slight traces remain.

Measurements of the series of Pycnonotus simplex halizonus are
given below:

Measurements of specimens of Pycnonotus simplex halizonus.

U.S.N.M.

No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

"S

c

E-i

a

'3
Eh

"3

o

■a a

oS

P<

H

CO

3

03

Eh

o P
"3

•Ofl

170944 ! Male....

1
171 078....... do

Pulo Siantan, Anam-

ba Islands.
Pulo Jimaja, Anamba

Islands.

Sept. 9,1899
Sept. 20, 1899

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.

...do

mm.
190.5

mm.
84-
84

mm.
73

76

mm.
13

13.2

mm.
18

18.5

mm.
11.5

13.

Average of tw

190.5

74.5

13.1

18.3

12. S

Sept. 19, 1899

do

Sept. 22,1899

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.

...do

...do

171076....

171077....
171080....

Female..

...do

...do

Pulo Jimaja, Anamba
Islands.

do

do. 2

187.3

187.3
181

84

84
82.5

76.5

76.5
76

12.1

12.2
12.8

18.51 11

18.2 11.8
18 ll.fi

185.2

83.5

76.3

12.4

18.2 11 4

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

Type.

There are evident^ two distinct species at present confused under
the name Pycnonotus simplex. One of these is a large bird, in color
much resembling Pycnonotus plumosus, with rather yellowish brown
upper parts; distinctly scaly crown feathers; brownish and buffy
lower surface, particularly the crissum; and red or orange iris; to
which the name Pycnonotus brunncus of Blyth,3 despite the briefness
of the accompanying description, undoubtedly applies. The other
species, which occupies nearly the same geographic range, is of
smaller size ; has no scaly appearance on the feathers of the crown ;
has a darker, more greenish olive brown upper surface; lower parts
with the dark areas grayish, rather than buffy, brown; the light areas,
especially the crissum and throat, whitish, with yellowish instead of
brownish and buffy suffusion ; iris white or gra}Tish ; and in general
coloration is almost identical with lole olivacea. This bird is Picno-
notus simplex Lesson.4 Dr. C. W. Richmond has recently identified 5
Picnonotus simplex Lesson with the large, brownish and buffy, red-
eyed species; and following him the present writer described the Su-
matra race of the white-eyed bird as Pycnonotus olivaceus chloeodis?
After much further study of these birds I am now convinced, how-

f Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2, No. 164, December, 1845, p. 568 (Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

4 Rev. Zool., vol. 2, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra).

e Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, Feb. 4, 1903, pp. 506-507.

c Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60. No. 7, Oct. 26, 1912, p. 11.

BIRDS OF THE A1STAMBA ISLANDS. 45

ever, that Pycnonotus simplex of Lesson is the white-eyed species, and
that consequently my Pycnonotus olivaceus cMoeodis is a synonym.
Lesson's original description1 reads as follows: "Corpore supra, griseo-
luteola, albo luteo tincto infra ; rostro corneo ; pedibus bruneis." The
really distinctive portion of this diagnosis is the expression "albo
luteo tincto infra," which could not apply to the red-eyed bird, but
is very well descriptive of the white-eyed species, as is at once evident
on comparison of both with this description. The expression "cor-
pore supra griseo-luteola " also agrees better with the white-eyed
than with the red-eyed species, for the latter is decidedly brown
above.

Of Pycnonotus simplex at least three subspecies are recognizable.
The synonymy and geographic ranges of these are as follows :

1. Pycnonotus simplex simplex Lesson.

Picnonotus simpkr Lesson, Rev. Zool., vol. 2, June, 1839, p. 167 (Sumatra).
Pycnonotus olivaceus chloeodis Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7,
October 26, 1912, p. 11 (Tapanuli Bay, northwestern Sumatra).

Geograpldc distribution. — Sumatra, Borneo, and some of the adja-
cent islands.

2. Pycnonotus simplex olivaceus (Moore).

Microtarsus olivaceus Moore, in Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Birds Mus. East Ind.
Co., vol. 1, 1854, p. 249 (Malacca).

Geographic distribution. — Malay Peninsula.

3. Pycnonotus simplex halizonus Oberholser.

Pycnonotus olivaceus halizonus Oberholser, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 98, 1917,
p. 43 (Pulo Jimaja, Anamba Islands).

Geographic distribution. — Anamba Islands.

PYCNONOTUS BRUNNEUS ZAPOLIUS, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Pycnonotus brunneus brunneus,
from the Malay Peninsula, but larger; upper surface darker; lower
parts lighter, more grayish, the dark areas less brownish, the light
areas more clearly yellowish, less ochraceous.

Description.— Type, adult male, No. 170942, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Siantan, September 5, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum between
olive brown and deep olive, the darker brown edgings of the feathers
imparting a more or less scaly appearance when viewed in the proper
light; cervix, back, and scapulars deep olive with a slight olive brown
tinge, the (largely concealed) centers of the feathers clove brown;
rump and shorter upper tail-coverts dark buffy brown; longest upper
tail-coverts olive brown; wings and tail somewhat olivaceous clove
brown, but the lesser wing-coverts of the same color as the back,
though slightly paler, the remaining superior wing-coverts and the

1 Rev. Zool., vol. 2, June, 1839, p. 167.

46 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

wing-quills edged, and the coverts and tertials also tipped, with the
deep olive of the back; sides of head and neck like the pileum but
with less squamate appearance; chin and upper throat soiled cream
color with a slight olive buff tinge; median portion of abdomen and
breast marguerite yellow; thighs, flanks, sides of breast and of body,
buffy olive, somewhat paler posteriorly and shading into the pale
yellow of the middle of abdomen; jugulum and breast paler buffy
olive, mixed with light yellowish ; crissum dull cream buff, the centers
of the feathers light buffy olive ; lining of wing cream buff, the outer
edge chamois; "iris red; bill dull black, horn brown at base beneath;
feet fleshy brown."

Measurements of type. — Total length (in flesh), 190.5 mm.; wing,
90; tail, 75; exposed culmen, 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe without claw,
13.5.

Although this new race of Pycnonotus hrunneus is here described
from a single specimen, it must be regarded without doubt as distinct.
The type has been caref ully compared with all of our large series of this
species, from various parts of its range, and can not be matched by
any other example. This is, so far as the upper parts are concerned,
one of the darkest and most greenish of the races of Pycnonotus
hrunneus; while below it is more grayish and more clearly yellow than
any of the others. Thus it superficially very much resembles some
of the forms of Pycnonotus simplex, but it is readily distinguished
from all of these by its dark buffy crissum, red eyes, squamate
pileum, and other characters.

The type is in fresh plumage, but still shows evidences of molt
among the contour feathers, rectrices, and remiges. Its proper wing
length may therefore be even somewhat longer than above given.

Doctor Abbott reports this species as common on Pulo Siantan at
the time of his visit, but this may refer in part at least to Pycnonotus
simpex Jializonus, since at that time no one separated these two
species.

The following races of Pycnonotus hrunneus are now recognizable:

1. Pycnonotus hrunneus hrunneus Blyth.

[Pycnonotus] hrunneus Blyth, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2, No. 164,
December, 1845, p. 568 (in text) (Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

Brachypus modestus Blyth, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 14, pt. 2, No. 164,
December, 1845, p. 568, footnote (new name for Pycnonotus hrunneus Blyth)
(A. Hay MS.).

Geographic distribution. — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and
neighboring islands.

2. Pycnonotus hrunneus zapolius Oberholser.

Pycnonotus hrunneus zapolius Oberholser, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 98, 1917,
p. 45.

Geographic distribution. — Anamba Islands.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 47

3. Pycnonotus hrunneus prillwitei Hartert.

Pycnonotus prillwitzi Hartert, Novit. Zool., vol. 9, December 16, 1902, p. 561
(Karangbolong, southern Java).

Geographic distribution. — Java .

Family TIMALIIDAE.

HORIZILLAS MAGNIROSTR1S (Moore).

Alrippe magnirostris Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854 (May 8, 1855), p. 277
(Malacca, Malay Peninsula).

Nine specimens are in the collection, as follows :

Male, No. 171024, U.S.N.M. ; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899. Length,
178 mm. "Bill dark horn brown above, horny yellow beneath."

Female, No. 170946, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899.
Length, 165 mm. "Iris pink; feet pale leaden; upper mandible
dark horn brown; lower mandible leaden. Shot in heavy forest."1

Male, No. 170945, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6, 1899.
Length, 178 mm. "Feet pale leaden blue; upper mandible horn
brown; lower mandible leaden."

Male, No. 171083, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21, 1899.
Length, 184.5 mm. "Iris red; feet slaty blue, soles yellow.

Male, No. 171087, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 22, 1899.
Length, 171.5 mm. "Feet fleshy white; iris gray brown; upper
mandible horn brown; lower mandible yellow."

Sex unknown, No. 171088, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 22,
1899. Length, 181 mm. "Iris red; feet lavender blue; upper
mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible leaden."

Male, No. 171084, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 24, 1899.
Length, 178 mm.

Male, No. 171086^ U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 24, 1899.
Length, 178 mm.

Male, No. 171085, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 26, 1899.
Length, 178 mm. "Iris red; feet slaty blue; tarsi brownish; upper
mandible dark horn brown; lower mandible leaden."

All these birds are more or less in process of molt. The streaking
on the jugulum is almost obsolete in some, strongly marked in
others. The color of the back and scapulars varies from a grayish
olive brown to a decidedly rufescent olive brown. There is appar-
ently no difference of consequence in either size or color between
this series from the Anamba Islands and a larger series from the
Malay Peninsula.

Doctor Abbott found this bird common on Pulo Jimaja from
September 17 to 28, 1899.

1 For the character of this forest, see pi. 2, upper figure.

48

BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

This species is clearly out of place in the genus Turdinus, to which
Doctor Sharpe has referred it,1 but is strictly congeneric with Horizillas
magna, the type of Horizillas. The present generic name for this
group is Horizillas Oberholser,2 the employment of which in place of
Malacopteron Eyton 3 we have elsewhere explained.4

ANUEOPSIS MALACCENSIS MALACCENSIS (Hartlaub).

Brachypteryx malaccensis Hartlaub, Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 402 (Malacca, Malay
Peninsula).

Three specimens are in the collection, as follows:

Adult male, No. 171081, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21,
1899. "Iris dark red; feet pale brownish fleshy."

Adult male, No. 17C948, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10,
1899.

Adult female, No.. 170947, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Siantan, August 24,
1899.

They average a very little darker on upper parts, sides, and flanks
than typical examples of the species from the Malay Peninsula; but
in the absence of any other characters, these differences appear too
slight and inconstant to be of subspecific importance. All these
examples show traces of a nearly completed molt ; but the bird taken
on September 10 (No. 170948, U.S.N .M.) has many more undeveloped
feathers than the others, particularly on pileum, throat, breast, and
tail.

Measurements are given below.

Measurements of specimens of Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis.

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

•

so
s>

o

e

a

'3

i

CD CD

ga

p.

X

3

CO

u

OS

170948....
171081....

Male

Male

Female..

Pulo Siantan, Anamba

Islands.
Pulo Jimaja, Anamba

Islands.
Pulo Siantan, Anamba

Islands.

Sept. 10, 1899
Sept. 21, 1899
Aug. 24,1899

Dr. W. L. Ab-
bott.
do

mm.
136.5

mm.
68

67.5

63.5

mm.
30

35

33

mm.
16

16.5

15

mm.
28.5

29

170947....

do

139.7

28

1 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 7, 1883, p. 547.

8 Horizillas Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quart. Issue, vol. 48, May 13, 1905, p. 65.

3 Malacopteron Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1839, p. 102 (type, Malacopteron magnum Eyton'

4 Smiths. Misc. Coll., Quart. Issue, vol. 48, May 13, 1905, pp. 64-55.

5 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 49

MIXORNIS PILEATA ZOPHERA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Mixornis pileata pileata Blyth,1
from the Malay Peninsula, but averaging larger; upper surface darker,
more rufescent, the chestnut of pileum more extended posteriorly;
lower parts paler; streaks on throat and jugulum much heavier.

Description.— Type, adult male, No. 171062, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga,
Anamba Islands; September 14, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum
reddish chestnut (between chestnut and burnt sienna), the forehead
mixed with grayish; superciliary stripe and sides of head and neck
olive buff, with obscure streaks of dusky, the auriculars shading pos-
teriorly into /light reddish chestnut; rest of upper parts raw umber;
middle tail-feathers and outer vanes of others, except two outermost
pairs, chestnut, the tips and obsolescent bars which extend faintly
over all the feathers almost to their bases, sepia, the rest of tail dark
rufescent hair brown with numerous almost obsolete darker bars, the
inner webs narrowly margined with pale brownish on their basal por-
tions; primaries and secondaries dark hair brown, basally margined
on inner webs with cream white, on outer webs with chestnut, except
outermost primaries, which are edged with pale brownish; tertials
chestnut; superior wing-coverts burnt sienna; edge of wing sulphur
yellow; throat, jugulum, breast, and middle of abdomen sulphur yel-
low, the throat and jugulum heavily streaked with black; sides,
flanks, and crissum, olive buff; lining of wing pale sulphur yellow;
"iris reddish brown; bill dark horn brown, dark leaden beneath; feet
pale brownish green."

This new form, in its pale, heavily streaked lower parts and large
size, resembles Mixornis pileata everetti of the Natuna Islands, but
differs from that bird in its lighter, much less rufescent (more grayish)
upper surface (the back thus more contrasted with pileum), and in
the somewhat heavier streaking of the anterior lower parts.

Eleven specimens were obtained, as follows :

Adult male, No. 170915, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899.

Adult male, No. 170949, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6,
1899. "Iris gray brown; feet brownish olive; upper mandible horn
brown; lower mandible leaden; naked orbital skin blue."

Adult male, No. 170950, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 11,
1899. "Iris dark brown; lores blue."

Adult male (type), No. 171062, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September
14, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171065, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Telaga, September 15,
1899. "Iris ochrous brown."

1 The name in common use for this species is Mixornis gularis, which is the Motacilla ^uteris of Raffles
(Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., vol. 13, 1822, p. 312); but this is preoccupied by Motacilla gularis Gmelin (Syst,
Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 997), and therefore untenable. The proper name seems to be Prima pileata Blyth
(Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 11, 1842, p. 204). This species should consequently stand as Mixornis
pileata (Blyth). (See Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, Oct. 26, 1912, p. 9).

70536°— Bull. 98—17 4

50

BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male, No. 171082, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21,
1899. "Iris dark brown; feet brownish green."

Adult female, No. 170914, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 17, 1899.

Adult female, No. 174796, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Riabu, August 23, 1900.
"Iris pale yellowish gray; naked skin about eye dull blue."

Adult female, No. 171064, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 14,
1899. "Iris ochrous brown; upper mandible dark leaden; lower man-
dible leaden; feet pale brownish green."

Adult female, No. 171063, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 14,
1899. "Iris dark brown."

Adult female, No. 171066, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 15,
1899.

The above series is very uniform in color, notwithstanding con-
siderable individual difference in the width of the streaks on the
throat, and the degree of rufescence on the back. The female is in
size identical with the male, but is noticeably less rufescent on the
upper surface, excepting, of course, the pileum. All these specimens
excepting the type, taken from August 15 to September 15, show
evidences of molt in progress. Doctor Abbott writes that this was
a common species on Pulo Riabu, August 18, 1899; on Pulo Jimaja,
September 17-28, 1899; common in thickets on Pulo Siantan, August
19 to September 6, 1899; and that it was the commonest bird of any
kind on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

Measurements of the entire series are given below.

Measurements of specimens of Mixornis pileata zopTiera.

U.S.N.M.
No.

370950....

170949....
171065....

171062.
170915.

171082.

Sex.

Male.

...do.
...do.

...do..
...do..

.do.

Locality.

Pulo Siantan, Anamba

Islands.

do

Pulo Telaga, Anamba

Islands.

do.2

Pulo Riabu, Anamba

Islands.
Pulo Jimaja, Anamba

Islands.

Date.

Sept. 11, 1899

Sept. 6,1899
Sept. 15, 1899

Sept. 14, 1899
Aug. 18,1899

Sept. 21,1899

Collector.

Dr. W.

bott.

....do.

....do.

.do.
.do.

L. Ab-

.do.

Average of 6 males .

146.1
136.6

152.4
146.1

145.3

mm.
60

61
61.5

62.5
63.5

62

61.8

mm.
53

51

53.5

55

-d a

8S3

a,

x

mm.
13.5

14.5
13.5

13.9

mm.
18

19.5
20.5

20

19.3

171063....

171064

171066

170914 .

Female..

...do

...do

...do

...do

Pulo Telaga, Anamba
Islands.

do

do

Pulo Riabu, Anamba

Sept. 14, 1899

do

Sept. 15, 1899
Aug. 17,1899

Aug. 23,1899

Dr. W. L. Ab-
bott.

do

do

do

146.1
136.6
146." i
149.4

62

58.5
60.5
65

61.5

61.5

56

51.5

3 49
61

56

54.7

13.5

13

12.5

14

14.5

13.5

19

17.5
19.5
20

do

174796. .

do

20

144.6

19.2

i Measured in the flesh by the collector.

Type.

Tail molting.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 51

Family TURDIDAE.

KITTACINCLA MALABARICA OCHROPTILA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Kittacincla malabarica1 from the
lay Peninsula, but larger ; male with the deep tawny color of pos-
terior lower parts much lighter; metallic sheen of upper parts less
purplish ; female with slate color of upper surface and breast lighter,
and rufous of posterior lower parts more uniform.

Description.— Type, adult male, No. 170954, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Siantan, Anamba Islands, September 8, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Whole head, neck, jugulum, back, scapulars, lesser and median wing-
coverts, glossy blue black; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white;
wing-quills, primary and greater coverts, clove brown, with a bluish
black sheen on exposed upper surface; tail brownish black with a
slight bluish sheen, the outer four pairs of feathers with broad white
tips; whole of posterior lower surface and lining of wing deep tawny,
the latter somewhat mixed with white.

Geographic distribution. — The Anamba Islands, except the south-
ern islands of Pulo Eiabu and Pulo Piling.

The male of this new race differs from that of Kittacincla malabarica
suavis, of Borneo, most conspicuously in having broad dark brown
bases to the outer tail-feathers; the throat, breast, and upper surface
are not so deeply black, but somewhat more glossy. The female is
very different from the male, and is likewise in striking contrast to
the female of Kittacincla malabarica suavis, for the entire upper sur-
face is slate color, not black; the wings and tail are lighter, and more
brownish or slaty; upper wing-coverts with some tawny edgings;
throat and breast slate color instead of black; rufous of posterior
lower parts lighter; outer tail-feathers with brown bases.

Of this new form Doctor Abbott obtained seven specimens, as
follows :

Adult male (type), No. 170954, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Siantan, Septem-
ber 8, 1899.

Adult male, No. 170956, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10,
1899.

Adult male, No. 171043, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1,
1899.

Adult male, No. 171075, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 23,
1899.

Immature male, No. 171042, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Manguan, September
1, 1899.

Adult female, No. 170955, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 8,
1899.

3 For the use of the specific name malabarica Scopoli in place of macroura Gmelin, see Richmond, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, 1903, p. 512.

52 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Immature female, No. 171041, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Manguan, August
31, 1899. Length, 203 mm.

All the adult birds are in process of molt, involving chiefly the
wing and tail feathers, though the type (No. 170954, U.S.N.M.)
has the feathers of most of the chin and forepart of the head in their
sheaths, and all the other specimens have some molting feathers on
the body.

The adult female differs from the adult male in her shorter tail;
smaller general size; dull, nonmetallic, bluish slate-colored upper
parts, throat, and breast, the pileum with a brownish tinge; duller,
more brownish wings and tail; tawny edgings on some of the upper
wing-coverts; and lighter shade of the posterior lower parts, the
thighs and middle of abdomen particularly paler.

The immature male (No. 171042, U.S.N.M.) obtained by Doctor
Abbott is in process of molt, and is changing from the juvenal into
the completely adult plumage. It differs from the adult male in
partly brown head and back, the black feathers of the adult plumage
having only partly replaced those of the juvenal dress; short, more
brownish tail; much more brownish wings, the remiges edged partly
on exterior webs with tawny, the greater and median wing-coverts
broadly tipped with the same (the lesser coverts have assumed the
black of adult plumage) ; sides of head and of neck dull dark brown,
mixed with tawny ochraceous, also with a few black feathers, leaving
only the center of chin, throat, and jugulum glossy black; posterior
lower parts of a paler rufous.

The immature female (No. 171041, U.S.N.M.) is in what appears
to be juvenal plumage, and differs from the adult female in having
the upper surface lighter, decidedly more brownish, the pileum,
back, and scapulars being particularly brown; the rump with an
anterior band of tawny, and all the white washed with tawny; tail
more brownish, all the white tips, excepting those of the two outer
pairs, much mottled with brown; wings more brownish; remiges
broadly edged on outer webs with dull tawny; median wing-coverts
more conspicuously tipped with tawny ochraceous; lesser wing-
coverts with a broad white streak along the shaft or on the outer
web of each feather; forehead, lores, superciliary stripe, orbital
region, and cheeks, dull white, finely mixed with brownish gray;
sides of neck slate gray; auriculars slate gray, streaked with whitish;
chin buffy white; a buffy ochraceous spot on upper throat just back
of the chin; rest of throat rather light gray, washed and streaked
broadly with buff; posterior lower parts much paler than in the
adult. This example shows only slight indications of molt.

Doctor Abbott reported this species as common on Pulo Siantan
from August 19 to September 6, 1899; and observed it also on Pulo
Kelong, September 1, U

BIRDS OF THE AKAMBA ISLANDS.

53

The following measurements of the adults of this race are all that
could be taken with any reasonable accuracy, owing to the molting
condition of the wings and tail, and it is possible that the wing and
tail dimensions here given are, for the same reason, somewhat less
than they should be.

Measurements of specimens of Kittacincla malabarica ochroptila.

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

tao

a

o

"o
En

.3

'3

a
n a

CD to

sa

&

to

3

c3

EH

170954....
170956

Male

...do

...do

. .do

Pulo Siantan, Anam-

ba Islands.2
do

Pulo Jimaja, Anam-

ba Islands.
PuloManguan,Anam-
ba Islands.

Sept. S,1899

Sept. 10, 1899
Sept. 23, 1899

Sept. 1,1899

Dr. W.L.Abbott.

do

do

do

mm.
298.5

215.9
228.6

mm.
99

mm.
173

mm.
18

16.8
15

15.5

mm.
27.5

27

171075....
171043 ...

97
98

26
25. 8

rage of fou

98.0

173

16.3

26.6

170955....

Female..

Pulo Siantan, Anam-
ba Islands.

Sept. 8,1899

Dr. W.L.Abbott.

215.9

88

108

16

24

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

'■ Type.

KITTACINCLA MALABARICA HETEBOGYNA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Kittacincla malabarica ochrop-
tila,3 but female very much darker, particularly on the throat, breast,
and upper surface.

Description.— Type, adult female, No. 170918, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Riabu, Anamba Islands, August 18, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Head,
neck, jugulum, back, scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts, slate
black; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white; greater wing-coverts,
primary coverts, and wing-quills, dark brown, between sepia and clove
brown, these coverts somewhat darker, the greater series narrowly
margined externally with tawny; tail clove brown, the three outer-
most pairs of rectrices with broad white tips on both webs, the fourth
pair with a broad white tip confined to outer web; posterior lower
surface tawny, the thighs and middle of abdomen somewhat whitish;
lining of wing tawny, a little mixed with whitish and dusky. "Iris
dark brown; feet fleshy white."

Measurements (of type). — Wing, 92 mm.; tail, 97.5; exposed culmen,
15.5; tarsus, 24.5.

Geographic distribution. — Pulo Riabu and Pulo Piling, in the
southern Anamba Islands.

Unfortunately, we have no adult male of this new race, but the
female is easily separable, not only from Kittacincla malabarica

» See, p. 5.

54 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ochroptila, but from the other races of the species. It differs from
Kittacincla malabarica malabarica (specimens from the Malay Penin-
sula) in its darker and more blackish throat and upper surface. It is
even more different from Kittacincla malabarica suavis, for it has
broad, brown bases to the outer rectrices, lighter, less metallic black
(more slaty) upper parts and throat, and lighter posterior lower parts.

It is particularly interesting as being the only known instance of
a second resident form of the same species on the Anamba Islands.
It is apparently confined to Pulo Kiabu, where Doctor Abbott says
that it is fairly common; and to Pulo Peling, where he observed it,
August 17, 1899.

Two specimens are in the collection — the type above described
and an immature male, No. 170919, U.S.N.M., also from Pulo Kiabu,
taken, August 18, 1899. This bird is just beginning to molt from
the juvenal into the adult plumage. The head, hind neck, and part
of the back are still dull clove brown; the wings lighter brown of
a more sepia tone, the quills rusty edged, and some of the coverts
with tawny spots; the tail is short like that of the female, and dull
colored; the sides of the head are dull brownish slate black, with
small ochraceous streaks; chin and throat dull brownish slate color
with rather large spots of ochraceous; posterior lower parts deep
tawny rufous, the middle of breast slightly mottled with blackish,
and the middle of abdomen white.

Family SYLVIIDAE.

ORTHOTOMUS ATROGULARIS (Temminck).i

Orihotomus atrogularis Temminck, Nouv. Rec. Planch. Color. d'Oi3eaux, vol. 3,
livr. 101, 1836, text to livr. 101 (Malacca and Borneo).

Seven specimens are in the collection, as follows :

Adult male, No. 171002, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25, 1899.
Length, 118 mm. ''Iris pale yellow brown."

Juvenal male, No. 171025, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899.
Length, 108 mm.

Juvenal male, No. 170970, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 5,
1899. Length, 115 mm.

Juvenal male, No. 171001, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25,
1899. Length, 108 mm. "Bill dark horn brown, pale brownish
fleshy beneath; feet dark fleshy brown."

Adult female, No. 170968, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20,
1899. Length, 115 mm. "Iris pale yellow brown."

Juvenal female, No. 170969, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Siantan, August 21,
1899. Length, 111 mm. "Iris pale yellowish brown; feet pale
brownish fleshy."

1 This is the original spelling of the specific name.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 55

Juvenal female, No. 171089, U.S.N .M.; Pulo Jimaja, September
23, 1899. Length, 111 mm. "Iris yellow brown; feet fleshy-
brown."

Although the number of adults is too few to admit of a perfectly-
satisfactory comparison, they seem to be identical with birds from
the Malay Peninsula which represent true Orihotomus atrogularis.
The adult female is like the adult male, except that the black gular
patch is much less extensive and broadly streaked with white.

The two youngest ju venal males (Nos. 170970 and 171001,
U.S.N .M.) resemble the adult female, but have rather duller, lighter
upper parts, particularly the pileum, with a mixture of olive green
in the pileum; less black on the jugulum, and a wash of olive yellow
across the breast.

The juvenal female is like the juvenal male, but entirely lacks the
blackish on the jugulum and the olive yellow wash on the breast;
the crown and forehead of one (No. 170969, U.S.N.M.) are entirely
olive green like the back, save for one half -grown rufous feather;
the forehead and sides of crown of the other (No. 171089, U.S.N.M.)
are rufous, but the rest of the pileum is olive green.

The adult male (No. 171002, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 25, 1899, is
in heavy molt of contour feathers and is also molting some of the
wing-quills; and the adult female (No. 170968, U.S.N.M.), taken,
August 20, 1899, is in the same condition. One of the juvenal males
(No. 171025, U.S.N.M.), taken, August 29, 1899, is passing from the
juvenal plumage into that of the first autumn, and has acquired the
rectrices, nearly all the remiges, and approximately three-fourths of
the contour feathers. The two other juvenal males (No. 171001,
U.S.N.M., August 25, 1899; and No. 170970, U.S.N.M., September 5,
1899) are just beginning to change from juvenal into the first autumn
livery; and one of the juvenal females (No. 170969, U.S.N.M.), taken,
August 21, 1899, is in the same condition. The remaining juvenal
female (No. 171089, U.S.N.M.), taken, September 23, 1899, has
apparently rather more than half completed the change to first
autumn plumage.

Doctor Abbott found this tailor-bird common on Pulo Siantan from
August 19 to September 6, 1899.

Family GRACULIDAE.

GRACULA JAVANA PRASIOCARA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Gracula javana javana, from
Java, but larger; sides of crown more greenish.

Description. —Type, adult male, No. 170905, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Piling,
Anamba Islands, August 17, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Entire
plumage black, excepting a large white spot on the middle of the six

56

BULLETIN

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

outer primaries; middle of crown, the back, jugulum, and lower part
of thighs, with metallic violet or bronzy violet sheen; throat and chin
with a dull greenish blue sheen ; sides of crown, sides of occiput, all of
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, abdomen, and crissum,
with metallic bottle green sheen; margins of all the superior wing-
coverts, except the greater series, with glossy bluish, greenish or
violet sheen; wing-quills and rectrices with slight bluish or greenish
reflections, excepting the inner webs of the former, which are brown-
ish, decidedly paler along the basal portion of the inner margin.

This new race is most nearly alhed to Gracula javana javana, with
which it agrees in size of lappets and in having the supra-auricular
bare space completely divided by a line of feathers. So far as known
it is confined to the Anamba Islands. Birds of this species from
Borneo and Sumatra seem to agree with those from Java.

Doctor Abbott obtained seven specimens, four of which (Nos.
171039, 174721, 170995, and 170905, U.S.N.M.) show slight evi-
dences of molt. He found the species common on Pulo Piling,
August 17, 1899; and about Telok Ayer Bini on Pulo Siantan, Sep-
tember 5-6, 1899. The measurements of all the specimens collected
are as follows:

Measurements of Gracula javana prasiocara.

^

JS

D

u

is

U.S.

N.M.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

a

•0 a

<L> OJ

°I

o"3

03 S

No.

Total
Wing

'3

oti

.Sfts

w

3
I

S5
SI

1
mm. mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

170905

Male

Pulo Piling, Anam-

Aug. 17,1899

Dr. W. L.

349.3193

91

27.5

16

41.5

33

ba Islands.2

Abbott.

170995

Male

Pulo Mobur, Anam-
ba Islands.

Aug. 25,1899

...do

336.6

178.5

85

28

15.5

41.5

33.5

171039

Male

Pulo Manguan,
Anamba Islands.

Aug. 31,1899

...do

330. 2 185

87

28

16

39.5

34

170912

[Male]...

Pulo Piabu, Anam-
ba Islands.

Aug. 18,1899

...do

323.9193

93.5

25.5

15.5

40

33.5

A

335 1S7.4

89.1

27.3

15.8

40.6

33.5

174721

Female..

170904

Female .

171040

Female .

Pulo Riabu, Anam-
ba Islands.

Pulo Piling, Anam-
ba Islands.

Pulo Manguan,
Anamba Islands.

Aug. 23,1900
Aug. 17,1899
Aug. 31,1899

Average of 3 females.

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.

...do

336.6
323.9

182

180

88
82

25

27.5

15

15.5

40
40

...do

178.5

85.5

28

15

39.5

330.3

180.2

85.2

20.8

15.2

39.8

33.5
32.5

33

33

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

Type.

The present species was first described in 1757 as Corvus javanensis
by Osbeck,3 in a pre-Linnaean book, which in 1771 was translated
into English. This name has been in common use., dated from 1771,
but according to present rules of nomenclature it is untenable,
since the book in which it appeared was a mere translation of an

» Dogb. Ostind. Resa,1757, p. 102.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 57

ineligible pre-Linnaean work. This being the case, the species must
take the name Gracula javana, because Eulabes javanus Cuvier1 is the
next available specific designation. This change Doctor Hartert has
already explained.2

LAMPROCORAX PANAYENSIS HETEROCHLORUS, new subspecies.

Subspecijic characters. — Similar to Lamprocorax panayensis striga-
tus, from Java, but very much larger, and plumage of male through-
out more bronzy or oily green.

Description.— Type, adult male, No. 170996, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Mobur, Anamba Islands, August 26, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Entire plumage, excepting the remiges and rectrices, metallic bottle
green, with a slight bronzy tinge, the chin and throat with a some-
what purplish sheen; remiges and rectrices blackish on upper sur-
face, with steel greenish, bluish, and purplish reflections; lower
surface of tail and wings blackish clove brown, the under wing-
coverts and axillars margined with metallic green.

This new race is very distinct and separable at a glance from
Lamprocorax panayensis strigatus of Java by the characters above
given. It is, however, more closely allied to Lamprocorax panayensis
panayensis, from which, in the male, as comparison with a large
series of Philippine specimens shows, it differs in its more grassy,
less oily or bronzy green upper parts, and particularly in its decidedly
less bronzy lower surface, which is also much brighter green, par-
ticularly on the posterior portions, where Lamprocorax panayensis
panayensis is nearly always distinctly grayish.

Four specimens are in the collection, as follows:

Adult male (type), No. 170996, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 26,
1899. Length, 229 mm.

Adult male, No. 170997, U.S.N.M.; islet near Pulo Mobur, August
26, 1899. Length, 216 mm.

Immature male, No. 170933, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August,
1899.

Immature male, No. 170998, U.S.N.M.; islet near Pulo Mobur,
August 26, 1899. Length, 203 mm.

The type (No. 170996) is in perfect plumage; and the other adult
male (No. 170997) is nearly so, though molting the under wing-
coverts, with some of the wing-quills and body feathers. One of
the immature birds (No. 170998) is in the juvenal plumage, which
closely resembles that of the adult female, but is molting many of
the body feathers. The other immature is similar but is more
extensively glossy green above, has the breast nearly solid green,
and the posterior lower parts much more mixed with glossy green;
it is molting wing, tail, and body feathers.

i Regne Anim., vol. 1, 1829, p. 377 (Java). 2 Novit. Zoo!., vol. 9, 1902, pp. 439-440.

58

BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Doctor Abbott observed this bird on Pulo Mata, August 24 to
September 1, 1899; and on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.
The two adults measure as follows:

Measurements of specimens of Lamprocorax panayensis heterochlorus.

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

43

f

i

o

Eh

03

EH

3
o

■a

s

OS

Eh

170996... .
170997

Male

...do

Pulo Mobur, Anam-

ba Islands.3
do

Aug. 26,1899
do

Dr.W. L.Abbott..
do

mm.
229

216

mm.
108

112

mm.
76

72.5

mm.
18

20

mm.
23.5

23 5

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

: Type.

The earliest name among the subspecies of Lamprocorax cTialybeus
of authors is of course Lamprocorax panayensis (Scopoli) ,3 which there-
fore becomes the name for the species as a whole, and of which Lampro-
corax cJtalybeus becomes a subspecies. The proper designation for
the last-mentioned form is, however, Lamprocorax panayensis stri-
gatus Horsfield,4 because Turdus strigatus Horsfield * has anteriority
over Turdus cTialybeus Horsfield 5 of even date.

Some recent authors have united the genus Lamprocorax Bonaparte
with Aplonis Gould, on the ground that the characters usually as-
signed to these groups are not constant. This is true, for in both
form of bill and of tail there are intermediates, which might without
violence find a place in either group. There is, however, a structural
character which does hold good for the separation of all the forms
of both genera examined. In Lamprocorax the second (counting from
the spurious outermost) primary is decidedly longer than the fifth,
while in Aplonis it is usually shorter, sometimes equal, but never
longer. Furthermore, the recognition of two genera by this criterion
leaves all the species, with one exception, in the genera in which they
have been. This exception is Aplonis cantoroides, and the necessity
for its transferral was long ago suggested by Dr. R. B. Sharpe.6 The
following species of these two genera have been examined in this
connection :

Lamprocorax metallicus (Temminck) and subspecies.

Lamprocorax panayensis (Scopoli) and subspecies.

Lamprocorax today ensis Mearns.

Lamprocorax minor (Ramsay).

Lamprocorax cantoroides (Gray) .

ZMuscicapa panayensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 (Panay Island, Philip-
pine Islands).

* Turdus strigatus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., ser. 1, vol. 13, pt. 1, May, 1821, p. 148 (Java).

s Turdus chalybeus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., ser. 1, vol. 13, Pt. 1, May, 1821, p. 148 (Java).

* Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 13, 1890, p. 125.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLAND8. 59

Aplonis opaca (Kittlitz) ( = Aplonis Httlitzi Authors).1

Aplonis atrifusca (Peale).

Aplonis vitiensis Layard.

Aplonis brevirostris (Peale).

Aplonis tabuensis (Gmelin) (=Aplonis cassini Gray).

Aplonis atronitens Gray.

Aplonis striata (Gmelin).

Family DICRURIDAE.

DISSEMURUS PARADISEUS MICROLOPHUS, new subspecies.

Subspecijic characters. — Similar to Dissemurus paradiseus paradiseus
o,f Siam, but frontal crest denser, stiffer, and very much shorter.

Description. — Type, adult male, No. 171074, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Jimaja, Anamba Islands, September 21, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Entire plumage brownish black, all the exposed parts of the body
plumage, except on the chin, throat, abdomen, and flanks, glossy
metallic greenish or bluish, this on the breast taking the form of
apical spots, on the pileum and nape broad V-shaped terminal
markings which leave more or less well-defined dull shaft streaks,
these most conspicuous on the crown; wings and tail somewhat
shiny brownish black, the rectrices and remiges with their outer
webs mostly metallic greenish or bluish, the exposed surface of the
upper wing-coverts similar; racquets large; crest short.

Eleven specimens are in the collection, from the islands of Siantan,
Jimaja, Piling, Mobur, Riabu, and Telaga. All are more or less in
process of molt ; some have the long racquet feathers fully developed,
others but partially, while one (No. 170907, U.S.N.M.) lacks them
entirely. Among the adults there is comparatively little individual
color variation, though some specimens are rather more bluish,
others more greenish on the metallic portions of the plumage.
Three (Nos. 170906, 170908, and 170934, U.S.N.M.) are immature,
in which condition they differ from the adults in being much
duller, the upper parts mixed with brown, the lower parts almost
entirely dull brown, with very few metallic bluish or greenish
feathers. Doctor Abbott notes that No. 170934 (immature) has the

i This species has for long been known as Aplonis hittlitzi (Finsch and Hartlaub) (Calornis hittlitzi
Finsch and Hartlaub, Beitr. Fauna Centralpolyn., 1867, p. 109 [Ualan Island, Caroline Islands.)). It was,
however, first recognized and described by Kittlitz (Kupfertafeln Naturgesch. Vogel, Heft 2, 1833, p.
11, pi. 15, fig. 2), who applied to it the names Turdus columbinus Gmelin (which is Lamprocorax panay-
ensis Scopoli) and Lamprotornis opaca, a manuscript name of Lichtenstein's, here "first given nomen-
clatural status by being published with a description and a figure. The latter name is introduced by
Kittlitz in the following fashion: " Fig. 2. Turdus columbinus Gm. L. oder Lamproth. opaca Lichten-
stein, ein haufiger Vogel auf den Marianen und Carolinen, * * *." The species must therefore bear
the name Aplonis opaca (Kittlitz), since this is long prior to Aplonis kittlitzi (Finsch and Hartlaub).
Subsequently G. R. Gray called it Calornis opaca (Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pac. Brit. Mus., 1859, p. 26),
using Lichtenstein's name opaca, and citing the above-mentioned descriptions and figure of Kittlitz,
under the name "Lamprotornis columbina" Kittlitz.

60

BULLETIN

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

grayish brown"; No.
170906 (immature), ''iris
brownish gray, bill and feet
black"; and No. 170907
(adult), "iris red, bill and
feet black."

Doctor Abbott further
says that the species was
common on Pulo Telaga,
September 14-15, 1899;
fairly common on Pulo Pil-
ing, August 17, 1899; and
one of the commonest
birds on Pulo Siantan,
September 17-28, 1899.
It was noted also on Pulo
Kelong, September 1 , 1899 ;
and on Pulo Manguan, Sep-
tember 1-2, 1899.

Detailed measurements
of all the specimens col-
lected by Doctor Abbott
are given in the adjoining
table.

■fe

.£K3 *

egg

V- cS

22

S"f

<N CN CM CN CN CN

.tOriUJ UO"O^H
^IClOl^CNCOt^OO

U5 U5 (N

gcNCNcocNCNCNco

,in cc Nio

fClOiNK

00 00 C: 00 O C:

^ co -^ co ^ -* ^r -

Shhhhhh.

fc CO r-H -*f t^ ic CO »o
r; lO lO tD lO »C IQ lO

, t-< ic C! Ov ■* N

£; <N* "^ O: CN CC 1^

^ a; -rt* CD -cr O O

g: cn -** ■* co rf -«^

lO UC1 **< ■**< CO
CN CN CNCNCN

<N CN CNCNCN

CM CO

r~ t>- r^co

OS O S3 Oi OS O C35

o cr. ct. c. c~. c r~-
o: or x «: oo oo CO'

<N-« CN CN CM CN

< < VJt CO < < •<

rl 5.5

5 c6 g.Q

*^1

o~a.s

S Oh IT co d
COO o^

■^OiCO 00

E*

p. a1

<J

CQ<5

Tj

a^

g

«^

M

HH

03

g cS

Sa

g C3

a
<

ori

CS-0

a

ChC2

... ej ^ ' c3 a!

J£,2 .,£,2 . o d d

o: cc Tp r- tp co iO

a.' o n n re co fo

c c i-H o a o o

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 61

Family MOTACILLIDAE.

MOTACILLA BOARULA MELANOPE Pallas.

Motatilla melanope Pallas, Reiae Versch. Prov. Ruaa. Reicha. vol. 3, 1776,
p. 696 (Dauria, Siberia).

One apparently immature female, from Pulo Manguan, September
1, 1899. Length, 190.5 mm.

Family NECTARINIIDAE.

ANTHREPTES MALACENSIS ANAMBAE, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Male almost identical with same sex of
Anthreptes malacensis malacensis,1 from the Malay Peninsula, but
throat lighter; the yellow of median posterior lower surface averaging
rather brighter and paler; female similar to that of Anthreptes mala-
censis malacensis, but very much more greenish (less brownish or
grayish) above, much more richly yellow beneath; immature male
also readily distinguishable from that of Anthreptes malacensis mala-
censis by paler, more yellowish olive green upper parts and somewhat
more yellowish lower surface.

Description.— -Type, adult male, No. 171009, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Mobur, Anamba Islands, August 25, 1899 ; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum,
cervix, back, and sides of neck, iridescent metallic bottle green, with
some purplish reflections; rump and upper tail-coverts metallic royal -
purple; tail clove brown, most of the feathers with narrow metallic
greenish or purplish external margins, the outer feathers rather
lighter; wings grayish sepia, the quills and greater coverts edged ex-
ternally with olivaceous; median coverts and scapulars broadly dull
burnt sienna terminally; lesser coverts metallic royal purple; sides of
head olive green; chin, throat, and jugulum, cinnamon rufous, bor-
dered on each side by a conspicuous maxillar stripe of royal purple;
breast and abdomen lemon yellow; flanks and crissum pale olive yel-
low; lining of wing white, mixed with pale yellow.

Both adult male and adult female of Anthreptes malacensis anambae
may be distinguished at a glance from Anthreptes malacensis chlori-
gaster, of the Philippine Islands, by the much brighter yellow of the
lower parts.

Immature males of Anthreptes malacensis anambae are very much
like the adult female, but are somewhat more yellowish on the upper
surface. The immature female is very much like the adult of the
same sex, but is rather lighter, more yellowish above, and slightly
paler below.

Doctor Abbott obtained, altogether, 15 specimens, as follows:

Adult male, No. 171102, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 26,
1899.

1 This is the original spelling of the specific name.

62 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult male (type), No. 171009, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 25,
1899.

Adult male, No. 170984, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August — , 1899.
' ' Bill black above, horny brown beneath ; iris pinkish red ; feet olive,
soles yellowish."

Adult male, No. 170985, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 8,
1899.

Adult male, No. 171037, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171051, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1,
1899.

Adult male, No. 171052, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September 1,
1899.

Immature male, No. 171050, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31,
1899. Length, 117.5 mm.

Immature male, No. 174855, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kittan, May 21, 1900.
Length, 136.5 mm.

Immature male, No. 170982, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20,
1899. "Feet olive; soles yellow."

Immature male, No. 171027, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 28, 1899.

Adult female, No. 170983, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 24, 1899.

Adult female, No. 171099, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18,
1899.

Adult female, No. 171100, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 21,
1899.

Immature female, No. 171101, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September
22, 1899.

All of these specimens, excepting the single immature female (No.
171101, U.S.N.M.) and two of the immature males (Nos. 170982 and
174855, U.S.N.M.), are more or less in progress of molt. The adult
female from Pulo Siantan, taken, August 24 (No. 170983, U.S.N.M.),
is in badly worn and much faded plumage and had just begun to molt.
Some of the adult males have the back, cervix, and pileum almost
wholly metallic violet, but this seems to be an individual variation
that appears in all the forms of Anthreptes malacensis.

Doctor Abbott noted this species common on Pulo Siantan, August
19 to September 6, 1899; on Pulo Jimaja, September 17-28, 1899; and
•also observed it on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

The measurements of all the adults obtained by Doctor Abbott are
given in the subjoined table.

BIEDS OF THE ANA.MBA ISLANDS.

Measurements of specimens of Anthreptes malacensis anambae.

63

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date

Collector.

u

a
a

73
"o
Eh

.a
is

"o5
EH

"3

o

■o a

sa

3

S
Eh

171009....
171037....

Male

...do

Pulo Mobur, Anam-

ba Islands.2
Pulo Kelong, An-

amba Islands.
Pulo Jimaja, An-

amba Islands.
Pulo Siantan, An-

amba Islands.

do

Pulo Manguan, An-

amba Islands.
do

Aug. 25,1899

Aug. 30,1899

Sept. 26, 1899

Sept. 8,1899

Aug. —1899
Sept. 1,1899

do

Br. W.L.Abbott..
do

mm.
139.7

mm.
70.5

70

67.5

68

68.5
69

67.5

mm.
47. 5

47

mm.
17.5

18

17.5

mm.
18.5

17.5

171102....

170985

...do

...do

do

do

127

16.5
18.5

170984....
171051 .

...do

...do

...do

do

do

139.7
130.2

133.3

46

17.5

17.5

18

171052....

do

46.8

19

18.8

68.7

17.9

17.9

Female. .

...do

..do

Pulo Siantan, An-
amba Islands.

Pulo Jimaja, An-

amba Islands.
do

Aug. 24,1899
Sept. 18, 1899
Sept. 21,1899

Dr. W.L.Abbott..
do

136.8
114.3

170983....
171099....
171100

65
66
63

43.5

43

41

17.5
16.5
16.5

17

16.3

17

64.7

42.5

16.8

16.8

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

Type.

CINNYRIS BRASILIANA EUMECIS, new subspecies.

Subspecijic characters. — Similar to Cinnyris brasiliana brasiliana 1,
from the Malay Peninsula, but larger, particularly the bill; female
lighter above, and paler, more greenish (less golden) yellow below.

Description. — Type, adult male, No. 170974, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Sian-
tan, Anamba Islands, September 6, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Pileum
metallic grass green; lores black; sides of head and neck with hind neck
and upper back, velvety black; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts,
and lesser wing-coverts, metallic deep verditer blue, with a pro-
nounced violet sheen, this almost absent on upper tail-coverts; tail
metallic indigo blue, with a violet tinge; wings clove brown, the greater
and median coverts, together with the tertials, velvety violet black;
throat metallic violet; jugulum, breast, and upper abdomen maroon;
rest of abdomen and crissum brownish black, the latter with the
feathers margined with paler brownish; lining of wing black.

The following six specimens are in the collection:

Adult male, No. 171096, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18,
1899.

Adult male (type), No. 170974, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, Septem-
ber 6, 1899.

Immature male, No. 170975, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September
6, 1899. Length, 95.5 mm.

1 For the change of Cinnyris hasseltii to Cinnyris brasiliana, see Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60.
No. 7, October 26, 1912, p. 18.

64

BULLETIN 93, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Adult female, No. 170979, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6,
1899. "Feet black."

Adult female, No. 171056, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31 or
September 1, 1899. "Bill black, brownish beneath at base; feet
black."

Juvenal female, No. 171097, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaja, September 18,
1899.

The two adult males are identical except for the more golden shade
of the metallic green crown, the more violet throat, lower back, and
rump, and the lighter shade of red on the breast and upper abdomen
in the type; but these differences are of course merely individual.
These males are in molt about two-thirds to three-fourths com-
pleted. The immature male (No. 170975, U.S.N.M.) is still almost
half in the olive green and olive yellow juvenal plumage, which
closely resembles the adult female, though darker and duller above.
This bird is in process of molt, and the posterior upper and lower
parts and tail are wholly, the breast, upper back, and wings partly,
in the adult plumage.

The two adult females (Nos. 170979 and 171056, U.S.N.M.) are in
nearly completed molt. The immature female (No. 171097,
U.S.N.M., taken, September 19, 1899) is very much like the adult
female, but is considerably darker above, and on the breast has
obscure narrow dusky bars. It apparently has not yet begun to
molt into the adult plumage.

Doctor Abbott reported this sun-bird common at Telok Ayer Bini,
on Pulo Siantan, September 5-6, 1899; and on Pulo Jimaja, Sep-
tember 17-28, 1899.

Measurements of the four adults are as follows:

Measurements of specimens of Cinnyris brasiliana eumecis.

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

so

a

o

EH

PI

'3
E-i

3

is d

§a

03

M

S3

51

171096....
170974... .

Male

...do

Puio Jimaja, Anamba
Islands.

Pulo Siantan, Anam-
ba Islands. 2

Sept. 13,1899
Sept. 6,1S99

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.

...do

mm.
101.6
101.6

■mm.
49

49

mm.
31

28.5

mm.
16

16

16

mm.
12.2

12.8

mm.
9

9

49

29.8

12.5

9

Female..
...do

•age of twc

Pulo Siantan, Anam-
ba Islands.

Pulo Manguan, Anam-
ba Islands.

Sept. 6,1899

Aug. 31 or
Sept. 1,1899.

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.

...do

170979....
171056....

40.5
46

26.5

27

26. 8

14.8
14.8

13
13

8
8

46.3

13

8

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

2 Typa.

BIKDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS. 65

AETHOPYGA SIPARAJA OCHROPYRRHA, new subspecies.

Subspecific characters. — Similar to Aeiliopyga siparaja siparaja from
Sumatra, but larger; adult male with red of anterior lower parts
lighter; posterior lower parts paler, less blackish medially, and
averaging slightly less olivaceous laterally. Young male lighter,
more grayish or greenish (less golden) olive green above, and paler,
less olive yellowish below.

Description. — Type, adult male, No. 174850, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Rittan, Anamba Islands, May 21, 1900; Dr. W. L. Abbott. Fore-
head and fore part of crown metallic plum purple; lores black; sides
of head and neck, occiput, cervix, scapulars, upper back, and lesser
wing-coverts rather light maroon; lower back brownish slate; rump
cadmium yellow; upper tail-coverts metallic royal purple; tail brown-
ish black, the middle feathers and outer webs of most of the others
margined with metallic purple; wings dark hair brown, the outer
primaries narrowly edged with pale brownish, the secondaries,
greater and middle coverts, narrowly margined with olive green;
chin, throat, and jugulum, scarlet vermilion; a long submalar streak
metallic bluish purple; posterior lower parts brownish mouse gray,
the middle of breast dark brownish, the flanks slightly washed with
olivaceous; lining of wing mostly dull white, exteriorly hair brown.

Fifteen specimens are in the collection, as follows:

Adult male (type), No. 174850, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Rittan, May 21,
1900.

Adult male, No. 170977, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171008, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 27, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171007, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 27, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171028, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mata, August 29, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171038, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Kelong, August 30, 1899.

Adult male, No. 171054, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31,
1899.

Adult male, No. 171098, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Jimaj a, September 19,
1899.

Juvenal male, No. 171053, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, August 31,
1899. Length, 108 mm.

Juvenal [male], No. 171055, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Manguan, September
1, 1899. "Bill black above, becoming pale fleshy brown at base
beneath ; feet dark fleshy brown ; soles yellowish." Length, 101.5 mm.

Juvenal male, No. 170978, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6,
1899. Length, 105 mm.

Juvenal male, No. 170980, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 6,
1899. Length, 92 mm.

Juvenal [male], No. 170981, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September 10,
1899. Length, 108 mm.

70536°— Bull. 98—17 5

66 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Juvenal male, No. 170976, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, August 20,
1899.

Adult female, No. 171061, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Telaga, September 15,
1899. Length, 105 mm.

The adult males exhibit little individual color variation except on
the posterior lower parts, which are in some specimens darker, more
slaty. The colors of the plumage are apparently unaffected to any
appreciable degree by wear, except that the red of the upper parts
becomes rather duller in late summer. AU the adult males taken
between August 20 and September 19, inclusive, are more or less in
process of molt.

The male in juvenal plumage is at first practically like the adult
female, though somewhat darker and duller or more bronzy, and
usually with a touch of red on chin, throat or back. From this stage
it passes directly into the adult livery by molt in the first autumn.
One of Doctor Abbott's specimens (No. 170980, U.S.N.M.) is all in
female plumage, except for a very slight wash of red on the chin;
another (No. 171055, U.S.N.M.) is similar, though darker and duller
on the anterior lower parts, and with a slight reddish wash over most
of the throat; another (No. 170978, U.S.N.M.) is like the last, butwith
a more extensive and conspicuous red gular patch; while a fourth
lacks entirely the red on chin and throat, but has a large red area on
the back. In all four of the juvenal males just mentioned the red-
tipped feathers are evidently of the juvenal plumage, because they
have olive-green bases, not blackish or white as have the red feathers of
the adult. One immature male (No. 171053, U.S.N.M.) taken, August
31,1 899, is still in partly juvenal plumage, but has already acquired part
of the adult dress in the brownish gray posterior lower parts; the
yellow rump; the purple upper tail-coverts; purplish rectrices, though
most of these are but partly grown; a line of red feathers down the
middle of the throat, and many scattered red feathers on the sides
of the neck, on cervix, back, and scapulars; and a few purplish
metallic feathers on the forehead and in the submalar streak. The
remaining juvenal male (No. 170976, U.S.N.M., Aug. 20) is in the
plumage of the female, except for .a reddish wash on the throat, and
a few scattered bright-colored feathers of the adult livery, into which
it is just beginning to molt.

Doctor Abbott reports that he found this species abundant on
Pulo Manguan; and that in early September it was the commonest
sun-bird on Pulo Siantan, where it inhabits the thick forest.1

Measurements of all the adults in Doctor Abbott's collection are to
be found in the following table :

i For the character of this forest see plate 2, upper figure.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

67

Measurements of specimens of Aethopyga siparaja ochropyrrha.

fit

"3

o V-

Vn

a

U.S.N.M.
No.

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

a

<L>

•rt a

<D <X>
2fl

3

53

O

3

'3
En

i3 -d

§1

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

174850....

Male

Pulo Rittan, Anamba
Islands.2

May 21,1900

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.

114.3

50.5

41.5

16

12.7

8.8

170977. . . .

...do

Pulo Siantan, Anam-
ba Islands.

Aug. 20,1899

...do

48

14.2

12.5

9

171007....

...do

Pulo Mobur, Anamba
Islands.

Aug. 27,1899

...do

51.5

38

15.5

14.5

8

171008....

...do

do

do

...do

52.5

15.5

14

8

171028

do

Aug. 29,1899

...do

50.2

13.2

7.5

Islands.

171038....

...do

Pulo Kelong, Anam-
ba Islands.

Aug. 30,1899

...do

111.2

52

42

15.5

13

8

171054....

...do

Pulo Manguan,
Anamba Islands.

Aug. 31,1899

...do

117.6

51

43.8

14.9

13.5

8.5

171098....

...do

rage of 8 m

Female..

Pulo Jimaja, Anamba
Islands.

Sept. 19,1899

...do

114.3

51

42.5

13.5

8

114.4

50.8

41.6

15.3

13.4
13

8.2

Pulo Telaga, Anamba

Sept. 15,1899

Dr. W. L.

171061....

104.9

46

34

15.3

7.8

Islands.

Abbott.

1 Measured in the flesh by the collector.

!Type.

Family DICAEIDAE.

DICAEUM TRIGONOSTIGMUM HYPOCHLOUM, new subspecies.

Subspeciftc characters. — Similar to Dicaeum trigonostigmum trigono-
stigmum,1 from the Malay Peninsula, but male with gray of throat and
slaty blue of upper parts and wings paler; juvenal female duller,
more grayish (less greenish) above, and less yellowish below.

Description. — Type, immature male, No. 170972, U.S.N.M.; Pulo
Siantan, Aramba Islands, September 8, 1899; Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Pileum, cervix, back, scapulars, sides of head, and sides of neck,
rather light slaty blue (but still much mixed with the olive green
and grayish olive feathers of the juvenal plumage); rump and
shorter upper tail-coverts saffron yellow; longest upper tail-coverts
slaty blue like the upper parts; tail-feathers fuscous, narrowly
margined with dull olive green; wings fuscous, the superior coverts
and quill-edgings mostly slaty blue, the inner margin of basal portion
of primaries and secondaries white; chin and throat light blue gray;
breast and sides cadmium orange; abdomen, flanks, and crissum,
wax yellow, the middle of abdomen lighter; thighs pale yellowish
gray; lining of wing yellowish white.

Four specimens are in the collection, as follows :

1 This specific name is derived from Tpiyavos and Sriy/ia; and when Latinized should undoubtedly be
treated as an adjective. Thus after dicaeum, a neuter name, it should be trigonostigmum, not trigono-
stigma, as usually written.

68 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Nearly adult male (type), No. 170972, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan,
September 8, 1899.

Immature male, No. 170971, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September
5, 1899.

Juvenal female, No. 170973, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Siantan, September
9, 1899.

Juvenal female, No. 171006, U.S.N.M.; Pulo Mobur, August 26,
1899. "Bill horn brown, orange beneath at base."

Unfortunately neither of our two males is fully adult; but the
plumage of the lower parts, in the type particularly, is practically
complete; while there are enough new slate blue feathers of the
adult plumage on the upper surface to show the difference in color
between the Anamba birds and those from the Malay Peninsula.
The contrast between the females, both adult and young, of these
two races is even more striking. The present form is, by reason of
its much paler throat and upper surface, still more different from
Dicaeum trigonostigmum antioproctum Oberholser,1 of Simalur Island;
Dicaeum trigonostigmum lyprum Oberholser,1 of Nias Island; and
Dicaeum trigonostigmum melanihe Oberholser,1 of Pulo Lasia, western
Sumatra.

Both of the males (the type, No. 170972, U.S.N.M., September 8,
and No. 170971, U.S.N.M., September 5) are molting from the juvenal
into the adult plumage, the former specimen with this molt about
three-quarters complete; the latter with about a third part of the
adult orange and a third of the adult blue-gray feathers of the lower
parts, but with only a few scattered adult feathers in the plumage of
the upper surface, wings, and tail, which are still in juvenal livery.
The juvenal plumage of the male is practically like that of the adult
female. One of the juvenal females (No. 171006, U.S.N.M., August
26) is in complete juvenal plumage, and shows no evidence of molt.
In this stage the anterior lower parts are darker, duller, more slaty
than in the adult. The other female (No. 170973, U.S.N.M., Septem-
ber 9) is about a third molted into the adult plumage, all but most
of the lower surface of the body being still in juvenal livery.

Doctor Abbott reported this species common on Pulo Siantan,
August 19 to September 6, 1899; also on Pulo Jimaja, September
17-28, 1899; and he observed it on Pulo Mata, August 24 to Septem-
ber 1, 1899; and on Pulo Telaga, September 14-15, 1899.

Although none of our specimens are entirely adult, they seem to be
nearly or quite full grown. Their measurements are as follows:

1 Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 60, No. 7, Oct. 26, 1912, p. 21.

BIRDS OF THE ANAMBA ISLANDS.

69

Measurements of specimens ofDicaeum trigonostigmum hjpochhum.

U.S.N .M.
No. K

Sex.

Locality.

Date.

Collector.

■d
a

CO

o

tub

a

'3
En

"3
-a a

k

3

s

Eh

^ 03

.2-

SI

170972....
170971....

Male,

vix ad.

Male,

juvenal.

Pulo Siantan, Anam-

ba Islands.3
do

Sept. 8,1899
Sept. 5,1899

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.
...do....

mm.
88.9

95.3

mm.
49.5

51

mm.
23.5

24

mm.
10.1

10.1

mm.
13

14

mm.
8.3

7.7

Average of twc

92.1

50.3

23.8

10.1

13.5

8.0

Sept. 9,1899
Aug. 26,1899

Dr. W. L.

Abbott.

...do

170973.... I Female,
h '~^. juvenal.
171006 ...do

Pulo Siantan, Anam-

ba Islands.
Pulo Mobur, Anamba

Islands.

88.9

46
50

23
22

10
10.6

13
13

8
7.8

females

88.9

48

22.5

10.3

13

7.9

i Measured in the flesh by the collector.

i Type.

INDEX.

[Figures in black-faced type indicate family, specific or subspecific headings.]

abbotti, Hypurolepis javanica 5,

6,7,8,9,10,11,82,33

Actitis hypoleuca 4, 6, 8, 9, 15

hypoleuca aurita 15

adina, Dendrophassa vernans 4,

5,6,7,8,10,11,20,21

Aegialitis pamirensis 13

Aegithina viridissima 41

thapsina. ... 5, 6, 10, 11, 40 , 41

viridissima 40

aeneus, Muscadi vores aeneus 18

Aethopyga siparaja oehropyrrha 5,

6,7,8,9,10,11,65,67

siparaja .• 65

Alcedinidae 22 , 25

Alcedo 26

bengalensis 23

ispida bengalensis 5, 6, 8, 11, 23

ispida 23

Alcippe magnirostris 47

Alcyone 26

amechana, Collocalia fuciphaga 1, 27

vestita 5,9,10,11,27

amelis, Hypothymis azurea 40

anambae, Anthreptes malacensis 5,

6,7,8,9,10,11,61,63

Anous stolidus pileatus 4, 11, 1 7

Anthreptes malacensis 62

anambse 5,

6,7,8,9,10,11,61,63

chlorigaster 61

malacensis 61

antioproctum, Dicaeum trigonostigum 68

Anuropsis malaccensis malaccensis 5, 7, 9, 11, 48

Aplonis 58

atrifusca 59

atronitens 59

brevirostris 59

cantoroides 58

cassini 59

Mttlitzi 59

opaca 59

striata 59

tabuensis 59

vitiensis 59

Ardea javanica 12

sacra 12

Ardeidae 12

Arenaria interpres oahuensis 4, 7, 9, 12

Arenariidae 12

argentata, Therosa 26

argentatus, Ceyx 25

Artamides sumatrensis bungurensis 35

calopolius. 5,7,10,11,34,35

difficilis 35

sumatrensi s 34

Page.

asiaticus, Charadrius 13

atrifrons, Charadrius 13, 14

Cirrepidesmus 4, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14

atrifusca, Aplonis 59

atrogularis, Orthotomus 5,6,7,9,11,54,55

atronitens, Aplonis 59

aurita, Actitis hypoleuca 15

azurea, Hypothymis 38,39

banyumas, Cyornis banyumas 36

bengalensis, Alcedo 23

ispida 5,6,8,11,23

bergii, Thalasseus 15

bicolor, Columba 18

Myristicivora 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 18

Brachypteryx malaccensis 48

Brachypus modestus 46

brasiliana, Cinnyris 63

brasiliana 63

brevirostris, Aplonis 59

brunneus, Pycnonotus 44, 46

brunneus 45,46

bungurensis, Artamides sumatrensis 35

Graucalus 35

Buteonidae 12

Butorides javanicus javanicus 4, 11, 12

virescens 1

calocara, Hypothymis azurea 39

Caloenas nicobarica 4, 11, 17

calopolius, Artamides sumatrensis. 5, 7, 10, 11, 34, 35

Calornis kittlitzi 59

opaca 59

Campophagidae 34

cantoroides, Aplonis 58

Lamprocorax 58

cassini, Aplonis 59

Ceycis 25

ceylonensis, Hypothymis azurea 39

Ceyx 25

argentatus 25

cyanopectus 25

dillwynni 23

enopopygius 23

euerythra 23

rufidorsa 23

robusta 23

rufidorsus innominatus 23

rufldorsus 5,9,11,23

sharpei 23

solitarius 25

tridactylus 23, 24, 25

macrocarus 24, 25

tridactylus 24, 25

Chalcophaps indica indica 4, 7, 11, 17

chalybeus, Lamprocorax 58

Turdus 58

chalyburus, Muscadivores aeneus 19

71

72

INDEX.

Charadriidae IS

Charadrius asiaticus 13

atri frons 13, 14

cinclus. . . 12

fulvus 13

geoffroyi 13

inconspicuus 13, 14

lesehenaultii 13

pyrrhothorax 13

p Chelidon 32

chiroplethis, Pycnonotus plumosus 5,

6,7,10,11,41,43

chloeodis, Pycnonotus olivaceus 44, 45

chlorigaster, Antlireptes malacensis 61

cinclus, Charadrius 12

Cinnyris brasiliana 63

brasiliana 63

enumecis.. 5,7,8,9,10,11,63,64

hasseltii 63

Cirrepidesmus 14

atrifrons 4, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14

Claraviid £e.... 17

coeruleocephala, Hypothymis azurea 39

Collocalia fuciphaga amechana 1, 27

lowi 5,6,11,26,27

palawanensis 26

origenis 27

vestita amechana 5,9,10, 11,27

whiteheadi 26, 27

palawanensis 26, 27

whiteheadi 26, 27

Columba bicolor 18

indica 17

nicobarica 17

columbina, Lamprotornis 59

columbinus, Turdus 59

comata, Hemiprocne comata 5,11,28

comatus, Cypselus 28

consobrina, Hypothymis azurea 40

Conurus longicaudus 5,8, 11,21

cristatus, Lanius 5, 9, 34

Cuculidae 22

Cuneuma leucogastris 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12

cyanescens, Sauropatis chloris 5, 6, 7, 11, 22

cyanopectus, Ceyx 25

Therosa 26

Cyornis 37

banyumas banyumas 36

lampra.. 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,35,37

philippinensis 35, 36

Cypselus 26

comatus 28

subfurcatus 26

Demiegretta sacra sacra 4, 11, 12

Deudrophassa 20

vernans adina 4,

5,6,7,8,10,11,20,21

vernans 20

Dicaeidae 67

Dicaeum trigonostigma 67

trigonostigmum antioproctum 68

hypochloum 5,

7,10,11,67,69

lyprum 68

melanthe 68

trigonostigmum. . . 67

Dicruridae

difficilis, Artamides sumatrensis.

Graucalus sumatrensis.

dillwynni, Ceyx

59

35

35

23

Dissemurus paradiseus microlophus 5,

6,7,8,9,10,11,59,60

paradiseus 59

domicola, Hirundo 34

Hypurolepis javanica 33

enopopygius, Ceyx 23

Entomothera 22

erythrogaster, Hirundo 31

erythrogastra, Hirundo 31

erythrogastris, Hirundo 29, 31

Hirundo rustica 29, 31

erythrognathus, Phoenicophaeus 22

Urococcyx 5, 6, 11, 22

euerythra, Ceyx 23

Eulabes javanus 57

eumecis, Cinnyris brasiliana 5,7,9,10,11,63,64

Eupoda 13

eurhinus, Totanus totanus 4,8,9,14

everetti, Mixornis pileata 49

Falco leucogaster 12

forrestia, Hypothymis azurea 39

Fregata minor minor 4, 11, 12

Fregatidae 12

frontalis, Hirundo 33

Hypurolepis frontalis 33

fulva, Pluvialis dominica 4, 9, 13

fulvus, Charadrius 13

galgulus, Loriculus 4, 11, 21

Psittacus 21

geoflroyi, Charadrius 13

gigantoptera, Hypothymis azurea 40

Gracula javana 57

javana 55, 56

prasiocara 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 55 , 56

Graculidae 55

Graucalus bungurensis 35

sumatrensis difficilis 35

gularis, Mixornis 49

Motacilla 49

gutturalis, Hirundo 28,29

rustica 5,9,28,29,30,31

Halcyon 22

halizonus, Pycnonotus simplex 5,

6,9,10,11,43,44,45,46

harterti, Hemiprocne longipennis 5,9,11,28

hasseltii, Cinnyris 63

Hemiprocne 28

comata comata 5,11,28

longipennis 28

harterti 5,9,11,28

longipennis 28

ocyptera 28

perlonga 28

thoa 28

Hemiprocnidae 28

Herse 34

heterochlorus, Lamprocorax panayensis 5 ,

6,7,8,10,11,57,58

heterogyna, Kittacincla malabarica 5,

6,7,10,11,53

Hir undinidae 28

Hirundo 30, 32

INDEX.

73

Pago.

Hirundo domicola 34

ery throgaster 31

ery throgastra 31

palmeri 29

ery throgastris 29, 31

frontalis 33

gutturalis 2S,29

javanica 32

neoxena 34

rustica 30,32,34

erythrogastris 29, 31

gutturalis 5,9,28,29,30,31

rustica 29,30,31

savignii 30, 31

transitiva 29, 30, 31

tytleri 29, 30, 31

savignii 29, 31

subfusca 34

tahitica 34

tytleri 29,30

Horizillas.... 48

magna 48

magnirostris 5, 7, 9, 11,47

hypochloum, Dicaeum trigonostigmum 5,

7,10,11,67,69

hypoleuca, Actitis 4, 6, 8, 9, 15

hypoleucos, Tringa 15

Hypothymis azurea 39

amelis 40

azurea 38, 39

calocara 39

ceylonensis 39

coeruleocephala 39

consobrina 40

forrestia 39

gigantoptera 40

idiochroa 39

isocara 40

leucophila 40

nicobarica 39

oberholseri 39

opisthocyanea 1,

5,6,8,9,11,38,39,40

ponera 40

prophata 39

richmondi 40

styani 39

symmixta 40

tytleri 39

Hypurolepis 34

javanica abbotti 5,

6,7,8,9,10,11,32,33

domicola 33

frontalis 33

javanica 32, 33

idiochroa, Hypothymis azurea 39

inconspicuus, Charadrius 13, 14

indica, Chalcophaps indica 4, 7, 11, 17

Columba 17

innominatus, Ceyx rufldorsus 23

Iole olivacea 44

isocara, Hypothymis azurea 40

ispida, Alcedo ispida 23

javana, Gracula 57

janana 55, 56

Page'

javanica, Ardea 12

Hirundo 32

Hypurolepis javanica 32, 33

javanicus, Butoridesjavanicus 4,11,12

javanus, Eulabes 57

Kittacincla macroura 51

malabarica 5, 51

heterogyna.. 5,6,7,10,11,58

malabarica 54

ochroptila 5,6,

7,8,9,10,11,51,53

suavis 51,54

kittlitzi, Aplonis 59

Calornis 59

lampra, Cyornisbanyumas. . 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,85,37

Lamprocorax 58

cantoroides 58

chalybeus 58

metallicus 58

minor 58

panayensis 58, 59

heterochlorus 5, 6,

7,8,10,11,57,58

panayensis 57

strigatus 57,58

todayensis 58

Lamprotornis columbina 59

opaca 59

Laniidae 34

Lanius cristatus 5,9,84

Laridae 15

leschenaultii, Charadrius 13

Pagoa 4,8,9,13

leucogaster, Falco 12

leucogastris, Cuncuma 4,5,6,8,11,12

leucophila, Hypothymis azurea 40

longicauda, Psittacus 21

longicaudus, Conurus 5,8,11,21

longipennis, Hemiprocne 28

longipennis 28

Loriculus galgulus 4,11,21

lowi, Collocalia 5,6,11,26,27

lyprum, Dicaeum trigonostigmum 68

macrocarus, Ceyx tridactylus 24, 25

Macropteryx 28

macroura, Kittacincla 51

magna, Horizillas 48

magnirostris, Alcippe 47

Horizillas 5,7,9,11,47

Oedicnemus 15

Orthorhamphus 4, 11, 15

magnum, Malacopteron 48

malaharica, Kittacincla 5,51

malabarica 54

malaccensis, Anuropsis malaccensis 5,7,9,11,48

Brachypteryx 48

malacensis, Anthreptes 62

malacensis 61

Malacopteron 48

magnum 48

melanauchen, Sterna 16

melanauchen. 4,7,8,11,16,17

melanope, Motacilla 61

hoarula 5,8,9,61

melanthe, Dicaeum trigonostigmum 68

74

INDEX.

Page.

metallicus, Lamprocorax 58

microlophus, Dissemurus paradiseus 5.

6,7,8,9,10,11,59,60

Micropodidae 26

Micropus subfurcatus 5, 11 , 26

minor, Fregata minor 4, 11, 12

Lamprocorax 58

Pelecanus 12

minuta, Pisobia 14,15

Mixornis gularis 4

pileata 49

everetti 49

pileata 49

zophera. ... 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 49, 50

modestus, Brachypus 46

Motacilla boarula melanope 5, 8, 9, 61

gularis 49

melanope 61

Motacillidae 61

Muscadivores aeneus aeneus 18

chalyburus 19

polius... 4,6,7,8,10,11,18,19

Muscieapa panayensis 58

zanthopygia 38

Muscieapldae 35

Myristicivora bicolor 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 18

Nectariniidae 61

neoxena, Hirundo 34

nicobarica, Caloenas 4, 11, 17

Columba 17

Hypothymis azurea 39

oahuensis, Arenaria interpres 4, 7, 9, 12

Tringa 12

oberholseri, Hypothymis azurea 39

oehroptila, Kit tacincla malabarica 5,

6,7,8,9,10,11,51,53

ochropyrrha, Aethopyga siparaja 5,

6,7,8,9,10,11,65,67

ocyptera, Hemiprocne longipennis 28

Oedicnemidae 15

Oedicnemus magnirostris 15

olivaeea, Iole 44

olivaeeus, Pycnonotus simplex 43, 45

opaca, Aplonis 59

Calornis 59

Lamprotomis 59

opisthoeyanea, Hypothymis azurea 1,

5,6,8,9,11,38,39,40

origenis, Collocalia 27

Orthorhamphus magnirostris 4, 11, 15

Orthotomus atrogularis 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 54, 55

Osmotreron 20

Pagoa 13

leschenaultii 4, 8, 9, 1 3

palawanensis, Collocalia lowi 26

whiteheadi 26,27

. palmeri, Hirundo erythrogastra 29

pamirensis, Aegialitis 13

panayensis, Lamprocorax ^ 58, 59

panayensis 57

Muscieapa 58

paradiseus, Dissemurus paradiseus 59

pelecanoides, Sterna 15

Thalasseus bergii 4, 7, 8, 11, 16

Pelecanus minor 12

perlonga, Hemiprocne longipennis 28

philippinensis, Cyornis banyumas 35, 26

Picnonotus simplex 44, 46

pileata, Mixornis 49

pileata 49

Prinia 49

Sterna 17

pileatus, Anous stolidus 4, 11, 17

Pisobia minuta 14, 15

. ruflcollis 4,7,9,14

Phoenicophaeus ery thrognathus 22

plumosus, Pycnonotus 44

plumosus 41

Pluvialis dominica ml va 4, 9, 13

polius, Muscadivores aeneus... 4,6,7,8,10,11,18,19

ponera, Hypothymis azurea 40

prasiocara, Gracula javana 5,6,7,8,10,11,55,56

prillwitzi, Pycnonotus 47

simplex 47

Prinia pileata 49

prophata, Hypothymis azurea 39

provida, Sterna malanauchen 16, 17

Psittacidae 21

Psittacus galgulus 21

longicauda 21

Pycononotidae 40

Pycnonotus brunneus 44, 46

brunneus 45,46

zapolius 5,6,10,11,45,46

olivaeeus chloeodis 44, 45

plumosus 44

chiroplethis 5,

6,7,10,11,41,43

plumosus 41

prillwitzi 47

simplex 44, 45

halizonus 5,

6,9,10,11,43,44,45,46

olivaeeus 43,45

prillwitzi 47

simplex 43,45

pyrrhothorax, Charadrius 13

Rhamphococcyx 22

richmondi, Hypothymis azurea 40

robusta, Ceyx rufldorsa 23

ruflcollis, Pisobia 4,7,9,14

Trynga 14

rufldorsa, Ceyx 23

rufidorsus, Ceyx rufidorsus 5, 9, 11, 23

rastica, Hirundo 30,32,34

rustica 29,30,31

sacra, Ardea 12

Demiegretta 4, 11, 12

Sauropatis 22

chloris cyanescens 5, 6, 7, 11, 22

savignii, Hirundo 29, 31

rustica 30, 31

Scolopacidae 14

sharpei, Ceyx 23

simplex, Picnonotus 44, 46

Pycnonotus 44, 45

simplex 43,45

siparaja, Aethopyga siparaja 65

solitaria, Therosa 26

solitarius, Ceyx 25

INDEX.

75

Sterna melanauchen 16

melanauchen . 4, 7, 8, 11, 16, 17

provida 16, 17

pelecanoides 15

pileata 17

striata, Aplonis , 59

strigatus, Lamprocorax payanensis 57, 58

Tardus 58

styani, Hypothymis azurea 39

suavis, Kittacincla malabarica i . . 51, 54

subfurcatus, Cypselus 26

Micropus 5, 11, 26

subfusea, Hirundo 34

sumatrensis, Artamides sumatrensis 34

Sylviidae 54

symmixta, Hypothymis azurea 40

tabuensis, Aplonis 59

tahitica, Hirundo 34

Thalasseus 15

bergii 15

pelecanoides 4, 7, 8, 11, 15

thapsina, Aegithina viridissima... 5,6,10,11,40,41

Therosa 25

argentata 26

cyanopectus 26

solitaria 26

thoa, Hemiprocne longipennis 28

Timaliidae 47

todayensis, Lamprocorax 68

Totanus totanus eurhinus 4, 8, 9, 14

transitiva, Hirundo rustica . .' 29, 30, 31

Treronidae 18

tridactylus, Ceyx 23, 24, 25

tridactylus 24, 25

trigonostigma, Dicaeum 67

trigonostigmum, Dicaeum trigonostigmum . . 67
Tringa hypoleucos 15

oahuensis 12

Trynga ruficollis 14

Tupaia 3

Turdidae 51

Turdinus 48

Turdus chalybeus 58

columbinus , 59

strigatus 58

tytleri, Hirundo 29, 30

rustica 29, 30, 31

Hypothymis azurea . . . . 39

Urococcyx 22

erythrognathus 5, 6, 11, 22

vernans, Dendrophassa vernans 20

virescens, B utorides 1

viridissima, Aegithina , 41

viridissima 40

vitiensis, Aplonis 59

whiteheadi, Collocalia 26, 27

whiteheadi 26,27

Xanthopygia zanthopygia 5, 6, 9, 38

zanthopygia, Muscicapa 38

Xanthopygia 5, 6, 9, 38

zapolius, Pycnonotus brunneus ... 5, 6, 10, 11, 45, 46
zophera, Mixornis pileata .. . 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,49,50

■ i : ?