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Cory No. // Fr _
Patrons’ Edition, De Luxe
wh
The Birds of California
A Complete, Scientific and.
Popular Account of the 580 Species and Subspecies of Birds
Found in the State
By
William Leon Dawson
of Santa Barbara
Director of the International Museum of Comparative Odlogy, Author of “The Birds of Ohio’
and (with Mr. Bowles) of “The Birds of Washington”
_Ulustrated by 30 Photogravures, 120 Full-page Duotone Plates and More Than
10 Half-tone Cuts of Birds in Life, Nests; Eggs, and
Favorite Haunts, from Photographs
Chiefly by
Donald R. Dickey, Wright M. Pierce, Wm. L. Finley
and the Author
Together with » Mountain’ oe and a Series of
‘1 F xbout'26 life size”
From a water-color painting by Major Allan Brooks
Major Allan Brooks
{ fa ss
Format De Luxe
Patrons’ Edition
3 Complete in Four Volumes
far Volume Four
South Moulton Company
' San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco
3 1923
3 Sold Only by Subscription. All Rights Reserved
}
The Birds of California
A Complete, Scientific and
Popular Account of the 580 Species and Subspecies of Birds
Found in the State
By
William Leon Dawson
of Santa Barbara
Director of the International Museum of Comparative Odlogy, Author of “The Birds of Ohio”
and (with Mr. Bowles) of “The Birds of Washington”
Illustrated by 30 Photogravures, 120 Full-page Duotone Plates and More Than
troo Half-tone Cuts of Birds in Life, Nests, Eggs, and
Favorite Haunts, from Photographs
Chiefly by
Donald R. Dickey, Wright M. Pierce, Wm. L. Finley
and the Author
Together with 44 Drawings in the Text and a Series of
110 Full-page Color Plates
Chiefly by
Major Allan Brooks
Format De Luxe
Patrons’ Edition
Complete in Four Volumes
Volume Four
South Moulton Company
San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco
1923
Sold Only by Subscription. All Rights Reserved
TEXT, DUOTONE-PLATES AND PHOTOGRAVURES,
BUT NOT THE COLOR-PLATES, COPYRIGHT 1923
BY
WILLIAM LEON Dawson
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION
Contents of Volume IV
Lise Orr IMS NGS IRONING. ocdounencosenuascoeoasesoacene. Se EXAIL
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES NOS. 308-424
308
309
310
319
320
321
322
323
324
Family Rallide (Continued).
The California Black Rail, Creciscus jamaicensis coturniculus. 1549
he oridayGallinules\Gallznulascalcataa ee eee 1554
MhevAmenicaniCooupiulvcaamentvcanO- neers eee 1557
Order Galliformes—Fowls.
Family Phasianide—Pheasants.
The Mongolian Pheasant, Phasianus torquatus.............. 1567
Family Perdicide—Partridges, Francolins, Quails.
RhrewMlountamiOuailswOxconiyarpicta eee 1570
The Valley Quails, Lophoriyx califormica..................- 1575
Dhe Desert! Ouailk Lophorincwcambeld. i fa eee 1586
Family Tetraonide—Grouse.
The Dusky Grouse, Dendragapus obscurus.................. 1589
The Oregon Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus sabini.......... 1596
The Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse, Pediecetes phasianellus
COVLIMULG MUSH ty eR ea EE Ee 1599
The Sage-Grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus................ 1602
Order Falconiformes—Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, Vultures.
Family Falconide—Falcons, Merlins, Kestrels, etc.
The Prairie Paleon, Falco mexicanus.....:.......-......... 1608
The Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus anatum............. 1622
iihitesRiceon hawks Halcorcolumbariuss a ae oe eee 1630
The American Kestrel, Cerchneis sparverius sparverius....... 1636
The Audubon Caracara, Polyborus cheritway auduboni........ 1643
Family Pandionide—Ospreys.
The Osprey, Pandion haliaétus carolinensis................. 1644
PAGE
Family Milvide—Kites.
The White-tailed Kite, Elanus axillaris majusculus.......... 1648
Family Buteonide—Hawks, Harriers, Buzzards, Eagles, etc.
The Marsh Hawk, Circus cyaneus hudsonius................ 1652
The Sharp-shinned Hawk, Accipiter velox.................. 1657
dhe Cooper Hawks, Aiccyputer cooper. 5522505555255 see ee 1663
ine Gosvennks,) Aw aWdS. oN, c bab setscesacdosecsoaaeo- 1668
The Harris Hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi. Dae ae eye nL Oi//2,
The Western Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo borealis calurus. Hic ant eid. 1674
The Red-bellied Hawk, Buteo lineatus elegans................ 1683
The Zone-tailed Hawk, Buteo abbreviatus................... 1687
thes Swainsom law. Bite o) SWwatnSON ccs ne ee 1689
The American Rough-leg, Buteo lagopus sancti-johannis...... 1696
The Ferruginous Rough-leg, Buteo ferrugineus.............. 1698
The Golden Eagle, Aquzla chrysaétos. : pea ee ON
The Southern Bald Eagle, Halicetus leucocephalus leuco-
COD NGL USE Mr Cen Cae SP nh Rena ee Te eS I7I1
Family Cathartidea—American Vultures.
The California Condor, Gymnogyps californianus............ 1717
The Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura septentrionalis.......... 1736
Order Anseres—Ducks, Geese, Swans.
Family Anatide—Ducks, Geese, Swans.
The American Merganser, Mergus merganser americanus..... 1743
The Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator.............. 1747
The Hooded Merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus.............. 1749
iihesMiallardAmasiboschas ee ta aise ere reese 1751
Nes BEGIN ALOIS (Hees {ootsucdessvbeasoeuedsoaee 1757
The Gadwall, Chaulelasmus streperus...................- 758
The European Widgeon, Mareca penelope.................. 1761
iheyBaldpate, Marecw americana pape ee 1761
ihessuropean Neal Netttomecneccanm ers tae reer eee 1766
The Green-winged Teal, Nettion carolinense................ 1767
The Blue-winged Teal, Querquedula discors................. 1769
The Cinnamon Teal, Querquedula cyanoptera cyanoptera...... 1772
therShovellen Ss patulachypeatar ry a pee ee aes 1778
heseintal Vatlovacuiatziizinod ena ee ce ae 1784
Mine WooGl IDNOhs, Ale GROWS. bo coon bsouereoonsacdosopocce 1796
390
ithesRedheadse Wianil atanenvcanar nee ee 1800
Mine Cammassonc<, Worle) WHPSHBCHBs cosccsccbescersocbocc 1803
iheiGreater Scaup) Duck, Manila manila s-+....5+-5-5 05: 1807
The Lesser Scaup Duck, Marila affinis..................... 1810
ithesRing-neckedsDuckwViarlarcollarissene 5 ene eee 1812
The American Golden-eye, Glaucionetta clangula americana.. 1814
The Barrow Golden-eye, Glaucitonetta islandica.............. 1817
The Buffle-head, Charitonetita albeola....................... 1819
MierOldeSquawaGlanculanhyentalishamem acc ie eee 1822
The Harlequin Duck, Histrionicus histrionicus.............. 1825
itherkine Biden, Somaterva spectabiles: ae eee 1828
The American Scoter, Oidemia nigra americana............. 1830
The White-winged Scoter, Melanitta fusca dixont............ 1831
The Surf Scoter, Melanitta perspicillata.... 5. 1835
ihesRuddy Duck sersmatunayamatcensiss 4 see ae 1840
The Lesser Snow Goose, Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus....... 1845
Wing Bilis Eooss, Caan C@WACGIS =o ccccvoodaeckpoduscadnsce 1849
Wine IROESS Sion (GOOss, (CUAD TOSS sos 500 680% bsesese0esunone 1850
The White-fronted Geese, Anser albifrons.................. 1853
dhe Canada Geese »Brantacanadensts. 44-5. - 34 ane eee 1858
Wine Bem, IBOOK OAAHEOID. socsccnecececsgsonssosndoavave 1869
ihe Himperon Goose, Phidlactecanagicdws. 4) sce 1872
The Black-bellied Tree Duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis....... 1875
The Fulvous Tree Duck, Dendrocygna bicolor............... 1876
The Whistling Swan, Olor columbianus..................... 1882
ithemirum~peter Swanky Olowibuccinatoe ee ee oe ae LloSO
Order Herodiones—Herons, Storks, Bitterns, Ibises, etc.
Family Ardeide—Herons, Egrets, Bitterns, Nos. 382-389.
(ihe Creat BluesHeronsw Ardea henodvases. 5 oe ee 1888
The American Egret, Casmerodias egretta................... 1896
AM Srvonway leat, JAAN PONG: UPOWD. 556505000 es 50006045 IQOI
The Louisiana Heron, Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis.......... 1906
The Anthony Green Heron, Butorides virescens anthonyt...... 1907
The Black-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax nycticorax nevius 1910
The American Bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus................ 1916
ihe Least Bittern), Iobrychws extlas extlis. 0... 1920
Family Ciconide—Storks, Adjutants, Wood Ibises, etc.
The Wood Ibis, Mycterta americana.......................- 1922
400
PAGE
Family [bidide—lbises, No. 391.
The White-faced Glossy Ibis, Plegadis guarauna............ 1924
Family Plataleide—Spoonbills, No. 392.
siheposeate Spoon-billeAvajaajaja. eee 1932
Order Staganopodes—Cormorants, Boobies, Pelicans, etc.
Family Phaethontide—Tropic-birds.
The Red-billed Tropic-bird, Phaéthon ethereus.............. 1933
Family Anhingide—Darters, No. 394.
ihe Water diurkey, Anhingaranhivegn ey oe eee 1935
Family Phalacrocoracide—Shags, or Cormorants.
The Farallon Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus... 1937
The Brandt Cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus.......... 1948
The Baird Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens.... 1956
Family Pelicanide— Pelicans.
The White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos............... 1961
The California Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis calt-
NO PUG aoe a Mics ee ol aimee he aitin Bes biguaraiente o Wiies CARE G'S eae 1970
Family Fregatide—Man-o’-war-birds.
The Pacific Man-o’-war-bird, Fregata minor palmerstoni..... 1982
Order Procellariiformes—Petrel-like Birds.
Family Diomediid@e—Albatrosses.
The Black-footed Albatross, Diomedea nigripes............. 1984
The Short-tailed Albatross, Diomedea albatrus.............. 1989
Family Procellaritide—Petrels, Shearwaters, etc.
sbheghulimans yi ulnaresnolacvala sen san coe seis. 4 cree area eee 1992
MhevRintadosRetrel Da pivonsca pensem ewe ere ee eee: 1995
The Pink-footed Shearwater, Puffinus creatopus............. 1996
The Black-vented Shearwater, Puffinus opisthomelas......... 1998
The Dark-bodied Shearwater, Puffinus griseus.............. 2001
The Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus carnetpes............ 2005
The Slender-billed Shearwater, Puffinus tenutrostris.......... 2006
The New Zealand Shearwater, Puffiinus bullert.............. 2008
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
The Black-tailed Shearwater, Priofinus cinereus.............
The Fork-tailed Petrel, Oceanodroma furcata................
The Leach Petrels, Oceanodroma leucorhoa..................
The Coues Petrel, Oceanodroma homochroa.................
The Black Petrel, Oceanodroma melania....................
sheaWailsonweetnelOccanitesyoccanicus aes
Order Gaviae—Loons, Divers.
Family Gaviide—Loons.
sihexCommonweoonmGauralininierjane a eee
sihesrachte Woon Gauavarchicapaciican 5 ae eee
‘themved=throaredweoons Gautausicllat@ans t= 4s 4 an eee eee
Order Podicipedes—Grebes.
Family Podicipedide—Grebes.
The Western Grebe, 4chmophorus occidentalis..............
The Holbeell Grebe, Colymbus grisegena holbelli.............
AUlne Islosneal Cielo, COWBWOOS COWS. 6.cccdcabesssenboouds
The American Eared Grebe, Colymbus nigricollis californicus. .
The Pied-billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps................
XI
neni
ty
List of Full-page Plates
FACING PAGE
Moun mAINE Outen (Colorplate) mae eee en ee Frontispiece
CATTRORNTAY BENG Kalani (Colors plate) sae ne ee 1552
NEST AND EGGs oF FLORIDA GALLINULE (Photogravure).......... 1556
VArEEva@ wan (Color plate) emer ters eer ee arr ne ee 1574
WALL, QUAIL, MoAILiss Aue INfaeie (IDG OMS). 5. 2coeos4cceesensce 1576
UNDERETHE MCE MONG REED (DU OtOne) sein eines ers ener 1578
N/A VALLE Owame, (DMOwOMe)s.o.4eoesvc0cbvnaoveesuecsweases 1584
DESH Rag Owain (Colors plate) pare ser ee ea eee es es ee Ce 1586
N/14 DESERT QUAIL IN OLD THRASHER Nest (Duotone).......... 1588
Iasi a oun 1ROKeK< (ID INGLEOIHVS a2 wy ol ote apis aetee ols tnisiie ns te Fema oto: 1590
Pirin InAcon (Coloeta)). ..sscedcdn we dessacGeecdsbatedact 1608
ROMNAZORMNOCKSN(DUOCOME) ety ts cae eee neg ee er 1616
NESTING SITE OF PRAIRIE FALCON (Photogravure)............... 1622
NEST AND EGGs OF PEREGRINE FALCON (Duotone)............... 1628
MPR CANSIM STRRELs (Color-plate) pearls aa ara ener 1640
Wirt TATE DEkemmrs(Color-plate) pws ares = oe 1648
AMERTCANG GOSHAWKe (Colorplate) naan mene ie eee ee 1668
A\ IDBsior@® OASIS (IDUOGHOME).c.ccccevecadoveocscvdc dads coesanees 1674
Nest oF BALD EAGLE ON SEA C.iFF (Photogravure)............. 1714
(CA TRORINWA CONMDOIRS (IDINGHOINS)o4sacccccuscccccecousonsooceave 1724
MATTARD SAN DEIN mAnniss (Color plate) pene ae ee re ae 1750
PORTRAIT OF GREEN-WINGED TEAL, FEMALE (Duotone)........... 1766
GiINNANIONSI EAT (Colorplate)paee ri ee nme eer ee 1772
BEHUNDEDHE SCREENA(DMOtOne) bya aee ee ee ate a eee 1778
SHOVEEEPRS Be RISING ENE VIASSENODUMOtone) amen aes ne 9 ee 1782
Pram, IDWS (Collomples)..6 1.65 Gakbesesoavesescencsnscaes 1784
NUAS SI ETGHMORSEIN TATE Ss (DUOtOme ier inees riya ee oe 1788
ANG ORDERING GHi Oh SERIGSE(DMOtOne) sasnar eile ence ree 1794
Woops DucK(Color-plate) ie. son eee ney eee eee nee 1796
Ny MOPAMPRICAN REDHEAD (bhotostayune beeen ieee ieee 1800
IEESSDRESCAWIP Sn CD MOLOME) tae war reine a statae coil eee ee ne Roe 1810
ININGSNE Cke DUCK (Color plate) eer See ere ne eae 1812
BARROWESIGOLDEN-EME.(Colorplate) een jae nage eee 1816
BUBPEEHBDADN (Color plate) en mere m ee wieder oe 1818
RARE OUINE DUCK (Colorplatc) meee nein ane ee 1826
Nw IDEGES, MAE Anno JawiNce (Dmotom)...245¢06deecn0cse- 1840
‘Theis Sipamrsie ID Wer (IDMOWONS),coscasceeseesecensoceccancadose 1844
FACING PAGE
rE AVE PRONRED) GEESE) (Color-plate)en- en aan ae orneee 1852
RULVOUSMEREDEDUCKa(Color-plate) ices leis eer eee 1876
NEST AND EGGs oF FuLvous TREE Duck (Color-plate)........... 1880
CREATE BLUR EEROND (photogravune ane ee ee ee ee 1888
AN DHONNES) GREENSEERON) (Color-plate)).. 9545-08 cer eee 1906
N/o ANTHONY GREEN HERON (Duotone)....................-..- 1908
PURINE VO IRM DUO LOME) hy fits eco w cco cee eal ere erat ee 1910
FUUMORESOUEN(DMOtOne) Renae cs ce ie eer ie ae 1914
VIED USA CDT OLOME) hate ey rere usec ee tee ae ee name a See ame a IQ16
A TUT-ANKH-AMEN FRIEZE (Photogravure)..................-... 1924
IGXCATPAISINN KONE (CID INGNAOLOXS nic Sigh was Ry Galan Pade dee clo deae pees 1926
EF CVPITIENINEL (DUOONE) Meta mince ceee in ace ei ee ee ea 1930
FARALLON CORMORANTS, ADULT AND YOUNG (Duotone)........... 1936
A TREE-TOP COLONY OF FARALLON CORMORANTS (Duotone)....... 192
AD RIOLORSHAGS INEST Ss (DUOtOMe) he eels sent awe area rete 1946
BREASENG DHE BREEZE (DWOtOMe)y 408 catenins is een ice: 1960
“WHERE ALPH, THE SACRED RIVER, RAN” (Photogravure)......... 1970
IMPENDING «RAGED Va (DUOTONEe) panei ciate ce one oe area 1974
AUG RAVE. SUB E Cia (DMOtOIE) pee eee cic oe earns ee teed years ec 1978
APAKINGIORPN (OD WOtOMe) arene eet eee ee 1980
BLACK-VENTED SHEARWATER (Color-plate)...............+...-5- 1998
ISIDAIG SG IPAMRIDIO, Oy INiaeann(ID UKE OWKS) a, ..koeaneoe nee eaoes ene cuan 2014
OunoOMIHE DEPTS (pe hotograyune) ere sein dese cyan eee 2040
AMERICAN EARED GREBE (Color-plate).......2....2..:..-+/:.-: 2050
N/ OU AREDIGREBE(DUOtOne) ae ciate stn ere a ae een ae ee 2054
CONTDEMPORARYS ANCESTORSE(DUOtOME) mek vee eee eee ee 2056
XIV
The Birds of California
Vol. IV
Description of Species Nos. 308—424
The California Black Rail
No. 308
California Black Rail
A. O. U. No. 216.1. Creciscus jamaicensis coturniculus Ridgway.
Synonyms.—Paciric Black RaIL. FARALLON RaiIL. FARALLON BLACK RAIL.
LittLE BLaAck Ral_.
Description.—Adult: Head, breast, and upper belly blackish slate, changing
to purer black on sides of head and on crown; a broad patch of rich chestnut on cervix;
remaining plumage brownish black, on belly and flanks indistinctly barred with white,
on back and wings sharply spotted with white and faintly washed with chestnut;
border of wing white. Bill black; feet brownish. IJmmature: Like adult, but duller;
paler below centrally, chin and throat whitish. Length 127-152.4 (5.00-6.00); av. of
10 Berkeley specimens (skins): length 136 (5.36); wing 65.9 (2.59); bill 14 (.55); tarsus
21 (.827).
Recognition Marks.—Warbler size but appearing sparrow size; an incorrigible
skulker in marshes; slaty black plumage distinctive.
Nesting.— Nest: In salt marsh, a shallow platform of broken salicornia stalks
placed on ground and more or less concealed by overarching plants. Eggs: 4 to 8;
elliptical ovate, white or pinkish white, finely but sparingly sprinkled and spotted with
reddish brown (walnut-brown to mikado brown) and vinaceous gray. Av. size of 14
specimens in the M. C. O. coll.: 24.5 x 18.5 (.965 x .73); index 75.8. Season: March
20-April 10; one brood.
Range of Creciscus jamaicensis—The United States and southern Ontario,
breeding in fresh water marshes easterly and in coastal marshes westerly; winters in
California and the Gulf States south to Jamaica and Guatemala.
Range of C. j. coturniculus.—Pacific Coast of the United States from Puget Sound
to Lower California. Only known breeding station salt marshes near National City,
California.
Distribution in California.—Probably of general occurrence both in fresh and
salt-water marshes during migrations. Common or sporadically abundant (as re-
vealed by high tides) in the salt marshes tributary to San Francisco Bay and in Tomales
Bay. Casual on the Farallons (2 records). The breeding grounds tributary to San
Diego Bay are the only ones so far exploited.
Authorities.—Cooper (Porzana jamaicensis), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. iv.,
1868, p. 8 (Martinez and Alameda); Ridgway, Am. Nat., vol. viii., 1874, p. I11 (orig.
desc. of Porzana jamaicensis var. coturniculus, type locality, Farallon Ids.) ; Ingersoll,
Condor, vol. xi., 1909, p. 123, figs. (San Diego Bay; nesting habits, photos of nest and
eggs, etc.); Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. no. 128, 1914, p. 35, map (distr.); Grinnell,
Bryant and Storer, Game Birds Calif., 1918, p. 304 (desc. occurrence, habits).
ABSOLUTE size, whether of birds or bales, is a matter for mathe-
maticians and stevedores—it is all in the day’s work; but relative size is a
matter for poets and rhapsodists, and children withal,—a thing to fire
the imagination and feed the fancy. Your Black Rail is as big as a Song
Sparrow—nearly; but he comes of a race that is due to be as big as a dove
1549
The California Black Rail
or a chicken, a race that has, moreover, furnished giants, such as the
Notornis or ‘‘Moho,” of New Zealand, which has a body two feet long.
So the sparrow-sized body of Coturniculus proclaims it a pygmy among its
kind and arouses our interest at once. Now dye the bird the color of
swamp muck, and set it to playing hide-and-seek in a situation where it
has every advantage of obscurity, and you have issued an ornithological
challenge whose piquancy is felt by every amateur and fought for by every
professional. Although the bird is probably to be found at some season
of the year in every considerable tidal marsh in the Pacific Coast States,
and may occur extensively inland, every record of the occurrence of the
California Black Rail outside of San Diego is eagerly scanned; and those
who have even seen the bird in life are a small and select company.
The comings and goings of a Black Rail are as obscure as those of a
meadow mouse. One’s chances of seeing it casually are about as good as
those of picking up a lost coin of a specified denomination. The writer,
who has seen something of swamp life, has glimpsed only two in his ex-
perience, one straggling across a country road at dusk, the other flushing
sharply from his feet in the Estero at Santa Barbara—only to be lost a
moment later, and forever, when it plumped into the salicornia a dozen
feet away. Only in the special circumstance of high tides may one hope
to see the bird in numbers, and these are manifestly unlawful occasions,
like a shipwreck or a hotel fire at night.
Coturniculus broke into print when, in 1874, Ridgway described a
bird, a waif picked up on the Farallon Islands, as Porzana jamaicensis
var. coturniculus Baird [MS]. From this circumstance it was long known
as the Farallon Rail, even after mainland records began to appear. Dr.
Brewster, of Boston, ever alert in matters of Californian ornithology,
reviewed, in 1907,! the evidences of distribution and relationship presented
by twenty-six skins, of which twenty-two had been collected by Mr. C. A.
Allen at Point Reyes, October 24th to November 26th, 1897—evidently
under the circumstances of high tide already mentioned. Mr. J. H.
Bowles established ‘“‘farthest north,’’ November roth, 1910, by taking
three specimens near Tacoma, Washington (unless we accept the affirm a-
tion of Mr. J. W. Merritt, of Spokane, that he had shot the Black Rail
near Sprague, Washington, and had seen it ‘“‘repeatedly’’ thereabouts).
A recent report? of an injured bird picked up on the street at San Bernar-
dino confirms our belief that the California Black Rail is at least partially
migratory, and that its movements are not confined to the coastal marshes.
To the odlogists of San Diego, however, belongs the chief credit
for having brought the ways of the California Black Rail to light.
DSI
1 Auk, Vol. XXIV., April, 1907, pp. 205-210.
2? Mr. Edward Wall in Condor, Vol. XXI., Nov. 1919, p. 238.
I550
The California Black Rail
Mr. Frank Stephens, writing in March, 1909,! credits ‘‘alad”’ with having
obtained a deep insight into the nesting habits of C. j. coturniculus in the
extensive stretches of salicornia just south of San Diego. The veteran
odlogist, A. M. Ingersoll, evidently relying in part upon the experience of
this same “‘lad,”’ reports? the outcome of four seasons’ intensive work in
the marshes between National City and Chula Vista. Lastly, Laurence
Taken in San Diego Photo by L. Huey and D. R. Dickey
PACIFIC BLACK RAIL IN CAPTIVITY
TWO VIEWS OF THE SAME BIRD
M. Huey, working partly with and for Mr. Donald R. Dickey, confirms
the essential conclusions of previous workers and adds much lively infor-
mation of his own.?
All unite in testifying to the extreme difficulty of coming upon nests
of the California Black Rail. Ingersoll made twenty-five special collecting
trips to the colony to secure one bird and three sets of eggs. The nameless
“lad” thought he was lucky if he found a nest in half-a-day’s steady search.
Huey has spent hours and even days on the rail marshes. Nests are
hidden in the depths of the salicornia (Salicornia ambigua, a fleshy-leaved
plant which grows to a height of a foot or two), and the heavy foliage had
to be searched inch by inch, either by a deft swing of the foot or else on
1 The Condor, Vol. XI., March, 1909, pp. 47-49.
2? The Condor, Vol. XI., July, 1909, pp. 123-127.
3 Reported in the Condor, Vol. XVIII., March, 1916, pp. 59-62.
T551
The California Black Rail
hands and knees. In this way an area never larger than a hundred acres
was scrutinized season by season.
The nests proper, cushions of broken bits of salicornia, are either
placed on the ground or else on convenient shelves of matted vegetation.
The eggs are invariably concealed from above by overarching foliage.
Only rarely is a bird flushed under such circumstances, since she has a
hundred chances to escape by stealth. With the slightest suspicion of
interference, the bird deserts, and is indeed so sensitive that the mere
passage of a stranger causes her to lose interest in her charge forthwith.
Partially built nests and incomplete clutches, therefore, outnumber full
sets several to one.
No Black Rail appears to have been detected at rest upon a nest,
and actual observation of the bird’s habits seems to be limited to those
rare occasions, usually measured in seconds, when the bird will lift itself
a foot or so above the salicornia, and straggle off a rod or so with dangling
Taken in San Diego Photo by Donald R. Dickey
NEST AND EGGS OF PACIFIC BLACK RAIL
1552
ae
cs
&
Yas Cotlfewnta Black Rail
Howes saw knees. In this way an area never larger than a hundred acres
es a Stiteined season by season.
‘TSe ests proper, cushions of broken hits of salicornia, are either
placed oa the ground or else on convenient shelves of matted vegetation.
The eggs are invariably concealed from abeve by overarching foliage.
Only rarely is a bird flushed under such circumstances, since she has a
hundred charees to esoupe by stealth, With the slightest suspicion of
interference, (he bird deserts, and is indeed so sensitive that the mere
passage of a stranger causes her to lose interest m her charge forthwith.
Partially built nests and incomplete clutches, therefore, outnumber full
sets several to one,
No Black Rail apeears te have been detected at rest upon a nest,
and actual observation of the tsied’s habits seems ta be liniited to ‘those
fare occasions, usually me in secamds, when the bird walt Ott itself
a fect iv eo alsove the salicornia, and stragwle of 3 rx? of so with dangling
The California Black Rail
feet. On occasions still rarer the birds have made sustained flights, as
though to quit the locality outright; but almost as usually they have
changed their minds midair, and come straggling back to disappear some-
where near the home premises.
Sad evidence the searchers have found of the heavy odds against which
this tiny rail does seasonal battle. An ‘“‘unusually” high tide, which by
the way usually occurs in the springtime, will sweep the colony clean, and
leave the eggs to settle as random flotsam. As a consequence, waif eggs,
or ‘‘floaters,’’ are a commonplace of odlogical experience. The unusually
durable quality of these eggs has been observed, insomuch that many of
these floating treasures are known to have been the product of the pre-
vious season. The effect upon the unformed, or unguarded, conscience,
of this tempting array of potential building material for “‘composite”’ sets,
had best be left to the imagination. With definite exception of these gen-
tlemen whose names have been cited, it is still, unfortunately, true that
composite sets from this classical locality have been widely circulated.
Perhaps a word of caution upon this point may not be amiss, for
there have been unwitting offenders. The conclusions of science, any
science, must be based upon an array of exactly known facts. The validity
of a conclusion must depend upon the integrity of the evidence. In a
science, such as that of comparative odlogy, where the integrity of the
facts must depend chiefly upon human testimony, honesty is everything.
Without it investigation is at a standstill. Science suffers and the com-
munity is cheated of its rights. You can deceive a scientist by a false
statement of facts, just as you can deceive the fire department as to the
existence of a fire; but when you do, and whether you are caught at it or
not, it is the community—your neighbors and friends—which has to foot
the bill. Now the placing together of eggs which do not belong together,
and calling them a “‘set,’’ may not be as harmful in its immediate effects
as a false alarm for the fire department, but it is just as truly cheating.
For our understanding of life processes it is just as necessary to know the
parentage of an egg as it is in human society to know the authenticity
of an heir presumptive.
We have spoken of the nesting of the California Black Rail in the
past tense and with a certain detachedness—the classical colony near
San Diego was wiped out of existence by the flood of 1916, and no candi-
date has yet arisen to take its place.
N
1
1
8)
The Florida Gallinule
No. 309
Florida Gallinule
A. O. U. No. 219. Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein).
Synonyms.—MupD-HEN (confused with the Coot). RED-BILLED MUD-HEN.
AMERICAN GALLINULE.
Description.—Adult: |General color blackish slate, darkening, pure black, on
head and neck and on crissum, centrally; extensively white on middle of belly; length-
ened flank-feathers boldly blotched with white; and lateral under tail-coverts definitely
and showily pure white; back and wings heavily overlaid with deep olive-brown; edge
of wing white, and bluish dusky feathers in lining of wing tipped with white. Frontal
shield and base of bill red, the latter tipped with yellow; exposed tibia reddish, tarsus
and toes greenish, changing to blue on the joints; irides red or reddish brown. Imma-
ture birds are duller, especially on the bill and feet, and extensively white below, with
frontal shield more or less undeveloped. Downy young are black, with sprinkling of
silvery filaments on chin. Length of adult 304.8-355.6 (12.00-14.00); wing about 177.8
(7.00) ; tail 76.2 (3.00); bill with frontal shield 44.5 (1.75); tarsus 57.2 (2.25).
Recognition Marks.—Teal size; dark slaty coloration distinctive for all but
Fulica americana, from which it is distinguished by bill extensively red and by brighter,
purer red of frontal shield, by its somewhat smaller size, and by its more retiring habits.
Nesting.— Nest: A well constructed basket of cattail leaves or sedges built up
out of water or placed on broken-down rushes from one to three feet above water of
swamp—in any case provided with runway leading down to open water. Eggs: 6 to
10, 13 of record; ovate or elongate ovate, yellowish olive-buff, cartridge-buff, or pale
dull pinkish clay-color, spotted or blotched rather sparingly with rich chocolate, which
is sometimes smeared or ‘‘self-toned,’’ and occasionally with vinaceous gray under-shell
markings. Av. size 44 x 31 (1.73 x 1.22); index 70.4. Season: May—June; one brood.
General Range.—Warm temperate and tropical America. Breeds from central
California, Nebraska, Minnesota, Ontario, and Vermont south through the West Indies
and Mexico to Argentina and Chile. Winters from southern California, Georgia, and
the Gulf Coast southward.
Distribution in California.—Fairly common summer resident in southern
portion of State west of the desert divides and north to Santa Barbara. Found also in
the San Joaquin-Sacramento Valleys north to Sutter County (Belding). Winters very
sparingly, possibly throughout its breeding range.
Authorities.—Newberry (Gallinula galeata), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. vi.,
1857, p. 96 (San Francisco); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 33 (s. Calif.;
nesting dates); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, vol. v., 1915, p. 96 (syst.; N. Am.
form described: Gallinula galeata cachinnans).
IT IS a common misfortune of men to be overshadowed by the pres-
ence of others neither more deserving nor more clever, but only a little
more self-assertive. A similar misfortune has befallen the Florida Galli-
nule. The accident of association, together with the still greater accident
of similarity to the multitudinous ‘“‘Mud-hen,”’ has completely obscured
this bird’s claim to public recognition. Even in those regions where both
T554
The Florida Gallinule
are common, the lakes and marshes of southern California and the San
Joaquin Valley, the Coots outnumber the Gallinules twenty to one. As
a result, the really more distinguished and gallant Florida Gallinule is,
in California at least, a tradition observed only by birdmen,—the author,
or authoress, of certain eggs found in swamps, meekly accepted and no
questions asked.
Gallinula—iiterally little hen—is in appearance a sort of connecting
link between ducks and chickens, but in habit she is an aquatic rail.
On the one hand, she swims freely and dives readily to escape a pursuer.
If undisturbed, she moves upon the surface of the water rather daintily,
nodding the head and perking the tail with each stroke as if she were work-
ing her passage. When under water the bird makes all speed for shelter,
where, if sore pressed, she is said to cling to the submerged stems of water-
plants, allowing only the nostrils to protrude for air. On the other hand,
the water-hen scuttles over the surface of submerged vegetation, or threads
the reeds with amazing alacrity, or else ranges the grass on the dry borders
of the swamps.
But a bird, like a woman, deserves to be praised by a sincere admirer.
The description of the lowly fowl left us by Dr. Brewster! will not soon
be surpassed; for he wrote under the inspiration of first discovery. A
few of his paragraphs are obligatory.
‘Sometimes one appeared, sometimes the other, but the male the
more frequently. He was a truly beautiful creature. With the exception
of the yellow tip, his bill was scarlet, and this color extended back over a
broad frontal shield which at a little distance looked like the red comb of a
laying hen. At every movement of the head this brilliant color flashed
like a flame. When he swam in under the bushes it glowed in the dense
shade like a living coal, appearing and disappearing as he turned toward
or from us, and often catching the eye when all other trace of him was lost.
In the sunlight his breast appeared to be of a rich bluish plum color, at
other times slaty. The legs were greenish yellow, the head black, the neck
nearly so, the wings and back cinnamon or reddish brown.
“His manner of swimming and of feeding from the surface of the water
was very like that of a Coot.. He sat high and accompanied the strokes
of the feet with a forward-and-backward nodding motion of the head and
neck, accentuated at times as he reached out to seize some tempting mor-
sel. On land he walked like a Rail, threading his way deftly among the
stems of the bushes and tall rushes, stepping daintily, lifting and putting
down his feet slowly, and almost incessantly jerking up his tail with a
quick, nervous motion which caused the under coverts to flash like the
1Auk, Vol. VIII., Jan. 1891, pp. 1-7; ‘‘A Study of Florida Gallinules with Some Notes of a Nest Found at
Cambridge, Massachusetts’ by William Brewster.
The Florida Gallinule
sudden flirt of a handkerchief. As he picked his food from the vegetation
at his feet, the head and neck were shot forward and downward at inter-
vals of about a second with a peculiarly vivid, eager motion. His manner
of walking and feeding also suggested that of the Guinea-hen, the body
being carried low and in a crouching attitude, while the movements of the
head partook of that furtive swiftness which is so characteristic of this
barnyard fowl.
“Our Gallinule at most times, whether in action or repose, was a bird
of slender shape and graceful outline, his carriage light yet firm, the play
of the body lithe and strong. While preening his feathers, however, his
attitude was often stiff and awkward, and the ruffling of his plumage made
him appear nearly as portly as a duck. Again, the motion of flight was
ludicrously awkward and uncouth. When, frightened by a glimpse of us
through the flags, he rose and flew with legs hanging down, wing-beats
feeble and labored, the whole bearing was indicative of strain and ‘ex-
haustion, which received an added emphasis from the abrupt reckless
drop into the bushes which ended the flight.”’
Although more or less associated with the Coots, the Gallinules keep
much more to the shelter of the reeds, and they are much more difficult to
flush. Their presence in the swamp is betrayed at nesting time by a suc-
cession of varied and animated notes which now resemble the Coot’s, and
now differ sharply from them. A common frog-like outburst, kup or bup,
I cannot certainly distinguish from the Coot’s note of disturbance. An
amorous note of the male is decidedly rail-like, crepitant, to be exact,
tick’ et—tick' et—tick'et—tick'et. For the rest, one must appeal again to Dr.
Brewster, who had the advantage of studying isolated pairs: ‘‘Sometimes
they gave four or five loud harsh screams, very like those of a hen in the
clutches of a Hawk—only slower and at longer intervals; sometimes a
series of sounds closely resembling those made by a brooding hen when dis-
turbed, but louder and sharper. Then would succeed a number of queru-
lous, complaining cries, intermingled with subdued clucking. Again I
heard something which sounded like this: kr-r-r-r, kruc-kruc, krar-r,
kh-kh-kh-kh-kea-kea, delivered rapidly and falling in pitch toward
the end.”
Gallinules allow themselves an even greater latitude than Coots in
the choice of nesting sites, save that they do not often nest in open water
nor in exposed situations. The nest itself is a shallow basket of coarse
dried grasses or cat-tail leaves, bedded in broken-down reeds or else built
up on floating vegetation. I have seen nests as high as two feet above the
water, and others which were veritable arks of bulrushes supported by the
water itself. Occasionally these structures ride the water so freely that
they will rise with the flood; but usually their dependence upon surround-
1550
Px
igen fire ofa handkerchief. As he picked his food from the vegeta tion
at his feet, the head and neck were shot forward and downward at inter,
wals of about a second with a peculiarly vivid, eager motion, His manner
of penne and feeding also suggeste ed that of the Guinea-hen, the body —
rried low and in a crouching attitude, w hile the movements of the
head pe nek ot that furtive, swiftness which is 89 characteris Hic of this.
wilirigke at west times, w agg in action or repose. ~ bird
a d gracetial outhine, his carriage hehe | yet iia a
5 W bs preening his fe
e & TET t
The American Coot
ing reed stems is so close that they would be overwhelmed by a rise in the
water. Mr. Verdi Burtch reports! a pair of Gallinules which built up
their nest when thus threatened, and elevated the eggs ten inches in a
single day.
Eggs to the number of six or eight, rarely more, are deposited in this
basket, and incubation may begin before the complement is reached. The
eggs, both in shape and coloring, proclaim their affinities with the Rail.
Although lusterless when fresh, and averaging perhaps a little more richly
spotted, liver-brown on a background of cartridge-buff, the eggs can be
almost exactly duplicated by those of the King Rail (Rallus elegans) or
California Clapper Rail (R. obsoletus). Now and then one comes upon
Coots’ eggs which have liver-brown markings instead of blackish, but those
of the Gallinule are much larger, and the texture of the shell is coarser.
A brood of Gallinule chicks—tiny black fellows with funny szlver
whiskers—are fully as cunning as any raised on shore. Indeed, I do not
know of a more heartening sight in nature than the maternal tenderness of
a mother Gallinule, with her wise cluckings and her graceful bobbings,
attended by the earnest obedience of these tiny bobbers and patterers.
The little fellows will peep lustily if but a weed-stem separates them from
their fond parent; and, indeed, how otherwise could they subsist in this
place which looks to them like a trackless Amazonia of gigantic forests!
No. 310
American Coot
A. O. U. No. 221. Fulica americana Gmelin.
Synonyms.—MupD-HEN. WATER-HEN. CROW-DUCK. POUL D’EAU. IvorRyY-
BILLED Coot.
Description.—Adult: General color blackish slate, bluer-tinted above, browner-
tinted below; head and neck pure black; lower scapulars and interscapulars tinged with
olive-green; edge of wing, exterior margin of first primary, tips of secondaries, and lateral
and posterior under tail-coverts white. Bill ivory-white, a dark brown spot near the
tip of each mandible; frontal shield brownish red; tarsi and feet greenish; toes margined
by scalloped flaps. Adult in winter: Plumage lightened below by whitish tips of
feathers; frontal shield reduced in size. Jmmature: Similar but more extensively
tipped with whitish; frontal shield still further reduced; red spots on bill wanting; bill
obscure flesh-color or with olive tinge. Downy young: Nearly bald on crown; general
color slaty black; head and neck decorated with orange-colored bristly filaments;
remaining upperparts with similar but paler filaments. Bill orange-red, narrowly
tipped with black. Length about 381 (15.00); wing 186.7 (7.35); tail 55.9 (2.20); bill
(including frontal shield) 44.5 (1.75); tarsus 53.3 (2.10); middle toe and claw 78.7
(3.10).
1 Auk, Vol. XXXIV., July, 1917, p. 319.
L55/
The American Coot
Recognition Marks.—Crow size, to appearance; substantially uniform colora -
tion (slaty black); white bill; lobate feet; known from preceding species by somewhat
larger size; bill not red and red of frontal shield more brownish.
Nesting.— Nest: A bulky mass of tules, cattail-leaves, or fresh-cut sedges,
moored in shallow water, or built up on damp ground, or else more or less supported
and concealed by growths in deeper water. Eggs: 6-15, 16 of record; ovate or elongate
ovate, dull yellowish buff or yellowish olive-buff, finely, sharply, and uniformly sprinkled
with deep purplish red or seal-brown, appearing blackish. Av. size 49.5 x 33 (1.95 x 1.30);
index 66.6. Season: April 15-June 15 (July at higher altitudes); one or two broods.
General Range.—Chiefly North America. ‘‘Breeds from central British Colum-
bia, southern Mackenzie, Manitoba, Quebec, and New Brunswick, south to northern
Lower California, Texas, Tennessee, and New Jersey, and also in southern Mexico,
southern West Indies, and Guatemala; winters from southern British Columbia, Nevada,
Utah, the Ohio Valley, and Virginia, south to Colombia; casual at Ft. Yukon, Alaska,
and in Greenland, Labrador, and Bermuda”’ (A. O. U. Check-List, 3rd Ed.).
Distribution in California.—Abundant resident in suitable localities through-
out the State. The breeding stations in the warmer sections are more or less deserted
at the end of the season, and it is surmised (Grinnell, Bryant and Storer) that an alti-
tudinal migration takes place. The Coot population of southern California is greatly
augmented in winter, and many birds resort to salt water.
Authorities.—Gambel (Fulica americana), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2,
i., 1849, p. 224 (California); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. v., 1908, p. 54 (San
Bernardino Mts.; desc. nests, growth of young, etc.); Tyler, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 9,
1913, p. 23 (San Joaquin Valley; habits, etc.); Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. no. 128,
1914, p. 43, map (distr. and migr.); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Birds Calif., 1918,
p- 313 (desc., occurrence, habits).
WHEN a canvas canoe propelled by a double-bladed paddle grows big
upon the horizon and then brushes noisily against the weedy outpost of
some tule swamp, an ominous hush falls over the scene, a silence broken
only by the rustling of the arum tops. You saw birds from the distance,
but every man Jack of them has fled. The reeds will tell no tales. Pres-
ently a grebe relieves the tension by snorting—that is the word—then
dives suddenly to quench his ill-timed mirth; next a leaden figure steals
from behind a distant clump of reeds and glances this way and that ap-
prehensively. It is only a man in a boat—perhaps—she did want to visit
that snail-bed before the sun got too high. So she advances, not without
many misgiving hitches of the head, across an intervening stretch of bare
water, and disappears behind a screen of reeds. The passage successfully
accomplished, another Mud-hen, and another, ventures forth, the last one
sniffing scornfully over the alleged danger. Confidence restored, the in-
vaded precincts begin to re-echo to their wonted sounds of life, splashing
and noise of pursuit, and mellow notes of several sorts. Only sit quiet and
your stranger presence will soon be accepted as matter of course.
Where unmolested, Mud-hens fill about as large a place in the econ-
omy of a well-conducted swamp as do chickens in a barnyard. Especially
1558
The American Coot
“MID HAUNTS OF COOT AND HERN”
in the breeding season, the sound of their gulp-
ing call, pulque pulque pulque pulque, is the pre-
vailing note of the swamp. These notes are
rendered with the head close to the water, and
seem to afford a prodigious relief to the bird’s
feelings. The Coot, on fatigue duty, is a very
prosy-looking fowl, for the bird ordinarily sits
half submerged, with lowered wings and tail
both sloping into and under the water; but the
Coot on dress parade is a very different-looking
fellow, albeit his uniform is the same. When
the ladies are looking, he sits high in the water;
the wing-tips are pointed obliquely upward;
the tail is held vertically or tilted forward; and
two white patches of feathers, one on each side
of the tail, are flashed into view and carried prominently.
Courtship is largely a matter of pursuit. In this both pursuer and
pursued rise, or only half rise, from the water, with much floundering and
splashing. And they proceed only a rod or two when both fall back ex-
hausted, the female usually well in advance. This is mere gallantry on the
part of the male, and exaggerated pretense on the part of both. When the
male is in earnest, the pursuit is carried on under water as well as above it.
Much time is spent by enamored couples in simply gazing into each other’s
eyes. A pair will face each other, beak to beak, with necks stretched out
full length upon the water, and paddle about for minutes together in fas-
cinated circles. The hinder parts, meanwhile, are carried high like those
of aswan. This v7s-d-vis pose is also a menace on the part of rivals, and is
the inevitable preliminary of any cock fight. In this the birds appear to
depend upon nail more than upon tooth, for they lean back upon the water,
bracing with their wings, behind, and kick at each other most absurdly.
After such an episode, which the female, as likely as not, has interrupted,
L559
The American Coot
all the interested parties float about with ruffled feathers and outstretched
heads laid low, each apparently in a sort of trance of self-satisfaction.
Coots are highly gregarious at all times. Although the necessities of
the nesting season enjoin a somewhat wide dispersal, there is no such thing
as privacy in the Coot’s
affairs. This makes for
loose morals; and_ al-
though some preference
for mates, with a work-
ing partnership, is un-
doubtedly effected, it is
probable that inter-
course is more or less
indiscriminate. This is
evidenced by the readi-
ness with which other
cocks are disposed to
butt in upon any chase
in progress, quite after
Taken near Santa Barbara 2 : Photo by the Author the imate oNOKeNE of the do-
THE FLASH OF WHITE ON THE ieee Seaees IS THE ‘FOLLOW ME” SIGN mestic fowl. :
The copulation of
Coots, a momentary affair at best, is accomplished upon or under the water
and involves at least the complete submersion of the female. Bearing
in mind this fact, as also the pugnacity and the amativeness of the Coot,
which, in the former respect at least, is equal to that of the barnyard fowl,
I believe we have the key to certain strange conduct which has been wit-
nessed upon several occasions in connection with the discovery of a nest.
One of the interested birds, presumably the male, rises upon the water and
treads vigorously in a crouching position, much as a bird would do in
copula. But there is no bird there! Is he not then setting up the ap-
pearance of the act, a little exaggerated perhaps, in order to excite jealous
rage and pursuit, and so of course diverting attention from the imperiled
nest? Viewed from any lofty height this is a ridiculous performance, but
the poor fellow knows only the range of emotions to which he himself
would respond. The female, too, on occasion flashes her sex charms as a
decoy ruse, with such indifferent success that not one observer in a hundred
is aware of what is happening. More sensibly, she splashes vigorously, so
as to distract attention by sheer noise; or else she strikes the water sud-
denly with her feet and makes a startling sound, like the plunge of a
muskrat.
Every one is familar with the shuffling manner in which a Coot rises
7500
The American Coot
from the water, floundering and kicking to get up steam; then lumbering
off at a low height only to splash down again at what it supposes a safe
distance. Under the spell of persecution the birds learn to get up more
nimbly, and once under way, prove to be not ungraceful flyers. In flight
they carry their legs at full length behind them, and seem to use them quite
cleverly as a rudder, to supply the deficiencies of the abbreviated tail.
Whether flying or diving or walking, the mud-hen enjoys a highly
varied diet. While much of its food consists of snails and water bugs and
aquatic larve, it feeds heavily upon water plants and herbage. Upon a
northern lake I watched a flock of mud-hens feeding upon a long-leafed
water plant which grew two or three rods from shore and in some depth
of water, say six or eight feet, and which could be obtained only by diving.
In diving, the Coots leaped upward and turned a half somersault in the air,
quite after the fashion of the grebe, and they brought the leaves to the
surface in dripping beakfuls to be devoured piecemeal. The birds are
Photo by the Author
Taken in San Francisco
THE CROWD
quite capable, likewise, of gleaning grain from the bottom of a duck-pond,
and on this account have gotten themselves cordially disliked by the
sportsmen.
While chiefly a fresh-water bird, the Coot infests brackish ponds as
well and has no aversion to the salt, salt sea, if only an easy living is
150L
The American Coot
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
THE BATHING BEACH
promised. In winter, therefore, they gather in considerable numbers at
the sewer outlets which disgrace some of our coastal cities and defile
alleged bathing beaches.
As a pleasant offset to these offensive recollections, is the sight of a
flock of mud-hens foraging on shore. At Stow Lake, for example, in
Golden Gate Park, the festive Coots swarm over the banks in search of
grass, which they pluck after the fashion of geese. The keepers have in
many instances lined the shore with brush to keep the birds off the tender
herbage; but where they cannot crawl, the birds will fly, so that such
protection is practically worthless. It is a pretty sight to see, as we did
one day, a flock of forty mud-hens feeding industriously on a sloping
greensward, while a dozen California Quails darted about amongst them,
like children at a picnic.
Wherever absolute protection is afforded, the mud-hens will become
as tame as chickens. Feeding the mud-hens, then, is a favorite afternoon
pastime at Stow Lake. Some of the “‘mob”’ photographs shown here-
with are evidence of the author’s weakness in this direction. I found the
birds very active, and nimble to a fault in securing my offerings of crumbs.
In fact, although I was very anxious to encourage the ducks, not one crumb
in ten, however skillfully thrown before some expectant Mallard or Pintail,
but was snapped up by the agile Coot. While the duck was making up his
mind that that white something on the water might be edible, the Coot
behind him had risen, shot over the water, snapped up the morsel and
off again with vibrating head—vibrating so that none might snatch it
from his beak before he had time to down it. So intent did the Coots
1502
The American Coot
become on the chase that they would crowd together where the crumb
was going to fall, and in the scrimmage which followed it was not unusual
for one or more birds to be forced up off the water—birds literally two
stories deep. Never a bird was left to undisturbed enjoyment of his
catch, and many a morsel was halved and quartered before it disappeared.
A particularly large piece would send its owner scudding over the water,
if it were half way across the pond, and his progress was continually
intercepted by halfbacks and fullbacks tackling on the slant. There
was some bad feeling engendered, and | had time to witness again that
curious cock fight wherein the combatants lie back on the water with
wings outstretched by way of stays, and, with heads cocked forward,
kick at each other with vicious intensity.
Although the Coot bids fair to thrive under cultivation, there is
one situation, and that in his favorite haunts, where he never feels at
home. If he is caught out anywhere in that area of tall stiff grass which
Taken in Washington Photo by the Author
BIRD TRACKS
THE FLEEING BIRD, DISTINGUISHED BY A WHITE PATCH ON THE TIPS OF THE SECONDARIES, MAY BE DESCRIED AT THE
LEFT EXECUTING THE LAST KICK
surrounds a good many of our swamps, and especially if the observer comes
up between the Coot and the water, the bird knows he is fairly trapped
and will as likely as not stop suddenly and stand absolutely motionless.
On such occasions, I have caught them by hand without a struggle—
playing possum—and friends have done the same, although the bird
The American Coot
appeared to be very much alive when released either in the air or upon the
water. It would appear that the bird cannot launch to wing on account
of the impeding grass, and, realizing its plight, attempts deception in-
stead.
By way of nesting the Coot puts a hatful of speckled eggs on a bulky
heap of broken sedges or tules. This accumulation may be placed either
on dry land near some waterway, or in various depths of water in the weedy
or reedy margins of a lake. Not infrequently nests are built on the water
and moored to standing
reeds, after the fashion
of Grebes,—with this dif-
ference, however, that
the Coot under such cir-
cumstances always
chooses dried weed-
stalks, or crumpled bul-
rush stems for nesting
material, so that the
buoyancy of the sub-
merged portion will lift
the surface of the struc-
ture high and dry above
the water. A runway
or ‘‘gang plank”’ of mat-
ted rushes is usually pro-
vided, and this is an-
chored or steadied in
such fashion that the
nest will not be upset
by the weight of the
approaching bird.
Since it is not pos-
sible to do justice to the
relationships of birds in
any linear taxonomic
arrangement, | prefer to
stress the tie existing
between the Ralliformes
and the Galliformes.
Whatever other connec-
ites BA Si Deo (Gan a tions we must recognize
n/12 AMERICAN COOT for these two groups,
7504
The American Coot
there is undoubtedly a
close affinity both in
structure and in habit
between them. We
should doubtless have
clearer insight into the
phylogenetic history of
the Coot, if we were
able to interpret the
meaning of the chick’s
downy plumage. As is
well known, the young
of any animal repeats
in the successive stages
of its growth the devel-
opmental history of its
race. Bearing this fact
in mind, a brief descrip-
tion of a baby Coot
will not be without in-
terest: General color
black, the down of body 7
plumage everywhere in- Taken in Washington
terspersed with longer
hair-like feathers, the terminal or exposed portion of these pale
orange on upperparts, intensifying to bright orange-red around chin,
sides of face, and back of head, forming together with their black
bases, now exposed, an absurd tonsure; short feathers of lores and
ring of minute feathers about eyes still redder orange; top of head bare,
forehead, except central line and space over eyes, livid purple, changing
on crown to pale red; bald area modified by tiny rows of starting feathers;
bill black at tip with a speck of white on top, thence to base passing
through four shades of red, pale vermilion or saturn red, coral, light
maroon, and purplish maroon; underparts modified to dull gray by whitish
tips of projecting hairs; feet bluish gray. Surely the remote ancestors
of the now plebeian Coots must have been gay birds!
“Could anything exceed the selfishness of a young Coot? Here is
one, the eldest of a prospective family of seven. He has been hatched at
least a minute and a half, possibly two minutes. When the enemy appears
he has a clear perception of the danger, but instead of waiting to warn
or defend his brethren 1m ovo, he promptly scrambles over the side of the
nest and paddles off to safety. Heartless infant!”
A HATFUL OF SPECKLED EGGS
1505
Photo by the Author
The American Coot
So runs an entry in the author’s note-book. And another entry per-
taining to the birds whose portraits are shown herewith recites how at the
tender age of two days the chicks sought first to escape by diving. They
soon tired of this exercise, however, for although they used their wings
for paddles—a habit long since abandoned by their nearer ancestors—the
effort to keep their buoyant fluffiness submerged for any great length of
time appeared to exhaust them. Thereafter it was plain swimming for
Taken in Merced County Photo by the Author
BALD-HEADED BABIES
them; but as often as the hand came too close to one of the chicks, it threw
itself backward upon the water into a defensive pose, and kicked out as
bravely as ever its father had done a few weeks before. Out of the mouths
of babes and sucklings—shall be proclaimed the history of their remoter
ancestry. Evidently the practice of pedal pugilistics is an ancient one
with Fulica americana.
Of the Coot as a game bird the author is not prepared to speak at
length. Youthful slayers of mud-hens there will always be, but the serious
pursuit of this artless and ignoble fowl by grown men is one that I refuse
to discuss. The bird enjoys the same seasonal protection as that afforded
1500
The Mongolian Pheasant
the ducks, but there is no ‘“‘bag limit” prescribed. This omission accords
with the well known practice of sportsmen of “‘killing off the mud-hens”’ at
the beginning of each season, so that they will not share the duck feed.
This unpopularity with the sporting fraternity was once the cause not
alone of the Coot’s downfall, but of the postponement of some very much
needed legislation for the protection of the shore-birds. I will tell the
story, even if it is at the expense of the present senior senator from Cali-
fornia. In the legislative session of 1913, at the instance of the California
State Audubon Society, and through the courtesy of the Assembly Com-
mittee on Game, the author was permitted to draft the provisions of a
measure afterwards known as the ‘“‘Guill bill,’’ extending protection to
some forty odd species of birds, chiefly rails, cranes, herons, and shore-
birds. In this form the bill passed both houses ‘‘unanimously’’; and the
State Audubon Society in convention assembled, some thirty days after
the adjournment of the Legislature, was in the very act of celebrating
the important victory, when word came that Governor Johnson had ve-
toed the bill. Some sporting friend had gotten the gubernatorial ear and
had denounced our measure as “‘freak legislation,’’ because it had ex-
tended protection to the execrated mud-hen. The Coot was the goat and
has been ever since; but we had the satisfaction, alittle later, of seeing the
Federal Government take a hand, and the Federal Regulations, supported
by the act of the California Legislature of 1915, now protect thirty-four
of the species for which exemption was provided by the Guill bill.
No. 311
Mongolian Pheasant
Introduced. Phasianus torquatus Gmelin.
Synonyms.—RING-NECKED PHEASANT. CHINESE PHEASANT. DENNY PHEASANT.
Description.—Adult male: Sides of head largely bare, with livid skin; top of
head light greenish; short plumicorns dark green; throat and neck all around black,
with rich metallic reflections; a white cervical collar nearly meeting in front; fore-neck
and breast, well down, shining coppery red with golden and purplish reflections; sides
rich fulvous with black spots; belly mostly blackish; above with indescribable intricacy
of marking,—black, white, copper, fulvous, pale blue, viridian green, glaucous green,
etc., etc. (we are not morally responsible for the coloring of this marvelous exotic); tail
much lengthened, mostly greenish fulvous, edged with heliotrope-purple and cross-
banded with black. Adult female: Much plainer, mostly brownish and without white
collar; the upperparts more or less spotted and mottled with dusky; the underparts
nearly plain buffy brown; the tail-feathers barred for their entire length, dusky and
1507
The Mongolian Pheasant
whitish on a mottled brownish ground. Adult male length 762 (30.00) or more, of
which more than 406.4 (16.00) is tail.
Recognition Marks.—Size of domestic fowl. Long tail and white collar dis-
tinctive.
Nesting.— Nest: On the ground, of dried leaves, grasses, etc., usually in grass
tussock or under bush. Eggs: 8 to 15; dark olive-buff, vinaceous buff, or isabella
color, unmarked. Av. size 40.9 x 33.3 (1.61 x 1.31). Season: April-July; two or
three broods.
General Range.— Native in eastern Asia from the valley of the Amur south to
Canton, China, and west through eastern Mongolia. Introduced and established in
the Pacific Coast region from British Columbia to northern California.
Distribution in California.—Variously introduced in many widely separated
localities. Apparently well established in the northern humid coastal section and in
Owens Valley. Also, perhaps successfully, in Tulare, Kern, and Santa Clara counties.
Authorities.—Belding, Land Birds Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 8 (Santa Cruz Co.);
C. H. Merriam, Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric., 1888, p. 484 (food);Wall, Condor, vol. xvii.,
1915, p. 59 (San Bernardino; nest and eggs); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Birds
Calif., 1918, p. 30 (introduction in California); p. 572 (desc. habits, etc.).
WITHOUT QUESTION the introduction of the ‘‘China’’ Pheasant
(Phasianus torquatus) to America in 1881 marked a new era in the game-
bird life of the Pacific Northwest. Credit for this shrewd move belongs to
Judge O. N. Denny of Oregon, then consul general at Shanghai; and the
bird is still called by many enthusiastic admirers the ‘‘Denny’”’ Pheasant.
Unlike that of the English Sparrow, the outrageous profiteer of misguided
sentimentality, the importation of the Mongolian Pheasant had been most
carefully considered. Judge Denny studied the facts, and knew the high
reputation which the bird enjoyed in its native land, both as a table bird
and as an economic factor in the subjugation of insect pests. He knew,
too, the necessity of drawing fire from our harassed and over-hunted
native birds; and he knew the hardiness, adaptability, and fecundity of
this Chinese fowl. The experiment promised well, and was carried out,
therefore, with great care and diligence. The promise of these early ex-
periments has been fulfilled in every particular, not alone in western
Oregon but in Washington and British Columbia; and the China Pheasants
are now so thoroughly established in the economic life of the Pacific North-
west that continued prosperity and usefulness is only a matter of sensible
regulation. But similar experiments persistently carried out in California
have been, to say the least, less successful. It has been found that the
Ring-necked Pheasant is subject to rather exacting climatic requirements.
The first requisite is humidity, and this is found to perfection only in our
northwestern coastal counties. Elsewhere the presence of abundant water
in swamps and flooded sections has measurably supplied the bird’s
1508
The Mongolian Pheasant
necessities, and we find it most thoroughly and hopefully established in
the lower Santa Clara Valley and in the Owens River country.
There are many factors which conspire to make the Mongolian Pheas-
ant the favorite, as it will be in suitable sections the dominant, game bird
of the West. In the first place, the male bird is a vision of loveliness,
gorgeous in coloring beyond the ability of a mere word-painter to depict,
occupying in this regard the same relation to other gallinaceous birds that
our Wood Duck does to other water-fowl. A cock Pheasant brought to
bag is both a dinner and a picture, a feast and a trophy.
Then, and chiefly, the China Pheasant is a good rustler. Evolved in
his native land under conditions of the most strenuous competition, the
pheasant race has developed both adaptability and endurance, staying
qualities which give the bird an assured position in any situation remotely
similar to that afforded in China. Under protection, Pheasants avail
themselves of all the privileges, ranging freely across farms and cultivated
areas, finding sufficient cover in neglected fence-rows or wayside thickets,
and becoming so bold as to disregard the passer-by, and even to venture
into the farmyard to feed with the domestic fowls. Under persecution
the bird as quickly develops wariness and cunning, and is able, under
necessity, to maintain a thrifty existence in the forests and uncleared river
valleys, or in the swamps, in complete independence of men. It is even
able, and this is a vital point, to quickly discriminate between open and
close season, and to resume the warier life under the behest of a single
day’s discipline.
As a game bird, also, the China Pheasant ranks high. Its flesh is
above the average, and its pursuit involves all the elements of sagacity,
skill, and endurance which constitute upland shooting sport. The bird
lies well to a dog—that is, when cornered—but if he has a running chance,
the dog must win his point. Pheasants are cunning sneaks and swift
runners, and the cocks will sometimes travel at top speed for half a mile
before admitting defeat and crouching for the wing test. The bird leaps
into the air with a sudden cry, pauses for a fraction of a second to get his
course, then away on vigorous wings.
The Pheasant is usually thus pursued with gun and dog, after the
fashion observed in case of all native grouse, and that moment of indeci-
sion which always comes after the bird‘is up is the favorable moment for
the gunner. But it is no mean test of skill to stop a Pheasant in mid-
flight when the hunt is en battue, after the English and Continental fashion.
Stubble fields and open situations are the preferred range of the Ring-
necks, but they are quite at home in the jungle. They are especially to
be found at the borders of clearings, where their haunting presence is likely
to be resented by the pioneer who is trying to carve a garden out of a
1569
The Mountain Quails
forest. Some damage they undoubtedly do, just as chickens would, but
it is to be suspected that those who complain most bitterly of the ‘‘devas-
tations’? wrought by this fowl are seeking cover for their practice, all too
frequent, of potting these luscious birds out of season.
Fecundity is another trait of this hardy fowl. The birds are polyga-
mous, and the cock is prepared to fight for the possession of the largest
possible harem. The females raise two or three broods in a season, but
not content with this, the amorous cocks seek alliance with native and
domestic species. Hybrids formed by the crossing of China Pheasants
and Sooty Grouse are not infrequent, and the introduction of wild blood
into the farmyard results in interesting and not unprofitable forms.
Cock Pheasants crow somewhat after the fashion of Chanticleer,
producing a sort of double explosive sound, squawk-squawk, accompanied
by a vigorous clapping of wings. They are sure to crow immediately upon
hearing thunder; and once, in Owens Valley, near Independence, after a
particularly sharp clap of thunder I could trace the course of the aqueduct
(open at this place) by the successive squawks of the Pheasants stationed
along its course. In the North I have heard the neighboring pheasants
crow simultaneously when a blast of Hercules powder “‘let go” under a
stump.
No. 312
Mountain Quail
A. O. U. No. 292. Oreortyx picta picta (Douglas).
Synonyms.—PaAINTED QuAIL. NORTHERN MOUNTAIN QUAIL.
Description.—Adults: A greatly lengthened crest of two superimposed,
very narrow, black feathers (of which the lower usually much shorter) ; foreparts in gen-
eral, including breast, broadly slaty gray (Payne’s gray, nearly) changing on nape and
sides of lower neck to bright olive-brown (dresden brown) of back, wings, and tail;
throat chestnut (claret-brown), bordered sharply on sides by line of black continuous to
eye; this in turn by narrow band of white; forehead ashy, region about base of bill,
narrowly, white; lower middle of belly, narrowly, buffy; remainder of belly, broadly,
lower sides, and flanks, rich chestnut (claret-brown), interrupted on sides of belly by a
longitudinal series of bold broadly scaled black and white bars, somewhat variable as to
width and admixture with chestnut; crissum black, faintly touched with chestnut;
inner secondaries and tertials broadly edged with white on the inner webs (usually
tinged somewhat with buffy or tawny), forming a conspicuous lengthwise border on
folded wing. Bill dusky, paling below; feet dull brownish. Females are less exten-
sively chestnut below and have crests averaging a little shorter than those of males.
Near adult: Olive-brown of upperparts paler and duller, the feathers faintly edged
with whitish. Immature (4 to 6 weeks old?): Upper plumage extensively and finely
mottled with shades of brown and dusky (suggesting Bonasine affinities), the half-
grown crest touched with brown terminally; chin white, the sides of throat broadly
1570
The Mountain Quails
black; chestnut tinge appearing on flanks and thighs; the slaty of breast less blue, the
feathers tipped with white. Chick: Upper plumage entirely mottled, buffies, browns,
and duskies; breast much as in immature, but throat plain buffy; belly and flanks
buffy- and dusky-barred. Average of 10 adults: length (skins) 251 (9.88); wing 129.7
(5.11); bill 13.7 (.54); tarsus 35.9 (1.41).
Recognition Marks.—Robin size, but nearly small grouse in apearance;
throat chestnut; long straight crest distinctive; ‘“‘larger’’ wing-sound in rising, as com-
pared with Valley Quail.
Nesting.— Nest: A slight depression in earth, lined scantily with dead leaves,
pine needles, or other forest litter, sometimes placed under shelter of bush, log, or
fallen branch. Eggs: 5 to 15; short ovate and pointed; light buff or pale ochraceous
buff, unmarked; often stained brownish through contact with wet leaves. Av. size
33-7 X 25.3 (1.33 x 1.00); index 75.2. Season: June (April 7-August); one brood.
Range of Oreortyx picta.—The Pacific Coast states and Lower California.
Range of O. p. picta.—The humid coastal district of western Washington, western
Oregon, and northwestern California.
Distribution in California.—Resident in the humid coastal belt, broadly,
into Trinity County, in the North; south to Sonoma County. Reappears sparingly
in the mountainous district of Santa Cruz County, and in western Monterey County
south at least to Big Creek.
Authorities.—Douglas (Ovtyx picta), Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xvi., pt.
I, 1829, p. 143 (orig. desc.; interior of Calif.); Ridgway, Auk, vol. xi., 1894, p. 193, pl.
vi. (distr.; crit.); Grinnell, Bryant and Storer, Game Birds Calif., 1918, p. 513 (desc.
occurrence, habits, etc.).
No. 312a San Pedro Quail
A. O. U. No. 292a. Oreortyx picta confinis Anthony.
Synonyms.—PLUMED PARTRIDGE. PLUMED QuAIL. MouNTAIN PARTRIDGE.
SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN QUAIL.
Description.—Similar to O. picta picta, but slaty blue of foreparts nearly or
quite displacing olive-brown on nape and upper back; general tone of upperparts a
little lighter and duller; forehead whitening; the border area of inner secondaries and
tertials clear white and only slightly tinged with buffy.
Status.—This form was created in recognition of a slight tendency. Any one
of the characters assigned above may be contradicted by individual examples from
any locality, but the consensus of characters appears to hold. Other characteristics
quite as in preceding.
Range of O. p. confinis —Mountainous districts of the Pacific Coast states from
northwestern Oregon (west of the Cascade Mountains) south through the Sierras and
the southern coast and southern interior ranges of California, to northern Lower Cali-
fornia, and east to extreme western Nevada,—resident throughout its range.
Distribution in California.—Found at middle levels upon all mountains, save
those of the humid coastal district (where replaced by O. p. picta) and the most barren
desert ranges. Occurs to the levels of some of the higher plateaus and retreats before
the snows of winter.
Authorities.—Gould (Ortyx plumifera), Icones Avium, pt. 1, Aug., 1837, pl. 9
(orig. desc.; “‘California’’); Dwight, Auk, vol. xvii., 1900, p. 46 (plumages and molts);
Judd, U. S. Dept. Agric., Biol. Surv. Bull., no. 21, 1905, p. 58 (food); Grinnell and
Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. x., 1913, p. 228 (San Jacinto Mts.; habits; crit.,
as regards O. p. confinis).
I571
The Mountain Quails
Acer) rook
MOUNTAIN QUAIL
TWO SENSES minister chiefly to our knowledge of birds, namely,
sight and hearing. There are observers, and some of them very keen bird-
men, who seem scarcely to be aware that birds have voices. Yet the infor-
mation gained by the ear, if more limited in scope, is much more abundant,
more stimulating or seductive, and more natural withal. Fora bird under
conscious survey, whatever his reactions, is scarcely natural. Often he is
tense or distraught, but oftener still he is tame, timid, and subdued;
whereas, a bird at a little distance, unaware of your presence, may enact
a vocal drama of domesticity whose every line you may read; or he may
utter his heart so fully, that you could scarcely wish to see the painted clay
which gave utterance to such aspiration or purified desire. For myself I
am content that the Hermit Thrush should be a voice of the high Sierras,
and I am content that the Mountain Quail sounds a hundred bugling notes
to one exposure of a skulking or a scurrying form.
The Mountain Quail’s is the authentic voice of the foothills, as well
as the dominant note of Sierran valleys and of bush-covered ridges.
Spring and summer alike, and sometimes in early autumn, one may hear
that brooding, mellow, slightly melancholy too’ wook, sounding forth at
1572
The Mountain Quails
intervals of five orsixseconds. Nowand then it is repeated from a distant
hillside where a rival is sounding. This note is easily whistled, and a
little practice will enable the bird-student to join in, or else to start a
rivalry where all has been silent before. And quite as frequently, in
springtime, a sharper note is sounded, although this, I believe, is strictly
a mating or a questing call, quéelk or queelp. his has alike a liquid and
a penetrating quality which defies imitation, so that the unfeathered
suitor is not likely to get very far in milady’s affections. Thus, also, I
have ‘‘witnessed”’ the progress of courtship and its impending climax in
the depths of a bed of ceanothus where not a feather was visible. The
quilk of the preceding days had evidently taken effect. The lady was
there, somewhere. The mate was still guzlking, but his efforts were hurried,
breathless. Between the major utterances, ecstatic took notes were inter-
jected. As the argument progressed I heard a low-pitched musical series,
rapidly uttered, look look look look look. (But there was no use in looking).
This series, employed six or eight times, was suddenly terminated by half
a dozen quilks in swift succession, indicative of an indescribable degree of
excitement.
Not less uncanny nor less fascinating are the vocal accompaniments
with which a scattered covey of youngsters is coached or reassembled.
If the little ones are of a tender age and the need is great, the parent will
fling herself down at your feet and go through the familiar decoy motions;
but if the retreat has been more orderly, the parents clamber about,
instead, over the rocks and brush in wild concern. Once out of sight,
the old bird says querk querk querk querk, evidently an assembly call, for
the youngsters begin scrambling in that direction; while another old bird,
presumably the cock, shouts quee yawk, with an emphasis which is nothing
less than ludicrous.
On such occasions the mobile crest or plume which characterizes
this bird is played to the utmost. The plume separates into its two com-
ponent feathers and is thrust forward as far as possible, so that the anterior
feather lies almost horizontally, while its fellow, usually a little shorter,
bristles at an angle of thirty degrees, and all the other feathers of the
crown bristle like porcupine quills. I was much interested also to see
half-grown chicks wearing their nascent plumes a la pompadour.
Save in the extreme northwestern and southeastern portions of its
range, the Mountain Quail is to be found in summertime somewhere
between 2000 or 3000 and gooo feet elevation, according to local condi-
tions of cover. It inhabits the pine chaparral of the lesser and coastal
ranges, but its preference is for mixed cover, a scattering congeries of
buck-brush, wild currant, service berry, Symphoricarpus, or what not,
with a few overshadowing oaks or pines. In the northwestern portion
The Mountain Quails
of its range (O. p. picta) the bird comes down nearly to sea-level and
accepts dense cover. In the southeastern portion, namely, on the
eastern slopes of the desert ranges overlooking the Colorado Desert, the
Mountain Quail, according to Mr. Frank Stephens, ventures down and
nests at an altitude of only 500 feet. It is closely dependent here upon
certain mountain springs, which it visits in common with L. c. vallicola and
L. gambeli._ Under certain conditions, therefore, its breeding range over-
Taken in Fresno County Photo by the Author
MOUNT GODDARD, FROM THE SOUTH
MOUNTAIN QUAIL COUNTRY
laps that of the Valley Quail. There are several instances on record of
nests containing eggs of both species, and at least one hybrid has been
found,! conjectured to be between O. p. confinis and L. c. californica.
The nesting of the Mountain Quail is conducted at the higher levels
of its range. Ten or a dozen eggs, of a rich buffy hue, unmarked, line a
scanty shakedown of grasses or pine needles, which almost invariably
enjoys the shelter of a projecting rock, an arching tree-bole, or a thicket
1In Harvey County, Oregon. See Condor, Vol. XIII., Sept. 1911, pp. 149-151.
1574
© SS easier
vel and
8!
down and
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a
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ert
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reli
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eeteo
The Valley Quails
of brush. The female sits closely once incubation has commenced, and
she appears to be much less sensitive to molestation than other gallina-
ceous birds. I nearly stepped on one coming down the trail off Mt.
Shasta in July, 1916. The bird flushed so sharply that I did step on an
egg which had rolled down into the path from a nest not over a foot away.
Brood joins brood at the close of the nesting season after the fashion
of the Lophortyx Quails, but pictas never assemble in such numbers as
did our earlier californicas. When the berries of the upper levels have
been gleaned, the Mountain Quails begin a stately migration on foot to
the lower levels in order to avoid the heavy Sierran snows. At such times
they are said to be unwary, and even prefer the good walking of the open
road to a laborious threading of the sage-brush. Hunters used to take
advantage of this fact, and took excessive toll along certain well known
valley routes. Since market hunting was abolished, however, the Moun-
tain Quail population has been picking up. Although their broods are
smaller than those of the Valley Quail, their enemies are fewer and their
cover better. They are not great favorites with sportsmen, because
they will neither lie to a dog nor rise at close quarters, but go scurrying
away under the brush instead. When they do rise, however, it is with a
very impressive wing-burst, more nearly akin to that of the Ruffed Grouse
than that of a Valley Quail.
Mountain Quails, especially the younger birds, take ready refuge in
trees, like fledgling grouse; but whether they sleep there I am unable to
say. Mr. Frank Stephens (MS) says explicitly that they spend the
night roosting in the thickest available trees; but the authors of ‘‘The
Game Birds of California’ declare, ‘‘This bird but seldom perches in
trees, and as far as we know the adults never roost in one at night.”
It’s up to you, dear reader. We don’t pretend to know it all.
No. 313
California Quail
A. O. U. No. 294. Lophortyx californica californica (Shaw).
Synonyms.—NorTHERN VALLEY QUAIL. CALIFORNIA PARTRIDGE.
Description.—Adult male: A narrow recurved crest of five or six closely super-
imposed feathers, glossy black; a patch involving chin, throat, and sides of head below
eye, glossy black; this bordered posteriorly by a broad line of white; another semilune
of white across crown and curving backward along sides of occiput; adjacent region
posteriorly black, changing to olive-brown of hind-crown and nape; forehead and fore-
crown buffy, finely pencilled with black; breast, narrowly, sides of breast, and the tail
slaty gray (Payne’s gray); sides of neck and cervix broadly slaty gray, finely spotted
T5795
The Valley Quails
with white and finely ribbed and bordered with black, changing on upper back to clear
olive-brown (Prout’s brown to mummy-brown) of remaining upperparts; the inner webs
of tertials ochraceous buffy or tawny, forming conspicuous stripes; sides the color of
back, sharply striped with creamy white; lower breast, broadly, light ochraceous buff;
upper belly centrally bright chestnut, on sides white, the three areas last mentioned
presenting a handsomely scaled appearance, by reason of sharply-defined, curved,
black borders; flanks, shanks, and crissum ochraceous buffy striped with dark brown;
the lower belly dull buffy finely crossed by dusky. Bill blackish above, lighter below;
feet and tarsi brownish dusky. Adult female: Somewhat similar to male, but without
characteristic head markings, mottled olive-gray and white instead, on sides of head
and throat; entire crown olive-brown; breast color of back; underparts without chestnut
or central ochraceous, white instead—the borders of the scales brownish black; the
crest somewhat reduced, olive-brown. Bill dull horn-color above, yellowish below.
Near adult male: Throat dull gray progressively invaded by black; lower breast, cen-
trally, finely buffy-and-dusky-striped, the advance and intensity of chestnut marking
increasing age; above traces of wood-brown mottling on wings, and especially on ter-
tials. Chick: Below whitish; above mottled buffy, brownish, and dusky; a brownish
patch on crown and nape, foreshadowing that of adult. Chicks a week or more old are
a highly variegated patchwork of woody browns, buffies, and duskies, more suggestive
of an adult Sharp-tailed Grouse than of the plain-backed Quails. Av. of 10 adult
males: length 245.7 (9.67); wing 109.6 (4.31); tail 80 (3.15); bill 11.1 (.44); tarsus
33.6)\(1232))e
Recognition Marks.—Robin size; dense recurved crest; black throat of male;
scaled appearance of belly and darker coloration distinguishes from L. gambeli; weight
decidedly less than that of Mountain Quail.
Nesting.— Nest: A hollow in ground, lined carelessly with dead leaves or grasses
and a few feathers, placed in shelter of weeds, thick grasses, fence-corner, logs, or pro-
jecting rocks, or, rarely, built up on brush-pile, top of stump, or even side of haystack.
Eggs: 6 to 22, or more, usually 10 to 15; short-ovate, pointed, ivory-yellow or cream-
color, finely and rather uniformly sprinkled, or coarsely spotted, or even blotched, with
“golden brown’ (dresden brown to mummy-brown or Prout’s brown). Av. size
31.6 x 24.1 (1.24 x .95); index 76.6. Season: May—June 15 (July—Sept. 15 of record);
one or two broods.
Range of Lophortyx californica.—Pacific Coast states and Lower California.
Range of L. c. californica—Humid coast strip from southwestern Oregon to
southern Monterey County; introduced into western Washington, Vancouver Island,
and Colorado.
Distribution in California.—As above.
Authorities.—Shaw (Tetrao californicus), Naturalists’ Miscellany, vol. ix.,
1798, p. 345 (California); Hoover, Bull. Cooper Orn. Club, 1, 1899, p. 75 (destruction of
quail eggs by snakes); Beal, U. S. Dept. Agric., Biol. Surv. Bull., no. 34, 1910, p. 9,
pl. 1 (food).
No. 313a Valley Quail
A. O. U. No. 294a. Lophortyx californica vallicola (Ridgway).
Synonyms.—SouTHERN VALLEY QUAIL. TOPKNOT QUAIL.
Description.—Similar to L. californica californica, but paler and grayer, the
slaty gray prevailing over olive-brown on back and wings (either entirely displacing it
1570
D Sie
me
5 > Nee
uf Fe erento “a
Valley Quail, Female at Nest
From a photograph by Donald R. Dickey
Taken in the Ojai
The Valley Quails
Taken in the Ojai Photo by Donald R. Dickey
A GYPSY HOME
or leaving it irregularly irruptive or as a gloss; the breast of the female grayer, corre-
sponding to change in color of back); flanks likewise more grayish; the ochraceous buff
of lower breast slightly paler; the stripe on inner tertials pale buffy to whitish.
Status.—The progressive graying of this form follows the analogy of Oreortyx
picta confints, but it has been carried much further and is more definitely established.
General Range of L. c. vallicola—Resident in Sonoran valleys and in foothills
from the Klamath Lake region of southern Oregon south to Cape San Lucas (except the
northwest coast district and the southeastern deserts) east to extreme western Nevada.
Now widely introduced throughout the West.
Distribution in California.—Abundant resident at lower levels nearly through-
out the State, save as displaced by californica in the northwestern fog belt and by
gambeli in the eastern portions of the Mohave and Colorado deserts. Occurs, perhaps
less commonly, east of the Sierras south to Owens Valley and the eastern desert ranges
and extends its range over the western edges of the deserts, where it encounters, and
perhaps hybridizes with, Desert Quail. Found also along the seacoast from San Luis
Obispo County south. Introduced on San Clemente.
Authorities.—Audubon (Perdix californica), Orn. Biog., vol. v., 1839, p. 152
(Santa Barbara); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. viii., 1885, p. 355 (orig. desc.;
type locality Baird, Shasta Co.); Williams, Condor, vol. v., 1903, p. 146 (use of sen-
tinels) ; Judd, U. S. Dept. Agric., Biol. Surv. Bull., no. 21, 1905, p. 47 (food); Tyler, Pac.
Coast Avifauna, no. 9, 1913, p. 32 (San Joaquin Valley; habits, etc.).
1577
The Valley Quails
No. 313b Catalina Island Quail
A. O. U. (unrecognized). Lophortyx californica catalinensis Grinnell.
Description.—‘‘Similar to L. c. vallicola but about 9 % larger throughout,
and coloration somewhat darker; similar to L. c. californica, but larger and much less
deeply brownish dorsally”’ (Grinnell).
Status.—A dubitative form whose recognition involves the supreme exercise of
the critical faculty. An independent comparison between five examples from Santa
Catalina and ten selected specimens from the mainland sustains the claim of a slightly
greater wing length for catalinensis, a more robust bill (about equal to maxima of
L. c. vallicola) and especially robust feet and legs, which exceed the maximum average of
vallicola by a millimeter or so.
Range.— Resident on Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles County.
Authorities.—Grinnell (Lophortyx catalinensis), Auk, vol. xxiii., 1902, p. 262
(orig. desc.; type locality, Avalon, Catalina Id.); Howell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12,
1917, p. 52 (Catalina Id.; crit.).
GET RIGHT’ UP. Get right’ up. Get right’ up. Is it the voice of
conscience? or is it some patent new-fangled Californian alarm clock
which thus admonishes us? It is an unearthly hour—not sunrise yet—
What! a bird, you say? How interesting! It zs a beautiful morning.
There is the pungent smell of things newly rained on in the air, and a
faint mist, like a host of ministering fairies, hovers over the budding
roses. Perhaps the bird is right. Let’s get up!
Glad summoner of springtime! Gallant pensioner of our lawns and
hedges! Brave elf o’ the nodding plume! Is there a heart in California
that loves you not? Or an ear that does not thrill anew when it hears
your sturdy call? What can we do to repay the kindness of your daily
cheer? What less, indeed, than to give you the freedom of our premises,
to let you glean for us a thousand seeded evils, and to let you parade, un-
coveted, your saucy beauty? Stay, beautiful bird, and trust us, us
whose tongues have never tasted your brothers’ blood; us who would as
soon frighten children as to violate your confidence. Woe is us that you
must scuttle to the nearest cover and deliberate in anxious accents whether
to fly or no. Woe! I say, and a plague upon the cause that brought you
to this pass.
There! that is a very bad beginning for an account of ‘‘California’s
leading game bird.’’ For ten years the author of “The Birds of Cali-
fornia’ has faced the task of expounding to his ‘‘fellow sportsmen’”’ the
glories of quail-shooting. Duty is written large in the expectation of a
hundred thousand owners of guns. ‘‘Come,’’ they say, “‘glorify for us
the ardors of the chase, the rustle of expectation, the sudden hurtling of
winged rockets, the quick eye and the accurate finger that stops the hurt-
ling mid-sky, and the limp form retrieved from the sheltering bushes, the
A\UNOD sajaduy so'yT ur uaye J,
IIL PY WYO yy 8g ydvabojoyd v wos
[eng Ade A 94} JO 91S Suljsou pasodxa Ajavpnsuis V
IIL], UOULIT 94} Aepuy~)
The Valley Quails
count of the bag at the day’s end. Recall to our pleasant recollection
the skill of the cook who serves our birds and the daintiness of the white
meat, an ounce or two to a portion, that graces our banquets.’”’ Gentle-
men, I cannot do it. I wouldn’t eat one of those pitiful remnants of
departed glory, unless I were starving; and I never was anywhere near
starving—were you? Did you ever really need the flesh of a little bird,
a beautiful, happy bird? Forgive me and let me pass.
The Valley Quail’s day begins in some bush or tree—a live oak, as
like as not—where, in company with his fellows, he has spent the night
secure from all anxiety as to foxes or coyotes.
After a visit to some spring or running stream where water is copi-
ously imbibed, the chief business of the day, if in spring, is foraging on
grass and other tender herbage; if in autumn, the gleaning of fallen weed-
Taken in the Ojai Photo by Donald R. Dickey
A CRESTED BEAUTY
FEMALE VALLEY QUAIL ON NEST
L579
The Valley Quails
seeds; or it may be a bit of grain, together with such crawling insects as
come incidentally under review. The quantity and variety of weed-
seeds consumed by these birds is amazing. Beal lists 73 species of seeds
found in Quails’ stomachs; and two birds, whose crop contents the in-
Taken at Los Colibris Photo by the Author
A “STOLEN” NEST, IN THE GARDEN
vestigator took pains to count, had about 2000 seeds each aboard. There
is industry for you! and mightily profitable labor at that—for the farmer.
If the day is warm, the middle portion is spent in retirement, again in the
thick foliage of a tree. The siesta finished, the birds venture out again
to provide another grist for their insatiable seed-hoppers, and to indulge
a dust-bath, such as all fowls dearly love. As the twilight hour approaches,
there is much scampering and calling, with some sportive pursuit, and
a night-cap drink before the company is bedded again under its coverlet
of thick green leaves.
The Quail’s year begins some time in March or early April, when the
coveys begin to break up and, not without some heart-burnings and fierce
passages at arms between the cocks, individual preferences begin to hold
sway. It is then that the so-called ‘‘assembly call’’ ku kwak’ up, ku kwak’
1550
The Valley Quails
uk, ku kwak’ uk-ko, is heard at its best; for this is also a mating call;
and if not always directed toward a single listener, it is a notice to all and
sundry that the owner is very happy, and may be found at the old stand.
Although belonging to a polygamous family, the Valley Quail is very par-
ticular in his affections; and indeed, from all that we may learn, is at all
times a very perfect model of a husband and father. Even in domesti-
cation, with evil examples all about and temptresses in abundance, the
male quail is declared to be as devoted to a single mate as in the chaparral,
where broad acres may separate him from a rival.
The female spends some time casting about before she decides upon
a nesting site, and during these days, as also during incubation, the male
posts on a mound of earth or upon the summit of a bush, and calls out
Taken at Los Colibris Photo by the Author
AN EARNEST “‘SETTIN’ HEN”
from time to time witha vibrant yawrk. The nest itself is a mere apology,
a layette of grass or a few leaves scraped together, but the site is usually
well concealed in thick grasses, ina clump of ferns, under a protecting bush,
nestled at the base of a haystack, or even hidden in the cranny of a rock.
15ST
The Valley Quails
In the illustration shown
on p. 1584 the nine eggs
were quite invisible from
above. On another occa-
sion, at the Point of Rocks
overlooking the Antelope
Plains in Kings County, I
found a deserted set of
Quail’s eggs in an old Road-
runner’s nest, placed eight
feet from the ground in a
cranny of the sandstone
cliff and quite unapproach-
Taken near Santa Barbara 5
Photo by the Author able save by flight.
A CUBIST FLIGHT s
VALLEY QUAIL TAKING TO WING Eggs are deposite d
daily, from nine or ten to
twenty-odd, all told, with perhaps an average of thirteen or fourteen; and
incubation, which is undertaken only upon the completion of the set, lasts
from 21 to 23 days. The youngsters ‘‘run from the shell,’’ and although
they do not fly for a week or ten days thereafter, they are so well able
to care for themselves that their parents rarely deem it necessary to em-
ploy decoy tactics upon the appearance of danger. There are solicitous
cries, indeed, and warnings to keep still, but the babies know so well
the value of their protective coloration that after a momentary scuttling
for cover, they become immovable and invisible and all but undiscover-
able. When the enemy has gone, the mother returns circumspectly with
low anxious cries, pit, pit, pit, upon which the chicks release themselves
one by one from the all-obliterating embrace of the mottled earth and
go scurrying to safety. An observer, Mr. F. X. Holzner, of San Diego,
reporting in the Auk,! tells of very different behavior under imminent
danger: ‘‘While collecting birds near Lakeside on June 5, 1895, I walked
unsuspectingly upon a bevy of Valley Partridges consisting of an old
male and female with about fifteen young ones. They were in the crevice
of a fallen cottonwood tree. On my stepping almost upon them, the male
bird ran out a few feet and raised a loud call of ca-ra-ho; while the female
uttered short calls addressed to her brood. Seeing us, she picked up a
young one between her legs, beat the ground sharply with her wings, and
made toward the bush in short jumps, holding the little one tightly be-
tween her legs, the remainder of the brood following her.”
Several instances have come to notice of Valley Quails which have
nested at a considersble distance above the ground. One such was fur-
1 Auk, Vol. XIII., June, 1896, p. 81.
1532
The Valley Quails
Taken in Monterey County Photo by the Author
n/20 VALLEY QUAIL
nished me by Mrs. Bagg, of 412 W. Montecito St., Santa Barbara. Ac-
cording to this lady, in the summer of 1910 a pair of these birds nested
on a horizontal stretch of dense wistaria covering an arbor, at a height
of ten feet from the ground. At first the nest was insecure, and one egg
fell through to the ground, but the bottom was evidently repaired soon
after, for there were no more losses. On hatching day the parent birds
took station on the lawn below and called the chicks to them one by one
as they tumbled off the trellis roof. The little fellows were oftenest
stunned at first, but soon recovered and toddled off to join their fellows.
Presently the parents called them together, led them off, and secreted
them under a sidewalk a block away. After solemnly charging the little
brood to remain together and motionless, the parent birds returned to
look for delinquents. The last two chicks had fallen out after their
parents had departed, and being evidently the weakest of the lot, had
lain stunned on the ground for a longer time than usual; but as they were
beginning to recover, Mrs. Bagg, in mistaken kindness, noting the absence
of the old birds, gathered them up and took them into the house. The
1583
The Valley Quails
rest of the story is told by another lady, a neighbor across the street,
who had happened to observe the hiding of the chicks and the return of
the parents. The lady first hastened down to the sidewalk to confirm
her surmise, and found the instructed brood huddled together and abso-
lutely motionless. She then returned and watched the old birds while
they searched and called in anxiety upon the lawn, until further effort
seemed useless, whereupon they returned to the infantile cache, withdrew
the injunction of silence and led the brood away to the hills.
When I was rehearsing this incident to Mrs. O. D. Norton of Monte-
cito, then residing at ‘‘Mira Vista,” she related a similar story of a nesting
on top of her house. The nest had not been discovered until the little
ones were hatched and were seen running about on the roof. Part of
the roof of the place is covered by a roof-garden pergola, which is buried
under a mass of vines, and it was here, although fully thirty feet from the
ground, that the nesting undoubtedly took place. Mrs. Norton declares
that some of the chicks, at least, were carried to the ground in the beaks
of the parent birds.
The discussion still rages as to whether the Valley Quail raises two
broods a year or only one. It seems probable, however, that later nests
are only second attempts on the part of birds who have lost their first
broods. It must not be forgotten that young quails, as well as eggs in
i
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
“OR EVEN HIDDEN IN THE CRANNY OF A ROCK"
1584
AJUNOD AdtayuopAy UT Uaye 7,
Loyyn py ays dq ydvibopoud v MOM
[renG Ade 0z/u
The Valley Quails
the nest, are the staple diet of every power that preys,—snakes, coons,
weasels, squirrels, skunks, badgers, foxes, coyotes, bobcats, jays, ravens,
Cooper hawks, and horned owls. Think what an ungodly crew is arrayed
against these gentle fowls, and you will cease to wonder at the fearful
toll they have to pay in their efforts to perpetuate their kind. So terrible
are these imposts, and so delicate the resulting balance of nature, that the
deciding vote as to whether the Quail shall go or stay is cast by man.
In particular, it is incumbent upon him, if he too is going to take toll, to
see to it that his fellow depredators are deprived of their normal share.
Bobcats and Quail cannot coexist, and as for the gopher snake, that much-
lauded ‘“‘friend of the farmer,”’ I have seen his belly knobbed with Quails’
eggs too often for him to expect forgiveness or immunity at my hands.
The Valley Quails are so essentially sociable, that neighboring flocks
begin to draw together while the youngsters are still in their infancy.
It is no unusual sight, therefore, to see a school of, say, three ranks, at-
tended by half a dozen parent-teachers. With such conditions of aug-
mented danger, they are likely to keep near the densest cover; and I have
seen them threading the tules of Laguna Blanca with the agility of rails
or marsh wrens. Two such aggregations of two and three families,
respectively, I watched at one time from a reed-blind, as they deployed
over the bare ground adjacent to the reeds. The count showed that one
male of the quintette was posted on guard. The others led their flocks
about warily, pausing ever and again rigidly, and as upright as soldiers.
Again and again an American Kestrel (Cerchnets s. sparverius) passed over-
head unfeared, but as often as the companies heard the “‘sharp-shin
chitter’’ of the Bush-Tits in a distant live oak, they scurried for cover
instanter. The joke of it was that there was no Sharp-shinned Hawk
about, and that the Bush-Tits were making all this fuss over the re-
current passage of this same Kestrel.
Associated thus from childhood, contiguous flocks are likely to form
permanent coveys numbering from twenty to sixty individuals. In such
fashion they maintain themselves throughout the autumn and winter,
learning flock tactics and cunning under the discipline of gunfire. They
do not lie well to a dog, and those who hunt them use only retrievers.
When approached, the flock scatters somewhat before hiding, and it
rises in wisps and scattered bevies instead of with a single burst like the
Bobwhite. This favors the hunter in allowing him successive shots;
but the winging of these speedy bomb-shells is no easy matter, and we
give the sportsman the credit of earning what he gets. The escaping
birds often take to trees where, of course, no gentleman will shoot them,
and the detection of their cowering forms, shrunk to the smallest capacity,
is none so easy either.
1585
The Desert Quail
Valley Quails, according to all accounts, are now greatly reduced
in numbers. A half century ago they existed in almost incredible num-
bers, and flocks of from one to five thousand were regarded as common-
places. In the old days, too, some destruction of grapes in the vineyard
was complained of. Even now isolated vineyards, especially if in the
hills and surrounded by chaparral, are likely to be plundered; but the
larger operators, the raisin growers of the central valleys, do not com-
plain, and it appears probable that the birds’ consumption of weed-seed
and menacing insects far outweighs the damage done.
The California Quail is noted for its hardihood, its versatility, and
its adaptability. I have seen a wounded bird swim and dive with great
aplomb. The species will maintain itself, if need be, in the depths of the
chaparral; or, if allowed, it will run over our lawns and take a friendly
bite with our chickens. Its recovery power is enormous. Whereas close
shooting will nearly devastate a country, protection will bring the birds
back in two or three years. Its fortunes are, moreover, closely involved
with the course of the weather. During unusually dry seasons the birds
do not attempt to breed. On the other hand, I am inclined to believe
that the quails do raise two broods in unusually favoring circumstances.
Apart from the weather, their fortunes are in our hands. No one of this
generation ever saw too many quails. Whether, indeed, they might be-
come a nuisance under a policy of absolute protection, I cannot tell, but
until they do, I submit that the esthetic worth of these exquisite, gallant,
and confiding fowls far outweighs their value as meat.
No. 314
Desert Quail
A. O. U. No. 295. Lophortyx gambeli Gambel.
Synonym.—GaMBEL’s QUAIL.
Description.—Adult male: General pattern of head, chest, and upperparts
much as in L. californica, but black of throat narrowly or scarcely bordered by white
below; black of forehead tending to displace buffy—entirely successful on forecrown,
where sharply defining white fillet, which in turn is carried a little further back; hind
crown and nape bright chestnut (Sanford’s brown); crest a little longer, less sharply
recurved, and inclined to brownish; chest (narrowly), sides of breast, and cervix (broad-
ly, changing on upper back), and tail, slaty gray (Payne’s gray), with a tendency to
darker shaft lines; the feathers on sides of neck and on cervix anteriorly lightly bordered
and distinctly ribbed with chestnut (but of marked with white); remainder of back,
wings and upper tail-coverts light brownish olive or buffy olive; stripe along inner
tertials creamy buff to whitish; pattern of underparts subsimilar, but without scaled
effect of feathers; sides, broadly, rich bay striped with white; lower breast, broadly,
71550
ca Nolley’ Ouiails , according to all accounts, are now greatly reduce
mn Lagaenanee - A half century ago they existed in almost incredible num-
b atl flocks of tng one tO five thousand were regarded as common-
olaces tn Kane all days, too, some destruction of grapes in the vineyard |
ined of. Even now isolated vineyards, especially if in the —
serrouncded by chaparral, are likely to be plundered; but the
F operators, the raisin growers of the central valleys, da not come
ami it appears probable that the birds’ consumption of weed- seed.
iinet insects far outweighs the damage done. i
ornia Quail is noted for its hardihaod, its cecuailes HY; andl
ve seen a wounded bird swim and dive with great
will maintain ttself, if need be, in the depths af the
alfowed, it will run over our laws amt take a friendly ‘
Its recovery power is enormeans, Whereas dose |
vastate a country, protection will bring the birds
iy facts SAS. PRPeONeX, closely mivolved:
a5 seasons the culo
tl SASK
Hy ee sag tee No ey this
ere hetiet. imdeed, they might be-
ict te protection, | cannot tell, but
uaiien of these exquisite, gallant,
pee a far their value as meat,
rie! ¥ os ab
ae
5 lor fa
ter-c
‘e
ie
a wa
sn teoE 5 Pat
ieney ta: ay
“bardered
pitas gad des tall-cey : 3y
Sethe: orearey bait to whitish: pet iach ‘
tiers af feathers; sides, broadly, eich bay
The Desert Quail
plain ochraceous buffy; upper belly, broadly, black (where californica is chestnut);
lower belly, etc., dull ochraceous buffy, unmarked centrally, on flanks and crissum
striped with dull chestnut or brownish dusky. Adult female: In general, color tone
strikingly similar to female L. californica vallicola, but in complete suppression of
cervical white markings and abdominal scale-like bordering, following closely the pat-
tern of its own male; no black anywhere; tendency to dark shaft-lines further developed,
especially on breast; sides as in male, but bay somewhat restricted. Immature and
chick: Pattern much as in foregoing form, but tone lighter, grayer, with less brown.
Measurements (average of 5 males and 5 females): length 249.8 (9.83); wing 110.1
(4.34); tail 90.2 (3.55); bill 10.6 (.42); tarsus 31.7 (1.25).
Recognition Marks.—Robin size; recurved crest and black throat (of male
only) much as in Valley Quail; underparts not scaled; bright chestnut of crown in male
and dark chestnut sides striped with white, distinctive.
Nesting.— Nest: A depression in ground lined with grass or leaves; or occasion-
ally placed on top of a stump or low horizontal limb; or else eggs deposited in elevated
nest of other bird. Eggs: 8 to 22; short ovate, pale ivory-yellow, cream-color, or
cream-buff, spotted and blotched irregularly with golden brown or purplish brown
(dresden brown or Hay’s brown to light seal-brown and aniline black). Av. size 31.2
X 24.1 (1.23 x .95); index 77.2. A set of 15 eggs taken near Tucson, Ariz., by F. C.
Willard, May 24, 1913, shows the following extremes: 36.5 x 25.6 (1.44 x 1.01), and 23.6
x 19.5 (.93x.77). The largest egg is thus 234 times the bulk of the smallest. Between
these extremes there is a perfect gradation, there being in this set literally no two eggs
alike. Season: May-June.
General Range.—Common resident in Lower Sonoran zone of the South-
western States and northern Mexico, from the desert divide in southern California and
northeastern Lower California east to the El Paso region of western Texas north to
southern Nevada, southern Utah, and southwestern Colorado, and south to Guaymas,
Sonora.
Distribution in California.—Abundant resident locally, chiefly in the vicinity
of streams or springs, on the southeastern deserts; west to Hesperia and Banning; north
to Amargosa and Death Valleys.
Authorities.—Baird (Callipepla gambeli), in Stansbury’s Expl. Great Salt Lake,
1853, p- 334 (California); Cowes, Birds of the Northwest, 1874, p. 432 (habits, molt,
food, etc.); Thurber, Auk, vol. xiii., 1896, p. 265 (hybrids between gambeli and vallicola) ;
Grinnell and Swarth, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. x., 1913, p. 230 (San Jacinto Mts.,
habits, occurrence, etc.).
THE AMAZING fecundity of the desert is nowhere more clearly
illustrated than in the case of this humble quail. To be sure, the species
is nearly confined to the presence of water, which it must visit night and
morning; but wherever at lower levels springs or water courses are to
be found in Arizona and the adjoining states, there gambeli abounds.
The Desert Quail loves cover—arrow weed, atriplex, mesquite—and
though the birds will momentarily alight in bushes, when flushed they
almost immediately drop to the ground and go scuttling off under cover.
Pursuit is difficult where fear has once given them legs; and the adroit-
ness with which a flock, all. but unseen, will melt away and scatter un-
harmed before the alert gunner, is nothing less than uncanny.
1587
The Desert Quail
But we spoke of fecundity, and the proof of this lies not so much
in the size of the bag brought in as in the infallible undertone of Gam-
beline conversation which accompanies the traveler in his movements
along the base of the foothills which overlook the Colorado Desert,
or in the progress up the Gila River in Arizona. There seems to be no
uniformity of opinion yet as to the notes made by these birds; but a close
study would probably discover an exact parallelism between them and
the notes of L. californica. At Potholes I have heard the questing call
kuh kwad kuk, in form almost precisely like that of the Valley Quail,
but with an accent more drawling, less emphatic, and more southern.
The call-note of the male bird, as when the female is nest-hunting, is
whay o’eh, or, more sharply, quayl. In approaching a lurking covey of
young birds, one is likely to hear soothing daay daay notes. ‘‘Keep
still” is their message, and a profound silence follows a closer approach.
When the danger is over and the youngsters dare breathe again, the
mother bird calls wreck'’up, wreck’up in sharp, anxious tones.
The need of fecundity is emphasized by a consideration of all the
dangers which beset the infant steps of the Desert Quail. Snakes abound
in their country and they are always keen for quail meat, with or without
toast. Owls take toll; and coyotes secure many victims at night, especi-
ally during the breeding season. Being more exposed at all seasons than
are her California sisters of the chaparral, the Desert Quail nests twice
in the season to make up for losses. Although she nests typically upon
the ground, as do all other members of this family, the Desert Quail
exhibits a decided tendency to seek more elevated quarters. Goaded
to desperation by the coyotes, the Quails will make nests on the tops of
protected stumps, in hollows of mesquite trees, or in Thrashers’ nests
new or old,—anything that offers escape from ground-prowling enemies.
In the mesquite forest below Tucson one of our party took a set of nine
eggs from the nest of a Crissal Thrasher, placed three feet up in the center
of an almost impregnable thorn bush. Another nest, which I found in
the Gunsight Mountains, occupied a chamber excavated in the side of
an old rat’s nest. But the bird in this case probably sought shelter from
the heat rather than escape from vermin.
That the Quail should trust the rat is rather surprising, but I recall
having startled a covey of very young quails which took instant refuge
in a rat’s nest. We gave diligent search, in spite of an armament of
over-shadowing chollas, and we found the chicks, at last, huddled in an
underground passage with the rat herself no more than a foot away.
There can be little question that Lophortyx californica and L. gam-
beli have developed from a common stock. A moment’s consideration
of the head-pattern in the males of the two species shows this. The pat-
1538
n/14 Desert Quail in old Thrasher Nest
From a photograph by Donald R. Dickey
Taken near Mecca
The Dusky Grouse
terns, indeed, are almost identical in outline, but on the forehead, where
californica is creamy or yellowish white threaded with blackish, gambeli
is black threaded with creamy; and the crown of gambeli is a vivid (an
over-roasted) chestnut, where californica is of a most subdued grayish
brown. The pattern of the under-plumage, also, while quite different,
is still traceably similar. The two species thus evolved in sundered en-
vironments have recently been thrown together along a line roughly
indicated by the eastern base of the desert-fronting mountains of southern
California. It is interesting to notice that invasion has been on the part
of the western bird, vallicola, and that hybrids have resulted. Whether
or not the offspring of these cousinly reunions are fertile has not been
established, as it easily might be by experiment with birds in captivity.
So friendly, indeed, have become the relations of the Quails on the eastern
base of the San Jacinto Mountains, that the three species, viz.: Mountain,
Valley, and Desert, are reported drinking from the same spring; and that
they figure pathetically in the same bag there can be no doubt.
Owing to the more restricted variety of desert vegetation, the Gambel
Quail does not depend upon weed-seed to the same extent as its western
kinsmen. Although it eats seed and grain and wild fruit of almost every
available kind, two-thirds of its fare consists of browse, the tender leaves
and shoots of various plants, especially mesquite; and, in winter, buds
of mesquite and willow. Gardens are sampled on occasion, and some
damage to fruit is registered by early settlers, who are apt to be a little
over-sensitive as to their rights. Mistletoe berries are eagerly devoured
by these birds, and for this fare the lowly quail will invade the tops of
the highest mesquite trees. Here they meet the Shining Flycatcher
(Phainopepla nitens), the petulant, the dandified, the imperious; though
I never saw them yielding before the reproaches of this perturbed fop,
nor yet of his more spiteful mate.
No. 315
Dusky Grouse
No. 315a Sooty Grouse
A. O. U. No. 297a. Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus (Ridgway).
Synonyms.—BLvuE GrousE. MounrTaiIn Grouse. Hooter.
Description.—Adult male: General plumage sooty slate, color deepest, nearly
or quite black, on upper back and in ring about throat, lighter, slaty, on breast and
belly, feathers mottled with buffy and tawny on wings, back, and sides, with ashy
(lightly) on rump and upper tail-coverts, and with large admixture of white on lower
belly and under tail-coverts; throat heavily flecked with white; shoulder-patches of
1589
The Dusky Grouse
pure white, more or less concealed; subterminal area of tail clear slaty-black; terminal
band ashy gray, .30-.60 wide; comb over eye and concealed spot of naked skin on side
of neck, the tympanum, orange-yellow. Bill black; feet with black soles. Adult
female: Ground-color of male, everywhere, save on concealed webs of rectrices and
quills and on middle of belly, more or less mottled by ochraceous, tawny, and warm
browns (sudan brown to argus brown), the markings on back falling more or less into
bars; often also lightly washed or skirted, especially on breast and upper tail-coverts,
with ashy; some sector-shaped markings of white on wings, and plumage bordering
slaty central area of belly extensively varied by white. Young birds are much like
the female. Chicks are warm yellowish, clear or orange-banded below, above varied
in irregular pattern by ochrey, tawny, and black. Adult male, length: 508-558.8
(20.00-22.00), sometimes 609.6 (24.00); average of seven males: wing 232.4 (9.15); tail
162.6 (6.40); bill 20.3 (.80). Female, length: 431.8-482.6 (17.00-19.00); wing 214.9
(8.46); tail 130.8 (5.15); bill 19.3 (.76).
Recognition Marks.—Crow size; dark slaty coloration; tail definitely tipped
with white, as compared with black tail of D. 0. richardson.
Nesting.— Nest: On ground, a slight hollow lined with a few twigs, grasses,
and stray feathers, usually under protection of tree, bush-clump, or grass. Eggs:
6 to 12, 16 of record; pale cream-buff or pinkish buff, sharply and sparingly freckled
with reddish brown (cinnamon-brown to chestnut-brown). Av. size 52.3 x 34.5 (2.06
x 1.36). Season: May-June, according to altitude; one brood.
Range of Dendragapus obscurus.—Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain districts
from Alaska, southern Yukon, and southwestern Mackenzie south to Mt. Pinos (Cali-
fornia), western New Mexico, and central Arizona. Resident wherever found.
Range of D. o. fuliginosus—Humid coastal district from Sitka south to north-
western California.
Distribution in Californias—Common resident of the humid coastal strip,
chiefly in the Douglas fir forests, east to Hayfork and Kuntz (Trinity County) and
south to Seaview, Sonoma County (Grinnell).
Authorities.—Sclater (Zetrao obscurus), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 1,
part (Trinity Mts.); Z. Kellogg, Condor, vol. xiii., 1911, p. 119 (Hayfork, Trinity Co.);
Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. II, 1915, p. 60 (status in Calif.).
No. 315b Sierra Grouse
A. O. U. No. 297c. Dendragapus obscurus sierrze Chapman.
Description.—‘‘Differs from D. 0. fuliginosus in much paler coloration above,
in the heavier vermiculation of the entire upper surface, practical absence of neck-
tufts, whiter throat, and paler underparts.”
Status.—If we may be allowed to substitute the word perceptibly for ‘‘much”’
in the foregoing description, this very ‘‘light’’ form will pass muster. The whiter
throat is apparently the most constant character.
Range of D. o. sierre (Almost wholly included within California) —Common
resident in coniferous forests of the mountains from Mt. Shasta south along the inner
coast ranges at least to Mt. Sanhedrin, and along the Sierras south to the Piute Moun-
tains in Kern County, and on Mt. Pinos in Ventura County. Also found upon the
Warner Mountains and the White Mountains (and so presumably into Nevada).
1590
AQUNOD OUOYA, UT Uaye J,
4HOyIN PY ayy tq ydvibopoyg v wos
9snode) BALTIC 94} Jo JUNV EY SuIpoa.ig V
yooy YJOULUTe AY
The Dusky Grouse
Authorities.—Sclater (Tetrao obscurus), Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858, p. 1,
part (Yosemite Valley); Belding, Zoe, vol. iii., 1892, p. 232 (food); Muir, Our National
Parks, 1901, p. 216 (habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. xx., 1904,
p. 159 (orig. desc.; type locality, Echo, El Dorado Co.).
Taken in Eastern Washington Photo by W. H. Wright
SOOTY GROUSE ON NEST
ALTHOUGH RATED AS D. o. fuliginosus, THIS BORDERLINE SPECIMEN IS SCARCELY DISTINGUISHABLE IN A PHOTOGRAPH FROM THE
CALIFORNIA BIRD, D. o. sierr@.
THE “BLUE” Grouse, ‘“Wood Grouse,” or ‘‘Mountain’’ Grouse, in
some one of its geographical races, is found throughout the heavily timbered
areas of the West, ranging from sea-level to timberline, according to the
degree of local humidity. It has a strong preference for fir (or spruce)
timber, on account of the density of cover offered; and its range in Cali-
fornia is determined chiefly, though not entirely, by this factor. And
of all fir trees the Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), miscalled “Oregon
Pine”’ by our local trade, is the prime favorite. In the sheltering branches
of this tree the grouse takes refuge in time of danger; from its commanding
elevation he most frequently sends forth the challenges of springtime;
and in its somber depths he hides himself throughout the winter season.
The Blue Grouse is by nature one of the most confiding of fowls.
If it were not for the discipline of gun-fire, now three-quarters of a cen-
T5QL
The Dusky Grouse
tury old, the bird would no more than step aside to watch the traveler
pass, or at most flutter up to a low-lying branch the better to observe.
There are few traces left, however, of this once confiding character. Save
for its unconquerable propensity for hooting, the bird is shrewd enough
to maintain itself in the very heart of dangerous country. To my knowl-
edge a small company of Sooty Grouse survived in Ravenna Park, Seattle,
till the year 1910, and they pastured on land worth at least $15,000 per
acre.
The Grouse’s year begins in March or April, according to altitude,
at which season the males begin to hoot. This operation is conducted
chiefly in the trees, but as the season advances and love-making becomes
more earnest, the birds resort to the ground or choose stations on some
prominent stump or bowlder. The bird, as a rule, is one of the most
phlegmatic of fowls, and his courting antics, grotesque enough in them-
selves, are conducted with a gravity which makes them even more absurd.
Whatever the bird’s situation in hooting, the air-sacs of the throat, chest,
and neck are first inflated. These auxiliary parts are capable of enor-
mous dissension, insomuch that the total bulk of the sacs, together with
their covering feathers, during excitement, exceeds that of the body itself.
The hooting, or grunting, notes of this Grouse are among the lowest
tones of Nature’s thoroughbase, being usually about C of the first octave,
but ranging from E flat down to B flat of the contra octave. Hoot, hoot,
hoot, tu-hoot, the legend runs, although there is a prefatory note of the
same character which is inaudible at a distance; and the bird not in-
frequently adds another at the end, after the slightest appreciable pause,
as though he required a fraction of a second in which to recover from
the effort of the double note. There is in the act of utterance a corre-
sponding pulsation of the air-sacs, but these can serve only as a sounding
board, for the noise is made in the syrinx, and may be passably imitated
in that of a freshly killed specimen by placing the thumb and forefinger
over the apertures, and blowing at the proper intervals through the
entering windpipe. The sound may also be well reproduced by the
human voice, and we have offended many a “‘hooter’’ ere now by chal-
lenging in his preserves.
As the hooter becomes vehement he struts like a turkey-cock, spread-
ing the tail in fan-shape, dropping the wings till they scrape the ground,
and inflating his throat to such an extent as to disclose a considerable
space of bare orange-colored skin on either side of the neck. This last
certainly makes a stunning feature of the gallant’s attire, for Nature
has contrived that the feathers immediately surrounding the bald area
should have white bases beneath their sooty tips. During excitement,
then, as the concealing feathers are raised and reversed, a brilliant white
T5902
The Dusky Grouse
circlet, some five inches in diameter, suddenly flares forth on each side
of the neck, to the great admiration, no doubt, of the observant hen.
These more emphatic demonstrations are probably reserved for
such time as the hen is known to be close at hand, for I have never fright-
ened a strutting cock without finding a female hard by, at least at no greater
distance than the lower branches of a neighboring tree. She has re-
sponded to the earlier calls of the male by a single musical toot note,
uttered at intervals of approach; but once arrived at the trysting place
she has become very shy, and will take no part in the celebration, save
by a few tell-tale clucks and many coy evasions. On these occasions,
also, the cock works himself up
into such a transport that he
becomes oblivious to danger,
so that he may be narrowly ob-
served or even captured by a
sudden rush.
The Wood Grouse are pos-
sibly polygamous, but contests
between the males are infre-
quent, and there is no great
disparity in numbers between
the sexes, so that the male,
oftener than otherwise, mates
but once during a season. At
least he is not known to carry
on separate amours abreast.
When the female has laid her
complement of eggs, from five
to nine, in a shallow, leaf-lined
depression at the base of a tree,
bush, or rock, the male joins
himself to a small company of
his widowed fellows, or else
sulks out the season in ineffec-
tual hooting.
In choosing a nesting site
the female is not at especial
pains to find concealment, rely-
ing rather upon the protective
harmony of her surroundings,—
how securely may be noted in
Photo by F. S. Merrill
A NEST IN THE PINE WOODS
AS BEFORE, THE RACE DEPICTED Is D. o. fuliginosus
L593
Taken in Eastern Washington
The Dusky Grouse
the accompanying illustration, where the cover was of the slightest, yet
perfectly in keeping. The bird even sits with half closed eyes, in order
Taken in Washington Photo by Dawson and Bowles
SOOTY GROUSE ON NEST
AN EXAMPLE OF PROTECTIVE HARMONY
that the glint of the eye, the “‘high light,’’ may not betray her presence.
The creamy buff eggs, also, with their light brown spots and splashes, are
comparatively inconspicuous when exposed.
Grouse are close sitters, and will at times suffer even the touch of
the hand before bursting off in agitated and noisy flight. I once pottered
about for half an hour in the immediate vicinity of a sitting grouse whose
presence was unsuspected. She let me pass within five feet of her without
betraying her anxiety. She even allowed me to chop out a Chickadee’s
nest ten feet up in a stub hard by, and that with gesticulations which must
have tried the Dendragapine nerve most sorely. With fatuous unconcern
I sat down near her upon the ground and spent torturing minutes packing
eggs and writing notes. This she endured, but when I sprang suddenly
to my feet, her nerves gave out, and she quitted the field in disgust.
L594
The Dusky Grouse
There was a teeming ant hill within five feet of the nest, but whether this
bothered the bird as much as it did me, I cannot say.
Chicks are brought off after a three weeks’ vigil, and the mother leads
her brood about until they are fully grown. When surprised a month
later, as at a dustbath, of which they are exceedingly fond, the bantlings
rise to the nearest trees and secrete themselves, while the mother makes
herself conspicuous in effort to distract attention. Or, if somewhat dis-
ciplined by hunting, the covey makes off through the air by twos and
threes, endeavoring always to keep the same direction, that they may
speedily reassemble when out of harm’s way.
Grouse feed much at the lower levels, and even venture into the open
in late summer and early autumn. The babies are fed along willow bot-
toms and in the vicinity of streams which will guarantee a supply of needed
insect food. Berries come next in line, and only gradually are the young-
sters inducted into the grim prosaics of fir buds and other bitter browse,
to which they must become inured by wintertime. As the season advances
the cocks work their way up to timberline; and they are followed in due
season by the females and the half-grown broods. When the berries are
exhausted, the grouse drop down to lower levels again; and at the first
touch of bad weather they take to the depths of the trees, where they must
subsist for some months upon an exclusive diet of fir needles.
Sooty Grouse lie well to a dog, but unless previously filled with the
fear of man, they are likely to make tame targets, as they rise heavily
into the nearest tree, and tamer yet as they sit and look down inquiringly
at the hunter. The young of the year, in particular, are very foolish,
allowing themselves to be pelted repeatedly with stones until finally
struck and killed. This trick has earned for them, in common with other
northern species, the name “‘fool hen.’’ A northern observer claims that
Sooty Grouse will hiss like a gander, especially when treed by a dog. The
bird will thrust out its neck and peer down defiantly, hissing and squirming
in anger over its interrupted meal.
Under repeated fire, the Wood Grouse learns not only to make away
with great celerity, flying down hill if possible, with stiff-set wings, but
also to hide quickly in a tree-top, squatting and freezing so perfectly
that it requires a practiced eye to detect it. The Indians of the Pacific
Coast used to be very skillful on the still-hunt, especially in winter, when
even at the lower levels the birds appear to enter a semi-lethargic state.
The flesh of the Blue Grouse, although much darker than that of the
Ruffed Grouse, affords excellent eating in the proper season. The bird
attains a goodly size, three, four, or even five pounds, in the case of a
L595
The Oregon Ruffed Grouse
cock; and there is no reason to suppose that the supply will not last in-
definitely, if campers and hunters will observe the excellent laws at present
in force.
No. 316
Oregon Ruffed Grouse
A. O. U. No. 300c. Bonasa umbellus sabini (Douglas).
Synonyms.—'‘‘PHEASANT.’’ BuUsH PHEASANT. ‘‘PARTRIDGE.’’ RUFFED GROUSE.
DRUMMER. RED-TAIL.
Description.—Adult male: Neck-tufts of lengthened feathers glossy black;
above rich rusty brown (Sanford’s brown to auburn), varied in endless pattern by
black and ochraceous markings and ashy skirtings; tail normally color of back, but
sometimes more extensively ashy or ochraceous gray, crossed by six or seven narrow
bands and one broad subterminal band of black, shadowed by ochraceous (or gray);
throat warm buff, nearly immaculate; remaining underparts mixed white and buff,
heavily barred with tawny or warm brown, each bar bordered narrowly with dusky,
the brown or dusky prevailing on chest; marks on flanks entirely dark brown or blackish.
Bill brownish above, yellow below; feet brownish; the toes heavily pectinated on both
edges. Adult female: Similar to male, but smaller, and neck-tufts much reduced in
size. Immature birds lack the neck-tufts. Chicks are dull sulphur-yellow below, and
auburn, almost immaculate, above; a strong stripe of blackish on side of head and
neck from eye—curiously forecasting the distinctive black neck-ruff of adult. Length:
406.4-457.2 (16.00-18.00); av. of 3 adult males from Siskiyou County: wing 193.04
(7.60); tail 145 (5.71); bill 15 (.59); females smaller.
Recognition Marks.—Little hawk to crow size; neck-ruffs and highly variegated
rusty brown coloration unmistakable; drumming notes of male.
Nesting.— Nest: A slight depression at base of tree or bush-clump in low woods,
sparingly lined with twigs and dead leaves. Eggs: 8-14; creamy white or pinkish
buff, unmarked or sparingly speckled with reddish brown or brownish drab. (Eggs of
B. u. sabini average ruddier in coloration than those of other forms of the Ruffed
Grouse). Av. size 41.2 x 30.8 (1.62 x 1.21). Season: May; one brood.
Range of Bonasa umbellus—Wooded districts of the United States and Canada
from Norton Sound, Alaska, and central Yukon, central Keewatin, southern Ungava,
and Nova Scotia, south to northern California, Colorado, northern Arkansas, and
Virginia; and in the Alleghany Mountains to Georgia.
Range of B. wu. sabini.—Pacific Coast district from southern Alaska to north-
western California.
Distribution in California.—Resident locally on valley floors of the extreme
northwestern humid district south to Humboldt Bay and east to the Siskiyou Moun-
tains.
Authorities.—Douglas (Tetrao sabini), Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xvi.,
1829, p. 137 (orig. desc.; n. w. America, from Cape Mendocino to Vancouver Id.);
Townsend, Auk, vol. iii., 1886, p. 491 (Humboldt Bay); Anderson and Grinnell, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, p. 6 (Siskiyou Mts.).
1500
The Oregon Ruffed Grouse
AGAIN IT IS that little touch of “Humid Transition” afforded by
Del Norte and Humboldt counties (with adjacent areas in Siskiyou and
Trinity) which links us up with the great Northland; and, in this case,
with the north central portion of the entire continent. Ours is the western-
most and most ‘‘saturated”’ race of the four or five stretching from Cape
Cod to Cape Flattery and south to Humboldt Bay. Perhaps the most
exquisite product of our somber western woods is this ““Oregon’”’ Ruffed
Grouse with his plumage of warm browns and woodsy buffs, relieved by
touches of white, and set off by the glossy black of neck ornaments, or
ruffs. Nature has painted her favorite to match the moldering logs
of red fir, cross-hatched as they are by the infinite traceries of the under-
forest. When he steps forth at the sound of your footstep into some
woodland path, alert yet curious, with ruffs half-raised and tail partly
opened, you feel as if the very beauty of nature had found concrete ex-
pression, and that the vision would fade again if you breathed too heavily.
If not pressed, the bird will presently hop up on some fallen log, the
better to see and be seen; or else trip away, satisfied, into some mossy
covert. Or it may take suddenly to wing, with a roar which you feel to
be quite needless, especially when exaggerated by a series of grunts which
must be partly derisive.
From the point of view of the sportsman, this bird is not to be com-
pared with the Ruffed Grouse of the eastern states. Its cover is too
abundant, and it does not take the discipline which has educated the wily
““partridge.’”’ It seldom allows the dog to come to a correct point, usually
flushing into the nearest small tree, where it sits peeping and perking like
an overgrown chicken, regarding now the dog and now the hunter. Pot-
shooting the birds under these circumstances can hardly be called sport,
but their fondness for dense thickets often makes it the only way in which
they can be obtained.
In the latter part of February the mating season commences, and
from that time until well into May the rolling drum-call of the cocks
may be heard at any hour of the day and sometimes far into the night.
Every cock has some particular fallen tree which he has chosen for his
private drumming ground, and he very rarely resorts to another situa-
tion. A favorite log becomes worn in the course of a season, so that an
experienced hunter may locate the trysting place in its owner’s absence.
The motive of this singular performance is, of course, primarily
sexual. It is the wooing call, such as every male grouse indulges in one
fashion or another; but there seems to be in this, also, a more poetic
element. Its exhibition is not confined to springtime, but the desire
seizes the bird at intervals throughout the year, and especially in the fall.
The grouse drums for the same reason that other birds sing, simply to
express his joy of life. 1507
The Oregon Ruffed Grouse
In executing this manoeuver the bird stands to its full height and
beats its wings swiftly downward toward its sides, in this manner ren-
dering sounds which closely resemble the syllables bump - bump - bump,
bumperrrrrr. The wing-beats commence slowly but end in a rapid whirr,
which not even the most speedy
lens may exactly define. The
sound carries to the distance of
half a mile or more, but so subtle,
or profound, is its character, that
the ear can scarcely distinguish as
between twenty yards and fifty.
It is only a lucky chance
which discovers the female near
the drumming log, although this
is the appointed meeting place. On
the occasion of her near presence
male occupies the intervals of
drumming by strutting up
and down with extended
plumage, and tail held tur-
key-wise. We cannot blame
the admiration of the female,
and no one begrudges a mor-
tal the right to strut a little
before one.
Itisa moot point
whether Robin Goodfellow
is as faithful as he ought
to be. The fact seems to be,
however, that behavior varies
greatly with individuals. Or-
dinarily the bird appears to
mate but once in a season.
During the period of incuba-
tion, the hen is left pretty
much to her own devices,
but even then the cock is not
Taken near Tacoma Photo by the Author
NEST AND EGGS OF OREGON RUFFED GROUSE unlikely to be somewhere in
ee a eat the vicinity. When the chicks
are out, it is the mother who has the care and training of them, but in-
stances are on record where the male has appeared upon the scene in
time of danger to make gallant defense of his offspring.
1598
The Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse
At the foot of a maple in some swampy thicket, or close beside a
fallen log, the female scrapes a slight depression in the earth, lining it
roughly with dead leaves and a few small twigs. In this she places eight
or ten eggs, buff or faintly ruddy, sparingly spotted with pale brownish
or buffy red. As she leaves the nest, she does so a-wing, causing the sur-
rounding leaves to flutter carelessly over her eggs. If the eggs are mo-
lested, she will either desert outright or else break up the polluted clutch.
If, however, she only suspects that her secret may be known, she is at
great pains to cover up her treasures with leaves and trash each time she
quits them.
A noisy surprise is in store for the person who comes upon a mother
partridge with a brood of tender chicks. With a great outcry the mother
bird charges up in front of the intruder, or dashes into his face; then
stands before him with flashing eyes and ruffled feathers, looking fierce
enough to eat him up. Thus she holds the enemy at bay for one bewilder-
ing moment,—a precious moment, in which her tiny darlings are finding
shelter. Then she collapses like a struck tent and vanishes in a trice.
A diligent search may discover a chick under a fallen leaf, or between two
pieces of bark, but no living man can find an entire brood in this way.
At such times, also, the female, in concealment, utters a whining
sound or adds to it a vocal undertone, dzut dzut dzut dzut, which is not
unlike the chittering of a chipmunk or a chickadee. The youngsters
peep lustily, once the ban of silence has been removed, and if the bird-
watcher lingers quietly, he may hear the motherly clucking which re-
assembles the brood.
The food of the Ruffed Grouse is, of course, chiefly vegetable. Ber-
ries of all kinds are freely eaten in season; at other times buds and “‘browse”’
form the staple diet,—huckleberry leaves, fern leaves, wild clover, and
the like. This grouse loves to frequent the little bottoms where deciduous
trees cover the stream-beds, and here in the fall of the year the birds may
scratch among the fallen leaves, and experience some of those autumnal
thrills which, in the sterner East, have given brown October and the
“partridge”’ an imperishable identity.
No. 317
Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse
A. O. U. No. 308a. Pedicecetes phasianellus columbianus (Ord).
Synonyms.—ComMon SHARP-TAILED GROUSE. PIN-TAILED GROUSE. ‘‘PRAIRIE
CHICKEN.”
Description.—Adults: Above chiefly buffy gray or pale brownish finely varied
by irregular spots and bars of brownish black and lighter brownish; wing-coverts with
L599
The Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse
rounded spots of white; wing-quills fuscous, spotted on the outer webs with whitish
or tawny; the secondaries tipped with white and irregularly barred with white, the
inner ones changing to pattern of back; tail graduated, the two central pairs of feathers
much like back, the remainder mottled on outer webs, white or grayish white on inner;
below whitish as to base, or tinged with buffy anteriorly, the throat warm buff, usually
immaculate, the remaining feathers usually with U- or V-shaped markings of dark
brown, heaviest and sharpest on breast, least or none on belly; axillars and wing-
linings pure white; legs grayish white. Iris light brown; bill chiefly dark horn-color;
toes heavily pectinated, light horn-color above, darker below. Young birds are brown-
er above, with sharp white shaft-lines, and whiter below with dark brown spots on
breast, changing to streaks on sides. Length of adult: 457.2-508 (18.00-20.00); wing
228.6-254 (9.00-10.00); middle pair of tail-feathers 101.6-152.4 (4.00-6.00); shortest
lateral tail-feathers 38.1 (1.50); tarsus 50.8 (2.00); bill 16.5 (.65).
Recognition Marks.—Crow size; mottled grayish plumage; chiefly terrestrial
habits; completely feathered tarsus; graduated tail.
Nesting.— Nest: A grass-lined depression under shelter of sage-bush, grass-
clump, ete. Eggs: 10 to 15; olive-buff or dull cream-buff, unmarked, or finely dotted
with brown. Av. size 43.2 x 31.5 (1.70 x 1.24). Season: c. May Ist; one brood.
Range of Pediwcetes phasianellus—Central northern and west central North
America from central Alaska and northwestern British Columbia east to central west-
ern Ungava and the Parry Sound district of Ontario south to northeastern California,
central Colorado, Kansas, and Illinois.
Range of P. p. columbianus.—Central British Columbia and central Alberta
south to northeastern California (formerly), Utah, and western Colorado.
Occurrence in California.—Formerly abundant in the Modoc region,—now
extirpated by gun-fire.
Authorities.—Newberry (Tetrao phasianellus), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. vi.,
1857, p- 94 (50 mi. n. e. Ft. Reading; Pit River); Cowes, Birds of the Northwest, 1874,
p. 407 (syn., desc., nomencl., habits, etc.); Henshaw, Rep. Orn. Wheeler Surv., 1879,
p. 317 (Camp Bidwell, Modoc Co.); Bendire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, vol. i., 1892,
p. 99 (habits, nest and eggs, etc.).
A REMEMBRANCE and a sigh—that is the present day history
of the ‘‘chickens’’ which our fathers knew—and incontinently potted.
They were a hardy and a wasteful breed, the pioneers, unskilled in the
economics of an older civilization. The western star of empire spoke
to them only of conquest. Life was a golden to-day, unshadowed by
a leaden to-morrow. Now to-morrow has come, and for many a glorious
species, bird or beast, the sun has set. It zs “‘to-morrow’’—on the banks
of the Styx.
The Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse had all the marks of a fine game-
bird. It lay well to a dog, and moved off at a pace which was a fair test of
marksmanship. It was both hardy in habit and adaptable in the matter
of food. Moreover, its flesh was excellent eating, juicy and tender, and in
the best of condition just when the frosts were beginning to nip. An early
1600
The Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse
recognition of the danger which threatened the species, and a rigid policy
of protection for a term of years would have preserved for us, at least in
the northeastern counties of the State, a valuable economic asset, as well
as a most interesting native species. But the day of opportunity has
gone by. Both observance of law and economic wisdom are products of
orderly civilization, and this wild thing succumbed while every man did
that which was right (or wrong) in his own eyes. Diligent inquiry on
the part of the authors of “The Game Birds of California’’ failed to
discover any contemporary records, and in all probability this bird,
although still found further north, has vanished as a bird of California.
The economy and general appearance of the Sharp-tailed Grouse is
much that of the Prairie Hen (Tympanuchus americanus), or “‘chicken,”’
of the East, after which it was promptly named by the early settlers.
In the early days it was partially migratory in habit, spreading out upon
the sage-brush stretches and rye-grass plains in spring and summer, but
resorting to the aspen groves and timbered draws in winter. As soon,
however, as cultivation assured support in winter, the birds began to
maintain their place in the open wheat-fields, or visited the haystacks and
the farmyards. Though chiefly terrestrial in habit, at the advent of
cold weather these Grouse alight freely in trees and bushes, browsing
upon the tender shoots or gleaning unfallen fruit, being especially partial
to the rose-hips. In the famed ““Yakima County,” of Washington, which
is faunistically comparable with much in our Modoc-Lassen region,
the Sharp-tail was a commonplace thirty or forty years ago. It was no
unusual thing in my boyhood to see a flock of these Grouse walking and
fluttering about the barn or some of the out-buildings, nor even to be
aroused at early morning by the patter and scratch of pectinated feet upon
the house-top. Of course this was the prompt signal for resurrecting
the old musket,—so gracious is human hospitality!
Sharp-tailed Grouse have several cackling and calling notes, none
more characteristic than the rattling, grunting cry with which they take
towing. When getting under way the body is rocked violently, as though
by alternating wing-strokes. A series of such flaps is followed, if the way
is clear, by a long sail on stiffened wings; and so powerful is the bird in
flight that it will not infrequently distance a hawk or an unsophisticated
owl. I have seen a Marsh Hawk dash repeatedly into a passing flock of
Grouse, but never saw him catch one.
These Grouse are doubtfully monogamous, but their nesting is pre-
pared for by an elaborate social function, which is thus described by Mr.
Ernest E. Thompson:! ‘‘After the disappearance of snow and the coming
of warmer weather, the chickens meet every morning at gray dawn in
1Speaking of a closely allied form, P. p. campestris—The Birds of Manitoba, Proc. U. S. Nat’l Museum, Vol.
XIII. (1890), p. 519.
TOOL
The Sage-Hen
companies of from six to twenty on some selected hillock or knoll and
indulge in what is called ‘the dance.’ This performance I have often
watched. At first, the birds may be seen standing about in ordinary
attitudes, when suddenly one of them lowers its head, spreads out its
wings nearly horizontally and its tail perpendicularly, distends its air
sacs and erects its feathers, then rushes across the ‘floor,’ taking the
shortest of steps, but stamping its feet so hard and rapidly that the
sound is like that of a kettle drum; at the same time it utters a sort of
bubbling crow, which seems to come from the air sacs, beats the air with
its wings, and vibrates its tail so that it produces a low, rustling noise,
and thus contrives at once to make as extraordinary a spectacle of itself
and as much noise as possible.
“As soon as one commences all join in, rattling, stamping, drumming,
crowing, and dancing together furiously; louder and louder the noise,
faster and faster the dance becomes, until at last, as they madly whirl
about, the birds are leaping over each other in their excitement. After
a brief spell the energy of the dancers begins to abate, and shortly after-
ward they cease or stand and move about very quietly, until they are
again started by one of their number ‘leading off.’
“The space occupied by the dancers is from 50 to 100 feet across, and
as it is returned to year after year, the grass is usually worn off and the
ground trampled down hard and smooth. The whole performance re-
minds one so strongly of a Cree dance as to suggest the possibility of its
being the prototype of the Indian exercises.”
Sage Grouse
A. O. U. No. 309. Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte).
Synonyms.—SacGE Cock. SAGE HEN. COCK-OF-THE-PLAINS.
Description.— Adult male: Above mingled buffy and grayish, varied irregularly
with black; many of the wing-feathers with central white streaks, the tertials bordered
terminally with white; wing-quills grayish brown, sometimes mottled on outer webs
with paler, chin and throat broadly mingled black and white, defined laterally by
crescentic area of white; lower throat black, the feathers bordered more or less with
grayish white; chest gray; belly black surrounded by white; lower tail-coverts black,
broadly tipped with white; lining of wings white; tail-feathers, narrowly tapering,
dusky as to ground, but finely mottled above and below. Bill black; feet blackish.
“To describe the peculiar neck-feathering of the old cock more particularly: On each
side is a patch of feathers, meeting in front, with extremely stiff bases, prolonged into
hair-like filaments about 3.00 in length; with the wearing away of these feathers in the
peculiar actions of the bird in pairing-time, their hard horny bases are left, forming
‘fish-scales.’. In front of these peculiar feathers is the naked tympanum, capable of
1602
The Sage-Hen
enormous inflation under amatory excitement. Above them is a tuft of down-feathers,
covered with a set of long soft filamentous plumes corresponding to the ruff of Bonasa.
Many breast-feathers resemble the scaly ones of the neck, and are commonly found
worn to a bristly ‘thread-bare’ state. Scaly bases of these feathers soiled white;
thready ends blackish; fluffy feathers snowy-white, like wool, the longer overlying
filamentous plumes glossy black’’ (Coues). Adult female: Similar to male, but
much smaller and without black of chin and throat; feathers of neck not strikingly
peculiar. Length of cock 609.6-762 (24.00-30.00); wing 304.8 (12.00); tail 279.4-
355-6 (11.00-14.00); weight 4 to 8 pounds. Adult hen: length 533.4-584.2 (21.00-
23.00); wing 254-279.4 (10.00-11.00); tail 177.8-228.6 (7.00-9.00) ; weight 3 to 5 pounds.
Recognition Marks.—Brant size; largest of American grouse; sage-haunting
habits.
Nesting.— Nest: A scantily-lined depression in ground under sage-bush. Eggs:
6 to 15, usually 8 or 9; olive-buff to deep olive-buff, dotted and spotted with dark
brown. The marking is of different degrees of intensity, is well distributed, and
varies in size from a pin-head to a pea, tending to circular forms. Av. size 54.6 x 38.1
(2.15 x 1.50). Season: April-May; one brood.
General Range.—Sage-brush plains of western North America from south
central British Columbia, southern Saskatchewan, and northwestern North Dakota,
south to central eastern California, northwestern New Mexico, and northwestern
Nebraska. Resident throughout its range. j
Distribution in California.—Resident in the northeastern plateau district
east of the Sierras from eastern Siskiyou County east to eastern Modoc County and
south to northern Inyo County. Formerly abundant; now greatly reduced in numbers
and locally wanting.
Authorities.—Douglas (Tetrao urophasianus), Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol.
XVi., 1829, p. 133 (interior of north California); Newberry, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol.
vi., 1857, p. 95 (habits); Cowes, Birds of the Northwest, 1874, p. 400 (syn., desc., habits,
etc.); Judd, U. S. Dept. Agric., Biol. Surv. Bull., no. 24, 1905, p. 23 (food).
AS BAM-
boo to the Ori-
ental, or as the
cocoanut palm
to the South
Sea Islander,
so is the sage-
bush to this
Cock of the
Plains. It not
only provides
him shelter of
asort, but food
and _ probably
drink as well.
At least, from
Viale
Taken in Oregon Photo by Finley
HIS GALLANTRY, THE SAGE COCK
1003
ALL FOR THE LADIES!
THESE THREE POSES ARE FROM
MEMBERS OF A
MOTION PICTURE FILM.
NOTE RAPIDITY OF
CHANGE
CONTIGUOUS
Taken in Oregon
Photo by William L. Finley
The Sage-Hen
the fact that the Sage Cock is found at such distances from water, we are
forced to conclude that the dew-covered browse of the Artemisia must
often serve the bird in lieu of water. As to food, this Grouse has so long
depended upon the leaves and tender shoots of the sage-brush and grease-
wood for subsistence, that it is incapable of digesting grain when it is
offered. The bird’s gizzard, unlike that of other grouse, is not a strong,
muscular grinding-organ, but a membranous sac capable of great dis-
tension, but unequal to the task of reducing seeds, grains, or even hard-
shelled beetles. The bird’s spring diet is varied by many kinds of tender
herbage, and in summer it consumes quantities of crickets, grasshoppers
and other insects, but sage is eaten at all seasons and forms its exclusive
ration in winter.
In spite of this monotonous and bit-
ter fare the flesh of the adult Sage Grouse
is far from unpalatable, especially if
speedily prepared; while birds of the year
in the fall are as wholesome as those of
any other species. In fact, much that
has been written about ‘“‘fishy’’ ducks
and “‘sagey’’ grouse has been derived
from specimens left about
undrawn until the charac-
teristic flavors of the intes-
tinal contents have
permeated the flesh,—ob-
viously, an unfair test in
case of a pronounced diet
either of clams or worm-
wood.
Sage Grouse move
about in
coveys,
fay amsitel: sy;
groups, in
which the
mother re-
mains a cen-
tral figure,
until late
autumn.
At that sea-
son several
1004
The Sage-Hen
coveys may unite
tOMlOrm~pane: packsus
and the male birds
are allowed to re-
join the company.
Stories are told of
bands numbering
up to a thousand,
but small flocks are
the rule. These
Grouse, like all oth-
ers in America, with
the partial excep-
tion of the Pinna-
ted, are non-migra-
tory; but they are
mildly nomadic in
their habits, mov-
ing about in the
flocking season
from one portion of ESE
their local range to Taken in Oregon
another.
Although far larger—males weigh five or six pounds, and eight-
pound birds are of record—the Sage Grouse resembles the Sharp-tail in
many ways. Like the latter it will crouch low upon the ground, or,
especially if the passerby be on horseback or in a wagon, will “‘freeze”’
beside a sage-bush in hopes of escaping detection. When put to flight,
it has the same harsh rattle or cackle, increased in proportion to its size.
It rises heavily with violent exertion of alternating wing-strokes, and
after each repetition of such efforts, rests, in long stiff sails. The birds
lie well to a dog, or not, according to circumstances, and a flock is seldom
found lying as close together as is the case with Sharp-tailed Grouse.
In the courting antics of this valiant son of the desert, Nature has
indulged a fresh fancy. Indeed, it is to be suspected that the Dame takes
a special delight in making some of the most staid and prosaic of her
male progeny appear in a ridiculous light, when under the influence of
the tender passion. This grizzled veteran of the wormwood does not
express his sentiment with either dignity or grace. No; he first inflates
the air-sacs which line his neck until they assume alarming proportions,
meeting in front and frequently engulfing his head; the tail with its spiny
feathers is spread to the utmost and pointed skyward; then the gallant
SECM a re BE =
Photo-by Finley and Bohlman
PORTRAIT OF SAGE GROUSE
T6005
The Sage-Hen
pitches forward and
casts off for a belly-
buster slide over the
ground, not without
much assistance of
propulsive feet in ap-
proved “kid” fash-
ion. As a result of
this ridiculous dry-
land swim, thie
feathers of the breast
are worn off at the
tips till only the
quills protrude.
These ragged quill-
ends, in. being forced
over the earth, pro-
duce a mild roar
which passes for an
aria by Caruso with
the gray lady in the
sage-box. La! but
itisabsurd! Do you
suppose — now do
you suppose we ever
make such fools of
ourselves?
In nesting, the
female hides from
the cock, as is the
case with most of
the grouse. A slight
depression in the
ground, barely or not
Taken in uregon Photo by William L. Finley
FULL DRESS
THE SAGE GROUSE IS WELL NAMED Centrocercus, ‘‘SPIKE-TAIL”’
at all lined with twigs and sage-leaves, serves for a cradle, with a sage-
bush for a canopy. The eggs are heavily colored, greenish gray or green-
ish drab as to ground, with sharp dots and rounded spots of reddish brown
or chocolate. Eight to fifteen is the number laid, but the smaller denom-
ination represents the average size of fall flocks after the coyotes have
taken toll.
Sage is a thing accursed in the eyes of all thrifty farmer folk, and he
7606
whose ambition it is
to cause two blades
of grass to grow
where none grew be-
fore, must needs
abolish the worm-
wood. With it goes
the Sage Grouse, af-
ter the turkey,
the largest and most
irreclaimable of the
American Tet-
raonide.
There are still
Sage Grouse in Cal-
ifornia. How long
they will remain does
not depend so much
upon the observance
of our fairly decent
game laws, as upon
the esthetic attitude
of that portion of
our population which
is in contact with the
wilderness. If it is
deemed a sine qua
non of human hap-
piness to arrange an
annual slaughter of
these lumbering
fowls, they will sure-
ly disappear, even
though the “‘bag lim-
it’’ be reduced to one
per season. But if
our people can be
The Sage-Hen
Taken in Oregon Photo by William L. Finley
A DESERT ROSE
REAR VIEW OF SAGE COCK AT MAXIMUM STAGE OF COURTING DISPLAY
brought to see that the glory of the wilderness—that little portion of it
still remaining to us—lies in the presence and abundance and happiness
of its wild things—not in their destruction—then generations to come may
make unceasing pilgrimages to their desert shrines, and they will find
these quaint, ungainly, and most diverting fowls in the full enjoyment of
their ancient tenure.
It’s up to us.
1007
The Prairie Falcon
Taken in Idaho Photo by H. J. Rust
NEST AND EGGS OF SAGE GROUSE: A DESERTED NEST
No. 319
Prairie Falcon
A. O. U. No. 355. Falco mexicanus Schlegel.
Synonyms.—MEeExIcan FaLtcon. AMERICAN LANNER FALCON.
Description.—Adults: Upperparts ruddy grayish brown (nearly bister), the
feathers usually more or less tinged with rusty and chiefly bordered with pale clay-color,
or bluish gray—the general effect in high plumage being of a ruddy brown overspread
with ruddy glaucous reticulations; crown and upper back more blended, crown sharply
and heavily streaked with dusky shaft-lines, back and wings more lightly and sparingly
dusky-shaft-streaked; primaries darker brown, nearly uniform on exposed portions of
folded wing, but sharply and deeply indented or spotted on inner webs with white and
ochraceous; tail much paler brown on exposed portion, but similarly ochraceous-
whitish dented on inner webs; face narrowly (region about base of bill) white, flanked
by narrow ruddy black mustachios which proceed sharply downward from before eye;
cheeks white; auriculars like back; an obscure whitish line across occiput continuous
with equally obscure superciliaries, and another disconnected line across cervix; axillars
plain brown, the proximal portion of wing-lining brown centrally with white edging;
1608
PLEIN NT AEE PONE DE
NEST AND EG( Prairie Faleon, pesexrep Nest
Adult male and junyenal mal
LL AMD
, about % life size
No. 319%
Prairie Paicon
No ta. Paice mrexicanua soniye
LELKEN SME
lhedered wet
by. Warros coeds Wise cote h proceed sharpiy downy:
cheeks whise : Aes an obscure whitish }
with equally ciskoure mise eciivnes. acl another disconnec
plain brown, the prexiies:
7 7608
ved Jiae ace
Sy eR NS
by bale <
jay bizain ove
A
ded
peearat hauaueas
i . ea beret spotted pee URWet
i. Ox parthan, Git santa
baie wey we ‘ioe aserowty {region abaut 4
wing-lining brown centrally we
Photo by H. J. Rust
. phe
ay-color,
rspread ~
rowan sharply
and sparingly
tS
exposed portions of
“ehs with white and
ty ochracecus-
white, flanked
ram before: eye;
d0rtiss G&cipit ventinuevs
axitlars
howhiee edsuig;
The Prairie Falcon
remaining wing-lining white with a few touches of brown; underparts pale buffy white,
immaculate on throat, elsewhere marked with brownish gray of same shade as back,
narrowly and distinctly on breast, broadly on sides and flanks, where falling into bars,
sparsely on crissum, coalescing in maxillary region into broad mustache. Bill dark
bluish, changing to yellow at base and on much of lower mandible; cere and feet yellow;
iris brown. Young birds are darker, above, with feathers distinctly margined with
light rusty, and their underparts are tinged with pale buffy and more broadly streaked
—the younger the bird the richer the coloration. Downy young: Pure white. Length
of adult male: 406.4-457.2 (16.00-18.00); wing 292.1-317.5 (11.50-12.50); tail 165.1-
190.5 (6.50-7.50); culmen 19.1 (.75); tarsus 50.8 (2.00). Adult female, length: 469.9-
508 (18.50-20.00); wing 336.6-362 (13.25-14.25); tail 203.2-228.6 (8.00-9.00); culmen
22.1 (.87); tarsus 57.2 (2.25).
Recognition Marks.—Crow size; powerful, easy flight; light brownish gray
coloration, with size, distinguishes it from any related local species, especially the
darker Peregrine (in comparing these two species note especially the white cheeks of
mexicanus); varied screaming cries.
Nesting.— Nest: None; eggs laid on floor of ledge or in cranny or tiny cave of
cliff, and this sometimes marked by old nest of Raven. Eggs: 4 or 5; rounded ovate;
basally, and theoretically, white, blotched with russet and vinaceous gray. This is a
rare type. More commonly entire egg more or less suffused with a pale shade of the
pigment, against which deeper shades are more or less clearly outlined as specks, spots,
blotches, and clouds, or else overspread as superwashes. Hence, egg yellowish brown,
cinnamon-buff, cinnamon, sayal brown, mikado brown, pinkish white, light grayish
vinaceous or hazel, marked or clouded with darker shades, snuff-brown, hazel, and
liver-brown. Ay. of 73 specimens from San Luis Obispo County in the Museum of
Comparative Oology 50.4 x 39.4 (1.99 x 1.55); index 78. Season: April; one brood.
General Range.—Southern portion of western Canadian Provinces east to
eastern border of Great Plains, south through Lower California and Mexico, breeding
chiefly in Sonoran and Lower Transition zones.
Distribution in California.—Resident in semi-arid Sonoran zones both east
and west of the Sierra Nevada. Not found in the humid coastal strip, and only casually
above Transition in the Sierras. Especially abundant along the inner coast ranges
fronting the great interior valley.
Authorities.—Cassin (Falco polyagrus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. vi.,
1853, p. 450 (‘‘California’); Fisher, Hawks and Owls of the U. S., 1893, p. 104 (food);
Cohen, Condor, vol. v., 1903, p. 117 (Mt. Diablo, nesting); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna,
no. 7, 1912, p. 48 (occurrence in s. Calif.); Dawson, Condor, vol. xv., 1913, p. 55, figs.
(nesting habits in San Luis Obispo Co.).
THE ‘problem of evil’ has always bothered the theologian, and he is
bound to wrestle with it, because inconsistency is intolerable in religious
thinking.!. But the bird-lover cannot be consistent. Within his little
province he cannot “love good and hate evil,’”’ for to do so were to lose
that joy in variety which is his endless delight. Nature herself is in-
consistent—fearfully so. Indeed, it is she who has set theology’s prob-
lem. And if there be a “higher unity” or “‘religious synthesis’ (and I
1The basis of this article appeared in“ The Condor,” Vol. XV., March-April 1913. Reproduced by courtesy
1009
The Prairie Falcon
believe there is) we as nature students have naught to do with it. If we
are to find satisfaction in things as they are, if we are to enjoy nature,
external nature, we must surrender ourselves to admiration of beak and
talon no less than of wing and song. We may champion the cause of
our specialty—Birds—against the world, if you like, and death to cat,
weasel, and serpent; but you cannot adjudicate as between magpie and
chick, hawk and sparrow, raptor and raptee. Or if you do, you will
only make yourself miserable,—and wherefore?
All of which is artful preface to a declaration of love for that arch
scamp and winged terror, the Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus). Ruthless
he is, and cruel as death; but ah, isn’t he superb! To recall his image is
to obtain release from imprisoning walls, glad exit from formal gardens
and the chirping of sparrows. To recall his scream is to set foot on the
instant upon the bastion of some fortress of the wilderness. Away with
your orange-bowered bungalows! Give me a sun-burned battlement in
the hills of San Luis Obispo County. A plague on your dickey birds!
Taken in San Luis Obispo County Photo by the Author
CATTLE COUNTRY
Let me dare the displeasure of the noble falcon as he falls like a bolt
from the avenging blue and shrieks out his awful rage. Curse for curse
and blow for blow, you jolly old pirate! Hide your treasures in the
remotest cranny of the uttermost wilderness, if you will, and I shall find
TOIO
The Prairie Falcon
them; and if I find them, they are mine; and if I reach them, you may
wreak your vengeance on whom you will.
Optic Phasto —
Redrawn by Allan Brooks from photo
READY!
Me aS
by the Author
I will not even reproach you
for the rape of pullets
nor the carnage of
quails. Go to it, old
Spore lunilll elne
air with shrieks and
call heaven to witness
what a rogue you are!
Aye, but you're a gay
fowl, and I’m _ o’er
fond of you!
All the traditions
of chivalry, save gen-
tleness, and all the
associations of ro-
mance gather about
this bird. In speed,
in grace, in prowess,
and in skill, he is the
peer of any; and in
the choice of nesting
sites he is excelled by
none. Picture, if you
please, a granite cleft
in the foothills. The
road at the bottom
winds deviously over
intersecting talus beds,
“rock slides,’’ while
the sun-kissed battle-
ments of riven rock
tower on either hand
to the height of a
thousand feet; and
they clear their own
debris in sheer walls
of at least half that
height. About the
brink of the precipice
a dozen Falcons are at
play. It is courting
TOIT
The Prairie Falcon
time and the birds are
showing off. The fe-
males are the larger
birds, but it 1s their turn
to sit in the boxes while
the aspirants perform.
The doughty males are
not really contending—
only renewing their vows
as they come hurtling
out of the heavens,
screaming like all pos-
sessed and cutting parab-
olas whose acuteness is
a marvel of the unex-
pected. The female
screaks in wild approval,
or takes a turn herself
because she cannot con-
tain her fierce emotions.
The rock walls resound
with boisterous music,
and the observer feels as
though he were witness-
ing the play of elemental
forces—riotous, exultant,
unrestrained, the very
passion of freedom and
2 oy conquest.
Taken in San Luis Obispo County Photo by the Author The Falcon is king
SU he ae of birds and he knows it.
Ferocity gleams in his eye and menace quivers in his talons. Mastery
is his element; his very wings flash confidence; and caution is to him a
thing unknown. The much-vaunted Eagle is a craven beside him, and
nothing affords the smaller bird greater delight than to hector his lethargic
kinsman.
The Prairie Falcon is doubtless something of a tease at best. One
observed at a northern lake made life miserable for an inoffensive Red-tail
who chanced to occupy the same ledge; and he also took elaborate pains
to chase the Great Blue Herons out of bounds. The Falcon would make
repeated dashes at the passing hulk, but he could hardly have intended
bodily injury to the herons, for he permitted them to evade each time by
T1612
The Prairie Falcon
Taken in Kern County Photo by the Author
NEST AND EGGS OF PRAIRIE FALCON IN SANDSTONE CRANNY
ducking, and he probably enjoyed sufficiently the bellow of mingled fear
and rage which he was able with each threat to elicit from the larger birds.
The flight of the Prairie Falcon is always easy and graceful, being
oftenest accomplished by a succession of short wing-beats alternating
with a sail. The bird mounts rapidly, and if intent on distant hunting
grounds, is, because of its light coloration, soon lost to eye. It is hardly
possible to exaggerate the swiftness of the Falcon’s flight through com-
parison with that of any other bird. I should say that the White-
throated Swift alone excels it.
While jogging along through a little “‘coulee”’ in northern Washington
my horse almost stepped on a Meadowlark which rose and immediately
IOI3
The Prairie Falcon
settled again within ten feet. Thinking of a possible nest, I dismounted
and turned my horse’s head, disturbing as I did so another lark from my
very feet, and putting the first bird to flight for some two or three rods
further. At that moment a Falcon flashed past my head with a quick
Idhuff, and before I could recover from amazement, the Hawk was speed-
ing out of sight with the lark in its talons. So instant was the Falcon’s
swoop that I, although looking straight at the scene, could not have told
within ten feet where the Hawk annexed the lark.
The bird makes little fuss over the capture of small game. It simply
materializes out of the empty blue and picks up a gopher or a blackbird as
quietly as you would pluck a flower. The approach has doubtless been
nicely calculated. The thunderbolt, launched from the height of half a
mile, has been checked every few hundred feet by a slight opening of the
wings, that the Falcon might gauge the caliber and intent of the victim;
and the final plunge has, therefore, the speed and accuracy of fate. In
case of larger game the quarry is knocked headlong by a crashing blow,
after which the assailant turns to try conclusions as to weight. But the
Falcon prefers always to snatch, and when small game is abundant, the
bird is less likely to disturb rabbits or poultry.
The first requirement of the Prairie Falcon is open country; and the
second a cranny where she may lay her young. These conditions are
ideally met in a low range of hills which run north and south through
eastern San Luis Obispo County, and form the backbone of that ‘cattle
country’? made famous in story and song by deeds of vaquero and mis-
deeds of brigand. To the westward lie other rolling hills carpeted with
bunch-grass and dotted with oaks. To the eastward stretches the arid
interior plain. This cardinal ridge, by reason of the torrential character
of the occasional rains of that country, is deeply scored by lateral canyons,
and ‘“‘breaks”’ in a thousand walls, walls which vary in appearance from
the sloping adobe of the north to the rugged escarpments of sandstone,
conglomerate, and Pecten beds, which front the upper San Juan. Here
are the castles, and there are the banqueting tables. For the presence
of cattle means insects, and insects imply insect-eating birds, and Jn-
sectivores mean Raptores. If we use birds-of-prey in the economic instead
of the structural sense, and so include Magpie, Raven, and Shrike, then
this cattle country is ravaged by no less than 23 species of feathered
bandits (and ghouls); and of these we actually saw nineteen in the course
of a three weeks’ reconnaissance in April, 1912.
Of Falcones proper, after the ubiquitous Kestrel (Cerchneis s. sparve-
rius), the Prairie Falcon is most numerous in fact, and least evident to casual
noticé. It is his proper domain, but he rules it invisibly from on high.
His business with earth is quickly despatched, and he is off again, while
IOT4
Taken in San Luis Obispo County Photos by the Author
FLIGHT STUDIES OF THE PRAIRIE FALCON
The Prairie Falcon
the slow eye, especially of the breeder of hens, settles upon the soaring
Buteo as the presumptive culprit. While his visits to the poultry yard
are by no means rare, and his offenses, judged from this narrow human
angle, are serious, we shall not stop to plead the thousands of destructive
squirrels which this bird accounts for, but only hasten on to view him, or
rather her, at home.
The first scene is a wild adobe amphitheater, one of half a dozen
such in sight at any given station. A few shrubs manage to cling to
the upper reaches of the great earthen funnel; but as the walls descend, the
pitch increases, until the vortex, 400 feet below, is fronted by walls,
perpendicular, or even undercut. Here at a point midway of the basal
Taken in San Bernardino County Photo by Wright M. Pierce
EGGS OF PRAIRIE FALCON IN OLD RAVEN NEST
wall, Kelly’s practiced eye discerned a Prairie Falcon squatting upon a
shady shelf. I stood on the very uppermost brim of the funnel whose
edges fell away sharply on either hand, and from my station it did not
seem that a bird could find footing, let alone lodgment, on the wall against
1616
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4oyinp ayy dq ydvibojoyd v Woy
UOI[V ILIV ayy Jo JUNe ET BUSAN V
SyI0Y JO JULIOd
The Prairie Falcon
which this Falcon had set herself. Yet a determined facing of the
problem of approach brought a sure solution. We set an iron peg down
some forty feet over the brim, then made fast and cast off the 60-foot
rope with which we were provided, and found that it thus exceeded the
nest by fifteen feet. To
have gone down from
above would have meant
some risk, as well as an
accompaniment of blind-
ing dust, so “‘Kelly”’
made a detour and at-
tacked from below. By
dint of carving steps
with a hammer he suc-
ceeded at last in clutch-
ing the dangling rope-
end, and so reached the
coveted shelf. The Fal-
con, meanwhile, made the
great amphitheater re-
sound with malediction,
and charged about in a
fashion to make the be-
holder dizzy as he
watched her passage
across the fluted back-
ground. Her anger
made our visit memor-
able, but it failed to Sess
arouse her mate, who Taken in Kern County Photo by the Author
A PALATIAL RESIDENCE
Was doubtless off hunt- A PRAIRIE FALCON MAY BE SEEN STANDING ON AN OLD RAVEN NEST
ing in the basin country. .
Though slow to take alarm, the Falcon once roused from the nest be-
comes very wary. It was doubly fortunate, therefore, that one of the
birds photographed for display on page 1619 could be approached under
cover, and suddenly confronted from a convenient spur just opposite.
To reach this nest our intrepid guide, Dean Brown, went down hand over
hand the full length of a 140-foot rope. A bird who knows she is under
surveillance will never resume a position on the eggs; but she will inter-
sperse her nervous and often distant excursions by prolonged rests on
some favorite perch or commanding knob. And this she is the more
ready to do if the observer himself remains quiet. A resumption of
1017
The Prairie Falcon
hostilities sends her off on the instant to screak and soar or tower and
stoop.
Of course it will be remembered that the female Prairie Falcon is the
larger and “‘better’’ bird, as is the case with most Raptors. She is the
more aggressive and feels the greater interest in the welfare of her brood,
probably because the duties of incubation fall chiefly to her. It was
several years before | even so much as saw a male Prairie incubating, but
several such examples have more recently come to hand, so that I presume
it is largely a matter of individuality, after all. The unpracticed eye can
soon distinguish the larger proportions of the female, but it takes a prac-
ticed ear, or close individual association, to catch the difference in timbre
or weight between the voices of the two sexes. Here, again, individuality
counts, but the voices of the males average lighter.
The assaults of an angry Falcon are really dangerous. Even when
the earliest efforts are discouraged by a show of sticks or stones, it is decid-
edly disconcerting to feel the rush of air from a passing falcon-wing upon
your hatless pate, or to mark the instant change in pitch from the shrill
uproar of impending doom to the guttural notes of baffled retreat. The
Falcon has a nasty temper at best, and if she dare not vent her spite on
you, she will fall upon the first wight who crosses her path. Woe betide
the luckless Barn Owl who flaps forth from his polluted den hard by to
learn the cause of the disturbance. I have seen such bowled into the
sage in a trice, and Kelly declares that he has several times seen them
struck dead. At such times also the Raven is put on trial for his life.
In spite of their close association, there is evidently an ancient grudge
between these birds. Whether or no the ebony saint be at fault, I cannot
tell, but certain it is that if a Raven blunders near in the hour of the
Falcon’s high displeasure, he is fearfully beset. The Raven is an adept
at wing-play himself, and the Falcon’s thunderbolt is met with a deft
evasion which reminds one of the best sword-play. But the Raven
takes no pleasure in it. His eyes start with terror, and while he has no
time for utterance himself, the distressed cries of his mate proclaim the
danger he is in.
This close association of Falcon and Raven at nesting time is the
strangest element in the lives of both of them. To be sure, their require-
ments of nesting sites are similar; but it is more than that which induces
the birds to nest within a hundred yards of each other in the same canyon,
when neighboring or distant canyons offering as excellent sites are empty.
So constant indeed is this association that when one finds the Raven’s
nest, he says, ‘‘Well, now, where is the Falcon’s?”’ Of the entire number
of Ravens’ nests which came under my personal notice in one year, seven
were thus associated with nests of the Falcon in the same canyon, and the
T6018
Author
Photo by the
Taken in San Luis Obispo County
FALCON POSES
Taken in San Luis Obispo County
REAL SPORT
LOWER FIGURE IS THAT OF THE VETERAN NESTER,
TRUESDALE
THE
Photo by the Author
FRED
remaining three were within a
quarter of a mile of Falcons’ in
neighboring canyons separated
by a single ridge. And it is im-
possible to tell from the stage of
incubation reached which _ bird
is the follower. In two instances
nests containing young Ravens
were associated with Falcons
whose eggs had not yet hatched;
but in another notably close in-
stance, the Raven laid her first
egg on the day the Falcon’s
eggs were pipped. The remain-
ing instances were neutral; i. e.,
nests of both species contained
eggs. The only guess we dare
hazard is that both birds reap
advantages of warning in case of
hostile approach.
Concurrent with this associ-
ation is the annual, or at least
occasional, shifting of sites on
the part of both species. This
shifting is of course quickened
by persecution. If unsuccessful
in raising a brood one year the
bird will try another situation,
but always, except in extreme
instances, in the same canyon
or general locality. In this way
the Falcon appropriates the site
once occupied by Ravens (and
so gets credited with a “‘‘stick”’
nest, though I am satisfied that
the Falcon never lifts a twig);
and the Ravens, in turn, with-
out opposition, are allowed to
rear their pile in a niche just
previously occupied by the Fal-
cons. The ruses adopted by birds
hard pressed are sometimes
The Prairie Falcon
Taken in San Luis Obispo County Photo by the Author
A NESTING HAUNT IN THE SHANDON HILLS
humorously pathetic. A Falcon which one year occupied the front of a
noble escarpment in a wild valley (and forfeited four clouded beauties
thereby) was found the next year, after a lengthy search, in a tiny niche
once occupied by a Road-runner, on the back, or hill-facing side, of a minor
sandstone tooth, and not over twenty feet from the ground. The retreat
had been betrayed by an incautious line of white excrement, and the
occupant, when summoned by a shout from the triumphant Kelly,
looked the very picture of disgust and chagrin. She was mad all through,
too disgusted for utterance, and she sat glooming upon the edge of the
nest until we drew very near. When she flew she gave vent to the usual
number of futile expletives, whereupon the male joined her and gave us a
double blessing.
The two handsomest sets of eggs in the extensive M. C. O. series were
obtained on successive days in the Shandon country, and the finding of
both resulted from a combination of professional suspiciousness, durch-
heit, and happy accident, which taken together constitute ‘‘collectors’
luck.”” A page from the note-book gives the details as follows:
“It was the ‘white’ Falcons who more nearly outwitted us this year,
1627
The Prairie Falcon
for we had invaded their sanctuary for the second time and were on the
retreat, thoroughly baffled, when a vagrant impulse seized me to fire a
pistol back and some two hundred yards away, at a last year’s raven’s
nest set high against a rock wall. The celerity with which a male Prairie
Falcon abandoned five perfectly good eggs of the rare ‘white’ type was a
balm to wounded spirits.
“Tn another canyon a male Prairie Falcon keel-hauled a passing
eagle, and I marked his approximate range of interest upon his return in
lordly mood. There were many possibilities, but I tried first a likely-
looking old raven’s nest a hundred yards away. ‘The effect was electrical.
Out shot a female Prairie Falcon as though touched by the bullet; and
when she had caught her breath, she filled the air with fierce aspersions,
perhaps pardonable under the circumstances.
“The ascent was tedious and the sun torrid; but the descent over a
conglomerate escarpment some ninety feet in height was rewarded by a
set, 1/4, of the darkest eggs of this species which I have ever seen, so dark,
indeed, that I first exclaimed ‘Duck Hawk!’ incredulously. The amiable
birds did not omit to offer comments anent my skill as a rope artist; and
the female made some beautiful swoops at my head—always a solace under
such circumstances. Ah, me! What a rascal is the odlogist who enjoys
such objurgations! But Il own to it. And as the indignant lady
stood upright in her empty cell, I turned and blew her a kiss and promised
to come back another year.”’
The exact choice of nesting sites varies interminably from ‘‘potholes”’
and crannies to more pretentious caves, or even open ledges. The chief
requirement is inaccessibility, especially as regards four-footed prowlers.
The birds scarcely fear the intrusion of feathered marauders, I guess,
though I do recall having once seen a Barn Ow] which lighted, possibly by
accident, upon a ledge which a Prairie Falcon had just quitted, and which
contained four fresh eggs. The owl stood her ground, too, in spite of a
furious onslaught, and the advantages seemed to lie with the night bird
so long as she had a wall to back her up. Anyhow, the falcon withdrew
a few rods and the owl slipped away, hugging the cliff so tightly that the
falcon did not dare to strike. A south exposure is oftenest favored and
there seems to be no particular effort on the part of the sitting bird to
avoid the glare of the sun. Unseasonable rains, however, do sometimes
cause her discomfort, and, more rarely, loss.
The first two weeks in April are the golden weeks for Falcon nesting
in the cattle country. Evidently many sets are complete by April first,
for we found one far advanced in incubation on the 19th, and another
hatching on the 22nd. If robbed early in the season, second sets are
almost invariably laid in a new but closely related situation.
1622
hee we had eee their sanctuary for the second time and were ‘on ates ee
retreat, thoroughly baffled, when a vagrant impulse seized me to firea
- pistol back and some two hundred yards away, at.a last year’s raven’s
nest set high against a rock wall. The celerity with which a male Prairie
Falcon abandoned five perfectly good eggs of the rare ‘white’ type was a
balm to wounded spirits.
“In another canyon a male Prairie Falcon kecl-hauled a passing
eagle, and | marked his approximate range of interest upon his return in.
lordly mood. There were many possibilities, but 1 tried first a dikely-
looking old raven’s nest a hundred yards away. The effeet was electrical.
Out shot a female Prairie Falcon as though touched by the bullet; and
when she had caught her breath, she filled the air with herce aspersions,
perhaps pardonable uncer the circumstances.
“Phe ascent was tedious and the sun torrid; hut the desrent over a
conglomerate escarpment some nmety feet in height was rewarded by a
set, 1/4, of the darkest eggs of this species Bich I heye ever'seen,so.dark,
indeed, that I first exclaimed ‘Duck Hawk! incredulously. The amiable
birds did not omit te ofler canmmients ament my skill as a rope artist; and
the female made some ocelot swoops at my head—always a solace under
such circumstances. Ab, me! a Be a rascal is the odlogist who enjoys
such oljurgations! Nes a i rie Faleo the indignant lady
stood uipeiait ih her Qepene. Site of Pi ral aleon, and promised
te noha tack aspet her Prom ee even by W. Leon Dawson
The exact choice of ake Senduig Qbutn Goutinably from ‘ ‘potholes”’
and ¢ranhies t) snore ietenthntes caves, or even open ledges: The chief
Peahisemiens jo Wau Ey, vhnecially as — four-footed prowlers.
‘Pie. itis eawwely four the umihastion of Gathered marauders, 1: guess,\<
Pevogts + chitisanll Rapviayy meer eter uae ne it webich lighted, possibly by -
ee ian ee Hsaiss eae hot jae quitied, and which
sieeas Bs Sts tes Gael ages std. Tan, i ephte of a
bathe ae ab ace: GEM ers eee Sees he er che elude ied
dic SRSA hs Ee DS 7 a Spetice, hy Palones erence
; Bese that the
vored and
+ wiv bird to
*, om sometimes -
| Tae ut SBhe hae es 2 he ley aaheity et Ealeon acccne.
OOS tei SOS ie Wake ate anced by April first,
| Sa RE diideied scene fer mit Yeh TR aGatiog. om the 19th, and another”
heey see De: aie i mashed wahy a the season, second sets are)
ease Ma ee Wey: teh a a oe Vex: -clocety related situation.
The Prairie Falcon
Probably none but the few elect would enjoy a rhapsody on color
variation in Falcons’ eggs, and the non-elect would raise holy hands of
horror over the thwarted hopes of these feathered brigands. So be it,
then, and suffice to say that neither Brooks nor Fuertes can paint a bird
with such bewitching grace as Nature herself displays in the lawless
tinting of a Falcon’s egg. She (varium et mutabile semper femina) dips
her brush in odrhodeine and she feathers and stipples or twirls and
scumbles, or as suddenly ceases, until the hearts of her poor votaries are
seized with an exquisite pain—but those dear woes we may not voice.
In spite of the fact that the Prairie Falcon is really one of the com-
monest Raptors in the West, its discovery within the United States was
not reported till 1853,! and it long remained a rare and little-known
bird. Coues in 18742 confessed to having seen but one of them; and a
set of eggs taken in 1860 by Dr. Hayden, in the Wind River Mountains
of Wyoming, was for some years unique. In this respect the history
of the Prairie Falcon shows analogy to that of certain sea-fowl. Birds
that have been known vaguely for years as inhabitants of the open ocean
may not be fully known until their breeding haunts are discovered,—
until they are anchored, as it were, to land by the strong chains of the
reproductive instinct. The Prairie Falcon is likewise a dweller of the
blue serene. The level prairies and the rolling hills are his ocean, and he
is a bold corsair, snatching his prey at will from the crested billow (of
soil) and caring nothing for the clumsy men-of-war, save to spurn them.
But when spring comes on then he must seek some frowning cliff which
fronts the prairie wave; and then he must place himself and those dearer
than self at the mercy of the curious public, whether friendly or hostile.
1 Cassin, Birds of California and Texas. I., p. 88, pl. 16.
2 Birds of the Northwest (1874), p. 346.
ENON Eel
ae EE Ee I EO EE
Taken in San Luis Obispo County Photo by the Author
LEAVING THE COUNTRY v46) 22
The Peregrine Falcon
No. 320
Peregrine Falcon
A. O. U. No. 356. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonaparte).
Synonyms.—AMERICAN PEREGRINE FALCON. (GREAT-FOOTED FALCON. DucK
Hawk.
Description.— Adult: Above dark bluish ash, or slaty black with a glaucous
“‘bloom,”’ the feathers lighter edged, and the larger ones obscurely barred; top of head
appreciably darker,—almost black; wings long, and pointed by the second quill, the
first notched about two inches from the end; primaries distinctly barred on the inner
webs with ochraceous; tail and upper tail-coverts narrowly barred with ashy-gray and
blackish, whitish-tipped; area below eve, produced downward as broad ‘‘moustache,”’
sooty black; throat and chest buffy white or pale ochraceous, immaculate or nearly so;
remaining underparts buffy white or ochraceous buffy, everywhere heavily spotted, on
breast with blackish crescentic marks, posteriorly lengthening into braces and bars;
tarsus feathered two-fifths of the way down; toes and claws lengthened. Bill blue-
black, but with cere and much of base yellow; feet yellow; claws black. Immature:
Above sooty brown, plain or with some glaucous bloom with advancing age; feathers
not barred, but more broadly and distinctly edged with ochraceous buff; top of head
lighter than back by reason of ochraceous and whitish admixture; bars of tail obsolete
on central feathers; below heavily striped with sooty brown, or if barred, only on
flanks; chest never immaculate,—narrowly streaked with sooty brown; prevailing
color of underparts deeper buffy or ochraceous than in adults. Adult male, length:
393-7-457-2 (15.50-18.00); wing 292.1-330.2 (11.50-13.00); tail 152.4-196.9 (6.00-
7-75); culmen 19.6 (.77). Adult female, length: 457.2-533.4 (18.00-21.00); wing
342.9-374.7 (13.50-14.75); tail 177.8-235 (7.00-9.25); culmen 24.1 (.95).
Recognition Marks.—Crow size; dark coloration; black cheeks and ‘‘mous-
tache’’; long pointed wings; swift, easy flight.
Nesting.— Nest: None; eggs laid on floor of cranny or on ledge of cliff, or
rarely in hollow trees or even on ground (with some improvisation of grass or
hay). Eggs: Usually 4 or 5, occasionally 3, 6 of record; basally pinkish white but,
save in rarest instances, completely overlaid with ‘‘rich chocolate’ (vinaceous tawny,
pecan-brown or liver-brown), mottled with self shades to blackish red. Av. size 52.5
x 41 (Bendire). Av. of 19 eggs from Santa Barbara, five sets, the product of a single
pair of birds, in the M. C. O. coll.: 53.7 x 43 (2.11 x 1.69); index 80. Season:
March 1o0—April 10; one brood.
Range of Falco peregrinus.—Major portion of Northern Hemisphere, wandering
south in winter through Africa and South America.
Distribution in California.—Fairly common resident, chiefly coastwise and on
the Santa Barbara Islands. Breeds on the sea-fronting cliffs and on the heights of
adjacent ranges; also interiorly (Escondido, Lakeside, San Onofre, Western Kern
County, etc.). Numbers considerably augmented in winter.
Authorities.—Gambel (Falco anatum), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. iii.,
1846, p. 46 (upper California; nesting along coast); Fisher, Hawks and Owls of the U.S.,
1893, p. 106, pl. 15 (food); Tyler, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 9, 1913, p. 44 (San Joaquin
Valley; habits); Howell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 56 (s. Calif. ids.; nesting
habits, food, etc.) ; Oberholser, Auk, vol. xxxv., 1918, p. 207 (nomencl.).
1624
The Peregrine Falcon
Taken in Monterey County Photo by the Author
A GLIMPSE OF THE PINNACLES
A PAIR OF PEREGRINES HOLD THIS REGION UNDER TRIBUTE
THE NAME Duck Hawk is really a tribute to the skill and prowess
of this highly endowed bird; but it is belittling, nevertheless, to institute
a comparison, however remote, between the noble Peregrine and the multi-
tudinous “Hen Hawk”’ of the vulgar conception. This is the PERE-
GRINE FALCON, if you please, the American bird being not different,
save for a somewhat whiter breast (which only enhances his beauty) from
the “falcon gentil’’ of song and story, the most courageous, the most
spirited of all birds of prey. Like the Prairie Falcon, it secures an in-
tended victim either by striking it from above and bearing it down to
earth by its acquired momentum, or else by snatching it from the ground
with incredible swiftness. Many stories are told of its seizing and making
off with wounded game from under the very nose of the hunter; and it is
especially fearless in its pursuit of wild ducks, which it is said to follow
systematically for days at a time during the migrations.
It is undeniable that chickens occasionally fall victims to this dark
corsair, but Bendire is of opinion that the Falcon rather disdains such
stupid quarry, and is sure that they sometimes engage in the pursuit of
1025
The Peregrine Falcon
poultry from sheer mischief without intention of harm. Certainly the
Peregrine need not deny himself any luxury which his appetite craves,
and young meteors would be quite in his line if they were only a little
more juicy.
The Peregrines are fairly common about the Santa Barbara Islands,
where they subsist largely upon sea-birds. There is a scattering popula-
tion, also, along the rugged sea-cliffs and outlying islets of the western
coast. Most of the mainland birds, however, even of those which lay the .
coast under daily tribute, find more congenial nesting sites on the cliffs
Taken in Kern County Pholo by the Author
A NESTING LEDGE OF THE PEREGRINE FALCON
of the coastal ranges, at a distance of from five to twenty miles back from
the seashore. And because water-fowl rather than sea-fowl are Peregrine’s
specialty, a few pairs nest along the east exposure of the innermost coast
range, where they may review the tenants of Buena Vista and Tulare
lakes, as well as the flooded lowlands of the lower San Joaquin. Tyler!
gives several interesting anecdotes of this bird’s occurrence in the Fresno
section; among them the following: ‘‘The flight of the Duck Hawk is so
! Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 9, Some Birds of the Fresno District, by John G. Tyler (1913), p. 45.
1626
marvelously fast that even the ducks have
not a chance to escape, unless there is
some pond or slough near by into which
they can dive. The writer remembers
standing, with several companions, on
the shore of Summit Lake one late Octo-
ber day, when, upon hearing a sound like
a heavy wind blowing through the tules,
we turned and saw a duck plunge into
the lake from a height of not less than
six hundred feet. The splash of the im-
pact resembled the report of a revolver.
‘Bullet-hawk,’ called one of the men, and
looking up we saw one of these long-
winged pirates making off for a new field.
“At another time we noticed a small
flock of teal winging their way toward
us, with a black speck fully a quarter
of a mile in their wake and slightly above
them. The flight of the ducks, rapid as
it was, seemed slow in contrast to that of
the hawk. The latter was almost upon
the unsuspecting birds in an incredibly
short time. Suddenly the ducks scattered Sigg pee —
and half a dozen teal fell with cries of fear T#*en * Washington 1Aiato ip) ie icici
: A PAIR OF PEALE FALCONS
into the water almost at our feet. Had quese represent a DARKER RACE OF THE PERE-
there been no water directly under them SS eae ie
at the moment the hawk was seen, there is no doubt that at least one
duck would have been captured. A friend tells of seeing a Duck Hawk
dash at a lone goose that was flying over, striking it head-on with such force
that it fell within a few feet of the observer. Besides a broken wing the bird
seemed to have suffered otherwise to a great extent, for it soon expired.”’
For a nesting site the Falcon chooses an inaccessible cranny in some
commanding cliff. In default of shelter, an exposed ledge midway of some
sheer precipice will do as well. The southern coast ranges offer a con-
siderable variety of rounded pockets or lens-shaped cavities, left either
by the defection of a nodule, or else by the evanescence of some frail sub-
stance once resident in the old sandstone. These chambers are naturally
lined with clean dry sand, and they afford ideal homes for Falcon or Condor.
The birds exhibit a deep attachment for a given locality, and although
they may shift from niche to niche, they will not desert their chosen cliff
for anything short of gun-fire. Mr. Clarence S. Sharp mentions! a pair
1 Condor, Vol. IX., May, 1907, p. 86. =
1627
The Peregrine Falcon
Taken in Kern County Photo by the Author
A CLOSE-UP OF n/4 DUCK HAWK
SO CLOSE, INDEED, THAT THE NEAREST EGG IS DISTORTED
which to his knowledge had occupied the same cliff for twenty years, and
were rated as “‘old residents’’ before his time. In such an instance, how-
ever, it must be borne in mind that a desirable nesting site will hold even
a widowed bird. A new mate will be secured and this newcomer, if de-
prived of its mate in turn, is quite likely to hold the ancient fortress and
to bring home another bridegroom.
The eggs of the Peregrine, four or five in number, are among the
handsomest known. A background of pinkish buff is habitually buried
in a smudge of vinaceous tawny, upon which spots and blotches of richest
chocolate are vaguely outlined. Certain eggs in the collection of Mr.
Donald Cohen of Alameda, and Mr. Chase Littlejohn of Redwood City,
are best described as red. The circumstances under which the last-named
eggs were found are worth special record. A waif barrel, half full of straw
packing, was once cast up on the desolate marshes of the San Francisco
Bay region at a point several miles east of Redwood City. Here, because
of an undisputed territory filled with the California Clapper Rails, wild
1628
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The Peregrine Falcon
ducks, and other delicacies, a pair of Duck Hawks made their home and
provided upon this lowly shake-down, year by year, a clutch of five
glowing beauties.
One speaks without compunction of the robbery of the Duck Hawks’
nests, not alone because the owners are corsairs themselves, but because
a judicious selection of first sets will not impoverish the species. If not
further disturbed, the falcons will invariably nest again the same season.
A writer in the Auk, Chas. R. Keyes, of Mt. Vernon, Iowa, tells of a
pair nesting on the Cedar River palisades, from which a set of six eggs
was taken on April 5th, 1808.
Three weeks later another set of
six was found across the river—
undoubtedly the product of the
same pair of birds.
Peregrines, like Prairies, are
exceedingly noisy in defense of their
young. Their notes must differ
somewhat, I suppose, from those
of the Prairie, but I confess I can-
not distinguish them to my own
satisfaction.
When the infantile appetite
is fully developed, then it is that
all nature must pay tribute. The
bird figured here under the name
of ‘‘Master Peale’’ was encountered
in June, 1907, on Carroll Islet, one
of the rocks, now protected, off
the west coast of Washington. The
youngster was probably the runt
of a scattered brood and we judged
that he must have broken shell by
the first of May. He was in charge
of two very solicitous parents, who
guarded his every movement and
published screaming bulletins of
our progress—an attention which,
by the way, began to pall upon our
senses by the end of the fourth day.
Taken in Washington Photo by the Author
MASTER PEALE
The clamor was renewed as often as we appeared near Master Peale’s
favorite perch, an old dead spruce tree; and the old birds, when they could
no longer control their indignation afoot, relieved their pent-up feelings
1629
The Pigeon Hawks
by giddy swoops and sallies, or else took a turn around the sea-wall,
screaming frightfully.
Given speed, courage, and good appetites, all of which these birds
undoubtedly possess, it is difficult to conceive of more Eden-like conditions
than those here provided for the Falcons. Sea-birds of eleven species
make Carroll Islet home, and it is in the highway of passage during
migrations. The Falcons had only to covet and kill morning, noon and
night. Indeed, so lavish was the provision made for them that their
presence did not seem to cause concern to the myriad sea-fowl. The
Falcon’s choice appeared to fall oftenest upon the Cassin Auklets, and
most of the tragic feather-heaps discovered belonged to this species. Since
the Auklets fly only by night during the breeding season, we were forced
to conclude that the Falcons secured their favorite quarry after nightfall
or else very early in the morning.
No. 321
Pigeon Hawk
A. O. U. No. 357. Falco columbarius columbarius Linnzus.
Description.—Old male: Above bluish gray or dark slaty blue; feathers with
black shafts (and sometimes pale or rusty edges); general color usually interrupted by
outcropping white or buffy on nape; tip of wing formed by 2nd and 3rd primaries, Ist
shorter than 4th, Ist and 2nd sharply notched on the inner web; the 2nd and 3rd
slightly emarginate on the outer web; inner webs of all quills barred or spotted with
whitish; tail black, narrowly white-tipped and crossed by four narrow, whitish bars
(slaty on middle pair), the anterior one concealed; chin, throat, and jugulum pale
ochraceous buff, nearly immaculate; remaining underparts tawny or ochraceous,
heavily streaked with dark umber, sometimes changing to bars on the flanks; sides of
throat and cheeks finely pencilled with umber; axillars and lining of wings dusky with
some admixture of tawny, and heavily marked with paired round spots of white.
Iris brown; bill and claws blue-black; feet yellow; cere and base of bill greenish yellow.
This high plumage is quite rare. Adult female and male in usual dress: Above dark
umber-brown, glaucous or not; the head and neck much varied, the back and scapulars
less varied by buffy or rusty edgings and blackish central or shaft-streaks; quill spots
ochraceous buff; the outer webs of primaries after second also ochraceous-spotted;
underparts not noticeably different from male in high plumage. Jmmature: Perhaps
lighter above and with more ochraceous buffy edging; otherwise not appreciably, or at
least constantly, different from adult. Adult male, length: 254-292.1 (10.00-11.50);
wing 177.8 (7.00); tail 124.5 (4.90); bill 12.2 (.48). Adult female, length: 304.8-330.2
(12.00-13.00); wing 215.9 (8.50); tail 137.2 (5.40); bill 14.5 (.57).
Recognition Marks.—Little hawk size; swift flight; sharp wings; stout pro-
1030
The Pigeon Hawks
portions otherwise; heavily
umber-streaked lower parts;
tail crossed by fowr whitish
bars, as compared with F. c.
richardsont, darker; lighter
and more extensively spotted
than F. c. suckleyt.
Nesting.—Not cer-
tainly known to breed in
California. Nest: In hollow
limbs of trees or in crannies
about cliffs. Eggs: 4 or 5;
pinkish white, spotted and
blotched with reddish brown
or chocolate, or else cinna-
mon-buff, sprinkled and dot-
ted with heavier shades of
thesamecolor. Av. size 38.1
X 30.5 (1.50 x 1.20). Season:
c. May Ist; one brood.
Range of Falco colum-
barius.—Northern North
America; in winter south to
northern South America.
Range of F. c. colum-
barius.—Breeds from north-
western Alaska and Macken-
zie, south in the mountains
to Colorado and (probably)
California, and from central
Keewatin, northern Ungava,
and Newfoundland, south to
Maine and the northern pen-
insula of Michigan. Winters
from California and the Gulf
States through middle Amer-
ica to Venezuela and Ecua-
dor.
Distribution in Cali-
fornia.—Rare summer resident in the mountains (Mammoth Lakes, June 26, 19109,
June, 1921), undoubtedly a breeder but eggs have never been reported. Common
winter resident and migrant, chiefly west of the Sierras.
Authorities.—Gambel (Falco columbarius), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol.
lii., 1846, p. 46 (upper California); Cowes, Birds of the Northwest, 1874, p. 345 (syn.,
desc., discussion of eggs, etc.); Fisher, Hawks and Owls of the U. S., 1893, p. 109, pl.
16 (food); Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. IT, 1915, p. 68 (status in Calif.); Howell,
Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 57 (s. Calif. ids.).
THE PIGEON HAWK is preéminently a collector’s bird. Reports
of occurrence are a cherished tradition with the fraternity, but positive
Citar Kroc hs
PIGEON HAWKS
1031
The Pigeon Hawks
knowledge of the bird in California is confined to a few skins in cabinets;
while tradition itself is concerned chiefly with disconnected records, or
with anecdotes of behavior under gun-fire, nature of quarry, etc. There
are a few baffling records of the bird’s appearance in late spring or late
summer, but there is only one serious claim of a California nesting record,
that made by H. R. Taylor, the immortal “Harry,” who, according to
Stephens (MS), took a set of eggs on the 6th of April, 1888, from a ledge
nest on a steep bluff in Santa Clara County. The center of the bird’s
distribution in midwinter is in the chaparral-covered foothills of southern
California.
If a scrutiny, therefore, of all little hawks is maintained throughout
the year, and with special diligence in winter and early spring, the search
will be rewarded now and then by the sight of a bird whose movement
is a littlke more rapid and dashing than that of the ubiquitous Kestrel.
The wings seem to reach forward with a stroke like that of a strong swim-
mer; and, altogether, there is an air of indefinable quality and power about
the diminutive Pigeon Hawk which does not pertain to his less spirited
cousin. Not content with the humble quarry which usually satisfies the
commoner species, this little winged terror makes havoc among the Black-
birds, Meadowlarks, and smaller songsters. Himself not larger than a
full-sized pigeon, the Hawk sometimes pursues a Mourning Dove with
relentless fury, and easily overtakes this fleet bird, unless it finds cover
or the protection of man. The audacious creature has even been credited
with killing Ptarmigan, and it sometimes attacks sea-fowl of thrice its
weight, through sheer exuberance of spirits.
Now and then, also, one comes upon the Pigeon Hawk seated at
rather close quarters; for it is less suspicious than most, and it hails from
northern wilds or mountain fastnesses which do not know the fear of man.
At such a time one is struck by the quaint, almost antique, appearance
of the tawny breast with its heavy umber streaks; and the glaucous bloom
of the upperparts might have come from milady’s cheek when she went
hawking, centuries ago. In the hand, the round white spots, which
sprinkle the feathers lining the bird’s wings, make it seem still more like
a product of curious medieval art.
“Although the well known Pigeon Hawk is pretty generally dis-
tributed over the entire United States during the fall and winter seasons,
by far the greater number breed north of our border, and comparatively
few remain as summer residents, at least east of the Mississippi River,
and those that do generally confine themselves to the mountain districts
and to the thinly settled and heavily wooded regions along our Northern
States. In the Rocky Mountains, as well as in the Sierra Nevada and
Cascade Ranges, and their spurs, the Pigeon Hawk is probably quite a
1032
The Pigeon Hawks
common summer resident, but as yet its nest and eggs have been rarely
taken, and even where they have been found, there remains more or less
doubt as to their proper identification, as the two closely allied forms,
Falco columbarius suckleyt and Falco richardsonii occur in some of these
mountains as well, and are very liable to be mistaken for the true Pigeon
Hawk, even by fairly well posted ornithologists, and almost certainly by
the average collector.’’ (Bendire.)
No. 321a Black Pigeon Hawk
A. O. U. No. 357a. Falco columbarius suckleyi Ridgway.
Synonyms.—Brack MERLIN. SUCKLEY’s MERLIN.
Description.—Adults: Similar to F. columbarius but much darker. Adult
male in high plumage: Above blackish slate, nearly black on hind-neck, definitely
black on lesser wing-coverts; pileum and occiput finely streaked with dusky; remaining
upper plumage sharply streaked by black shafts of feathers; flight-feathers black on
exposed surfaces, the white spotting plainly visible from below but much reduced in
extent; tail black above on exposed portion, narrowly tipped with white, below crossed
by three obsolescent white bars (appearing only on inner webs), the distal bar nearly
two inches from tip of tail; below as in F. columbarius, but streaks sharper, heavier,
and nearly uniform sooty black, the throat finely streaked throughout, the streaks
tending to confluence in ‘‘pencils’’; tawny wash of sides, thighs, and flanks heavier.
Adult female, and male in more usual plumage: Above warm brownish black, the blue
present as a gloss but much reduced in intensity, tawny streaks on sides of neck tending
to invade nape; spotting of wings more extensive and strongly tawny-tinged; tail
crossed by four subterminal bars, of which two visible from above, white or tinged
with tawny; underparts more heavily tinged with tawny and streaks a little more
diffuse, heavier and tending to confluence on sides. Young: Changes as in F. colum-
barius but always darker. Size as in preceding.
Recognition Marks.—Little hawk size; blackish or slaty above; throat finely
pencilled with black; underparts heavily streaked with black.
Nesting.—Not known to breed in California. Nest: In high holes in trees.
Eggs: Not yet taken—presumably much like those of preceding form.
General Range.—Pacific Coast district from northern California to Sitka, east
at least along eastern slopes of Cascades and Blue Mountains in Oregon and Wash-
ington. Possibly ranging farther north in winter.
Occurrence in California.—Rare winter visitor; only two positive records:
Yreka, Siskiyou County, and Claremont, Los Angeles County, by J. F. Illingworth
(Dec. 6, 1895).
Authorities.—Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway (Falco lithofalco, var. suckleyt),
Hist. N. Amer. Birds, vol. iii., 1874, p. 147 (Yreka); Merriam, U. S. Dept. Agric., N.
Amer. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, p. 113 (Mount Shasta); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no.
7, 1912, p..49 (Claremont, Los Angeles Co.).
THE BLACK MERLIN, like the Pigeon Hawk proper, is a northern
species which occasionally straggles south in winter. Although there are
The Pigeon Hawks
still only two positive records of the bird’s occurrence in California, one
feels sure that this paucity of records is due rather to our own inattention
than to failure on the bird’s part. Indeed, one who knows the predilec-
tion of this ‘‘saturated’’ form of F. columbarius for the humid coasts, will
surmise that the Black Merlin is of regular though rare occurrence in
Humboldt and Del Norte counties, and will not be surprised to find it
breeding there.
Of their occurrence further north Mr. J. H. Bowles says:
“During the fall and early spring they are most often to be met with in
the open prairie country, and on the extensive tide flats that are to be
found along Puget Sound. In such localities there is always an abundance
of the smaller migratory birds, which seem to make up almost the entire
sum and substance of their food supply. These, so far as I have seen, are
invariably caught on the wing, sometimes by a direct swoop, and at others
by- the falcon trick of turning breast upwards. A thrilling illustration of
this last named habit came to my notice when half.a dozen Tree Swallows
were teasing one of these Merlins as he was passing over a large marsh.
This passage at arms took place at a considerable height from the ground
and formed a most vivid picture. The Swallows carefully kept above the
Hawk so that he could not pounce upon them, and occasionally one, bolder
than the rest, would dive down and peck him on the back; but the larger
bird seemed to pay no attention whatever. Of a sudden—and it was
almost as much of a surprise to me as it must have been to the Swallow—
the apparently listless Hawk met one of these attacks by turning grace-
fully breast uppermost. He literally turned a half-somerset in midair, and
so accurately was the movement timed that the over-confident Swallow
flew directly into the outstretched talons of his enemy.
“Occasionally grasshoppers and large dragon-flies are caught and
eaten, always when flying, and seemingly more for sport than for the
desire for food. In this connection I may express my belief that they often
take pleasure in the chase when not intending to kill, for I have seen one
repeatedly dash through a large flock of terrified Sandpipers without
apparently attempting to catch any of them.”
No. 321b Richardson’s Pigeon Hawk
A. O. U. No. 358. Falco columbarius richardsoni (Ridgway).
Synonyms.—AMERICAN MERLIN. RICHARDSON’S MERLIN.
Description.—Adults somewhat similar to F. columbarius but larger and much
lighter in coloration. Adult male: Above bluish dusky or brownish slaty gray as to
ground but much relieved by feather-skirtings of rusty brown, and by blackish shafts;
pileum and hind-neck chiefly rusty brown (nearly Prout’s brown) finely streaked with
black; wings and tail brownish dusky, the former, both on remiges and covert feathers,
1034
The Pigeon Hawks
crossed by numerous interrupted bars of whitish and tawny, the latter tipped with
white and crossed with five prominent white bars; flight-feathers and tertials also tipped
with white or grayish; underparts chiefly cream-buff as to ground, but white, immacu-
late, on throat; jugulum finely pencilled and breast heavily streaked with sepia (each
streak with darker shaft-line); sides and flanks still more broadly marked, or else
sepia spotted with whitish; flags and posterior underparts sparsely pencilled with sepia
or unmarked centrally; lores and a faintly defined superciliary buffy; forehead buffy
white sharply streaked with black; sides of head and neck, forming transitional area,
finely streaked buffy, rusty, sepia, and whitish in varying proportions. Adult female:
“Differing in coloration from the male only in points of detail. Ground color of the
upperparts clear grayish drab, the feathers with conspicuously black shafts; all the
feathers with pairs of rather indistinct rounded ochraceous spots, these most conspic-
uous on the wings and scapulars. Secondaries crossed with three bands of deeper,
more reddish, ochraceous. Bands of the tail pure white. In other respects exactly
like male’’ (Ridgway). Young birds are said to be more extensively rusty above, with
broader and more reddish tail-bands, and to be unmarked on lower tail-coverts and
crissum. Length 304.8-355.6 (12.00-14.00). Measurements of male: wing 195.6
(7.70); tail 127 (5.00); bill 12.7 (.50); tarsus 33 (1.30). Female: wing 228.6 (9.00);
tail 154.9 (6.10); bill 14 (.55); tarsus 35.6 (1.40).
Recognition Marks.—Little hawk size; brownish cast of plumage above;
heavy ochraceous spotting of wing (much more extensive than in Pigeon Hawk);
tail crossed by s7x bands (including the terminal band).
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: In cavity of tree or crevice
of cliff; rarely of twigs in treetop. Eggs: 3 to 5; basally white or creamy buff, heavily
sprinkled, spotted, and blotched with shades of cinnamon and rich chocolate. Eggs:
Sometimes an exact miniature of those of F. peregrinus. Av. size 40.6 x 31.5 (1.60
x 1.24). Season: May; one brood.
Range of F. c. richardsonit.—Breeds in the Great Plains region from North Dakota
and Montana to southern Alberta and central Saskatchewan. Occurs broadly during
migrations, casually to the Pacific Coast; and winters south to Texas, Sonora and Lower
California.
s Occurrence in California.— Rare visitor in winter; three records: Kern County,
Los Angeles County, and San Diego County.
Authorities.—Henshaw (Falco columbarius, var. richardsoni), Rep. Orn.
Wheeler Surv., 1876, p. 262 (Walker Basin, Kern Co.); Daggett, Condor, vol. vii., 1905,
p- 82 (San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles Co.); Bishop, Condor, vol. vii., 1905, p. 142
(Witch Creek, San Diego Co.); Tyler, Condor, vol. xviii., 1916, p. 197 (Mendota,
Madera Co.).
IF THE Northern Pigeon Hawk is a “‘collector’s bird,’ the Richard-
son Merlin is a collector’s prize. Indeed, most of the Pigeon Hawks
which are annually taken by collectors are shot in the hope that they may
prove to be the rare richardsont. There is nothing to say of the bird’s
behavior which would serve to distinguish it from the commoner species;
and only the expert might guess that it was perhaps a little lighter in
color.
1035
The American Kestrel
No. 322
American Kestrel
A. O. U. No. 360. Cerchneis sparverius sparverius (Linneus).
Synonyms.—Sparrow Hawk. Rusty-cROWNED FALCON. DESERT SPARROW
HAwkK.
Description.—Adult male: Top of head slaty blue, with a rufous crown-
patch; sides of head and throat white, a black stripe from the lower eye-lid anteriorly,
proceeding obliquely downward; a similar transverse bar on the side of the neck, and
a dab on either side and sometimes in the middle of the cervix; back, scapulars, and tail
rusty red; strong black bars in variable quantity across the middle of the back and lower
scapulars, or rarely reaching cervix; a heavy subterminal black band on tail, the cen-
tral feathers tipped with rufous and the others with white; the wing-coverts and inner
quills (including secondaries) slaty blue, the former black-spotted and the latter crossed
by a heavy black bar; primaries blackish, the point of wing formed by the 2nd and 3rd,
the 1st sharply emarginate on the inner web, the 2nd slightly so; all the wing-quills
heavily spotted with white on the inner webs, these spots confluent in bars on the
under surface; below whitish or slightly tinged with buffy, immaculate on lower belly,
flanks, and crissum; cross-barred with black on axillaries; heavily dusky-spotted on
lining of wings; elsewhere (save on throat, as noted above) lightly tinged or heavily
shaded with rufous,—the fore-breast usually but not always unmarked, the sides and
middle belly very lightly or quite heavily spotted with black. Bill bluish black; cere
and feet yellow. Young male: Similar to adult, but lower scapulars and wing-quills
lightly tipped with white; not so heavily shaded with rufous below. Adult female:
Subsimilar, but wings like the back; the black barring regular and continuous over
entire back, wings (except quills), and tail, the tail having ten or twelve bars, but the
subterminal bar often larger; barring indicated narrowly across upper tail-coverts;
below ochraceous-tinged as to ground, heavily and boldly streaked on breast and sides
with rusty brown; the sides sometimes barred with blackish. Young female: ‘‘Similar
to adult, but colors softer, deeper, and more blended”’ (Ridgway). Adult male: length
222.3-266.7 (8.75-10.50); av. of nine specimens: wing 183.9 (7.24); tail 117.6 (4.63);
bill 12.7 (.50). Adult female: length 228.6-304.8 (9.00-12.00); av. of eight specimens:
wing 190.5 (7-50); tail 128.5 (5.06); bill 13.2 (.52).
Recognition Marks.—Robin size; but appearing larger. The black markings
about head and rufous of upperparts distinctive.
Nesting.— Nest: In hollow trees, often in deserted woodpecker holes or in
crannies of cliffs. Eggs: 4 to 6; basally white, sprinkled, spotted, or blotched with
cinnamon, orange-cinnamon, or dark rufous (kaiser brown), often uniformly washed
with dilutions of the same pigments, or at least so heavily sprinkled as to appear uniform
pinkish buff, pale pinkish buff, pinkish cinnamon, or orange-cinnamon. Av. of 16
sets in the M. C. O. coll.: 34.5 x 27.7 (1.36 x 1.09); index 80. Season: April-June,
according to altitude; one brood.
Range of Cerchneis sparverius.—North and South America.
Range of C. s. sparverius—North America. Breeds from central Yukon,
northwestern Mackenzie, southern Keewatin, and Newfoundland, south to the Gulf
States, Durango, and southern California. Winters from British Columbia, Colorado,
Kansas, Ohio, and Massachusetts, south to Guatemala and Costa Rica.
1036
The American Kestrel
Distribution in California.—Resident. Of general occurrence throughout the
State, breeding from lowest ‘“‘Sonoran’’ deserts up irregularly through Canadian zone,
where numbers dwindle rapidly. Numbers considerably augmented in winter both by
reason of retreat from the higher levels and by invasion from the northern interior.
Authorities.—Vigors (Falco sparverius), Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ 1839, p. 15
(Montery): Fisher, Hawks and Owls of the U. S., 1893, p. 115, pl. 17 (food); Azsing,
Condor, vol. iii., 1901, p. 129 (nesting habits near Santa Monica); Grinnell, Univ.
Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. xii., 1914, p. 126 (Colorado Val.; crit.; syst.) ; Wetmore, Condor,
vol. xvili., 1916, p. 112 (speed of flight).
THE NAME “Sparrow’’ Hawk, though not alto-
gether undeserved, is in its application to this bird mis-
leading. The appellation distinctly be-
longs, rather, to a remote kinsman, the
so-called Sharp-shinned Hawk (Ac-
cipiter velox), who is the
bird-killer par excellence.
Moreover, the word Hawk
should never be applied to
a Falcon. Far better is the
Old World habit of individ-
ualizing the Falcons, and
of giving each a distinctive
name, such as Lanner, @
Hobby, Merlin, ete. The ‘
proper name for Cerchneis
Ss. Sparverius is the American Kestrel; or, for
local use, simply Kestrel. This, we know, is a
counsel of perfection, for the American people are
as little likely to correct an error in nomenclature,
once established, as they are to revise the Constitution.
Kestrel, or Sparrow Hawk, then, this handsome
little Falcon is unquestionably the best known, as it is
the most abundant, bird of prey in the West. While it
shows a preference for open situations, its breeding
range extends from the Colorado Desert, at points be-
low the level of the sea, to the forests of Humboldt and
Del Norte counties, and to the limit of trees in the
Sierras. It is equally at home in the sahuaro patches
bordering upon the Colorado River, the oak groves of
San Luis Obispo, the rocky defiles of San Diego County,
or the pines of Modoc. Commanding points of rock
are sure to be worn smooth by the clasp of many
Taken in Oregon Photo by A. W. Anthony
AMERICAN KESTREL
1637
The American Kestrel
Taken in Riverside County Photo by the Author
A DETERMINED INVESTIGATION
sharp-spurred claws, and tree-tops serve for sentry boxes whenever the
birds pass that way. Telegraph poles are regarded as a special con-
venience, since they traverse the treeless stretches which afford no other
watch-tower; but fence-posts will suffice in default of more elevated
stations. From such points of vantage as these the birds attentively
watch the happenings on the ground, and dive down whenever they
consider that their presence is needed by mouse or grasshopper.
The Falcon trusts, so far as his prey is concerned, to his elevated
position, and does not hesitate to glance freely from side to side; while the
wayfarer is regarded as likely as not with a frank curiosity not unmingled
with friendliness.
Much time is spent, also, upon the wing, not circling after the manner
of Accipiters and Buteos, but in passing rapidly over the scene, or else
flying slowly but directly over such promising areas as grassy meadows
and fallow fields. Now and again the bird checks itself suddenly and
pauses at a good height to study a suspicious movement in the grass below.
It will thus flutter over one spot for a minute at a time, and then pass
on disappointed, or else pounce suddenly upon its prey and bear it off to
1038
The American Kestrel
some elevated perch for quiet consumption. When the wind is blowing
strongly, the Hawk no longer flutters at its critical stops but only balances
upon the wind, so nicely, indeed, that its wings are almost motionless.
It is this custom which has earned for his European brothers such
picturesque names as Windhover and Standgale.
One must envy the marvelous eyesight which enables a flying bird
to detect such humble quarry as a cricket from a height of fifty or eighty
feet. Yet the bird, like the modern air-man, is made to realize that
appearances are sometimes deceptive. At Pizmo I saw a Sparrow Hawk
launch from a telephone wire, seize a brown object from the ground, and
rise with unwonted ease. The bird himself realized that there was some-
thing wrong, and when he discovered that he held a dried “‘horse bun”’
in his talons, he dropped it in disgust. The humble counterfeit had
probably been stirred by the wind to a life-like activity.
Always graceful, the Sparrow Hawk is seen to best advantage during
the courting season, when the male reaffirms his fondness for his life-long
mate by circling about her as she sits upon the tree-top; or he measures
the height of his devotion by ascending to the clouds before her, and
dashing himself at her feet again with shrill cries of Killy, killy, killy. To
hear the snarling clamor of the birds, one would think that they were not
Taken in Riverside Counly
Photo by the Author “BRINGING IN THE BACON”
THE STUB YIELDED A HANDSOME SET,
N/5, OF THE KESTREL
1039
The American Kestrel
getting on nicely; but this is a mistake, for the high-pitched conversation
is really very amiable in character, and neither bird would think of parting
from its consort, for however brief a space of time, without a screamed
farewell of unquestionable tenderness.
Sparrow Hawks nest in holes in trees when these are convenient,
using either natural cavities or the deserted tenements of flickers and
other woodpeckers. The
higher these rented quarters,
the better the birds are satis-
fied, but holes not over four
feet from the ground are of
record. In default of such
accommodations, old mag-
pies’ nests, or even open-
topped crows’ nests have
been utilized; but a more
common expedient is to re-
sort to the romantic crannies
and hidey-holes of the rocky
cliffs. In such situations this
diminutive falcon appears to
recall his noble ancestry; and
I have fancied that he was
here a shade more valiant
in defense of his young.
Certainly the Red-tail does
not care for that particular
stretch of cliff; and the Prairie
Falcon seems to regard the
lesser spit-fire with quaint
indulgence, orelse to treat him
with that magnanimous un-
concern which a Newfound-
land shows to a terrier.
On Santa Cruz Island I
once found a pair of Kestrels
nesting in a tunnel in an
earth-bank, excavated, no
Qe doubt, by a pair of hard-
ra - ae Sis ea working Flickers (Colaptes
Tarenenithesene Photo by D.R. Dickey &4°Gfer collaris) who occupied
NEST AND EGGS OF AMERICAN KESTREL fresher quarters hard by. And
1640
The American Kestrel |
getting on nicely; but this is a mistake, for the high-pitched conversation
is really very amiable in character, and neithér bird would think of parting
from its consort, for however brief a space of time, without a screamed
iarewell of unquestionable tenderness.
Sparrow Hawks nest in holes in trees when these are convenient,
using either natural cavities or the deserted tenements of flickers’ and
other woodpeckers. The
higher these rented quarters,
whe better the birds are satis-
Aon. Tht holes wot over four
fram the ground are of
ah. Pp eifaule af such
comssdadons,. alt mag-
AES Or Eyer open-
t crows omests have
een ulsiiged; but a more
orion expedient is to re-
6 the romantic crannies
and hidey-holes of the rocky
j In such situations this
diminutive falcon appears to
esthelsi| his noble ancestry; and
t% liféisize: fancied that he was
here a shade more valiant
in defense of his young.
Certainly the Red-tail does
not care for that particular
stretch of cliff: and the Prairie
Puleoa sous ta regard the
ky shit-kee with @waint
treat him
thal iagnanimous un-
4 whith a Nowtound-
th a terrier,
Sauta Cruz Island 1
min a pair of Kestrels
in a tunnel in an
excavated, ~no
doubt, by a pair of hard-’
working Flickers (Colaptes
sgajer collaris) who occupied
fresher quarters hard by. And = 9°)
PENG
The American Kestrel
at Cholame we discovered wolves in a sheep cote, or in other words, a
pair of Sparrow Hawks nesting in a dove cote. The doves did not seem
to fear the intruders, and it is possible that they enjoyed a certain immun-
ity, not only from these, but from other birds of prey, on account of
their presence.
The eggs, which seldom have any softer resting place than chips and
stones, or the rotten wood which the woodpeckers have left them, are
among the handsomest of odlogical treasures. The lime of the shell, still
plastic, has been generously sprinkled with cinnamon, and a warm glow
imparted to the whole. It is not improbable, however, that we see in the
case of these eggs the incipient workings of nature’s inexorable economy.
The eggs of all hole-nesting species are either white or tend to revert to
white. Now Falcons’ eggs are normally very richly colored, sometimes
almost solid red. Eggs of the Sparrow Hawk, however, average much
lighter in coloration than those of any other American Falcon. A set,
1/5-o1 in the M. C. O. collection, taken by Evan Davis near East Orange,
is almost unmarked. This was taken from a deep cavity in a hollow
sycamore; whereas the most heavily colored set in the collection, 10/5-12,
was taken in a comparatively open situation, viz., a deserted nest of the
Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttall1) near Shandon.
We are indebted to a fellow member of the Cooper Ornithological
Club, Miss Althea R. Sherman, of National, lowa, for a model study of the
nesting habits of the American Sparrow Hawk.! From this excellent
paper we learn that eggs are deposited on alternate days, and that incu-
bation requires 29 or 30 days. Incubation is almost wholly performed
by the female, and upon her devolves the protection of the nesting site,
and all immediate ministration to the young. The male bird faithfully
provides food both for their young and for his mate, turning his successive
catches over to the latter at an appointed rendezvous, or else meeting her
in midair at some distance from the nest. Food, in the instance under
observation, consisted chiefly of meadow mice, birds (fledglings for the
most part), insects, and ground squirrels. Most of the prey was skinned
or well plucked before being presented to the young, and rended, or not,
according to their stage of development. Birds were headless, tailless,
and wingless, as well as carefully plucked. Birds nesting in the immediate
vicinity were not molested, and the falcons appeared to wish to live on
good terms with their neighbors.
The young birds did not fight for food in the presence of their mother,
but she apportioned to the females a notably larger share, and they soon
manifested a fiercer disposition and dominant qualities. At the time they
left the nest, 26 to 28 days after hatching, the females weighed twenty
1“The Auk,” Vol. XXX., July, 1913, pp. 406-418.
TO4I
The American Kestrel
per cent more than their brothers (using the male weight as a base of
reference).
Miss Sherman’s painstaking study is of exceptional value in its
implied suggestion that the dominance of the female among Raptors may
be due to selective feeding. Verily the hand that rocks the cradle rules
the world. Brethren, we must make our peace with these ladies, or—
Quien sabe?
The question of the Sparrow Hawk’s food is one of considerable
importance. That it does occasionally eat birds there can be no doubt. I
have several times frightened a Sparrow Hawk from a quarry of young
Meadowlarks; and once, at Goose Lake, found the Kestrel making a
luncheon off an adult female Brewer Blackbird. In the latter case the
head had already been eaten, with the exception of the bill. When a
questing Sparrow Hawk finds a fledgling, it is likely to return and clean
up the brood. Yet the preponderance of testimony is overwhelmingly in
favor of the “Sparrow”? Hawk. The consumption of birds seems to be
largely a matter of individual taste. The toll taken is not large, and it is
probable that bird-killing is indulged only at critical seasons, such as the
period of maximum demand on the part of young, and the winter season
when other food may be scarce. Ordinarily the smaller birds do not seem
to fear the Sparrow Hawk, and they will flit about a tree which contains
this watchful Falcon with perfect unconcern.
Without question, insects, such as grasshoppers, beetles, and crickets,
form the chief articles of Sparverian diet; while spiders, lizards, shrews,
meadow mice, and small snakes are seized as occasion offers. The minis-
trations of the Sparrow Hawk, the American Kestrel, are exceedingly
beneficial to the farmer.
Taken in San Luis Obispo County Pholo by the Author
SUNSET ON THE PALOPRIETA
1042
The Audubon Caracara
No. 323
Audubon’s Caracara
A. O. U. No. 362. Polyborus cheriway auduboni Cassin.
Description.—A dults (sexes alike): Crown, nape, and general body plumage
black; foreparts, narrowly, except crown, pale ochraceous or creamy buff, immaculate
anteriorly, finely barred with black in increasing abundance until complete transition
is effected on back and breast; under tail-coverts tipped distally with black; basal
portion of tail and concealed portions of wing-quills similarly cream-buff or dingy
white, obscurely barred with black. ‘‘Bill variously pale colored; cere carmine; iris
brown; feet yellow; claws black; soft parts [i. e., exposed anterior portion of face]
drying to a dingy indefinable color’? (Coues). Young birds resemble adults, but are
brownish black, the markings lengthwise in streaks instead of bars, save on tail where
conspicuously barred. Length of adult 609.6 (24.00) or less; wing up to 419.1 (16.50);
tail 203.2-254 (8.00-10.00); culmen 34.3 (1.35); tarsus 91.4 (3.60).
Recognition Marks.—Gull size; contrasting black of body-color and crown
with light buffy of foreparts and circular investiture of bars on breast, sides of neck,
and back unmistakable. Anterior portion of head without feathers. Deportment
varied and often unhawklike.
Nesting.—Not known to breed in California. Nest: Of sticks or twigs lined
with usnea or grass, and placed indifferently in trees, sahuaros, or sturdy shrubs.
Eggs: 2 or 3; basally buffy white or pinkish white, but usually completely buried under
pigment of the richest rufous (carob brown) washing to sayal brown, russet, or walnut-
brown,—the darkest of falconine eggs. Av. size 60 x 47 (2.36 x 1.85); index 78.3.
Season: Feb. 15~April, according to altitude.
Range of Polyborus cheriway.—Southern portion of United States south to
Guiana, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
Range of P. c. auduboni—The southern border of the southwestern states
from Arizona to Texas and south to Central America. Accidental in California.
Occurrence in California.—Accidental. One record: bird well observed by
Prof. Harold Heath and W. W. Curtner near Monterey ‘‘in the winter of 1916.”
Authorities—Heermann (Polyborus tharus), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. x.,
1859, p. 30 (Colorado River, near Ft. Yuma); Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, vol. iii., 1874, p. 178 (syn., desc., habits, etc.; Calif. occurrence); Heath,
Condor, vol. xxi.,.1919, p. 125 (near Monterey, during February, 1916).
A MARKED CHARACTER is that of Polyborus cheriway audubont,
and its accidental occurrence near Monterey! affords us a welcome excuse
to consider it as a bird of California. The Caracara is neither a hawk nor
a vulture nor an eagle, although he is each by turns, and he figures in the
last-named capacity upon the coat-of-arms of Mexico. Supported
vaguely by a cactus, the intrepid bird is there represented as seizing a
serpent, presumably a rattler, somewhere near the nape of the neck (but
not too near to give the squirming reptile a sporting chance). That the
1 Harold Heath in The Condor, Vol. XXI., May, 1919, p. 123.
1643
The Osprey
Caracara is a ‘‘terror to snakes’’ there can be no question, nor that he isa
terror to lambs in their tender youth, and a terror to humans after he has
been banqueting upon the remains of a silent but unforgetable cow.
The Caracara is a comparatively active bird both on the wing and
on the ground. Its wing action is rapid, but its progress is scarcely
commensurate with the appearance of effort. The rather elongated tarsus
fits the bird for walking, and it seems to spend a good deal of time on
the ground, where it seizes beetles and lizards, as well as snakes and
rodents. Dr. Merrill! has described its pursuit of a jack rabbit. The
quarry was not secured by a stoop or pounce, as of falcon or redtail;
the rabbit was simply pursued through its devious twistings and bound-
ings until overtaken—fair sport, it must be confessed. According to the
same authority, no lucky captor, whether of snake or field mouse, was left
in undisturbed possession. For if one of its companions spied it, a chase
and a squabble followed.
The Caracaras do not bear a good reputation with the smaller feath-
ered fraternity. If one attempts to alight in a mesquite tree at nesting
time, it is immediately set upon by the lesser fry and pestered until it is
glad to escape. Once I saw a young Caracara which endeavored to stand
its ground under the assaults of an irate shrike. The Buzzard was a
youngster or he would have known better. His head was small; his
“build”? was lean, almost emaciated, ‘“‘high hung,” too, like a Shanghai
cockerel. As often as the shrike struck, the hawk ducked his head and
lurched forward upon his absurdly long shanks, and just as we looked to see
him topple over, caught himself midair with a suddenly flared tail.
Under persecution, such as is the inevitable portion of every bird of
prey, the Caracara has learned cunning. He is both shy and wary, and
he knows the meaning of a gun all too well. Their numbers are steadily
decreasing in the United States, but further south, where their services
as scavengers are more highly valued, they are likely to maintain them-
selves for years to come.
No. 324
Osprey
A. O. U. No. 364. Pandion haliaétus carolinensis (Gmelin).
Synonym.—FisH Hawk.
Description.—Adult male: Upperparts dark brown (with considerable varia-
bility of individual feathers as in the Golden Eagle); tip of wing lustrous black; tail
1 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VII., 1882, p. 173.
1044
The Osprey
crossed by six or eight dusky bars, the alternate spaces grayish brown on the outer
webs, whitish on the inner; head and neck chiefly white, the crown black or black-
striped centrally; nape narrowly and cervix centrally black-striped; an irregular dusky
band proceeding backward from eye; feathers of occiput loosely ruffled, or presenting
a crested appearance; underparts white, sometimes rufous-spotted on breast, but usually
immaculate; lining of wing mottled,—white and fuscous near edge, remainder white
or buffy, dusky-barred distally; bill and claws black; cere and base of bill bluish black;
feet bluish gray; iris yellow and red. Adult female: Similar but breast heavily marked
with yellowish brown or fuscous. Immature: Like adult, but feathers of upper-
parts bordered terminally with white or buffy. The same distinction obtains between
the sexes as in case of adults. Length 533.4-635 (21.00-25.00); wing 431.8-520.7
(17.00-20.50); tail 177.8-254 (7.00-10.00); culmen 30.5-35.6 (1.20-1.40).
Recognition Marks.—Brant size; extensive white below distinctive for this
group; labored flight; river-, lake-, and ocean-haunting ways.
Nesting.— Nest: An immense mass of sticks, broad-topped, lined centrally
with bark-strips and soft materials; placed on top of trees of various heights, or on
isolated rocks of rivers, ete. Eggs: 2 to 4; dull or buffy white, heavily spotted,
blotched, or overspread with chocolate; rarely almost or quite unmarked. Avy. size
62.2 x 46 (2.45 x 1.81). Season: May 1-20; one brood.
Range of Pandion haliaétus.—Nearly cosmopolitan. Wanting only in the colder
Arctic regions, the southern portion of South America, and New Zealand.
Range of P. h. carolinensis —North and South America; breeds from north-
western Alaska, northwestern Mackenzie, central Keewatin, southern Ungava, and
Newfoundland, south to the Gulf Coast, western Mexico, and Lower California.
Winters from the southern United States south through middle America and sparingly
to Peru and Paraguay.
Occurrence in California.—Fairly common during migrations, especially
interiorly. Breeds sparingly upon the Santa Barbara Islands and in a few localities
along the seacoast north to Humboldt Bay. Has bred also at Eagle Lake, on the
Kaweah River near Woodlake, Tulare County (Tyler), and probably at Goose Lake
(June, 1913). Winters very sparingly along the seacoast (records from Farallon
Islands, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara (March 18, 1921), and San Diego.
Authorities.—Gambel (Pandion carolinensis), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol.
ili., 1846, p. 45 (Catalina Id., etc.) ; Fisher, Hawks and Owls of the U. S., 1893, p. 130, pl.
18, (food, etc.); Sheldon, Condor, vol. ix., 1907, p. 187 (Eagle Lake; desc. nests) ; Grin-
nell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. II, 1915, p. 69 (Calif. status); Howell, Pac. Coast Avi-
fauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 58 (s. Calif. ids.).
WHETHER or not fish is proper brain food depends, as some one has
wittily remarked, ‘‘more upon the brain than it does upon the fish.” An
exclusive diet of fish has not made the Fish Hawks either brainy or
valiant. We need not be troubled on the latter score, though, for in a
family where prowess and tyranny are almost synonymous, it is a com-
fort to find birds who mind their own business and exhibit a proper
humility. Ospreys are simple-hearted, honest folk, and they deserve
protection, if for no better reason, simply because they are inoffensive and
picturesque. The fact that these birds require a few edible fish for their
1045
The Osprey
annual support has greatly preyed upon the minds of certain men who
reckon their own catch by the hundred-weight; and a cruel persecution
has broken out in some quarters, persecution as senseless as it is selfish.
No true sportsman, however, will begrudge to this bird his hard-earned
catch, taken by a plunge and strike, which is, if anything, rather more
sportsmanlike than the use of line and lure.
The Osprey preys exclusively upon fish, and covers long stretches of
water in its tireless search. It flies along at a height of fifty or a hundred
feet above the water, and when its finny prey is sighted, pauses for a
moment on hovering wings, then drops with a resounding splash, often
quite disappearing beneath the water, but rising again quickly with a fish
firmly secured in its talons. The bird upon rising immediately adjusts
the catch, placing it head foremost, so that it will offer the least resistance
to the air in flight. Not infrequently the hawk secures a fish which it is
barely able to handle, and occasionally it strikes one so large that it is
drawn under and drowned before it can disengage its claws.
Clear water is essential to the Osprey’s success, for he must needs see
and strike from afar. The bird has little use, therefore, for the silt-stained
waters of the lowlands, and it avoids the storm-tossed waters of our west-
ern coast. The more placid seas which surround our southern islands,
San Clemente, Catalina, and the rest, afford a congenial summer home;
and a few linger here through the winter. In the interior, the Osprey
is likely to show up almost anywhere during the spring migrations, espe-
cially along the north-and-south-trending valleys, such as the Sacra-
mento, Owens River, and the Colorado. A few breed in the lower
Sierran valleys, and Ospreys have been seen in summer on Goose Lake.
Doubtless many of the larger lakes and rivers of California formerly
boasted their local Fish Hawks, but the only remaining stronghold of this
species in the interior appears to be Eagle Lake, whose comparative inac-
cessibility, coupled with an abundance of suitable nesting sites, has held a
good population. In 1914 Milton S. Ray, visiting Eagle Lake in company
with Mr. Chase Littlejohn, saw five nests, all in the tops of dead pine
trees, and surmised the presence of many more.
A typical Osprey’s nest is a huge aggregation of sticks, bark, and
trash; and is placed either on the top of a broken pine or fir stub or else
lodged on some convenient cliff or isolated spur of rock. If the rock or
tree is surrounded by water, so much the better, for it assures immunity
from predatory mammals, including, to some degree, their worst enemy,
man. Persecution, however, sometimes drives the birds to the deep
woods, miles from their fishing grounds. A normal nest is flat on top,
three or four feet across, and from three to seven in depth, according
to age. Within a little depression in the center of the platform, sur-
1646
The Osprey
rounded by soft materials, lie two or three eggs of moderate size, rich
chocolate on a tinted ground. If the female is on, the male, tired of fish-
ing, is likely to be standing at her side. Both birds will rise upon our
approach, and will poise in midair above our heads, suspicious of odlogical
intent, and uttering, therefore, feeble screams, or “‘whistles,’’ of protest,
ki-tk, ki-tk, ki-tk.
Ospreys’ eggs are unquestionably among the handsomest known. Settee: whseish. 163 % uchrateous-bufly, elongate-spotted or ~
wet § : yews or Mdackish, dhe nierhatige gettate on belly, broader, on sides
dn Bae RNS gaete, Tene th aba 55. & (2.80); wing 304.8-342.6 (12\00213.50);
tate tes: ue Re SO) bill from nostril EOE MS Adult female, length about —
HOG bog, 495.5-353. (93.25-I4.25); tail 279.4- Aur. 5 (11.00-12.50). aes
Recognition Rearks.—Crow to brant size; adult dark plumbeous above, white,
finely mottled with daty gray below; rather shert, rounded wings; white line. over h
eye; ten a foot long.
1668
The Goshawks
Nesting.— Nest: High in trees, usually coniferous; of sticks, twigs and grass,
lined with bark-strips and grass. Eggs: 2 to 5; white or bluish white, sometimes
faintly marked with pale brown. Av. size 58.9 x 45.5 (2.32 x 1.79). Season:
April to—May 20; one brood.
Range of A. g. striatulus.—Pacific Coast region of America, breeding from Cook
Inlet, Alaska, south to southern Sierras; wintering south to California and east to
Colorado.
Distribution in California.—Rare summer resident in the Boreal zone from
Mt. Shasta and the Warners south along the Sierra Nevada to about Latitude 36° 30’.
Somewhat more common in winter and at lower levels, especially northerly. Recorded
south to San Diego (Lower Otay Reservoir, Stephens).
Authorities.—Newberry (Asturv atricapillus), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. vi.,
857, p- 74 (San Francisco); Ray, Auk, vol. xx., 1903, p. 138 (Pyramid Peak, June and
uly); Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. II, 1915, p. 64 (occurrence in Calif.).
Taken in Fresno Counly Photo by the Author
THE GORGE OF DESPAIR
THE GOSHAWK COURTS THE WILDEST SETTING
A MILD experience of the feelings of a chicken befell my partner
while we were camped near a trail in the northern Cascades. It was late
in June and the ornithologist was not aware that a certain stretch of woods
which the trail cleft belonged to a highly virtuous pair of Goshawks, until
1069
The Goshawks
Whoof! Biff! the blue terror struck
a blow from behind and sent the
birdman sprawling. He had,
moreover, quick need to defend
himself with sticks and stones, for
the bird was back again in a trice, and a
tough sombrero alone saved him from
severe scalp wounds. Of course there
was a nest hard by, and we found it, some
sixty feet up, in a dense stand of fir trees.
I accepted the photographic chal-
lenge which the discovery
afforded, but first impro-
vised a coat of mail, where-
in a stuffed knapsack did
duty for a helmet, and a
wrapping of dunnage bags
was designed to protect the
shoulders. Like Don
Quixote, I set out to meet
my foe, but the gentil bird
had respect for knighthood
even of this decadent type,
and forbore to offer further
Taken near Spokane Pholo by W. H. Wright indignities. As she left the
torian cackle, ak, ak, ak,
ak, a note which reminded one again of the Cooper Hawk, save that
it had a deal more of menace in it.
Fortunately for our game and poultry, the “Blue Hawk”’ is com-
paratively rare in California. It appears to be confined during the nest-
ing season to the timbered sections of the northern mountain ranges,
save that it follows the Sierras south to about latitude 36° 30’. I have
myself seen it only in the Warner Mountains, on Mt. Shasta (at timber-
line), in the Mammoth section, and in the valley of the Little Yosemite
near Grigsby Point. The bird haunts the darkest woods as well as the
open heights, and makes the Sierra Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus sierr@)
a special object of attack. At other seasons it invades the lower valleys,
chiefly those of northern California, receiving, no doubt, some accessions
from outside the State.
The Western Goshawk is excelled by none in display of cunning or
prowess. At times, indeed, the thirst for blood appears to dull its dis-
1670
The Goshawks
cretion, and it will return to seize a fowl even after it has been shot at;
but oftener it marks the gunner from a distance and awaits the unguarded
moment at the poultry-yard. After sighting game, this Hawk does not
soar and hover, after the manner of the Prairie Falcon; rather it ap-
proaches in a horizontal direction at a low elevation and under partial
cover of vegetation, then darts down suddenly or makes a quick side turn,
seizing its victim deftly, and off again to a distant station. Having once
got the lie of the land, a Goshawk will make requisition on a poultry yard
two or three times a day, and may elude capture altogether, be the owner
never so incensed over his losses.
“Nidification begins early, usually about the latter part of March or the
beginning of April, long before the snow has disappeared from the moun-
tains, and while the hillsides are still saturated with moisture, making it
anything but easy work to look for their nests. These are usually built
in tall trees and no particular preference seems to be shown in their se-
lection. The nests are mostly placed close to the trunk and generally
well hidden from view. Occasionally one is placed some distance out,
or between the forks of one of the larger limbs, and on that account can
be more readily seen. | believe each of these birds has its regular hunting
Taken in the Tehipilte Valley Photo by the Author
WHERE THE GOSHAWK LURKS
1677
The Harris Hawk
range, from which all other species of Raptores are driven off. At any
rate I have never found the Western Red-tailed or Swainson’s Hawks,
the most common kinds found, breeding in the vicinity of a pair of
Goshawks”’ (Bendire).
No. 330
Harris’s Hawk
A. O. U. No. 335. Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi (Audubon).
Description.—Adult (sexes alike): General body plumage sooty black; the
“‘shoulders,”’ i. e., bend of wing with lesser wing-coverts, the axillars, lining of wings,
and lengthened tibiew, rich dark chestnut; basal half of tail with upper and lower
coverts white, and the tip of tail white for about an inch. Bill blackish; feet (drying)
yellow with black claws. Immature birds are more brownish black and the chestnut
is less pure; under wing-coverts, abdomen, tibiz, tail, etc., variously barred. Length
of male about 508 (20.00); wing 330.2 (13.00); tail 228.6 (9.00); tarsus 80.5 (3.17).
Length of females up to 609.6 (24.00); wing 355.6 (14.00); tail 279.4 (11.00).
Recognition Marks.—Gull size; black coloration set off by rich chestnut; tail
white on basal half.
Nesting.— Nest: Of sticks, lined with bark and grass; placed at moderate
heights in trees or cactus. Eggs: 2 to 4; pale bluish white, sometimes spotted or
irregularly blotched with dull rufous (cinnamon-fawn color) or vinaceous gray.
Av. size 54 x 42 (2.126 x 1.65); index 77.7. Season: April 10-June 10; one brood.
Range of Parabuteo unicinctus.—Southern borders of the United States south
to Chile and Argentina.
Range of P. wu. havrisiimResident in Lower Sonoran zone in the southern border
states from southeastern California to southern Mississippi and south to Cape San
Lucas and Panama.
Occurrence in California.—Resident in the valley of the lower Colorado
River. Also casual near San Diego (Mission Valley, Nov. 17, 1912—Gray).
Authorities.—A. O. U. Check-List, 2nd. ed., 1895, p. 129 (‘‘westward to
Calif.’’); Grinnell. Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, p. 77; Stephens, Condor, vol. v.,
1903, p. 77 (Colorado Valley); Grey, Condor, vol. xv., 1913, p. 128 (Mission Valley,
near San Diego); Bancroft, Condor, vol. xxii., 1920, p. 156 (Imperial County, breeding).
PARABUTEO means near-Buteo or almost-a-Buteo; but harrisi is
quite a beauty if he is not quite a Buteo. Indeed, he is rather the hand-
somest of our hawks, especially if seen a-wing or down-sun, where the
values of the white tail-coverts, terminal white tail-band, and chestnut
epaulets may be developed in contrast with the rich black of the remaining
plumage. He does bear a striking resemblance to the Buteos both in
pose and in voice. The Harris Hawk has the same habit of posting in a
conspicuous place, a tree-top or a telegraph pole, to guard against enemies
The Harris Hawk
or to watch for prey. Its flight, however, is more frequently direct and
much more rapid than in the case of any Buteo.
Early observers formed the impression of a sluggish, impassive bird,
but the discipline of gun-fire must have taught it a good deal of caution.
Mr. Brooks and I encountered the Harris Hawk on several occasions near
Potholes, in February, 1913, but were unable to secure a specimen. Nor
did the M. C. O. expedition to Arizona succeed any better in the spring
of 1917, although we met the species several times, both on the Gila
River and at our camp near Tucson. The birds were simply unapproach-
able save by 8-power binoculars.
According to Mr. Vernon Bailey, who had unusual opportunity to
observe this species in Texas, it feeds largely upon small mammals, es-
pecially the wood rats (Neotoma). A nest which he found was nearly
covered with the remains of these animals, including a dozen skulls. This
hardly comports with Coues’ designation of the species as the ‘Carrion
Buzzard”; and it seems probable that this veteran overestimated the
extent to which P. uw. harrisi subsists upon carrion. The summer of 1917
should have provided a fair test of this characteristic, for the cattle in
southern Arizona were dying off like flies, yet while we frightened numbers
of the Audubon Caracara from carcasses, we saw no Harris Hawks sim-
ilarly employed.
Probably the Harris Hawk is extending its range northward and west-
ward, and will continue to do so if we can ever persuade the farmers that
a live gopher-killer, always on the job, is a priceless boon to society, even
though his shadow should accidentally fall upon the sacred precincts
of the chicken yard. This handsome black hawk has never been known
to kill birds, let alone hens; and it is a crime to shoot it for anything
less than scientific purposes.
To that veteran collector, Mr. Frank Stephens, belongs the honor
of having first established the right of Harris Hawks to a place in the Cali-
fornia list. He took a specimen and saw two others in August, 1902,!
on the Colorado River, near Ehrenberg. Mr. H. E. Wilder? saw these
birds in considerable numbers at Palo Verde, further down the river, in
December of the same year, and supposed that they were taking refuge
in the river bottom from the sand storms which were raging in the ad-
joining desert. Mr. Leo Wiley took a specimen, Nov. Ist, 1914; and
afterwards (April 5th, 1917), in company with Dr. Loye Holmes Miller,
of Los Angeles, discovered a nest, the first for California. Mr. Wiley
reports that the three eggs were placed in a nest, presumably an old one,
which he had seen the winter before in a mistletoe clump in a mesquite
~ LiGtasréter: Vol. V., May, 1903, p. 77-
?Condor, Vol. XVIII., May, 1916, p. 127.
*Condor, Vol. XIX., July, 1917, p. 142.
The Western Red-tailed Hawk
thicket. This thicket bordered upon a lagoon, one of the overflow
channels of the Colorado, and was not far from some houses, although
the birds were clever enough to keep quiet and not to appear near the
settlement itself. On the 27th of April the eggs hatched and the young-
sters were seen to be covered with a light buffy down.
This species was early reported from northern Lower California, but
was never known to have crossed the line west of the mountains till
Mr. Harvey Grey secured a specimen,! a male in full plumage, in the
Mission Valley near San Diego, Nov. 17, 1912.
No. 331
Western Red-tailed Hawk
A. O. U. No. 337b. Buteo borealis calurus (Cassin).
Synonyms.—WESTERN RED-TAIL. WESTERN RED-TAILED BUZZARD. BLACK
RED-TAIL. CHICKEN Hawk. HEN Hawk.
Description.—Adult, light phase: Above dark brown or sooty brown, color
nearly pure on upper back, upper scapulars, and minor wing-coverts, elsewhere much
varied by lighter grayish brown, tawny, and outcropping white; basal white out-
cropping regularly on hind-neck; tawny most extensive on sides of neck and on cervix;
longer scapulars and tertials dusky and white, and double tawny-barred; wing-quills
blackening on exposed tips (often with violaceous or purplish reflections), faintly
banded basally on outer webs, distinctly dusky and white on inner webs; Ist primary
shorter than or about equal to the 8th, the point of the wing formed by 3rd, 4th, and
5th, the 2nd longer than the 6th; when folded usually but not always falling two or
three inches short of end of tail; the first four primaries deeply emarginate on the
inner web, the 2nd to the 5th lightly emarginate on outer web; tail rich orange-rufous,
crossed near tip by narrow black band, and with suggestions of former (juvenile)
black bands persistent in spots along sides of shaft, especially basally; upper tail-
coverts like tail in color, or a little lighter, and obscurely dusky-banded; underparts
white, variously broad-marked or washed, except on throat, with pale cinnamon-
rufous, most heavily on sides of breast, where also broad-marked with dusky; throat
and breast sparingly marked with blackish shaft-streaks; shafts on flanks deep rusty;
flanks and shanks finely wavy-barred in two shades of pale rufous. Bill plumbeous; tar-
sus yellow, very stout;claws black. Adult in (common) melanistic phase: Entire plum-
age, except tail and its coverts, chocolate brown, rich sooty brown, or blackish, rich deep
rusty usually warming on breast, and lighter rufous appearing on shanks. Between
these two plumages many gradations exist. Erythrism, or a tendency to reddening
of plumage, is noticeable in many dark-colored specimens, while albinism of some
degree is not rare. Immature: Above much as in adult, but showing less of tawny
and more of outcropping white; tail entirely different, grayish brown crossed by ten
or twelve brace-shaped or waved bands of dusky; upper tail-coverts lighter, dusky-
and-whitish-barred, with mixture of ochraceous; underparts white or pale ochraceous
buffy, heavily streaked, spotted, and posteriorly barred with dark brown, except on
1Condor, Vol. XV., p. 128.
1674
vUOZILTY Ul Udye 7
4oyrn py aut dq ydvibopoud v Woy
[!¥3pay UrI}S9 AA OY} JO JUNLET BUIISO V
SISVO J10S9(] V
The Western Red-tailed Hawk
breast, which is nearly immaculate. Immature birds frequently show strong melanistic
tendency, in which case the spotting of the underparts invades the breast and increases
elsewhere nearly to the point of confluence. Length of male (average of six adults
and full-grown immatures): 558.8-628.7 (22.00-24.75); wing 402.6 (15.85); tail 241.3
(9.50); chord of culmen 25.2 ae tarsus 91.6 (3.61). Length of female (6 adults and
near adults): ae 692.2 (23.25-27.25); wing 425.5 (16.75); tail 254 (10.00); bill 27
(1.06); tarsus 94 (3.70).
Roonaan Mira Cro to brant size; red tail when visible always distinc-
tive; stouter proportions and more regal bearing, as compared with B. swainsoni, but
not always distinguishable from that species afield.
Nesting.— Nest: Of sticks, lined with bark-strips, usnea, or grass pulled up
by the roots; placed in crannies or ledges of cliff or high in trees. A large tree nest in
the M. C. O. coll. measures 3 feet long by 2 broad and 1 deep, and has a hollow 8 x 10 x 2
inches. Eggs: 2 or 3, rarely 4, 5 of record; white, or pale bluish white, lightly stained,
spotted, blotched, or smeared with reddish brown or, rarely, immaculate. The pig-
ment variations include tilleul buff, vinaceous buff, avellaneous, wood-brown, fawn-
color, Rood’s brown, vandyke brown, chestnut-brown, tawny olive, and dresden
brown. Av. of 36 sets 59.9 x 46.2 (2.36 x 1.82); index 77. Extremes: 54-66.8 x 43.3-
49.5 (2.12-2.63 by 1.70-1.95). Season: Feb. 15th-May Ist, according to latitude
and altitude; one brood.
Range of Buteo borealis —North America, breeds from central Yukon, central
western Mackenzie, central Keewatin, and Newfoundland, south to Florida and the
Greater Antilles, Guatemala, and Cape San Lucas.
Range of B. b. calurus—Western North America, except the coast district of
southeastern Alaska, from.central Yukon and western Mackenzie south to Cape San
Lucas and central America; east to the western borders of the Great Plains and casually
to Ontario.
Distribution in California.—Common resident of the widest distribution.
Breeds from Lower Sonoran deserts to the limits of Upper Transition, and wanders
into high Boreal.
Authorities.—Gambel (Buteo borealis), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. iii.,
1846, p. 45 (upper Calif.); Cowes, Birds of the Northwest, 1874, p. 352 (syn., desc.,
crit.); Tyler, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 9, 1913, p. 41 (San Joaquin Valley); Wetmore,
Condor, vol. xviii., 1916, p. 112 (speed of flight).
THE ALABAMA HILLS, in Inyo County, are reputed to be the
oldest geological formation in America. By this I suppose it is meant
that this modest escarpment of granite represents the core of a conti-
nental ridge older than the towering Sierras, which now dwarf them
into insignificance. The superficial details might be as recent as those
of any other granitic exposure; yet to the eye itisnotso. It is rather as
though the authentic eld had been preserved intact. When one gazes
from above into the upper reaches of a certain canyon near Lone Pine,
the conviction is forced upon him that he beholds not the effects of wind
and weather, but those of wave erosion. These rounded and deeply
sculptured forms were left by the laving of a primordial sea, and they have
gone practically unmodified ever since. The panorama at the head of the
The Western Red-tailed Hawk
canyon back of the old Carter ranch
is fairly stupendous. It is as though
the ocean, at the word of some mystic
command, had suddenly receded
from a terrific tide-gut with its en-
tourage of roaring reefs. There, are
rounded bosses where the Plesio-
saurus played; here, gloomy caverns
which the urancient Kraken has only
just made vacant; here, swirls in
stones and crests of ripping reefs,
which served as giant models for the
dorsal scales of Stegosaurus. We
came upon it after sunset, my son
and I, and the glory of it smote us
like a vision of Neptune with his
bearded hosts. Surely we had
stumbled upon a bit of the elder
world, reserved by sorcery from the
accustomed gaze of man. With
bated breath we gazed, until we
plucked at our flesh to see if we, too,
were turned to stone. And as we
orca ee GE gazed, a Redtail, lifting silently from
Pikeman ae ee Bie by the Author aN unseen ledge, winged across the
THE “DECORATION” ae ee ae TO ITS MUMMIE chasm with such confident modernity
that the spell broke in laughter.
A “Burke's Peerage” of the birds might not mention the Buteos under
the head of royalty—Falco and Aquila are the autocrats par excellence—
but Redtail’s patent of nobility is very ancient, and is based upon the
same claims as those which human lords have set up: viz., a predatory
ancestry, unbroken possession of certain broad acres for many centuries,
and a frowning castle upon some sightly hill. In this last respect the bird
is not surpassed, in the Pacific States at least, by that arrogant old Haps-
burg, the Prairie Falcon himself.
As to the broad acres, chiefly game preserves (to carry out the
whimsy), the royal claim comes first (because, forsooth, the Falcon is the
swifter bird); and there is always a horde of retainers—Sparrow Hawks,
Burrowing Owls, Magpies, and Ravens—to consider, before the overlord
may count his yearly rental of ground-squirrels, rabbits, mice, snakes,
lizards, and the lesser fry. Moreover, in these evil days, the pirate Danes
have swept down on the Redtail’s coasts, have torn his acres with the plow
1676
The Western Red-tailed Hawk
and have burnt his gopher-fields with fire. Worst
of all, these ruthless invaders, having no use them-
selves for sage-rats, yet deny them to their rightful
owner, the Redtail; and they pursue him fiercely
with engines of destruction when he ventures to
sample an imported Danish fowl. Verily, these be
troublous times for the aristocracy. Alackaday!
Truth to tell, there is no more foolish obsession
which afflicts farmer folk than this,—that all Hawks
should be killed at sight; unless it be this other,—
that all birds caught eating cherries are worthy of
death. Penny wise, pound foolish, both of them!
The man who is worst injured by this folly is, of
course, the farmer himself, but society also suffers
through him. Why, it is as if the man should send
a charge of buckshot through a boy who stooped
to pluck a strawberry—the while he cared nothing
that the cattle were ravaging his wheatfield for lack
of that same small boy to drive them out. In all
seriousness, it is no exaggeration to say that, insofar
as the three most easily slaughtered species of
Hawks are concerned, the Marsh Hawk, Swainson’s
and the Redtail, any farmer in the grain-growing
sections of this State could well afford to raise a
hundred chickens annually and feed them to the
birds, if by so doing he could secure immunity from
the ravages of rodent pests. Yes; the excess of
wheat and barley which the pests destroy annually
in root and in blade would feed the chicks and
Af
a
I
+b
:
ee]
hy ea
pe ye
repay the trouble tenfold. HES
The Western Redtail is still, after the American
Kestrel (Cerchnets sparverius), the commonest hawk fezen im Arizona Photo by the Author
in California. It possesses great adaptability, so OBS AMON
WESTERN REDTAIL, ADULT, ON SAHUARO
that it is able to maintain itself as well upon the
Colorado and Mojave deserts as upon the middle slopes of the Sierras
and the jutting cliffs of the boundless chaparral country. It retires
irregularly from the more elevated valleys under stress of winter, but in
late summer it rises to the very limit of trees. Only this season (1922),
and in early July, we saw one over our camp in the Grand Cirque (alt.
11,000), where we were hunting for Leucostictes’ nests.
By nature this handsome bird is little afraid of man. Young birds,
though capable of sustained flight, refuse to believe ill of their human
The Western Red-tailed Hawk
Photo by Pierce
A BIRD O' FREEDOM POSE
YOUNG WESTERN REDTAIL
neighbors, to whom they have done no harm, and they fall easy victims
to the prevalent bangitis. Older birds may halt on the tree-top for a
fraction of a second too long, if they suppose the gunner is passing by
and minding his own business; but if they catch the glint of intent in
the human eye at a hundred yards, they are off—and safe.
The Red-tailed Hawk is a soaring bird, a buzzard, to speak accurately,
although the word has fallen needlessly into disrepute. Buzzard is a
mere reappearance, through the French, of the Latin Buteo. This, doubt-
less, from a primitive root now lost, bw or bow. One can almost see in
this explosive syllable the utterance of a child struck with wonder at
the near passage of some soaring Hawk. ‘‘Bouw!’’ ‘See, Mamma (Li-
gurian or Latin matters not), big bird!’’ The wonder of it lies no less
upon us of more thoughtful years—the wonder of flight, the beauty and the
witchery of those lazy, high-flung circles. How consonant with sunshine
and shimmering air and, anon, with peace itself, are those mystic circles
of endless, unimpassioned quest!
There is, perhaps, no bird which oftener demands the services of
binoculars. It is a Hawk, of course; and we think it is a Redtail; but
we are never quite sure, until we have followed its gyrations long enough
1678
The Western Red-tailed Hawk
to catch the glint of authentic rufous from the upper surface of the tail.
Young birds do not show the red, but are obscurely barred instead.
Of their identity we can be sure only through their association with
adults, or else by “‘elimination.’’ Redtails, moreover, exhibit many puz-
zling guises. Both melanism and albinism are common, with erythrism,
that is, undue reddening of plumage, not unknown. Occasionally speci-
mens are found which are black as coals, and these may be known with
certainty only by measurements and averages. The strength of the wind
or direction of flight are also important elements in sight determination
of sky-high birds. A Western Redtail presents, normally, a rounded
wing-tip of separated quills, of which the 4th primary is the longest.
But a bird coming down against the wind has a sharply pointed wing.
Careful scrutiny shows that as often as a Redtail comes down in this
fashion, it reefs the wing by furling the first three primaries under the
fourth—‘‘as though by means of invisible brails,’’ our nautical man says.
The change of pattern thus effected is very striking, and the possible
variations of outline should be borne in mind in the study of all sailing
birds.
The devotee of binoculars, moreover, will witness many pretty wing-
plays and perchance some thrilling aérial contests, if he follows the for-
Taken in Imperial Valley : S Photo by the Author
—
A NEST IN THE DESERT
THE HOST TREE IS THE OCATILLA (Fouquieria splendens)
1079
The Western Red-tailed Hawk
Taken on the Mohave Desert Photo by Pierce
A FRIENDLY DISCUSSION
THE NEST IS EVIDENTLY IN THE TOP OF A JOSHUA TREE
tunes of the Redtail. Once a male Prairie Falcon, whose eyrie we found
later, took it into his head to persecute a Redtail. He circled about
rapidly and hurled himself again and again at the Hawk, but each time,
at the expected moment of contact, the Buzzard turned deftly face up,
presenting his talons to the persecutor; and each time, of course, the
Falcon swerved short to avoid the parry. Both the birds were very
much in earnest, to judge from the harsh cries which escaped them at
the moment of “‘present talons’’; but it was evidently an old game and
an idle one, too, for no matter at what range or from what angle the
Falcon struck, the Redtail was always ready, with a quick _half-
somersault, to receive him. Conducted thus in the open in a fierce
glare of sunlight, it was surely a battle for the gods to witness—even
though the issue was only a draw.
The Redtail is not afraid of the “King of Birds” either. It was
in the Warner Mountains, July 6, 1912. Possibly the Eagle began the
scrap, but if he did the Redtail took up the gauntlet with spirit and
alacrity. When first sighted, the Eagle, a Golden, of course, was chasing
the Redtail down a long air-slope. The Buteo avoided, dextrously
enough, and thereafter maintained a superior position from which he
swooped again and again at his royal nibs. The Eagle was manifestly
bored, even though he was always prepared, so that the near-collisions
were harmless; but it was a pretty sight to see the Redtail mount aloft,
1680
The Western Red-tailed Hawk
fold his wings, and do the cata-
pult act with all the skill and
dash of a Falcon. When last
seen, the Hawk had tired of the
sport, and was soaring a thou-
sand feet above the mountain.
Bring on your Eagles!
A drawn battle with a mem-
ber of its own species may be a
more serious matter. Mr. Henry
W. Marsden reports! an in-
stance where two male Redtails
engaged so violently that they
fell presently to the earth, and
were seized by a passerby before
they could recover their wits,
or get the blood mists out of
their eyes.
Western Redtails nest in-
differently in trees or upon
cliffs, but they are studied to
best advantage when the situ-
ation allows approach from
above. The nest is a very sub-
stantial edifice of sticks and
twigs, lined with frayed bark
and, usually, a spray of fresh
greenery. Ifitisacliff nest, the
Redtails exhibit some sagacity
in placing it beyond the reach
of coyotes and raccoons; and the
choice of such a romantic situ- ===s Sas
ation raises the bird several de- Taken in Arizona INETIOTS Photo by the Author
grees in the estimation of one
who has known it heretofore only as a tree-dweller. The birds, as likely
as not, betray their anxiety by sending down from some far height a strong,
petulant kee aaay. If the nest is approached, interest becomes frenzy,
and the Hawks either swoop toward the intruder repeatedly, or flap rest-
lessly to and fro, uttering their agonized cries. At other times the Hawks
discuss the situation in sharp notes of a shriller tone, keeak’, keeak’, keeak’.
The eggs, two or three, or very rarely four in number, are of a dull
1 Condor, Vol. VII., p. 53.
LOST
The Western Red-tailed Hawk
bluish white, unmarked, or else blotched and clouded with rufous, and
are laid in March or from the first to the third week in April, according
to local conditions. Incubation lasts about four weeks, and the young
remain in the nest five or six weeks longer. The young birds are fed
exclusively on flesh, and it is a point of honor with the parents to keep an
abundant supply of this on hand.
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by H. T. Van Winkle
AN IMMATURE WESTERN REDTAIL
EVIDENTLY A WOUNDED BIRD
T6082
What the chicks cannot eat at once
is left conveniently near, on one side
of the nest, and it is an easy matter,
through frequent visits, to check up
on the Buteonine bill of fare.
While the Redtail is, honestly, a
very beneficial species, he is no saint.
Prudential considerations, only,
restrain him from attacks on the
poultry yard. His staple articles of
diet are the familiar round of ground
squirrels, gophers, wood-rats, mice,
snakes, frogs, lizards and insects. In-
dividuals differ, naturally, both in
taste and in prowess. I once fright-
ened a Redtail from the carcass of a
fresh-killed Scoter. The duck
seemed to have been in good flesh,
but there is always a suspicion of
such birds along this Santa Barbara
coast. —
informed, on what I believe to be good authority, that these birds oc-
The Mallard
casionally nest on the ground, laying their eggs in a hollow in the moss,
beneath the low-spreading branches of some fir or cedar.”’
Since writing the above, Mr. Bowles tells me that he has taken
(April 21, 1917) a set of eggs of the Hooded Merganser, n/1to, from an
artificial nesting box nailed up against a tree overlooking a secluded lake
near Tacoma. Only the initiated can guess the skill and patience re-
quired on the part of the o6zetetic seducteur in the landing of this difficult
prize.
No. 344
Mallard
A. O. U. No. 132. Anas boschas Linneus.
Synonyms.—Gray Matrarp. “Wirp Duck” (par excellence). GREEN-
HEAD.
Description.—Adult male: Whole head and neck soft, shining, dark green;
fore-neck and breast rich dark chestnut, with a purplish tinge, separated from green
of neck by narrow white collar not meeting behind; sides of breast, belly, sides and
crissum grayish white, finely undulated with dusky; the same continued on back,
but largely overlaid or suppressed, except on scapulars, by rich brown of various shades;
speculum (terminal portion of secondaries) shining metallic blue or purplish violet,
bordered on either side immediately by black and then by white,—the anterior bars
furnished by the tips of the greater coverts, the posterior by the tips of the secondaries;
rump sooty brown; upper tail-coverts deep black with greenish gloss, the longer central
feathers curled upward; under tail-coverts deep purplish black; tail grayish white with
dusky speckling and central areas. Bill olive-yellow with black nail; iris hazel; feet
orange-red. Adult female: Quite different; speculum much as in male, but remaining
plumage dusky and ochraceous or brownish buff, the former centrally on feathers,
broadly and prevailingly on upperparts, the latter narrowly or obscurely in crescentic,
U-shaped, and irregular markings; below brownish buff predominant, brightest on
breast, fading on belly; head and neck buff, sharply and finely streaked except on
throat and usually chin, where immaculate. Adult male in summer: Much like
female, but somewhat darker (Sharpe and Dresser). Length 508-635 (20.00-25.00);
wing 279.4 (11.00); tail 85.1 (3.35); bill 57.2 (2.25); tarsus 44.5 (1.75). Females average
smaller than males.
Recognition Marks.—The standard of measurement for ducks (size of Domes-
tic Duck). Green head of male; metallic blue speculum, bordered by black and white,
of both sexes.
Nesting.— Nest: On the ground, usually near water, well hidden in weeds or
rushes, sometimes under sage-bush, at foot of tree in woods, etc., lined with trash and
feathers. Eggs: 6 to 12, 14 of record; light greenish gray (yellowish glaucous) or
“yellowish drab.” Av. size 58.4 x 43.2 (2.30 x 1.70); index 73.9. Season: May—
June 15; one brood.
T75I
The Mallard
General Range.—Northern Hemisphere, south to Abyssinia, northern India,
China, and Japan. In America breeding from the Arctic Coast and Greenland south
through the United States, except the southeastern quarter, broadly, to New Mexico
and Lower California; wintering south from Alaska and the northern tier of states to
the Lesser Antilles and Panama.
Authorities.—Woodhouse, Rep. Sitgreaves Exped. Col. R., 1853, p. 103
(common in Calif.); H. C. Bryant, Condor, vol. xvi., 1914, pp. 219, 227, 230 (desc
nest and eggs, etc.); McAtee, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. no. 720, 1918, p. 2 (food)
THIS, THE CONTEMPORARY ancestor of our domestic duck,
enjoys a distribution almost world-wide, and has been from earliest times
the best known of swimming birds. Although nowhere in America so
abundant as formerly, it is still the standard with which we compare
all other species, both in point of excellence and in numbers. Being
somewhat less gregarious than the Teals and the Sea-ducks, the Mallards
are found in pairs or small parties, wherever a swampy pool or a widening
of the brook affords a resting place, and one may easily recognize their
fitness for domestication, in the fact that they can content themselves
with a little six by eight puddle, when the whole world lies before them.
While on the water the birds spend much time “‘tipping”’ for food.
Heads under water and tails pointing skyward, they search the bottom
for mollusks and crustaceans, or feed upon various kinds of aquatic
plants which choke sluggish streams or line the edges of ponds. When
hunger is satisfied, they frequently disport themselves upon the water,
diving, throwing water over their backs, and splashing about with great
ado, much like boys in the old swimming hole. Nights, especially in
thickly settled regions, are habitually spent feeding, either by dabbling,
or in long forays to stubble-fields, and woods where acorns abound, so
that much of the daytime is spent sleeping just on shore, with one leg
drawn up and the head tucked comfortably under the wing. Upon
being surprised, the ducks rise with a great outcry, in which the female
voice is recognized as being a little the louder, and they make off with
rapid, strong wing-strokes, which can carry them, it is believed, a hundred
miles an hour.
The Mallard is perhaps the wariest, as it is certainly the most adapt-
able, of all our ducks. These two qualities have enabled the bird to main-
tain itself after a fashion in the face of persecution the most intense,
the most unremitting, and until lately the least restrained of any to which
birds have ever been subjected. That this bird has survived at all is a
marvel; and that it is ready to become an important economic factor
whenever and wherever a reasonable degree of protection shall be ex-
tended to it, is a piece of good fortune beyond our deserts.
1752
Re The Mallard
VULGAR COMPANY ; BON Sere age
MUD-HENS AND BLUE-BILLS ARE a Photo by the Author
SCARCELY FIT COMPANY FOR MALLARDS -
It is difficult to convey to this generation any accurate conception
of the former abundance of waterfowl in America. For nearly a century
our ancestors in the middle East shot without regard to consequences,
nor thought of any necessity for conservation. Professional hunters in
the middle South wallowed in gore. They measured their captures by
wagonloads, and shipped to the markets by carloads. In certain sec-
tions, indeed, tons of ducks were shot annually for their feathers, and
no account was taken of their carcasses. That this burden fell heavily
Taken Feb. 2, 1918, near Pennington, Sutter County
Photo by H. C. Bryant
Use by courtesy of the California Fish and Game Commission
THERE ARE A FEW MALLARDS LEFT
L753
The Mallard
upon the Mal-
lard goes without
saying. They
could not stand
up under it for-
ever. A recent
example (often
quoted) is of a
gunner at Big
Lake, Arkansas,
who sold 8000
Mallards in a sin-
gle season, that of
1893-94, and it
was estimated
that 120,000
birds of this spe-
cies were shipped
that winter from
that station
alone.
But now,
thanks to intelli-
gent legislation,
the market hunt-
er is a creature of
the past. We are
learning some-
thing of altruistic
restraint, and
there is hope that
Taken in San Francisco Photo by the Author
HIS HONOR, THE GREENHEAD SOule © f OW
noblest species of
game birds may recover a semblance of their former numbers. The most
encouraging factor in this campaign for rehabilitation is the quick recogni-
tion on the part of the birds of the value of protected areas. Any suitable
body of water which is really protected will teem forthwith with waterfowl.
A dozen examples spring to mind: Eastlake and Westlake Parks in
Los Angeles, Laguna Blanca at Santa Barbara, Lake Merritt in Oakland;
but the supremely instructive example, I believe, occurs in Golden Gate
Park, San Francisco. Here, in a favorable setting of Nature, which is,
nevertheless, thronged with humans, rests Stow Lake, foremost of a little
1754
The Mallard
chain-of-lakes; and here wild ducks of almost every variety accept man’s
truce, and show themselves with increasing freedom, up to the very
point of accepting food from the hand. Especially the Mallards, else-
where the wariest of their kind, here find shelter and sustenance; and here,
too, wonderful to relate, they are nesting in ever increasing numbers.
In the summer of 1916 Messrs. Harrison and Squires! made a careful
count of the resident (wild) Mallards of Golden Gate Park and found
200, old and young. Although this park is thronged daily by thousands,
and on Sundays by tens of thousands of people, the business of the birds
was conducted
with the same
adroitness of
secrecy which
would have been
observed in any
secluded marsh
of the interior;
and that business
thrived solely be-
cause of the free-
dom from inter-
ference which
was guaranteed
them by vigilant
officials, and by
the very self-neu-
tralizing numbers
of the public.
The mating
of the Mallards is
a rather serious
affair, inasmuch
as a bird once
widowed remains
Wim im at ea
throughout the
ensuing season.
And since mates
are selected in
January, or early
1See Condor, Vol. XIX.,
Mar. 1917, p. 59. RSID TUITE Photo by F. H. Holmes
““MALLARD SLOUGH, 19007" TT
To)
The Mallard
February, the folly of “spring shooting”’ is self-evident. The courtship,
however, is mild-mannered enough, at least according to Dr. C. W.
Townsend’s able account:! ‘“‘When the Mallard drake courts, he swims
Taken in San Bernardino County Photo by Wright M. Pierce
FEMALE MALLARD ON NEST
restlessly about following
or sidling up to a duck.
She may lead him quite
a chase before she vouch-
safes to acknowledge his
presence, although he is
continually bowing to her,
bobbing his head up and
down in nervous jerks so
that the yellow bill dips
into the water for a quar-
ter of its length and comes
up dripping. He also
rears himself up in the
water and from time to
time displays his breast.
She occasionally turns her
head to one side and care-
lessly dabbles her bill in
the water, but sooner or
later, if all goes well, she
begins to bow also, less
vigorously at first—not
touching the water at all
—and to the empty space
in front of her. Sudden-
ly she turns and the pair
bow to each other in the
same energetic nervous
jerks; and, unless a rival
appears to spoil the situ-
ation, the drake has won
his suit.”’
In nesting the female
Mallard can accommodate
herself to a great diversity
of situations. Normally a careless accumulation of grasses and reed-
stalks in the drier portion of a swamp will suffice. If, however, the
1Auk, Vol. XXXIII., Jan. 1916, p. 13.
1750
The Black Duck
shores of the chosen lake or pond do not offer a grassy or reedy shelter,
the bird will make her nest at the base of a clump of bushes or of a tree.
In the more arid sections ducks will nest under sage or other bushes a half
mile from water. Examples also are on record where the Mallard oc-
cupied a more elevated situation: an accumulation of moss in the crotch
of a tree, or perhaps an old crow’s nest. Upon discovery the bird will
flounder off her eggs, and straightway falls into a pretended swoon or
drags her wounded (?) body painfully about—always just out of reach—
and then, when the victim has been led far enough astray, rises and
flies, quacking loudly.
The male Mallard is probably more loyal than most ducks. There
is really no use in his hanging around after the eggs are laid, and his
conspicuous beauty might be a detriment, anyhow, in the guardianship
of the family secret. For these and other reasons he is usually conspic-
uous only by his absence. But when real need arises, as when the young
are being assailed by unexpected danger, the gallant drake not infre-
quently shows up, and adds his quackings and splashings to those of his
wife, ably seconding frantic efforts to distract attention. He does, in
other words, all that could be asked of him. But as for particular minis-
trations—why, of course, ‘‘Mother knows best.”
There does not exist in nature a more engaging sight than that of a
mother duck tending and piloting her brood. It does not make much
difference as to the species. Baby ducklings are irresistibly cunning,
every one of them. They sit the water like corks, or race after their
mothers like toy steamboats, or stick their fluffy little heads under water
in an obedient effort to do as mother does. The mother herself is the
soul of anxiety. And who wouldn’t be worried with a dozen babies at
once, be they never so good! Minks think them cunning, too, and coy-
otes, and water-snakes; and whoever saw a farmer boy who would not
dash into a pond pell mell at sight of ducklings? All heedless the capture,
but never a true-hearted lad who did not repent and let the peeping
captives go.
No. 345
Black Duck
A. O. U. No. 133. Anas rubripes Brewster.
Synonym.—B Lack MALLARD.
Description.—Adults (sexes alike): Top of head, broadly, and upperparts
dusky brown or sooty brown, varied by pale rusty brown edgings of feathers; remainder
of head and neck and hind-neck brownish ochraceous streaked with dusky, save that
chin and throat often immaculate; speculum metallic blue or violet bordered by black,
175/
The Gadwall
but without white; axillars and lining of wings white; underparts like back but lighter.
Bill yellowish green; irides brown; feet and legs orange-red, the webs darker. Length
about 558.8 (22.00); wing 271.8 (10.70); tail 104.4 (4.11); culmen 53.6 (2.11); bill ~
from nostril 41.2 (1.62); tarsus 43.9 (1.73). Females average smaller.
Recognition Marks.—Size of Mallard or a little smaller. Like female Mal-
lard, but much darker, sooty brown or blackish to appearance; no white bars on wing.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: On the ground among reeds
or in grass near water, rather carelessly constructed of rushes or dried grass, and lined
with feathers and down; occasionally placed in trees. Eggs: 6 to 12; elliptical or
short elliptical ovate; white or pale creamy white. Av. size 60 x 43 (2.36 x 1.69).
Season: May-June; one brood.
General Range.—‘‘Eastern North America. Breeds from central Keewatin
and northern Ungava south to northern Wisconsin, northern Indiana and southern
Maryland; winters from Nova Scotia south to southern Louisiana and Colorado;
west in migration to Nebraska and central Kansas” (A. O. U. Check-List, 3rd Ed.).
Accidental in California and Jamaica.
Occurrence in California.—Accidental, one record; adult female taken at
Willows, Glenn County, Feb. I, 1911.
Authority.—Grinnell, Condor, vol. xiii., 1911, p. 138.
DUCKS ARE highly sociable mortals; hence, it not infrequently
befalls that some gay roysterer turns up in the wrong crowd. A Black
Duck was shot at Willows, in Glenn County, Feb. Ist, 1911, and its skin
now reposes among the immortal dead at the Museum of Vertebrate
Zoology. The species does not normally occur west of the Great Plains,
and it is difficult to conceive how this particular example could ever have
fallen in with a company of migrants bound for the Golden State.
No. 346
Gadwall
A. O. U. No. 135. Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnzus).
Synonym.—Gray Duck.
Description.—Adult male: Head and upper neck buffy, spotted or streaked
with dusky; top of head darker brownish; breast and lower neck all around dusky
and white, each feather with five to eight concentric half-rings of alternating colors,
presenting a handsomely scaled appearance; sides, back and scapulars similarly varied
with dusky and white, buffy, or ochraceous-white, in semi-concentric, zigzag, or fine,
wavy lines; the posterior inner scapulars, not thus marked, dull cinnamon-brown,
darker centrally and edged with lighter, lanceolate; lower back dusky, becoming
velvety black on upper tail-coverts and around on sides of crissum; middle wing-
coverts bright chestnut; the lesser dull brownish gray, the greater velvety black;
speculum white, rather narrowly, the outer secondaries black and dusky, the bounding
tertials plain fuscous; belly white or grayish, obscurely barred posteriorly; under
1758
The Gadwall
tail-coverts glossy black; the flanks heavily and finely barred dusky-and-white; axillars
and lining of wings white. Bill blue-black; legs and feet dull orange, the webs dusky.
Adult male in breeding season: ‘‘Similar to winter male, but colors duller, crown dusky,
rump and breast tinged with rusty, and underparts more spotted with dusky”’ (Ridg-
way). Adult female: Head and neck much as in adult male, but remaining plumage
much more coarsely patterned; feathers brownish dusky with simple fulvous edgings;
the scaling of flanks especially coarse; no black on tail-coverts; the black tips of greater
coverts and the white speculum being the most “‘holding’’ characters. Length 482.6-
558.8 (19.00-22.00); wing 269.2 (10.60); tail 114.3 (4.50); bill 42.4 (1.67); tarsus 40.6
(1.60). Female smaller.
Recognition Marks.—Something under Mallard size; white speculum dis-
tinctive; crissum (of male) abruptly black.
Nesting.— Nest: On the ground near water or in meadows, of grasses lined
with down. Down: Dark mouse-gray or dusky with whitish center. Eggs: 8 to 12;
creamy white or pale yellowish gray. Av. size 53.1 x 39.9 (2.09 x 1.57). Season:
c. June 10; one brood.
General Range.—Northern Hemisphere, breeding north to Iceland and Scan-
dinavia; south in winter to Abyssinia, India, China, and Mexico. In America breeding
from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, and central Keewatin, south to south-
ern Wisconsin, northern Nebraska, southern Colorado, and southern California;
wintering south to southern Lower California, central Mexico and Florida. Accidental
in Bermuda, Cuba, and Jamaica.
Distribution in California.—Not common resident on fresh-water lakes and
reservoirs and flooded lands. Breeds chiefly in the San Joaquin-Sacramento Valley
and in the Modoc region. Has bred also at San Jacinto (Mystic) Lake in Riverside
County. Numbers augmented during migrations and in winter with some coastwise
movement.
Authorities.—Woodhouse (Chaulelasmus strepera), Rep. Sitgreaves Exped.
Col. R., 1853, p. 104 (common in Calif.); McAtee, U. S. Dept. Agric., Biol. Surv.
Circular, no. 81, 1911, p. 1 (food); H. C. Bryant, Condor, vol. xvi., 1914, p. 222.
ALTHOUGH rated “nearly cosmopolitan” (A. O. U. Committee)
and ‘“‘fairly common resident west of the Sierra Nevada’’ (Grinnell),
the Gadwall is far from being one of the best known ducks. Especially
is this the case in California, where it is probably the least known of the
breeding Anatine. The reputation of scarcity, which a general lack of
acquaintance gives to this bird, is due to several causes. In the first
place, the birds are of a sober, rather nondescript appearance. The
“recognition marks’’ have to be specially sought for even in the male.
The birds seem to do nothing whatever out of the ordinary; and so they
seem to travel, as it were, in the shadow of the better-known forms.
And the Gadwall does not largely participate in the northern migrations
The return movements of autumn, or late August, are early and rapid,
and occur before the gunners are astir for ‘‘the season.”
In habits the Gadwall most nearly resembles the Mallard. Like that
bird it frequents the borders of marshes and weed-grown streams, where
LSD.
The Gadwall
it feeds upon the leaves and roots of aquatic plants, which it obtains
both by diving and dabbling. It is not averse to varying its diet by
occasional insects and small fish, or it may resort to stubble-fields, by
night, to obtain its share of the fallen grain. The Gadwall is at all times
a clean feeder, and its flesh is highly prized for the table.
The nesting of the Gadwall is a little later than that of the Mallard,
taking place with usin May orearly June. Any weed-grown field or grassy
stretch within a hundred yards of water is suitable, and the female displays
great strategy in stealing to her eggs. A mere depression in the ground,
well sheltered by over-arching vegetation, is all the bird asks at the outset,
but as the deposition of eggs progresses, the duck adds grasses and soft
vegetable materials of various sorts, until quite a respectable accumulation
results. When the set is nearly complete, an abundance of dark gray
down is plucked from the bird’s breast and distributed not only under
the eggs but along the sides of the nest, so that when the mother is obliged
to leave, a coverlet of down may be neatly and quickly drawn over the
whole. This downy spread appears to serve a treble purpose; it both
retains the natural warmth of the eggs and excludes the rays of the sun,
which are over-ardent at times, and it effectually screens the eggs from
observation.
The bird’s behavior when surprised depends altogether upon the
stage of incubation reached. In general, the bird sits close until dis-
covered; after that, if the eggs are fresh, the duck may flee upon sighting
her enemy a hundred yards away; but if the eggs are near hatching, she
will endeavor to lead the investigator astray by painfully dragging
herself through the grass. If too much harassed, however, she will desert
her eggs outright rather than wait for what she regards as an inevitable
doom; and the same remark will apply to almost any of the nesting ducks.
Gadwalls’ eggs are of the creamy type, and thus closely resemble
those of the American Wigeon; but are easily distinguishable from those
of Shovellers, which have a greenish tinge. Complete sets vary from eight
to thirteen, but eleven is the normal full clutch.
Mr. Harold C. Bryant in his “Survey of the Breeding Grounds of
Ducks in California in 1914” found nests of the Gadwall only at Los Bafios;
and though he found four such nests he concluded: ‘‘We must consider
this species as comparatively uncommon during the nesting season in
this vicinity.”
1760
The Widgeons
No. 347
European Widgeon
A. O. U. No. 136. Mareca penelope (Linnzus).
Description.—Adult male: Similar to that of AZ. americana, but top of head
buffy or creamy buff instead of white,—green wanting or showing only in traces;
throat blackish; rest of head and neck rufous-brown (auburn). Adult female: Similar
to that of MW. americana, but head and neck deeper ochraceous-buff or rusty. Size
of americana.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest and Eggs: Much as in
M. americana.
General Range.—Chiefly the Eastern Hemisphere, breeding northerly from
Iceland to Kamschatka; wintering south to Abyssinia, India, China, and even Borneo.
A casual visitor to various American localities, and coastwise to Florida and California.
Occurrence in California.—An occasional winter visitor. Many records.
Authorities.—Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. iv., 1868, p. 9 (San Francisco
market); C. H. Townsend, Auk, vol. iii., 1886, p. 491 (Eureka); Grinnell, Bryant and
Storer, Game Birds Calif., 1918, p. 111 (desc., habits, occurrence, etc.); Colburn, Condor,
vol. xxili., 1921, p. 65 (Guadalupe, Santa Barbara Co.).
IN NO OTHER case within my knowledge has the gregarious in-
stinct so betrayed the migration instinct, or led it to so many lapses, as
in the case of the European Widgeon. The bird is not known to breed in
America, nor even in Greenland, yet the map of the United States is
peppered with record stations of its occurrence in winter and in migra-
tions. There are a dozen such records for California, and the number is
being steadily augmented. The marks of difference between penelope
and americana are decided, and apparently unbridgeable, or we should
begin to suspect reversion or dichroism, or some other obscure physical
manifestation. We do not know where in the dim North the breeding
range of our ducks overlaps that of penelope, nor where the wanderers
run foul of our superior attractions. European Widgeons are like meteors
in the sportsman’s firmament, and it is a pretty game to see who will bring
in the next aerolite.
No. 348
Baldpate
A. O. U. No. 137. Mareca americana (Gmelin).
Synonyms.—AMERICAN WIDGEON. WIGEON. GREEN-HEADED WIGEON.
Description.—Adult male: Head and neck white or light buffy, thickly speck-
led, except on forehead and crown, with dusky; a space from eye along side of crown
7701
The Baldpate
to occiput bright glossy green, the color scattering behind; fore-neck and upper breast,
sides of breast broadly, and sides narrowly, deep vinaceous, edged more or less with
hoary vinaceous; the sides with fine wavy bars; back and scapulars similar, black-and-
white-barred, and heavily tinged with vinaceous; tertials lanceolate, velvety black,
with greenish reflections on outer webs, and narrowly bordered on outer margin with
gray and white; wing-coverts mostly white, the lesser brownish gray, the greater
tipped with black; speculum dull black with green gloss only on anterior inner portion,
the inner bounding feathers abruptly gray; rump cold brownish gray, lightening to
grayish white on upper tail-coverts, both finely wavy-barred with dusky; tail tapering,
the feathers sharply acuminate; the central feathers blackish, the lateral ones ashy
gray; lower breast and belly white; crissum abruptly black; axillars white; lining of
of wings white and brownish gray. Bill grayish dusky, blackening below and black
on tip; feet dull grayish dusky; darker webbed. Old drakes have the extreme chin
dusky, and are otherwise lighter about the bill, nearly immaculate on throat, and pure
white on crown. Adult female: Without white or green on head,—uniformly streaked
instead; vinaceous replaced by dull cinnamon-brown; obscurely mixed with dusky,
and edged with brownish gray; above dusky or fuscous, barred or edged on back with
dull ochraceous; wing-coverts grayish brown sharply edged with white; speculum and
boundaries as in male; no solid black on upper tail-coverts and crissum,—fuscous or
brownish and whitish instead. Length 457.2-558.8 (18.00-22.00); wing 266.7 (10.50);
tail 76.2-114.3 (3.00-4.50); bill 38.1 (1.50); tarsus 39.6 (1.56).
Recognition Marks.—Under Mallard size; white ‘“‘pate’’ and green head-
patches of male; white of middle and greater wing-coverts; speculum diagnostic. Head
not cinnamon-red, as distinguished from JV. penelope (H.).
Nesting.— Nest: On the ground in meadow or near water; well constructed of
grasses lined with feathers. Down: Dark mouse-gray or dusky with white centers.
Eggs: 8 to 12; creamy white or pale yellowish gray. Av. size 55.1 x 38.8 (2.17 x 1.53).
Season: c. June Ist; one brood.
General Range.—North America. Breeds from northwestern Alaska and north-
western Mackenzie east to central Keewatin, south to northern Indiana, southern
Wisconsin, Kansas, Utah, and northern California; winters from Maryland and Dela-
ware (casually to Massachusetts), southern Illinois, Arizona, and southern British
Columbia, south to the West Indies, Costa Rica, and southern Lower California.
Accidental in Hawaii and Europe.
Distribution in Californias—Common winter resident, chiefly upon fresh
water, throughout the State. Occurs also on shoal water bays and on brackish ponds.
Sparingly resident in summer, at least in the Modoc region.
Authorities.—Gambel, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, i., 1849, p. 225
(Calif.); Dawson, Condor, vol. xviii., 1916, p. 24 (Davis Creek, Modoc Co.; breeding).
THERE ARE, roughly speaking, four ways of securing a practical
acquaintance with any one of the more esteemed table ducks. Each
method is limited, and the several ways must be pieced together if one
would have anything like a complete knowledge of the species or an in-
sight into duck psychology. The first way is the way of the sportsman.
He will tell you that the Widgeon is best known by its lisping, throaty
whistle, repeated three times in quick succession. This note is sur-
1762
The Baldpate
prisingly light in character for the size of the bird, and serves, thus, to
confirm the bird’s position next to the Teals upon our list. Although
quite impossible to describe, the note is easily imitated by one who has
heard it a few times, and its mastery forms a useful addition to the
repertoire of the wild-fowl hunter. The only other “‘natural’’ note they
utter is a low, short chattering, somewhat resembling that of the Pintail,
but greatly reduced in volume. Their quacks, or squawks, of alarm also
express the limit of terror, but they are still pathetically inadequate in
comparison with those, say, of a hen Mallard.
|
Taken at Elkhorn, Monterey County Photo by the Author
AMERICAN WIGEON, RISING SHARPLY
According to Mr. Bowles: ‘“‘Widgeons are prime favorites with
every sportsman, largely because they are so willing to come in and visit
a few well-placed decoys. So sociable is the bird’s disposition that a lone
Baldpate will often return to the decoys after several shots have been
fired at him. Their bump of curiosity is also unquestionably developed
to an abnormal extent, for I have crawled to within a couple of hundred
yards of a flock and lured them up to within ten yards of me simply by
lighting a pipe and puffing a cloud of smoke into the air at short intervals.”
Widgeons are surface-feeding ducks, and obtain their food by
dabbling and tipping either in pursuit of floating seeds or sluggish insects,
1763
The Baldpate
or else through seizing the foliage of various water-weeds, among them
“Widgeon grass’ (Ruppia maritima). But these birds have also built
up a cleverer and less defensible system of foraging. With shameless
effrontery they follow the diving operations of some of the more expert
species of water-fowl, especially the Canvasbacks, Lesser Scaups, and
Coots, and seize their winnings on the first moment of their victim's
emergence. In this way they enjoy both ‘“‘sport’’ and booty, and the
sapidity of their flesh is at least equal to that of their hard-working
dupes. All this and very much more the sportsman can tell us.
The second way to pursue the acquaintance of ducks is the way
of the bird-student. Armed, of necessity, with a pair of high-powered
binoculars, he spies upon the ducks as they gather along the shores of
some protected lagoon, preening and snoozing and gabbling by turns,
or else as they huddle apprehensively toward the center of some less
certainly protected lake or reservoir, heads up, and peeping appre-
hensively. The student has a pained consciousness that he is sitting
at the second table, so far as knowledge of the ducks is concerned, and
that through no fault of his the birds are behaving in a strained or artificial
Taken in Modoc County Photo by the Author
NEST AND EGGS OF AMERICAN WIGEON
1704
The Baldpate
manner. The knowledge thus gained is manifestly far from satisfying.
The third method, if I may call it such under its myriad fashions,
is to cultivate, deliberately, the good will of the duck, to put him at his
ease, and to provide for his creature comforts to the extent that he will
come to act with perfect naturalness. Needless to say, this can be se-
cured only by absolute protection, that is, the establishment of reserves
and sanctuaries. And if to this negative assistance be added some
method of feeding, a regular distribution of grain or table scraps, or,
better still, the planting along water-courses or over the shallows of
plants esteemed by the ducks as food, the confidence, the freedom of
action, the vivacious and playful behavior which may be secured on the
part of the ducks will be gratifying in the extreme.
Needless to say, also, a combination of the first and third methods
is perfectly legitimate. The establishment of game farms and the
utilization of our waste places, such as brackish lagoons and the interior
lakes, for wild fowl propagation, will one day have to supplant our present
wasteful policy of haphazard breeding and privileged shooting.
The fourth method, or opportunity, for bird study is to be found only
upon the breeding grounds of the ducks. This is, however, by no means
the place of privilege that it is in the case of most other birds. The
ducks know how to be very secretive in their movements in connection
with nest-building and incubation, as well as in their care of young.
Again, the bird student must accept the role of spy, and content himself
with scraps of information laboriously gleaned. Thus, he will learn
of the Widgeon that the female seeks a grassy or weed-crowded area not
too far from water. The first egg is deposited upon the surface of the
ground or in some slight natural depression. As the number of eggs
increases she begins to gather bits of dead grass or macerated weed-
stalks for a scanty lining. The chief interest, however, is in the securing
of abundant food, and in enjoying the company of the handsome drake,
who is very attentive at this season. When the egg complement is
reached, eight or ten or twelve, or whatever it may be, her breast is
plucked of its down to provide a copious lining and blanket. The male
is banished so thoroughly that he hunts up his similarly exiled fellows
and goes in for club life; while his late spouse settles to the long vigil
which is at once the tenderest, the most pathetic, and the most useful
of nature’s offices. Four weeks of tense concentration, relieved only by
surreptitious visits to the feeding grounds—an hour or so thus spent
out of twenty-four—four weeks of harrowing anxiety relative to blun-
dering foot-steps, whether of man or ox, or of far more purposeful patter
of light foot-falls, guided by sharp noses and urged by sharper teeth,
of weasel, mink, coyote, or raccoon. All these dangers survived, the
1705
The European Teal
miracle of patience discloses that twinned and ineffable miracle of birth.
A dozen offspring in a day, or so we say. Anyhow, the youngsters
start even, and I only wish we had time, or skill, to follow them through
that wonderland of adventurous youth.
No. 349
European Teal
A. O. U. No. 138. Nettion crecca (Linnzus).
Description.—Adult male: Much like that of succeeding species, but lacking
white crescent on side of breast; bordering white along green patch of head more
decided; vermiculation of sides, etc., broader and coarser; the outer scapulars buffy,
bordered with black on the outer edge. Female indistinguishable from that of
N. carolinense.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest and Eggs: Indistinguishable
from those of JN. carolinense.
General Range.—Northern Europe and northern Asia; wintering south to
Arabia, Ceylon, and China. Casual in Greenland and along the Atlantic coast of
North America.
Occurrence in California.—Recognition based solely on Cooper’s statement
(Auk, vol. iii., p. 125, confirming Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, vol. iv.): ‘‘Also
found not rarely in California.”
THE DUCKS are good neighbors and ‘“‘wings across the sea’’ was
their motto long before we got chummy with John Bull. Our birds have
been returning the visits made by Mareca penelope and Nettion crecca;
so that the names of Mareca americana and Nettion carolinense and
Querquedula discors, distinguished Americans all, appear on both English
and Continental guest books.
Concerning the visits of N. crecca, we have only the assertion of
Dr. Cooper! that it was ‘‘also found not rarely in California,”” and the
surmise of Belding? that it may have bred in the Stockton marshes.
Concerning the latter supposition we may say that no comparable
instance of a bird’s breeding thousands of miles from its proper haunt
is on record. It is probably a case of mistaken identity, apropos of
which may be quoted the remark of the English authority, Howard
Saunders. Under the caption of ‘“‘The American Green-winged Teal,”
he says: ‘“‘The female so closely resembles that of our Teal [i. e. Nettion
crecca| that I am unable to give any specific characters.”’
1Auk, Vol. III., Jan. 1886, p. 125.
*Pac. Coast Avifauna, No. 11, p. 33, 1915.
$’Manual of British Birds, p. 433.
7706
vouv[g PuNnSeyT uo udye T,
4oysn ayy q ydvibopoyg v wot
d[PUIIY ‘[VIJ, PoOsuLM-UddI) JO JIeIJOT
The Green-winged Teal
No. 350
Green-winged Teal
A. O. U. No. 139. Nettion carolinense (Gmelin).
Synonyms.—AMERICAN GREEN-WINGED TEAL. GREEN-WING.
Description.—Adult male: Head and upper neck bright chestnut, blackening
on chin; darker on forehead and crown, with a glossy green patch from and including
eye to nape, usually separated from chestnut below by a narrow white line which is
sometimes traceable to bill; a short occipital crest velvety purplish black; a crescentic
white patch on side of breast before wing; sides of breast and sides, back, and scapulars
continuous with narrow cervical collar, black and white in fine wavy bars or vermicu-
lations; fore-neck and breast brownish buff, fading to silky white or buffy on belly, heavily
marked anteriorly with round spots, more or less concealed, or not, according to age
and season (?); wing-coverts, inter-scapulars, tertiaries, rump, and posterior parts,
slaty gray or fuscous with an olivaceous or ochraceous tinge; speculum shining green,
velvety purplish black on outer feathers, bounded in front by chestnut or fawn tips of
greater coverts, behind narrowly by white, and on inner margin by abrupt black of
outer tertiary; crissum velvety purplish black with a partially enclosed creamy or buff
patch on either side. Bill livid black; feet and legs dusky bluish; iris brown. Adult
female: Speculum substantially as in male; no other trace of pattern of male save
white patch on side of crissum; upperparts brownish dusky, tinged with greenish and
edged with lighter; head and neck dusky brown, streaked with ochraceous above,
elsewhere pale buffy, speckled with dusky; breast and sides brownish dusky, ochraceous-
brown, and whitish, the former in crescentic and U-shaped markings, and the whole
suffused with brownish buffy; belly and crissum pale buffy or brownish buffy, obscurely
spotted and streaked with darker. Length 317.5-381 (12.50-15.00); av. of six males:
wing 179.8 (7.08); tail 66.8 (2.63); bill 37.6 (1.48); tarsus 30.2 (1.19).
Recognition Marks.—The smallest duck; chestnut and green head of male;
black and shining green speculum, with size, distinctive.
Nesting.— Nest: On the ground, of weeds and grasses, lined with feathers
and down. Eggs: 6 to 8, rarely 10 to 12; dull creamy white, pale grayish yellow, or
greenish buff. Av. size 45 x 32.3 (1.77 x 1.27). Season: c. June Ist; one brood.
General Range.—North America. Breeds from the western Arctic coast,
central Keewatin, and Newfoundland, south through the eastern Canadian Provinces
to northern Illinois, Nebraska, northern New Mexico, and southern California. Win-
ters from the Aleutian Islands and across the continent from the southern edge of the
ice-line south to the West Indies, Honduras, and Lower California. Accidental in the
British Isles, Bermuda, Greenland, and Hawaii.
Distribution in California»—Common during migrations and in winter,
chiefly upon fresh water. Breeds very sparingly and locally. Recorded as a breeder
from Ventura County (Evermann), Kings County (Tulare Lake, Goldman), Alameda
County (Alvarado, Dirks), and Plumas County (Sierra Valley, Belding). Also Davis
Creek, Modoc County, June, 1912.
Authorities.—Gambel (Querquedula carolinense), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
ser. 2, i., 1849, p. 226 (Calif.); Evermann, Auk, vol. iii., 1886, p. 89 (Ventura Co., nest-
ing); Goldman, Condor, vol. x., 1908, p. 129 (Tulare Lake, nesting).
1707
The Green-winged Teal
THE RARE beauty of this diminutive duck is not likely to escape
notice, and its flesh has received a correspondingly high rating, even
though it does take two birds on a single plate to provide a meal for a
hungry man. Although no longer common, the Green-wing is probably
still the best distributed of any of the California ducks. Its requirements
of space and fare are so modest that it may be found upon all the smaller
creeks and ponds, irrigating ditches even. Normally these ducks are
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
LADY GREENWING
highly gregarious, and the quick evolutions of a close-set flock of, say,
fifty birds, form a spectacle to make men marvel. Not the best of our
aerial circuses will ever attain such flexibility or precision of action.
Long persecution, however, has scattered the ancient hordes, and strongly
discouraged the flocking tendency. Twos and threes and half dozens
are a common sight, and their continued pursuit falls to the farmer boy
rather than to the clubman.
The Green-winged Teal obtains its food not alone by tipping and
dabbling, but by agile search on foot. The bird walks with ease and
grace, and fallen seeds, nuts, grain, rice, berries, and acorns are as eagerly
sought as are the worms and snails of the lesser mud-flats.
The call-note of the Teal is a miniature “‘quack’’ with a whistling
quality, and it is probably uttered only by the female. Whatever
be the case with the human species—and now that suffrage is an ac-
complished fact, we are less bold than in some of our former allegations—
it is unquestionable that the duck ladies have practically usurped the
7708
The Blue-winged Teal
powers of speech, and have thus reduced their titular lords to the most
abject state of acquiescence.
Astonishing accounts continue to come in of the Green-winged Teal
as a breeding bird of California. It does not breed in any considerable
numbers in the states to northward of us, but the evidence seems to be
conclusive that the species does breed with us, and that in widely scat-
tered and most unlikely localities. Dr. Evermann’s record appears to
be the first, and he simply states! that a few breed in Ventura County.
Mr. E. A. Goldman made the first specific report? of a set of seven eggs
taken, with the female, July 7th, 1907, on the west shore of Tulare Lake.
He found other birds near by and judged that there might be quite a
colony of them. Later, Mr. W. N. Dirks’ found the species breeding
commonly on the salt marshes near Alvarado, in Alameda County.
Six specific records were made there in the summer of 1915, and several
sets of eggs taken in May hatched out Green-wings at the State Game
Farm near Hayward.
No. 351
Blue-winged Teal
A. O. U. No. 140. Querquedula discors (Linnzus).
Description.—Adult male: Forehead and crown (narrowly) and region about
base of bill bright blackish; a large white crescent on side of face before eye; rest of
head and upper neck warm plumbeous, with metallic, wine-purple reflections (like the
plumage of certain doves); fore-neck and entire underparts to crissum, including
lengthened feathers of sides (nearly meeting across back when wings are folded) pur-
plish vinaceous or purplish chestnut, heaviest on breast, paling laterally, spotted on crop
and sides, and barred on breast, belly, and longer flank feathers, with blackish; upper back
and scapulars greenish fuscous, with narrow and elongated V-shaped markings of vina-
ceous-cinnamon; inner scapulars and tertiaries, narrow and elongated, greenish dusky,
striped with vinaceous-cinnamon; lower back and behind nearly plain dusky; crissum and
tail externally blackish; flanks white; wing-coverts and outer webs of outer scapulars and
tertiaries a beautiful light grayish blue; speculum shining bronzy green (not so bright
as in Nettion carolinense, more ‘‘sickly’’) with dusky on either side, and bordered in
front by broad white tips of greater coverts; axillars and lining of wings mostly white.
Bill grayish black; feet dingy yellow with dusky webs and claws; iris brown. Adult
female (and male in summer): Wing substantially as before, or greater coverts not so
extensively white-tipped; no other indication of prime pattern; head, neck, and under-
parts dull buffy or pale brownish buff; the first two finely streaked, save on chin and
upper throat, the last variously spotted and marked with dusky, lightening on belly;
back and scapulars brownish dusky, blackening on longer feathers, narrowly edged with
1Auk, Vol. III., Jan. 1886, p. 89.
2Condor, Vol. X., p. 129.
*Cal. Fish and Game, Vol. 2, No. 1 ,p. 46.
7769
The Blue-winged Teal
light brownish. Young: “Similar to adult female, but whole belly immaculate, and
speculum dull grayish brown without metallic gloss’ (Ridgw.). Length 368.3-406.4
(14.50-16.00); av. of six males: wing 186.4 (7.34); tail 66 (2.60); bill 40.6 (1.60); tarsus
30.5 (1.20).
Recognition Marks.—‘‘Teal’’ size; white facial crescent of male; grayish blue
wing-coverts distinctive (except from Q. c. cyanoptera, which is otherwise quite different).
Nesting.— Nest: Of grasses, etc., lined with down; on the ground usually near
fresh water. Eggs: 6 to 12; pale creamy or dull ivory-yellow with a tinge of green.
Av. size 45.7 x 32.5 (1.80 x 1.28). Season: c. June Ist; one brood.
General Range.—North and South America. Breeds from British Columbia,
Great Slave Lake, Ungava, and Newfoundland, south sparingly to New England and
the northern tier of eastern states, southern Indiana, Missouri, northern New Mexico,
and northeastern California. Winters from British Columbia, southern Illinois, and
Delaware south to West Indies, and in South America to Chile and Brazil.
Occurrence in California.—Not common migrant and winter visitor. The
“fall’’ migrations occur very early and so escape the notice of sportsmen; e. g., Santa
Barbara, Aug. 25, 1915, flock of 20. Sparingly resident in summer east of the Sierra
Nevada (Laws, northern Inyo County, May 21, 1919—unquestionably breeding).
Authorities.—Belding, Zoe, vol. iii., 1891, p. 97 (Stockton, San Diego, and
Agua Caliente); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 23 (occurrence in s. Calif.) ;
Dawson, Condor, vol. xviii., 1916, p. 24 (Santa Barbara).
THE PRESENCE of this species, justly accounted one of the rarer
ducks of California, upon Stow Lake in Golden Gate Park, in November,
1910, served to emphasize the fact that opportunity with the birds, and
especially with water-birds, is purely a matter of the degree of protection
afforded them. If protection were absolute, so that the birds did not
even have to fear clubs in treacherous hands, nine-tenths of our wild
ducks could be taught to eat out of our fingers within three years. If you
are skeptical, visit Stow Lake, in the heart of San Francisco.
Stow “‘Lake”’ is little better than a wide canal surrounding a circular
hill. In the two widest places, certain portions toward the outer shore
are fenced off and forbidden to boats. Pte Shoveller’s eggs, now cleverly
in bes away from those of the Mead-
sexeigtian with the Lark; this aot
“sepeny, as in order that she may be
pee it is the male Lark whose
af dhe fact that her natural protector,
he begins to brood.
bei wie ODEN AS ai vg Rees
rt
PASHELE SWAIN
tiuy, S54
Pintail
me teivathoa (Vieillot).
(a5) | ERE.
-neck hair-brown, darker or warmer
wae bev ne iridescence on sides of occiputy
say Backward and dewnward to join white
The Pintail
of breast; enclosed space on hind-neck blackish; fore-neck, breast and belly white,
faintly dusky-barred on lower belly; hind-neck, back, sides of breast, and sides finely
wavy-barred dusky and white; posterior scapulars and tertiaries lanceolate, heavily
striped, broadly with black, more narrowly with buffy white, light brownish gray,
and fuscous; rump and behind with mesial brownish dusky and obscure wavy-barring
of fuscous and whitish; central pair of tail-feathers much elongated, blackish or with
metallic reflections; crissum white, separated from belly by dull white area and broad
flank-patches; wing-coverts plain brownish gray, the posterior row tipped with cinna-
mon-rufous; speculum dull bronzy green or faintly glossy with dusky on either side,
and bordered behind by biack and terminal white; axillars white with a little mottling
of light grayish brown; lining of wings mottled brownish gray and white. Bill black,
edged with grayish blue; feet and legs grayish blue; iris brown. Adult female: Ob-
scurely colored; pale ochraceous or whitish on belly; ochraceous-buff or brownish buff
on remaining underparts; much darker, nearly cinnamon-brown on crown; head and
neck finely streaked with dusky, except occasionally on upper throat; breast variously
spotted and streaked; sides with large irregular U-shaped markings of brownish dusky;
upperparts dusky or greenish fuscous, lightly or heavily marked and striped with dull
ochraceous or ochraceous-buff; wing much duller than in male, although pattern
traceable; wing-coverts fuscous, narrowly white-edged and tipped; the tips of posterior
row scarcely broader, white; speculum dusky with faint purplish and greenish gloss;
axillars more heavily mottled with grayish brown. Adult male in breeding plumage:
Similar to adult female, but wing as in ordinary plumage (Ridgw.). Young male:
Like adult female but more ochraceous below and more uniformly streaked; slightly
transverse-barred above, and wing early showing adult characteristics. Young female:
Similar to adult, but more heavily tinged below, and more heavily streaked and striped
above; speculum light brown dappled with dusky. Adult male length 660.4-762 (26.00-
30.00); wing 269.2 (10.60); tail 158.8-241.3 (6.25-9.50); bill 53.3 (2.10); tarsus 43.2
(1.70). Females average smaller: tail 101.6-127 (4.00-5.00).
Recognition Marks.—Mallard size or less; lengthened tail-feathers of adult
male; head hair-brown; fore-neck and below white (adult male). The female and
young of this bird present difficulties. Look first for the wedge-shaped tail, and top of
head suffused with cinnamon-brown and heavily streaked with blackish; then eliminate
other species by careful attention to speculum and wing-coverts.
Nesting.— Nest: On the ground, usually in a bunch of tall grass not far from
water. Down: Deep mouse-gray with white centers. Eggs: 6 to 12; pale greenish
gray (yellowish glaucous); egg smaller, slenderer, and usually brighter green than that
of Mallard. Av. size 54.6 x 38 (2.15 x 1.50); index 70. Season: April 15-May; one
brood.
Range of Dafila acuta.—Northern Hemisphere, south in winter to northern
Africa, Ceylon, China, and Panama.
Range of D. a. tzitzihoa—North America. Breeds from the Arctic Coast south
to southern California, southern Colorado, northern Iowa and northern Illinois; winters
from southern British Columbia, Nevada, southern Missouri, southern Wisconsin,
and Delaware, south to Porto Rico and Panama and in Hawaii; in migrations north
to Greenland.
Distribution in California.—Abundant migrant throughout the State; common
winter resident, especially southerly. Spring migrations last (at Santa Barbara)
from February to early May; the return movement sets in strongly (at Santa Barbara)
by August 15th. Sparingly resident in summer and breeding at scattered stations,
both east and west of the Sierras and south to Los Angeles and Riverside counties.
1785
The Pintail
Authorities.—Gambel (Dafila caudacuta), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2,
i., 1849, p. 226 (Calif.); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 24 (status in s.
Calif.); H. C. Brvant, Condor, vol. xvi., 1914, pp. 220, 227 (desc. nest and eggs, etc.).
WHETHER AS the object of admiring glances or covetous, whether
as a flying target, a table bird, or, better still, as the subject of Brooks’s
brush, the lordly Pintail deserves, it seems to me, first place in the con-
sideration of the connoisseur. The Mallard is the contemporary ancestor
of the domestic duck, and as such is perhaps entitled to early notice;
but the Pintail is the epitome of all that makes ducks interesting. He
is as handsome as any (save the Wood Duck, who is a professional beauty),
and to the splendor of a tasteful color-pattern he adds both a sinuous
gracefulness of movement and a bearing of conscious nobility which no
other duck exhibits. Mark him sitting high on the water, reflecting the
morning sun from his snowy breast, swaying the mobile neck in sagacious
scrutiny, and raising the slender, tapering tail aloft, like an ensign, and
you know you are dealing with an avian equal, a bird of quality and resource.
Pintails are wary birds, and when mingling on the water with other
species are usually the first to give the alarm. Being of a sociable nature,
and also fastidious as to personal appearance, they spend a good deal of
time on shore preening their feathers and gabbling amiably, or else nap-
Taken in San Francisco Photo by the Author
LORD AND LADY PINTAIL
1786
The Pintail
ping. Here, by the exercise of proper precautions, they may be stalked;
and owing to their habit of bunching closely when taking to wing, a second
barrel may be even more destructive than the first. As single winged
targets, they are among the most difficult, as their flight is extremely
swift, perhaps the most rapid of any of the ducks. Or so the sportsmen
tell me. Candidly, I’d as lief shoot peacocks, or trample flower-beds,
or do any other of those things which lessen the beauty of the earth with-
out adequate compensation. ‘‘Adequate,”’ did I say? Is any compen-
sation adequate for the depopulated ponds, the lessened beauty of the
Taken near Lake Merrit, Oakland Photo by H. C. Bryant
Use by courtesy Cal. State Fish and Game Commission
THE FIRST TABLE
GRAIN HAS JUST BEEN DISTRIBUTED, BUT THE NEWCOMERS ARE HESITATING
lakes, the diminished volume of wing-music, the lost confidence of the
harmless wild things? I—vwell, I am not hungry, thank you—save for
beauty; and as for “‘sport’’—well, now, just what is sport? Is it when
all of us have a good time? or just a few of us? Of course, if there were
really enough birds to go around, it might be different. It did seem
different while it lasted. But now that the ducks are nearly gone, who
1787
The Pintail
\
Taken on Empire Gun Club Grounds, near Elkhorn, Monterey County Photo by the Author
SPRIGS QUITTING POND TEN
really counts upon wild ducks as an adjunct to the bill of fare? If “Sport,”
as now constituted, does not give over its insensate selfishness, or else
turn to and raise its own birds for the slaughter, the generation about
to be born will never know the sight of the vanishing River Ducks.
But someone will say: “I have seen hundreds of ducks at such and
such a place.’’ Yes, but your grandfather saw hundreds of thousands of
ducks at the same place. We are talking of tendencies and policies now,
not of where a bag may possibly be secured today. I repeat, that in
spite of bag-limits and federal restrictions and the cessation of market
shooting, unless there is an aggressive movement toward game propa-
gation, we shall presently have to give over shooting for lack of anything
to shoot.
But who wants to shoot, anyhow? Come with me, and we will
bag 5000 ducks of a dozen species with our double-barreled binoculars.
If you must have trophies, remember that the best photographs of wild
ducks have never been taken yet; nor (with humble apologies to the
Major) the best pictures painted. The scene is Laguna Blanca (at its
best, while thoroughgoing protection was in force); the date—shall we
call it December 4th, 1912. A sheet of water containing less than thirty
acres 1s bounded by heavy beds of tule, save where for a stretch of fifty
yards a clear bank slopes gently to the water. A macadam road, some-
what elevated above the reeds, runs round the whole, but at a distance
sufficient to reassure the birds. The reeds themselves are full of the
lesser birds, but on the shimmering surface of the water rest two or
1758
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Mass Flight of Pintails
From a photograph by the Author
Taken in Santa Barbara
The Pintail
three hundred Ruddy Ducks (1), their saucy tails cocked up in the air like
a challenge to admiration, and they paddle or spatter about confidently
like old residents, as indeed most of them are, for they breed here. Five
hundred Canvas-backs (2), tired with the night’s questing in forbidden
areas, ride at anchor mid-lake, their rich russet heads, most of them,
tucked under oblivious wings. A dozen Wzdgeons (3), also near the
center, flash their bald heads or answer a whistled inquiry of one of their
number. Shovellers (4) are treading their productive ‘“‘mills’’ hard by
the confines of the nearer reeds, and so at intervals around the lake.
There must be 1500 of them, and they are so absorbed in their task that
they care nothing for the census taker. A handsome Bufflehead (5)
wings light-heartedly from a distant spot and settles with a splash within
easy range. Careful scrutiny shows two more, females, in the distance.
And now we descry, among the clustered Canvas-backs, a large form,
a White-fronted Goose (6), no less, riding low and trying to look incon-
spicuous. He need not be afraid; we have seen two other species of Geese
here, and once a wild Swan. Lesser Scaups (7), a few, say fifty, mingle
also with the Canvas-backs and proclaim their kinship by their ‘‘canvas”’
sides. We have come now to that portion of the lake where a little com-
pany of Ring-necked Ducks (8), seven of them, are pretty sure to be
napping on a little
cove. The “‘bird-
sharps” at Berkeley
say that they are very
scarce, and they have
the California records
duly numbered,—one,
two, three, up to four-
teen. But bless us:
here they are year
after year, as sure as
—protection. The
nearer tules are so
high, we cannot see
what lurks about their
deeply submerged
bases; but we can see
suggestive forms and
catch telltale flashes of
color upon the oppo-
site side of the lake,
where the ducks are Taken in Oregon VOUNG PINPAITS Photo by Bohlman and Finley
1789
The Pintail
quite at ease. A patch of dull red resolves itself into a double brace
of Cinnamon Teals (9), incomparable in color, and a rare sight in winter,
even in this favored locality. Green-winged Teals (10), the tiniest of
their tribe, haunt another little cove and recall memories of northern
meadows, sweet with new-mown hay, but tragic with maternal solici-
tude. Here, at least, they are happy. Much searching for Mallards
fails; but a few rarer birds, Gadwalls (11), ride at anchor in a shadowy
cove, gray, obscure, but significant, like a battle-cruiser in her sea-
paint. And of course
we have left to the last
the most striking species
of all. Several hundred
Pintails (12) occupy the
preening beach. Some
are dozing; others are
making their toilets with
most becoming dili-
gence; while others still
are parading up and
down, like distinguished
visitors at a pleasure
pier. Other hundreds
have hauled out upon
the broken-down tules,
at a point where the
Pane Obi dune. water is deepest and the
landward maze most im-
SR PSAMVNERED penetrable. A shout, a
A CINNAMON TEAL WAS CLAIMING IT, BUT IT LOOKS TO ME MORE LIKE A PINTAIL, YOU GUESS. clapping of the hands,
and all is attention. A
thousand birds slip silently into the water and push out watchfully from
shore, a more than Spanish Armada for splendor, ready at an instant
to take the air. It were a pity to frighten them, but who does not love
the harmless bedlam of bird-wings, and especially the down-rush of stiff-
set duck-wings, intent on shelter—when confidence has been restored!
It is an imperfect picture, a mere catalogue of ducks, but such have
I seen again and again; and I solemnly protest that I would not exchange
the sight for the biggest ‘‘bag’’ ever made, nor for all the smoking car-
casses which ever graced the tables at Zinkand’s or Tait’s. Dum vivimus
vivant anates.
At the mating season the Pintails delight to exhibit their volitorial
1790
Taken in Merced County Pholos by the Author
AN ANXIOUS MOTHER
THIS FEMALE BY PARADING OSTENTATIOUSLY UP AND DOWN IS COVERING THE RETREAT
OF HER QUARTER-GROWN BROOD
The Pintail
powers. A bravo will climb the heavens
in sheer exuberance of spirit, and then
descend on stiffly outstretched and down-
curved wings at a break-
neck speed. As he nears
the ground, he shifts the
angle slightly and
shoots over the surface
like a meteor, challeng-
ing as he passes, with a
wing-rush which leaves
the beholder almost
dazed. The female
sometimes participates
in these aerial excursions
and enjoys the sport as
wellas her consort. Nel-
son tells of such a pair
which attracted his at-
tention in the lower Yu-
kon country: “‘Back and
forth they passed at a
marvelously swift rate of
speed, with frequent
quick turns and evolu-
tions. At one moment
they were almost out of
view high overhead, and
the next saw them skim-
ming along the ground
in an involved course
very difficult to follow
with the eye. Ere long
a second male joined in
the chase, then a third,
and so on until six males
vied with each other in
the pursuit. The origi-
nal pursuer appeared to
be the only one capable
of keeping close to the
coy female, and owing to
LIT OL
The Pintail
her dextrous
turns and curves
he was able to
draw near only at
intervals. When-
ever he did suc-
ceed, he always
passed under the
female, and kept
so close to her
that their wings
clattered to-
gether witha
noise like a
watchman’s
rattle, and aud-
ible a long dis-
tance. This chase
Taken in Oregon Photo by Finley and Bohlman
PINTAIL DUCK ON NEST lasted half an
hour, and after
five of the pursuers had dropped off one by one, the pair remaining (and
I think the male was the same that originated the pursuit) settled in one
of the ponds.”
The Pintail is a regular but not a common breeder in California,
being found chiefly in the overflow country in the San Joaquin area, and
about some of the lesser lakes of the North. The species is usually the
very first to leave for its major breeding area in the high North, and the
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
ESCAPE
1792
The Pintail
few who remain are a little more forward in their nesting than are the
Redheads and Cinnamon Teals. It is for this reason perhaps that Pin-
tail chicks are better known than Pintail eggs in California; and the
accounts of juvenile encounters are more numerous than observations
on nesting behavior.
As is usually the case with the River Ducks (except Azx sponsa),
the nest of the Pintail is a lowly hollow scraped out in the grass or herb-
age, whether near to or remote from water. A sitting female is, naturally,
Taken in Oakland Photo by H. C. Bryant
Use by courtesy of the California Fish and Game Commission
WAITING FOR BREAKFAST
DUCKS, CHIEFLY PINTAILS AND WIGEONS, ON LAWNS BORDERING LAKE MERRITT. A CONSPICUOUS EXAMPLE OF RESPONSE
TO PROTECTION.
very inconspicuous, and she knows how to remain motionless. So great
is the bird’s reliance upon protective, or obliterative, coloration, that in
one instance, according to Rockwell,! a duck whose nest was ‘‘a depression
in a perfectly bare sandy flat without a particle of concealment of any
kind,” successfully hatched a clutch of eleven eggs. However, the eggs
of a nest which I took from very scanty cover at Los Banos, although the
41Condor, Vol. XIII., Nov., 1911, p. 188.
1793.
The Pintail
Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
PINTAILS LEAVING THE ESTERO
bird was flushed, turned out to be addled on account of undue exposure
to the sun. It is as important, evidently, that the downy coverlet—
invariably drawn over the eggs by a careful mother upon leaving—should
shield the eggs from a too ardent sun, as that, on colder days, it should
retain the exact degree of heat imparted by the sitting bird.
The discovery of a brood of ducklings is no end of fun; for the ele-
mental boy in us will give chase upon the instant. If the brood is young,
some of them will freeze on the spot, some of them will dive, and some will
make frantic efforts to escape through weeds or reeds. It looks at first
as though we could corral the whole bunch, but one minute later we count
it lucky if we have asingle bird. The mother, meanwhile, has been having
successive spasms, in the effort, not always unavailing, to distract our
attention. Her legs are useless; both her wings are manifestly broken;
and as for meat,—why bother with a mere mouthful, when a whole help-
less duck is at hand? If the flock is half-grown, or such a matter, they
will escape at a terrific speed, while the resourceful mother arranges more
elaborate pantomimics. On a windy day near Los Banos, as we ap-
proached a certain pond, a brood of young Pintails set out through a
1794
uLoyy[g teau qnig uny aardwgy ay} fo spunosd ayy uo uaye J,
40yyn Pp ayy tq ydvsboqoyg v wos
S8Adg Jo YS A[apso Uy
The Pintail
‘choppy sea,’’ under the supervision of an anxious mother. The little
fellows made off in splendid form, and were soon lost to view across the
stormy water. We could not possibly have captured them, even if we
had been mischievously disposed. But the mother was not satisfied,
and she spent the ensuing fifteen minutes entertaining us, chiefly by pa-
rading back and forth before our eyes, ‘“‘crossing our bows’’ repeatedly,
at distances ranging from a hundred feet down to thirty or forty. Of
course this was nuts to the photographer, especially as it was down sun;
and we profited ten plates’ worth.
Of the behavior of Pintails under gun-fire, I have no exact information
or curiosity. I only know that the “‘Sprig’’ is among the wariest of ducks,
and also one of the most confiding. The difference between the two ex-
tremes is a gun-shot. The portraits on page 1786 are those of perfectly
wild birds who enjoy ‘‘King’s Ex’”’ at Stow Lake. On the protected areas
near Santa Barbara the birds do no more than trouble to get out of the
Taken tn Santa Barbara
Photo by the Author
“SPRIGS”
way of a wading photographer. Yet in all probability some of these birds
travel 150 miles each way to obtain food nightly. Indeed, they may
travel much farther than that, for at certain seasons the Pintails quit our
ponds at three o’clock in the afternoon, and do not return till nine in the
morning. Perhaps they have spent the night in the wheat-fields of the
Sacramento Valley, and are willing to pay such a price for a short day’s
rest.
When protection was withdrawn, temporarily, from Laguna Blanca,
I have seen the tired birds rise at the first alarm, and settle in the kelp-
beds off the shore of Hope Ranch. Each in a quiet area, where the out-
1795
The Wood Duck
cropping of kelp was sufficient to prevent drifting, I have seen, on a
sunny winter’s day, a dozen “‘rafts’’ of ducks, chiefly Pintails and Shovel-
lers, hundreds in each, soundly snoozing.
One fact which appears to have escaped the notice of even the astute
authors! of ‘‘The Game Birds of California,” is the early and abundant
autumnal return of the male Pintails while still in the eclipse plumage.
Probably the Santa Barbara coast is unusually favored in this respect,
because annually, in the month of August, before other reported localities
are talking, or even thinking of ducks, we are visited by hundreds, some-
times thousands, of returning migrants, invariably males. Gadwalls are
among them, and on the 25th of August, 1915, I encountered upon the
Estero ponds, within the city limits, a close-set flock of twenty-five Blue-
winged Teals. But Pintails outnumber all other ducks (save resident
Ruddies) a hundred to one at this season. Thus, on the 21st day of
August, 1912, I estimated the number of Pintails on the Estero alone at
over a thousand. During August, 1922, the Beale Estero, or “Bird Re-
serve’ (upon the eastern edge of Santa Barbara), was fairly crowded with
migrating Pintails, probably tens of thousands of them appearing and
passing in the course of a month. Because of the “‘eclipse’’ character of
the plumage—the regulation pattern of the “‘Lordly Pintail’’ is only
faintly outlined, all but invisible, at this time of the year—everybody
(including the sportsman) was asking, ‘““‘What are they?”
No. 355
Wood Duck
A. O. U. No. 144. Aix sponsa (Linnzus).
Synonyms.—SuMMER Duck. ‘THE BRIDE.”
Description.—Adult male: Of almost indescribable elegance; head, crested,
metallic and iridescent, green, purple, violet, and black; a white line from angle of
upper mandible along crown, and another backward from behind eye, both continued
in the feathers of the large occipital crest; throat white, sending up two transverse
bars on either side on cheek and hind-neck, fore-neck and breast rich chestnut, glossed
with purplish on sides of breast, and marked centrally with triangular white spots,
which increase in size backward; belly broadly white; sides warm fulvous, minutely
waved with black, the tips of the outermost feathers with broad crescentic bars of
black and white; chestnut of breast and fulvous of sides separated by two transverse
bars, the front one white, the hinder black; upperparts chiefly sooty or velvety black
with metallic reflections of blue, purple, green, and bronze; the anterior and marginal
coverts and base of primaries (all mostly concealed) plain fuscous; exposed tips of
'Messrs. Grinnell, Bryant and Storer. The work itself is a compendium of information of marvelous accuracy,
interest, and completeness.
7790
The Wood Duck
mapping of kelp was sufficient to prevent drifting; I have seen, on a
auany winter's day, a dozen “‘rafts’’ of ducks, chiefly Pintails and Shaker
jurs. Gunedeed’s in each, soundly snoozing.
Ome fact which appears to have escaped the notice of even the Bettie
anthers: cd “The Game Birds of California,” is the early and abundant )
Sutil retirn of the male Pintails while still in the eclipse plumage. :
PMeahaliy the Sasta Barbara coast is unusually favored in this respect, ~
hecepee gtrntally. in the month of August, before other reported localities
Ring, 2s : thinking of ducks, we are visited by hundreds, some-
returning migrants, invariably males. -Gadwalls are
ton the 25th of August, 1915, ] encountered upon. the
i « city limits, a close-set flock of twenty-five Blue-
Hur Finials outnumber all other ducks (save resident
ostrt ta one at this season.. Thus, on the 21st day of
i simaved the number of Pintails on the Estero alone at
turing August, 1922, the Beale Estero, or “Bird Re-
mm edge of Santa Barbara), was fairly crowded-with
spine tens of thousands of them appearing and
- of a month. Because of the !‘eclipse “character of ”
‘emulation pattern of the “Lordly Pintail’’ 1s only
hut invisible, at this time of the year—everybody
feman) was asking, “What are they?’
.
fii
life siz
355
Weodl Duck
Aim sponsa /Linnzus).
ier Dace oe Tae Bebe’
Of almost indescribable elegance; head, crested,”
yorpie, violet, and black; a white line from angle of a
». efit e@nother backward from behind eye, both continued
i ies bimesk thtpat gs sending up two aneverey
a
=
=|
i
3
0
ut
i, ies fharked centrally with aenion white spots
: belly broadiy white; sides warm fulvous, minutely
rhe ny reeient feathers wigs read Crescent bars bi
§ hinder pick eppee perks ‘chiefly sooty or velvety. t
<3 OMe, purple, green, and bronze; the anterior and mars
‘teins (all mostly concealed) plain fuscous; exposed tips ©
The Wood Duck
primaries silvery white, on outer web tipped with metallic blue; secondaries white-
tipped, the exposed webs metallic; crissum sooty-brown with metallic gloss; flank-
patches intense purplish chestnut; axillars and lining of wings white, spotted or
barred with dusky. ‘‘Bill (in life) beautifully varied with jet-black, milk-white, lilac,
red, orange, and yellow; legs and feet orange, claws black; iris and edges of eye-lid
red.’ Adult female and young: Crest only faintly indicated; top of head purplish
brown with faint metallic reflections; throat and space about eye (extending back-
ward to occiput) and some feathering about base of bill, white; rest of head ashy
brown; upperparts much as in male but duller, chiefly warm brown in place of black;
fore-neck and breast brown, streaked with lighter or dull ochraceous; belly white;
crissum mixed fuscous and white. Length, adult male: 482.6-520.7 (19.00-20.50):
wing 232.4 (9.15); tail 98.6 (3.88); bill 33 (1.30); tarsus 34.5 (1.36). Female,
length: 431.8-489 (17.00-19.25); other dimensions in proportion.
Recognition Marks.—Smaller than Mallard; exquisitely variegated plumage of
male unmistakable; female unlike that of any other species.
Nesting.— Nest: Ina hollow tree, lined with twigs, grasses, and down. Down:
Yellowish gray. Eggs: 8 to 14; dull yellowish or pale olive-gray. Av. size 52.1 x 40
(2.05 x 1.58). Season: April 20-May; one brood.
General Range.—Temperate North America. Breeds from the southern tier
of Canadian provinces south to California, Texas, Florida, and Cuba. Resident on
the Pacific Coast; and wintering chiefly in the southern half of its eastern range. Cas-
ual in Bermuda, Jamaica, Mexico, and Europe.
Distribution in California.—Rare resident locally throughout the State, but
chiefly northerly and in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley. Numbers slightly aug-
mented by fall migratory movement. Formerly abundant but now. verging upon
extinction.
Authorities.—Newberry, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. vi., 1857, p. 102 (Calif.);
Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 24 (status in s. Calif.); Grinnell and Bryant,
Calif. Fish and Game, vol. i., 1915, p. 49 (status in Calif.).
BEYOND controversy, the Wood Duck of America is one of the
most exquisitely beautiful of living creatures. Among the Ducks them-
selves only one species, the Mandarin (Azx galericulata), of China, ap-
proaches it in elegance; and this is not so strange, since the Mandarin
is a kinsman, or, in scientific parlance, a ‘‘congener,”’ of our bird. Linnzeus
called the Wood Duck ‘‘the Bride” (Latin, sponsa, bride); but of course
it is the bridegroom who wears the jewels, and inherits the products of
Oriental looms and dye-stuffs, bequeathed through a thousand genera-
tions, for males must strut and females must work, is the rule among ducks
as among most other groups of birds. Literally a// the colors of the rain-
bow belong to this bird in his nuptial plumage—with black and white
thrown in for good measure. The Wood Duck is our one vision of trop-
ical splendor, a thing too beautiful and, as the event has proved, too con-
fiding to entrust to our vandal generation.
The Wood Duck is notable not alone for the gaudiness of its attire.
In action it is graceful and agile and pleasing. Birds of this species
1797
The Wood Duck
frequent, or used to frequent, secluded swamps, lagoons, and shaded
waterways. They are swift and graceful fliers, and they are able to tra-
verse the mazes of the forest with the ease of pigeons. They perch read-
ily upon the branches of trees, and even walk along them without hesi-
tancy. To the aquatic fare offered by the surface and depths of woodland
pools, is added the flying insects of the forest home, and the tender shoots
and leaves of plants in spring. Acorns are a favorite food in fall, and
upon these the birds sometimes stuff themselves to repletion. They
evince an interest in fallen rice also; and if the stock could be nursed back
to normality, they would doubtless do their part in protecting the rice
grower against the “‘volunteer’’ crop which he so much dreads.
Most curious are the Wood Duck’s nesting habits, with which our
fathers, in some of the older settled portions of the State, were as familiar
as we are with those of the Towhee. The birds were nearly resident, but
there was a little shifting of position in the springtime. Winter ranges,
selected with a view to forage, were exchanged for others more sheltered,
or where neglected timber offered appropriate building sites. A site was
chosen in the hollow of a broken branch of a tree—an oak, a willow, or
a sycamore—in a deserted woodpecker hole enlarged by weathering, or
in the central hollow of some tree to which admission must be gained
through a crevice. Those holes which overlooked water were much pre-
ferred, but in the absence of such, the Bride and Groom would sometimes
take up residence half a mile from the nearest swamp or stream. Within
the chosen hollow from eight to seventeen eggs, ‘“‘resembling old polished
ivory,’ were placed on a cushion of grasses, leaves, feathers, and down.
Occasionally the entrance to a nesting hole was so narrow that the female
in visiting her eggs was obliged to spend some time in squeezing through,
and instances not a few are on record where the shell of the egg of the
straining bird was cracked before deposition. In an instance reported
by Mr. Roswell S. Wheeler, in Sacramento County, the bird burrowed
into a hay-mow, to which access had been gained by a fortunate hole in
the side of the barn, and there, through the kindly vigilance of the farmer,
she successfully brought off her brood.
The female sits for four weeks, during which time the drake is likely
to make himself scarce, or at least not manifest, in that vicinity. It is
said, however, that the male mounts a wary guard in some neighboring
tree and apprizes his mate of approaching danger by a strange cry,
“oe-eek,”’ like the crowing of a young cock. No attempt is made by
the male to supply the sitting bird with food; but if the locality is one
not particularly exposed to danger, he will join her in the hour or so of
forage-vacation which she allows herself in the course of the day.
When the young are hatched, they instinctively scramble to the
7798
The Wood Duck
mouth of the hole and tumble out, or are urged out by the mother, falling
either into the receptive water, or upon the carpet of leaves at the foot
of the nesting tree. If the distance is too great, the mother will carry
the youngsters to the ground in her bill, one at a time, until all are out,
and then lead them to the nearest water. There is no question but that
both these methods are in vogue, so the early recorded discussions of
“carry’’ vs ‘“‘tumble”’ are only faintly amusing.
The Wood Duck, once abundant practically throughout the United
States, no longer exists in a hundredth part of its former numbers, and
in the East not in a thousandth part. Unceasing exposure to gun-fire
has brought its ruin. And for what? Simply that
the pot might be kept boiling, that the great
American belly might be filled. One
has a certain degree of sympathy for
JUST DUCKS os
Photo by the Author <
ae
— a
? pe
fe we
Le yaaa eS
a = See thot
<— UR ROLE EES RESIS MRS aR Seine
Sesiatnces emt ra — Pi ooe tr Wie aaa
& aig Paige eg pete
ay Lp apie sat ease
the ancient Hawaiians who unwittingly exterminated the ‘‘Mamo’’ (Dre-
pants pacifica), in order that its blood-red feathers might adorn a chief-
tain’s cloak. Savages in all ages have envied the birds their gaudy
plumage, and have tricked themselves out, as did our own ladies up to
a dozen years ago, in borrowed feathers. If the Wood Duck had perished
in the cause of human adornment, some feeble word might have been
said in justification. But no! it fell before the all-devouring swinishness
of the human maw. Because its flesh was sapid, its bridal array was
stripped from it and flung on the dump, while its quivering ounce of meat
went into the pot. The lord of creation has dined—but where is the
Wood Duck?
Reports are unanimous that the Wood Duck, once abundant, or
at least “‘common,” in California, was upon the verge of extinction by
1913. Whether or not the ‘‘absolute’”’ protection extended at that time
by Federal enactment will suffice to bring the species back, remains to
1799
The Redhead
be seen. It is certain that the establishment of breeding farms and pri-
vate preserves would go far to restore this very desirable bird. The
Wood Duck does well in semi-captivity; and where happy surroundings
can be assured, the breeding of Wood Ducks for parks and gardens is
highly commendable.
No. 356
Redhead
A. O. U. No. 146. Marila americana (Eyton).
Synonym.—AMERICAN POCHARD.
Description.— Adult male: Angle between culmen and forehead abrupt; head
and upper-neck bright chestnut, glossed with reddish purple, most heavily on neck;
lower-neck and breast all around (i. e. including upper back) deep glossy brownish
black; belly white; rump, upper tail-coverts, and crissum sooty black; remaining
plumage, except wings, and including lower belly (in fact all above the ‘‘water line’’)
finely wavy-barred or vermiculated dusky and white in about equal proportions; wing-
coverts ashy gray speckled with white; speculum still lighter,—warm ashy gray,
tipped with white; axillars entirely and lining of wings chiefly white. Bill dull blue
with a black belt at tip; feet grayish blue, with black claws and dusky webs; iris orange.
Adult female: Much plainer; wing as in male; above and on breast and sides warm or
dull grayish brown, more or less tipped with buffy or fulvous, the feathers of back and
scapulars sometimes speckled with dusky and white on tips, according to season;
darker on back and crown, lighter on sides of head and neck, especially above bill,
lightening to buffy white on chin and throat; belly white; lower belly light grayish
brown; crissum grayish brown and white. Bill lighter than in male. Jmmature
male: Like adult female but darker; feathers near base of bill, on sides only, whitish;
speculum (always?) creamy white instead of ashy gray. Length 457.2-558.8 (18.00-
22.00); wing 227.6 (8.96); tail 63.5 (2.50); bill 45.7 (1.80); tarsus 39.6 (1.56).
Recognition Marks.—Mallard size or smaller; chestnut head, black breast,
and “‘canvas”’ back and sides of male. See distinctions under next species.
Nesting.— Nest: A sturdy basket of woven rushes, a foot or more in diameter
and 8 inches to a foot in depth, placed in dense, grassy cover of marsh, or lashed to
reeds over water. Down: Dull white. Eggs: 10 to 22 (greater numbers represent
the product of two birds); oval to elliptical; dull yellowish buff to dull yellowish glaucous
(hence not always distinguishable from those of Anas boschas). Av. size 62.2 X 43.7
(2.45 x 1.72); index 70. Season: April 20—June 10; one brood.
General Range.—North America. Breeds in the West from. the southern
Canadian provinces south to southern California; Utah, and the southern portions of
South Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Winters from British Columbia, Utah,
Kansas, and from Illinois east to Delaware, south to Florida, central Mexico, and
southern Lower California. Common on the Atlantic Coast during migrations.
Casual (?) in Alaska.
Distribution in California.—Fairly common summer resident in suitable
localities throughout the State; more abundant during migrations; scarce or locally
wanting in winter. Found on both fresh and salt water.
7SOO
he wen it ic certain that the establishment of breeding farms and pri-
vate pacarrves would! go far to restore this very desirable bird. The
Wik cet ees well a semti-captivity: and where happy surroundings
asa. the brending of Wood Ducks for parks and gardens is
sueeeneciatte. ; ie :
¢
. gagrcsna (Reton).
ve fig, and crissum: sooty
. ever oetly, Gn fact all above t
aad white in about equal proportions; wing-
.- speculum still lighter, warm ashy gray;
-aa ning of wings chiefly white. Bill dull blue-
5, Suc, with black claws and dusky webs; iris orange.
: male: above and of breast and sides warm OF
pet with buffy or fulvous, the feathers of back and
sky and white on fips, according to season; 4
sides of head and neck, especially above ‘bill,
4A throat; belly white; lower belly light grayish”
ag white, Bul lighter than in male. Immature
jap jeathers near base of bill, on dides only, whitish; ~
Sideud of ashy gray- Length 457.2-558-8 (18.00-
Oe gol; bill 45.7 (7.80); tarsus 39-6 (1.56).
fencers: Sete Siggy fize OF cmaller: chestnut head, black breast,
bear ses - See distinctions under next species. es
casket of woven rushes, a foot or more in diameter
bin dense, grassy COVer of marsh, or lashed to —
Bugs: 10 to. 22 (greater numbers represent nse
-Auil yellowish buff to dull yellowish glaucous
fovee ut Anas boschas).. Av. size 62.2 ¥ 43-7.
Pune 1e; one brood. BoM eerres:
@yeeds in the West from. the southern
ittcenia, Utah, and the southern portions of.
‘Winters from British Columbia, Utah, |
Satawars, SOUTH tO Florida, central Mexico,
whe Atlantic Coast during migrations.
fenmon summer resident in suitable ~
odes duriag migrations; scarce ‘or locally
‘a eakk water: BEN ea
The Redhead
Authorities.—Woodhouse ( Nyroca ferina), Rep. Sitgreaves Exped. Col. R.,
1853, p. 104 (Calif.); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 24 (s. Calif.; nesting
dates); H. C. Bryant, Condor, vol. xvi., 1914, pp. 228, 229, 231 (desc. nest and eggs, etc.).
THE MEMBERS of the genus Marila may be characterized as over-
trustful fowl; for of these the Canvasback alone has acquired wisdom (and
he at bitter cost), while the Redhead has very nearly achieved extinction.
From what we know of physical conditions, and from what we gather of
earlier accounts, we conclude that the Redhead was once fairly abundant
as a breeding bird of California. Although it is still faithful to its old
breeding haunts, the discovery of a nest is rated as an achievement. The
bird’s confiding disposition, meriting at times the name “‘fool duck,”’ to-
gether with the undoubted savor of its flesh, has invited an incessant per-
secution, which must have resulted by now in a ninety or ninety-five per
cent reduction in numbers. Add to these factors the close resemblance
which the Redhead bears to the distinguished, if over-rated, Canvas-
back, and the only wonder is that any survive.
Redheads arrive from the North in mid-autumn, and those which
attempt to winter in the Sacramento Valley, or about San Francisco Bay,
hail, presumably, from the ““Upper Sonoran”’ interior of Oregon, Washing-
ton, and British Columbia. The California breeders at the same time
probably retreat to Lower California and Mexico. At any rate, the species
is nearly unrepresented in winter on the interior lakes of southern Cali-
fornia; and those which formerly wintered in the coastal lagoons of Los
Angeles County may have been, like those of the Sacramento and Tulare
country, Canadian-bred birds.
Ecologically speaking, the Redhead forms a sort of connecting link
between “River” and ‘‘Sea’’ Ducks. In nesting it does not deploy over
the landscape, after the democratic fashion of Pintails and Mallards, but
it keeps to deep water, or at least to such reaches of cat-tails and sedges
as are well watered at the base. Like the Ruddy, it isa bird of the channels
and the deeper shallows, instead of the mud-flats and meadows. On the
other hand, it does not, like Scaups or even Canvasbacks, resort to the
kelp-beds or the open ocean in winter; but it keeps rather to the larger
bodies of fresh water or, at most, frequents only the brackish lagoons of
coastal districts.
Most of the Redhead’s food is obtained by diving; and it consists
not alone of minnows, frogs, newts, and the smaller mollusks, but more
largely of the leaves or roots of various aquatic plants. It is generally
a ‘clean feeder’; and when it is able to add wild celery to its bill of fare,
its flesh is rated very high upon the market.
The Redhead’s affinity for deep water is best illustrated by its nest-
ISOL
The Redhead
ing habits. Its nest is an ‘“‘ark of bulrushes’’; and although the sides of
the nest are bound tightly to the stems of surrounding plants, its bot-
tom is usually supported by a semi-buoyant mass of accumulated vege-
tation. By reason of its watery surroundings, the bird is able to steal
to and from its nest unobserved, that is, by the under-water route, and
it is pretty sure to avail itself of this method for escape, when sufficient
Taken in Merced County Photo by the Author
NEST AND EGGS OF REDHEAD
warning of approach has been given. Whether Redhead’s deep basket be
woven of dried tule-stems, cat-tails, or grasses, its structure is not deemed
complete until a blanket of down has been provided. This, needless to
say, the bird plucks from her own breast when the egg-complement is
laid. The down is of a pale grayish white, and thus blends with its sur-
roundings of weathered tules much more accurately than would the
sooty gray of a River Duck.
It is not alone because of her skill as an architect, nor yet because
of her easy-going disposition, that the Redhead is imposed upon by her
shrewder neighbors. She is such a very motherly creature that she thinks
nothing of raising a dozen or fifteen, or even nineteen chicks, in her own
7802
The Canvas-back
right. What wonder, then, if designing females, enamored of the gambols
of high duck society, and dreading the maternal exile, impose upon this
good dame in the matter of additional charges. A Redhead’s nest is the
foundling asylum of the marshes. Init are found Ruddies’ eggs, Mallards’,
or Teals’. When the two species are associated, the wily Canvasback
frequently puts one over on her less astute neighbors. A. M. Shields
is reported to have taken a nest containing twelve eggs of the Redhead
and three of the Fulvous Tree Duck. Messrs. Willett and Jay found a
nest at San Jacinto Lake which held twenty-seven eggs, of which ten were
surmised to belong to another bird, possibly a Pintail.
At Los Bafios I once found a Redhead’s nest whose owner was not
quite so accommodating. Before her ladyship was ready to lay, a saucy
Cinnamon Teal had deposited eight of her own burdens. At least, when
I found it, May 22nd, 1912, the nest contained two of the Teal and one
of the Redhead. Two days later, when I approached noisily through the
rushes, I found the nest hastily covered with down and leafy trash, much
scattering of down about, and water splashed on the skirts of the nest.
The nest, when uncovered, contained five eggs of the Teal and two of the
Redhead. After voicing my disgust in appropriate non-professional lan-
guage, I spied a Teal’s egg under water below the nest. This gave me the
clew, and by dint of exploring with careful toes, I located the other two
missing Teal’s eggs, one of them well buried in six inches of soft mud
below two feet of water. Whose was the exact moral responsibility for
this divided house, we shall never know, for ‘‘science’’ claimed the right
of suppressing all further incongruities.
No. 357
Canvas-back
A. O. U. No. 147. Marila valisineria (Wilson).
Description.—Adult male: Similar to preceding species, but larger, head larger,
bill longer, and no evident angle between bill and forehead; head and upper neck
reddish brown without purplish gloss, blackening on crown and chin; the sides less
heavily waved with dusky; the white bars of upperparts much wider than the dusky
(hence entire back conspicuously lighter in tone). Upper mandible dusky at base,
bluish only between nostril and black tip; iris red. Adult female: Similar to that of
preceding species, but proportioned like male; bill correspondingly different; feathers
of back and scapulars more or less wavy-barred with white. (The female Red-head
is sparingly speckled above with dusky and whitish, but never barred.) Length 508-
596.9 (20.00-23.50); wing 228.6 (9.00); tail 73.7 (2.90); bill 59.7 (2.35); tarsus 44.5
(1.75).
1503
The Canvas-back
Recognition Marks.— Mallard size; slope of culmen continuous with forehead;
reddish brown head and light canvas back. For detailed comparison with M. americana
see above.
Nesting.—Not known to breed in California. Nest: A bulky basket of
twisted reeds, with walls 3 or 4 inches in diameter; built up above water in clump of
reeds affording ready access to open water. Down: Gray. Eggs: 6-10; light
greenish gray (yellowish glaucous), but also ‘‘rich grayish olive or greenish drab of a
darker shade than that usually seen in the eggs of the other species’’ (Bent). Av.
size 63 x 44.45 (2.48 x 1.75). Season: May 20-June; one brood.
General Range.—North America. Breeds westerly from southwestern Kee-
watin, central Mackenzie, Fort Yukon, and central British Columbia, to southern
Minnesota, Nebraska, northern Nevada, and northern California. Winters chiefly
coastwise from British Columbia and Maryland south to western Mexico and the Gulf
States; but also interiorly along the edge of the “‘ice line’ to Colorado, Pennsylvania,
etc. Casual in the West Indies, Bermuda, and Guatemala; in migrations north to
New Brunswick.
Distribution in California.—Common winter resident, but chiefly coastwise
and on larger bodies of water. Abundant in certain favored bays and saline sloughs,
and of common occurrence offshore. No definite record of nests found, but birds seen
June 20, 1912, on Goose Lake were undoubtedly breeding.
Authorities.— Woodhouse ( NVyroca valisneria), Rep. Sitgreaves Exped. Col. R.,
1853, p. 104 (Santa Isabella, Calif.) ; Cowes, Birds of the Northwest, 1874, p. 575 (dis-
tinction between canvasback and red-head); Howell and van Rossem, Condor, vol.
XVil., 1915, p. 232 (Colo. R., winter).
IF THE CANVASBACK were gifted with race consciousness, so
that it might be aware of the fortunes and misfortunes of its fellows,
doubtless the race ere this would have passed emphatic resolutions against
the use of wild celery (Vallisneria spiralis), that seductive weed of Mary-
land whose flavory tissues have built up the flesh and the reputation of
the American Canvasback. But for that fatal ‘“‘celery,’’ our good friend
might have remained multitudinously obscure, its flesh neither better
nor worse than that of other ducks, its name plain Jones, instead of
Antinoiis Coronatus, the ranking officer—and victim—of epicuredom.
“A plague upon that celery tradition anyhow!” cry at once the spectral
birds and all true bird-lovers. There is no wild celery in California, nor
anywhere in the West. The western Canvasback’s flesh does not reek
with this ambrosial herb; yet because some inspired gastronomist in
Baltimore passed the word years ago, the Canvasback leads the circus
in San Francisco (or did till market hunting was stopped), and so heads
the procession to an early grave.
We acknowledge that we are considerably pessimistic, and we know
that we shall be ruled out of court by the eager sportsmen who cite “‘recent
records” of extraordinary bags (said bags having been noted under ex-
ceptional circumstances, which could not be duplicated elsewhere on
TSO4
The Canvas-back
earth at the precise moment of happening), but we record the solemn con-
viction that the duck situation in America has reached an impasse, from
which not even Federal regulation is going to deliver us in time. The ducks
simply do not exist in one fortieth part of their former numbers. Yet we
go blissfully on licensing a hundred thousand shotguns in a single state
CANVASBACKS
(albeit each cautioned not to shoot more than 25 ducks in a day or 50 ina
week), with a potential destruction of millions annually, and an actual
destruction of everything within reach. The thing simply will not work
out on this basis. Not even a merciful Creator will supply wild ducks
forever in response to such inordinate, insatiable, unreasoning demand.
The end is in sight. Either we shall have to kill off all the ducks and be
done with it, or else we shall have to give the wild birds a rest and turn
our attention to raising our own meat.
Well; this is a sore subject. We will leave the stage—grumbling
always, after our own fashion—and give place to the real players, the
Canvasbacks—what there are left of them.
1SO5
The Canvas-back
Viewed under a bright sun, as on a refuge pond, a resting company
of care-free Canvasbacks is an inspiring sight. Both by reason of his
size and his judicial calm, the Canvasback looks more substantial and
more important than his lesser kinsfolk. That high-arched bill, melting
into a sloping forehead—it looks somehow more suitable, more efficient,
than the sudden angle of Cousin Redhead. The Canvasback is an opulent
burgher. His head and neck are covered with conventional black and
vandyke brown, and for the rest he is clad in flowing magisterial robes of
canvas, save as a black velvet
waistcoat points a contrast, and
restrains his rotundity. Or, with
| head under wing, he looks like
a man-of-war lying at anchor. No
need to keep a lookout. This is
the international fleet at rest.
When the siesta is over (and
“Cans”’ have to sleep o’ daytimes
in these troubled years), the flock
deploys for food. Canvasbacks
are deep divers. When in search
of snails or clams, they must
achieve depths of twenty or
twenty-five feet. More com-
monly, then, search is directed
toward aquatic plants, and these
they pluck up by the roots,
bringing their plunder to the
surface for consumption in the
case of major hauls. As
likely as not, the saucy Wid-
geon presents himself before
the astonished burgher upon
his emergence, and snatches
away a portion or all of his
innocent swag. Well, never
mind; there is plenty more
at the bottom; and it is
quieter down there anyway.
At the approach of dan-
ger the Canvasbacks draw
Taken in Oakland Photos by W. W. Richards - 2
DUCKS AT LAKE MERRITT together and paddle with lei-
THE CENTRAL PANEL SHOWS 'A FLOCK OF CANVASBACKS
T8006
surely, strong strokes in one
The Greater Scaup Duck
direction. It is then, and especially when breasting the waves of a gale-
swept bay, that the birds appear most lordly, most capable, most like a
fleet of battleships. These ducks, also, are powerful upon the wing. Some
consider them the swiftest of ducks, though I will back a Pintail or a
frightened Teal, for a shorter flight. The sound made by their rushing
wings is thrilling music, and the noise of a flock, hydroplanes now, settling
upon the open water, all brakes set, is an experience not to be forgotten.
Unfortunately, the Canvasback, in spite of his century-long dis-
cipline of leaden hail, is a somewhat unsophisticated bird. Fearful enough
of mankind, he, nevertheless, yields to the allurement of the first wooden
duck which offers, and this in spite of the tell-tale blind hard by. At such
times he iseasy meat. Or, as one authority artlessly puts it, “By carefully
choosing the last one to dive each time, a whole flock can sometimes be
brought to bag.”’
At nesting time, also, this long-suffering soul submits to further
impositions. Ruddy Ducks and Mallards impose their offspring upon her
care. Even the Redhead, unmindful of her own sufferings in this regard,
often lays her eggs in the big basket of her still more indulgent sister.
Where both species are common, as in the lake country of Alberta, it is
sometimes a pretty problem to determine which is which. It is the rightful
owner, usually, who strips the down from her breast; and this, in the case
of the Canvasback, is always gray.
No. 358
Greater Scaup Duck
A. O. U. No. 148. Marila marila (Linnezus).
Synonyms.—Scavup. GREATER SCAUP. BLUE-BILL. SHUFFLER. RArt DUCK.
BLACK-HEAD. FLOCKING DUCK.
Description.—Adult male: Head and neck black with green gloss; foreneck
all around and breast rich purplish black; a collar around neck obscurely lighter;
belly and sides pure white; back and scapulars vermiculate or wavy-barred black
and white,—the white bars wider in front, becoming much narrower behind; ter-
tiaries, lower back, and tail-coverts sooty black; flanks sooty brown; wing-coverts
blackish, speckled sparingly on tips with white; speculum white, tipped with blackish;
axillars and under wing-coverts chiefly white. Bill dull blue with black nail, broadening
and much hooked at tip: feet dark plumbeous and with darker webs: iris yellow. Adult
female: Region about base of bill (least on chin) white; head and neck plain snuff-
brown; fore-neck and breast dark brown, edged and tipped with lighter; sides and
crissum dark grayish brown, the former decidedly, the latter obscurely, vermiculated
with white; belly white, shading into brown marginally; upperparts brownish dusky,
the tips of feathers speckled or obscurely vermiculated with white; wings, bill,
etc., as in male. Length 444.5-508 (17.50-20.00); wing 219.7 (8.65); tail 73.7
(2.90); bill 44.5 (1.75); tarsus 38.1 (1.50).
S07
The Greater Scaup Duck
Recognition Marks.—Smaller than Mallard; head, neck, and breast black
(female brown); belly and sides white (male); bill bluish with black nail. Larger.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: On the ground in a grassy
swamp, of grasses, etc., lined with feathers and down. Eggs: 6 to 10; pale olive-
buff to olive-buff. Av. size 62.5 x 45.5 (2.46 x 1.72). Season: June.
General Range.—Breeds from the Aleutian Islands, northwestern Alaska,
Great Slave Lake, and central Keewatin, south to northern North Dakota, and southern
British Columbia; and, formerly at least, on Magdalen Islands, and on St. Clair Flats
(in western Ontario). Winters from Maine to Florida and the Bahamas, and from the
Aleutian Islands south to California; in the interior from Colorado and the Great
Lakes to Texas.
Distribution in California.—Fairly common winter resident coastwise to
Point Conception, less common or rare to San Diego. Occurs also occasionally in the
interior, chiefly at San Joaquin-Sacramento Valley points.
Authorities.—Baird (Fulix marila), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. ix., 1858, p.
791 (San Diego; San Francisco; Bodega); Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887,
p. 71 (habits; nest and eggs; Alaska); Willett, Pac- Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 25
(status in s. Calif.).
THE RARITY of maria, as compared with affinis, in southern
waters, invites incessant scrutiny of a group which otherwise would be
set down as ‘“‘just ducks.”’ Roughly speaking marila decreases in numbers
from Puget Sound southward; so, while it is of fairly regular occurrence
on the bays and coastal waters of western California, its occurrence any-
where south of Point Conception is deemed worthy of special notice.
Indeed, reports of Greater Scaups seen in this section must be taken with
a grain of allowance, unless accompanied by explicit mention that Lesser
Scaups were at hand for comparison.
Nesting, as they do, in Alaska and the northern interior, we know
the Scaups only as late migrants and winter residents, more or less un-
comfortable, according to the amount of local gun-fire. They keep rather
more to open water than do their lesser kinsmen.
At a northern station, namely, Semiahmoo Spit, upon our inter-
national boundary, I have seen the assembling of clans which must later
distribute themselves’ more widely, and dribble out down our western
coast. The earlier arrivals come in small flocks of from a dozen to twenty-
five individuals, borne upon the wings of a northwest breeze, and as they
pass the narrow promontory of sand, the waiting gunners exact toll of
those which enter the harbor. Upon the waters of an inner bay, Drayton
Harbor, the incoming birds assemble in a great raft, five or ten thousand
strong, and, if undisturbed, deploy to dive in shallow water, feeding not
only upon the eel-grass itself, but upon the varied forms of life which
shelter in its green fastnesses.
It is not uninteresting to watch a small platoon of these somewhat
ISOS
The Greater Scaup Duck
prosaic fowls at supper. They spend as much time as possible below, and
when they are well assured of safety, they excuse themselves one by one,
till not a soul remains in sight, not even a lookout. Then one emerges,
then another, until the whole company is reassembled to compare notes
Taken in San Francisco Photo by the Author
BLUEBILLS AND COOTS
on their luck, or to disappear again in one, two—thirty order, after their
lungs are re-charged with air.
About half an hour before sunset, as though by some preconcerted
signal, a grand exodus takes place. Flock joins flock as the birds rise
steadily against the wind. Mindful of their former experience, the
ducks attain a height of two or three times that at which they entered
the harbor and, strong in the added confidence of numbers, the serried
host, some forty companies abreast, sweeps over the spit in unison—a
beautiful and impressive sight. Some five minutes later, a second move-
ment of a similar nature is organized by half as many birds remaining;
while a third wave, containing only a hundred or so of laggards, leaves
the harbor destitute of Scaups.
Before the advent of the white man, the Indians had methods of
their own for obtaining these abundant fowls in wholesale quantities.
According to Suckley, long nets were stretched from pole to pole along
these narrow sand-spits just before the evening exodus, and the birds, not
having been molested upon entering their feeding grounds, fell easy victims
1S09
The Lesser Scaup Duck
as they endeavored to breast the spit at sunset. Fire hunting was also a
favorite method. The ducks, at rest upon the water after nightfall, and
dazzled by the glare of a light at the bow of a canoe, allowed themselves
to be clubbed or speared by the unseen foe.
Scaups have never been in great demand as market ducks. Even in
the heyday of San Francisco restaurant life, they used to sell as low as a
dollar a dozen wholesale. In the fall when they are grass-fed and fat, they
are not such bad eating, but as the season advances the birds depend more
and more upon a diet of shell-fish gleaned from the bottom of the bay, to-
gether with a liberal admixture of more or less “‘rich’”’ mud. As a result,
the flavor of a Bluebill in February discourages repetition.
No. 359
Lesser Scaup Duck
A. O. U. No. 149. Marila affinis (Eyton).
Synonyms.—LesseEr Scaup. LitrLE BLACKHEAD. BLUEBILL, (ETC., sharing
names applied to preceding form).
Description.—-Adult male: Similar to preceding, but smaller; the head not
glossed with green,—violet or purplish instead. Adult female: Distinguishable from
that of M. marila only by smaller size. Length 381-431.8 (15.00-17.00); wing 203.2
(8.00); tail 58.4 (2.30); bill 41.9 (1.65); tarsus 35.6 (1.40).
Recognition Marks.—See preceding species; smaller.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: A slight depression in ground
in heavy grass, near water, lined scantily with grass-stems and trash and plentifully
with down. Down: Brownish dusky with obscure whitish centers. Eggs: 6-10;
pale greenish olive-buff (dull yellowish glaucous) to light grayish olive. Av. size
56.5 x 39.5 (2.22 x 1.56); index 70. Season: June.
General Range.—North America. Breeds from the Yukon Valley and northern
Mackenzie south to northern Washington, southern Montana, Colorado, northern
Iowa, northern Indiana, and northern Ohio. Winters on the Pacific Coast from
British Columbia, interiorly from Colorado and the Great Lakes; and on the Atlantic
Coast from New Jersey south to the Lesser Antilles, the Gulf Coast, and Panama.
Distribution in California.—Abundant migrant and winter resident, chiefly
coastwise, but also wherever open water offers. _Non-breeding stragglers are found in
summer; and the species has bred on the reservoirs of San Francisco County.
Authorities.—Gambel (Fuligula mariloides), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser.
2, 1., 1849, p. 226 (Calif.); McAtee, U. S. Dept. Agric., Biol. Surv. Circular no. 81,
I9II, pp. 1, 8 (food); J. Mailliard, Condor, vol. xvil., 1915, p. 235 (breeding in Golden
Gate Park, San Francisco).
POSSIBLY the Creator may love the Lesser Scaup Duck, because
He has made a great many of them. At any rate, mediocrity seems to be
ISTO
Lesser Scaups
From a photograph by the Author
Taken on Stow Lake
The Lesser Scaup Duck
the mark of the breed, and their instincts are even more commonplace
than their appearance. Any one who has seen them gather in excited mobs
to contest with the gulls the flotsam of outfall sewers, as at Santa Barbara
or Hyperion, will scarcely inquire why they are absent from the bill of
fare at the
game din- SRL SERN Ia CB a WL a a To
ner. The
[Eensi sie or
Si@aiuipieus
welcome, for
allil Ost wis,
E® imnmelk
around in all
the brackish
ponds and =
backyard
puddles of = ~ =
Our coast. Taken on Stow Lake, San Francisco Photo by the Author
54 LESSER SCAUPS
IBWwem Aine TWO FEMALES, LEFT; TWO MALES, RIGHT
mated scav-
engers are more pleasant to the eye than bobbing tin cans or stranded
shoes. But as a candidate for table honors, nevaztre.
The Lesser Scaups are very much more abundant in the South than
their larger kinsmen. They are more largely represented on bodies of
fresh water, and, by the same token, a little less given to off-shore duty.
They are more venturesome, or more confiding, and they explore all
available shallows, while their cousins are likely to be diving in deep
waters. At resting time, however, they have the same habit of crowding
thickly together upon open water, “‘rafting,’’ and at such a time they may
be thousands strong. If there is a bit of a breeze going, or if they are in
dangerous territory, so that there is any likelihood of drifting ashore, the
sleeping birds will keep up a leisurely motion with one foot, describing
thereby little restful circles upon the water, all with the head tucked under
wing, and thoughts in dreamland.
No bird is quicker to avail itself of protection than the Bluebill.
Wherever the laws forbid shooting from the wharves or upon the water-
ways, there Scaups make themselves at home; and in those places where
they are not even frightened, as by idle stone-throwers, they become
almost as tame as domestic ducks. It goes without saying, then, that
Scaups are the most unsuspicious beneficiaries of such protected areas
as Eastlake and Westlake Parks in Los Angeles, or Lake Merritt in Oak-
land. Thousands of these birds take refuge on the last-named body of
ISTL
The Ring-necked Duck
water, and their innocent gambols repay a hundredfold the self-denial
practiced by Oakland’s citizens. On Stow Lake, Golden Gate Park,
Scaups crowd up with Mud-hens to snatch tidbits from the proffered
hand; and instances are cited where Lesser Scaups, presumably wing-
tipped birds, unable to perform the northern migrations, have remained
to breed, both on Lake Merced and on Stow Lake. These have brought
off chicks a thousand miles south of any other known breeding station, but
whether they have succeeded in bringing their young to maturity under
such trying circumstances, we do not know.
No. 360
Ring-necked Duck
A. O. U. No. 150. Marila collaris (Donovan).
Description.—Adult male: Head and neck sooty and lustrous black, with
slight greenish and strong violet-purple iridescence; a short dense occipital crest;
extreme chin white; a broad chestnut collar not clearly defined; fore-neck, breast,
and upperparts, rich, deep, brownish black, glossed with purplish on the breast, with
green on the longer scapulars and tertiaries, minutely dotted with white on the scap-
ulars; lower breast and belly white, becoming purplish on crissum and flanks; a
transverse bar of white on sides of breast continuous with underparts; sides
minutely vermiculated dusky and white (as many as a hundred bars to the inch);
wing-coverts grayish brown, becoming dull glossy green on posterior portion; speculum
ashy gray tipped with brownish dusky, and bordered interiorly with bluish gray of
outer tertials; axillars and lining of wings white. Bill black, narrowly pale bluish at
base, and crossed by band of same color near tip; feet dull blue with dusky webs; iris
yellow. Adult female: Black of male replaced by brown,—dark umber brown on
crown and upperparts, warm yellowish brown on breast and sides, paling on sides of
head and neck to white on throat and whitish about base of bill; belly less clearly or
extensively white; wing much as in male. Length 406.4-457.2 (16.00-18.00); av. of six
males: wing 191.5 (7.54); tail 57.4 (2.26); bill 47.8 (1.88); tarsus 35.3 (1.39). Females
somewhat smaller.
Recognition Marks.—Between Mallard and Teal size; short occipital crest?
chestnut collar; white chin; transverse white bar on breast and wavy-barred sides of
male serve to distinguish this bird from the other ‘‘Blackheads,”’ which it superficially
resembles. Peculiar yellowish brown of sides distinctive for female.
Nesting.— Nest: On the ground near grassy marshes or in tussock surrounded
by water. Eggs: 6 to 12; olive-buff. Av. size 58 x 41 (2.28 x 1.61). Season: June.
General Range.—North America. Breeds in the Pacific region from British
Columbia to northern California; and in the interior from northern Alberta and northern
Manitoba to the Dakotas, northern Iowa, and southern Wisconsin. Winters abun-
dantly on the Gulf Coast, and from British Columbia, southern Illinois and New
Jersey, south to Porto Rico and Guatemala.
Distribution in California.—Rare winter resident, formerly much more
common. Grinnell has listed fifteen records of occurrence, and I have recorded it
TS8I2
weter, and their mnocent gambols repay a hundredfold the self-denial
peacticed by Oakland's citizens. On Stow -Lake, Golden Gate Park,
Severs crime ip with Mud-hens. to snatch tidbits from the proffered —
Hane: aul instances are cited where Lesser Scaups, presumably wing~
meyer twede, unable to perform the northern migrations, have remained
“:, pies, both on Lake Merced and on Stow Lake. These have brought
oof Aces 4 Vaoussnd miles south of any other known breeding station, but
hate beve succeeded in bringing their young to maturity under
“eireetances, we do not know. o.8
Ro, 360
Ring-necked Duck
ee 4 jan Maris eelfaris (Donovan).
teenpstption.—~ duit wick; Mead and’ neck ‘sooty and lustrous black, with
Se i, ag violet-parple: irilescence; a short dense occipital crest;
siadt chestnut collar nat clearly defined; fore-neck, breast,
a ah
travisverse bar of) white oa sideskgl Sbreast continuous with underparts; sides |
:
minmnicty versyicyiated dasky aad x
wing-coverts gavish brawn, becomiga ddl glossy green on posterior portion; speculum
ashy gray tipped with leownish deekyjsand bordered interiorly with bluish gray of —
auter terials: uxiliars and Heine ao white. Bill black, narrowly pale bluish at
hase, aid crossed by band of same Gddor Hear tip; feet-dull blue with dusky webs; iris |
yellow, Adali femaic: Tack of wnge-geplaced by brown,—dark umber brown om
cian ned sppecaets. wars yelion tah Brown on breast and sides, paling on sides of
head and seck 16 white on (host 2) Mhitish about base of bill; belly less clearly or ~
extensively whbies wite jouw Ws ioe ise Length 406.4-457.2 (16.00-18.00); av. of six
aaa: Wing Wyle ip Rely Sal Spd (PG, tall 47.8 (1.88); tarsus 35.3 (1.39). Females —
3
amieas sia ety
Rakes «-~ Teiert Faltard and Teal size; short occipital crest?
fig oh ckvaveorse wblve bar on breast and wavy-barred sides of
« the other ‘Blackheads,’’ which it superficially —
§ ies distinctive for female. Dae
“of gear geassy marshes or in tussock surrounded :
ie size S8 x 4h (2.28 x 1.61). Season: June,”
sss, -Breeds in the Pacific region from British
is ihe ieperier from northern Alberta and northe
Manche. 2 ieee eee. wed southern Wisconsin. Winters abun-
deny on the Salt Copah,. 27 we Petich Celambia, southern Mlinois and. New
ferses, suwth th Pores Mam anel Coetieraig, ; ; aan
iMareitutien bs Clailferdia-~Raze sinter resident, formerly much \mor
nomenon, Cudunetll has feted fifteen records of eceurrence, and 1 have retorded W
"Genera! Renee
he - fae,
rBre
The Ring-necked Duck
nine times at Santa Barbara (Nov. 4 to Jan. 4). Has bred at Eagle Lake, and probably
elsewhere in the northeastern plateau region.
Authorities.—Henshaw (Fuligula collaris), Rep. Orn. Wheeler Surv., 1877, p.
1321 (Lake Tahoe); Sheldon, Condor, vol. ix., 1907, p. 187 (Eagle Lake, breeding);
Hollister, Auk, vol. xxxvi., 1919, p. 460 (crit.; syst.).
AN AIR OF romantic mystery still haunts the appearance of this
bird, which is persistently rated one of the rarities of California duckdom.
Western bird-lovers for the most part understand that it is a privilege
even to see a bird of this species, however fleetingly; but it is a bit pedantic
in the authors of ““Game Birds of California’ to speak of “more than
fifteen different records,’’ when Sheldon found them breeding in numbers
on Eagle Lake in Lassen County, and Belding had shot specimens re-
peatedly and rated it “fairly common” in central California. I saw a
small flock, usually of seven individuals, for five successive winters in a
certain cove of Laguna Blanca near Santa Barbara; but this refuge was
deserted immediately after its unfortunate desecration by gun-fire, Dec.
6, 1914. Only once thereafter, viz., on Dec. 26, 1914, did this species, to
my knowledge, put in even a momentary appearance.
The center of the Ring-neck’s abundance in the breeding season lies
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
WHERE THE RING-NECKS USED TO WINTER
TSI3
The American Golden-eye
between northern Minnesota or Dakota and Athabasca Lake. A second-
ary breeding range occurs in the Upper Sonoran trough between the
Sierro-Cascade and Rocky Mountain System. From the former area the
birds retire in winter to the Gulf Coast, where they are rated locally as
the most abundant duck. From the intra-mountain area the birds, pre-
sumably, retreat to the lakes of Mexico, leaving only a tithe of their
very modest numbers to cross the low divides of northeastern California
in a normal southerly direction.
The Ring-necked Duck bears a general resemblance to the Lesser
Scaup, with which also it occasionally mingles.
Unlike the Scaup, it is never seen in large flocks, seldom in companies
of above a dozen or twenty individuals, and single birds are more fre-
quently encountered than in the case of any other species. The bird
shuns the open water, so much frequented by Blue-bills, and is seldom or
never seen on salt water, not even on the tide-water marshes. In flight
the individuals of a flock scatter widely, and they are likely to become
still further separated as they feed in the rushes and deeper growth of the
swamps and interior lakes. Here they subsist upon crayfish, snails,
frogs, insects, and the various sorts of seeds which drop into the water
from overhanging vegetation.
When surprised, the Ring-neck rises upon softly whistling wings, and
beats a rapid retreat, while you notice the loose occipital feathers, ruffled
by fear into a bushy crest, and observe that there is no white on the head,
to cause confusion with other crested species.
Of the possible breeding of the bird within the confines of this State,
we have only the brief statement! of Mr. Harry H. Sheldon, who visited
Eagle Lake in late June, 1905: ‘‘Many seen in pairs, or old with young;
always close to shore and not as shy as other ducks; inhabits the lake
margins where many dead trees lie in the water. Often seen perched on
limbs of dead pines above the water.”’
No. 361
American Golden-eye
A. O. U. No. 151. Glaucionetta clangula americana (Bonaparte).
Synonyms.—GOoLDEN-EYE. \WHISTLER. GARROT.
Description.—Adult male: Head and upper neck black, with a greenish gloss
above and on sides; a circular white spot at base of upper mandible on side, but not
reaching upper angle of bill; lower neck all around, underparts, the middle and greater
1 Condor, Vol. IX., Nov., 1907, p. 189.
18T4
The American Golden-eye
wing-coverts, the inner secondaries, and outer scapulars, centrally, pure white; remain-
ing upperparts black, the white scapulars being black-bordered, and the feathers of
sides similarly black-bordered along upper margin of the region, and on the lower
margin of the elongated posterior feathers; lower belly mottled with dusky. Bill
black; feet orange with dusky webs and claws; iris orange-yellow. Adult female:
Head deep snuff-brown, without white spot; the color not reaching so far down on the
neck as black of male; remaining black of male generally replaced by grayish dusky;
sides of breast, chest, and sides more or less overlaid, or underlaid, with the same;
white of wing interrupted by dusky gray, mostly confined to inner secondaries and
adjacent tertiaries. Bill varied with orange. Young male: Like adult female, but
darker and with increasing indications of loral white spot. Adult male length 457.2-
584.2 (18.00-23.00); wing 233.7 (9.20); tail 88.9 (3.50); bill along culmen 34.3 (1.35);
bill from frontal angle to tip 48.3 (1.90); depth of upper mandible from frontal angle
to tomia 23.4 (.92); from anterior margin of white spot to anterior angle of nostril
24.1 (.95); from anterior angle of nostril to tip of bill 20.3 (.80); tarsus 38.1 (1.50).
Female length about 419.1 (16.50); other dimensions proportionately smaller.
Recognition Marks.—Mallard size; black and white coloration; round white
spot at base of bill on side; bright yellow eyes.
Nesting.— Nest: In hollow or decayed tree or stub, lined with grass and
down. Eggs: 6 to 15; dull greenish gray (between mineral-gray and tea-green).
Av. size 59.7 x 43.2 (2.35 x 1.70). Season: May 10—-June 20; one brood.
Range of Glaucionetta clangulan>—Northern Hemisphere, breeding in Arctic and
sub-Arctic regions; wintering south to Persia, northern India, Japan, and Mexico.
Range of G. c. americana.—Breeds from central Alaska, northern Mackenzie,
central Keewatin, northern Ungava, and Newfoundland, south to northern tier of
states. Winters from the Aleutians, Utah, Nebraska, Minnesota, and the northern
tier of eastern states south to Florida, central Mexico, and southern California.
Distribution in California.—Fairly common winter resident, chiefly coast-
wise. Rare south to Point Conception. Numerous interior ‘‘records,’’ but these
in themselves indicative of rarity.
Authorities.—Baird (Bucephala americana), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. ix.,
1858, p. 796 (Bodega; San Francisco); Lamb, Condor, vol. xiv., 1912, p. 34 (Mohave
Desert); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 25 (status in s. Calif.).
OF ALL wing-music, from the droning of the Rufous Hummer to the
startling whirr of the Ruffed Grouse, I know of none so thrilling sweet as
the whistling wing-note of the Golden-eye. A pair of the birds have been
frightened from the water, and as they rise in rapid circles to gain a view
of some distant goal, they sow the air with vibrant whistling sounds.
Owing to a difference in wing-beats between male and female, the brief
moment when the wings strike in unison with the effect of a single bird
is followed by an ever-changing syncopation, which challenges the waiting
ear to tell if it does not hear a dozen birds instead of only two. Again,
in the dim twilight of early morning, while the birds are moving from a
remote and secure lodging place to feed in some favorite stretch of wild
water, one guesses at their early industry from the sound of multitudinous
wings above, contending with the cold ether.
TST5
The American Golden-eye
The American Golden-eye is of fairly regular but not frequent occur-
rence in the coastal waters of California as far southas Monterey. From
that point southward its appearance is noteworthy, but we have seen it at
Santa Barbara, and there are several Los Angeles County records. These
birds are lovers of clear water and dashing spray, hence the marshes and
“evaporating pans”’ of our great central valleys have small attraction for
them. Our mountain lakes doubtless would claim their attention in win-
ter, if they did not persist in freezing over. And we cannot but speculate
upon the reason for their total absence from these lakes in summer, since
the birds are very tolerant of cold, and nest under quite similar circum-
stances in British Columbia or northern Washington.
Golden-eyes associate in small flocks, usually of not more than eight
or ten individuals; and because of the prominence of their snowy plumage
they find themselves obliged to maintain a wary lookout wherever found.
The birds, the males at least, ride high upon the water, yet they dive with
extraordinary ease and wrest most of their living from the depths. On
salt water the birds venture up on shore as often as they dare, and it is to be
feared that they are not fastidious in the matter of their food. Mussels,
crabs, and marine worms are commonly eaten, and that bugaboo of north-
ern beaches, the decayed salmon, is also greedily devoured, so that the
birds are usually unfit for culinary consideration.
Though not a breeding bird of California, our interest in the Golden-
eye’s family life will have been aroused by the extraordinary antics of
courtship which are incidental to late winter. After the male has bobbed
and wheezed and thrown his head backward in violent protestations, a re-
ciprocal passion is confessed, and the pair sets off for some sheltered lakelet
of the North where timber abounds. A cavity in a decaying stump or an
old woodpecker’s hole, necessarily that of the Pileated Woodpecker for so
large a tenant, is chosen, and the bottom of the hole, whether near or
remote, is filled with eggs. According to Brewster, these are often piled
in two layers or set on end, ‘“‘packed in so closely that it is as difficult to
remove the first as to take a book from a tightly filled shelf.”” But these
are cushioned as well as buried in an abundance of light gray down. The
down coverlet is drawn closely over as often as the female is obliged to
absent herself for food, and no harm comes to the eggs even in the sharp
air of northern Alberta.
When the youngsters are hatched they are either allowed to spill
out upon the ground, or into the water, if the nest is so fortunately placed;
or else they are transported upon the back of the mother bird, clutch-
ing tightly at the ruffled feathers of the neck with their tiny bills. Or
else—testimony is explicit upon this point—the chicks are picked up
and carried by the maternal beak. Or else—this sounds fishy, and I
TSIO
the American flolden-eve
° Be Aewetnan Goldeneye is of fairly regular but not frequent oceur- —
conga: tan Ess enuseal waters of California as far south as Monterey. From —
Pkt OFA coutieata 1s appearance is noteworthy, but we have seen it at
Meena Hserbara, and Were are several Los Angeles County records. These
hehe Gre overs oi iedr water and dashing spray, hence the marshes and
en meaee pans ob oT great central valleys have small attraction for
oe ‘pie tees doubtless would claim their attention in win-
sgermted inv feeezing over. And we cannot but speculate, ©
uc tw hots fecal almence from these lakes im summer, since —
. Sveeuet, of etd, and west under quite similar circum-
+. @erthern Washington. }
wall Hocks, usually of not more than eight
nan os the prominence of their snowy plumage
so ynvatatein a wary lookout wherever found.
de high upon the water, yet they dive with
«: of their living from the depths. One
shore as often as they dare, and itis to be —
Yeus in the matter of their food. Mussels, —
sre commonly eaten, and that bugaboo of north=
Ave ved salmon. is also greedily devoured, so that the —
ynst foe culimagy gonsideration.
, breectitng bird Bi California, our interest in the Golden-
have beengarpused by the extraordinary antics of
« inedental tBlaze winter, After the male has bobbed ~
‘hrawn his hede b§ckward in violent protestations, a re,
sees, atub@h@ pair sets off for some sheltered lakelet
tor abouts] A cavity in a decaying stump or am
aocesaary. an of the Pileated Woodpecker for so”
and Hesbottom of the hole, whether near.or
feces to Brewster, these are often piled
_ “packed in so closely that it is as difficult to —
nook Goma tightly filled shelf.” But these -
st ian an almendance of light gray down. The
aver as often as the female is obliged to ”
« comes to the eggs even in the sharp
‘chet they are either allowed to spill.
eater. if the nest is so fortunately placed,
an back of the mother bird, clutch-
= rhe aeck with their tiny bills. OF
« weintcthe chicks are picked up
fo» -lse-this sounds fishy, and 4
The Barrow Golden-eye
profess my own scepticism—the youngsters are transported upon the
parents’ feet.
The imagination cannot but follow the adventures of children so
romantically cradled and so magically whisked about by fairy flying car-
pets (whatever the precise method of attachment thereto). If we had to be
a duck, we would elect to have golden eyes and to chase mischievous water
bugs through limpid icy pools, while nodding little fir trees looked on and
applauded. I am sure, too, that clangula’s bright-eyed offspring do enjoy
their youthful hours. A group of four which we sighted on a lake of
northern Washington! were no sooner made out than they paddled over in
our direction, as curious as we were. When their curiosity was satisfied,
the jolly quartette resumed their interrupted sport, which seemed to con-
sist of a spirited game of tag. Now the ducklings splashed and floundered
over the surface of the water, and now they took wing, circling the valley
half a dozen times in breathless pursuit. After this they returned sud-
denly to plunge into the water, and so carried on the unending chase in
its emerald depths—all as happy as children in grandpa’s old barn.
No. 362
Barrow’s Golden-eye
A. O. U. No. 152. Glaucionetta islandica (Gmelin).
Synonyms.—WHIsTLER. GaArRROT. Rocky MouNTAIN GARROT.
Description.—Adult male: Similar to preceding species, but gloss of head
strongly blue-black or purplish; a triangular loral white spot continuous with .base of
bill on sides and exceeding it above and below; white wing-patch crossed by transverse
bar of black; and white of scapulars somewhat less extensive; tip of bill surrounding
nail orange. Adult female: Presenting only trifling differences from that of the pre-
ceding species; bill of slightly different proportions, averaging stubbier and with
slightly broader nail; the tips of the greater coverts blackish. Size of preceding, but
averaging nearer the larger dimensions. Upper mandible from frontal angle to edge
of tomia 23.4 (.92); from anterior margin of white spot to anterior angle of nostril
22.4 (.88); from anterior angle of nostril to tip of bill 16.3 (.64)—male. Similar
dimensions of female: 19.8 (.78); 19.1 (.75); 17.8 (.70).
Recognition Marks.—Mallard size; black and white coloration; triangular,
or open-wing-shaped white spot at base of bill on side; head with purplish gloss.
Female like preceding,—distinguishable with certainty only by blackish tips of greater
coverts.
Nesting.— Vest: In “spouts” or other hollows of trees, lined with grass and
trash and white down. Eggs: 6 to 14; greenish gray (between mineral-gray and tea-
green). Av. size 62-7 x 43 (2.47 x 1.71). Season: June.
1 These may very possibly have been voung Barrow Golden-eyes (G. islandica).
S17
The Barrow Golden-eye
General Range.—Northern North America and Iceland. Breeds from south
central Alaska and northwestern Mackenzie, south in the mountains to northern
California and Colorado, and from northern Ungava (and occasionally Greenland)
south to central Quebec. Winters along the coast from southeastern Alaska to Cali-
fornia, and from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to New England; in the interior keeps to
the edge of the ice line or well within it. Casual in Europe.
Distribution in California.—Rare winter visitor at the lower levels south at
least to San Francisco Bay. Probably an occasional breeder in the high Sierras (the
Grand Cirque, extreme northern Fresno County, June 29, 1919).
Authorities.—Henshaw (Bucephala islandica), Rep. Orn. Wheeler Surv., 1876,
p. 274 (San Francisco markets); Littlejohn, Condor, vol. xiv., 1912, p. 41 (Redwood
City); Brooks, Auk, vol. xxxvii., 1920, p. 356, pls. and figs. (criteria for distinguishing
Clangula islandica).
THE DISTRIBUTION of Barrow’s Golden-eye is very singular and
is still imperfectly understood. Coinciding in large measure with that of
G. clangula americana, it nevertheless exhibits such eccentric departures,
that we cannot determine from its present outlines where the species
originated, or when or how it encountered the rival form. For example,
islandica breeds commonly in Iceland and, more sparingly, in the Rocky
Mountains as far south as southern Colorado, and in the Cascades to
central Oregon. Both species press the limit of trees upon the north,
and are restrained therein only by their common necessity of hollow trees
large enough for nesting purposes. Again, if anything, the Barrow’s
Golden-eye is a little the hardier of the two, and scarcely deserts its
southern breeding range before the oncoming of winter. Its appearance,
therefore, in central California is decidedly out of the ordinary, being
determined apparently by unusually severe conditions in the northern
interior.
Barrow’s Golden-eye is one of the wariest of ducks. It shares with
loons and grebes all the traditions of being able to dive at the flash
of a gun; and the ease with which it can maintain itself in the midst
of a comparatively hostile country is a tribute to both its agility and
astuteness.
While the bird’s rarity in this State precludes our further considera-
tion, it is not at all impossible that zs/andica may yet be recorded as a
breeder upon some of our higher lakes. In support of this speculation,
in which also the authors! of ‘‘Game Birds of California’ join me, I can
only cite the case of a bird observed June 30, 1919, upon one of the tiny
ice-bound lakes of the Grand Cirque (alt. 11,000 ft.) in extreme north-
eastern Fresno County. The bird was a female, or else a male in eclipse
plumage (if there is such a thing in this species).
! Messrs. Grinnell, Bryant and Storer; see ‘‘Game Birds of California,” p. 176.
ISIS
* axincel Roaiee—-Nerthern North America and Vestavia! Breeds from aia
ea) sorciwcuiera Mackenzie, south in the mountains to northern —
ferie. eed fron: northern Ungava (and occasionally Greenland) —
“tee. Wisrers sianw the coast from southeastern Alaska to Cali-
eon dey TC af Ad. Lawrence te New England; in the interior keeps to- >
AB iil Mets sang! wey g7mne i. Casualin Europe, Mil
Ras late, te Pe eccpininl Rare winter visitor at the ee revels south Pao
i 4; sy at eccastonal breeder in the high Sierras ne
County, Tune 29, 1919). :
iMandice}, Rep. Orn. Wheeler Surv., 1876,
oie, Sandor, vol. xiv., 1912, p. 41 (Redwood
as*, als. and figs. (criteria for distinguishing ~~
ot Pigrrew's Gelden-eye is very singular and
« eiaciding in large measure with that of ©
+ @heiess exhibits such eccentric departures,
‘oom its present outlines where the species —
ae 277
ina >
Da ee ts ale
nent it ee :
, ait we nod gravely from time
iar there are matters which are
orstand in a measure how the. par-.
«1 the snipe like dead grass, but who
noid lngic ow Une Harlequin acquired his fantastic
must have been in this wise. The first Harlequin, before
ve a Harlequin, that is, was of a nearly uniform slate color, with some
‘tet ot dul cinnamon. But, clas in this somber garb, folks mistook him
i# | Seat, which were a misfortune indeed for such a dainty creature.
enn en te desperation he sought out Mother. Nature and begged to be
fas erouched. This the good dame, being _ whimsical mood, consented -
te din, She seized a bash dariequl equin Duc t of paint, which happened
ty be white, and gave her disAbout#dife sizbject, between fits of laughter,
meity daubs and slashes with i. ten to a side, sending him forth at the
brit ob wety---Harlequin.
Seviomsly, it is dificule to detect the razson d'etre of this eccentric |
it js barely possiide thet # does afford its owner an exact pro-
Siiong the turbodent, sin-flecked waters of its summer home:
is ctiet 3 jas made the bird as frequent a subject
hz ee
. ie PRE allowed,
: Bh Hie #2 of our apprebension of the Pree
rt ae i: cevtam that the Harlequin is so very |
; she coclusion of the wildest mountain
*h iv “he Arctic coast, it has at least
conver, So accurate, Maca:
i es AS haunting ‘hape or a flash of its equ 1
giana ies rit t sstantts at cea and only aie glimpaes
The Harlequin Duck
knowledge of. A baby Harlequin is as thoroughly at home in wild waters
asa baby trout. The trout we may seduce with worm or fly, but until we
have devised an equally interesting method for attracting young Harle-
quins, our meetings are likely to be infrequent.
How abundant these Harlequins must really be—somewhere,—I
learned from a summer cruise in the waters of Puget Sound, or more ac-
curately, Washington Sound, between northern Washington and British
Columbia. Here, in June, I found the Harlequins, manifestly non-breed-
ing birds, in astonishing numbers. Sometimes to the number of 500 at
once we found them playing about the numerous rocks and islets of an ex-
tensive archipelago. When surprised on such an occasion, the sound of the
bird’s rising was like the sound of a storm upon the water. A precisely
similar situation, we are told, exists about the islands in northern Alaskan
waters,—the Shumagins, the Pribilovs, and the Aleutians; and, in fact,
though to a very much lesser degree, down our own coast to Monterey.
Yet these hosts are mere aggregations of summer idlers, non-breeders,
immature birds—they do not attain full plumage until their third year,
according to Coues—and aged adults. How much greater, therefore,
must be the sum of those normal birds which contemporaneously are lost
in the fastnesses of our western mountains!
We found the summer crowd care-free and playful. Their feeding
seems to be largely confined to the kelp-beds, and is both by tipping and
diving. It is fair to surmise, therefore, that they subsist chiefly upon the
mollusks and small crustaceans which attach themselves to the floating
leaves of this plant. When undisturbed the birds sit jauntily upon the
water, with partly ruffled crests and with active tails, noticeable for length;
but when the word of caution has been passed around, they lie motionless,
with the feathers of the head close down and the tail depressed. They are
somewhat given to charging about the rocks on exploratory tours and
sallies, but they seldom pass the gunner a second time, and have no re-
luctance to exchange one feeding ground for another.
In autumn these nesophilic flocks are augmented by the return of the
breeding birds, and there is evidence of a slight retreat to more southern
latitudes. In winter, also, there is some little show of birds upon interior
waters. But, at best, the impression of Harlequin’s rarity can be removed
only by a visit to the secluded islets of northern archipelagoes.
That the Harlequin has nested and still nests in the central Sierras
is but another evidence of the exceeding hospitality of this favored region.
That its eggs are still unfound in California is a pleasant challenge to the
rising generation, and a pledge, by no means solitary, that ornithological
interest will not flag in this State of extremest contrasts.
We are chiefly indebted to Mr. Lyman Belding for such information as
1827
The King Eider
we possess. In “Game Birds of California’ Belding says: ‘I have
noticed many of these ducks on the principal streams of Calaveras and
Stanislaus Counties in summer in each of the past six or seven years,
and sent a juvenile to the Smithsonian which I shot here in 1879 or 1880.
I find young broods from about 4000 feet upward, the earliest apparently
hatched about the first of June or earlier, and have often surprised the
mother ducks with their broods when hidden in Saxifrage (S. peltata),
which grows profusely in parts of the mountain streams, sometimes ap-
proaching within a few feet of the brood ere I alarmed it, when all would
hurriedly swim from me, vigorously using both feet and wings to propel
themselves against or with the rapid currents, not hesitating to tumble
over a moderate-sized cataract when anxious to escape from danger, or
even, when following the stream, without such impetus.”’
Mr. Belding further testifies that the Harlequin Ducks have been
greatly reduced in numbers within his knowledge. Fishermen, who
annually visit these streams in increasing numbers, have wantonly or
jealously slaughtered these wonderful birds until their doom seems well
nigh fixed. And yet, it is said, trout form no large proportion of the
Harlequin’s food, if indeed they are indulged in at all. Really now,
wouldn’t it be better if our piscivorous friends would consent to leave
their guns at home? The Harlequins wouldn’t hurt them then!
No. 366
King Eider
A. O. U. No. 162. Somateria spectabilis (Linnzus).
Description.—Adult male: Top of head and occiput broadly glaucous blue;
extreme frontal area and region about base of bill on sides black; a A-shaped black
mark on chin and a dab of black below and behind eye; sides of head broadly light
green (glass-green to absinthe-green); remainder of chin and neck all around white,
the color continued well down on back, but becoming clouded with gray; breast broadly
cream-buff; a patch on wing including lesser and middle coverts, and a patch on side
of rump, white; wing-linings whitish; remainder of plumage sooty black. Irides
yellow; bill orange-red; feet reddish with dusky webs. ‘‘In adult male, in breeding
season, the bill develops immense rounded or squarish lateral frontal processes, bulging
high out of line with rest of bill; these processes are soft, and, moreover, depend for
their prominence upon development of a mass of fatty substance upon which they
are supported; they shrink and become depressed in winter, when the general formation
of the parts is not very different from that of other Eiders’’ (Cowes). Adult female:
Head pattern of male dimly outlined in brownish and dusky, the top of head clear
dark brown (mummy-brown to sepia), the sides of head cinnamon-buff, speckled with
dusky; remaining plumage sooty blackish above, lighter below, pale buffy finely barred
TS28
The King Eider
or vermiculated with dusky. Length about 558.8 (22.00); wing 279.4 (11.00); tail
101.6 (4.00); bill along culmen only 31.75 (1.25), but along gape 57.15 (2.25).
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: Of down, on rough ground,
or among rocks, near the sea. Eggs: 4 to 6; dull water-green or greenish olive-gray.
Avy. size 74.6 x 49.6 (2.94 x 1.95); index 66.3. Season: June.
General Range.—Northern part of Northern Hemisphere. Breeds along the
Arctic coasts and islands of Siberia, Europe, and North America, and in Greenland.
Winters from southern Greenland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Long Island
and, rarely, to Georgia; in the interior rarely to the Great Lakes; and on the North
Pacific along the Aleutian Islands and casually south to coast of California.
Occurrence in California.—Casual, two records: ‘‘Black Point,’? San Fran-
cisco, winter of 1879-80 (Henshaw); the other from Suisun Marshes, winter 1902-3
(Loomis).
Authorities.—Henshaw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vol. v., 1880, p. 189 (San
Francisco).
EIDERS are among the hardiest of ducks in the far North; and they
are migratory only to the extent which the ice forces them out of
their summer haunts and drives them to the open seas. Their occurrence
anywhere south of Alaska is so rare as to be properly called accidental;
and the two California records, spaced twenty-two years apart, do not
justify our making particular inquiry as to the species.
Our chief interest in the Eider Duck attaches to its use of down in
lining its nests. Since it breeds under Arctic conditions, it is necessary
that the eggs be not exposed to the cold air during the absence of the
parent. Each day, therefore, as an egg is laid, in a grass-lined depression
on some moss-grown slope or small knoll well back from the sea-shore,
the bird plucks feathers from her breast; and when the set of six is com-
pleted and incubation begun, the eggs are quite buried in an abundance
of soft, slate-colored down. The Eiders of the Pacific do not colonize
as do S. mollissima, and others of the North Atlantic waters. The
gathering of the down has not, therefore, come to have much commercial
importance and may never reach the dimensions of a traffic. The
Aleuts and Eskimos are not ignorant of its uses, however, and the exploi-
tation of Alaska by the white man is bringing such resources as these into
aregrettable prominence. It is all very well for the natives to subsist, as
they have for centuries, upon the eggs of birds, and to clothe themselves
with their skins, but the wild life of Alaska cannot long bear up under
the strain imposed upon it by an army of gold-seekers.
7829
The American Scoter
No. 367
American Scoter
A. O. U. No. 163. Oidemia nigra americana Swainson.
Synonyms.—AMERICAN BLACK ScoTER. SEA Coot. BLAcK Coot.
Description.—Adult male: Entire plumage black, glossy and sooty; outline
of feathers at base of bill not peculiar; base of culmen (especially during breeding
season) swelled or knobbed,—the knob orange, the rest of the bill, including eyes,
black. Adult female and young: Sooty gray or fuscous whitening on belly, also on
throat, sides of head, and neck, where contrasting with dark fuscous of crown and nape;
outline of feathers at base of bill substantially as in male, but culmen not gibbous.
Length 457.2-558.8 (18.00-22.00); wing 228.6 (9.00); tail 76.2 (3.00); bill (chord of
culmen 43.2 (1.70); tarsus 45.7 (1.80).
Recognition Marks.—Mallard size; plumage solid black; female fuscous,
lightening below and on sides of neck; loral feathering not peculiar.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: On the ground in marshes
of the northern interior, and on the bluffs of the seacoasts; of grasses or dead leaves,
lined with feathers or down. Eggs: 6 to 10; pale ivory yellow. Av. size 64.8 x 45.7
(2.55 x 1.80).
Range of Oidemia nigra—Northern part of the Northern Hemisphere. Breeds
chiefly in sub-Arctic regions and migrates south in winter to the Baltic, the coasts
of western Europe, Japan, and New Jersey.
Range of O. 2. americana.—Northern North America and northeastern Asia.
Breeds in northeastern Siberia and from Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, south to the Aleu-
tians; also in the northeastern section of America south to Newfoundland. Winters
on the Asiatic Coast to Japan and from the islands of Bering Sea south diminishingly
to southern California; interiorly to the Great Lakes, and casually to Louisiana; on
the Atlantic Coast from Newfoundland to Maine, and decreasingly south even to
Florida.
Occurrence in California.—Not common winter visitor coastwise. Grinnell,
Bryant, and Storer record a dozen instances; and I have seen them five times at Santa
Barbara.
Authorities.—Newberry (Oidemia americana), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. vi.,
1857, p. 104 (San Francisco); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 26 (status
in s. Calif.); Dwight, Auk, vol. xxxi., 1914, p. 298, pls. (molts and plumages).
“SCAT!” says the housewife, when pussy starts to sharpen her claws
on the oleander tree, ‘‘S sss cat!’’ In some such way may have origi-
nated the commoner name of sea-coot—a hiss to start the uneasy fowl
in motion—‘‘Ssss you coot. S’coot!’’ whence, of course, Scooter and
Scoter, the bird that scoots. Whatever philologists may think of this
derivation, it has at least the virtue of plausibility, and we shall remember
that those ungainly black fowls which are forever getting in the way of
steamboats, and shuffling off with wheezy complaint, are Scooters.
Now and then, if we are watchful, we shall see a little company of black
7830
The White-winged Scoter
ducks which show no trace of white either on head or wing. And if
the black is black enough to assure us that we are looking at male birds,
and especially if we catch a glimpse of orange at the base of the upper
mandible, we may know that we are seeing the somewhat rare American
Scoter. These birds are very abundant in Alaskan waters, but they do
not venture south as often, nor in such numbers, as do the two succeeding
species. They are somewhat smaller than the other birds, but there is
nothing in habit or behavior to distinguish them during their summer
residence from their better known compeers. Like the latter, they have
a perverse habit of dallying in our waters through the summer season,
but we have no slightest reason to suppose that they nest anywhere
south of Alaska.
No. 368
White-winged Scoter
A. O. U. No. 165. Melanitta fusca dixoni (Brooks).
Synonyms.—WHITE-WINGED Coot. SEA Coot. ScooTer. AMERICAN VEL-
VET ScoTER. Brack Duck. Seuaw Duck. Fish Duck. CLAM DIGGER. SEA
Duck. Drxon’s ScCOTER.
Description.—Adult male: Speculum white; a white spot below and including
eye; entire remaining plumage deep brownish black; culmen gibbous at base, but
nearly covered by feathers which reach laterally almost to nostrils; loral feathering
usually, but not always, extending further forward than frontal feathers. Bill black,
varied by orange-red on lateral and terminal portions (but not on knob or edges).
Black less intense in winter. Adult female and immature: Plain dusky brown, a
little lighter below; and with two dull whitish spots on side of head, on lore, and ear-
coverts; speculum white; extension of loral feathers as in adult male, but bill only
slightly gibbous, and with less orange. Length 482.6-609.6 (19.00-24.00); wing 279.4
11.00); tail 82.6 (3.25); bill along culmen 40.6 (1.60); anterior margin of loral feathering
to tip of bill 39.4 (1.55); tarsus 50.8 (2.00).
Recognition Marks.—Mallard size or larger; plumage black or dark brown
(female); white wing-patch (speculum) distinctive.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: On the ground under a bush,
often at a considerable distance from water; lined heavily with twigs, dried plants,
and moss, with a few feathers and down. Eggs: 6 to 10; “pale salmon buff or flesh
color’ (Bent). Avy. size 68.1 x 46.5 (2.68 x 1.83). Season: Late June; one brood.
Range of Melanitta fusca.—Northern portion of Northern Hemisphere, south in
winter to the Black and Caspian seas, China, Lower California, and Florida.
Range of M. f. dixoni—Western North America and eastern Asia. Breeds
from northeastern Siberia, northern Alaska, and northern Mackenzie, south to north-
eastern Washington, Alberta, and northern North Dakota. Winters along the Asiatic
Coast to China and Japan; and on the Pacific Coast of America from Unalaska Island
to San Quentin Bay, Lower California; casually in the interior perhaps to Louisiana.
TS3T
The White-winged Scoter
Distribution in California.—Abundant migrant and winter resident along the
entire seacoast. The southward movement sets in in October and most of the north-
bound birds are cleared by May Ist; but a rather considerable population of non-
breeding birds tarries throughout the year.
Authorities.—Gambel (Cidemia fusca), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2,
i., 1849, p. 226 (Calif.); Bent, Auk, vol. xix., 1902, p. 171 (nesting habits, in N. D.);
Cooke, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull. no. 185, 1915, p. 21, map (migration route); Howell,
Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 42 (s. Calif. ids.).
THE SCOTERS are the characteristic salt-water ducks of middle
temperate latitudes, and in the aggregate they probably outnumber the
remaining winter residents of our coastal waters. Their exact distri-
bution is determined in part by the ‘‘fertility’’ of the beaches; in part by
the presence of kelp-beds; and especially by the outlines of favoring
reefs, mussel beds, and barnacle-covered rocks. Although not averse to
the open ocean, the birds frequent the quieter waters of bays and estua-
ries, which, naturally, yield a more abundant food supply. Thus, Hum-
boldt Bay, San Francisco Bay, Monterey Bay, and the lee-shores of the
Santa Barbara Islands are favorite places of resort. Brackish lagoons
claim their quota; but bodies of fresh water, even though near shore,
are seldom visited. I have, however, seen immature birds on several
occasions upon Laguna Blanca, which is fed by mountain springs. In
the interior, Scoters.are occasionally seen upon the larger bodies of water;
and they winter in numbers upon the Great Lakes.
Where the average distance of the resting bird from shore is not
determined by a line of breakers, it is likely to be a safe gun-shot. And
at that, few birds, save the Gulls, suffer much from the casual ‘“‘hunter,”’
the miscreant who goes down to the beach just to see what he can kill.
For one bird that is retrieved by the listless hunter, six are left to rot,
when finally cast up by the tide, or else to drag out a miserable exist-
ence to which a swift death were preferable.
The feeding of the Sea Coot is governed largely by the phases of the
tide; but it is probable that the night tides are more closely followed
than those which occur in daylight. At any rate the birds seem to spend
an enormous amount of time just resting, and we presume they must
make up for it by a night shift.
The Coots feed chiefly upon mussels, periwinkles, crustaceans, and
clams, with a little admixture of alge, or other vegetable matter. Mus-
sels and clams are devoured shells and all, up to a diameter of two inches
or more; and the bird’s digestion appears to be in no wise impaired by
this heroic diet. Its flesh, as a consequence, is rank, and judged unfit
for food, save by the equally heroic Indian. Yet to call the Scoter
flesh “‘fishy’’ is only to advertise our own ignorance. A straight diet of
1832
The White-winged Scoter
fish, it appears, rarely renders the diver unfit for human consumption.
Witness the Cormorant, which although an exclusive fish-eater and
repulsive enough in appearance, is really a sapid morsel.1 The flesh of
loons, bitterns, and herons, likewise, although not recommended for
diet, is certainly not fishy. It is rather the mixed diet of shellfish, marine
Taken off the Coast of Washington Photo by the Author
A “RAFT” OF SEA-FOWL, CHIEFLY WHITE-WINGED SCOTERS
worms, and mud which establishes the disagreeable flavor of Scoters,
Bluebills, and their ilk. This, in the case of the Scoter, may be reckoned
something of a misfortune, for a fat Sea-coot will weigh up to six or
seven pounds, thus exceeding the avoirdupois of the much larger Black
Brant.
Scoters have considerable difficulty in rising from the water, and, like
loons, require a good deal of sea-room. The feet assist the wings for
some moments as the birds are getting launched, and the laboring move-
ment of the wings gives rise to a murmuring sound, which is not unpleas-
ant to the ear. Indeed, a teeming bay, a-hum with the music of a
thousand flying Scoters, is an orchestra in itself and needs no help of
wind or wave to write its score upon the heart. It is of the sea, salty.
1Dr. C. W. Townsend, quoted—The Auk, Vol. XXXVI., Jan., 1919, p. 100.
1833
The White-winged Scoter
At the time of the bird’s maximum fatness, the flight of the Scoter is
but little more than an effort to keep out of the water, and it is abandoned
with evident relief. During migrations, however, the birds are capable
of rapid flight, moving as they do in straggling companies numbering
from a dozen to several hundred. Occasionally, the Scoters fall into
line, goose-fashion, and one looks twice to see if it be not, indeed, a flock
of passing Brant. If obliged to beat against the wind, as upon the
Pacific Ocean, the flock flies low, rising over the crest of each billow, and
disappearing in every hollow in order to get what shelter it may.
White-winged Scoters, migrating at a considerable height, as say 300
or 400 feet, are subject to a remarkable limitation. Upon hearing any
sudden noise, as the banging of oars against the side of a boat or the
discharge of a gun, they descend suddenly, as though to take refuge in
the water, their only trusted element. Hunters sometimes take advan-
tage of this weakness, and as the birds come tumbling out of the sky to
escape imagined thunderbolts, give them real ones.
Taken near Santa Cruz Island Photo by the Author
A CAT-NAP
IMMATURE WHITE-WIN OTER
1534 URE WHITE-WINGED SCOTE
The Surf Scoter
On a northern sand-spit, which is typical of hundreds lying between
us and Alaska, the White-winged Scoters are much hunted—not at all
for the excellence of their flesh, but because the supply is unfailing and
because of their interest as winged targets. The Scoters feed by hundreds
during the day in the harbor, but feel impelled to leave its uncertainties
toward nightfall and seek the safety of open water. The wiser birds
defer flight till well after dark, when law-abiding gunners have gone home.
During the passage of the sand-spit the unhappy birds are subjected to
a grilling fire, but none think of rising above danger. The path of the
first flock determines the point at which others will follow for the remain-
der of the evening. It is as though the word had been passed around that
the passage would be attempted at a certain point that night, and suc-
cessive platoons obey the general order in spite of persecution. The
flight is greatly quickened as the spit is approached, and should a flock
of experienced birds discover the gunner ahead of them, they do not
tower or swerve, but each in his course begins a frantic wriggling and
twisting, achieving thus a sort of cork-screw motion, which is really very
effective in upsetting the gunner’s calculations. In spite of the grim
tragedy of the thing, it is laughable to see the birds perform in this way,
like schoolboys before the uplifted lash.
No. 369
Surf Scoter
A. O. U. No. 166. Melanitta perspicillata (Linneus).
Synonyms.—Surr Duck. SEA Coot. Seuaw Duck, (ETC., as in preceding
species).
Description.—Adult male: A triangular patch on nape and a rounded patch
on forehead between eyes, shining white; remaining plumage glossy black, duller
below; frontal extension of feathers reaching nearly to nostril. Bill swollen at base
and singularly variegated in hue, pinkish white on sides, upon which a sharply defined
squarish patch of black, a line of brilliant carmine between this patch and base of bill,
culmen dark red shading into orange; under mandible orange and white; irides white;
feet orange-red, blackish on joints and webs. Adult female: Plumage sooty brown,
changing on underparts through grayish brown to silvery gray; no sign of white patches
of male, but two dull whitish areas on side of head, one buccal and one auricular (some-
times indistinct or even wanting). Bill blackish, scarcely swollen at base; frontal
feathering not so extended as in male; feet blackish tinged with orange-red. Immature
male: Like adult female, but patches on side of head more definitely white. Length
of adult: 457.2-533.4 (18.00-21.00); wing 228.6-254 (9.00-10.00); bill along gape 57.2-
63.5 (2.25-2.50); female averaging the smaller of these dimensions.
Recognition Marks.—Crow size; white patches on forehead and nape of male;
whitish patches on sides of head of female and young male distinctive.
The Surf Scoter
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: On ground in dense cover
near water; of grasses and feathers with abundant dusky down. Eggs: 5 to 8; dull
ivory-yellow or cream-colored. Av. size 60.96 x 43.2 (2.40 x 1.70). Season: Late
June.
General Range.—North America. Breeds on Arctic shores west to north-
western Mackenzie, and south to Great Slave Lake and northern Quebec, and from
Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, south to Sitka. Birds occurring in summer off the coast of
northeastern Siberia apparently do not breed; and non-breeders are found south on
both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of America in considerable numbers. Winters
on the Atlantic Coast from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, rarely to Florida; in the
interior regularly to the Great Lakes, and casually in Mississippi Valley south to
Louisiana; on the Pacific Coast from the Aleutians south to San Quentin Bay, Lower
California.
Distribution in California.—Abundant migrant and winter resident along the
entire coastline. A scattered population of non-breeders remains throughout the
summer.
Authorities.—Newberry (Oidemia perspicillata), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol.
vi., 1857, p. 104 (San Francisco); Dwight, Auk, vol. xxxi., 1914, p. 302, pls. (molts and
plumages); F. Mf. Bailey, Condor, vol. xvili., 1916, p. 109 (habits, s. Calif.).
THE PROW of any one of a thousand coasting steamers, ferries, or
river boats affords an ideal opportunity for the study of winter bird-life
in Pacific waters. Wanton shooting from such stations has been prac-
tically discontinued, so that knowing birds postpone flight till the last
moment at the approach of a steamboat. No birds are more frequently
encountered than the Scoters, Surf and White-winged; and it is a source
of never-ending enjoyment to observe their behavior on such occasions.
At first it is presumed that the boat will pass at a considerable dis-
tance. In default of this issue the birds decide to outswim it, and bend
low to their task. But the monster approaches. The Coots stop rowing
and wag their heads inquiringly from side to side. It certainly is coming.
Whatever shall we do? Finally, one bird pulls himself together and
begins to pound the water with his wings and feet. The rest follow suit
with much grumbling and wheezing, and soon they are really off, patter-
ing and scooting over the water. But Flagstaff’s wind gives out (and he
is the handsomest of the company). He is too fat to fly, and he gives up
after a few strokes, falling back panting into the water. There is always
one resort left an honest sea-fowl. You quench your curiosity in his
gaudy head-gear, bending low over the railing, and as the steamer is
almost upon him, the bird dives, swiftly, surely, confidently, quite out of
harm’s way, and does not reappear short of a hundred yards.
The head of the male Surf Scoter presents one of the most bizarre
appearances in nature. It has only the Tufted Puffin for a rival, and
I think that “‘the odds are even” here. Try to conjure before your mind’s
eye the colorings of the Scoter’s bill alone: black, white, pink, yellow, cad-
7836
The Surf Scoter
mium, orange, and car-
mine, and those
displayed not only in
transitions but in the
most abrupt contrasts.
Add a swelling which
involves not only the
base of the bill but the
whole anterior portion
of the head; then a white
eye; then two patches of
dazzling white on black
ground for the rest, and
you have this Beau :
Brummel of the seas. Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
But the ladies like OED, MAN JOR THES SES
him; they have to, for they are such homely bodies themselves that the
perversity of attraction must be mutual. I have seen a Surf Scoter court-
ship in mid-April. Five males are devoting themselves to one female.
They chase each other about viciously, but no harm seems to come of
their threats; and they crowd around the female as though to force a
decision. She, in turn, chases them off with lowered head and out-
stretched neck and great show of displeasure. Now and then one flees
in pretended fright and with great commotion, only to settle down at a
dozen yards and come sidling back. If she will deign a moment’s atten-
tion, the flattered gallant dips his head and scoots lightly under the sur-
face of the water, showering himself repeatedly with his fluttering wings.
One suitor swims about dizzily, half submerged, while another rises from
the water repeatedly, apparently to show the fair one how little assistance
he requires from his feet in starting, a challenge some of his corpulent
rivals dare not accept, I ween. I have watched them thus for half an
hour, off and on, and the villains still pursue her.
Not only are the Surf Scoters present in vast numbers in winter
throughout the length of our coast, but quite considerable numbers linger
through the summer,—that is to say, the year around. These are
evidently immature birds, who have no need to go north to watch their
more fortunate elders nest, and old birds, whose mating days are done.
Such a company I once found in mid-June haunting an off-shore reef
near the Forty-eighth Parallel. Though the reef was half a mile away,
we could look down on it from the summit of Carroll Islet and note the
accurate allowance of spacing for each bird, about three or four feet
from his nearest fellows. There were a thousand birds of this and the
The Surf Scoter
Taken in Santa Barbara
SURF SCOTERS, ADULT MALES
Photo by the Author
preceding species, to-
gether with an irregular
admixture of Scaups,
California Murres,
and Tufted Puffins. Day
after day this strange
phenomenon persisted,
though the proportions
of the personnel fur-
nished by the local
breeding murres and
puffins shifted some-
what from hour to hour.
It was a weird and sug-
gestive sight, a stranded
company of derelicts, a
sort of Old Ladies’ Home
whose only furnishings
were an open-air plunge
and (usually guaran-
teed) an absence of spec-
tators.
Apropos of dere-
licts, we remark again
the constant wastage of
bird-life occasioned by
the seepage of oil along
our Santa Barbara coast.
Surf Scoters are among
the chief sufferers, and
the sight of a sick duck,
bedraggled with crude
oil, tottering down the
beach-line, is a common-
place of all the less-
frequented stretches.
When such a bird is caught (and it is a mercy to catch it and put it out
of its misery) it is often found to be in the last stages of emaciation, a mere
bundle of feathers.
The bird languishes not through lack of food, which
is abundant enough, but because in its distracted efforts to rid its plumage
of the entangling slime, the bird imbibes the fatal mixture.
and emaciation follow without redress.
1538
Purgation
So because we are used to seeing
The Surf Scoter
sick or oil-soaked birds floundering about the beaches hereabouts, I was
slow to arrive at the conclusion that beach-foraging is a normal act for
Scoters. The suspicion of illness or weakness in one of these birds, even
a perfectly healthy one, seen inside the surf line, is occasioned by the
fact that he is invariably too heavy for his feet. These he uses, if at all,
with great difficulty, and he waddles or hitches about most awkwardly.
Yet this is perfectly natural. Do we not recall our own feeling of exces-
sive weight upon emerging from an ocean dip? We are elephants, and
they have given us only toothpicks for support. Certainly the Scoter
takes most of his terrestrial experience squatting. In this way alone is
he able to combat the powerful reflex of the retreating wave and be
prepared to endure the shock of its successor. Five birds that I am
watching have been back and forth through the surf repeatedly, almost
invariably swimming for it when flight would appear easier. A_ bird
breasts the curling wave and rises with nice calculation, or if he sees
that he is too late, he ducks nimbly so as to get the minimum shock.
Inside the breaker line he allows the water to sweep him up as far as it
will, endeavoring only to keep headed ashore by dint of spraddling his
legs. If suspicious of strangers, he allows the refluent wave also to sweep
him back. Once fairly ashore, the Scoters dig valiantly in the saturated
sands for concealed dainties. One I watched scooped rapidly with his
shovel bill, like an Indian after clams, until his labors were rewarded,
apparently by a worm. So far as I know these are the only birds capable
of submitting to the actual pounding of the breakers, or willing to do so.
a a. =
Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
SKIRMISHING AT THE TIDE LINE
T3839
The Ruddy Duck
No. 370
Ruddy Duck
A. O. U. No. 167. Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin).
Synonyms.—PIN-TAIL. QUILL-TAIL. SPINE-TAIL. Ruppy DIver. SPOON-
BILLED BUTTER-BALL. BLUE-BILL. BULL-NECK. SPATTERER. SPATTER DUCK. SPAT.
Description.— Adult male in breeding plumage: Top of head and nape black;
cheeks and chin white; neck all around, chest, sides of breast, sides, and upperparts,
rich chestnut-red; wings, lower back (but not upper coverts), and tail, blackish; tail,
mostly exposed, widely spread, graduated at sides, composed of eighteen to twenty
stiffsh feathers, which, except in the breeding season, have the tips of the shafts more
or less exposed; remaining underparts silvery white (overlying dark brownish gray,
which is irregularly and sometimes completely exposed, especially on sides, according
to the wear of the plumage), lightly washed, especially on breast, with bright rusty.
Bill light blue; feet bluish gray with dusky webs; iris brownish red. ‘Adult male
in winter: Top and side of head to below eye, and hind-neck, blackish brown, minutely
flecked with ashy brown; patch on side of head white, as in summer; whole upper
surface of body dark brown, minutely peppered with ashy gray and chestnut; tail and
wings and lower surface as in summer; throat and broad collar around neck, ashy
brown. In any plumage wings and tail may be pale ashy due to wear and fading’’
(‘‘Game Birds of Calif.,’’ Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer). Adult female and immature:
Above, including top of head, dark grayish brown or dusky, finely mottled, or some-
times indistinctly barred, on scapulars, etc., with buffy gray; throat and sides of head
and neck, contrasting with crown, whitish, usually crossed longitudinally on sides of
head by an indistinct dusky band; underparts as in adult male, but underlying brown
more extensively outcropping, and fore-neck, chest and sides heavily tinged with
bright rusty or ochraceous. Length 355.6-419.1 (14.00-16.50); wing 144 (5.67); tail
67.3 (2.65); bill 40.6 (1.60); greatest breadth of bill 23.4 (.92); tarsus 34.5 (1.36).
Females average a little smaller.
Recognition Marks.—Teal size or slightly larger; chestnut-red coloring of
male; dark and light contrasting on sides of head in female and young; ‘‘chunky”’
appearance; tail of stiff, usually pointed, feathers, generally upturned while on water.
Nesting.— Nest: in a6 iof one female); 28 to 32 of record (two or more females”
‘ol whire or yellowish white, with surface of a somewhat
dite s0 +5 55.8 8 by $4.304%.8 (1.98-2.20 ft 1.35-1. Dole! Season
ee Feeat - eee Wrds of NA, Vol. fc C2884). p. 483
aerah:
how
The Fulvous Tree Duck
General Range.—Discontinuous. Found in four widely separated regions:
One,—southwestern United States and Mexico. Breeds very locally from central
California and middle western Nevada, southern Mexico, and central Texas to Valley
of Mexico and Michoacan; winters south to southern Mexico, or casually throughout
its range; has wandered north to coast of Washington and British Columbia. Two,—
South America, Chile, Argentina, southern Brazil, and Paraguay. Three,—Africa,
from Kordofan and the valley of the Nile south to Nyasaland, Lake Ngami, and Mada-
gascar. Four,—India south of the Himalayas, Burma, and Ceylon.
Distribution in California.—Common summer resident and breeder in the
flooded areas surrounding Los Banos, Merced County; also breeds sparingly in tule
marshes of Los Angeles County. Appears upon the seacoast during migrations (regu-
larly at Santa Barbara, both in early May and late August), and has been noted as a
wanderer at various interior points, notably, Marin County (Mailliard), Marysville
(Belding), Owens Valley (A. K. Fisher). A few said to linger in winter, especially
in the San Joaquin Valley.
Authorities.—Baird (Dendrocygna fulva), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. ix., 1858,
p- 770 (Ft. Tejon); Barnhart, Condor, vol. ili., 1901, p. 67 (Los Banos; changes in nesting
habits); Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, vol. xxv., 1923, p. 39, figs. (Buena Vista Lake;
desc. and photos of nest and eggs; habits, etc.); Wetmore and Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., vol. xxxv., 1922, p. 42 (Dendrocygna bicolor helva, new subspecies; type locality,
Unlucky Lake, San Diego Co.); Phillips, Natural History of the Ducks, vol. i., 1922.
p. 128, pl. 12 (monogr.).
DENDROCYGNA BICOLOR! The sons of Adam are still wrest-
ling with their distinguished ancestor’s unfulfilled task of naming the
birds. Some of them are doing very badly at it, too, as witness Swainson’s
designation of this group of birds as ‘‘Tree Swans’’ (dévdeov, a tree, and
cygnus, a swan). Buicolor, too, recently foisted upon us by the “‘law of
priority” in place of the highly appropriate fulva, is misleading and pain-
ful. The Two-colored Tree-Swan!
But if we are disposed to be critical, we may quarrel with the trivial
name also. The bird is scarcely a duck, for it has long legs and a fashion
of hanging its head in flight, which reminds us strikingly of a near-sighted
goose. Moreover, only a very few of our fellow Californians will confess to
having ever seen this bird up a tree. The bird with us is preéminently a
marsh bird. We are at fault again. One of our Old World friends has
done better in calling the bird a Whistling Duck; while a writer, an Indian
ornithologist, has ventured the “Larger Whistling Teal.’’ Behold, then,
dear reader, this Larger Whistling Two-colored Swantealgooseduck of the
marshes, and beholding, tremble!
Dendrocygna is an exotic, the something different, of the sportsman’s
world. Moreover, he is a great traveler. Starting originally, no doubt,
somewhere in the East Indies, which are still the center of distribution for
the genus, fulva (or bicolor) has now achieved the notoriety of four separate
distribution centers, or permanent homes; viz., India, central Africa,
The Fulvous Tree Duck
southern South America, and Mexico (with our own Southwestern States).
The occupation of California by this species is very probably a compara-
tively recent matter. The first birds were noted in the Los Bafios coun-
try, which has now become the recognized center of abundance in Califor-
nia, as late as 1895. ‘‘Accidental’’ occurrences have been noted from
Washington (Gray’s Harbor), and Vancouver Island, which goes to indi-
cate that D. bicolor is still looking for worlds to conquer.
Be that as it may, the Fulvous Swamp Goose has made herself thor-
oughly at home in the flooded lands tributary to the Mendota project,
where her egg-laying proclivities have become the nine days’ wonder of the
odlogist. The story is told,! on the authority of Mr. H. Wanzer, chief
engineer for Miller and Lux, that the Fulvous Tree Duck, which “‘was first
brought to his notice’? near Los Bafios in June, 1895, and which had be-
come common by the season of 1898, was at the outset accustomed to
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
FULVOUS TREE DUCKS AT SANDYLAND
“colonize’’ or pool its nesting interests. The number of eggs found in
caches, or casual hollows among the reeds, or on grassy islands, varied,
according to report, from thirty toa hundred. In particular, Mr. Wanzer
found such a cache on the 15th of June, 1896, in Camp 13 swamp, which
1 By F. S. Barnhart, The Condor, Vol. III., May, 1901, p. 67.
TS78
The Fulvous Tree Duck
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
FULVOUS TREE DUCKS IN FLIGHT
contained 62 eggs. ‘‘The eggs were placed on a pile of dead grass which
had drifted together about four inches above the water, and looked as if
someone had emptied them carefully out of a basket, there being no
attempt at nest building or concealment.”
These statements raise a question not of veracity, which is unques-
tioned—but of emergency economy, of adjustment to new and untried
conditions. Similar caches, or dump heaps, but of lesser proportions, are
found today in these marshes—in addition to the sober and individual
nests which contain from 12 to 16 eggs of the rightful owner. A nest
which I found on the 30th of May, 1914, contained eight eggs. On the
ist day of June it held fourteen eggs, and on the 2nd, seventeen; but on
the 4th, when it was due to have 23 eggs if three birds were contributing,
it held nineteen instead, and was taken. In this case there was either (1)
communal nesting of three pairs; or (2) a polygamous family with three
wives; or, lastly, and most probably, two females, whose nests had just
been destroyed by predatory mammals, found temporary asylum with a
more fortunately placed sister. It is noteworthy in this instance that the
owner or owners of these eggs assumed responsibility for the increased
product. While at the 14-egg stage, the eggs had been disposed carelessly
in two layers with three or four eggs on top; on the day following, the
seventeen eggs were all in one layer, the nest in the meantime having
been considerably built up and improved. On the 4th of June, however,
at the 19-egg stage, the two extras lay on top and the nest had been appar-
ently deserted, whether by reason of unwelcome additions or of unwelcome
attentions could not be determined. I have been thus explicit because
these cache nests of the Fulvous Tree Duck are the mystery of the swamps,
and exact observations are few or wanting.
1879
The Fulvous Tree Duck
The Tree Ducks, known locally as “‘squealers,’’ have a light high
cackling or whistling note, chi peéw, which one might sooner expect of a
plover, or even a flycatcher. This note is uttered freely upon arising,
but is rarely used, I believe, save in flight or under stress of alarm.
While the birds are essentially fresh-water birds, they are by no means
unknown at the seashore during migrations. The group of nine birds shown
on page 1878 was photographed on the sea-beach near Carpinteria. Having
just arrived from the south, on the 2nd of May, 1912, they first stood at
<
Sy a (ae 1h
Ly
\!
As 5
ff Sad
Taken near Los Banos 5 Photo by the Author
NEST AND EGGS OF FULVOUS TREE DUCK, UNDISTURBED
attention, dutifully silent, like well-trained soldiers; then seeing only a
harmless admirer, they tucked heads under wings and fell asleep forth-
with. They made a handsome appearance under a full sun, like statuettes
of burnished bronze set in a row, while their slender legs, of steel rather
than bronze, supported the aloofness of their distinguished beauty. Ina
setting of green marsh grass they are no less distinguished; but the out-
burst of treble cackling which marks their flight produces a ludicrous
effect, like a chorus of fat tenors.
Although there is a suspicion registered above that Tree Duck morals
ISSO
The Fulvous Tree Duck
The Tree Pucks, known locally as “‘squealers,”’ have a light high
cackling or whistling note, chi peéw, which one might sooner expect of a 7
plover, oe even a flycatcher. This note is uttered freely upon arising,
bei? 8 eqrely used, | believe, save in flight or under stress of alarm.
Wiis the birds are essentially fresh-water birds, they are by no means
wee at the seashore during migrations. The group of nine birds shown
jeue> 178 was photographed on the sea-beach near Carpinteria. Having
foe axrived from the south, on the and of May, 1912, they first stood at
PE Usa
Fi .
k 8 ¥ Photo by the Author
NEST AND EGGS OF FULVOGS TREE DUCK, UNDISTURBED i
— iS
attention, dutifully silent, like w&l-trained soldiers; then seeing only a ee
harmless admirer, they tucked hdds under wings and fell asleep forth-
i They made a handsome appearance under a full sun, like statuettes
al bumished buanze set in a row, while their slender legs, of steel rather
than bronee, supported the aloofness of their distinguished beauty. In a
setting of green marsh grass they are no less distinguished; but the out-
burst of treble cackling which marks their flight produces a ludicrous
effect, like a chorus of fat tenors.
Although there is a suspicion registered above that Tree Duck morals
1880
»
TASS NEE SR IW BS EE NN i
. : S Ey
4 fo a t 4 - e
end
v
me
The Fulvous Tree Duck
are not above reproach, there are enough indubitably wedded pairs to
keep up the traditions of home. Nests are built either in the heavy grass
of damp meadows or in the area of dwarf sedge which borders the marshes,
or in the depths of the cat-tails themselves. If the ground is dry, a mere
depression suffices; but if not, the bird is capable of weaving a sturdy
basket, whether of wire-grass or of cat-tails, and this will lift the eggs clear
of the water bya foot or more. The bird does not strip herself of down, as do
her lavish sisters, but she takes pains to break down the surrounding grass
or reeds, so that her eggs will be sheltered from the searching gaze, and
Taken near Los Banos Photo by the Author
n/t9 FULVOUS TREE DUCK
THE NEST IS THE ONE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN
she from the sun. A little runway of broken reeds or trodden-down
grasses leads from this retreat; and as the bird flushes at 25 or 30 feet, the
finding of the nest is not always an easy matter. The bird, moreover, is
ISST
The Whistling Swan
capable of a stoical fortitude in remaining away from her nest while it is
under inspection; and too much ‘‘monkeying”’ will entail desertion.
The eggs of the Fulvous Tree Duck are quite unlike those of any other
American species (save, of course, D. autumnalis). They are of a dingy
yellowish white color with a dull leathery, but not an oily, surface, a little
rounder than ordinary ducks’ eggs, and decidedly small for the size of the
bird. Because they are so unmistakable, we are able to trace the found-
lings in many another duck’s nest besides those of her own species. Thus,
Ruddies and Red-heads are especially apt to be imposed upon by these
easy-going Orientals.
Whether, indeed, the Fulvous Tree Duck nests otherwise than upon
the ground (or in the water) in California, we do not know. Mr. Emer-
son’s note,! often quoted, throws a little light upon the subject, but its
inference has never been confirmed: ‘‘On May 23, 1882, while collecting
with Wm. C. Flint at Lillie’s ranch near Tulare Lake, I noticed a Fulvous
Tree Duck sitting in the entrance hole of a large white oak near one of the
ditches, but it was out of the question to reach it. Again, on May 26,
another was located sitting on the edge of a hole high up in a white oak.”
D. javanica, a closely related species found in India, is known to nest not
only in hollow trees and on the ground, but also in old nests of herons,
crows or kites. D.arcuata and D. eytoni of Australia nest only upon the
ground and often at considerable distances from the water.
Whatever their parentage, the little Whistling Two-colored Tealduck-
swangooses manage to get their growth and escape to the Southland
before the fall shooting starts in. As a consequence of its comparative
immunity from gun-fire, the species may be slowly gaining in numbers.
But Los Banos, at least, is infested by coons, weasels, minks, skunks,
coyotes and, worst of all, wild hogs.
No. 380
Whistling Swan
A. O. U. No. 180. Olor columbianus (Ord).
Description.—Adult: Entire plumage pure white, the head sometimes tinged
with rusty; bill and lores black, the latter usually with a distinct yellow spot near eye;
feet and legs black. Immature: Plumage ashy gray, the head and neck tinged with
brownish; bill and feet light. Length about 1371.6 (54.00); extent seven feet; wing
539.8 (21.25); tail 215.9 (8.50); bill ror.6 (4.00); tarsus 99.1 (3.90); middle toe and
claw 137.2 (5.40).
1See Condor, Vol. I., p. 11, in article by A. M. Shields.
TSS2
The Whistling Swan
Recognition Marks.—Brant size; pure white plumage; long neck; small yellow
spot on lores distinctive for this species.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: Near water, on the ground
or upon loose heap of sticks and trash, lined with mosses, grass, and down. Eggs:
2-7; sordid white. Av. size 107.2 x 68.6 (4.22 x 2.70). Season: April-June; one brood.
General Range.—North America. Breeds in northern Alaska from the Alaska
Peninsula and from northern Mackenzie and northern Keewatin north over the Arctic
islands to about Latitude 74°. Winters on the Pacific Coast from British Columbia
to southern California; on the Atlantic Coast from Delaware to South Carolina, rarely
from Massachusetts to Florida; and in the interior from Lake Erie and southern
Illinois to Louisiana and Texas; casual in northern Mexico and Bermuda. Accidental
in Great Britain.
Distribution in California.—Formerly abundant; now rare winter resident in
suitable localities, chiefly lakes and reservoirs, south to San Diego County (Sweetwater
Reservoir, Stephens). A notable increase recorded in the season of 1919-20, but not
sustained in the succeeding season.
Authorities.—Gambel (Cygnus americanus), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser.
2, 1., 1849, p. 225 (Calif.); Torrey, Field-days in Calif., 1913, p. 80 (Santa Barbara,
winter; habits, etc.); Wdllett, Condor, vol. xxi., 1919, p. 126 (Warner Springs, San
Diego Co., winter).
FOR PRACTICAL purposes the American occupation of California
dates back to “‘Forty-nine.’”’ The Argonauts not only “put California on
the map,” but their arrival brought about profound changes in the com-
plexion of animal life. The Indian with his snares of thong and his arrows
tipped with obsidian had only been a part of the order of nature. His
depredations, so far as the birds were concerned, were not to be compared
with those of foxes or weasels or falcons. To be sure, the native sampled a
Swan now and then for food; but it never occurred to him, a simple-
hearted child of nature, that it would be sport to kill these noble birds
just for the fun of killing. That remained for the White Man, the crown
and exponent of civilization, the hot and heedless heir of the ages. With
the same ruthless heel that has trodden down the Red Man, the noblest,
the most beautiful, the most exalted examples of the creative handiwork,
fit objects of enlightened human interest, have been crushed to earth and
almost or quite exterminated.
The case of the Wild Swan is one of the saddest in American annals.
Majestic as well as graceful, of noble proportions as well as harmless con-
duct, world-wide symbol of purity and charm, the stately beauty of the
Swan was altogether such as to excite admiration and to deserve chival-
rous treatment. But what do we see instead? Extravagant praises of the
quality of Swan’s flesh! instructions for hanging or garnishing or flavoring
with herbs; or worse than that, records of slaughter—slaughter gigantic,
wanton, insatiable, and now alas! irremediable. We all know the out-
1383
The Whistling Swan
come: The appearance of a Swan in the wild state is now a nine days’
wonder, something to cause a ripple of excitement through the country-
side, and something to be reported forthwith to ‘““The Auk” or “The
Condor.”
We are, we Anglo-Saxons, and especially we Anglo-hispano-italo-
nippono Californians, an easy-going, law-despising and indolently selfish
bunch. We have had game laws for a generation, and those now written
on the statute book are as beautiful as ink can make them. We have even
succeeded in shutting up several stable doors after the horses have been
stolen; but our machinery for law enforcement is a jest. As in the days of
Samson, everybody does that which is right in his own eyes, and above all
—oh, above everything—we do not interfere with anything which our
neighbor may see fit to do. Is he slaughtering birds in plain violation of
the statutes? He is justly incensed if you remind him of the fact; and as
for causing his arrest, who would venture to do anything so impolite!
Take, for example, the case of the Wild Swan. The law says explicitly
that the bird shall not under any circumstances be killed. And yet we read
in a recent work, ‘““The Game Birds of California,” as follows: “ ‘Swans
were common winter visitors on Humboldt Bay up to three years ago when
a flock of about forty birds lingered here until all but about six or eight
were shot by market hunters. I saw eighteen of these birds in the hands
of a local taxidermist, all of which were shot within a period of less than
two weeks. He had bought them cheaply, expecting to mount them, and
sell them at a fancy price, but they were poorly mounted and most of them
went to ruin right in his shop’ (C. I. Clay, in letter of March 16, 1912).
It is to be observed that all of these birds were killed illegally.”
There you have it! These noble birds were slaughtered under cir-
cumstances glaringly apparent to a community of ten thousand people
and yet nothing was done about it. Indeed, if we mistake not, the man who
bought up this treasure trove still carries a license to collect “‘for scientific
purposes.”’ But Eureka is no worse in this respect than forty other com-
munities. As director of amuseum the writer has been repeatedly solicited
to purchase contraband material, a wounded eagle or the like, and he is
rated ‘‘queer’’ because of the irresistible outbursts of indignation which
ensue. Pardon this weakness, dear Californians. It’s—it’s congenital!
During migrations the Swans move in small flocks, forming a ‘“‘flying
wedge,” or V-shaped figure, with some trusted patriarch in the lead. Their
flight is exceedingly swift, being estimated by competent observers at one
hundred miles per hour—probably twice that of the geese. For all they
are so powerful on the wing, they rise from the water rather reluctantly,
and prefer, if there is room enough, to distance pursuit by swimming.
Because the neck of the Swan is so long and hung at the water-line, the
TS84Y
The Whistling Swan
bird can explore the bottom freely in shallow waters in its search for roots
and mollusks, without making any ungainly motions with the body.
Indeed, there is a peculiar disconnectedness between the operations of the
Swan proper and its far-reaching head,—as though here were a white boat
serenely floating at anchor, from the bow of which now and then a diver is
sent down to grapple for hidden treasure. All the bird’s motions above
water are graceful enough, except in case of anxious inquiry, when the
neck is stretched to its utmost, perpendicularly, as it pauses in dread
expectancy; and the bird looks like a white eighth-note of the musical
scale, set upon a staff of widening ripples. Ashore, its gait is a rather
ungainly waddle, the foot being folded and lifted “‘unco high”’ at every step.
The Whistling Swan is a noisy bird at best. A flock of them exhibit
great individual variations of notes, and they can create a chorus which is
mildly worse than that of a political jollification meeting. The bass horns,
of tin rather than brass, are blown by the old fellows, while the varied notes
which seem to come from clarionets are really due to cygnets. The birds
set up a great outcry when they have done or are about to do anything
important, as when preparing for the flight northward, or when welcoming
a company of their fellows to the feeding grounds.
The Whistling Swan is not known to breed south of Alaska and all
records of the nesting of “‘wild swans” within the limits of the United
States are now believed to refer to Olor buccinator. The nest is always
made near water, and consists of a large accumulation of grass, leaves,
tule stems, and trash, with a plentiful lining of down from the bird’s
breast. From two to seven large yellowish white eggs are laid late in May,
and the female is obliged to cover them for a matter of forty days. Both
parents are exceedingly zealous in defense of their young, and a sitting
Swan will sooner fly at an intruder in a passion than away from him in
fear. A stroke of a Swan’s wing has been known to break a poacher’s leg.
Would that the bird’s indignation had similar power at longer range!
No fitter emblem of purity and grace will ever be found than this
matchless daughter of the wilderness, the American Swan. If we are
impelled to admire the stately beauty of the domestic bird, as it moves
about upon some narrow duck pond of our own contriving, how much
more shall we yield tribute of admiration to this native princess, spotless
and untamed! Whether seen as a garniture of some inland mere, or
descried aloft as a bank of winged snow, no vision of nature will ever thrill
us with a deeper romance than does the wild swan. And if we forfeit that
vision to greed or blood-lust, no pachycephalic crime will be greater and
no regret of future generations more poignant.
TS85
The Trumpeter Swan
No. 381
Trumpeter Swan
A. O. U. No. 181. Olor buccinator (Richardson).
Description.—Similar to preceding species, but larger; bill and lores entirely
black. Length 1524-1676.4 (60.00-66.00); extent about 8 feet; wing 609.6 (24.00);
tail 228.6 (9.00); bill 114.3 (4.50); tarsus 111.8 (4.40); middle toe and claw 152.4 (6.00).
Recognition Marks.—As in preceding species. Distinguished from it by
absence of yellow on lore, and by nostril in basal half of bill.
Nesting.—Like that of preceding species, but eggs a little larger. Av. size
111.76 x 66 (4.40 x 2.60).
General Range.—Interior and western North America. Formerly bred from
Indiana, Missouri, Nebraska, and Montana, north to the Arctic Coast, but not recently
reported as a breeder below Latitude 61. Has wintered from British Columbia south
to southern California, and from southern Indiana to Texas. Now verging upon
extinction, and limits not definable.
Occurrence in California.—Formerly of regular occurrence south through the
central valleys and in the San Diegan district. No authentic record since 1898 (Grin-
nell) and evidently near extinction.
Authorities.—Newberry (Cygnus buccinator), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. vi.,
1857, p. 100 (Calif.); Coale, Auk, vol. xxxii., 1915, p. 82, pls. (present status; specimens
extant; etc.); Fleming, Condor, vol. xxi., 1919, p. 124 (crit.; desc. of a Calif.-taken
spec., identity uncertain).
EXTERMINATED by gun-fire! This at least seems to be the con-
sensus of present opinion.!
Such being the case, the task of describing the habits, range, etc., of
the Trumpeter Swan is a work of supererogation, analogous to that of
collecting the traditions regarding the Labrador Duck, the Dodo, etc.
But because the crime, albeit recent, was accomplished before the days of
complete moral self-consciousness, we will endeavor to assemble such
pitiful scraps of information as we possess regarding the deceased.
The Trumpeter Swan, long confused with its ally, O. columbianus, was
first described as a distinct species in 1831.2 Its chief claim to distinction
lay in the extraordinary development of voice which characterized the male
bird, and which had necessitated the provision of a special apparatus.
Those who abhor the idea of directive evolution, that is, the working of the
“elan vital” toward preconceived ends, must explain how either accidental
\Henry K. Coale in The Auk (Vol. XXXII., Jan., 1915, pp. 82-90) says: ‘‘At the meeting of the American
Ornithologists Union held in New York City, in the fall of 1913, a number of the members were discussing the rarity
of the Trumpeter Swan, the general opinion being that this magnificent bird was nearing extinction, and would soon
disappear forever."’
The Game Birds of California by Grinnell, Bryant and Storer (1918), p. 254: ‘‘It [the Trumpeter Swan]
claims additional interest in that it must be numbered with those birds which have been exterminated within the
lifetime of most of the citizens of the State.”
2By William Swainson and John Richardson in Fauna Boreali Americana.
TSSO
The Trumpeter Swan
increments of variation or increments of advantage through use enabled
this bird’s trachea to provide for itself a bony tunnel throughout the entire
length of the sternum, or breast-bone, to the sole end that its length (and
consequent lower register of the sound emitted) might be increased. Not
content with this ingenious utilization of extra space, ‘‘Nature’’ had begun
to develop a capacious hump on the inside of this bird’s breast-bone (I
have always contended that the Almighty has a sense of humor!), a bony
archway which protected, so far, the dawning intentions of this enterpris-
ing trachea to provide itself with an additional convolution—at the
expense of lungs or gizzard or whatever other organ might stand in the
way of musical progress. The result achieved when this promising career
was stopped was already noteworthy. The Trumpeter blew an authentic
trombone so stertorous that at least one observer! wished the performer
dead. The Whistling Swan’s note, while by no means a whistle, was
higher-pitched and much lighter, a toy trumpet by comparison.
This decided difference in voice, if we omit an average increase in size
observable in buccinator, was the only field distinction; that is, the only
one observable at reasonably long range. As a consequence, there was
such endless confusion of the two species in the popular mind that we
cannot even now unravel the records, nor write a separate life history of
buccinator further than to define its range.
We know now that buccinator was the bird of the great interior, rang-
ing between Hudson Bay and the Rocky Mountains, and breeding chiefly,
but by no means exclusively, north of the Sixtieth Parallel. It was slaugh-
tered in immense numbers by the minions of the Hudson Bay Company,
and the slaughter ceased only when it had ceased to be productive. South
of the 49th Parallel, the breeding of this bird was more or less desultory;
but since we have records from Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana,
Idaho, and probably Washington,? there is fair reason to suppose that it
also bred within the limits of California. Goose Lake or the lakes of
Surprise Valley (now evaporated) present every analogy to conditions a
thousand miles north. The ornithologist thrills to think what might have
been witnessed in the way of bird life in Modoc County, say a hundred
years ago! Ducks of fourteen species, Canada Geese, Sandhill Cranes,
herons of six species, gulls and terns of five species, cormorants, White
Pelicans, four grebes, and shore-birds of nine species,—these were pleasant
certainties of that elder day, with such a rarity as the Trumpeter Swan by
no means impossible.
Regarding the occurrence of this bird in California, only the most
imperfect data are at hand. There is, apparently, no California-taken
"Hearne: Auct. Coale, Auk, 1915, D.
n 2The ‘‘near records’ given by ‘‘The Binis of Washington”’ (1909), p. 840, should undoubtedly be ascribed to
this species instead of O. columbianus.
1387
The Great Blue Herons
specimen in existence. Yet in the face of the emphatic testimony to the
former abundance of the bird farther north, as upon the Columbia River,
we hardly care to question the fact of its earlier presence in California.
At that I am very distrustful of the earlier records. The ‘‘fathers’’ were
apt to make blanket claims upon everything known to exist. Moreover,
some of them suffered from eastern editors, as witness the inclusion of five
species of Leucosticte in ‘““The Ornithology of California,” edited by
S. F. Baird, from the manuscript and notes of J. S. Cooper. No; the
fathers weren't overlooking anything. We ourselves find only one species.
No. 382
Great Blue Heron
No. 382a California Great Blue Heron
A. O. U. No. 194. Ardea herodias hyperonca Oberholser.
Synonyms.—‘‘BLUE CRANE.”’ KELP HERON.
Description.— Adult: Crown, sides of head, throat, and middle of chest,
narrowly, white; occiput and top of head on sides glossy black, the feathers elongated
into an occipital crest; neck pale purplish brown, a mesial stripe in front black, white,
and ochraceous; feathers of side of neck in front much lengthened, whitish and purplish
brown; sides of breast, and belly, broadly streaked with black and white in about equal
proportions; edge of wing, including the bend, and thighs, cinnamon-rufous; lower
tail-coverts white; above nearly uniform slaty blue; the scapulars lanceolate, sometimes
varied with bluish white; black shoulder tufts of plumulaceous feathers arching over
bend of folded wing, and continuous with black on sides of the breast; wing-quills,
lining of the wings, and sides bright plumbeous; lores blue. Upper mandible yellowish-
olive, blackening on ridge; lower mandible yellow; feet and legs black. The occipital
crest of the male contains two much elongated, filamentous, deciduous feathers during
the breeding season. IJmmature: Similar, but top of head entirely black; without
specially colored or lengthened feathers on neck, sides of breast, or scapulars; upperparts
inclined to fuscous; underparts with slaty and ochraceous in addition to black and white;
feathers on bend of wing and thighs lighter, or vinaceous-rufous. Young in first plum-
age: Brownish-fuscous above, streaked and spotted with buffy and whitish, narrowly
on head and neck; below white, streaked with fuscous and buffy. Juvenile plumages
vary interminably within these general limits, but the bird is unmistakable. Length
about 1270 (50.00); extent about 1905 (75.00). Male: wing 497 (19.57); tail 186.5
(7.35); bill 144.6 (5.70); depth at base 29.5 (1.16); tarsus 188.3 (7.415). Female:
wing 473 (18.62); bill 137.7 (5.42); depth 26.5 (1.04); tarsus 170.3 (6.705) (after Ober-
holser).
Recognition Marks.—FEagle size; great size and elongated proportions, with
bluish cast of plumage, unmistakable.
Nesting.—A bulky platform of sticks placed high in trees or, less commonly,
on ground in marsh. Eggs: 3 or 4, rarely 5; elliptical or ovate elliptical; light bluish
green (glaucous green to deep lichen green), unmarked. Av. size 65.3 x 45 (2.57 X 1.77);
index 68.9. Season: April; one brood.
1558
Tie
e
Yhe Great Blue Herons
“weiner @ existence. Yet inthe face of the emphatic testimony to the
farmer alewulance of the bird farther north, as upon the Columbia River,
we arilty care to question the fact of its earlier presence in California.
Ay sha: | am very distrustful of the earlier records. The “fathers’’ were
eat *o msghe blanket claims upon everything known to exist. Moreover,
tent: <& “fem suffered from eastern editors, as witness the inclusion of five
: wicex of Leucosticte in “The Ornithology of California,” edited by” ©
= & FE eed, from the Onsager: 4 wad nates of J. S. Cooper. No; the o>
witers sae y overlooking enythiusg, We ourselves find only one species.
Ne. 382
: &reat Blue Heron
Ra. dda Caiifaeeca (greet Bloe Heron
* th 4 “a ig. Ata berodias hyperonca Oberholser. yi
MATE AAWNE.” | Kevp Heron, ‘
ite, Crown, sides of head, throat, and middle of chest,
ate? cn Great Blue Heron-. ee the feathers elongated
Dae are h br t black, white,
i ght hotog araph, co isa DR, Dickey and purplish
cat
Ws] Taken in N eo Brunseoick h aie and white in about equal
pay Mey Sige ot eg, Pachuding the bend, and thighs, cinnamon-rufous; lower —
tales owitite: abe ve Aeariy uniform slaty blue; the scapulars lanceolate, sometimes
wart i wit: Stack shoulder tufts of plumulaceous feathers arching over
ves wing. and continuous with black on sides of the breast; wing-quills,
Pattie vid igs seati sidles bright plumbeous; lores blue. Upper mandible yellowish-
f jee ists chdges fower mandible yellow; feet and legs black. The occipital
el r ‘igme Pao much elongated, filamentous, deciduous feathers during
3S ee ose. Jmemetate: Similar, but top of head entirely black; without
«aed feathers on neck, sides of breast, or scapulars; upperparts
twrheris with slaty and ochraceous in addition to black and white;
get *highs lighter, or-vinaceous-rufous. | Youag in first plum-
ttee, streaked and spotted with buffy and whitish, narrowly
white, streaked with fuscous and bufly. Juvenile plumages ~—
“ seperal limits, but the bird is unmistakable. Length
£905 — veh Male: wing 497 (19.57); tail 186.5
5 (4.16); tarsus 188.3 (7.415). Female:
2 14.32); depth 26.5 (1.04); tarsus 170:3 (6.705) ae Ober- 1)
Sjayie size: great size and elongated proportions, with
Sipkaite
piatiupgh oF ssicke placed hizh in trees or, less ree
= or q. tecely 5; elliptical or ovate elliptical; light blaish
lic deep Reber greent, wamuarked, Av. 5ize:65.3 x 45 (2.57 X 1-977)
a. - pei: ane terount: is
The Great Blue Herons
Range of Ardea herodias.— North America and northern South America, breeding
north to southeastern Alaska, Saskatchewan, and Hudson Bay, south to Florida,
northern Texas, and Lower California; wintering south over Mexico and the West
Indies to Venezuela and Colombia.
Range of A. h. hyperonca.—Resident from Transition zone to sea-level on the
Pacific Coast slope from western Oregon south to San Diego, California.
Distribution in California——Common resident throughout the State west of
the desert divide and east of the Sierras, at least north of Plumas County. Found
upon the Santa Barbara Islands and even (accidental?) upon the Farallons.
Authorities.—Gambel (Ardea herodias), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2,
i., 1849, p. 222 (Calif.); Miller, Condor, vol. xii., 1910, p. 13 (fossil); Oberholser, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, 1912, p. 550 (syst.; Ardea herodias hyperonca, new subspecies;
type locality, Baird, Calif.); Cooke, U.S. Dept. Agric., Biol. Surv. Bull., no. 45, 1913,
p. 37, map (distr.); Tyler, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 9, 1913, p. 21 (San Joaquin Valley,
breeding habits, etc.); Wetmore, Condor, vol. xviii., 1916, p. 112 (speed of flight);
Howell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 43 (s. Calif. ids.; crit., meas., etc.).
No. 382b Pallid Great Blue Heron
A. O. U. No. 194, part. Ardea herodias treganzai Court.
Synonyms.—WESTERN GREAT BLUE HERON. DESERT GREAT BLUE HERON.
GREAT Basin HERON. TREGANZA HERON.
Description.—Adult: Similar to Ardea herodias hyperonca, but upperparts and
neck paler; in size decidedly less. Male: wing 471.7 (18.57); tail 179.9 (7.08); bill
144.3 (5.68); depth at base 28 (1.10); tarsus 170.5 (6.71). Female: wing 455.5 (17.93);
tail 174.2 (6.86); bill 137.2 (5.40); depth at base 26.1 (1.03); tarsus 170.5 (6.71).
Nesting.— Much as in preceding form.
Range of A. h. treganzat—Western United States from the eastern base of the
Cascade-Sierra Mountain system east to the eastern bases of the Rocky Mountains,
and central western Texas south to southwestern Mexico. Winters from Texas and
Arizona south to Colima.
Distribution in California.—Common resident in suitable localities east of
the desert divide; notably in the Salton Sink and the valley of the Colorado River,
north, probably to Mono Lake, and possibly in the extreme east to Surprise Valley.
Authorities.—Coues (Ardea herodias), Ibis, 1866, p. 263 (Colorado River);
Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 43, 1912, p. 545 (syst.; monogr.); Grinnell,
Condor, vol. x., 1908, p. 190, fig. (Salton Sea, breeding); zbzd., Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool.,
vol. xii., 1914, p. 116 (Colo. Vailey; nesting habits; syst.; meas.; etc.); Wetmore, Condor,
vol. xxii., 1920, p. 168, figs. (function of powder downs).
AS A PICTURESQUE feature of the landscape or, oftener, the water-
scape, the Heron has no rival. Whether standing motionless upon the
flats, with bills elevated, or depressed, according as men or fish are the
objects of current moment, or whether flapping slowly across the scene,
they lend just that touch of sedate life which the artistic eye requires.
The Japanese have nowhere shown clearer credentials of authority in
7TSSO
The Great Blue Herons
art than in their handling of the heron motif in decorative work. When
the birds descend, it is as though heaven had responded to the mute incense
of Fujiyama and gave gifts to men. When the birds fly, it is because the
folly of men has provoked the gods, and Jimmu Tenno frowns from the
clouds. And when the birds stand placid by a placid pool, what more
fitting symbol of the ancient Nippon, where tomorrow was like yesterday.
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
A STARTLED FISHERMAN
7590
The Great Blue Heron is, with us, the
largest of its kind; and while.not exactly
graceful on the one hand, nor majestic on
the other, it presents that peculiar combina-
tion of the two which we are pleased to call
picturesque. While standing knee-deep in
the water of some pond or stream, awaiting
its customary prey of minnows or frogs, it
may remain for an hour as motionless as a
bronze statue; then with a movement like
lightning the head is drawn back and sud-
denly shot downward, and a wriggling fish
is transfixed on the spear-like beak. gimage rendered striking by reason of its
5 ‘ contrasting blacks and Witessthey wheel aloft in majestic circles whose
dizzy and distant mazesegesS fe eyesight. :
} Ss
Es Eta Was
== "
S No, 391
3
. Sr .
. Whitefaced Glossy Ibis
eee 4.0. U. No. 187. Plegadis guarauna (Linnzus).
E Synenyme.—'‘Warer Tyrkry.” Swamp TURKEY. Biack CUuRLEW.
; DHeacription.—Adulis: General color rich purplish chestnut, purest om neck,
lesser wing-coverts, and underparts (except lining of wings and crissum), the purple
lustrous and déminant on middle of back and tertials, heavily admixed with greenish
black on tail-coverts both upper and under, showing violet reflections on crown, middle
wing-coverts, axillars, ete.; remainder of wings, including quills and tail) shiny bronzy
1924
AON gg if 4y B61 Vie
The White-faced Glossy Ibis
green, golden green, and bottle green—surpassingly beautiful. Bill, curved downward,
slaty blue, reddening on tip; irides blood-red; lores and eyelids naked, lake red,—this
area and base of bill above and below surrounded by a narrow border of white feathers,
the ‘‘face’’; feet and legs dark wine-purple. Immature: Chiefly sooty brown, finely
streaked on head and neck all around with white, faintly lustrous on underparts,
definitely bronzy greenish on wings (including lining), and back. The plumage is
progressively invaded by lustrous purple, but the streaked head is the last youthful
character to give way. ‘‘ Young, first plumage (with traces of down still): Remark-
ably lustrous. Plumage entirely green; legs black; bill blackish, irregularly blotched
or regularly banded with pinkish white.”’ Downy young: Uniform blackish, with
whitish bill. Length of adult male: 558.8-609.6 (22.00-24.00). Ay. of 6 Calif. males:
length (skins) 587 (23.10); wing 276 (10.90); bill 136 (5.36); tarsus 103 (4.06). Female
smaller.
Recognition Marks.—Gull size; dark plumage (appearing black at distance)
distinctive for birds of this association; blackish bill, strongly decurved.
Nesting.— Nests in colonies in reeds; composed of broken-down reeds attached
to living ones; well built and deeply cupped. Eggs: 3 or 4; niagara green or light
niagara green. Av. size 50.8 x 35.56 (2.00 x 1.40). Season: May.
General Range.—Temperate and tropical America from southern Oregon,
Arizona, Texas and Florida south to the Straits of Magellan. Breeds southward
from the northern limits of its range, and has wandered to British Columbia, Wyoming,
and Nebraska.
Distribution in Californias—Common migrant practically throughout the
State, except in the northwest coastal section; summer resident, breeding in suitable
swampy areas, sometimes sporadically, as at San Jacinto (Mystic) Lake, in Riverside
County, regularly in the flooded areas tributary to Los Bafios, formerly at least near
Los Angeles, and at Escondido. Less common record stations of occurrence are Lower
Klamath Lake (Bryant), Goose Lake, June 10, 1912 (Author), Bishop, Inyo County,
May 21, 1919 (Author). Winters casually in the San Diegan district and even to Los
Banos (Grinnell) and Stockton (Belding).
Authorities.—Gambel (Falcinellus cayanensis), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
ser. 2, 1., 1849, p. 223 (Los Angeles); Chapman, Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist,
1908, p. 292 (Los Bafios, habits); Willett and Jay, Condor, vol. xiii., 1911, p. 159, figs.
(San Jacinto Lake, desc. nest and eggs, etc.); Dawson, Condor, vol. xvi., 1914, p. 8,
figs. (Santa Barbara; actions).
Taken at Sandyland From a gum tissue print
by Fedora E. D. Brown
AN EGYPTIAN FRIEZE Negative by the Author
1925
The White-faced Glossy Ibis
Taken on Laguna Blanca Photo by the Author
A DISTANT VIEW
THE NAME “water turkey”’ has been preémpted by the Anhinga
(Anhinga anhinga), but there is no law to prevent our likening the rich
bronzes of this bird’s plumage to that of our barnyard favorite, the tur-
key. The sportsman, deceived by the appearance of size and by the de-
curved beak, has called him Black Curlew, and has added him piously and
numerously to an already overweighted bag. But the bird is not black,
only rich bronzy and chestnut; it is not a Curlew—not within a thousand
miles; it is not a game-bird, for it is decidedly un-kosher. The joke, then,
has been upon Californians, who alone of all flesh-eating mortals have ever
rated this long-billed, worm-eating, shag-on-stilts as “‘game.”’
The Glossy Ibis should be regarded solely as a work of art, a decora-
tive motif in bronze, made animate by the Artist Supreme and loaned to us
for the ornamentation of wayside pools, low horizons, and interminable
swamps. The Egyptians felt this decorative appeal, and by way of heading
off the sacrileges of hunger, made a god of the bird and declared its flesh
taboo. Ibis religiosa received abundant honors at the hands of the Egyp-
tians; but art would have been the gainer if the task of immortalizing the
bird had fallen to the Japanese instead. Surely those masters of art could
have cast the birds in a bronze more enduring than their own!
1920
Inattentive
White-faced Glossy Ibises at Laguna Blanca
, by W. L. Dawson
opyright, 1913
C
Negative and cutout by the Author
The White-faced Glossy Ibis
Damn your guns anyhow! From arquebuses to Big Berthas they
have left an unbroken record of desolation. ‘‘Arms’’ they are, indeed, ex-
tensions of the human arms, but only energized extensions of lust and
malice and cruelty; and these had weapons enough before. At their best,
and plied in defense of loved ones, guns have only invited counter-blasts as
baleful. At their worst, and normally, they have been instruments of
ruthlessness which have left the world forever impoverished. Where are
ee d
a cree i OF pres S: SS
Taken on Laguna Blanca Photo by the Author
PREOCCUPATION
the Passenger Pigeons? Ask the guns. Where are the Heath Hens and the
Carolina Paroquets and the Eskimo Curlews and the Whooping Cranes
and the Trumpeter Swans? Guns! Guns!! Guns!!! Damn the guns!
The first vision of Ibises the author ever had was during the spring
migrations at Santa Barbara. A dip in the road, where the tongue of an
estero crossed, was suddenly lighted up by a burst of black forms,—a
flock of land-locked cormorants, I thought momentarily. But the ‘“‘shags’’
were too graceful by half as they breasted the strong wind; and as they
hovered questingly, in exquisite syncopation of flight, my recovering
senses grasped the significance of wine-red reflections. White-faced
Glossy Ibises! What splendid birds they are! A score of them, a very
1927
The White-faced Glossy Ibis
vision of the elder day;
whereas all modernity is
one gibbering sparrow!
I stopped the motor in-
stantly; and, reassured,
the Ibises settled back
into the wet grass, and
resumed immediately
their search for food.
Here, again, they seemed
the very embodiments
of grace, as they turned
and twisted, or probed
for insects in the soft
mud, or reared their sin-
uous necks for a moment
of inspection. And what
marvels of color! reds
and greens and purples,
which resolve into black
withd istance. ‘‘More,
anon, you beauties; I’ll
track you to your haunts!
Just now my plates are
gone; the wind is blow-
ing a gale; and the motor
is urging homeward. — I
will leave you to your
wayside fare.”’
Ah, well, I have seen
them since, hundreds of
them—not thousands, as
formerly—in migrations,
or ranging over their
characteristic haunts in
the flooded sections of
Los Banos. The birds
breed annually some-
where within a radius
of twenty miles of the
town of Dos Palos; but
Taken on Laguna Blanca Photo by the Author = it]
Es 10n
TUT-ANKH-AMEN MOTIFS es the flood condit ons
7928
The White-faced Glossy Ibis
are never twice alike, the
colony shifts from year
to year, and | have not
been so fortunate as to
find it in three trials. The
birds are said to build in
loose colonial fashion, sev-
eral hundred pairs in an
area of forty acres, select-
ing for the purpose the
least accessible mazes of
the “‘tule” or giant Scirpus.
The nests are merely plat-
forms of broken-down tules,
augmented, or not, with
some interlacing of loose
stems. The eggs, three or
four in number, are of a
rich dark bluish green,
quite the handsomest in
the entire Heron order.
Their distinctness of type
probably entitles the own-
ers to separate family rank,
the Plegadide. Indeed,
viewed oGdlogically, the
Spoonbills, family Platale-
id@, stand in nearer rela- -
tionship to the Jbidide piace aan ee ake
proper than do either to
the Plegadide, the Bronze Ibises.
The chief interest of the nesting region attaches to the appearance and
spectacular flight of the wide-ranging groups of foraging birds. Pairs
or squads or small platoons are likely to be flushed anywhere within ten
miles of the central rookery. At such times the self-conscious birds vault
into the air with startled cries, not unlike the grunting of pigs, moztk, or
oigh, oigh. A flying company, coming upon observers in ambush, will
flinch or corkscrew most picturesquely (not to say pathetically) each for
himself. But left to themselves, they fall into line behind some trusted
leader, and move off at a very businesslike pace. In my opinion few sights
in the marshes equal the vision of a passing company of Bronze I[bises,
timid mementoes of the elder magnificence.
A STUDY IN BRONZE
1929
Photo by the Author
The White-faced Glossy Ibis
In order to explain the accompanying photos, which represent a
rather unusual opportunity, I venture to quote quite literally from my
notebook: ‘“‘White-faced Glossy Ibis. Laguna Blanca. Sept. 4, 1913.
If this be a dream, do not wake me. A few times before I have said that,
Taken on Laguna Blanca Photo by the Author
THE SOLEMN ORDEAL OF A BATH 2
in a thrilling hour of bird photography, but never, save with the Surf
Birds, more fervently than today. But I am spoiling my story.
“As Will and I were rolling around Laguna Blanca in the auto, I
spied a flock of five White-faced Glossy Ibises, evidently recently dis-
turbed, and now flying about the lake. They passed near us in a graceful
line, but scouted out the country very thoroughly before they finally
lighted on the shore near the boat-landing. I rigged up the camera and
hurried over, frightening as I did so some ducks, a few Anthony Herons,
and finally a Great Blue Heron. With or because of the last-named, a
dozen Ibises rose and probably left the lake, but they were not my five.
These I presently surprised while they were still at rest, but they sprang
7930
Egyptienne
From agum bromide print by Fedora E. D. Brown
Negative and cutout by the Author
Taken near Santa Barbara
The White-faced Glossy Ibis
into the air before I could level on them. They circled over the lake in
rapid, graceful flight, passing several times within easy range of the
camera. I retired speedily to the machine, but the Ibises were thoroughly
aroused, and rose higher and higher and flew in ever wider circles. Several
times they pitched down a hundred feet or so on a sudden impulse, but as
surely took fresh alarm. Seeing they were likely to desert the locality
as their fellows had done, I started the machine and drove a half mile or
so away from the lake. This ruse availed, for on returning and sweeping
around the lake boulevard, we found them knee-deep in water and forty
feet offshore in a gloriously open place.
“Passing by as though unheeding, I soon returned prepared, stopped
the machine suddenly, then swung on them instantly at 150 feet. They
leaped from the water at the sound of the shutter, but settled back almost
in their tracks. Again the shutter roared, and again they leaped clear
of the water. Our machine was not only in the dead open, but it was
perched on the skyline a dozen feet above the birds.
“Then, although it seemed a perfectly desperate undertaking, I
loaded my pouch with plate-holders and set out to stalk the birds directly.
Since there was absolutely no intervening cover, I did not even bother
to crouch, but I did approach very slowly. Ever and anon I ‘shot,’
and always the quarry started; but they did not leap from the water, nor
did they attempt to pull away. By the time I had cut the distance in
two, I had used up my relay of plates and returned for more. I determined
to save up for close shots, but such opportunities are over-tempting. The
last plate went when I was within nine steps of the water’s edge and still
50 feet distant from the birds. It was the last I had, so by way of bravado,
I crept to the water’s edge, within 35 feet. The birds regarded me with
mild curiosity, or pecked at flies, or dozed. Once, when I was nearly
back to the machine, another passing auto frightened the birds so that
they took a turn around the pond; but they soon returned to the same
spot. Although it was a well nigh hopeless undertaking, we motored
back to the house three miles away, reloaded two dozen plate-holders,
and returned to the charge, just one hour later, 4 p. m. The blessed
birds were there, asleep. I began on them where I had left off, namely
at the water’s edge, but soon waded in ten feet nearer. The Ibises were
alert now, but they did not retreat. Ever and again one of their num-
ber gave vent to an uneasy trumpeting croak. I took care not to look
at the birds, save through the camera, and even so I was too excited
to look long. It was punch and roar and change. The birds now paid
not the slightest heed to the noise, nor indeed to my professional motions.
I had been adopted, and the tired birds resumed their nap. I returned
now after ten shots to bring up all the plates I had. It was a glorious
LQ3T
The Roseate Spoon-bill
sight at 25 feet. The birds got into most ungainly, graceful postures,—
a crossed leg, an open beak, or a lifted wing; and as often as they broke
the peace, I sprung the shutter. Finally, alas, I forced myself forward.
Five steps it was to be; and at the fifth step, as I started to lift my head,
there was a sudden soft brush of wings. I had passed the limit of for-
bearance, and my long-suffering hosts had fled—fled this time in high
dudgeon, for they rose and rose till at the height of half a mile they
passed from sight seaward. But oh, it was heavenly while it lasted!”
No. 392
Roseate Spoon-bill
A. O. U. No. 183. Ajaja ajaja (Linneus).
Synonym.—FLaAMINGO (name based on rosy plumage and entirely erroneous).
Description.—Adult: General color rosy red, paling to white on upper back
and breast, definitely white on neck, intensifying to carmine on lower fore-neck, upper
and under tail-coverts and lesser wing-coverts; shafts of wing-quills and rectrices
carmine; patch on side of breast and webbing of tail dingy yellow. Head bare, the
skin orange-yellow, greenish, and black; the bill likewise highly variegated; feet and
legs lake red, the claws dusky; irides carmine. Immature birds have the head chiefly
white-feathered and the body-plumage, basically white, is increasingly flushed with
rosy with advancing age; border of wing extensively dusky, this color persisting last
on tips of primaries. Length of male up to 889 (35.00); wing 400 (15.75); tail 120.6
(4.75); bill 177.8 (7.00) or less, its spoon 57.15 (2.25) across; tarsus 107.95 (4.25).
Female smaller—length up to 762 (30.00).
Recognition Marks.—Eagle size; rosy plumage, and beak broadly flattened
at tip distinctive.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: A frail platform of sticks,
placed at moderate heights in bush or tree. Eggs: 3 or 4; elongate ovate or elliptical
ovate; dull white or pale greenish, spotted and blotched with tawny olive or dresden
brown, or washed and smeared with cream-buff. Av. size 68.85 x 44.45 (2.75 x I.75).
Season: May 15-June 15.
General Range.—Warm temperate North America and South America. Found
from the Gulf States south to Patagonia; casually (or formerly) north to Pennsylvania,
southern Indiana, Wisconsin, Kansas, Colorado, and California.
Occurrence in California.—{No specimens extant, but status based on credit-
able sight records.] A summer visitor wandering from the South at the close of the
breeding season. Seen by Dr. Gambel on the coast as far as San Francisco in the
summer of 1849. Seen by R. B. Herron near San Bernardino, June 20, 1903, and by
H. E. Wilder at Riverside in 1902 (Stephens).
Authorities.—Gambel (Platea mexicana), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2,
i., 1849, p. 222 (Calif.); Stephens, Condor, vol. vi., 1904, p. 139 (San Bernardino and
Riverside) ; Grinnell, Bryant, and Storer, Game Birds Calif., 1918, p. 262.
~ a
The Red-billed Tropic-bird
THE WORD Flamingo has so impressed itself upon the popular
attention that every big bird of a ruddy, not to say lurid, complexion,
reported in from our extreme southeastern border, comes to us as a “‘sure
enough Flamingo.”’ The Flamingo proper, which is chiefly confined to the
coasts bordering upon middle American oceans, has little upon our friend,
Ajaja, from the west coast of Mexico, either in beauty of plumage or in
eccentricity of appearance, especially that of the beak; but when we re-
call that Phenicopterus is also a lamellirostral grallator of the Order
Odontogloss@, it is time for us to admit our presumption, and to beat a
hasty retreat. Ja! Ja! Ajaja ajaja is nothing but a Spoonbill.
If we could actually control our silly desire to kill something, there
is no reason why these really splendid birds, which occasionally wander
north from their breeding grounds near Guaymas, should not be led to
accept our hospitality, and to establish themselves permanently in the
Colorado Valley. But no; they are big and beautiful. Bang! Bang!!
No. 393
Red-billed Tropic-bird
A. O. U. No. 112. Phaéthon ethereus (Linnzus).
Synonyms.—CatTeEsBy’s TROPIC-BIRD. BoO’s’N-BIRD. MARLIN-SPIKE.
Description.—Adult: ‘General color white; a black band bordering the sides
of the head passes through the eye and terminates in a crescent-shaped mark above the
gape; back and sides of the neck, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and most
of the lesser and median wing-coverts barred with black; the five outermost primaries
with the outer web and part of the inner web black, only the extreme tip being white;
some apparently fully adult specimens have the third quill partially, and the fourth
and fifth entirely margined on the outer web with white; the remaining primary quills
with a black median stripe extending to within about an inch of the tip; outer primary
coverts, innermost secondaries and their coverts mostly black margined with white;
long flank-feathers with blotched grayish black bars; outer tail feathers with a few
irregular black markings near the shaft; the upper surface of the shafts black, white at
the extremity. Tail composed of 14 feathers. Iris black; tarsi and upper part of
toes yellow, rest of toes and claws black; bill bright coral-red’’ (Ogilvie-Grant). Length
762-914.4 (30.00-36.00), of which central pair of rectrices 355.6-457.2 (14.00-18.00) ;
wing about 304.8 (12.00); bill 68 (2.50); tarsus 25.4 (1.00).
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: A careless layer of grass or
seaweed, placed in hole or cranny of cliff or on ground in shelter of bush, or, more
rarely, in hollow tree. Egg: Single; white or pale vinaceous as to ground, heavily
sprinkled or spotted or clouded with brownish red (Hessian brown to hematite red).
Av. size 61 x 43 (2.40 x 1.69). Season: In general, throughout the year; but locally
determined and constant.
LOZ
The Red-billed Tropic-bird
General Range.—Seas and coasts of tropical America. Breeds in Lesser
Antilles and from coast of Peru north to about Latitude 28°; ranges north regularly to
Cape Colnett, Lower California; accidental in California and on Newfoundland Banks.
Range in California.—Accidental in channel between Long Beach and Santa
Catalina Island; one record: by Capt. W. H. Graves, August, 1916.
Authorities.—W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. ii., 1889, p. 86
(a skull said to have been found on the coast of Marin Co.); Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avi-
fauna, no. II, 1915, p. 176 (in ‘Hypothetical List,” birds of Calif.); Law, Condor, vol.
xxi., 1919, p. 88 (between Long Beach and Catalina Id., Aug., 1916, one spec.); Bent,
U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. no. 121, 1922, p. 187, pls. (life hist.; desc. nest and eggs, etc.).
ALL THINGS come to him who waits; and the watchers by the sea
are those especially favored by rare sights. The shore-line is nature’s most
ancient highway; and sooner or later every speed-king of the northern
Tropics may be expected to take a turn up that enticing highway, at
least as far as San Pedro. Witness the northern wanderings of the Elegant
Tern and the Man-o’-war-bird; and now the Red-billed Tropic-bird. This
last occurrence had been freely predicted by Anthony! and Grinnell,? for
a previous record of farthest north had been made from Cape Colnett,
Baja California, only 200 miles away. The circumstance of the capture
of a specimen in August, 1916, by Captain W. H. Graves, of Long Beach,
have been detailed by J. Eugene Law.? A solitary bird, perhaps the very
one seen a day or so before, was shot, as it sailed overhead, from a pleasure
launch in the channel about midway between Long Beach and Catalina
Island. This was eventually made into a ‘‘stuffed’’ specimen, and graces
(or did at last accounts) a south window of the Long Beach Chamber
of Commerce. We mention ‘‘south’’ with invidious intent; because
continued exposure to the sun bleaches dark plumage to a ghastly isabel-
line hue.
The Tropic-birds are, as their name implies, chiefly confined to the
Tropic zone. They are more or less gregarious, especially at the breeding
season. In appearance not unlike an exaggerated tern, they differ in
having the central pair of tail-feathers excessively elongated—hence, the
name ‘‘Marlin-spike”’ or ‘‘Bo’s’n-bird.”’ In their quest for food, which they
obtain by plunging from the air, tern-fashion, the birds fare far out to sea,
sometimes hundreds of miles. Their flight is powerful, but it has the
appearance of being labored, because the wings are continually flapped,
never held rigid for soaring and for rest, as in the case of that passed
master of flight, the Man-o’-war-bird. This necessitates occasional rest
upon the surface of the ocean; but if this is roughened by a storm, the
buffeted birds are glad to take refuge on the masts or taffrails of passing
eaamuprcc: Calif. Acad. Sci.,"2nd ser., II., p. 86.
2 Pac. Coast Avifauna, No. 11, 1915, pp. 176, 177.
3 Condor, Vol. XXI., March, rorg, p. 88.
1934
The Water Turkey
ships. Their feet and legs are absurdly inadequate for progress on
shore; and if obliged to walk they spread their wings and waddle about
like cowboys in tight boots.
The Red-billed Tropic-birds were studied by the Academy Expedi-
tion to the Galapagos Islands in 1905-1906; and I cull the following
paragraphs from the account of Mr. E. W. Gifford :!
“Red-billed Tropic-birds could be recognized at almost any time
by their cry, which is long and shrill and consists of a lot of short high
rasping notes given in quick succession. Birds flying about the nesting
place often gave it, and birds disturbed on the nest also gave it. The
young when taken from the nest uttered the same cry; and I have even
heard a young bird only a day or so old give three or four notes of it
when handled.
“The nesting places were usually holes in cliffs and hillsides in the
vicinity of the sea. Asa rule the single egg was laid at the end of a short
burrow; when such was the case no eggs or young were found. One bird
which I disturbed on its nest was in a good light so that I could see it.
It was sitting on its egg with wings drooping at its sides, feathers raised,
and every feature showing rage at my intrusion.”
No. 394
Water Turkey
A. O. U. No. 118. Anhinga anhinga (Linneus).
Synonyms.—AMERICAN DARTER. BLack DARTER. AMERICAN ANHINGA.
SNAKE-BIRD.
Description.—Adult male: General color black; glossy greenish black on head,
neck, and body; wings and tail duller; median and greater wing-coverts chiefly silver-
gray; the lesser wing-coverts spotted, and the scapulars striped with silver-gray; tail
broadly tipped with brownish buffy; the central pair of rectrices finely crinkled on
outer webs. In breeding plumage the hind-neck boasts a mane of black feathers,
bounded on either side by scattered filamentous plumes of purplish white or brownish
ash. “‘In both sexes iris red, ranging from carmine to pink; bill yellow, with dusky
greenish ridge and tip; bare skin about eyes lurid green; sac orange; feet dusky olive
and yellow; webs yellow; claws blackish.”’ Adult female: Similar to adult male, but
head and neck chiefly dull buffy mingled with darker (nearly dusky above), clearing
on jugulum and breast to pure light buff; general body plumage black but silvery
buff appearing as tiny spots; on upper back occupies central portions of elongated
scapulars, subterminal portions of lesser wing-coverts, and entire exposed surface of
greater coverts; tip of tail also brownish buffy, shading for an inch or so; line of junction
between buff and black of breast, narrowly, auburn; central pair of tail-feathers finely
1 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Series, Vol. II., pt. I., 1913, p. 105.
L935
The Water Turkey
crinkled on outer webs. Young birds somewhat resemble adult female, but are dull
gray below and lack the silver-gray markings of scapulars, etc.; flight-feathers more
or less margined with whitish toward tips; tail-feathers not crinkled. Length of
adult about 914.4 (36.00); wing 345.4 (13.60); tail 265.5 (10.45); bill 34.3 (1.35); tarsus
86.4 (3.40).
Recognition Marks.—Gull size as to body, elongated neck with small head,
“scarcely larger’’; silver-gray markings on scapulars, etc., distinctive; swamp-loving
habits.
Nesting.—Not known to breed in California, but probably does so. In colonies.
Nest: A platform of sticks placed in bushes over swamp water or sluggish streams.
Eggs: 3 to 5; light bluish green, overlaid with chalky accretion, not certainly distin-
guishable from those of Cormorants, but averaging shorter. Av. size 54.6 x 34.3
(2.15 x 1.35). Season: March-April; one brood.
General Range.—Tropical and subtropical America, from the lower Colorado
River (in Arizona, California, and Mexico), Texas, southern Illinois, and North Caro-
lina, south to southeastern Brazil.
Occurrence in California.—Observed by Allan Brooks and the author above
Laguna Dam, Potholes, Calif., Feb. 9 and 12, 1913. Probably of regular occurrence
on the Colorado River up to that point.
Authorities.—Brooks, Condor, vol. xv., 1913, p. 182 (Calif. side of Colo.
R. at Potholes, Imperial Co.); Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. no. 121, 1922, p. 229, pls.
(life hist.; desc. nest and eggs, etc.).
WE CANNOT adduce a better proof of the variety of Californian
bird-life than that furnished by the occurrence of this tropical or sub-
tropical fowl on our southern border, in contrast, say, with the Sierra
Nevada Rosy Finch, breeding at 14,000 feet on Mt. Whitney, or the
Great Gray Owl in Siskiyou County. The Amazon is nearer the center
of the Snake-bird’s distribution, but it follows the oozy depths of sun-
warmed waters into Florida and Texas, and latterly has made its appear-
ance on the Colorado River, first on the Arizona side, at Yuma, in the
winter of 1905-6, and then at Potholes, California, where it was recog-
nized by Mr. Allan Brooks and the writer in February, 1913.
The building of the Laguna Dam at Potholes has created slack water
for several miles upstream; and here in the dying timber Egrets and Faral-
lon Cormorants make their homes. Among the latter we descried first one
and then two of the smaller and more nimble Snake-birds. In striking
contrast with the ungainly Shags, they described small circles in the air
with a quick flap, flap, flap, and sail; and when they lighted on some dead
limb overhanging the water, they did so with easy assurance and grace.
These Darters are among the most expert of fresh-water divers. When
surprised they pitch head foremost into and under the water, leaving
scarcely a ripple behind. If they reappear a hundred yards away, it is only
to exhibit a snake-like neck surmounted by a head so compressed as
scarcely to disturb the general scheme. Fish are secured by direct pursuit,
and so easy is the game that the bird can afford to spend a good deal of
time ashore, or rather a-stub, basking in the tropical sunshine.
19306
Farallon Cormorants, Adult and Young
Note watchful Gull, the ubiquitous devil, in the offing
From a photograph by the Author
Taken on the Farallon Islands
The Farallon Cormorant
No. 395
Farallon Cormorant
A. O. U. No. 120c. Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus Ridgway.
Synonyms.—WESTERN DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT. CALIFORNIA COR-
MORANT. SHAG.
Description.—A dults in breeding plumage: General color glossy greenish black,
the back and wings slaty brown, each feather bordered narrowly with greenish black;
a tuft of narrow filamentous feathers on each side of crown over and behind eye, all
black or all white or mixed black and white or wanting; tail of twelve feathers. Bill
yellow, blackening on culmen; gular sac and lores orange-yellow; eyelids and lining
of mouth lived blue; irides nile green; feet black. Adults in winter: Without crests;
less glossy; and colors of soft parts paler. Young male (2nd year?): Head, neck,
and forebreast grayish brown, lighter below and on sides; darker on crown and behind;
remaining underparts, lower back, etc., rich dark brown; back and wings much as in
adult; gular patch yellowish. Young female (2nd year?) and rst year birds of both
sexes: Like preceding but still lighter; extensively brownish white below; back and
wings hoary grayish brown bordered by lighter brown (on scapulars and wing-coverts)
and brownish black. Length (av. of 10 California specimens from various localities) :
778 (31.02); wing 332 (13.07); tail 160 (6.30); bill 58.8 (2.31); tarsus 66.9 (2.63).
Recognition Marks.—Eagle size; black plumage; orange gular area best field
mark for species, birds of the year appearing whitish below.
Nesting.—In colonies. Nest: A bulky structure of weathered sticks, slightly
hollowed and lined with bark, grass, or other soft materials; placed in trees (dead
mesquite), or on ground in commanding position on islet. Eggs: 3 to 5, 7 of record;
elliptical ovate or elongate ovate, pale bluish green, pale niagara green, overlaid
wholly and smoothly or partially and roughly by white calcareous layer. Av. size
62.5 x 41 (2.46 x 1.61); index 65.6. Season: c. February 1st (Salton Sea), March,
April, May, according to latitude; one brood.
Range of Phalacrocorax auritus——North America, breeding from southern
Alaska, central Saskatchewan, southern Keewatin, and Newfoundland, south to
Honduras and the Socorro Islands; retiring from northern portions of range in winter,
in the East as far as North Carolina. ~
Range of P. a. albociliatus—The southwestern coastal district of the United
States and Lower California. Breeds both coastwise and interiorly from Oregon and
western Nevada through California to Cape San Lucas and the Socorro Islands. Re-
tires from colder interior sections in winter. Casual (?) in Utah.
Distribution in Californias—Common resident both coastwise and upon the
larger lakes. Wanders freely up rivers and estuaries and appears at odd places upon
smaller reservoirs and ponds. Numbers considerably augmented in winter below
Point Conception. Definite breeding stations at Rhett Lake, Clear Lake (Lake Co.),
Eagle Lake, Tulare Lake, Buena Vista Lake, and Salton Sea, and on the coasts of the
Farallons, Seal Rocks (in 1912), Prince Islet (off San Miguel), Scorpion Harbor rocks,
Santa Cruz Island, Anacapa Island, Santa Barbara Island, and Ship Rock near
Santa Catalina.
1937
The Farallon Cormorant
Authorities.—Gambel (Carbo dilophus), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2,
i., 1849, p. 227 (Calif.); Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. ii., 1884, p. 94 (Phala-
crocorax dilophus albociliatus, new subspecies; type locality, Farallon Ids.); Ray,
Auk, vol. xxi., 1904, p. 436, pl. (Farallon Id., breeding; habits) ; Grinnell, Condor, vol.
x., 1908, p. 185, figs. (Salton Sea; desc. of breeding colony); Howell, Pac. Coast Avi-
fauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 37 (s. Calif. Ids.).
LANDSMEN are slow to realize the fertility of the sea. Its great
expanse is so little broken at the surface by the irruption of life that we
cannot easily comprehend the vast and varied resources either of its
depths or of its teeming shallows. The Gulls, the Gooneys, and the Man-
o’-war-birds serve to heighten this superficial impression which we get of
ocean’s scanty fare, for we find them traveling a league for a bite, and a
day’s journey for a full meal. Not so, however, with the Cormorant.
Here is a bird, the very symbol of voracity, built to seize and swallow and
speedily digest. When we see him and know his ways, we realize the long-
suffering of the great mother, and the boundless provision she has made
for her hungry children.
Cormorants of more than forty species range
Taken on the
Southeast Farallon
Photo by the
Author
THE TYPE COLONY
IT WAS FROM SPECIMENS TAKEN IN THIS ROOKERY THAT THE RACE, albociliatus, WAS DESCRIBED BY RIDGWAY
1938
The Farallon Cormorant
Taken on the southeast Farallon Photo by the Author
A BRAVE MOTHER
THIS BROODING FEMALE “‘FARALLON’’ WAS PHOTOGRAPHED AT A RANGE OF 21% FEET
along the hundred thousand leagues of earth’s shore-line, well distributed
in all save Arctic and Antarctic waters; and they constitute the mightiest
race of fishers ever known, save those born of the teeming waters them-
selves. The piscatorial peculations of men are as a dot beside their
unceasing pillage. One almost hesitates to admit what these ravages
Taken in Washington Photo by the Author
A SHAGGY ROCK
L939
The Farallon Cormorant
really are, for fear of drawing down the wrath of our Italian friends who
have (upon what grounds I know not) arrogated to themselves the right
to all the fishes which swim in the sea. But here is a concrete example
from foreign waters. Mr. Howard W. Wright, visiting San Martir
Island, off the coast of Lower California, in July, 1913, estimated its shag
population (chiefly P. a. albociliatus) at 1,800,000, allowing three young
to each pair of adults.1
“We became very much
interested in estimating
the amount of fish these
birds consumed per day.
We noted the amount
each young cormorant
threw up when molested,
and found on_ several
occasions a bunch of fish
as big as a man’s two
fists. This mass was
generally composed of
surf-fish, smelt and sar-
dines. [| have heard
other estimates of from
three to six sardines a
day for a cormorant, so
I consider a half pound
of fish a day very con-
servative [undoubtedly
too conservative—a
pound a day would be
nearer right, would it
not?]. Allowing half a
Sears pound of fish a day for
ERR NEA SS each of 1,800,000 birds,
RM og — a the entire population
Taken on Anacapa Island Phaio by Donald R. Dickey would consume about
NEST AND EGGS OF FARALLON CORMORANT four hundred tons a day,
or about ten thousand
tonsa month! The fishing was done in San Quentin Bay exclusively,
but in that bay and in Hassler’s Cove, on the island, fish were found
very plentiful, and always hungry, showing that the birds do not
seriously lessen the number of fish.”
1 Reported by Mr. Wright in ‘‘The Condor,” Vol. XV., Noy., 1913, pp. 207-210.
7940
The Farallon Cormorant
The name Shag, from the old
Saxon sceacga, hair, undoubtedly
refers to the crests, which are so
characteristic a feature of many
species of cormorants. It is difficult
to believe, however, that the name
would have become imbedded in the
popular imagination if it had not had
the support of the cormorant-crown-
ed rocks and harbor buoys. The ser-
rated appearance often presented by
these familiar objects certainly re-
minds one of a woolly dog’s coat, or
the towsled head of a warrior, and
is, therefore, for all time, shaggy.
Speaking of crests, fashions are
various; and in the case of the Faral-
lon Cormorant, at least, very vari-
able. Note the specifications above:
“a tuft of narrow, filamentous feath-
ers on each side of crown over and
behind eye, all black, or all white, or
mixed black-and-white, or wanting”’
—all the necessary latitude between
hobble skirts (from which the good
Lord deliver us) and hoop skirts
(from which the good Lord has de-
livered us). It is no discredit, there- | RU
fore, to the brooding mother (shown Taken on the Farallons Photo by the Author
om page 1939) that she has dis- THE MOST HANDSOMELY pte wae IN THE ENTIRE COLONY
carded plumes; nor need we, on the
other hand, begrudge to ‘“‘the bride,’”’ shown on this page, the beautiful,
and rare, adornment of pure white “‘aigrettes.”’ It was surely some such
rare example as this which led Newton, in speaking of P. graculus, to
declare her “‘one of the most beautiful of sea birds.”
Beauty, of a sort, this cormorant undoubtedly possesses. The
bird’s eye is of a handsome blue-green (rather an unusual color among
birds); and its hue both matches the ‘‘pipings’’ which border the loral
areas and complements the rich orange of lores and gular spaces. When
milady yawns one glimpses “‘linings”’ of livid blue. Moreover, in spite of
the filthy surroundings of her nest, the shag is not uncleanly in personal
IQ4I
Taken on the Coast of Washington Photo by the Author
YOUNG CORMORANTS
THE BIRDS ARE WHITE-CRESTS (P. a. cincinnatus), NOT APPRECIABLY DIFFERENT FROM THE FARALLONS
P. a. albociliatus)
appearance, her sleek shininess being due in large measure, no doubt, to
her frequent ablutions.
Unlike the Baird Cormorant, which is nervous and flighty to a fault,
the Farallon is a plain, home-loving body, very amiable if treated with
reasonable consideration. Partly because of her more phlegmatic dis-
position, and partly, no doubt, because most of her eggs have hatched
by vacation time (which is as early as most of us get around to pay a
visit to the sea-bird isles), it is often possible to get very close to brooding
birds of this species. I have sat down on the very door-step (marble
or merely whitewashed mattered not) of a shagine home and visited with
the occupant to heart’s content.
Farallon cormorants usually deposit their complement of eggs
during the first week of May, and are, therefore, the earliest nesters of
the three local species. The nests are usually built of sticks if these are
available. In default of these, as on the Farallon Islands themselves,
the birds pluck coarse weeds instead. There is no proper lining, but
various soft substances, such as bark, moss, sea-weed, rags and feathers,
are incorporated in the structure, which is usually placed in an exposed
situation,—the crest of a ridge or the summit of a rock.
A typical cormorant rookery is, of course, foul from every conceivable
source. The nests and rocks are white with excrement, and with this the
callow young are more or less besmeared. Then about the nests lie frag-
ments of uneaten fish, and to these flies swarm in myriads. Add to the
general raciness of odor an occasional overdone egg, and you have a fine
unsavory mess of it.
1942
Vag UO}LG ay) UO ETGI UL UayL T,
Loy py ayy vq ydvibopoud v uWlodiy
uoleiodrad ysnoiyy posodxo
Sulaq si ‘sivad XIS 10] passouiqns ‘3s9.10J ayinbsaw oy
SJURIOULIO) UOT[VIey JO AUOTOD do}j-9917, V
The Farallon Cormorant
Young cormorants are perfectly helpless when hatched, and are, if
possible, uglier than young magpies. Not only are they coal black and as
naked as sin, but their heads are scarcely larger around than their long
necks, and a nestful of them looks more like a bundle of young black-
snakes than anything avian. The characteristic orange upon the gular
area of the adult is reflected by a pale yellow, sharply contrasting with
the posterior black, even in the very youngest specimens; while youngsters
half or two-thirds grown are covered with a coarse black down. When
Photo by the Author
Taken near Mecca
A POPULOUS COLONY
THE HOST TREE IS A WATER-WORN MESQUITE NOW EMERGING AFTER THE GREAT FLOOD WHICH
FILLED THE SALTON SINK
disturbed at the nest the younglings quit their quarters and waddle off
clumsily to the farthest nest of the immediate group, where they stand on
the defensive a dozen or twenty strong. When brought to bay, and, of
course, after they have disposed of the contents of their crops, no matter
where, they thrust out the neck at the intruder and open the gullet, until
it almost makes one dizzy to look down it, emitting the while a sound be-
tween a hiss and a bark, intended no doubt to be frightful, but really only
dismal or ridiculous. Most interesting, also, is the curious pulsating of
the loose membranes of the throat during excitement or anger, or perhaps
L943
The Farallon Cormorant
during activity of any kind. The pulsating movement is rapid and to
appearance violent, and it is characteristic not only of this species but of
the next as well.
If the shags take heavy toll of the finny tribes, they pay fearful trib-
ute, in turn, to their ruthless overlord, the Western Gull. From the
time the first egg is laid, one or the other of the parents must mount
guard incessantly to keep the marauder at bay. The gull is a coward
and cannot stand up under well directed blows of the shag’s beak; but
once let the owner’s attention be diverted, and the gull slips in to snatch
an egg or a stripling youngster. Human intrusion is welcomed by the
gull with loud acclaim, for in the great colony of shags many will flee
in fear before the man. This is the gull’s opportunity, and he will gobble
‘yY koe ca ie
Taken on the Salton iSea Photo by the Author
A GROUP OF NESTS
the uncovered eggs in a trice, or return again and again till all the bant-
lings are appropriated. It may be the law of nature, but it always arouses
in the beholder feelings of indignation to see a gull seize a helpless black
baby by the neck and bolt it in midair, in spite of frantic kicking and
1944
The Farallon Cormorant
Taken on the Salton Sea Photo by the Author
AN AWKWARD LANDING
THE NEIGHBOR OF THE UNFORTUNATE BIRD IS USING VERY UNLADYLIKE LANGUAGE
squirming. Perhaps we are over-fastidious. The squab has no feathers
which need plucking or singeing, and as for removing the chicken’s head
before swallowing, it is a mere human custom, like washing the hands,
or saying grace before meat. Ah, that is it! It is the gracelessness of
the performance which gets on our nerves. If the gull would only say,
“By your leave, gentle cousin,’ and observe a decent ceremony in lead-
ing this lamb to the slaughter, we should quite approve of his action,
should we not?
It will be impossible in our limited space to record all the joys and
the sorrows of shagdom; but a brief notice of some of the more prominent
nesting colonies may not be amiss.
The type locality for this subspecies, the Southeast Farallon, while
situated about midway of its range, and typical enough as to situation,
TQ45
The Farallon Cormorant
is really not a conspicuous nesting site. The colony which occupies
the south exposure of the summit of Roundtop fluctuates in size from
year to year, having suffered severely of late from the depredations of
the Western Gulls. When I visited the place in May, 1911, it had dwindled
to about forty pairs.
Since the desertion of the famous Seal Rocks, off Golden Gate Park,
by the Steller sea-lion, they have been occupied by a populous colony
of ‘“‘Farallons.’’ Scarcely a more conspicuous or instructive example
of the home life of sea-birds could be presented than is there afforded
to the countless throngs who visit the Cliff House every summer. In
particular, the nesting of 1915 was spectacular, and those tourists who
came provided with good binoculars needed no after sight of the excellent
habitat group prepared by Messrs. Rowley and Fair for the Museum of
the California Academy of Science.
The Farallon Cormorant is even better known as a habitant and
visitant of interior waters than as a sea-bird. It occupies rookeries
in Tule Lake, Eagle Lake, Clear Lake (in Lake County), and along the
flooded banks of both the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. Most
notable, perhaps, is its occurrence on Salton Sea. The trough of the de-
pression formerly known as Salton Sink was occupied by a heavy growth of
mesquite. The great body of water formed by the overflow of the Colorado
River in 1905-1907, which attained a maximum depth of nearly a hundred
feet, overwhelmed this § forest, but the water is now subsiding at the
Taken on the Salton Sea : Photo by the Author
A FLEET OF SUBMARINES
A CORMORANT RIDES VERY LOW ON THE WATER
71040
Bag UO}[LS ay} UO UAye JT,
“oyun p ayt hq ydvabojoyd v wos,
PRACT ZC SAE if fT
S}SON S8vYS Jo OL, V
The Farallon Cormorant
rate of four or five feet
per annum, and the mes-
quites, now denuded of
leaves and minor twigs,
are reappearing in suc-
cessive ranks, below Mec-
ca. The Cormorants are
thus assured fresh and
not easily accessible nest-
ing sites every year.
We found a thrifty
colony of some four hun-
dred pairs here in 1913.
Nest building had evi-
dently been begun not
later than the 1oth of
January, while on the
BPeSibnOelareemlomitllhi
amidst much stir of traf-
fic, croakings, bellow-
ings, flappings, and lug-
ging of sticks, we found
about one-third of the
nests already occupied
by sitting birds. The
birds fled in a body upon
our approach (in a leaky
boat rescued from last :
year’s beach-line, a half- Taken on the Salton Sea E Photo by the Author
itis: Galemdl, ere hike PUTTING ON THE BRAKES
calked with collectors’ cotton); but upon our promise of good behavior,
backed by consistent quietness, they ventured back by twos and threes
and small platoons.
Your Shag is no ballet dancer. Water is her native element, and she
is not ungraceful in the air, but lighting on a sprangly mesquite bough
is a more difficult matter. As the contact is about to be made, the per-
former is convulsed with an agony of apprehension. The tail-brake is
set hard, the wings are back-firing, the splay feet are held tense, while
the acuteness of anxiety is most convincingly shown by the rigidity of
the hyoid apparatus which makes an acute angle in the throat. As
often as not, the bird misses her footing and scrambles madly, while her
disconcerted neighbors roar protest.
1947
The Brandt Cormorant
The prosperity of this colony was evidenced both by the unusually
large average number of eggs per nest—fours and fives being the rule,
and sixes not rare—and by the uniformly large size of the eggs. The
controlling factor of this prosperity was undoubtedly the abundant food
supply. Fish of four or five kinds struggled feebly in the shallow waters
or else lined the shore in windrows. Chief among them was a large
sucker (probably Catostomus latipinnis of the Colorado River), which
would weigh from five to fifteen pounds, and a smaller hump-backed
fish (a degenerate form of Xyrauchen cypho?), some six inches long. It
was Impossible to determine what was causing the demise of these fish,
whether the increasing saltiness of the water, or the exertions of the spawn-
ing season. Certainly it was not due to any failure in food supply, for the
fish were rolling fat.
The remarkably early nesting may have been induced not only by
the movements of the fish, but by the disciplinary experience of the effect
upon young squabs of the Colorado Desert sun in, say, April, (equivalent
to July anywhere else). The Farallon Cormorant is a prudent bird and
very adaptive, and given his quintal of fish is likely to survive to gladden
our children’s children to the mth generation.
Brandt’s Cormorant
A. O. U. No. 122. Phalacrocorax penicillatus (Brandt).
Synonyms.—BrROWN CORMORANT. SHAG.
Description.—Adults in early nuptial plumage: In general deep lustrous
greenish black, changing to lustrous purplish black on head and neck; lighter on scapu-
lars and wing-coverts, where feathers exhibit violet-green iridescence and have narrow
edgings of the darker green; gular sac dull blue, bordered basally with pale brown
(tawny olive) feathers. From each side of the neck springs a loose irregular tuft of
stiffsh linear white feathers, declined backward and downward two or three inches;
similar feathers of twice the width and half the abundance start from the scapulars,
and a few others, mere stiffened hairs, are scattered over the lower occipital region.
These white adornments disappear with the advance of the nesting season, and the
plumage loses much of its luster, especially forward, while the brown feathers bordering
the gular area fade to pale buffy (cartridge-buff). Immature: General color dark
brown, darkest and greenish lustrous on head and neck and posteriorly all around,
lightening to pale fawn or buffy brown on breast and border of gular area; feathers of back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts glossy greenish dusky with darker borders and pale brown
edgings. Young (1st juvenal): Like immature, but much darker; color of upperparts
more definitely greenish lustrous; rump and sides dark-bottle green. Downy young:
Sooty brown, sprinkled on belly and wings with white. Size variable—length varies
by six inches; length (av. of 10 Monterey specimens): 749 (29.49); wing 293 (11.54);
bill 70.4 (2.77); tarsus 65 (2.56).
1948
The Brandt Cormorant
Recognition Marks.—Eagle size; bluish and fawn-colored gorget most dis-
tinctive at close quarters; general absence of positive characteristics itself distinctive
at greater range.
Nesting.— Nest: A substantial crater of moss, sea-weed, and compacted grasses,
deeply cupped, placed on level surface of rock, usually crest of islet. Eggs: 4; pale
bluish green overlaid with white calcareous deposit; elliptical ovate or elongate ovate.
Ay. size 62.5 x 38.6 (2.46 x 1.48); index 61.7; av. of a set of 3 selected for low index:
67.8 x 37.6 (2.67 x 1.48); index 55.4; index of narrowest egg 53.6. Season: May 20-
June 20; one brood.
General Range.—Pacific Coast of North America from Vancouver Island to
Cape San Lucas.
Distribution in California.—Abundant resident along the entire seacoast
and about the Santa Barbara Islands. Not found away from salt water. Numbers
south of Point Conception augmented in winter.
Authorities.—Gambel (Carbo penicillatus), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser.
2, 1., 1849, p. 227 (Monterey); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. v., 1895,
p. 177 (desc. of breeding colony at Monterey); Ray, Auk, vol. xxi., 1904, p. 437, pl. (desc.
of breeding colony on Farallon Ids.); Howell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12, I917.
Taken on the Southeast Farallon Photo by the Author
AN OLD NESTING GROUND
BRANDT CORMORANTS MAY BE SEEN STANDING GUARD UPON THEIR NESTS, BUT CALIFORNIA
MURRES ARE MORE IN EVIDENCE
7949
The Brandt Cormorant
Taken in Washington Photo by the Author
NEST AND EGGS OF BRANDT CORMORANT
BRANDT’S Cormorant is both more sociable—or, strictly speaking,
gregarious—and more wary than its milder-mannered cousins, the Faral-
lon and the White-crest (P. a. cincinatus). Such wariness is a little
hard to account for, because the Indians of our southern coasts, where
the bird enjoys its widest distribution, were never such bold navigators
as those of the Northland, who have for generations robbed the rookeries
of the White-crested, Pelagic, and Red-faced Cormorants. Nevertheless,
Brandt’s is a familiar figure on the piles of the unfrequented piers, as well
as on the rocky headlands of our entire coastline. If the bird is not
exactly of a mind to fly at the first alarm from a passing steamer, it stands
with wings half open, that, should necessity arise, no time may be lost in
making good its escape. Again, a group of them will sit on a low-lying
reef, or even on a floating log, with wings half extended, “drying their
clothes” in the sunshine. The wings as well as the feet are used under
water, but we cannot guess why the Cormorants more than other aquatic
species should be averse to wet plumage.
These birds nest in large, close-set colonies, which, partly no doubt
for sanitary reasons, they relocate from year to year. At least a last
1950
The Brandt Cormorant
year’s nesting site visited on the Farallons was not only buried in white-
wash, but contained an appalling number of sodden squab skeletons. The
new site chosen for the season of 1911 was on the north slope of Maintop,
and by the last week in May was ina furor of nest-building activity. The
interested actions of hovering gulls suggested that community tactics
had been engendered as much by fear of the gull as anything else. An
isolated nest might easily be surrounded by a mob of these pious maraud-
ers, and its occupants crowded or lured away; but in a closely occupied
colony it is the invader who is surrounded, and a half dozen writhing
necks surmounted by beaks of no mean power are too much for the Larine
nerve. But it is also amusing to see how the Brandt Cormorants prey
upon each other in the matter of building material. They are always
grabbing at each other’s haypile in passing, and once an absence is noted
or an easy mark discovered, the ungenerous neighbors fall upon the nest
and lug it off piecemeal. One bird I saw who seized a beakful which for
bulk was half as large as himself—a magnificent haul.
Characteristically, the nest is a huge bowl or crater of weeds and
grasses, freshly plucked. Of nest-building near Point Lobos, Chapman
Taken on the Southeast Farallon Photo by the Author
THE GULLS IN POSSESSION
OUR NECESSARY PRESENCE FRIGHTENED THE CORMORANTS AND THE WESTERN GULLS HAVE CLEANED UP EVERY
EGG IN SIGHT
TQ5T
The Brandt Cormorant
says:! ‘‘The Cormorants were now gathering grass for their nests, from
an island almost within a stone’s throw of the mainland. They appeared
as a rule from the south, alighted at the edge of the island, a cliff some
thirty feet in height, waddled awkwardly to the unclipped grass, pulled
a bill-full, waddled back to the cliff border, threw themselves into the
air on outstretched wings, and flying toward the north, returned to their
nesting rock, which was immediately back of the one on which they were
haying. Throughout the day feathered mowers were rarely absent from
the field, sometimes as many as nine birds being present. The denuded
area from which the grass had been removed was as bare and as sharply
defined from that portion of the crop which the Cormorants had not yet
gathered as though it had been mowed and raked by a human harvester.”
The eggs, normally four in number, are of a delicate ‘“‘blue’’—the
color of skim milk, Finley says. This effect is secured by a thin white
1Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist, by Frank M. Chapman; New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1908, p. 272.
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
THE LEGACY OF GUN-FIRE
ALL WINGED CREATURES FLEE AT THE APPROACH OF CIVILIZED (!) MAN
1952
The Brandt Cormorant
Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
PEACE
calcareous veil drawn over the whole, a sort of limy crust which now
and then breaks away in patches, uncovering areas of purest heron’s egg
green. This limy incrustation is sometimes so coarse and irregular that
the whole egg appears like some quaint arabesque in green and white.
The eggs are soon soiled and nest-stained, however, and in many cases
they become a dull brownish from the excretions of innumerable shag-
flies which haunt the scene.
The newly hatched young are mother naked, and of a repulsive
greasy black appearance. At the age of a week or such a matter they are
covered with a thick black down, well sprinkled upon the sides with white.
The gular area is of a livid blue-black color from the outset, and young
Brandts may thus be clearly distinguished from young Farallons, with
which they occasionally mingle when frightened. A young cormorant is
no mean climber. Armed with sharp claws, and hesitating not a moment
to use wings in lieu of hands, an unsettled squab can scramble back up a
very steep bit of rock. The social instinct is very strong in times of dan-
ger, and a hundred bantlings will huddle together in a single seething
mass of apprehension.
The details of infant nursing are fortunately obscured from the eyes
LOTS,
The Brandt Cormorant
of areluctant public. The “operation” takes place in the parental throat,
down which the youngster thrusts his serpent-like head. Do not, there-
fore, accuse the gentle shag of cannibalism when you detect it in the act
of swallowing the first six or eight inches of its infant’s anatomy. Baby
has been invited to help himself, and he will presently emerge from those
fish-lined depths in radiant if dishevelled triumph.
Dr. Brewer says! of an allied species, nowise different in this respect:
“The eggs have a very strong and disagreeable flavor, and they cannot
be made to coagulate by boiling.” As to the latter point I cannot say;
I have always taken mine fried, with a bit of bacon, and believe me,
they are delicious. Tut, tut! what am I saying? Avaunt, savage seduc-
tive memory! we are civilized now, and we must not under any circum-
stances rob the poor birdies. No one but an Indian should be allowed
to eat a Shag’s egg, and he should have a warden posted on either hand
to see that he does not take two. But it is to laugh—that hoary, pious,
fraudulent tradition about the eggs of sea-birds being “fishy,” or ‘‘musky,”’
or having ‘‘strong disagreeable flavors.’’ The Doctor must have got hold
of an overripe one.
The winter chronicle of the Steganopodous sea-front has not yet been
written. We only know in a vague way that there is a considerable re-
distribution of shags at that season. Perhaps it is merely because the birds
are released from family cares that we see a good deal more of them in-
shore. A school of herring occasionally seeks refuge in the shailows, and
they are as likely to invade the waterfront of some coastal town as remoter
spots. Thus, on the 24th of December, 1917, the guests of the Potter
Hotel saw a mixed flock of about 2,000 birds, chiefly shags, crowding the
nearer reaches of our little bay and bewailing the bashful herring.
Two days later, at a protected spot six miles west of town, a com-
panion and I stumbled upon a scene which seemed like a chapter from the
elder world. We had appeared unexpectedly at a very low tide around the
foot of the usually impassable cliff at Moore’s Point. On the beach of the
embayment just east of the black and white cliffs (asphalt and shag-
shearn) we discovered an immense company of sea-fowl, chiefly shags,
sunning themselves. They took alarm at our distant approach, but were
presently reassured when we seated ourselves in the shadow, and pro-
ceeded to re-form themselves into a line for landing. This was altogether
one of the most interesting operations I have seen among the sea-birds.
The landing line, consisting of several birds abreast, extended out from
shore nearly half a mile, all of the intending immigrants swimming slowly
toward shore. It was interesting to watch the landing itself. The shags
allowed the surf, which is very gentle here, to wash them ashore, and then
1 Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, ‘‘The Water Birds of North America,”’ Vol. II., p. 153s
L954
heey
The Brandt Cormorant
they struggled free of the water, shook themselves, and went waddling up
the wet spume as fast as their short legs would carry them. The upper
beach had become, therefore, a solid black mass of shags.
Not all the shags required to wade ashore, for there was a constant
string of arrivals by the air route. As nearly as I could make out the
three species were represented, Baird’s, if any, decidedly in the minority,
the Farallons outnumbering the Brandt’s three to one. Altogether there
must have been three thousand ashore, the most I ever saw at one time.
Of other birds there were Heermann Gulls, Western Gulls, Royal Terns
(a few) and California Pelicans.
As we approached, a second time, the necessity of early action in
flight became more apparent to the birds. The great body of birds up-
beach was helpless, or nearly so, by reason of juxtaposition, so the exodus
began at the water’s edge and worked up the beach as fast as possible.
As we broke into a run, the pace became feverish, but there was no dis-
order. The birds knew that they had just one chance, and they took
it. In an incredibly short space of time the army melted away, from the
front only, and the last bird had cleared with a run and violent flapping
when we arrived, laughing and breathless. There was nothing to fear.
The birds knew it then, and they blinked at each other sheepishly from
behind the line of breakers—blinked or winked, I am not just sure which.
Photo by the Author
THE ETHIOPIAN CLUB
BRANDT CORMORANTS ON ROCK NEAR SANTA CRUZ
L955)
The Baird Cormorant
No. 397
Baird’s Cormorant
A. O. U. No. 123b. Phalacrocorax pelagicus resplendens Audubon.
Synonyms.— RESPLENDENT CORMORANT. SOUTHERN VIOLET-GREEN CORMO-
RANT. SHAG.
Description.—Adults in breeding plumage: General coloration deep lustrous
bottle-green with purplish reflections; head and neck all around shining violet with
steel-blue changes, a few lanceolate white feathers projecting at random from sides
of head and neck; a prominent flank-patch pure white; frontal and occipital feathers
lengthened, producing two crests, of which frontal more prominent; frontal feathering
reaching culmen, but eyelids and space below eye bare; gular sac reduced in area, dull
coral-red. Bill and feet bluish-black; iris bright red. Adults after breeding season
are without crests, plumules, or flank-patches. Young birds are plain sooty black
above, lighter, or whitening centrally, below. Nestlings hatched naked, soon acquiring
sooty gray down. Length (av. of 10 Monterey Bay specimens): 640.8 (25.51); wing
259 (10.20); bill 46.5 (1.83), depth at narrowest portion 7.57 (.30); tarsus 50.8 (2.00).
Recognition Marks.—Brant size, smallest of local cormorants; white flank-
patches in breeding season; lustrous green and violet plumage distinctive.
Nesting.— Nest: A low crater or semilune, compacted chiefly of eel-grass,
cemented with excrement; placed on narrow ledge or upon rock boss of sea-wall.
Eggs: 2 to 4,5 of record; pale bluish green, with irregular calcareous covering; elongate
ovate to cylindrica’ ovate. Avy. size 57.3 x 35.6 (2.256 x I 40); index 60.3. Season:
June; one brood.
Range of Phalacrocorax pelagicus——The coasts of the North Pacific Ocean,
south to China and western Mexico.
Range of P. p. resplendens.—Pacific Coast of North America from northern
Washington south to Cape San Lucas and Mazatlan, Mexico.
Distribution in California#—Common resident along the entire seacoast,
breeding upon exposed portions of rugged rocks and mainland cliffs. Not found away
from salt water.
Authorities.—Heermann (Phalacrocorax resplendens), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv.,
vol. x., 1859, p. 72 (Farallon Ids.); W. E. Bryant, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, i., 1888,
p. 25 (desc. breeding colony on Farallon Ids.); Clay, Condor, vol. xiii., 1911, p. 138
(depth of diving).
HARD experience, as well as innate suspicion, has led the Baird
Cormorant, long since, to forsake the comfortable quarters of her easy-
going kinsmen, the Brandt and the Farallon, and to rear her young on
the bosses and inaccessible ledges of grim sea-cliffs. The ridges and
crests belong to the larger Shags, but the sides are her domain. Her calcu-
lations are not always infallible—your Shag is no Plato—but unget-
atability has been her life study, and her average attainments in this
line are noteworthy. The sculptured pillars and crannied sea-walls of
1950
The Baird Cormorant
our smaller coastal islands are an
especial delight to her, while some
of the sheer walls upon our mainland
promontories permit fairly gratifying
opportunities for study. Indeed, there
is scarcely an islet along our entire
Pacific Coast, from the Santa Barbara
Islands to Norton Sound, which does
not boast from one to thirty pairs of
these venturesome birds (or the doubt-
fully larger form, P. p. resplendens);
while the larger islands, like the
Farallons, and the more inaccessible
promontories, harbor hundreds. In
an ideal situation, like that furnished
by Fuca’s Pillar, off Cape Flattery,
these shags range themselves in serried
ranks along impossible ledges, looking
collectively like black bottles on a
druggist’s shelves, or, more elegantly,
and at closer quarters, like ebony
statuettes on marble pedestals.
Cormorants plunge into the wild-
est waters as fearlessly as sea-lions,
and they carry on their fishing opera-
tions about the shoulders of booming
reefs which humans dare not ap-
proach. Baird’s Cormorants appear to be quite the most intrepid of
their kind; and if certain accounts of northern fishermen, recorded
by Mr. C. I. Clay,! of Eureka, are to be believed, they have been taken
in eighty fathoms of water. Mr. Clay himself saw Brandt Cormorants
enmeshed in nets set at twenty fathoms, and was told that the larger
species was never taken below forty. Wings are used for propulsion
as well as the powerful full-webbed feet. The nostrils, moreover, of
all adult cormorants are permanently closed, so that we have here per-
haps, at least among those who can also fly, the world’s champion diver.
After luncheons, which occur quite frequently in the cormorant day,
the birds love to gather on some low-lying reef, just above the reach of
the waves, and devote the intervening hours to that most solemn func-
tion of life, digestion. There is evidence that the birds discuss oceanic
politics on these occasions—the benevolent assimilation of a twelve-
Taken in Washington Photo by the Author
BAIRD CORMORANTS AT NEST
1Condor, XIII., p. 138.
1957
Taken
The Baird Cormorant
eth
in Washington Photo by the Author
A NESTING WALL OF BAIRD CORMORANTS
CAREFUL INSPECTION WILL MAKE OUT FORTY BIRDS SITTING ON OR NEAR THEIR NESTS
inch buffalo cod is presumed to be sufficient occupation for union hours.
As might be inferred from their choice of nesting sites, Baird Cor-
morants are more sprightly than the larger species, and also exceedingly
shy. An interview at close quarters is impossible, and we must employ
stealth to get close enough to one to note the lustrous black plumage
with the flashing iridescence of violet and green and purple, the curious
feather-tufts like budding horns, and the blood-red eyes, which im-
part to their owners a fierce, not to say wicked, appearance. Under
apprehension of danger, the bird will crane its neck at every conceiv-
able angle, punctuating its moments of anxiety with a flirt of its mobile
TO58
Ps *
The Baird Cormorant
tail—that is, if that useful member can be spared from its frequent
duty of assisting the bird to maintain a precarious foothold on some
slight projection of the cliff side. Now and then also the bird voids
vigorously, distributing an impartial whitewash over all surrounding
objects.
When the birds of a colony quit their nests, they launch out swiftly,
wagging their heads from side to side if the danger is above them. They
may join the puffins and gulls for a few rounds of inspection, but oftener
they settle in the water at some distance from the shore, a large com-
pany of them looking and acting very much like a flock of black geese.
It requires quite an effort on the bird’s part to rise from the water, but
this is done with a single motion of the wings, unassisted by the feet, as
would be the case with heavy ducks and loons. If the Shag has been
diving, it may burst out of the water with the acquired impetus of the
chase; and once under way, its flight is swift and vigorous and not alto-
gether ungraceful.
Baird Cormorants are late nesters. Fresh eggs may be taken by the
Taken in Washington
Photo by the Author
A POPULAR NESTING SITE
NESTS OF THREE SPECIES OF SHAGS
OCCUPY THIS POINT
L959
The Baird
Cormorant q
Taken in Washington Photo by the Author
KNOB AND SPIKE
middle of June, or even the middle of May in extreme southern localities,
but the first of July is nearer the height of the season. Nests are bracket-
shaped, or quadrispherical, oftener than complete crater-shaped; for
allowance must be made for the crowding of the wall, against which
this cormorant always builds. The structure is the work of successive
seasons, and the limy excrement, which invarably cements the grasses
of which it is composed, appears rather to favor its preservation than
to hasten its decay. An extreme instance of this seasonal increment may
be seen at the mouth of the Painted Cave on Santa Cruz Island. Nesting
towers, five or six feet in height, appear in certain favored situations, under
the protecting vault of the giant archway. Certain of these alabaster
monuments, indeed, are feeling the crowding effect of the arching walls,
and the time is not far distant when these leaning towers of Pisa must
be overbalanced.
The eggs are of a delicate bluish green when first laid, half or two-
thirds overspread with a thick chalky deposit. They are of an elongated
elliptical shape, varying greatly in size, but averaging smaller than either
of the other local species; while runts, or undersized eggs, are not in-
frequent.
As in the case of all cormorants, nesting is liable to be broken up
by the depredations of gulls or ravens, so that if a second attempt is
made, the rearing of chicks is thrown very late in the season. At Gren-
ville Point, on the Washington coast, I found nests with incomplete sets,
as well as young just hatched, on the 27th of August, 1910. On the 17th
of the month following I revisited the scene, and concluded that some, at
least, of the youngsters under review would not be able to quit the nest
before November.
7960
4oyin p ayy dq qnogna puv aa1yDba NT
UMA “CY V4OPayy aq quar uinb D UWOLT
souvqd Sov'yT }&v SUuvIT[Iq OU AA UvITIOWY
9Z901G IY} Ssulsevaig
The White Pelican
No. 398
White Pelican
A. O. U. No. 125. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin.
Synonym.—RouGH-BILLED PELICAN.
Description.—A dult in breeding plumage: General plumage white; the primaries
black on exposed portions; secondaries black, touched with hoary gray near tips; a
pendent occipital crest of white or pale yellow; lanceolate feathers of lesser wing-coverts
and chest pale straw-vellow or buff; a thin, elevated, horny protuberance on ridge of
culmen a little forward of the middle; bill and pouch reddish; legs and feet bright orange-
red. Adult in winter: Similar but without horny protuberance on bill; the occipital
crest wanting; yellow coloring of chest and wing-coverts pale. Bill and feet not so
bright. Jmmature: Like adult in winter, but feathers of crown and lesser wing-
coverts mixed with brownish gray; chest feathers not modified; a fluffy, short, occipital
crest; the bill, pouch, legs, and feet pale yellowish. ‘‘Length 4% to nearly 6 feet;
extent 8% to nearly 10 feet; weight about 17 pounds” (Ridgway); wing 610 (24.40);
tail 152.4 (6.00); bill 266.7-381 (10.50-15.00); tarsus 123 (4.85).
Recognition Marks.—Giant size, with large bill and gular pouch; white plumage.
Nesting.— Nest: A crater of earth 4 or 5 inches high and surmounted by a few
twigs or weed-stems; nests in colonies on islands of large lakes. Eggs: 2 or 3, rarely
4, 5 of record; elongate ovate, or elliptical ovate, roughly chalky as to surface; white,
but often smeared longitudinally with bright olive (olive lake). Size variable; average
perhaps 87.6 x 58.4 (3.45 x 2.30). Season: April 15-May.
General Range.—Interior and western North America; breeding from British
Columbia, Great Slave Lake, and southwestern Keewatin, south to Manitoba, Utah,
and southern Californa; wintering from Florida, the Gulf States, and southern
California south to Costa Rica; also occurring on the Atlantic Coast during migrations,
north to New Brunswick.
Distribution in California.—Common resident both east and west of the Sier-
ras, or possibly retiring in winter from the northeastern plateau region. Appears on
lesser lakes and reservoirs and rarely coastwise during migrations or in seasonal wander-
ings; breeds on islands in Tule Lake, Eagle Lake (at least formerly), Sacramento
River (formerly), Tulare Lake, Buena Vista Lake, and Salton Sea.
Authorities—Gambel (Pelecanus trachyrhynchus), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., ser. 2, i., 1849, p. 227 (Calif.); Finley, Condor, vol. ix., 1907, p. 35, figs. (desc.
and photos of breeding colony at Tule Lake, n. Calif.) ; Grinnell, Condor, vol. x., 1908,
p. 187 (breeding colony on Salton Sea).
WELL did the Psalmist of old choose the Pelican as the symbol of
the wilderness. ‘“‘Dead”’ seas and salty, the mighty evaporating pans of
the desert, have here given rise to a race as weird, as majestic, as grace-
fully uncouth, as any that have ever adorned the pages of time. The
White Pelican is an embodiment of an elder age, a legacy of the opulent
days when Nature took thought of her winged children, and recked not
of the reign of man, man the ruthless, man the envious, man the destroyer.
TOOL
The White Pelican
Taken on Salton Sea Pholo by the Author
A PASSING PLANE
For eons the great white birds
have circled and soared over
the desert wastes of interior
western America. For genera-
tions uncounted they have fished
in the salty waters of Lake
Lahontan, of Lake Bonneville,
and their successors; or they
have foregathered ashore in
snowy windrows to meditate,
to digest, and to gladden withal
the retrospective eye of the
rare man who, like his Creator,
enjoys the simple bliss of the
undisturbed wild. The Pelican
and the wilderness stand to-
gether in their mute appeal.
When the one is fully “re-
claimed,’ the other must per-
ish.
It need not be supposed
that these ponderous fowls, the
largest of water-birds by avoir-
dupois, are to be set down as
awkward simply because they
have big bills. Viewed at a
distance, as they rest on shore
or near some low mud island,
their stately ranks present a
most impressive spectacle. In
flight they are calm, almost
majestic; and their white plu-
mage, set off by black wing-tips,
makes a fine showing in the
morning sun. They sit the water almost as gracefully as swans, and ‘“‘tip”’
in a dignified way, immersing the entire head and neck—again much after
the fashion of swans. Being provided, also, with an extensive system of
air-sacs, they ride high and get credit for all their inches.
Two pictures come most vividly before the mind’s eye of the author.
One is of a company of about 300 pelicans who daily resorted to the
western end of the Salton Sea, then, in 1913, near Mecca. Although the
Farallon Cormorants were nesting feverishly, February Ist, the Pelicanos
7962
The White Pelican
alternately loafed and fished in idyllic indolence and in utter disregard
of the claims of posterity. It was like a yacht-meet; and although there
was no racing, a landsman got the same impression of being surrounded by
the masters of a strange medium, sea-creatures, shamelessly and gloriously
white. If we paddled toward the birds in a leaky skiff which served our
photographic needs, the nearest members of the company took slow alarm,
Taken in Merced County Photo by the Author
A LODGE IN THE WILDERNESS
rose, and settled with their fellows farther up the bay. Just before sunset,
without further provocation, the entire regiment would take wing with a
muffled roar very inspiriting to the ornithological ear.
A second picture is of a company of birds which gathered daily in
midwinter at Potholes below the big Laguna Dam, in the Colorado River.
There were shoals here, midstream, where the birds could rest—great,
comfortable-looking creatures that they were; and as for fish, the neigh-
boring pools were evidently swarming with fish whose upward course had
been arrested by the dam. The waters from the spillway roared, the dam
itself proclaimed the arrogance of man, the arbiter of destinies, but the
gleaming birds spoke only of elemental peace.
The third picture is of a company of birds, a hundred or so, who,
having come west, perhaps through the San Gorgonio Pass, were daunted
by the splendor of Pasadena and the distant immanence of still more
dreadful Los Angeles, and who sought escape to the upper deserts. From
a back porch in Altadena I saw the birds rise in majestic circles until
1903
The White Pelican
Taken on the Salton Sea
THREE GRACES
1904
Photo by the Author
they had topped Mt. Lowe,
whose observatory they ex-
amined curiously; and then |
watched them, sharply pointed
dots of white against the chap-
arral green of the mountains,
until they had cleared Mt. Wil-
son and disappeared toward
Mohave. It was a “‘flying cir-
cus,” in the days before human
imitations had made their ap-
pearance, at least in squadron
formation, and at that I think
the birds had the advantage.
Speaking of aviators, I re-
call a fourth picture in which
these master craftsmen of the
air posed as inspectors of the
new aspirants. It was at a
famous meet of the early day,
April 19th, 1913, at Sacramento,
when Christofferson, Blakely,
Francis, and others were enter-
taining the crowd at the State
Fair grounds. There were two
machines in the air doing a sky-
climb, which was to conclude
the program, when a_ close-
ranked platoon of some thirty-
odd White Pelicans swept over
the exhibition grounds in silent
majesty. But in passing, their
attention was attracted by the
strange invaders of their ethereal
medium, and they broke file,
wavered, circled and towered
in curious confusion and appre-
hension, for the space of ten
minutes. Alas! not even the
sky is safe for these children
of the older day.
The White Pelican
Taken in Riverside County Photo by the Author
WHITE PELICANS OVER SALTON SEA
The Pelican lives upon an exclusive diet of fish, and he uses his great
gular pouch as a dip-net, or scoop, rather than as a creel for transporta-
tion, as was formerly supposed. He prefers little fish to big ones; and,
indeed, the big fish rarely come his way, for he does not plunge from
midair, after the fashion of his brown cousin, P. o. californicus. After a
successful haul, the fisher bird raises his head, contracts the bellying net,
or pouch, ejects the water, and swallows the catch. It sometimes happens
that the bird makes a greater catch than he can handle, or, at least,
greater than he has time to swallow during the rush of a successful drive.
In this case he retires to shore with a full basket to effect a readjustment
or to discard a clearly proven surplus.
The fish are carried in the crop, and the young are fed during infancy
by regurgitation. As they advance in age, however, they are allowed to
thrust their greedy beaks down the parental gullet and help themselves
to findings—a most shocking procedure.
At nesting time the Pelicans resort in large numbers to islands,
whether low-lying or more rugged, in the larger lakes; less frequently
to shoals or tule barrens in overflowed areas. Not alone because of per-
secution, but because of fluctuation in the water supply, these nestings
are subject to greater or less vicissitudes, and in some dry seasons are
1905
The White Pelican
abandoned outright. The appearance, then, of scattered companies in
spring or summer is no sign that the birds are nesting in the immediate
neighborhood, or indeed anywhere.
Pelicans have bred at many scattered stations in California, and
they still nest at a few of them. The history of these nestings, within
Taken on Lower Klamath Lake Photo by Finley and Bohlman
PARENTAL PRIDE
recent decades even, would make a pretty volume. Not having had the
privilege of making a close personal study of a breeding colony of White
Pelicans, the author must content himself with a brief citation of recent
nesting records, and a paragraph or so descriptive of conditions found
by others.
In 1906 and 1907, with the outbreak of ‘‘New’’ River and the re-
formation of Salton Sea, the White Pelicans took up residence on Echo
Island and Pelican Island. Here they were visited by Joseph Grinnell!
in 1908, April 19th and 20th, and he found 980 occupied nests on Echo
Island, besides many others in process of construction. This colony,
long since scattered by reason of the restoration of Echo “‘Island’’ to the
mainland, was especially interesting as having been at the southernmost
1Condor, Vol. X., Sept., 1908, pp. 187-189.
7906
The White Pelican
breeding station of record for the
species.
A colony nesting on Buena
Vista Lake, in Kern County,
was first reported by C. B.
Linton, who says:! ‘Two
large colonies were vis-
ited; one of about 250
nests, on a small sandy
island in the river mouth;
the other of perhaps 500
nests, on the lake shore.
The nests of the latter
colony were mostly well
constructed of tules and
marsh grass covering
about two acres. The
nests on the island were
merely holes scooped in
the sand.”’ This island
colony was visited again
on June 8th, 1912, by
Messrs. A. Brazier
Howell and Chester
Lamb, and they re-
ported? six hundred oc-
cupied nests, about equally divided between the Pelicans and Cormorants
(P. a. albociliatus). ‘‘As everyone knows who has skinned a pelican, there
Photo by
Taken in Oregon Finley and Bohlman}
WHITE PELICAN, IMMATURE
1 Condor, Vol. X., Sept., 1908, p. 196
?Condor, Vol. XV., May, 1913, pp. 116-117.
Taken in Merced County Photo by the Author
AN ELEPHANTINE FLEET 1907
The White Pelican
is a mass of air cells between the surface skin and the body nearly three-
quarters of an inch thick, which can be inflated at will, and which no
doubt accounts for the easy flight and wonderful soaring of this un-
gainly bird. Their method of securing fish is interesting, and almost
shows brain work. Just after dark and frequently during the night,
loud splashings could be heard. This we found to be caused by the
Taken in Siskiyou County Photo by Wm. L. Finley and H. T. Bohlman
HELPING HIMSELF
pelicans forming in line out in the shallows and then starting shore-
wards with much flapping of wings on the water in order to drive the
fish where the water was shoal enough for them to be easily caught
by the birds. In fact this is the only method of fishing that they could
employ, for the water is neither clear nor deep enough for them to fol-
low such diving tactics as are adopted by P. californicus on our coasts.”
According to local rumor, a shifting colony of Pelicans has main-
tained itself on Tulare Lake for a great many years. As we were skirt-
ing the western shore of the lake on May 14th, 1912, we saw many birds,
and a young man who herded cattle hard by told us minutely of the
location of a colony of White Pelicans breeding on a tiny island some
1968
The White Pelican
18 miles away. He claimed to have visited the place on the Ist day
of May, at which time most of the nests to the number of “‘thousands”’
were occupied. Goldman had heard similar rumors in 1907.!
Heermann stated, in 1859, that ‘‘a few pairs’’ were breeding in the
Sacramento Valley. Probably the descendants of the colony referred to
were among the ones photographed by Mr. George Neale on Lone Tree
Island, about three miles northwest of the City of Sacramento, on June
28th, 1910.2 Very possibly there are several scattered colonies in the
great central valley of which we have no record at this time.
The next “‘registered’’ breeding station appears to be Eagle Lake,
where, in 1884, Charles H. Townsend found the birds in great num-
bers.s “‘There are two islands lying in this beautiful sheet of water,
and I observed that the pelicans had taken almost exclusive possession
of one of them, the other being similarly occupied by equally large num-
bers of shags.”’
Lastly, Finley and Bohlman, visiting Tule (or Rhett) Lake in the
summer of 1905, found a small colony breeding in association with
Farallon Cormorants. Lower Klamath Lake, on the Oregon-California
boundary, was visited the same season, and of the eight or ten big rookeries
there discovered, it is fair to presume that a large proportion were Cali-
fornia feeders, if not breeders.
According to this authority,‘ ‘The pelican season begins in April
after the snow and ice have melted, and lasts till August and September
when the young are able to care for themselves. In June and July, when
we visited the colonies, the young were able to walk and swim about,
but the wing feathers had not yet developed flying strength, for the birds
were still in the downy stage.
“Tt takes about a month for the pelican to hatch its eggs, and the
baby pelican is naked, helpless and ugly, and has to be shielded from the
sun by its mother. Its ugliness increases with age till the youngster
is covered with white down. The young birds stick close to the nesting
site where they are fed by the parents, until, when about six weeks
old, they begin to run about and mingle with the other young birds.
“Tt would be difficult to tell how an old pelican can recognize her
own, but she seems to do it, for nesting is not a communal matter. As
soon as an old bird alighted in the rookery, she was besieged by half a
dozen young ones, but I never saw one of the parents feed till she had
apparently made some selection as to the young.
“The half grown pelicans stand around with their mouths open, pant-
SE eae See eae July, 1916, p. 161.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. X., 1887 p. 192.
4“ Among the Pelicans,”’ by William L. Finley, Condor Vol. IX. March ,1907 -pp. 35-41-
7909
The California Brown Pelican
ing like a lot of dogs after the chase on a hot day, their pouches shaken
at every breath. When we went near one of the colonies, the youngsters
went tottering off on their big webbed feet with wings dragging on this
side and that as if they were poorly handled crutches. The first thing
they did when we approached was to vomit up fish and then stagger on
with the crowd. Following along after a band of young pelicans was as
bad as crossing a battlefield where the victims were fish, for the carcasses
were strewn all along in the wake of the procession. Those on the out-
side pushed and climbed to get nearer the center, till it looked worse than
any football scrimmage I ever saw. I watched one large bird rush for the
center, bucking over three or four others and finally landing astraddle the
neck of another. When we went nearer, those on the outside began to
circle the ends, and around and around the whole mass revolved as it
moved off. Soon after, the little gluttons retraced their steps to pick
up the fish dinners that had been left behind.”
Taken in Merced County Photo by the Author
FOUR PATRIARCHS
No. 399
California Brown Pelican
A. O. U. No. 127. Pelecanus occidentalis californicus Ridgway.
Description.—Adult in breeding plumage: Bill mottled light and dark with
various tinting of carmine; bare space about eye brownish; eyelids red; irides white;
pouch red; a short narrow occipital crest of loose feathers; feathers of head and borders
of pouch white; the rest of neck dark chestnut to blackish; upperparts silvery gray,
the feathers of back, rump, lesser wing-coverts, etc., edged with dusky; underparts
dusky, the shafts of feathers white, striped with silvery white on sides, etc.; feet black.
Adult in winter: Similar but without chestnut on neck, white instead; top and sides
of head and the lower jugulum tinged with straw-yellow. Jmmature: Head and neck
all around, chest, and upperparts brownish gray, varied somewhat by paler edgings of
feathers, especially on lesser wing-coverts, and by dull silvery plating of major feathers of
L970
: The California Brown Pelican Pg se
ing like a lot of dogs after the chase on a hot day, their pouches shaken _
at every breath. When we went near one of the colonies, the youngsters
went tottering off on their big webbed feet with wings dragging
side and that as if they were poorly handled crutches. ‘The first t
they did when we approached was to vomit up fish and then stag
with the crowd. Following along after a band of young pelicans was as
bad as crossing a battlefield. where the victims were fish, for the carcé sses_
were strewn all along in the wake of the procession. Those on the out-—
side pushed and climbed to get nearer the center, till it looked worse than
any football scrimmage | ever'saw. 1 watched one large bird rush for the
center, bucking over three or four others and finally landing astraddle the
neck of another. When we went nearer, those on the outside began to
circle the ends, and around and around the whole mass revolved as it _
moved off. Soon after, the little gluttons retraced their steps to pick ~
up the fish dinners that had been left behind.” Mica ieee
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a
ting—not a breeding colony
pyright 1923, by W. L. Dawson
Taken in Merced County Photo by tie Al
PATRIARCHS on
n Santa Grue Island
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icans res
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Calig £nid Brown Pelican
>) ie
AOU UGUNo. 427) reed WF occidentalis californicus Ridgway.
Description..— Adult hBeding plumage: Bill mottled light and dark with,
various tinting of carmine; Saressiice about eve brownish; eyelids red; irides whites
pouch red; a short narrow occipital! crest of loose feathers; feathers of head and borders i
of pouch white: the rest of neck dark chestnut to blackish, upperparts silvery gray,
ihe feathers of back, rump, lesser wing-coverts, etc., edged with dusky; underparts),
dusky, the shafts of feathers white, striped with silvery white on sides, etc-; feet black.
Adu in winier: Similar but without chestnut on neck, white instead; top and sides
of head and the iower jugulum tinged with straw-yellow. : Immature: Headiand neck:
ali around, chest, and upperparts brownish gray, varied somewhat by paler edgings of
feathers, especially on lesser wing-coverts, and by dull silvery plating of major feathers of
zu a
Yr
£970
OT. TA CL. A %
UOT M7) IZA WA 49 exer pythifo,
The California Brown Pelican
wings and tail; underparts white, washed with brownish gray on sides; an occipital
crest as in adult, but brownish. Length of adult 1371.6 (4% feet) or more; average
of 7 Monterey specimens: wing 565 (22.25); bill 346 (13.60); tarsus 83.4 (3.28).
Recognition Marks.—Giant size; silvery gray and brown coloration, with im-
mense bill, distinctive.
Nesting.—In colonies. Nest: A shallow platform of sticks and trash on the
ground, usually a sea-girt islet. Eggs: 3 or 4; elliptical ovate; white with roughened
chalky surface due to irregular overlays of calcareous material, often smeared with
bright olive (olive lake) and early nest-stained. Av. size 76.2 x 48.3 (3.00 x 1.90).
Season: Feb. 15-May.
Range of Pelecanus occidentalis—Coasts of temperate and tropical America
from the Gulf States and California south to Brazil and Ecuador.
Range of P. o. californicus.—Pacific Coast of America from California to the
Galapagos and Ecuador; breeds north to about Latitude 34°, and wanders up the
Pacific Coast, chiefly at the close of the breeding season, to Oregon or Washington,
and rarely to the mouth of the Fraser River and Alert Bay, Vancouver Island (Mrs.
Bicknell). Also casual in the interior east to Nevada (A. O. U.).
Distribution in California.—Breeds north on the Santa Barbara Islands to
Anacapa Island and Prince Islet (off San Miguel). Found at all seasons irregularly
and in varying numbers along the entire coast line and in bays and harbors, least
commonly during spring. Accidental in the interior. Three birds seen in Stanislaus
County, Sept. 19, 1913, by J. Mailliard.
Authorities.—Gambel (Pelecanus fuscus), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2,
i., 1849, 227 (Calif.); Wellett, Condor, vol. xii., 1910, pp. 171, 173 (breeding colonies on
Anacapa and San Miguel ids.); Howell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 40
(s. Calif. ids.; habits, etc.); Oberholser, Auk, vol. xxxv., 1918, p. 62 (syst.; nomencl.).
SYMBOL alike of the sea’s strangeness and of her prodigality, there
is perhaps no other bird whose appearance would so perfectly assure
the landsman that he had arrived as this uncouth Adonis of the ocean-
front, the California Brown Pelican. We will concede, without argument,
that the bird is impossible. It is an incarnate jest, if you will, a piece of
apprentice work perpetrated by one of the lesser divinities of Nature’s
workshop. An adobe artist with an imagination like Doré has taken a
perfectly good goose and tricked it out with a huge fish-net which it is
pledged forever to wear, and the public is expected to laugh at the poor
bird’s plight. But somehow we do not laugh. The bird has accepted
its lot with such becoming meekness; it is able to view life with such
imperturbable gravity; above all, it has met its situation with such tran-
scendent skill, that we can only wonder and applaud.
For what, after all, is more adroit than the flight of a Pelican? With
three or four leisurely strokes the bird acquires a momentum with which
he can glide with incredible accuracy just above the surface of the water.
Or if he is hunting at a higher level, the bird is able to check his momentum,
to put on brakes midair, in less than the distance of his own length, and
to plunge with the speed of thought upon his finny prey. If the run of
I9Q7I
The California Brown Pelican
fish is good, this feathered hydroplane heaves to upon the water. With
beak held perpendicularly, or nearly so, he surveys the depths with tiny
beady eyes, or thrusts again and again with a stroke as swift and sure as
that of Cousin Ardea, he of the strong spear.
The Pelican, too, is the pledge and symbol of Nature’s bounty. He
is a wholesaler. —Two—six—a dozen fish at a catch—or a bite—it is all
one to him; and he is prepared to take care of an enormous haul. They
are necessarily small fish which are handled by such means,—surface-
feeders which the human ‘“‘trade’’ scarcely begrudges. Pelicano is, per-
Taken on Anacapa Photo by the Author
THE CHARGE OF THE HEAVY ESCADRILLE
force, a peddler too. He has to share his good fortune, whether willingly
or no, with certain light-fingered gentry, purse-snatchers and hangers-on.
The Heermann Gull is the worst of pickpockets. One of these birds will
attach himself to a Pelican and idle about by the hour watching his patron
and victim, and hurrying up to snatch a share, even from the very throat
of his host, whenever there is booty. Western Gulls sometimes indulge
this practice, but they are less adept, and even, I have fancied, a little
ashamed.
1972
The California Brown Pelican
Gifford, who gives
us an interesting ac-
count! of their habits
in the Galapagos Islands,
says: “It was not un-
usual to see several Nod-
dies fluttering excitedly
about a pelican when
it was fishing, and often
sitting on its head while
it swallowed the fish.
Once I saw two on a
pelican’s head at one
time. The pelicans never
seemed to be annoyed,
nor did the Noddies ever
get any fish as far as
I could see. Dusky
Shearwaters would oc-
casionally fly about a
pelican, apparently to
pester it, for one day
I observed a pelican take
refuge on top of a cliff
from a number of them.”’
According to the
same authority, these
pelicans do not confine
themselves to a fish diet.
“On several occasions
they were observed to
pick up the bodies of Taken on Anacapa Island Photo by D. R. Dickey
E THE ANTEDELUVIANS
large birds, after we had
skinned them and thrown them overboard. In one case an immature
pelican had got the bodies of two Galapagos Hawks into its pouch,
and was unable to swallow them. Likewise it was unable to fly on account
of the weight. It was probably grateful when we rowed up to it where
it was sitting on the water, and removed the impedimenta, for it flew away
joyfully enough afterward.”
And the following bit from a quaint old account, attributed to Father
Torquemada,? assures us that the Pelicano has ever been a useful bird.
1 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sciences, 4th Series, Vol. II., pt. I., pp. 107-110.
2?As published in ‘“‘The Habitable World Described,” 1788-1795, and excerpted by Frank S. Daggett, The
Condor, Vol. X., July, 1908, p. 136. 1973
The California Brown Pelican
The feathered inhabitants of ‘“‘Monte-Rey’ are being enumerated:
“And alfo a particular fpecies of gulls, that live on pilchards and other
fifh, equal in fize to a very large goofe, their bill a foot long, with long legs
refembling a ftork [badly mixed here, Ed.], their beak and feet like thofe
of a goofe. They have a vaft craw, which in fome hangs down like the
leather bottles ufed in Peru for carrying water, in which craws they
carry what they catch to their young ones. The friendly difpofition
of thefe birds is fomething furprifing, for they affift one another when
fick or wounded, and bring that bird provifion that is unable to fearch
for it. The Indians profit by this; for when they want a difh of fifh,
they will wound and tie a gull to a particular {pot, conceal themfelves,
and, when they think all the provifion is brought which other gulls de-
figned, they advance and feize the contribution: fuch are the myfterious
Taken on Anacapa Island Photo by the Author
NESTING COLONY IN LEPTOSYNE “GROVE”
ways of Providence for the fupport of his creatures!’’ Fortunately, also,
“‘Providence”’ has erased the name of ‘‘Poor Lo”’ from the list of Pelicano’s
pensioners.
When the pouch is full, or when a turn of the tide sends the quarry
1974
puvysy edeoruy uo uaye yp,
Va “MC sa‘ F Lol ty otuddor ‘ydvavopoyd v MOLT
Jvoul lof SUIYOO]| Ajpa.insse SI []95) UIIISI AA UL
Aposerly, suipusduy
The California Brown Pelican
om oe
Seas 5)
Taken on Anacapa Island Photo by the Author
TAKING THE AIR
down for a season, the birds haul out on a sand-bar or other lonely spot
and ruminate. Here they stand in solemn companies with bills depressed,
for the weight of these members is quite too great to permit of their
being carried incessantly at right angles; and here they survey an ap-
proaching stranger like myopic grandfathers peering over an array of
befogged spectacles. Or else, if the way is quite clear, the Pelican turns
his head about and lays his bill comfortably along his back for a snooze;
or else, in the last stage of relaxation, he squats upon the ground and
disposes of both neck and bill in a jack-knife fold which rests upon the
back.
If the casual acquaintance with these fowls permitted by shore-line
loiterings is seductive, a visit to their haunts at nesting time is rewarding
in the extreme. Not elsewhere, save upon some separate planet, may
the observer hope to obtain such an impression of the utterly different.
Indeed, a Pelican rookery at the height of the season is a chapter from
the Mesozoic age—nothing less. Here man is the outlaw, the anomaly;
and, save for the dire portent of his presence, life in a pelicanry moves off
in obedience to alien standards. Its very dimensions seem grotesque and
unreal. There is no point of contact with previous experience; and the
visitor, whether fortified by scientific purpose, or urged only by the vulgar
curiosity which afflicts our kind, knows that he is an outsider, an intruder,
1975
The California Brown Pelican
Taken on Anacapa Island Photo by the Author
NEST AND EGGS OF CALIFORNIA BROWN PELICAN
a companion of gulls and ravens, before whom the law-abiding citizenry
of this elder world stands silently reproachful.
Taken on Ana-
capa Island
Photo by
D. R. Dickey
MATERNAL DUTIES
197
The California Brown Pelican
IB, AE Bs
Taken on Anacapa Island Photo by Donald R. Dickey
CONGRATULATIONS! MRS. O’FLAHERTY. SHURE, OI JIST HEARD ABOUT THE TWINS
The author pleads no more serious a purpose than an ological quest,
and the securing of some of these pictures, to justify a brief exploitation of
a province of this elder Eden; and (with consummate hypocrisy, if you
will) he urges that such visits be mot repeated. For the truth is, Pelicans
pay a fearful price—to the gulls—for any invasion—however intended-
peaceful—of their colonies. A man is at best a potential marauder, and
so long as his intentions are under suspicion, nests are uncovered and eggs
grow cold or are snapped up by the predatory gulls. Indeed, your gull is
the arch-hypocrite, and if his dupes, the brooding pelicans, make as though
to return to their charges before the Larine devastation is complete, fresh
alarms are raised. The wily gulls profess a mortal terror of man’s pres-
ence, whereas their true aim is always to “‘beat him to it,’’ once a nest is
uncovered. It is for this reason, and for this reason only, that I solemnly
urge either a substantial reduction of the gull population of our coasts, or
else a practically absolute protection of all the major colonies of nesting
sea-birds.
1977
The California Brown Pelican
But if you insist upon turning buccaneer “‘just for this once,’’ man
the thwarts and help us pull this gear from the launch over to the landing
place. A benevolent Government, under necessity of maintaining an
automatic light upon this dangerous headland, has provided a crude
system of ladders whereby the intrepid, albeit camera-laden, may scale
this 200-foot wall of basalt. The top of the island, once gained, is sudden-
ly level. There is nothing visible save grass and sea and birds—these and ©
quaint groves of a palm-like vegetable under whose scanty shadows the
pelicans are huddled. It is incredible! a bird squatting upon a nest which _
rests upon the ground, and yet looms half as high as a palm tree! The
illusion is perfect; but the “‘tree”’ is Leptosyne gigantea, a composite, which
Taken on Anacapa Island Photo by Donald R. Dickey
BILL
rises to a height of six or eight feet, and which supports on naked stems,
two inches in diameter, a sudden crown of leaves, finely divided, like those
of a carrot, and a few coarse yellow flowers.
We unlimber our photographic gear, and dedicate a leather case to
7978
pueysy vedeoeuy uo uaye 7,
day ‘YW pppuog sq ydvibojoyd v wos
SUBII[Iq UMOIG BIULOFILE) fo WVAZLO
polqns dav V
The California Brown Pelican
Taken on Anacapa Island Photo by Dickey
PERSIMMONS, PRUNES, AND PRISMS
such eggs as we may require, and then prepare to rush the colony for mass
effects. Splendid! The whole earth seems to be in motion, and a thousand
aeroplanes launch into the air. There is no noise of propellers nor yet of
sputtering exhausts. Nature has perfected her models long since, and her
motors meet the test of absolute silence. Pelicano, Model A, is a weird-
looking craft, but a skyful of him is as efficient as so many swallows.
There is no crashing of fusilages, and never an aileron impinges upon the
rights of all that skyful. It is wonderful! awe-inspiring! It is only when
the excitement has died down a little and the birds decide to settle again,
that the show changes from grandeur to comedy. A pelican looking for a
place to land is grotesque beyond the power of exaggeration. With legs
spraddled out at divergent angles and heads drawn back, the birds are
preparing for the inevitable, and you rather expect a series of crashes.
The birds appear to also; but somehow no casualties result, and you come
to suspect that it is just a pose intended to enhance the effect of a sur-
prising deftness.
Soon the ledges are lined with grave senators, and the birds gather in
open places to view with impeccable decorum the ravages of the ruthless
human bipeds. But, really, you know, it is not nearly so exciting to roba
1979
The California Brown Pelican
colony of unresisting Quakers. Those bills might be terrible if they were
plied in righteous indignation. The challenge of those great throats, if
they were fiercely vocal, might rouse us to a corresponding fury. But
this placidity is disarming. ‘‘I guess we’ve got enough, boys.”
The nests are, some of them, amazingly large and high—doubtless
the accumulations of succeeding seasons. Many I saw which were two or
two and a half feet in height, while most of them were a foot or more.
Some, however, were very scanty; and a few, mere handfuls of trash. The
material used varied considerably, but might be described as a vegetable
miscellany, with sticks, a few, or decayed stalks of the carrot-weed
(Leptosyne gigantea) for a basis. While the birds evidently approve of the
shade’afforded by the Leptosyne, the advantages of such shade are often
Taken on Anacapa Island Photo by the Author
u THE SOUTHEAST COLONY, FROM ABOVE
offset by the difficulty which the birds experience in taking off; so that the
most thick-set section of the carrot-weed was not occupied. It is notice-
able, also, that the birds almost invariably face downhill in sitting—
doubtless to facilitate taking off.
At the time of our visit (March 8th, 1922), incubation was for the
most part advanced, though fresh eggs were common enough for our
79S0
pueysy edeovuy uo uaye J,
4oysn py ayi sq ydvibozoyg v WOT
UO]OY ULY} JoSuPAyS SI YIN |
HO Suryey,
The California Brown Pelican
modest requirement. Although usually described as ‘“‘white,”’ immaculate
eggs of the California Brown Pelican are the exception. Indeed, the aspect
of the eggs was singularly and unexpectedly varied. Fresh eggs were in
most instances richly pigmented with continuous longitudinal streaks of
dull reddish olive, evidently a direct derivative of blood. Often the point
of origin of the streaking is quite one side of the apex of the egg; and as
often the streaking ceases before reaching the smaller end. It is customary
to call this streaking “blood marks,”’ and to remove it in preparing speci-
mens for the cabinet. It is, rather, however, to be regarded as the primi-
tive pigment, the precursor of oGrhodine, and we have preserved it
religiously in the M. C. O. series as an exhibit of color-in-the-making.
Most pelicans’ eggs soon become soiled; and as incubation ad-
vances are of a dirty brown color, more or less glossy. The resultant
shade is determined primarily by the relative cleanliness of the parent
bird, and also to a lesser extent by the character of the nest lining. Two
varieties of this artificially imposed color are worthy of special men-
tion. First and rarest is a rich dark gray-green pigment, which is de-
rived from contact with wet seaweed. I have seen this dyeing in process,
and am of opinion that certain ingredients of the fucoid react upon the
lime of the shell, so that a liquescent blister is raised, which in drying
becomes a handsome and, apparently, permanent green. The other
variety of coloring matter is supplied by crude oil, doubtless oftenest
derived from the soiled plumage of the parent bird, but often, also, from
blobs of oil adhering to seaweed and other floating vegetation. Of this
type we have examples which are a nearly uniform brownish black.
Elsewhere in these pages I have scouted the claim that eggs of
northern sea-birds are ever “‘fishy,” or unfit for use as food. Candor
compels me to confess that in the person of the California Brown Pelican’s
egg, this theory has met its Waterloo. Twice I endeavored (in the only
conclusive fashion) to defend my views, but the memory of those attempts
is sufficient. I resign. The gulls can have ’em.
So far, also, as mere gastronomics is concerned, the gulls can have
the hairless squabs which issue from the eggs. A young pelican is not
black, like a cormorant, but rather of a livid reddish brown—say, Zulu-
color, as contrasted with Hottentot. However, the color has nothing
to do with the flavor, and we expressly deny the rights of the gull to
gastronomic discussion of either of them.
Heigh ho! here we are on the top of the island yet, and the sun
is sinking through its last octant. A smart breeze has sprung up from
the north, and our launch has been compelled to anchor around on
the south lee. There is nothing for it but to make our way over these
cliffs with ropes. This is easy enough for mere humans, but cameras
TQOST
The Pacific Man-o’-war-bird
and eggs are more ‘“‘persnickety.’”’ With their objections patiently sub-
dued, we pass the cliffs and find, on the south talus slope below, another
colony, some 200 pairs, of nesting pelicans. These must be the pioneers
of the island, for only here do we find young birds. And it is natural
enough, when you think of it, that the first comers should choose the
south slopes, sunny and well-sheltered, though how they can abide
this incredible cactus—vicious and ubiquitous—passes comprehension.
Small colonies of these birds flourish (or languish) on Los Coronados
Islands, just below our border. Of these Mr. Howell says:: ‘‘As the
pelicans suffer much from the depredations of the gulls, fresh eggs from
second layings may be found well into July. The young leave the nest
when less than half the size of the parents, and it is quite ludicrous
to watch the compact flocks of fluffy, solemn youngsters parading se-
dately about the rookeries. When the primaries are quite well grown,
they frequently hop off a shelf of rock into one of the many patches
of cactus, and it is not unusual to encounter one literally bristling with
spines. When able to fly, but before ever having tried to do so, they will
sometimes take to the air at the approach of danger, and go careening
out to sea on unsteady wings, then manage to turn, and come shooting
back on the wind. They are unversed in the art of alighting, however,
and sometimes hit the cliff full speed, which is the signal for every gull
in sight to sail happily down to investigate the dying bird. When camped
near the colonies, one may see a line or wedge of these great birds go
silently by at any hour of the night, undoubtedly belated homecomers
from some far fishing ground.”’
No. 400
Pacific Man-o’-war-bird
A. O. U. No. 128. Fregata minor palmerstoni (Gmelin).
Synonyms.—FRIGATE-BIRD. PALMERSTON’S MAN-O’-WAR-BIRD.
Description.—Adult male: General color black, with greenish or purplish
gloss above; duller, sooty, below; tail of 12 feathers. Iris brown; bill light purplish
blue in life, lightening in the middle, darker on tips; gular pouch, capable of enormous
distension during breeding season, scarlet; bare space about eye purplish blue; feet
carmine above, orange below. Adult female: Somewhat similar to male, but under-
parts chiefly pure white; lesser and median wing-coverts, and hind-neck brown; ‘‘bill
bluish horn-color; orbits and gular skin dark plumbeous with a tinge of violet.”’ Imma-
ture birds resemble adult female, but have entire head and neck white, with upper
1“ Birds of the Islands off the Coast of Southern California,’’ Pac. Coast Avifauna, No. 12, by Alfred Brazier
Howell, 1917, p. 41.
T1952
The Pacific Man-o’-war-bird
breast sooty. Length of adult about 965.2 (38.00); wing 640.1 (25.20); tail 450.9
(17.75); bill 108 (4.25); tarsus 25.4 (1.00).
Recognition Marks.—Gull size as to body; masterly flight, with plumage
black or chiefly black and deeply forked tail, distinctive.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: In colonies; a frail platform
of sticks or twigs, laid in low bushes, cactus patches, or on the ground. Egg: 1,
less commonly 2; chalky white or pale yellow, smooth or roughened by calcareous
overlay. Av. size 69.5 x 47.4 (2.74 x 1.366). Season: Feb.—March.
Range of Fregata minor.—Tropical portions of the Pacific and Indian oceans.
Range of F. m. palmerstoni.—North central Pacific Ocean, breeding upon the
Galapagos Islands, islands off the coast of Mexico, and in the mid-Pacific, Laysan,
Marcus Island, ete.
Occurrence in California.—An occasional wanderer to our coasts at any
season; many records.
Authorities.—Newberry (Tachypetes aquilus), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. vi.,
1857, p. 106 (coast of Calif.); W. K. Fisher, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. xxiii., pt. 3,
1906, p. 769 (desc. of breeding colony on Laysan Id.); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no.
7, 1912, p. 21 (status in s. Calif.); Oberholser, Auk, vol. xxxiv., 1917, p. 468 (syst.,
nomencl.).
INASMUCH as the recorded appearances of the Man-o’-war-bird
along the coast of California number less than a score, the observer is
likely to boast his good fortune for a twelvemonth, and regard the honor
as a sort of decoration pro meritu ornithologica, to be worn on state
occasions ever after. The author won his (quite undeserved) ‘‘Order
of the Frigate-bird”’ near Santa Barbara on the 12th of August, 1912,
and took his second degree on the 24th day of the same month, in com-
pany with that bird-lover par excellence, Bradford Torrey, of sainted
memory. On each occasion one got only a quick sense of regal power and
ease before the vision vanished, lost in the eye of the gale. These north-
ern wanderers appear to be for the most part two-year-old birds, showing
a maximum of white in the plumage, and having, because of their im-
maturity, no part in the fierce domestic doings of the tropics.
Without doubt, the Man-o’-war-bird is the Master Wild Thing
a-wing. While its expanse of wing may not be so impressive as that of
the Albatross, and its speed possibly not equal to that of some of our
Swifts, its grace and ease and mastery of the tumultuous air currents are
without close parallel. Not only does it soar at times at such sublime
heights as to appear a mere speck against the tropic sky, or to pass from
sight altogether, but it can launch itself from an almost incredible eleva-
tion to snatch a flying-fish in midair, or to seize some object just below
the surface of the water. And so nicely is this feat calculated, that
observers testify it is accomplished without causing an appreciable
ripple on the water’s surface. In like manner, the bird’s thirst is quenched
1983
The Black-footed Albatross
at some fresh-water pond or brackish pool, by a towering dive and dip,
which would make shipwreck of this feathered projectile if it were not
done with consummate skill. And not only can the Frigate fly swiftly,
but so perfectly has it learned to adjust itself to the wind that it is able to
maintain itself for hours at a time without change of position, and with-
out apparent effort other than that of the automatic opening and shutting
of the long, forked tail. Indeed, one observer in Florida claims that
they sleep in this position, and declares that he has caught them by hand
as they lay asleep on the wind near the top of a mangrove tree. The
story may not be true, but it fits the appearances so nearly that its
narrator could get away with it; and that, after all, is the instructive
thing.
Man-o’-war-birds have yielded to the temptation which always
besets the gifted; viz., to live at the expense of their fellows. They
secure only a portion of their food by direct capture. For the rest they
prey upon other birds, especially those equipped for taking large catches
of fish, wholesalers, as it were, like the Boobies and the Pelicans. It
is difficult to see why a sturdy, sharp-beaked fisherman like the Gannet
should consent to share the product of its lawful toil with this pirate;
but the Boobies are not the only bipeds who are impelled to pay tribute
to a sharp eye and imperious gestures.
No. 401
Black-footed Albatross
A. O. U. No. 81. Diomedea nigripes Audubon.
Synonyms.—GoonEy. GoNny. BROWN GOONEY.
Description.—Adult: General color sooty brown, lighter (grayer) below, except
on throat and chest; space all around bill grayish white, thence shading through grayish
brown on sides of head and upper throat; anterior half of upper and lower eyelids
dusky; posterior half white; that of the lower lid produced backward and downward
as a decided white patch; lighter, nearly white, about base of tail; feathers of upper-
parts tipped with lighter gray, as though faded; primaries black with yellow shafts;
tail-feathers blackish with white shafts, except on terminal portions. Bill dark reddish
brown; feet black. Young birds: Like adult, but tail-coverts sooty black. Length
of male 762-914.4 (30.00-36.00); wing 515 (20.27); tail 144 (5.57); bill length 108.3
(4.265), width at base 31.7 (1.25); tarsus 91 (3.58) (Loomis). Females average less.
General Range.—North Pacific Ocean. Breeds on islands northwest of Hawaii
and on the Marshall Islands. Wanders to the coasts of China and Japan and on the
American side from southern Alaska to the Tropic of Cancer.
Recognition Marks.—Eagle size; sooty plumage of adults and young; red-
dish brown bill; white face; black feet.
1984
The Black-footed Albatross
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nests: In colonies; single egg laid
on bare sand or rock. Egg: White; often spotted or stained at the larger end with
dull rufous (chestnut or russet). Av. size, 111 x68.1 (4.37x2.68) (Richards); index
61.3. Season: November.
Occurrence in California.—Found irregularly upon the open ocean and
irrespective of season along the entire coast. Specimen taken on Humboldt Bay in
the summer of 1917 by C. I. Clay.
Authorities.—Vigors (Diomedea fuliginosa), Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,”’ 1839,
p. 39 (Monterey); Godman, Monogr. Petrels, pt. v., 1910, p. 332, pls. 94, 95; Howell,
Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 30 (status off coast s. Calif.); Loomis, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 2, pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 71 (crit.; syst.); Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Bull. no. 121, 1922, p. I, pls. (life hist.; desc. nest and eggs, etc.).
THE SOLACE of the ocean voyager—at least after novels and
shuffle-board have lost their charm—is the sight of the Gooneys. These
tireless watchers of the deep adopt our ship, almost without our knowing
it, some thirty miles from shore, where the gulls abandon her to her
wilful course across the vast Pacific. For the bare hope of refuse from
the cook’s galley, they will follow the ship for hours and days together,
but they count it no hardship. It is sport, rather. Instead of plodding
wearily in the wake, they throw great circles of flight about the belea-
guered vessel, and seem thus in sheer wantonness to mock the labor of
steam. Excelled in powers of flight by none, and rivalled only by the
Man-o’-war-bird (Fregata minor palmerstont, of the Pacific), the Alba-
tross is at once the marvel and the despair of human attainment; attain-
ment not merely by way of imitation—that were impossible—but in the
matter of understanding. How does he do it? Apparently by a mere
effort of will, certainly without visible propulsion, the bird skims low over
the water, eluding with consummate skill the unevenly-crested waves, or
else shoots aloft without a stroke upon those rigidly outstretched pinions.
Yet in spite of the fact that all of Ocean’s untrammeled wastes are
before him, and that abundant viands, fish and squids and sea-faring
crustaceans, await his pleasure, this rover is singularly at our mercy.
The tragedy of the Ancient Mariner was first of all a tragedy of bird-life.
The confidence of an Albatross was wantonly betrayed and all the mis-
fortune followed—in the story. In point of fact the betrayal, though
not the retribution, has been a thousand times repeated. On certain
ships it is considered great sport to shoot ““Mollymawks’’; and pump
guns are far more destructive than crossbows.
But that is not the worst. Having the sea before him, the Albatross
could, of course, let us alone if we were unworthy of confidence; but we
have discovered his breeding haunts upon certain islands of the mid-
Pacific. Here is what happened in one instance in the case of a related
species, the Laysan Albatross, Diomedea immutabilis. It was on Marcus
1985
The Black-footed Albatross
Island (Lat. 24° 14’ N., Long. 154° E.), for a time under control of the
Japanese, but later relinquished to the United States. ‘‘Disappointed
in not being able to find guano by their crude methods, the Japanese
developed a scheme to make a marketable commodity of the Goonies,
by killing them and boiling them down in a great kettle to form a fer-
tilizer, which they shipped to Japan, saving, however, the long wing-
quills to sell as eagle-feathers for the decoration of women’s hats; and the
breast feathers were plucked off and sold by the pound. Under this
treatment the colony has greatly dwindled, and in 1902 the birds were
only killed for their feathers.’’!
In May, 1902, Mr. Walter K. Fisher with the U.S. Fish Commission
steamer Albatross found the Black-footed and Laysan Albatrosses
breeding upon the island of Laysan in immense numbers, variously
estimated at from one to two million adults. His account of their
nesting habits,
together with
their grotesque
dances, or cake
walks, reads like
a passage from
the Arabian
Nights.2_ Accord-
ing to this au-
thority, the
Albatrosses con-
sume about ten
months of the
year in nesting.
The single egg is
laid near the
middle of No-
vember and is
not hatched till
February. The
young require to
be fed for six
months before
venturing
abroad, so that it is not until the Ist of September that the hard-working
parents may take a two months’ vacation.
Taken on Laysan Island, T. H. Photo by Walter K. Fisher
ALBATROSSES ON LAYSAN: THE INTERVIEW
1The Auk, Vol. XXII., Jan., 1905, p. 99; Review of Bryan's ‘‘A Monograph of Marcus Island.”
°2W.K. Fisher, Habits of the Laysan Albatross, Auk, Jan., 1904, p. I ff.
7950
The Black-footed Albatross
It is, therefore, on account of the exactions of family cares upon the
adults that immature birds, or “brown goonies,’’ are much more fre-
quently seen upon the high seas.
“By Executive Order No. 1019, dated February 3, 1909, the ‘Hawaiian Islands
Reservation’ was established. This national bird preserve includes Laysan, Necker,
and adjacent small islands, upon which great numbers of pelagic birds nest, such as
Albatrosses, Shearwaters, and Terns. Persistent rumors have circulated in the news-
papers of late, to the effect that Japanese were planning to land on the rookeries to
destroy every bird obtainable, the feathers to be saved for various commercial purposes
and the bodies to be made into fertilizer. The fact that not a few species, which are
confined in the breeding season to these small islands, would thus be exterminated, makes
the establishment of this preserve with little doubt the most important step, from a
strictly ornithological standpoint, in the history of bird preservation in this country.
The annihilation of species was threatened’ (The Condor, March, 1909).
The fears expressed in the foregoing paragraph were unhappily
realized that same season. A party of feather-hunters, Japanese, but
acting under the orders of a certain dissolute German who had formerly
been connected with the
guano industry, landed
on Laysan and proceed-
ed to slaughter its feath-
ered inhabitants. In
January of the following
year the U. S. revenue
cutter Thetis visited the
distant scene, found and
captured the poachers,
twenty-three of them,
and returned to Hono-
lulu with the miscreants
and their booty, consist-
ing of the plumes of
upwards of quarter of a
million birds. A subse-
quent expedition report-
ed on the havoe
wrought:!
“Here on every side
O 0 Taken on Laysan Island, T. H. Photo by W. K. Fisher
are bones bleaching in THE DUET
the sun, showing where
the poachers have piled the bodies of the birds as they stripped them of
wings and feathers. In the old open guano shed were seen the remains of
1 Bulletin No. 42, Biol. Surv., 1912.
1987
The Black-footed Albatross
hundreds and possibly thousands of wings which were placed there but
never cured for shipping, as the marauders were interrupted in their work.
“An old cistern back of one of the buildings tells a story of cruelty
that surpasses anything else done by these heartless, sanguinary pirates,
not excepting the practice of cutting the wings from living birds and leav-
ing them to die of hemorrhage. In this dry cistern the living birds were
kept by hundreds to slowly starve to death. In this way the fatty tissue
lying next to the skin was used up, and the skin was left quite free from
grease, so that it required little or no cleaning during preparation.
‘Many other revolting sights, such as the remains of young birds that
had been left to starve and birds with broken legs and deformed beaks,
were to be seen. Killing clubs, nets, and other implements used by these
marauders were lying all about. Hundreds of boxes to be used in ship-
ping the bird-skins were packed in an old building. It was very evident
they intended to carry on their slaughter as long as the birds lasted.”’
Professor William Alanson Bryan adds: ‘“‘This wholesale killing
has had an appalling effect on the colony. No one can estimate the
thousands, perhaps hundred of thousands, of birds that have been wilfully
sacrificed on Laysan to the whim of fashion and the lust for gain. It is
conservative to say that fully one-half the number of birds of both species
of Albatross that were so abundant everywhere in 1903 have been killed.
The colonies that remain are in a sadly decimated condition. Often a
colony of a dozen or more birds will not have a single young. Over a
large part of the island, in some sections a hundred acres in a place, that
ten years ago were thickly inhabited by Albatrosses, not a single bird
remains, while heaps of the slain lie as mute testimony of the awful
slaughter of these beautiful, harmless, and, without doubt, beneficial
inhabitants of the high seas.”’
In 1913 our Mr. George Willett was commissioned by the U. S.
Bureau of Biological Survey to visit Laysan, to report upon the Alba-
trosses, which he found to be slowly recovering in strength; and to destroy
the contraband plumage, of which he burned eight tons.
Our Nipponese friends must pardon us if we continue to deplore
such episodes as these, until such time as we have substantial proof that
a repetition will be forever impossible.
“Ah! well aday! What evil looks
Had I from old and young!
Instead of the cross, the Albatross
About my neck was hung.”
1958
The Short-tailed Albatross
No. 402
Short-tailed Albatross
A. O. U. No. 82. Diomedea albatrus Pallas.
Description.—Adult: Body plumage white; head and neck white, more or
less washed, especially behind, with tawny yellow; wings and tail sooty gray or dusky,
with admixture of white in varying proportions; exposed portions of flight-feathers
and rectrices chiefly dusky; no re-entrance of feathers on sides of mandible; outline of
feathering at base of bill nearly even on culmen and sides; bill pale reddish yellow;
feet livid flesh-color, or pale bluish, drying darker. Young: Entire plumage sooty
brown, lighter (inclining to sooty gray) on chin and belly. Length of adult about
914.4 (3 feet); wing 508 (20.00); tail 146.1 (5.75); bill 127-152.4 (5.00-6.00) in length;
depth at base 50.8 (2.00); outline of culmen concave.
Recognition Marks.—Eagle size; white plumage, large beak of adult; nearly
uniform sooty plumage of immature bird without white ‘‘face’’ (but chin whitish).
Nesting.—No authentic description. Egg: Dull white stained heavily, or not,
at larger end with russet.
General Range.—North Pacific Ocean from Lower California and China to
Bering Strait. Breeding grounds unknown. (Evidence is lacking that eggs from the
Bonin Islands represent any other species than D. immutabilis.)
Occurrence in California.—Of common occurrence well off-shore, presumably
along the entire coast. Several records of occurrence off Monterey; has been seen on
San Diego Bay, Monterey Bay, and San Francisco Bay.
Authorities.—Lawrence (Diomedea brachyura), in Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R.
Surv., vol. ix., 1858, p. 822 (‘‘coast of Calif.’’); Godman, Monogr. Petrels, pt. v., 1910,
p. 326, pl. 92; Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 17 (status in s. Calif.);
Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 74 (crit.; syst.).
“At length did cross an Albatross,”
NO ONE who has not suffered the pangs of solitude, or the worse
pangs of ill-assorted company long endured, knows with what glad acclaim
a fellow mortal may be hailed. In a cityful we should not deign him a
glance, this brother in jeans, but here at the edge of the wilderness, this
uninhabitable waste through which we have been plodding for weeks on
end, a merest man seems a creature wrought on heroic lines, a very demi-
god. He is for us an authentic outpost of life and a dear pledge of that
wholesome, myriad-pressing, human contact for which our hearts have
come to ache. So upon the trackless ocean, the sight of a bird brings to
the watcher a sudden electric thrill. Our eyes devour the vagabond with
quick apprehension, and there springs up within us a world-conquering,
class-obliterating sense of fellowship.
“As it had been a Christian soul,
We hatled it in God’s name.”
Those who have studied pelagic species just off shore—and there are
TOS9
The Short-tailed Albatross
no more fertile fields for such study than those afforded by several of the
gregarious species of these ocean wanderers—can form little conception of
the average desolation of the oceanic wastes. Dr. T. W. Richards, an
experienced and zealous observer, gave us the most adequate expression
of it when he testified! that during a voyage of 12,000 miles, from San
Francisco to Yokohama via Honolulu and Melbourne, with the exception
of the waters adjacent to Australia, where these birds abound, he saw
not over one hundred pelagic birds all told,—one bird every hundred
miles! Yet in all probability ten million albatrosses and a hundred mil-
lion shearwaters and a billion petrels were at that very time scouring the
seven seas. It takes a good many sea-birds to go around if all seafaring
men are to have a comforting glimpse of one now and then.
Truth to tell, the Tubinares are more prevalent in those latitudes of
which the poet testified when he said:
“And a good south wind sprung up behind.”
Wind is a prime requisite of Diomedeine happiness, and it is amid the
roaring Forties of the Antarctic seas that these birds appear to best ad-
vantage. Every Albatross has, of course, adequate means of propulsion,
a virtual “‘auxiliary engine,” capable of vibrating the bird’s enormous
“planes,” to cover a flaw in the wind, or to execute a quick movement;
but literal sailing, or gliding upon the wind, without propulsion, is its ordi-
nary method. The stouter the gale the more certain the bird’s advance
against it, for nature has taught the bird a subtle alchemy whereby it can
resolve the forces of the wind so that the upthrust plus gravity much more
than balances the resistance of the onsweep, to the end that the bird rides
splendidly against the wind without other effort than that of holding the
wings at a certain angle. This claim was loudly scouted once, but more
attentive observation has abundantly confirmed it. It is the principle
of stream lining, and though no aéronautical engineer claims to have
mastered it in practice, the bird’s secrets are being endangered.
“And round and round it flew.”
Great circles of flight not only assist the Albatross in covering more
“ground,” but apparently enable it to utilize with least effort the pressure
of the wind. For lack of objects of comparison, one finds it difficult to
estimate the velocity attained by these speed-kings, yet they will weave
to and fro across the wake of a vessel, or throw circles around it, which
cast shame upon the mightiest efforts of men,—and all without flapping
a wing. It is in making a sharp turn that the professional skill of the
Albatross appears to best advantage. Every one knows by now that
in making a turn the aviator tilts, or ‘‘banks,’’ his machine in the direc-
1The Condor, Vol. XI., Jan., 1900, p. 5.
L990
The Short-tailed Albatross
tion of turning. The sharper the turn the sharper the tilt. It is declared
that the Albatross can accomplish an absolute turn; that is, by assuming
the perpendicular, with one wing-tip in the water and the other pointed
to the zenith, it can reverse its direction instantly without allowance for
strain. But while the Albatross is a good sailor, he isa poor oarsman. When
the wind fails, the birds are becalmed, and they sit the waters, it may be
for days at a time, rather than try to endure the exertion of a labored
flight. Indeed, in default of wind, the bird finds great difficulty in rising
from the water at all, even though assisted by powerful strokes of the feet.
Doubtless Coleridge erred when he said of his avian hero:
“Tn mist or cloud, on mast or shroud,
It perched for vespers nine,”
for the Albatross, unlike the harbor gull, is no halyard loafer; but no
doubt on occasion
“Tt ate the food it ne’er had eat,”’
in what fashion we may learn from Dr. Richards’ illuminating account:!
“To the ornithologist on shipboard, the most interesting period is
just after meal hour, when the cooks are clearing out the ‘galley.’ Ever
on the alert, no suitable morsel escapes the hungry horde, and it is won-
derful how accurately they can pick out the ‘wheat from the chaff,’ no
second glance being given to the odds and ends unfit for food. But with
all their eagerness to be first at the feast, the prizes go to the ones that
can stop and alight the quickest. And most of them make a bad mess of
it: swooping rapidly to the coveted spot, they find it difficult to check
their speed, and many have to pass and circle back again. With those
more fortunate, or expert, wings are thrown suddenly back, the tail is
wide-spread and depressed, and—a most comical effect—the broad,
webbed feet are expanded and thrust out forward, exactly as a skater
digs his heels in the ice to stop his headway. Once on the water, the
wings are kept partly expanded and raised high over the back, the wind’s
levitation thus bearing most of the weight. Actually, the birds now
walk on the water, paddling with the big feet quite sufficing to lift the bodies
clear and, gulping food rapidly as they go, the whole performance is most
grotesque. With all this excitement, there is no noise; in a few moments
the last scrap has disappeared, a hundred wings are extended, and, with
a final ‘push,’ each bird rises lightly to windward, resuming his tireless
vigil in our wake.”
Of the Short-tailed Albatross in particular, we may only say that it
occasionally appears off our shores—perhaps oftener and at nearer range
than any other species; that it enjoys a more northerly range than any
other species; and that it breeds on certain of the smaller islands off the
1 Condor, Jan.-Feb., 1909, pp.7-8.
IQQT
The Fulmars
coast of eastern Asia. The best-known breeding stations are—or were—
upon the Bonin Islands, which lie some 500 miles southeast of Japan
and are administered by the Japanese Government. Concerning the
treatment accorded to her feathered wards, Nippon’s confession (when
she is moved to confession) must be,
“And I had done a hellish thing.
’
No. 403
Fulmar
No. 403a Pacific Fulmar
A. O. U. No. 86b. Fulmarus glacialis glupischa Stejneger.
Synonyms.—GLupiscH (Russian name). MOoOLLEMAWK. Mortry Mawk.
WHALE-BIRD.
Description.— Adult, light phase: Head and neck all around, rump, and under-
parts white; remaining upperparts (the mantle) ashy gray or neutral gray, blackening
on exposed quills. Adult, dark phase, and Immature: Entire plumage neutral gray or
sooty plumbeous. Every gradation between these two plumages exists, the commonest
being neutral gray above, lightening on head, neck, and rump, with remaining plumage
(except the lores) white. The lighter birds are probably older, and the whole ‘‘phase”’
scheme may resolve itself into a matter of age. Bill yellow tinged with greenish; feet
yellowish gray. Downy young: white. Length (of 10 Monterey specimens) 435.9 (17.16);
wing 301 (11.85); bill, length 36.1 (1.42), depth at base 16.7 (.66); tarsus 48.8 (1.92).
Recognition Marks.—Crow size; but more naturally comparable to gull;
ashy gray and white, or bluish sooty, plumage; pelagic habits; stouter bill and more
robust proportions (especially of head) as compared with Shearwaters.
Nesting.— Does not breed in California. Nests in colonies. Egg: Single, oval
or elongate ovate, of rough chalky texture; white; laid on bare rock or in crevice in
cliff. Av. size 71.1 x 50.8 (2.80 x 2.00). Season: May 15-June 15.
Range of Fulmarus glacialis—North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans.
Range of F. g. glupischa.—Breeds at least upon the Commander Islands; winters
from the Aleutians south to Lower California.
Occurrence in California.—Common in migrations and in winter upon the
ocean, at least from Monterey southward and at varying distances from shore. Occa-
sionally visits harbors, as San Francisco Bay and Santa Barbara (several records).
Found upon the fishing banks 60 miles from San Pedro by the thousands (Howell)
Authorities.—Cooper (Fulmarus pacificus), Am. Nat., vol. iv., 1871, p. 758
(off Monterey); Godman, Monogr. Petrels, pt. iv., 1909, p. 270, pl. 78; Howell, Pac.
Coast Avifauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 30 (s. Calif. ids.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser.
Aviles pts 2) NO 12, 1918, ps 87 (crits, Syst).
WHILE Fulmars of both species are of regular occurrence in fall and
winter along our coasts, a first-hand knowledge of them is not often
vouchsafed to any but fishermen whose work takes them to offshore banks,
or at least outside the kelp-line. Occasionally, however, these birds do
L092
The Fulmars
venture into harbors. Willett has taken them from the terminal of the
Los Angeles trunk sewer at Hyperion. Mr. C. H. Anthony once pursued
and captured by hand in San Diego Bay a specimen in apparently sound
condition, too stupid or too confiding to escape by flight. Mr. White and
I saw six Fulmars, all in the dark phase of plumage, from Stearns Wharf,
at Santa Barbara, on the 23rd of December, 1911. They presented a sin-
gularly stolid appearance as they sat the water with bills nearly level or
slightly down-turned, and floated within thirty feet of us.
The veteran ornithologist, Mr. A. W. Anthony, made a careful study
of the Fulmars on a well-known fishing-bank ten miles west of Point
Loma, and we are indebted to his report! for the following facts:
Fulmars are usually found associated with Shearwaters, especially
with Puffinus opisthomelas, though in much smaller numbers, usually in the
proportion of about one to fifty. They have much the same habit of
flying close to the water, with alternating flap and sail, and with the
plane of the wings inclined sharply. There is, indeed, little to distinguish
Fulmars from Shearwaters, save the shorter, less pointed wings, and the
stouter proportions of the body.
The staple food of Fulmars is the jelly-fish; and their occurrence in
winter is pretty largely determined by the relative abundance of Meduse.
The caloric value of this ration is very slight, to atone for which the birds
are obliged to consume enormous quantities. A Fulmar, discovering a
medusa of a certain giant species, will alight beside it and gorge itself
until it is unable to rise from the water.
Fish, however, vary the Fulmar’s diet, and no sort of animal food is
rejected. ‘‘Unlike the Shearwaters, they seldom pass a craft without
turning aside to at least make a circuit about it before flying on. If the
vessel is a fishing sloop sounding on the banks, the chances are in favor
of the Shearwaters being forgotten and allowed to disappear in the dis-
tance while the Fulmar settles lightly down on the water within a few
yards of the fisherman. The next Fulmar that passes will, after having
made the regulation circuit, join the first until within a few minutes a
flock of six or eight of these most graceful and handsome Petrels have
collected, dancing about on the waves as light and buoyant as corks.
As the lines are hauled up after a successful sound, the long string of often
twenty to thirty golden-red fish [rock cod] are seen through the limpid
water while still several fathoms in depth, and great excitement prevails.
Any Fulmars that have grown uneasy and have started out on the
periodical circuit of the craft immediately alight a few yards to windward.
Those that are on the water and have drifted away hasten to the spot
with wings outspread and feet pattering along on the water.”
“The Auk,” Vol. XII., April, 1895, p. 100-105.
L993
The Fulmars
Some of the fish burst upon reaching the surface, through the relief
of pressure, and upon such hapless floaters the Fulmars fall voraciously.
First the eyes and then the entrails are eaten, and the greedy birds will
defend themselves with spirit against the envious Herring Gulls, or
even for a time against the Short-tailed Albatross himself. Detached
bits of flesh are followed to a depth of eighteen inches; but below this
depth, even though assisted by half-open wings, the Fulmar’s buoyant
plumage will not permit it to go.
Full-fed birds may be easily captured, and when placed on deck are,
like most Tube-noses, unable to find sufficient fairway for flight. In
this plight they hasten with upraised wings to the rail, and proceed to
lighten the ship by disposing of the contents of the stomach. Their
actions in such circumstances are so like those of seasick landsmen as to
be extremely amusing. The Petrel has, however, a very forgiving—or
forgetting—spirit. When assisted over the rail, he will proceed to fill
up again as though nothing had happened.
Of the bird’s occurrence in its breeding haunts on the Commander
Islands, Stejneger writes:! ‘The ‘Glupisch’ is one of the commonest sum-
mer visitors to the islands, and breeds in enormous numbers in suitable
places, that is to say, on high and steep rocky bluffs and promontories
boldly rising out of the sea 300 to 800 feet high, and I have spent hours
under their rookeries listening to their whinnying voice and watching
their high and elegant flight in sailing out and in and around the cracked
rocks like bees at an immense bee hive.”
No. 403b Rodger’s Fulmar
A. O. U. No. 86.1. Fulmarus glacialis rodgersi Cassin.
Synonyms.—GLUuPISCH, etc., as in preceding species.
Description.—A duit, light phase: Mantle (middle of back and wings) and tip
of tail above, coarsely mottled sooty gray and white; wing-quills blackening on exposed
tips; remaining plumage pure white. Adult, dark phase, and Immature: Uniform
sooty gray, darker and less plumbeous than in foregoing species. Plumage changes
imperfectly differentiated. Dimensions as in F. g. glupischa or perhaps a little larger.
Recognition Marks.—As in preceding species, darker or with mottled mantle.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nests in colonies. Egg: Single;
rough chalky white; laid on rocky ledge. Av. size 73.66 x 50.3 (2.90 x 1.98). Season:
c. June Ist.
General Range.—North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea with adjacent portion
of the Arctic. Breeds (at least) upon the Pribilovs and Wrangel and Herald islands;
winters south to San Diego.
Occurrence in California.—A winter visitor along the coast, usually in com-
pany with the preceding species.
1 Bulletin, U. S. Natl. Mus., No. 20, p. 95.
1994
The Pintado Petrel
Authorities.—Anthony (Fulmarus glacialis rodgersi), Auk, vol. xii., 1895,
p. 107 (off San Diego; habits); Godman, Monogr. Petrels, pt. iv., 1909, p. 273, pl. 79;
Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 17 (occurrence off coast of s. Calif.) ;
THICK feathers make warm birds. Our interest in Rodgers’
Fulmar has been aroused by the fact that its upper plumage presents a
mottled appearance which serves to differentiate it from that of the leaden-
colored ‘“‘Glupisch’’; but the bird’s interest must be very definitely cen-
tered on the question whether feathers of a given weight or down of a
given thickness will enable it and its offspring to withstand the low
temperatures and outbreaking blizzards of Herald Island and Wrangell,
where it makes its summer home. Wrangell! Say! this bird may be
stupid and its skull as thick as its feathers, belike, but doesn’t that iron
word move you to envy? Bird of the stout heart! Who would not be
cradled in that land of mystery, where icebergs crash on granite and the
aurora borealis flares! California is good enough in winter, but O, you
enchanted island of the midnight sun!
No. 404
Pintado Petrel
A. O. U. No. [102]. Daption capense (Linnzus).
Synonyms.—CareE PIGEON. Cape (of Good Hope) PETREL. CHECKERED
PETREL. DAMIER. CAPE FULMAR.
Description.—Terminal third of tail and wings, except secondaries, plumbeous
black; remaining plumage white; the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts marked with
spots of plumbeous black. Bill and feet black. Length 381 (15.00); wing 273.05
(10.75); tail 114.3 (4.50); bill 33 (1.30); tarsus 41.9 (1.65).
Recognition Marks.—Teal size; checkered pattern of back distinctive.
Nesting.—On Kerguelen and the South Orkneys. Description not available.
General Range.—Southern seas north to Ceylon, central Brazil and northern
Peru; accidental off California, Maine, and Great Britain.
Occurrence in California.—A wanderer taken off Monterey. One record.
Authorities.—Lawrence (Pvrocellaria capensis), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New
York, 1853, p. 6 (off Monterey); Godman, Monogr. Petrels, pt. iv., 1909, p. 276, pl.
80; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 9I (crit.; syst.) ;
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. no. 121, 1922, p. 49 (life hist.).
THE EARLY annals of West American ornithology are cluttered up
with records of strange Tube-noses taken ‘‘off the coast of California’”’
or “‘off the coast of Oregon”’ or ‘‘at the mouth of the Columbia River.”’
For one thing, early sea captains, enjoined by wistful friends to remember
T995
The Pink-footed Shearwater
the home “‘cabinet,”’ picked up all sorts of curious looking fowls as they
rounded Cape Horn, and turned them in at their destination, Monterey or
Astoria, as the case might be. The home folks acclaimed these memen-
toes of the mysterious wonderland of the West, and labeled them ‘“Cali-
fornia.”” On the other hand, the Tube-noses are the earth’s great
wanderers; and an Albatross or a ‘‘Cape Pigeon,” setting out without chart
or compass from some distant Antarctic rock which gave him birth, is
liable to turn up most anywhere from Godhaven to Urup (Id.). The
truth regarding the individual case lies now here, now there. A specimen
of the Pintado Petrel is said by Lawrence to have been taken by Colonel
Pike ‘“‘off Monterey.’ Perhaps it was; though how far off, deponent
sayeth not.
The Checkered Petrel is among the most active and best known
birds of its kind, while its highly variegated black and white plumage
renders it the most conspicuous of the entire group.
No. 405
Pink-footed Shearwater
A. O. U. No. 91. Puffinus creatopus Coues.
Description.—Upperparts sooty slate, blackening on wings and tail, varied by
lighter or whitish edging, in coarse pattern on back, shading broadly on sides of neck
and sides; under tail-coverts uniform sooty; remaining underparts white, purest cen-
trally, dusky encroaching variously on tips of feathers, especially on sides of throat and
lower belly; (immature?) lining of wings white mottled with sooty, the axillars chiefly
sooty; no white on inner webs of primaries. Bill pale yellowish flesh-color, blackening
on nasal tube, culmen, and tip; feet flesh-colored, more livid than in carnetpes; nails
whitish with brown tips. Length (av. of 10 Monterey specimens) 460 (18.11); wing
325 (12.79); bill, length 42.6 (1.68); depth at base 16.6 (.65); tarsus 54.3 (2.14).
Recognition Marks.—Crow size, but appearing gull size; the commonest of
the larger ‘‘black-and-white’’ shearwaters, much larger than P. opisthomelas.
Nesting.—Undescribed.
General Range.—FEastern Pacific Ocean, from the Juan Fernandez Islands
(Chile) north, commonly, to Monterey, and rarely (?) to coast of Washington.
Occurrence in California.—Abundant forager at varying distances off-shore,
north commonly to Monterey and more rarely (?) to Pt. Arenas. Occurs casually in
February and commonly from May to November, often in mixed flocks with P. opis-
thomelas, P. griseus, etc.
Authorities.—Coues (Puffinus creatopus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol.
XV1., 1864, p. 131 (orig. desc.; type locality, San Nicholas Id.); Willett, Pac. Coast
Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 18 (status off coast of s. Calif.); Oberholser, Auk, vol. xxxiv.,
1917, p. 471 (syst.; nomencl.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no.
12, 1918, p. 109 (crit.; syst.).
7990
The Pink-footed Shearwater
THOSE who are only slightly familiar with the phenomena of bird
migration often wonder why the process is not reversed; i. e., why the
Southern Hemisphere does not send its birds north to ‘winter’ (in our
summer). The situation is a complicated one, and we may not press for
the solution here, save as it affects one group. So far as the Tubinares
are concerned, the answer is a clear one: It does. Since the Southern
Hemisphere is also the aqueous hemisphere, it is natural that these
strictly pelagic species, comprising the ‘‘ocean wanderers,’’ should have
their center of abundance there. But Antarctica in her winter is even
more inhospitable than Arctica in ours; hence, the pronounced tendency of
tube-nosed birds to wander north at apogee. This tendency has become
a fixed habit of migration in the case of the Puffinide, the Shearwaters.
Many of those reared at high southern latitudes fall back upon the north
temperate zone for their winter sustenance, and even some reared in the
northern tropics, like our own P. opisthomelas, or P. auduboni of the
Bahamas, range further north for the bulk of the year.
Our knowledge of such movements is largely supplemented by the
flotsam of dead bodies cast up on our beaches. Occasionally these floaters
are sO numerous as to arrest attention; as in the summer of 1908, when
Mr. J. H. Bowles discovered that many species of sea-birds off the coast
of Washington were suffering from an enteric parasite which notably
depleted their ranks. But the ordinary movements of the Shearwaters,
conducted as they are upon so vast a scale, are attended with a loss of life
from natural causes of accident and decrepitude, which line the beaches
Taken near Santa Barbara SHEARWATERS AT REST Photo by the Author
MOSTLY DARK-BODIED, BUT THE LIGHT BIRDS ARE SURMISED TO BE PINK-FOOTS
1997
The Black-vented Shearwater
with an instructive record. An unseasonable storm will take added toll
of even such hardened veterans as these; and the attendant mortality is
reported in headlines next day on shore.
The Pink-footed Shearwater was originally described by Dr. Elliott
Coues, from a specimen taken by our Dr. J. G. Cooper in July, 1863,
off San Nicolas Island. It proves, however, to be a regular component of
those enormous shoals of southern-bred shearwaters which annually
flood our coasts. Appearing as early as the end of February, the end of
the Antarctic summer, they do not become common till the end of May
or early June; while those which are still lingering with us at the end of
November may be assumed to be immature or non-breeding birds.
The Farallon Islands are assigned by the A. O. U. as the northern
limit of their occurrence, but I once found a stranded specimen on the
coast of Washington above Gray’s Harbor; and there really is no reason
why they should not accompany their friends, the Sooties, all the way to
Alaska. Of the breeding range of P. creatopus little is known, but it is
surmised to be somewhere along the coast of southern Chile.
No. 406
Black-vented Shearwater
A. O. U. No. 93. Puffinus opisthomelas Coues.
Description.—(General coloration much as in preceding species). Adult:
Upper plumage dark sooty brown to blackish, lighter forward, blacker behind, shading
on sides of head, neck (often nearly meeting across chest), and breast, and on sides, to
white of remaining underparts; under tail-coverts and crissum, just short of vent,
sooty brown; lining of wings white, or dusky-flecked; the axillaries broadly tipped with
sooty. Bill slender, blackish above (in the skin), lighter below; tarsus behind and
outer toe blackish; tarsus in front and inner toes, with webs (drying) yellowish. Length
(av. of to Monterey specimens): 373 (14.69); wing 237.3 (9.34); bill, length 37.6 (1.48),
depth at base 11.7 (.46); tarsus 45.5 (1.79).
Recognition Marks.—Teal size; but appearing larger; black-and-white, the
smallest of the local shearwaters; very like P. creatopus in color pattern, but white of
underparts clearer and more extensive save for sooty more broadly encroaching on
sides of neck and breast.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nests in colonies. Egg: Single;
elongate ovate; white; laid at end of burrow 2 to 8 feet in length. Av. size 59 x 39.8
(2.32 x 1.56); index 67.2. Season: c. April 10.
General Range.— Pacific Ocean off coast of North America. Breeds on islands
adjoining Lower California and western Mexico; migrates and forages along coast of
California and north to Vancouver Island.
Occurrence in California.—Abundant migrant and forager from July or August
to late April.
7998
a
* - oad %
Tae eek) 8 bay i te
The Black-vented Shearwater
with an instructive record. An unseasonable storm will take added toll
of even such hardened veterans as these; and the attendant mortality i is”
reported in headlines next day on shore.
The Pink-footed Shearwater was originally described by Dr, Elliott.
Coues, from a specimen taken by our Dr. J. G. Cooper in July, 1863,
off San Nicolas Island. 1t proves, however, to be a regular component of ©
those enormous shoals of southern-bred shearwaters which annually —
food our coasts. Appearing as early as the end of February, the end of
the Antarctic summer, they do not become common till the end of May
or early June; while those which are still lmgering with us at the end of
November may be assumed to be inymature or non-breeding birds. . |
‘The Faralion Islands are assigned by the A. O. U. as the northern
limit of their occurrence, but } once found a stranded specimen on the
coast of Washington above Gray's Harbor; and there really is no reason’
why they should not accompany their friends, the Sooties, all the way to
Alaska, Of the breeding range of P. create pus little is known, but itis ~
surmised to be somewhere along ze coast of southern Chile. >
Mm OU
= Rp. 406
Black-geated Shearwater
Ean aes :
AO. U. No. 93. Pufinu@bp&tRomelas Coues.
Deseription.-(General G@preich: much as in preceding species). Adult:
=
Upper plumage dark suoty browse BlaBkish, lighter forward, blacker behind, shading
wn sides of head, neck foften neatay Being across chest), and breast, and on sides, to
white of reniaining underparts; Beiter Sail- -coverts and crissum, just short of vent,
sooty brown; lining of wings whit OF dijeky- -flecked; the axillaries broadly tipped with ~
sooty. Bill slender, blackish abfgre (8 the skin}, lighter below; tarsus behind and
fxiter toe blackish; tarsus in front hd inir tues, ses webs Girying) yellowish. Length hy
(ay. of 19 Monterey specimens): 373 (149); wing 3 (9.34); bill, length 37,6. {i -48), x
Gdenth ab dase 11.7 (46); tarsus 45.5 (1. @). Be ei
even anion Marks.—Teal sized but bees larger; incl andi the
staatiest ef the lca) shearwaters; very like P. creatopus in color pattern, but white of
atrdbes pat rts chitiver and more extensive save for sooty more broadly encroaching or
+ivs of wenk and breast.
Westie. Dors aor breed in California. Nests\ in colonies. Ege: Single;
signpate ovate: wine; laid at end of hurrow 2 to 8 feét in length. Av. sizé 59 cacy 8°
(2.28 Diab: tadex G2. | Seasons cc) April 10,
General Range.-—Pacific Ocean off coast of North America, Breeds on ‘lands meat
actjnining 2 ower California and western Mexico; migrates and forages cone coast of |
California and-north to Vancouver Island.
Occurrence in Galifornia.—Abundant migrant and forager from July or August —
ie date April.
7098
The Black-vented Shearwater
Authorities.—Ridgway (Puffinus gavia), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. iii., 1880,
p. 223 (coast of Calif.); Anthony, Auk, vol. xiii., 1896, p. 223 (habits, nesting, etc.).
NONE of the larger species of Petrels nest along our coasts; but opis-
thomelas is such a near neighbor when at home, and so frequent a visitor
at other times, that we claim the right to make careful inquiry as to his
appearance and conduct. Of its external aspect we need only say that it
is black above and white below with a sooty crissum, and that it is the
smallest of the four commoner species of Shearwaters which frequent our
coast. It is highly gregarious, and R. H. Beck, writing from Monterey,
regards it as only less abundant than the Sooty Shearwater (P. griseus).
Its abundance increases as we go southward, and vast companies of un-
mixed opisthomelas occur off San Pedro or San Diego Bay.
To Mr. A. W. Anthony, then of San Diego, who in the Nineties made
such a careful study of pelagic bird-life off the coasts of southern and Baja
California, we are indebted for our only intimate knowledge of this
species... He encountered them as breeding birds first on the island of
Guadalupe, which lies some 220 miles south of San Diego and 65 miles
offshore. Here, in company with Cassin Auklets and Xantus Murrelets,
they occupy thousands of vapor-holes and miniature caves which honey-
comb gigantic lava cliffs 3000 feet in height. Mr. Anthony was first
attracted to their presence by the sound of familiar notes heard in the
early evening, as his schooner lay at anchor beneath these crags. The
outcry soon increased to an uproar. ‘‘It would be impossible to describe
accurately these notes. They were a series of gasping wheezy cries, re-
sembling somewhat the escape of steam through a partly clogged pipe,
uttered in a slightly varied key and repeated from four or five, to ten
times. During calm weather in January, February, and March flocks of
a dozen to several hundred of these Shearwaters often collect on the water
well offshore and at such times | have heard the same notes from two or
more birds as they chased each other, half running, half flying, over the
water. From the notes that came from the cliffs | thought that the birds
were chasing one another, and a little later many of them came down to
the water and were occasionally seen as they flashed by our anchor light.
After an hour or so the outcry somewhat subsided and I think most of
the birds went offshore to feed, returning before daylight, for during
nearly two weeks spent cruising about the island only one flock of Shear-
waters was seen during the daytime.”
The observer later found that the Shearwaters were silent in their
burrows, but repeated their outcries as often as they emerged at night,
or were disturbed by intruders.
L999
The Black-vented Shearwater
On Natividad Island, some 200 miles further south and close inshore,
a much larger colony was encountered; and this, by reason of the friable
nature of the soil, permitted closer study. The breeding season was at
its height on the 1oth of April, when each burrow contained either a pair of
Shearwaters and no egg, or else one bird sitting on the single egg.
The distinction is a noteworthy one, and I dwell upon it (chiefly upon
my own responsibility) because Shearwaters, in common with most other
Petrels—and, indeed to some extent with the unrelated Alcid@—enjoy an
extended honeymoon during the period preceding the arrival of the egg.
The early phases of courtship take place upon the ocean; but after the all
important decision is made (for that year at least), the happy couple go
ashore and renovate the old tunnel, or else sink a new shaft. The bur-
row, though not more than a foot and a half below the surface of the
ground, proceeds with many a twist and turn to a length of ten feet,
or less if the soil is stubborn. The nuptial chamber may or may not
boast a slight carpet of twigs or green leaves.
Work on this tunnel has been carried on intermittently at night.
When it is completed the husband remains with the bride and expectant
mother for at least a month, faring forth with her only at night in quest of
food. Insome species, as for instance, P. cuneatus, a week’s absence from
the burrow on the part of both parents immediately precedes the deposi-
tion of the egg; but the prevalence of this habit is not clear, or at least
not certainly made out in the case of P. opisthomelas.
After the arrival of the egg the male absents himself by day thence-
forth, returning well after dark, either to feed his mate or else to change
places with her for the night. [Careful records on this point are woefully
lacking in the case of most Tubinares.] It is this arrival and interchange,
varying endlessly according to the length of the daily wandering, which
occasions the nightly uproar.
When the chick is hatched and during the days of tender infancy,
one parent remains with it constantly. A little later one parent mounts
guard by day, while both hunt at night. Later the gargantuan appetite
of the youngster requires the ministering service of both parents day and
night, while the chick’s abundant down enables him to weather the
rigors of his subterranean cellar quite alone.
Mr. Anthony sets the average date of fresh eggs for this species
as early March,! but the birds are often seen in abundance in more north-
ern waters at this season, or even much later. Nesting is, therefore,
either very irregular as to date, or else varies with the different
colonies. Each nesting island is a law to itself, and each season imposes
its own restraints. Of course there is a marked accession of numbers
1 Auk, Vol. XVII., July, 1900, p. 252.
2000
The Dark-bodied Shearwater
when the new crop arrives in late July. Fortunately [!], this is also
the season of abundant fare. Vast shoals of herrings, anchovies, and
surf-fish become enamored of our fascinating shores, and are closely fol-
lowed by the rapacious host of Shearwaters. Prudence usually forbids
a closer approach than the kelp-line; but if the fish are reckless, so are
their persecutors. I have seen thousands settle within rifle shot of the
beach; and Anthony tells of a company at Cape Colnett which fought
with the breakers for certain coveted delicatessen.
No. 407
Dark-bodied Shearwater
A. O. U. No. 95. Puffinus griseus (Gmelin).
Synonyms.—Sooty SHEARWATER. WHALE-BIRD.
Description.—A dults: General plumage dark sooty brown, blackening on dis-
tal scapulars and wings, lightening (sooty gray) below, lightest, sometimes nearly
white, on chin; lower eyelid touched with white; axillars sooty, but lining of wings
chiefly white with some dusky marbling. Bill comparatively large and stout, black;
tarsus black outside, and outer toe black on the outside; tarsus inside, the inner toe,
and the outer toe on the inside, yellow; the webbing black (or perhaps yellow in
breeding season, auct. Buller). Length (av. 10 Monterey specimens): 465 (18.30)
wing 287 (11.29); bill 42.5 (1.67), depth at base 13.5 (.53); tarsus 57.1 (2.25).
Recognition Marks.—Really teal length, but appearing gull size by reason of
stout body and long wings; dusky plumage; rapid flight with alternate flap and sail;
follows surface of water closely; appears usually in immense flocks or long continuous
lines off-shore; a little smaller than creatopus, much larger than opisthomelas; very
like tenwirostris, but larger and with more extensive white on under surface of wing.
Nesting.— Does not breed in California. Single white egg laid at end of burrow
in hillside, several feet in and often miles from water. Avy. size 67.3 x 45.7 (2.65 x
1.80). Season: November.
General Range.—Of widest distribution; southern oceans, north in the Atlantic
to the Faroe Islands and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and in the Pacific to southern
Alaska and the Kurile Islands. Breeds at least on islands of the New Zealand seas.
Occurrence in California.—Common upon ocean at all seasons, sometimes of
incredible abundance as migrant and forager at varying distances from shore up to
50 miles. Period of maximum abundance May—November. Occasionally passes
close inshore or visits bays and harbors: Santa Barbara, Sept. 10, 1913, etc.; Pizmo,
June 25, 1914; San Francisco Bay, various occurrences.
Authorities.—Cooper ( Nectris fulignosus), Proc. Calif, Acad. Sci., vol. iv.,
1870, p. 79 (San Nicholas Id.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vi., 1896, p. 27
(occurrence at Monterey); zbzd., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 132 (syst.; crit.).
DID YOU EVER see a million birds at once? Our fathers did in
the days of the Passenger Pigeon, but that species is extinct now. We
2007
The Dark-bodied Shearwater
have heard similar tales of the abundance of ducks; but what with the long
prevalence of insensate market slaughter, automatic guns, and the universal
madness, we have to speak soberly of thousands now. Your one best
chance to see a million birds is to post yourself on some sea-cliff, any-
where from May to October, and to watch for a dark line of hurrying
Shearwaters outside of the kelp-beds, perhaps half a mile or so offshore.
It is a mere chance, then, for Shearwaters hunt in great hordes, and the
main host may be operating anywhere between Baja California and
Alaska.
The hunting organization of the Shearwaters is a great revolving
ring, most nearly comparable to that of a meteoric host, say the Leonids,
which, though most abundant at one point of their enormous orbit, are,
nevertheless, strung out with substantial uniformity over the whole of
the remaining circuit. The whirling ring of birds drifts north or south
with a movement as certain and imperceptible as the ‘‘secular drift’’ of
the stars. The circle may be a comparatively small one, so that you can
see the returning line, the other side of the circle, a mile or so farther
out to sea; or it may be very large, as much as twenty-five miles in
diameter, so that the observer on shore has the impression of a single
stream of birds moving parallel to the shore, and sometimes occupying
days in passage. Nevertheless, there is a point somewhere upshore
where the line bends away and passes out to sea, to accomplish in due
order the return movement of the gigantic succession.
The line itself varies from a thin ribbon, which one may easily count,
Ses
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
MASSING, AND SWIMMING RAPIDLY
2002
The Dark-bodied Shearwater
SS aes
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
A RAFT OF DARK-BODIED SHEARWATERS
say 200 birds per minute, to a solid column which one must estimate at a
hundred or two hundred birds per second. Being once favorably situated
with a “marker” a half mile offshore and just inside the flight-line, I
estimated that between 100,000 and 200,000 birds passed in the course
of thirty-five minutes. This I judged on other grounds to be the complete
horde. Assuming the lesser number, or an average of 3000 birds per
minute, moving at a speed of sixty miles per hour (the questing flight is
really not so very rapid), we had here a flight circle thirty-five miles
in circumference. A circle twenty-five miles in diameter would assure a
quarter of a million birds. There is also good reason to suppose that
our “‘circle’”’ is sometimes a very eccentric ellipse, with its major axis a
hundred miles or more in length, extending parallel to shore. This would
give us the possibility of a million birds.
But to see them all at once! That, too, is easy if you know the
magic talisman. It is herring. The million Shearwaters are looking for
a school of ten million little fish; and when this populous kindergarten
is located—lucky for you if near shore—an electric thrill runs through
the circle. The original discoverers have plumped into the water; those
immediately ahead have wheeled about; while those behind have speeded
up with an impulse which almost immediately affects the entire line.
The pace is furious, and the water is instantly black with settling birds.
The first comers have snatched their prey from the surface; their imme-
diate successors have had to dive to moderate depths, probably not over
three or four feet. The fish themselves have taken alarm and gone
below, but they will reappear in a minute or so at some distance, only to
be set upon in fury by the augmented company of beaks.
After a successful catch digestion is the immediate order of the
day, and the Shearwaters settle upon the water in great shoals to accom-
plish this important feat. At such a time, having been notified by tele-
phone that strange black birds were thronging the harbor at Santa Barbara,
we seized our cameras and hurried down to Stearns Wharf, only to find
2003
The Dark-bodied Shearwater
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
DARK-BODIED SHEARWATERS: A FURY OF EXERTION
that the anchovies had all been eaten up, and that the birds were leaving.
Hastily chartering a fisherman’s launch, we gave orders to head south-
west, whither by now the last birds had disappeared. The sea was
a bit choppy, and our course lay broadwise to the swells; hardly an ideal
condition for a race with Shearwaters. Nevertheless, a mile or so out
we succeeded in picking them up in the offing; and as we approached, large
numbers rose from the surface of the water and sped away. It looked
discouraging, but glancing down wind and sun toward Miramar, we made
out several dark shoals of birds. Heading toward them we found to our
delight that they would drive down wind instead of rising. We first
tried drifting, but fell into the trough of the waves and could not snap
to advantage. Also the birds washed along as fast as we did. Backing
fared no better, because we lost control of the boat. So finally we took
to driving straight at them, then sheered and circled before they were
too much disturbed. We soon found that the birds had to face the wind
and kick vigorously in order to rise at all. So by driving down wind,
we repeatedly got right among them. In this predicament they either
dived or swam desperately or floundered down wind. The minute we
were past them of course they rose and made off. Twice the whole
flock, numbering 2000 or 3000 birds, settled within quarter of a mile and
allowed us to repeat our hectoring tactics. Many ensemble pictures
were secured of the birds both sitting and rising, but the roughness of
2004
The Flesh-footed Shearwater
Taken near Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
DARK-BODIED SHEARWATERS: BREAKING WATER
the water did not permit of properly timed exposures or of individual
portraiture.
The nights are spent in this same fashion, tossing upon the waves
in great dense companies which roughly parallel the shore. Their
slumbers are not infrequently disturbed by storms; and we have ample
evidence on shore that not even these children of the sea can stand an
indefinite amount of buffeting. A watery grave awaits every Shearwater,
and it makes little difference to a floater whether crayfish or gulls play
the part of undertaker.
No. 408
Flesh-footed Shearwater
A. O. U. No. 95.1. Puffinus carneipes Gould.
Synonym.—PaLE-FOOTED SHEARWATER.
Description.— ‘Adult, dark sooty brown, nearly uniform, slightly paler beneath
and grayer on the throat; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform sooty brown,
bill flesh-colour, the tip horn; tarsi and toes flesh-colour. Total length about 19.5
inches [mm 495.3], wing 12.5 [mm 317.5]; tail, central rectrices 4.3 [mm 109.2], lateral
rectrices 3.65 [mm 92.7]; tarsus 2.25 [mm 57.15], middle toe 2.7 [mm 68.6], outer toe a
trifle shorter, inner toe 2.2 [mm 55.9]’’ (Salvin).
2005
The Slender-billed Shearwater
Recognition Marks.—Size of the common griseus, but no white on wing-lining;
feet palest. Pale beak said by Loomis to be distinctive.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nests in colonies. Single egg pure
white, laid at end of burrow in sandy soil. Av. size 68.6 x 44.45 (2.70 x 1.75). Season:
November 20—December.
General Range.—Australian and New Zealand seas north to Japan and Calif.
Occurrence in California.—Of limited but apparently regular occurrence
as migrant and forager off-shore, at all seasons but perhaps less commonly in winter.
Associates closely with P. griseus.
Authorities.—Beck (Puffinus carneipes), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. iii.,
1910, p. 66 (Monterey); Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. II, 1915, p. 27 (Monterey) ;
Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 129 (syst.; Calif.
occurrences, etc.).
IN THE “good old days”’ any fat squab haled from its subterranean
cradle by a hungry fisherman was dubbed a puffin, in honor of its heavy
coat of down and consequent puffy appearance. All babies look alike (at
least so bachelors say), and we cannot blame the unlettered Manxman
for confusing two sooty balls of down which he found in adjoining bur-
rows. But the scientist who suffered one bird (Fratercula arctica) to be
called Puffin; and then gravely latinized the fisherman’s nickname as
Puffinus puffinus, to serve as the “imperishable designation” of the Manx
Shearwater, wrought imperishable confusion thereby.
But the poor “‘scientist’’ is often hard put to it, especially when
he doesn’t know anything about the bird in life. Take this Shear-
water, for instance, Puffinus carnetpes,—I don’t know anything about
it. Call it ‘‘Pink-footed,’’ as Salvin does; or ‘‘Flesh-footed,” as Beck
does; or ‘‘Pale-footed,’’ as the A. O. U. Committee recommends. Or,
if the gentle bird will permit the gentle reader to hold its hand (foot),
he may have a try at it himself.
Rollo H. Beck dragged this bird from its comfortable obscurity
(where it had doubtless reposed, seasonably, for a millennium) off Point
Pinos, on the 23rd of November, 1903. He dragged it out. ten times
(at least—see specimens in the California Academy of Sciences and in
the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), and pretty well established thereby
that out of every thousand Shearwaters shot off Monterey, one or two will
be ‘‘Pale-footed,’’—or ‘‘Flesh-footed,”’ as you prefer.
No. 409
Slender-billed Shearwater
A. O. U. No. 96. Puffinus tenuirostris (Temminck).
Synonyms.—SHOoORT-TAILED SHEARWATER. ‘‘MUTTON-BIRD"’ (par excellence).
Description.— Adults: General plumage sooty black, varied slightly by brown-
2006
The Slender-billed Shearwater
ish tips of feathers, lightening (sooty gray) below; chin lighter to whitish, and a touch
of white on lower eyelid; lining of wing, restrictedly, whitish to white. Bill slender,
weak, black; feet and legs light gray and dusky. Length (av. of 6 Monterey specimens) :
393 (15.47); wing 273 (10.75); bill 32 (1.26); depth at base 10.4 (.41); tarsus 49.5 (1.95).
Recognition Marks.—Teal size, but appearing larger; uniform sooty coloration;
roughly, a smaller edition of the dark-bodied Shearwater—bill much smaller and white
lining of wing more restricted.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Single white egg deposited in burrow
or (in crowded colonies) upon surface of the ground. Size variable but average about
71.1 x 47 (2.80 x 1.85). Season: c. Nov. 25; one brood.
General Range.—Breeds in southern seas; migrates along both coasts of
North Pacific as far as Kotzebue Sound, Alaska.
Occurrence in California.—Fairly common migrant and forager on the open
ocean, from San Diego north at least to Monterey. All records appear to come within
the seven ‘‘winter’’ months, October—April.
Authorities.—Loomis (Puffinus tenuirostris), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2,
vol. vi., 1896, p. 28 (Monterey); zbid., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 138 (syst.;
Calif. occurrences, etc.); Anthony, Auk, vol. xiii., 1896, p. 171 (near San Diego).
IF A SHEARWATER’S memory was retentive, it could doubtless
take first prize in a geographical quiz upon the Pacific Ocean. Experienced
the race unquestionably is, and none more so than ftenutrostris, he of the
slender beak, who ranges through all the intricacies of North Pacific
coastal waters clear up to Kotzebue Sound. As nearly as we can deter-
mine, the spring journey northward is accomplished along the Asiatic
borders of the ocean. The returning hosts of fall sweep down our Ameri-
can coasts, but usually take their departure for the trans-Pacific flight
from some point farther north than California. Now and again, however,
the southward movement persists along our shores. Mr. Joseph Mailliard
encountered the species in considerable numbers at Monterey on the 17th,
18th, and 19th of December, 1895, and was the first to report them as
Californian birds. Their occurrence at that season was further remarkable
because December is the height of their breeding season in Australian
waters. Mr. Beck records a notable flight on December 2nd, 1907, on
Monterey Bay, where he also took specimens from October 14th to Janu-
ary 30th, the last-mentioned being undoubtedly a non-breeding straggler.
Anthony took specimens off San Diego on January 9th, 1896, evidently
stragglers from the unusual movement which Mailliard had witnessed
at Monterey some twenty days previous.
The early accounts of the nesting of these ‘‘Mutton-birds,”’ on
certain islands off the coast of Tasmania, border upon the marvelous.
Davies, writing in the ‘‘Tasmanian Journal,” says:! “‘It is not in my
power to describe the scene which presents itself at Green Island on the
night of the 24th of November. A few minutes before sunset flocks are
1Quoted by Salvin and Godman in Monograph of the Tubinares, Pt. II., p. 151.
2007
The New Zealand Shearwater
seen making for the island from every quarter, and that with a rapidity
hardly conceivable; when they congregate together, so dense is the cloud,
that night is ushered in full ten minutes before the usual time. The
birds continue flitting about the island for nearly an hour and then settle
upon it. The whole island is burrowed; and when I state that there
are not sufficient burrows for one-fourth of the birds to lay in, the scene
of noise and confusion which ensues may be imagined—I will not attempt
to describe it. On the morning of the 25th the male birds take their
departure, returning again in the evening, and so they continue to do
until the end of the season. Every burrow on the island contains, accord-
ing to its size, from one to three or four birds, and as many eggs; one is
the general rule. At least three-fourths of the birds lay under bushes,
and the eggs are so numerous that great care must be taken to avoid
trampling upon them. The natives from Flinders generally live for some
days on Green Island at this time of the year for the purpose of collecting
the eggs, and again in March or April for curing the young birds. The
eggs and cured birds form a great portion of the food of sealers, and,
together with their feathers, constitute the principal articles of their
traffic.”
Inasmuch as the standard-sized feather-bed required the sacrifice
of some 1600 birds, it may readily be seen how these once numerous birds,
raising at best but a single young each year, became sadly depleted in
numbers. Fortunately, governmental regulation has since been insti-
tuted, and this enlightened policy bids fair to maintain Slender-billed
Shearwaters and allied species at something like the present status.
No. 410
New Zealand Shearwater
A. O. U. No. 96.2. Puffinus bulleri Salvin.
Description.—‘‘Adult: Upper surface dark grey, crown and back of the neck
sooty-black, the lores and region below the eye mottled with greyish white; lesser
wing-coverts sooty-black; larger coverts grey and bordered with white; primaries
outwardly black, two-thirds of the inner web white; under surface and under wing-
coverts white; under tail-coverts white, with a grey edge; tail blackish, outer rectrices
tinged with grey; bill dark horn-colour, the mandible beneath fleshy; tarsi and toes
yellowish, outwardly dusky. Total length about 16.5 inches [mm 419.1]; wing 11.3
[mm 287]; tail, central rectrices 5.2 [mm 132.1], lateral rectrices 3.5 [mm 88.9]; bill
2.6 [mm 66]; tarsus 2 [mm 50.8], middle toe 2.35 [mm 59.7], outer toe 2.3 [mm 58.4],
inner toe 2 [mm 50.8]’’ (Salvin).
Recognition Marks.—A black-and-white wedge-tailed type, paler above, gray
instead of sooty. White on inner webs of primaries distinctive.
2008
The Black-tailed Shearwater
General Range.—Southern seas, north to Monterey. Breeding haunts un-
known.
Occurrence in California.—Rare, but apparently of fairly regular occurrence
as migrant and forager off the coast of Monterey. All records fall within the autumn
months.
Authorities.—Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, Zool., ii., 1900, p. 319
(Monterey); zbzd., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 146 (syst.; Calif. occurrences,
etc.).
ALTHOUGH Shearwaters range over the entire ocean, their favorite
beats lie along the offshore banks, where herring, squids, and surface
crustaceans abound. They usually move close to the water with a stiff
double or treble flap and sail, a motion which is admirably suited to the
sinuosities of the sea; and while one may think them a little awkward
and slow-gaited, it is astonishing how quickly they pass from sight. It
takes a nice eye and a practiced judgment to pick out the occasional
rarity from among the thronging thousands of Shearwaters which annu-
ally sweep down, or up, our coasts. Sometimes discrimination is impos-
sible; and we owe our first knowledge of some species either to accident or
shrewd “‘suspicion.””’ Mr. L. M. Loomis had the (deserved) good fortune
of establishing the first record of P. bulleri for the Northern Hemisphere—
a female taken on Monterey Bay, November 6th, 1896. Mr. Beck has
taken numbers of specimens since in the same historic locality; and its
occurrence might be described, therefore, as expectable.
Added zest is given to this search for strange visitors when we
realize that more specimens of this bird have been taken at Monterey
than in all other places together, including the type locality, New Zealand.
This trim little Shearwater probably breeds somewhere in the Southern
Hemisphere, but its nesting haunts are unknown.
No. 411
Black-tailed Shearwater
A. O. U. No. 97. Priofinus cinereus (Gmelin).
Description.—Adult: ‘‘Upper surface cinereous, rather darker than the crown,
wings, tail and rump; the feathers of the back with dark shafts, under surface white;
the sides of the head and neck pale grey, blending into the white of the under plumage
and the darker grey of the upper; a few feathers on the flanks and the under tail-
coverts grey; under wing-coverts and quills grey; bill yellow, the nares and culmen
black; tarsi and toes fleshy brown, the outer toe darker. Total length about 19 inches
[mm 482.6], wing 13 [mm 330.2]; tail, central rectrices 4.4 [mm 111.76], lateral rectrices
3.5 [mm 88.9]; bill 2.4 [mm 61], tarsus 2.3 [mm 58.4], middle toe and outer toes 2.75
{mm 63.5], inner toe 2.35 [mm 59.7]”’ (Salvin).
2009
The Fork-tailed Petrel
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nests in colonies, depositing single
egg at end of burrow under tussock of grass, high up on mountain side (Macquarie
Island). Egg: White. Av. size 69.85 x 50.8 (2.75 x 2.00).
General Range.—Southern oceans.
Occurrence in California.—One record, off coast of Monterey, some seventy
years ago. Specimen now in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York.
Authorities.—Lawrence (Procellaria haesitata), Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., New
York, vi., 1853, p. 5 (specimen obtained off Monterey); Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Water Birds N. Amer., vol. ii., 1884, p. 375; Beck, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, iii.,
1910, p. 66; Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 108
(Calif. occurrence).
THERE ARE doubtless more fish in the sea than have ever been
caught; but your scientist cares nothing for their quantity. It’s quality
he’s after, and he’d give his galluses for a new species, or even, sometimes,
for a new record.
Lawrence's record of a specimen of Priofinus cinereus, taken off Mon-
terey, stands unquestioned and unduplicated. The bird is an inhabitant
of southern oceans; and although it has been seen to the number of hun-
dreds of thousands at once off Tierra del Fuego, its range is still imper-
fectly made out and its eggs are unknown.
No. 412
Fork-tailed Petrel
A. O. U. No. 105. Oceanodroma furcata (Gmelin).
Synonym.—Gray FoRK-TAILED PETREL.
Description.—Adult: Bluish ash, lightening below and on greater wing-
coverts, palest, to whitish, on throat and under tail-coverts; greater wing-coverts
and tertials tipped with white; secondaries broadly edged with white; lesser wing-
coverts, edge of wing, and exposed primaries dusky; inner webs of primaries lighter
ash to whitish, and outer web of outer tail-feather definitely white; a dusky patch
about eye. Bill and feet black. Length 203.2-228.6 (8.00-9.00); wing 152.4-165.1
(6.00-6.50); tail 101.6 (4.00); forked about 25.4 (1.00); bill 15.2 (.60); tarsus 21.6 (.85).
Recognition Marks.—Towhee size, but appearing more like Nighthawk; ashy
blue coloration distinctive.
Nesting.—Egg: Subelliptical; pure white or with ring of reddish brown dots
about larger end; placed at end of small burrow in earth-bank. Av. of 5 California-
taken specimens: 31.75 x 24.4 (1.25 x .96). Season: June.
General Range.—North Pacific Ocean and adjacent portion of Arctic Ocean.
Breeds from Commander and Aleutian Islands south to islands off northwestern coast
of California. Wanders (?) north to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, and south to southern
California.
2010
The Fork-tailed Petrel
Distribution in California.— Breeds on islands off coast of Del Norte and Hum-
boldt counties, south to Trinidad. Irregularly (?) south at other seasons to San Pedro
and Sunset Beach, Orange County (Wyman).
Authorities.—Cooper, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. iv., 1868, p. 10 (San Pedro);
Godman, Monogr. Petrels, pt. i., 1907, p. 38, pl. 11; Clay, Condor, vol. xviii., 1916,
p. 205 (coast of Del Norte and Humboldt counties, breeding); Loomis, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 177 (syst.).
TO MR. C. IRVIN CLAY, of Eureka, belongs the honor of first
discovery of the Fork-tailed Petrel as a breeding bird of California. In
one of those privileged hours which are sometimes allotted to good bird-
men, Clay had ransacked Whaler Island, in the harbor of Crescent City,
and discovered Fork-tails breeding in some numbers. He secured eight
eggs, of which five are now in the Museum of Comparative Oédlogy, and
skins of two parents. The date, May 14, 1916, was decidedly early in
comparison with the nesting dates of O. /. bealt.
Taken in Humboldt County Photo by the Author
FARTHEST SOUTH
MR. CLAY SEARCHING FOR FORK-TAILED PETRELS AT THE SOUTHERNMOST KNOWN BREEDING STATION OF THE
SPECIES
20L1T
The Leach Petrels
About a month later the author, in company with Mr. Clay, visited
a rock near Trinidad, variously known upon the maps as Off-Trinidad,
or Blank Rock. Here in a tiny colony of nesting Beal Petrels, Clay
unearthed a small gray ‘“‘pincushion”’ which excited my suspicion. The
water was a little rough and landing difficult, but I demanded a turn
ashore, while my companion, poor chap, alternately ‘‘fed the fishes’”’ over
the side of the drifting boat and waved a courageous “‘All’s well!’’ The
note-book, sharing its owner’s enthusiasm, tells the brief story of what
followed:
“Off Trinidad Rock, June 18, 1916. Gulls and Puffins (Tufted)
galore, but cover scanty and the population as a whole depauperate. But
here—what’s this? A petrel jammed into a rock-crevice with her tail
sticking out into a covered fern-way. Underneath her shins an egg. We
will get that first. Ummm! Pretty big—and pretty hard set. Birdie,
I guess we'll have to have you too. There, there, now, don’t be naughty!
You can’t dig a hole in the rock where there isn’t any, and I’ve got you
by the leg. Out you come! What! Gee Whillikins! It’s a Fork-tailed
Petrel, the first I ever saw, and the southernmost breeding record for
the species!’
The reader will better understand the author’s enthusiasm when he
explains that three years spent on the Washington coast had failed to
discover any nesting site of this elusive species. We understand, however,
that others have had better luck; and Finley and Bohlman found the
species abundant off the coast of Oregon.
Blank Rock yielded us another adult and two more chicks, which
we left. The station is about fifty miles south of the original discovery,
Whaler Island, and Mr. Clay still holds the record for ‘‘farthest south,”’
for the ‘“‘pincushion”’ lay at least two rods south of my (addled) egg.
This modest gray bird, which is rather the handsomest of the petrels,
is also the hardiest, since it breeds on the Aleutian and the Commander
Islands, and wanders into the Arctic Ocean.
Beck found the birds at Monterey in June, 1895; and in the month
of November, both in 1903 and in 1909, so that it is probable that the
species passes the winter somewhere off our coasts. There is a San Pedro
record authenticated by Dr. Cooper.
The Leach Petrels
No. 413
Leach’s Petrel
No. 413a Beal’s Petrel
A. O. U. No. 105.2, part. Oceanodroma leucorhoa beali Emerson.
Synonyms.—WESTERN LEACH PETREL. PACIFIC WHITE-RUMPED PETREL.
“IKAEDING PETREL”’ (extensively miscalled in earlier literature).
Description.—Adult: General plumage sooty brown, clearest on belly, darken-
ing on head, back, and breast, blackening on lesser wing-coverts, flight-feathers, and tail,
lightening to grayish brown on middle and greater coverts, especially upon the edges of
the latter; the longer upper tail-coverts chiefly white, with sooty shaft-lines, the longest
ones also narrowly tipped with blackish, the lateral lower coverts more or less extensively
white in continuation of that of the upper coverts. Bill and feet black. Downy young:
Entirely sooty black. Length 203.2 (8.00); wing 144.8 (5.70); tail 76.2-88.9 (3.00-
3.50); forked 15.2-20.3 (.60-.80); bill (chord of culmen) 15.2 (.60); tarsus 22.4 (.88).
Recognition Marks.—Towhee size but appearing larger by reason of long
wings; dark brown plumage with white rump; fluttering erratic flight.
Nesting.— Nest: A few grasses or none, at end of burrow 2 to 3 feet in
length, in soil of sea-girt rock. Egg: Single, nearly equal-ended; white, nearly im-
maculate, or with ring of reddish brown dots about larger end. Av. of 30 specimens
in the M. C. O. coll.: 30.2 x 22.4 (1.19 x .883); index 74.2. Season: June-July.
Range of Oceanodroma leucorhoa.—North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans.
Breeds from southern Greenland south to Ireland and Maine, and from the Copper
and Aleutian islands south to the Kuriles and Lower California.
Range of O. /. beali—Breeds from Sitka, Alaska (with relations to the northward
undetermined), south to the Farallon Islands, California.
Distribution in California.—Breeds abundantly upon the islands off the
coast of Del Norte, Humboldt, and Mendocino counties, and, less commonly, upon the
Southeast Farallon, with records from adjoining areas and possibly down the coast.
Authorities.—Cooper (Oceanites oceanica), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. iv.,
1868, p. 11 (San Nicholas Id.); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, 1917, p. 168
(syst.; meas.; distr.; etc.); Grinnell, Condor, vol. xx., 1918, p. 46 (status in Calif.);
Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., p. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 160, part (syst.);
Howell, Condor, vol. xxii., 1920, p. 41 (coast of Del Norte County; breeding habits) ;
Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. no. 121, 1922, p. 147 (life hist.).
No. 413b Kaeding’s Petrel
A. O. U. No. 105.2, part. Oceanodroma leucorhoa kedingi Anthony.
Synonyms.—KAEDING’s LEACH PETREL. KAEDING’S WHITE-RUMPED PETREL.
Description.—Similar to O. /. beali, but smaller, and with tail somewhat less
deeply forked. ‘‘Wing 145 mm; central rectrices 73; lateral rectrices 83; tarsus 21;
middle toe and claw 20; culmen 15.’ (Orig. desc.)
Range of 0. /. kedingi.—This supposedly smaller race is known chiefly from a
series of birds taken at sea near Guadalupe Island, Lower California, July 25, 1897, by
A. W. Anthony. A specimen taken March 22, 1904, by L. H. Miller on the Fish
Commission boat, Albatross, while off San Clemente, entitles this form to recognition
2013
The Leach Petrels
upon ourlist. Mr. Anthony informs me that the birds have recently (1922) been found
breeding on certain islands off the western coast of Lower California.
Authorities.—Miller (Oceanodroma leucorhoa kedingt), Condor, vol. xx., 1918,
p. 211 (specimen taken off coast of s. Calif.); Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54,
1917, p. 171 (syst.; meas.; distr.; etc.); Grinnell, Condor, vol. xx., 1918, p. 46 (syst.);
Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 160, part (syst.).
The problems arising from a consideration of the distribution and interrelation-
ship of the Petrels of the genus Oceanodroma, are without exception the most fascinat-
ing as well as the most elusive and difficult of any presented by our science.
In particular, the central question of the forces controlling the differentiation of species
reaches in this group a commanding climax. Within its narrow limits most subtle
differences, which theoretically must exist, nevertheless defy detection, while other
differences are fairly startling in their abruptness. Thus, the dominant type,
O. leucorhoa leucorhoa (from which our O. leucorhoa beali claims only most dubious dis-
tinction), dominates the islands along both shores of both the great oceans of the
Northern Hemisphere. It exists in countless multitudes on a thousand islands stretch-
ing through at least twenty degrees of latitude and along ten thousand miles of coastline;
and yet the differences alleged between extremes from the Commander Islands, off
the coast of Asia, or the Flanneries, off the coast of England, or the Olympiades, off
the coast of Washington, are so slight that the memory can scarcely retain them.
And suddenly, on a small group of islands off the coast of California, the Farallons,
appears another species absolutely distinct. From the Farallons to San Benito,
through a range of only ten degrees, four such indubitable species appear (including
Halocyptena microsoma, whose generic difference is based on a slight character),
and three forms of one of them, viz., O. 1. socorroensis, O. 1. kaedingt, and O. 1. macro-
dactyla, besides O. leucorhoa (bealt), which breeds on the Farallons and migrates way
beyond San Benito. There you have it! one species continuous over a highly diversified
coastal range of ten thousand miles in two oceans, and (accepting San Miguel as a
breeding station of O. homochroa) four species or six races in a fairly uniform range of
500 miles along the coast of the Californias.
The situation is, indeed, so extraordinary that we find ourselves obliged to at-
tempt some sort of reconstruction of recent Oceanodromine history. The species
Oceanodroma probably had its distributional, or evolutional, center here on the islands
of the southern Californias. High differentiation within a limited but interrupted
(i. e., island) area is sufficient evidence of ancient occupation. One species, the ances-
tral O. leucorhoa, evolving perhaps on Guadalupe, finding its ancient home overcrowded,
set about searching for unoccupied territory. Passing over the ancient Farallons,
already occupied by homochroa, it found such territory in the newer islets of the North
Pacific Coast, successively released from glacial conditions. Here it flourished like
the green bay tree, taking on gradually the slightly different characters of larger size,
paler coloration, and deeper furcation of the tail,—O. leucorhoa beali. From. this
rich field, members of this group, wafted by some accident of wind or weather, reached
the North Atlantic Ocean, where, finding similar unoccupied territory, they spread
rapidly without sensible change of form,—O. leucorhoa leucorhoa.
Of course this outline is purely hypothetical, but it is not by any means fanciful;
for every student of evolutionary changes is agreed that uniformity in a given species,
over an extensive, highly diversified, interrupted area, argues both recency of occu-
pation and strength of stock. Moreover, the now thoroughly recognized and regular
north and south migrations of beali-leucorhoa in both oceans, argues a southern and
relatively recent origin of the species. Beali-leucorhoa is the dominant type of the
2014
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The Leach Petrels
genus Oceanodroma, and its representatives probably outnumber all other Oceano-
drome ten to one. In a few millenniums we shall expect to see it break up into as many
“‘species’’ as there are island groups, or major breeding places, in its now vast domain.
FINE PRINT is for the ornithologically elect only, and the author
hastens, with due apology to the neophyte, to speak of Petrels, instead of
Oceanodrome. But Beal’s Petrel, although so recently brought to recog-
nition, proves to be rather the key to the whole genus, and a word about
its history and distribution will not be amiss. When Mr. Anthony took
specimens of a new petrel off Guadalupe Island in late July, 1897, he sup-
posed that he was encountering a new species, and, naming it Oceano-
droma kaedingt, he assigned its habitat as “from Socorro and Clarion
Islands to Southern California.”"1) Mr. Loomis had found a white-rumped
petrel on the Farallons in the summer of 1896, but he called it /eucorhoa.
Moreover, it was very scarce there and was not again seen until Mr. John
Rowley and I found it on May 30th, 1911. Finley and Bohlman reported
the bird as Kaeding’s Petrel from the Three Arch Rocks, off the coast of
Oregon, in 1905; and I found several large colonies of a similar petrel off
the coast of Washington the following summer. We know, now, that
these white-rumped petrels breed extensively on the islands off our own
northern coast, and from there northward to the islands of Bering Sea.
This prevailing type has, however, been named Beal’s Petrel; and the
name Kaeding Petrel, formerly in use, has been restricted to a small group
of birds breeding off the coast of Lower California.
Of beali as a California breeder we can only say that five specimens
were taken in 1911 from the crevices of a wall which marked an old Russian
sealing station on the Southeast Farallon. The species was found closely
associated with the Coues Petrel, O. homochroa, and two eggs were taken
on the 3rd of June. It did not occur elsewhere on the island, whereas
Coues Petrels abounded to the number of thousands.
Because, therefore, this important species has its center of abundance
farther north, I may be pardoned for giving an extended account of its
breeding off the Washington coast.
The most populous colony has been found upon Dhuoyuatzachtahl,
an islet of the group known as the Quillayute Needles. The name is a
Quillayutan compound meaning Rock-where-we-catch-Petrels, and has
been from time immemorial a breeding place of these tiny Tube-noses.
On July 20th, 1906, three of us, in company with two expert Indian
surfmen, set off in a canoe from La Push to visit this rock a mile offshore.
The sea was fairly quiet and the sky perfect, but the swells crashed and
roared about the base of the rocks, and landing with cameras was a diffi-
cult operation. Once ashore, we were obliged to scuttle between waves to
1The Auk, Vol. XV., 1898, p. 37, Orig. desc.
ZOU;
The Leach Petrels
the nearest point where it was at all possible to scale the rock.
The islet is about a hundred feet high, precipitous upon three sides,
but sloping and climbable upon the south. The top has an area of some-
thing over an acre, and is unique for the abundance and uniformity of a
rank grass which occupies the greater portion centrally. The grass has a
stoutly-projecting midrib so that it stands up at a height of two and a half
feet, its roots being imbedded in a covering of its own waste to a depth of
six or eight inches more. Circling all about this central bed is a border of
close-set wiry turf, while a narrow stretch of the dwarf salmon-berry
bushes, peculiar to this coast, occupies the northern crest of the slope.
Immediately upon arrival our attention was called to tiny openings
in the grass, the orifices
of subterranean bur-
rows. Sometimes the
entrance was clear-cut
and open, with a little
runway beneath paved
(more by accident and
use, perhaps, than by
design) with little peb-
bles; but quite as often,
the mouth of the bur-
row was hidden by a
tangle of interlacing
grass-stems. The tun-
nels are about two and a
half inches wide at the
mouth, and run in from
: Taken in Washington Photo by the Author
two to three feet. They CALIFORNIA MAMOOK ISKUM DHUOYUATZ
seldom run straight, but IN OTHER WORDS,, THE INDIAN (‘‘CALIFORNIA” HOBUCKET), IS DIGGING OUT
= BEAL PETRELS
twist about at random,
widening as they proceed, until a considerable nesting chamber is reached.
Here, according to the season, may be found two adult birds, a bird
and an egg, or a bird and young. In the first case it is the male bird keep-
ing company with his mate for several weeks before the single egg is laid.
During this honeymoon it is possible that the birds dine out together; but
when the egg is laid, the male spends the day at sea, visiting his brooding
mate only at late nightfall. Likewise, after the chick is hatched, it is the
male who provides the food for mother and babe until such time as the
rising appetite of the junior troglodyte requires the services of both parents.
When removed from the nest, the parent bird appears dazed and
blinded, and seldom seeks to escape by flight. Taken into the hand, it
2016
The Leach Petrels
jams its head into the recesses of the fingers, thinking only of cover.
Placed upon the ground, it pokes about the grass in a fidgety, near-sighted
way, looking fora hole, and does not scruple to enter the hole of a neighbor
rather than remain under surveillance. Once one flew from the hand and
made off to sea with a bewildered, hesitant motion, a jerkiness somewhat
similar to that of a nighthawk at close quarters. Others I threw into the
air, and they too made off to sea sheepishly, like waifs caught sleeping on
a park bench and told to move on.
In no instance did the mother betray any interest in her young, or
realize that it, too, was in the same plight. Now and then birds bit us, but
their bills were not strong enough to inflict injury. When molested,
Petrels eject an ill-smelling oil, which either proceeds from or involves the
nostrils in its discharge. This in turn is followed speedily by the contents
of the crop, if such are available; but whether this offering is intended for
a ransom or is only the result of fright, one cannot certainly tell.
We had been working in the turf plot looking only for fresh eggs and
taking pains to replace the chicks—tiny balls of slate-colored down with
feet of a deathly pallor and bills jet black; stupid, also, as balls of mud—
wherever found. But after having waded through the heavily grassed
Taken in Washington Photo bythe Author
NEST AND EGG OF BEAL PETREL
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The Leach Petrels
HAUNT OF BEAL PETREL
THE STATION IS THE ONE SHOWN ON PAGE 20I1I. MR. CLAY HAS JUST RELEASED A BEAL PETREIL, WHICH MAY BE
DISCERNED AT THE LEFT. (LOOK FOR A FLY SPECK.)
portion of the island once or twice, the thought occurred to us that there
might be Petrels there. Judge of our surprise, however, when we found
the vegetable mold a perfect labyrinth of Petrel burrows! So light was
the accumulation in point of density (once the growing blades were pene-
trated) and so abundant the birds that one had only to dig with the hands,
dog-fashion, and birds, eggs, and young were the invariable result. The
whole half-acre of grass proper was a seething mass of Petrels. Yet from all
that host not a sound to betray their presence! The sun shone calmly and
the breeze blew benignly. Nothing disturbed the serenity of the day save
the restless quaverings of the always hostile gulls. There was nothing, in
short, to indicate that beneath our feet lay a buried city, not once popu-
lous and now deserted, but now teeming with life, a city of storm-waifs,
gathered from an expanse of a thousand watery leagues, a city perhaps
more populous than any other colony of the class Aves within a hundred
2019
The Leach Petrels
leagues, lying silent where the eye saw only waving grass. The promise of
the situation so wrought upon us that we determined to return at evening
some time later, and did so on Monday evening following, July 23rd.
We arrived a little after nine o’clock, provided with matches, bedding,
and water, and prepared to spend the night. We found the island still
silent, but we used the remaining moments of twilight to further deter-
mine the limits of the colony; and found that the dense salmon-berry
thicket was likewise occupied by Petrel burrows.
At about ten o’clock the first note was sounded—from the ground. In
quality like that of a tiny cockerel, in accent like that of a glib paroquet,
came the cry, Péttérettérétteréll, éttéréttérétteréll. The second phrase is
slightly fainter than the first, and is, therefore, just suggestively an echo
of it. After ten minutes, or such a matter, one sounded in the air. By and
by came another and another. And so the matter grew until by eleven
p. m. the air was a-flutter with sable wings, and the island a-hum with ?#’s
and r’s and /’s. This hour was typical of the entire night, although the
pace was perhaps a little more furious at one o’clock, when we roused for
another observation. We had spread our blankets in the center of the
grass field, regretful of the fact that the portion of the population under us
must needs go supperless for that night. Perhaps, therefore, it was our
presence which stirred the birds to unusual demonstrativeness, but I am
not at all certain that this was the case, or that our presence affected the
situation in the slightest degree.
The air was full at all times of circling birds, at least several hundred
of them, probably several thousand. They flew about excitedly, much
more nimbly than in the daytime, but still erratically, incessantly clash-
ing wings with their fellows and now and then colliding with such force
that they fell down into the grass. Those which flew about uttered from
time to time the characteristic cry, but those a-wing were but a small por-
tion of the total number in evidence. The grass swarmed with birds work-
ing their way down through to the burrows, or else struggling out, all
giving from time to time the rolling cackle which is the accompaniment of
activity; while from the ground itself came an attendant chorus of cries.
Taken altogether, there were thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of
birds in motion, and the total effect of the rustling and the cackling (or
crowing) was a dainty uproar of notable proportions, a never-to-be-for-
gotten babel of strange sounds. And in this fairy tumult not the least
element was the peeping and whining of the chicks, both tended and
untended.
The characteristic cry is that given above, but it was frequently
abbreviated to Péttéréttéréll, éttéréttéréll. This was the only adult sound
heard save a rolling cry rendered staccato in 7’s and /’s, which came appar-
2020
The Leach Petrels
ently from birds standing at the mouth of the burrows. The note with
its short e’s is instantly suggestive of the name, and if the notes of other
Petrels resemble this one, I should unhesitatingly say that the name is
imitative, and that the classic explanation of ‘‘Little Peter walking upon
the waves” is, like so many other philological traditions, more ingenious
than probable.
Concerning the number of birds in this colony it was difficult to form
a judgment. We explored fifty nests, representing a hundred birds, in the
least populous portion of the colony; yet the area affected was no sensible
portion of the whole, certainly not a hundredth, probably not a five-hun-
dredth part. Based upon this estimate alone, the number of resident birds
would run from ten to fifty thousand, and it might easily be much greater.
I think the birds in the air simply represented the newcomers, who took a
few turns about the island as they came in from the ocean, preparatory to
settling down to the business of feeding their mates. Certainly the major-
ity of the birds were at all times below the ground; while the number in
transition may be judged by the fact that at one o'clock, when I left the
bed and groped about in the darkness on hands and knees, I picked up
birds both from the ground and the grass.
At four o'clock the volume of sound had subsided, and not above a
dozen flitting forms were seen; while at six o’clock there was no slightest
sign to betray the presence of the sleeping multitude.
In the summer of 1910 another extensive colony of these Petrels was
discovered near La Push, by the sense of smell, a favoring breeze having
brought a characteristic whiff ashore from Kwahllalahtahl, half a mile
away. This pungent, penetrating odor of the petrel, due no doubt to the
peculiar oil distilled from its food, is very grateful to the nostrils of the
veteran. The island thus discovered and promptly explored was suffering
from the ravages of a Peale’s Falcon (Falco peregrinus pealet), which had a
nest midway of a neighboring rock. The ground about the petrel burrows
was strewn with wings, and we judged that the royal marauder had to get
out very early in the morning to accomplish such destruction.
On another islet, Carroll, we found a few petrels nesting in the shade
of the spruce-crowned summit, along with the more abundant Cassin
Auklets. The burrows here were shorter, and the egg was placed on a
luxurious cushion of spruce-twigs and moss—altogether different from the
scanty lining of grass, or the bare ground, which is customary in petrel
burrows. Perhaps there is an incipient subspecies here, O. leucorhoa
nidificans.
No. 413c Socorro Petrel
A. O. U. No. 108.1. Oceanodroma leucorhoa socorroensis Townsend.
Description.—Adult: General plumage sooty black, blacker and softly lustrous
2021
The Leach Petrels
on exposed wing-quills and tail; browner, deep chocolate brown, on belly; paler, more
ashy brown on face; an area formed by middle and greater wing-coverts and portion
of tertials much lighter, drab, the tips of greater coverts still paler, nearly whitish;
the lateral upper tail-coverts, and sometimes the entire rump, more or less extensively
white (this character very variable). Bill and feet jet black. Length 203 (8.00) or
under; av. of 3 spec. from Los Coronados Ids. (skins); 192 (7.56); wing 155 (6.10);
tail 78 (3.07); depth at fork 21.2 (.83); bill 15.5 (.61), depth at base 6.2 (.24); tarsus
22.4 (.88).
Recognition Marks.—A middle-sized petrel, larger and darker than homo-
chroa, smaller and a little lighter than melania, from both of which it is usually dis-
tinguishable by the presence of white on the sides of rump. This is really a localized
representative of the leucorhoa group, embracing the Pacific species, beali, kedingi,
socorroensis, macrodactyla (enumerating from north to south), monorhis of China, and
castro of the southern oceans; it is distinguishable from beali of the north coast by its
paler wing-coverts and the lateral white patches not meeting, or at least less extensively
meeting, across rump.
Nesting.—Much as in O. /. beali. Ay. size of 15 eggs in M. C. O. coll.: 29.85
X 22.35 (1.175 x -88); index 74.9. Season: Late June or early July.
Range of O. /. socorroensis—Breeds on Los Coronados Islands, just south of
the Mexican boundary line, and San Benito Island, further down the Lower California
coast. According to A. W. Anthony, it is fairly common in summer on the ocean off
San Diego.
Authorities.—Anthony (Oceanodroma socorroensis), Auk, vol. xii., 1895, p. 387
(ocean, off San Diego); Howell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 35 (s. Calif. ids.;
habits. syst.; crit.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918,
p. 160, part (syst.; crit.).
A GREAT FORBEARANCE, whether wise or no we shall not under-
take to say, has for decades kept the Yankee out of Lower California. Its
teeming lagoons and alluring wildernesses have now and then resounded
to the crackle of revolutionary rifle-fire, but the white man has for the most
part kept a prudent distance. The political conquest of this portion of
Mexico has made small headway or none at all in a century, but, more
fortunately, a scientific conquest of the islands off the west coast has been
made under such leaders as C. H. Townsend, A. W. Anthony, Walter E.
Bryant; and, more recently, George Willett, Howard W. Wright, and A. B.
Howell. ‘‘Fortunately’’; for with the advent of Mexican shepherds or
fishermen to these islands came rats or cats or other vermin, which, lacking
the controlling factors of mainland conditions, have nearly done for much
of the native feathered life. The Island of Guadalupe has been the chief
sufferer; and this devoted spot now boasts no less than five “‘extinct’’ or
extirpated species.
The case of Guadalupe is hopeless, and all scientists are left to mourn;
but by common consent the islands called Los Coronados, lying off San
Diego within Mexican waters, are a sort of classical resort (not to say
plunder-box) for American ornithologists; and the ultimate welfare of the
2022
The Leach Petrels
feathered inhabitants of these islands will lie rather with American for-
bearance and good faith than with Mexican piety.
Four species of birds, namely, the Socorro Petrel, the Black Petrel,
the Xantus Murrelet, and the Frazar Oyster-catcher, have here their
northernmost stronghold; and their occurrence upon islands of the Santa
Barbara group or the waters of San Diego is rather incidental to their
occupation of Los Coronados.
Mr. Alfred Brazier Howell, being for some months resident on the
islands in 1910, enjoyed unusual facilities for the study of their bird-life;
and it is chiefly to his account, published in Pacific Coast Avifauna, Num-
ber 12, 1917, that I am indebted for information regarding both the Socorro
Petrel and the Black Petrel.
The Socorro Petrel breeds only in burrows of its own excavation, and
appears to require fresh ones each year. For this purpose light loamy
soil is selected, and the birds resort alike to open situations or to brush-
covered areas. The nesting tunnels, usually about two feet in length,
have narrow entrances, much wider than high, and they twist sharply
either to right or left within a few inches of the mouth. The nesting
chamber is considerably enlarged and is usually lined indifferently with
twigs or rootlets. The single egg varies, as do all petrels’ eggs, from pure
white to those having faint wreaths of lavender dots about the larger
end.
The season of fresh eggs is late June or early July; but there is reason
to suppose that the nesting burrows are provided as much as two or even
three months in advance of final occupation.
Unlike its larger relative, O. melania, this form but rarely vomits oil
when removed from the burrow; but it will often do so on the wing imme-
diately after being released. In addition to the staple diet of rock lobsters
in the juvenal stage, young squid an inch or so in length have been found
in the crops of freshly killed specimens.
O. 1. socorroensis, as is well known, exhibits a great variety of plumage
as to its rump, ranging from a phase which has a sooty black rump, nearly
concolor with the back, to a phase whose rump is as white as any Dealt.
This variety is not correlated with season, sex, or age, inasmuch as dark-
rumped and light-rumped birds are found in the same burrow. This
variability, moreover, appears wherever the subspecies occurs; and
appears also in the closely related O. leucorhoa (?) monorhis of eastern Asi-
atic coasts. Howell believes that he has evidence of a historic increase in
the number of white-rumped individuals; and surmises that we may have
here a highly plastic form which is undergoing a total, or totospecific,
change from a uniformly dark to a white-rumped species, rather than an
incipient ‘‘splitting’’ into races. Whatever be the significance of this
:
2023
The Coues Petrel
variable quality, it presents an interesting contrast with the stolid con-
servatism of the other members of the beali-leucorhoa type.
No. 414
Coues’s Petrel
A. O. U. No. 108. Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues).
Synonym.—Asuy PETREL (name inappropriate).
Description.—Adult: General color plumbeous black (very deep ‘‘ashy’’),
clearest on back, crown, and sides of neck, lighter ashy on throat and sides of rump;
under tail-coverts plumbeous; considerable outcropping of white on under surface of
wing; belly and sides sooty brown, faintly washed with ashy, the usual light drab or
flaxen wing-patch formed by exposed edges of greater coverts, or else this patch clear
ashy (fresh plumage?). Bill and feet black. Length (av. of 7 Monterey Bay speci-
mens): 193 (7.59); wing 136 (5.35); tail 75 (2.95); depth of fork 24 (.94); bill 13.2 (.52),
depth at base 5.6 (.22); tarsus 22.2 (.87).
Recognition Marks.—Towhee size, the smallest of our petrels; ashy cast of
plumage and absence of white on rump distinctive for size.
Nesting.—Egg: Single, oval, pure white, or, very rarely, faintly wreathed with
reddish dots; placed in crevice of wall or rock slide or under driftwood. Av. size 28.7 x
21.8 (1.13 x .86). Season: c. June Ist.
Range (Wholly contained within California waters).—Breeds chiefly on the
Southeast Farallon Island, but also sparingly south to Santa Cruz Island. Obtained
elsewhere only off Monterey, and in waters adjoining the western Channel Islands.
Authorities.—Coues (Cymochorea homochroa), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1864, p. 77 (orig. desc.; type locality, Farallon Islands); Dawson, Condor, vol. xiii.,
I91I, p. 177 (Farallon Ids.; habits; nomencl.); Howell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12,
1917, p. 34 (s. Calif. ids.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12,
1918, p. 171 (syst.; eggs); Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. no. 121, 1922, p. 159 (life hist.).
UNCLE SAM may flatter himself that he owns the Farallon Islands,
those guardian rocks which lie like couchant lions some twenty-five miles
off the entrance to the Golden Gate—and, indeed, it is fortunate that
Uncle Sam has the say regarding human intruders—but his claims are
flimsy and superficial in comparison with those of the ancient occupants.
The real owners of these storied piles are the gulls, the murres, the auklets,
and the petrels. Their title antedates the Doomsday Book, or possibly
the Garden-of-Eden decree itself. The claims of the petrels, at least,
are not obtrusive; and these gentle birds find the works of man,—stone
walls, mortarless bulkheads, and the tiny railroad embankments, which
extend from the landing place to the keepers’ houses,—very much to their
liking. If you would realize the full extent of Petreldom, you must wait
2024
The Coues Petrel
until the sound of the phonograph has died out at the Wireless Station
and the gossiping keepers’ wives have gone to bed; then steal forth with
a lantern and listen to the babel of the underworld. Lay your ear to a
stone wall, which marks some tumbledown Russian fort, and you will
hear the love song of dusky swains, gallants whose ancestors courted in
the neighboring rockslides before historic Russia was dreamt of, or ever
the Great Horde had left its steppes. The walls which support the zig-
zag pathway up to the old lighthouse, the oldest on the Pacific Coast,
are vocal with Petrel music; while out of the honeycombed base of the
tower itself come the same weird sounds. The whole island is a-titter
with Lilliputian music; but so tiny are the sounds that the ear scarcely
distinguishes individual notes at thirty feet; and the entire local chorus is
likely to be drowned out by the voice of a single Cassin Auklet youngster
yelling for its mother.
On May 20th, tg11, I pitched a lonely tent in a little level space just
east of Franconia beach. There was no wind, for once, so when my feath-
ered neighbors began to tune up at about nine o'clock in the evening, I
tiptoed over to a short rock wall which had served as a wind-break for
some crew of seal-hunters. The racket came from the lower courses of
rough masonry, and there seemed to be at least half a dozen birds “‘going
it’’ in close proximity. The sounds made by the Coues’ Petrel are notice-
ably different from Beal’s, of earlier knowledge, being lighter, sharper,
and much more varied in character. The ‘‘Petteretterell’’ note is sharpened
and obscured, insomuch that the imitative character of it is almost lost
to sight. In their burrows or crevices Coues’ Petrels indulge a variety of
cooing and croaking, or chittering notes—love songs, undoubtedly. In
the open a sharp, saucy crowing note is often heard, a sort of challenge,
or look-at-me cry, which I surmise is uttered by the male only. It is
sometimes uttered a-wing, but more often when the bird is perched on
some trifling vantage point of rock. This note is wonderfully expressive;
and although it is pitch dark we can picture the little corporal strutting
or swelling in an endeavor to attract feminine attention. The little
fellow is wonderfully alert, too, at this time, and a quick pounce in the
dark usually drives away but does not capture the singer.
Investigation of carefully-marked localities disclosed no birds on the
morrow. From this and other indications we concluded that the birds
spend only the nights of a certain courting season ashore. This is followed
by the customary honeymoon period of a week or ten days, during which
both birds remain ashore daytimes, the male probably feeding his mate with
the booty of a night foray. After the egg is laid only one bird attends it,
but this is as often as not the male, and it is probable that there is some
regular alternation of duties.
The Coues Petrel
All Petrel bur-
rows have a pecu-
liar musky odor,
and this character-
istic odor inheres in
the bird itself, inso-
much that a trained
nostril can detect
the presence or ab-
sence of Petrels
by sniffing at
the crevices.
When _ dis-
turbed or
captured,
the bird im-
mediately
ejects a
Sie if @ in fe
smelling oil
from which
its Own SéeH- NESTING GROUND OF THE COUES PETREL
teur propre
undoubtedly proceeds. This oil is derived from the tiny squids and
crustaceans —chiefly the nauplius form of the rock lobster, it is said
—which constitute the Petrel’s staple food, and represents merely a
normal product of digestion. This chyme is discharged copiously,
sometimes to a distance of two or three feet, and it is probably offered asa
ransom rather than as a repellant... Its forcible discharge involves the
bird’s nostrils and is attended by considerable discomfort, as subsequent
sneezings and efforts to clear the nasal passages show. The young are
fed by regurgitation with this same most assimilable oil; and it is this, in
all probability, which the male offers to his mate after the lengthy quest
a-sea.
The egg of the Coues’ Petrel, pure white or with a faint wreath of
cinnamon about the larger end, is large for the size of the bird, as is the
case with most monotokous species. It is about the size of that of the
Storm Petrel (Procellaria pelagica), decidedly smaller and perhaps a little
more rounded than that of the Beal Petrel. Its deposition occurs about
the Ist of June, varying somewhat with the season, and the bird is occu-
pied with its care and that of the young for fully two months.
While the interstices of stone walls are undoubtedly the favorite
Taken on the Southeast Farallon
2026
The Black Petrel
nesting sites of these petrels, the insufficiency of such cover drives many
to share the teeming rock-slides with the Cassin Auklets, and others to
burrow in the open ground. Others still are to be found skulking under
boards or logs in the drift of the tiny beaches.
The Farallon Islands are given as the type locality, and the species
is known chiefly from the Southeast Farallon, upon which the lighthouse
stands. There is, however, an early account of their nesting on San Miguel,
although this has not recently been confirmed, perhaps owing to the
changing character of the island surface. Mr. Howard W. Wright found
a few breeding in the Painted Cave on Santa Cruz Island. Their presence
in adjacent waters during the breeding season assures us that other col-
onies will yet be found on the Santa Barbara Islands. Of its migrations
we know little; and it is probable that it does not depart widely in winter
from its breeding area.
The former name, ‘“‘Ashy Petrel,’’ as applied to this bird, is very
misleading. Its use suggests a type of coloration similar to that of the
Fork-tailed (O. furcata), whereas the general cast of color is only a little
less sooty than that of O./. beali. It does incline to ‘“‘plumbeous,”’ but is
much nearer black than “‘ashy.’’ Rather than perpetuate this misconcep-
tion, we recommend the use of the name of the original describer, Coues.
No. 415
Black Petrel
A. O. U. No. 107. Oceanodroma melania (Bonaparte).
Synonym.—BLack FORK-TAILED PETREL.
Description.—Adult: In general sooty black; color of wing-quills and tail
scarcely more intense than cervix and lesser wing-coverts; paler, sooty brown, below;
palest, drab or even whitish, on tips of middle and exposed portions of greater wing-
coverts. Length (av. of to Monterey specimens): 232 (9.13); wing 174.7 (6.85); tail
83 (3.27), depth of fork 25.8 (1.02); bill 15.3 (.60), depth at base 7 (.27); tarsus 31.9
(1.25).
Recognition Marks.—The largest and blackest of the California petrels; o
white on rump; much larger than homochroa.
Nesting.—Much as in O. I. beali. Av. size of egg 35.1 x 25.9 (1.38 x 1.02).
Season: Late June, early July.
General Range.—Breeds from Los Coronados Islands south to Tres Marias
Islands, off coast of western Mexico. Forages north at least to Monterey.
Distribution in Californias—Common in summer in southern coastal waters
and around the Santa Barbara Islands, and ranges north to Monterey. Not known
to breed in California, but probably does so.
2027
The Black Petrel
Authorities.—Bonaparte (Procellaria melania), Compte Rendu, xxxviii., 1854,
p. 662 (orig. desc.; “‘Calif.’’); Godman, Monogr. Petrels, pt. i., 1907, p. 24, pl. 6 (Santa
Barbara Ids.); Howell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 12, 1917, p. 32 (s. Calif. ids.; nesting,
habits, etc.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, 1918, p. 174 (syst.).
GIVEN the knowledge of its nesting site, it is comparatively easy
to learn something, whether by furtive methods or violent, of the behavior
of any species of petrel—thus, that it lays a single white egg in a burrow,
that it throws up an ill-smelling oil when disturbed, etc., etc. But the
little we have been able to learn of the behavior of petrels at sea, where
they spend at least two-thirds of their time, is like radium for rarity.
They that go down to sea in ships bring their own terrors with them,
insomuch that these timid little foam-flutterers are not minded to tarry
and see what this monstrous black object looming large upon a boundless
horizon will do to them. A flickering bat-like flight characterizes most
of them, and the absence of curiosity, such as excites many oceanic
species. Food is either snatched from the surface of the ocean in passing,
or else hastily gulped down as the bird sits uneasily upon the water.
Solitary birds are the rule, and they cannot ever be counted gregarious
upon the ocean, even though abundance of food may temporarily attract
many to a common center.
And yet all these rules find exceptions, as witness the following para-
graph from Anthony, a high authority:
“In August and September petrels are more common off our south-
western coast than during the rest of the year. The birds that have fin-
ished nesting congregate in regions where food is abundant, often follow-
ing vessels for long distances to pick up what scraps of suitable food may
be thrown over. I have on several occasions hooked O. melania with a
small hook baited with a piece of seal blubber, but as a rule they decline
to be taken in by any such means. Both O. melania and O. socorroensis
will at times dive a foot or more below the surface for a piece of meat
that is sinking if they are hungry, but diving seems to be out of their
usual line of business and is only resorted to when food is scarce. They
seem to be unable to get below the surface of the water without first
rising two or three feet and plunging or dropping, exactly as I have seen
the Black-footed and Short-tailed Albatrosses dive under similar cir-
cumstances.”
Mr. Anthony first encountered the Black Petrel on the 21st of April,
1896, on the Coronado Islands, which are still the northernmost known
breeding station of the species. He describes the notes, heard in the open,
as Tuc-a-roo, tuc-tuc-a-roo. One bird he traced to a burrow, where it made
a clicking sound, but no egg rewarded his search; and he concluded that
2028
The Wilson Petrel
this species, like the Socorro, does not deposit its eggs till June. April is
the month of mustering and nest-digging; May is spent chiefly at sea;
June sees the honeymoon and the laying of the egg; July is the moon of
young birds, and August of weaning and departure. Yet even in August
certain couples, delayed or disappointed or dilatory, will dodder over eggs
whose ultimate hatching is against the traditions of their kind.
A later observer, A. B. Howell, says: ‘‘The best place to look for
nests is under and between good sized boulders. Here a little dirt may
be scratched away at the entrance or at the nest cavity. From over a
hundred nests examined I have found only a half a dozen occupying true
burrows that may have been excavated by the birds themselves, but as
these were all in a colony of socorroensis, I prefer to believe that they were
originally made by the latter and then preémpted by melania. Half a
dozen more were in very old burrows of the Cassin’s Auklet.
This form does not nest in true colonies but is apt to be scattered anywhere
about an island. Occasionally where favorable sites occur, several nests
will be within a few feet of each other. . . . The young are covered,
except for the chin, with a slate-colored down. When the feathers appear
this clings to the ends of them and does not come off until after the body
feathers at least have made their full growth.”’
No. 416
Wilson’s Petrel
A. O. U. No. 109. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl).
Description.—Adult: ‘Sooty black, forehead and under surface paler; greater
wing-coverts greyish; upper tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts sooty; tail black,
shafts of the lateral rectrices towards the base and the portion of the inner web adjoining
white; bill black; legs black, inner portion of the webs between the toes yellow. Total
length about 6.8 [mm 172.7], wing 6.1 [mm 154.9]; tail, lateral rectrices 2.7 [mm 68.6],
central rectrices 2.45 [mm 62.2]; bill 0.7 [mm 17.78]; tarsus 1.37 [mm 34.8]."’ (Salvin.)
Recognition Marks.—Sparrow size; much. like resident petrels, but a little
smaller. Long legs and yellow webbing of feet distinctive.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Egg: Single, white; placed in crevice
of cliff or rock-pile or under stones. Av. size 28.7 x 22.86 (1.13 x .90). Season: Feb-
ruary (Kerguelen Id.).
General Range.—Antarctic seas, breeding in February and ranging north to
Labrador and the British Islands, and in the Pacific to Peru.
Occurrence in California.—Accidental; one record; Monterey Bay, August
24, 1910, by R. H. Beck (Grinnell).
Authorities.—Grinnell (Oceanites oceanicus), Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. It,
1915, p. 29 (Monterey Bay, August 24, 1910, one specimen); Loomis, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. ii., pt. 2, no. 12, 1918, p. 180 (Calif. occurrence); C. W. Townsend,
in Bent, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. no. 121, 1922, p. 165 (life hist.).
2029
The Common Loon
PETRELS are professional vagrants, but we have no guarantee that
this Oceanic cuss, who hailed from Antarctica, will ever turn up again off
our coasts, as he did (to his undoing—see specimen No. 18742, in Mus.
Vert. Zool., Berkeley) on August 24, 1910.
Wilson’s Petrel breeds in certain favored localities on the Antarctic
Continent, as well as on adjacent islands, and has been seen some sixty
miles from open water in Latitude 78 degrees 30 minutes South. It ap-
pears to be tireless on the wing, and has been compared both for the height
and the grace of its aerial evolutions with the Martins or the Swifts. In
this respect it is utterly unlike our native petrels, as well as by reason of
its long legs, which enable the bird to tread the water as though to steady
itself while picking up a dainty morsel.
No. 417
Common Loon
A. O. U. No. 7. Gavia immer (Briinnich).
Synonyms.—Loon. GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.
Description.— Adult in summer: Head and neck black with metallic reflections,
most intense on lower neck; middle of the throat crossed by a narrow bar of white
streaks; a similar but wider bar on each side of neck lower down; underparts in general
pure white, the sides like back; a narrow open-V-shaped anal band of dusky; under
tail-coverts black or variously tipped with white; upperparts greenish black, sharply
spotted with white in regular transverse rows,—the spots mostly squarish, smallest
on the upper back and rump, largest on lower scapulars; the sides similarly ornamented
with rounded spots; sides of cervix black-and-white, streaked or striped; wing-quills
blackish, with warm purplish reflections. Bull black; feet and legs black externally,
yellow internally; iris carmine. Adult in winter and immature: Above dark brown,
clear and greenish glossed on crown and back of neck, feathers of the back, etc., more
or less heavily tipped with ashy gray or dull buffy; underparts white; throat white,
or faintly dusky-flecked-and-shaded, on sides of head and neck, shading or alternating
with brown of upperparts in large dentations; dusky of sides much restricted. Bill
light blue with dusky ridge; feet brownish dusky externally, yellowish internally.
Length 711.2-914.4 (28.00-36.00); wing 355.6 (14.00); tail 66 (2.60); bill 73.66 (2.90),
along gape 101.6 (4.00); tarsus 86.4 (3.40).
Recognition Marks.—Brant to eagle size; back black speckled with white;
head and neck black interrupted by white-streaked spaces; below white; large, pointed
bill. Large size distinctive as compared with other divers.
Nesting.— Nest:
S48 Geeeeding colonies at Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake); Bent, U.S. Nat: Mus. =
all. mea vO7, 1919, p. 1, pls. gyle hist.); Forbush, Massachusetts Dept. Agric., Bull.
no, 8 1922, p. 6 (under-water MogBession). eM
ae
PERHAPS the most avered region for the study of this most inter-
esting bird lies within théiprotected areas of our northern Californian
lakes, notably Lower Klagnath§Lake. Here the small remnant which _
managed to escape the ruQhléssgpursuit of the plume-hunters, active as
late as 1906, is gradually e&Apying the wastes of oozy channels and
tule islands which have bé@m train time immemorial their peculiar home.
But in the still undevastatecPisterior of British Columbia and Alberta
similar conditions of covernsixiat So that the breeding populations of these
countries also, driven forthRa Witter, fall back upon our southern coasts.
It is rather, therefore, as@ Seger visitant along the kelp-line offshore,
in lagoons, and on the largag it&érior lakes, that the Western Grebe is com-
monly known to Californiaz ss ae
The fall arrivals are Sgheavhat unsophisticated, and will permitusto
deitt up close enough to #ps€rve the cruel blood-red eye which appro-
briately accompanies thegatelin beak. . The necks of these birds are -
ovieg- guobile and their heads are scarcely at. rest for an instant, save as the,
gaa 22 cPovted by fear or momentary curiosity. If fishing is dull and the
Gee ever on hix good behavior, the company will float at-ease rather than ©
<<. Jtye¥f Gs pull away; and now and then a bird will seek relief-by ~
Mp apkard and outward with one of its green paddles and wagging
“Exists, apparently with no intended slight. ; Pag
Sea farm the principal diet of these grebes, and in the pursuit of
tees Sie es exhibit great dexterity. Schools of herring and the like
sO, eee Be WS Ay, SOO F yin, hifeo,
7 4 cas oe a ee
The Western Grebe
are followed until capacity is exhausted. Indeed, the apparent gre-
gariousness of this species in winter is probably due almost entirely to the
aggregation of its prey; and the size of the grebe company observed is a
loose index of the number of fish below. If successfully frightened from
the water, not into it, the birds will scatter without regard to their fel-
lows. One sees evidence of community feeling, however, in the case of
small companies, for they will move in close order, diving and resting
almost simultaneously, while one bird or another assumes the duty of
watchman, remaining upon the surface and paddling along slowly in the
direction taken by the submerged flock.
In diving, the Grebe’s head describes a loop with lightning rapidity,
and the body springs forward as though to accept a challenge from its
vanishing leader. Con-
siderable depths are vis-
ited, and the bird is by
preference a fisher of the
channels, leaving the
shallows to his smaller
kinfolk. If surprised at
close quarters, the Grebe
almost invariably seeks
to escape by diving; but
if there is sufficient lee-
way, as at the approach
of a steamer, it will take
to wing, not without
manifest exertion. A-
wing it isa singular look-
ing creature. The legs, | 2 Soe aS SS)
sticking out behind and ‘ = p< We
incli d rard h ashington Photo by the Author
inclined upward rather NEST AND EGGS OF WESTERN GREBE
than downward, more
than counterbalance the unusually long neck, so that the bird looks always
upon the point of tumbling head foremost. The wings are moved quite
rapidly, and the bird has no apparent control over its speed, save that it
tips up somewhat before alighting. Even so, it strikes the water with a
crash, with its feet spread awkwardly behind at diverging angles.
But even if he is so awkward in gait, the Grebe experiences no diffi-
culty in making extended flights, as his presence in the interior lakes in
May testifies. A colony of nesting grebes has a rare fascination for the
birdman, for there is about it (pity to say, because the birds have been
so thoroughly frightened) just that element of mystery which allures.
2041
The Western Grebe
However populous the
floating city may be per
se, the owners are pretty
careful to keep away
while it is under review.
It is only by stealth that
one can unravel the mys-
teries of Grebetown, and
a week’s study leaves
one far from satisfied.
The requirements
are an extensive area of
water-plants, preferably
arums, but bulrushes
(the immortal ‘“‘tules’’)
will do; shallow water to
match; and fishing privi-
leges in the open. The
depth of water in the
lakes is likely to vary
from year to year, and
the nesting ground may
be shifted to correspond,
but the nests are usu-
ally placed in from two
to ten feet of water. For
their construction the
birds secure fresh mater-
ials, using chiefly green
stalks and the root-
Cee eee «stocks of the arums; if
AN INTERROGATION sone ee oe a sunilony watel, heap-
ing the material up from
the bottom until the mass rises several inches above the water; if in deep
water, forming a floating island loosely anchored to the surrounding vege-
tation. But in either case, it is large enough and strong enough to support
the weight of the sitting bird above water.
Here from three to five eggs are laid, of a delicate greenish blue
color when fresh, but soon fading and becoming discolored through con-
tact with decaying vegetation. The Western Grebe takes less pains than
most members of its group to cover its eggs before leaving the nest.
Occasionally a few coarse grasses are pulled over the eggs, and now and
Taken in Oregon
2042
The Western Grebe
then a nest is really covered. The eggs are subject to many vicissitudes.
Ravens esteem them great delicacies. Forster’s Tern does not, apparently,
appropriate the eggs, but makes no scruple of driving the rightful owner
from a nest which she happens to covet for her own uses. One wonders
at the tame submission of a bird so splendidly armed; but the Terns are
really very ugly, and have the advantage of being able to strike from
above.
All these sources of annoyance, however, pale into insignificance
before the devastation
of a storm. Having a
Grebe colony of some
fifty nests under sur-
veillance—in Washing-
ton, it was—I once lay
out all night through a
series of thunder- storms
—which were the mak-
ing of the wheat crop
that year. In the morn-
ing I found that half of
the Grebe nests had been
wrecked and their con-
tents scattered, while
iamehalyy of the remainder Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
were badly injured. Two WHERE HE RECENTLY WAS
days later it was comical
to note the confusion of ownership which necessity’s law had brought
about. Scarce a well-made nest but contained eggs of homeless neigh-
bors. Two held seven, and one, eight, from half as many contributors.
In most cases these eggs were either abandoned outright by the one im-
posed upon, or else covered over by a new nest hastily improvised.
Finley records an instance, on Lower Klamath Lake, where sixteen eggs
had been piled up by discommoded mothers on a bed of dry tules, without
pretense of nest.
Like all others of the group, the young of the Western Grebe tumble
out of the shell into the water, and the saturated mass of decayed vege-
tation which for a time held the eggs is never known as home. When
the brood is hatched, the young birds clamber upon the mother’s back,
or the father’s, as the case may be, and have a ride quite to their liking.
Nothing more convenient than this floating palace could be devised;
besides being a raft and a diving bell(e), it is fitted up with feather-
stuffed cushions for repose, and upon it meals are served frequently,
2043
The Western Grebe
a la Grebe,—since it is said that the mother can twist her neck around
without difficulty and bestow a selected morsel upon whom she will of the
expectant flock.
Western Grebes mate faithfully and spend much time in close and
amicable association with their consorts. A proud sight is the male as he
rows behind or beside his mate. One I saw arched his neck like a high-
checked horse, with bill close in-and pointing down; and he maintained
this conscious attitude for a number of minutes. As he did so, the black of
crown and neck, set off by the curving white core of the throat, made a
perfect interrogation point.
A courting evolution sometimes witnessed deserves, whatever its
immediate significance, the name of wedding march, for it is a stately
affair, participated in, so far as one can judge, by both male and female.
In this, the female leading, but probably under the instigation of the cock,
they rise and tread the surface of the water, standing upright the while
with outstretched or quivering wings and with necks beautifully arched,
and they strike the water so vigorously with their feet as to quite maintain
their elevated position, and to make slow progress forward. The birds
Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
WATERED SILK, WITH IRRUPTIVE FIGURE
2044
The Western Grebe
are never less than three
feet apart and there is
no apparent difference
in behavior or interest.
When a dozen feet or so
have been covered by
this stately march, both
collapse and plunge un-
der water head first.
This procession I have
witnessed several times,
and it was once partici-
pated in by three birds
on equal terms.
These are rare
glimpses. For the rest
the Western Grebe is a
voice, high and broken,
like nothing else, per-
haps, so much as the
creak of a neglected pul-
ley-block. Krik, krik,
krik, krik, comes from
off the shimmering wa-
ters of San Diego Bay,
and you think of the
pine-clad slopes and
weedy recesses of Eagle
Lake in Lassen County.
ota = : Krik, krik, krik, krik,
Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author :
MORE MOIRE comes the weird cry
from off the bosom of
the lake, a little anxious now as you bend over the side of your canoe to
count the eggs; and you pause a moment to recall Point Loma and the
lemon-scented breezes of Ramona’s land.
No account of the Western Grebe is complete without some refer-
ence to the Great Persecution endured by the race at the hands of the
plume-hunters. At the behest of a cruel fashion, ever on the alert for
novelty, the virgin fastnesses of the West were invaded in the early
Nineties by as ruthless a band as ever scuttled ships or fired wigwams,—
the grebe-hunters. The feathers of these birds, glistening white and
water tight, made excellent muffs or stoles, or even capes, as warm as
2045
The Western Grebe
ermine; and lorn was the maiden who boasted not even a bonnet snatched
from the breast of a mother grebe. The hunters, to ease the pain of the
lorn maiden, stood waist-deep in water behind screens of tules, and potted
the divers as they rose, one by one; or else they clubbed together and
“shot up’’ a colony at a time when anxiety for young made the birds less
wary. In this manner literal tens of thousands of these innocent birds
were slaughtered within the space of a decade in northern California and
in Oregon; and those which remain to this day are a mere centesimal of
the former hosts.
Yet those men were kind to their own children; were, indeed, good
neighbors, in the narrower sense,—none readier to sit up with a sick
friend. And you could more easily have borrowed money from one of
them than from an average banker. What was the matter? Why, “‘sin”’ is
largely social; and “‘society’”’ had not yet evolved. Theodore, the Reso-
lute, gave one twist to the evolutionary jack-screw when he decreed the
Federal bird reservations; Weeks slipped a timber under in the Federal
control of migratory birds; and McLean set the concrete base in the
prohibition of the plumage traffic. A tally was checked on the tablets of
fate. Birds are no longer shot for their plumage in or for America.
iskiyou County Photo by Finley and Bohlman
TWINS OR WORSE
AT LEAST THEIR GODFATHER WILL NOT UNDERTAKE TO SAY WHETHER OR NOT THERE SHOULD HAVE BEEN MORE OF THESE BABY
WESTERN GREBES.
Taken in
2046
The Holbell Grebe
No. 421
Holbecell’s Grebe
A. O. U. No. 2. Colymbus grisegena holbeelli (Reinhardt).
Description.—Adult in nuptial plumage: Head and short dense occipital
crest, heaviest on sides and squarely cut off behind; top of head, including crest, ridge
of neck behind, and upperparts, very deep hair-brown, or brownish black with a silky
sheen, pure on head and neck and wings, with slight edgings of dull buffy and ochraceous
on back; primaries not different; a large white patch on central secondaries (recalling
the speculum of ducks); throat and sides of head pale ashy gray, becoming white on
borders; neck in front and on sides bright cinnamon-rufous, shading on fore-breast
into the silvery ashy of remaining underparts; posterior feathers dusky-tinged; bill
bluish dusky, varied by yellow on lower mandible; feet and legs black. Adult in winter
and immature: Similar but duller; throat and sides of head pure white; the rufous
of neck replaced by ashy-brown; not crested. Bill lighter; feet and legs (of immature)
mottled with yellow. Length 457.2-508 (18.00-20.00); wing 195.6 (7.70); bill 48.3
(1.90); tarsus 63.5 (2.50).
Recognition Marks.—Something under Mallard size (owing to abbreviated
tail), but appearing larger, nearer Brant size; rufous of neck, when present, distinctive;
stouter, chunkier proportions; neck ashy in front (in winter), and shorter, heavier
bill, as compared with Western Grebe.
Nesting.—Does not breed in California. Nest: A heap of half-submerged or
floating vegetation in pond or reedy lake margin. Eggs: 2 to 5; dull greenish white,
except when fresh heavily nest-stained. Av. size 53.7 x 34.5 [2.11 x 1.36] (Bent).
Index 64.2. Season: c. May 20; one brood.
Range of Colymbus grisegena.—Northern and sub-Arctic portions of the Northern
Hemisphere. Breeds north to southern Greenland, Europe, and Kamchatka; south
in winter to northern Africa and Japan. In America as follows:
Range of C. g. holbeili—North America and northeastern Asia. Breeds from
northern Ungava, northern Mackenzie, and northwestern Alaska, south to New Bruns-
wick, central western Minnesota, northern Montana, and northern Washington;
winters south, chiefly coastwise, from southern British Columbia to southern California,
and from Maine to North Carolina, or even to Georgia. In the interior to southern
Colorado and the Ohio Valley.
Distribution in California.—Not common winter resident and migrant,
chiefly along the seacoast. Occasional at Santa Barbara, but not recorded from any
of the Channel Islands. Interior record stations include Lake Tahoe (Belding), and
Elsinore Lake (Nordhoff).
Authorities—Heermann (Podiceps cristatus), Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., vol. x.,
1859, p. 76 (Santa Barbara); Grinnell, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. I, 1900, p. 4 (desc.
breeding habits, nest and eggs; northern Alaska); Beck, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4,
vol. iii., 1910, p. 58 (Monterey); Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 9 (occur-
rence in s. Calif.).
OUR CHIFF interest in this rare winter visitor must lie in its points
of resemblance to and difference from our common species of diving
birds. Is it a grebe or is it a loon? is the question we ask concerning the
2047
The Horned Grebe
nondescript object which the recurring swells bring into intermittent
view just inside the kelp-line. For stoutness of bill and sturdiness of neck
the bird is very loon-like, but its body lacks somehow the regal outlines
of the clipper-built Gavias. It is squatty, lumpish, ill-defined, instead.
Holboell’s Grebe is a pleb. Compared with its cousin, the Western
Grebe, this bird is notably shorter and stouter both as to bill and neck,
and it does not present so fierce an appearance, even though still boasting
the carmine eye. The neck, also, is never so pure a white in front, and
it usually retains a dull rufous wash which further serves for distinction.
When you have decided that the je ne sais quoi may be a grebe, it
prepares for diving by first giving a little upward spring, and then turns
suddenly, with the body almost clear of the water, and shoots down, head
foremost. Holbelli is, however, quite as able as others of the family to
flash out of sight without the spring-board motion, or else to fade away
after the manner of the polite Frenchman. Once, upon a piece of inland
water, I sighted one of these birds at not over thirty yards. Really de-
sirous of securing a specimen for the cabinet, I shot, using duck shot and
an extra rapid smokeless powder. The fellow was possessed—not only by
“spirits,” but by an inexhaustible fund of good nature, for every time I
shot he vanished, I know not how, only to reappear instantly, unscathed
and smiling, to paddle a little nearer.
No. 422
Horned Grebe
A. O. U. No. 3. Colymbus auritus Linneus.
Description.—Adult in nuptial plumage: Forehead and crown, with throat
and sides of head around on nape, sooty black, deepening and becoming glossy pos-
teriorly; area included by these patches (lores and sides of crown) buffy ochraceous,
changing to rufous on lores and the short dense occipital crest; neck in front and on
sides and fore-breast rich cinnamon-rufous, shading on breast into the satiny white
of belly; sides (well up under wing) and flank patches tinged with rufous and overlaid
with some dusky; upperparts grayish black, becoming grayish brown on wings and
varied by some edging of lighter grayish brown; primaries clear light brown; secondaries
mostly white, forming a quasi speculum. Bill black with yellow on lower mandible
and tip; feet dusky externally, internally mostly yellow. Adult in winter and imma-
ture: No rufous anywhere; above uniform grayish black; below, including sides of
head, pure white, sometimes tinged on neck and fore-breast with ashy brown; spar-
ingly dusky-shaded on sides; bill with less black. Length 317.5-381 (12.50-15.00);
wing 130.4 (5.37); bill 23.6 (.93); depth at base 8.1 (.32); tarsus 46.2 (1.82).
Recognition Marks.—Teal size; breeding plumage with black and red on
head (especially red lores) distinctive for size; slender bill; the pure white of throat and
2048
The Horned Grebe
Taken in North Dakota Photo by Edwin Reiber
HORNED GREBES AT HOME
sides of head contrasting with blackish above affords the best field mark in winter;
in winter plumage not certainly distinguishable from the next species though averaging
larger.
Nesting.— Does not breed in California. Nest: Of half-submerged or floating
vegetation, usually anchored to reeds growing in swamp water. Eggs: 2 to7;elongated
oval, pale greenish white, but usually more or less discolored by nest. Av. size 44.5
X 30 (1.75 x 1.18). Season: June.
General Range.—Northern part of Northern Hemisphere; south in winter to
the Mediterranean and Caspian seas and Japan. In America breeds from southern
British Columbia, northern Utah, northern Nebraska, southern Ontario and north-
eastern Maine, north to the Lower Yukon Valley, northern Mackenzie, central Kee-
watin, and the Magdalen Islands. Winters from British Columbia, the Great Lakes,
and Maine south to southern California, the Gulf Coast, and Florida.
Distribution in California.—Fairly common winter resident, chiefly along
the seacoast northerly; less common southerly; casual upon the larger inland bodies
of water; sometimes lingers well into spring.
Authorities.—Cassin (Podiceps cornutus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol.,
xiv., 1862, p. 323 (Calif.); Loomis, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vi., 1896, p. 14 (Mon-
terey Bay, winter).
APPARENTLY nothing is more attractive to a school of herring
(all little fish which attend school are herring for practical purposes)
2049
The Horned Grebe
than a maze of piles supporting a wharf. They crowd into the shadowy
aisles and survey the retreating vistas with the dumb wonder of children
at Karnak. A few nibble at the hieroglyphics traced by barnacles on
the pillars, or tweak in mischief at the wan whiskers of the serried anem-
ones. Suddenly a silver shudder thrills the school. A flash of white
sides is followed by a dash for the depths, and there emerges from the
tumult a gray apparition which resolves itself into a panting bird. An
instant gleam as of fins near the bird’s beak tells you that another fish
has gone to Grebe; but just how you cannot tell, for it was all so sudden.
The diver pauses a moment to consider the danger of the kindly eyes
that stare down at him, recalls that art is long and fish are fleeting, and
is off again hot-foot to urge the merry chase under water.
They are innocent, happy little souls, these Hornies, and one is
tempted to look upon them as children, especially if he is used to the
grown-up Westerns. Once I stole upon a little company at early morn,
as they rested after a long migration flight. Six of the dainty creatures
were dancing before me on the gently ruffled surface of the water-works
pond. ‘They saw the bird-watcher plainly enough some thirty feet away,
but accepted him as a part of bountiful nature and gave themselves to
slumber. In sleeping they draw the head back and settle it between the
shoulders, thrusting the bill down, precisely, to the right. Now and
then one lifts its head and describes a wary circle of reconnaissance,
but is soon reassured and resumes its slumbers. While taking these
cat-naps in my presence, they swim and whirl automatically and main-
tain their general position, as though gifted with double consciousness.
There are five males in the company, with one female, and the white of
their breasts and throats glistens purely in the morning sun, for it is
autumn; and I steal away with a sense of privilege, as though I had seen
fairies caught out of bounds.
In the springtime one may inspect the wedding garments from no
more romantic a position than the wharf again, before the northern
bridal tour is undertaken. At such a time one rubs his eyes to see the
transformation wrought upon our modest gray friends of autumn. Taw-
ny, chestnut, chocolate, wine-red and shiny black are now in evidence,
and the extraordinary ruff, or aureole, which surrounds the head, detracts
materially from the solemnity of the occasion.
Birds of this species take to wing readily with or without provoca-
tion, and although they have the grebe habit of thrusting the legs out
straight behind, they are not ungraceful flyers. The wing movement is
quite rapid and the white wing-patches appear prominently in flight.
Owing to the exceeding difficulty of distinguishing in winter between
“Horned”’ Grebes and ‘‘Eared’”’ Grebes, it is impossible to pronounce
2050
; The nee Grebe
than a maze of piles supporting a eee They jan into La oe oe
aisles and survey the retreating vistas with the dumb wonder of children
at Karnak. A few nibble at the hieroglyphics traced by barnacles on —
the pillars, or tweak in mischief at the wan whiskers of the serried anem-
ones. Suddenly a silver shudder thrills the school. A flash of white —
sides is followed by a dash for the depths, and there emerges from ‘the
tumult a gray apparition which resolves itself into a panting bird. An |
instant gleam as of fins near the bird’s beak tells you that another fish
has gone to Grebe; but just how you cannot teil, for it was all so sudden. |
NS The diver pauses a moment to consider the danger of the kindly eyes
that stare down at him, recalls that art is long and fish are fleeting, and
is off again hot-foot to urge the merry chase under water.
Rees They are innocent, happy tittie souls, these Hornies, and one is”
4 tempted to look upon them as children, especially if he is used to the
as grown-up Westerns. Once [ stole upen a little company at early morn,
i as they rested after a long migration flight. Six of the dainty creatures
were dancing before me on the gently ruffled surface of the water-works
pond, They saw the bird-watcher plainly enough some thirty feet away,
but accepted him as a part of bountiful nature and gave themselves to
slumber. In sleeping they draw the head back and settle it between the
shoulders, thrusting the bill down, precisely, to the eta Now and
then one lifts its head ane describes a wary circle of reconnaissance,
but is saon reassured and&refumes its slumbers. While taking these
cat-naps in my presence, (Qeeswirn and whirl automatically and main-
tain their general position Gissthough gifted with double consciousness.
There are five males in theec&npany, with one female, and the white of
‘their breasts and throats listens purely in the morning sun, for it is
autumn: and 1 steal away with a sense of privilege, as though I had seen
fairies caught out of bounds. = oA >
In the springtime one ay inspect the wedding garments from no
more romantic a position Zhan the wharf again, before the northern ==
bridal tour is uadertaken. 4A$ such a time one rubs his eyes to see the 3
transformation wrought upon our modest gray friends of autumn. Taw-
ny, chestnut, chocolate, wine-red and shiny black are now in evidence,
dad the extraordinary ruff, or aureale, which surrounds the head, detracts
matenady fram the acdlemnity of the occasion. ae
Rirds of this apecies take ta wing readily with or without provoca-
tien, am? altiwugh they have the srebe habit of thrusting the legs out
Straieht behived, eteey are net — ful flyers. The wing movement is.
qaite sapel and ihe white wingqmtches appear prominently in flight.
Owing to the exccetims ei me uty of distinguishing 1 in winter between
“there” Crebes awit ‘Rarul’” tarebes. it is impossible to pronounce
ota .
CAP eS gts aie
The American Eared Grebe
upon the relative abundance of the two species. It seems probable, how-
ever, that auritus is more abundant coastwise, while nigricollis keeps
largely to quieter waters,—lagoons and lakes. Horned Grebes are not,
strictly speaking, gregarious; they are, indeed, most likely to be seen
singly or in pairs; but good feeding grounds are not shunned for fear of
collisions; and one sometimes sees a score or more feeding over a space of
two or three acres when the tide is coming in. It is on such semi-sociable
occasions that they raise a curious, far-sounding note of complaint,
keogh keogh, with a nasal twang; or more sharply, keark keark; or even
yark yark.
No. 423
American Eared Grebe
A. O. U. No. 4. Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heermann).
Description.—A dult in breeding plumage: A broad fan-shaped patch of length-
ened feathers on side of head, chiefly behind eye, rich straw-yellow to golden brown;
remainder of head and neck (including prominent crest) and chest, jet black; upper-
parts blackish, sometimes washed on upper back with rufous; primaries chocolate-
brown, washed with duller brownish; secondaries chiefly white; sides broadly rich
rufous or wine-red—this color (in highest plumage) washed across breast below black
and across crissum, and so surrounding silky grayish white of lower breast and belly.
Bill black; feet dull olive, blackening on soles; eyes flaming scarlet, their lids orange.
Adult in winter: Upperparts, neck all around, and sides grayish dusky, blackening
on top of head and on back; no rufous; no unusual feathers or crests on head: throat
and cheeks white; thus an obscurely-co'ored dusky-and-white bird, difficult to dis-
tinguish superficially from the Horned Grebe, C. auritus, in winter. Length 304.8-
355-6 (12.00-14.00); wing about 127 (5.00); bill 25.4 (1.00); depth at nostril 5.6 (.22);
width 6.6 (.26); tarsus 40.6 (1.60).
Recognition Marks.—Teal size; single black crest and fan-shaped yellow
auricular patches distinctive in breeding plumage. In winter plumage very difficult to
distinguish from the Horned Grebe—however, note size, averaging smaller; somewhat
darker colored upperparts; more distinct wash of dusky on fore-neck; less trace of
special feathering on head; bill of different proportions, somewhat flattened at base.
Nesting.—Nests in colonies. Nest: A floating raft of rootlets, moss, and
light water-plants, moored in the deeper water at edge of swamp. Eggs: 3 to 8; light
bluish green, rapidly fading and becoming nest-stained. Av. size 43.5 x 30 [1.71 x
1.18] (Bent); index 68.9. Season: c. June 1; one brood. Escondido, one record,
Apr. 22, 1906, 7 eggs (Sharp). Nigger Slough, Los Angeles Co., 15 pairs, eggs, July
8, 1911 (H. J. Lelande). Bear Lake, June 22, 1907, eggs (Willett). San Jacinto Lake,
June 8, 1897, 50 pairs (Ingersoll and Judson). Los Banos, June 3, 1914, one pair,
3 eggs (Dawson). Lake Tahoe, June 29, 1902, 4 eggs (Ray). Mono Lake, abundant.
Range of Colymbus nigricollis—Temperate portions of Eurasia and North
America, south in winter to Africa, India, and China, and in America to Guatemala.
Range of C. n. californicus—Western North America. Breeds from south
central British Columbia, Great Slave Lake, and central Manitoba, south to southern
2051
The American Eared Grebe
Texas, northern New Mexico, northern Arizona, and southern California. Winters
chiefly west of the Rocky Mountains from Washington to Texas, Guatemala, and south-
ern Lower California.
Distribution in California.— Breeds abundantly on Mono Lake, and commonly
east and north of the Sierras at various stations. Also casually or in small numbers
throughout the central valley and at Elizabeth Lake, Bear Lake, San Jacinto Lake,
and formerly near Escondido. Winters commonly on lakes and reservoirs or estuaries
and bays, less commonly along the water front.
Authorities.—Heermann (Podiceps californicus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
vol. vii., 1854, p. 179 (orig. desc.; Calif.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vol. v.,
1908, p. 51 (desc. breeding colony on Bear Lake, San Bernardino Mts.).
CHRISTENED californicus by Heermann, who first distinguished
the American Eared Grebe from that of the Old World, the species finds,
nevertheless, its center of distribution much further north. If the follow-
ing paragraph retains, therefore, a certain northern flavor, it may claim
authenticity in the face of meager California notes.
It has been a blazing day, for June, even in the Big Bend country
(in Washington), but now the sun has sunk behind the Cascades and the
earth has already begun to exhale the fresh odors of recovering darkness.
The modest chores of camp-life are done, kindling split for morning and
laid away under the flap of the tent, a fresh covering of rye grass cut to
cushion the bumps in the ground which gradually revealed themselves
in last night’s slumbers; and now we may lounge by the brink of the lake,
flip pebbles at its unruffled face, or resign ourselves to the peace of night-
fall. Most birds have properly tucked head under wing, and even the
Nighthawks are less feverish in their exertions; but not so with the
Eared Grebes. It is the magic hour of courtship, and near and far from
Taken on Laguna Blanca Photo by the Author
EARED GREBE IN WINTER GARB
2052
The American Eared Grebe
fs Sk So SSSA Se “SS a Se
Taken in Siskiyou County Photo by
PORTRAIT OF EARED GREBE
the open water or its weedy margins sounds the mellow poo-eep poo-eep of
these idyllic swains. The sound is given deliberately with a gently rising
inflection, but seems to vanish into silence at the end with a sort of saber-
like flourish. Now and again some Romeo, more ardent than his mates,
bursts into an excited hicko rick’up, hicko rick'’up, hicko rick'up. The
birds spread freely all over the lake, irrespective of their nesting haunts,
and so numerous are they that at times they maintain a chorus of the
volume and persistency of that furnished by a first-class frog-pond
in March.
How handsome these creatures really are we shall see by the morn-
ing light, when a pair of them, accepted lovers, come into our cove in
quest of provender. There is no partiality shown by Nature to either
sex in the way of wedding garments. The upperparts and head are of
shining black, save for the fan-shaped patches on the sides of the face,
which are whitish or straw-yellow above and rufescent below, while the
sides of the bird, so prominent in a grebe, are pure rufous. The eye is
fiery red, so bright as to appear to impart a glow to the face, visible
to the naked eye at forty paces.
Courtship often makes its victims reckless, but the bird recovers
caution as it ventures south to winter. Three of these saucy little
2053
The American Eared Grebe
divers were observed from a blind on Laguna Blanca, near Santa Barbara.
They “had their suspicions,’ so that although the excitement of the sub-
marine fishing led them often towards shore, each bird faced away prompt-
ly after its emergence. As it pulled away with strong stroke, it also
spread out its rear plumage (it is hardly proper to speak of a grebe’s
tail) in a conspicuous fan-shaped fluff. Whether this movement was
intended as a menace or a sign of derision levelled at the suspected
stranger, or whether it was only a ‘“‘banner mark”’ for the guidance of
its comrades, I could not tell. If I could have been real sure—but then
I had no gun. A hundred feet seemed about the proper limit, at which
point the bird would stop, thumbing its nose en arriere, and would recon-
sider the question of diving. In going below individuals differed marked-
ly both in method and vigor. All leaped into the air, indeed, but one of
them merely turned over in his tracks, while another, more active,
cleared a horizontal space of untouched water more than a foot in width
each time he dived.
Some confusion still exists between the nesting of this bird and
that of the Pied-billed Grebe. The fact is, the Eared Grebe is ezther
solitary or gregarious at nesting time. It nests also from sea-level to
the highest altitudes which afford sufficient cover of water-plants.
Taken in Merced County Photo by the Author
A COVERED NEST
2054
aye] ivog uo uaye 7,
IMAL “PAL TY O14 yy 4g ydvibojoyd v wordy
90.19 auld posaouqns Aq pa1oyouy
aqaIX) parley 6/u
The American Eared Grebe
Taken in Mono County Photo by the Author
EARED GREBES ON MONO LAKE
Taken on Big Bear Lake Photo by Wright M. Pierce
A NESTING COLONY IN SUBMERGED PINE 2055
The American Eared Grebe
Colonial nesting is more characteristic, and identification under such
circumstances is easy. I have touched a dozen nests with an ordinary
two-bladed paddle while my canoe was at rest. On the other hand,
solitary nests may occur almost anywhere, even miles from conspecific
neighbors. The eggs of the two species are absolutely indistinguishable
in size and color, but the Eared Grebe is a little less prolific. Four or
five eggs usually constitute a set, as against the seven or eight of
P. podiceps. Nests are usually placed in open water, and are oftener
floating islands than solid pyramids of decaying vegetation. The mater-
ials used are fresher, consisting of the uptorn roots of sedges and the
stems of various water-plants, especially those of the Yellow Water-weed
(Jussiea californica). This floating platform is shallow, scarcely in-
dented, and not sufficiently elevated to lift the eggs altogether clear of
the water. Incubation is by sufferance of several kindly fates: a sun
warm, but not too hot; water not too cold and not too rough; and, above
all, absence of those skulking terrors, muskrats and raccoons.
In all this a dozen points of contrast and difference from P. podt-
ceps arise; and yet the author is willing to wager a choice set of supposed
Eared Grebe eggs, that the first grebe’s nest you find in water, say,
three feet deep, will stump you for identification.
Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
FRATERNIZATION
PIED-BILLS TO LEFT, EAREDS TO RIGHT.
souvg soy teau uayey,
4oyin pr ayy dq ydvabozoyd v wos
Arojsry [BIOvA JUaIOUY AJDA JO 19}dvyo v ADULZUT Ul
asivaya. Ady} pur ‘sjuaied 1194} oy!pun ozinb aav saqaay po[iq-palq Aqegq
S10jsoouy Are1Odul9}U0+D
The Pied-billed Grebe
No. 424
Pied-billed Grebe
A. O. U. No. 6. Podilymbus podiceps (Linneus).
Synonyms.—WaTER-WiTcH. HELL-DIVER. DABCHICK. DIEDAPPER. DIPPER.
BLIND RAIL.
Description.—Adult in nuptial plumage: Chin and throat glossy black; top
of head and neck black with an admixture of brownish in hair-lines and streaks; the
forehead with many shortened, webless, glossy, black shafts; sides of head gray, passing
into grayish-brown on sides and front of neck; lower neck and breast and sides mostly
blackish, heavily tipped in parted hair-lines with fulvous and ochraceous; underparts
silky grayish-white mottled with underlying dusky, and heavily shaded on sides and
behind; above clear brownish-black; secondaries varied and mottled with some white.
Bill short and stout, bluish-white, crossed at the nostril by a heavy black band; feet
greenish-black. A prenuptial phase, in which the black of throat is more or less over-
laid with white (unabraded tips of feathers) is more frequently seen. Adult in winter:
Without black on head; crown dark brown shading on sides of head to whitish of
throat; neck, fore-breast, and sides strongly tinged with brownish ochraceous; belly
dingy white, unmottled; bill without black band. Immature: Like adult in winter,
but sides of head with more or less distinct stripes of brown. Downy young: Plumage
chiefly black and dull white in lengthwise stripes, ten of each; belly broadly white;
head roughly and broadly cross-banded with chestnut and black; superciliaries five-
striped black-and-white, converging on forehead; bare lores and eyelids reddish; bill
reddish at base, paler medially, variously touched with black distally, and sharply
white-tipped; feet blackish. Length 304.8-381 (12.00-15.00); wing 129.5 (5.10); bill
20.3 (.80); along gape 31.8 (1.25); depth at nostril 10.9 (.43); tarsus 39.4 (1.55).
Recognition Marks.—Teal size; bill short and stout, its black band distinctive
during breeding season, its shape sufficiently so at other times; head and neck brownish
with dull whitish throat in winter plumage.
Nesting.— Nest: A floating or half-submerged mound of decayed vegetation
in open space of swamp water. Eggs: 4-8, 10 of record; dull white or pale greenish
buff, usually more or less discolored by contact with water-soaked nest. Av. size
43.4 x 30 [1.71 x 1.18] (Bent). Index 68.9. Season: May; one brood.
General Range.—North and South America. Breeds locally from the southern
Canadian provinces south to Chile and Argentina. Winters on the Atlantic Coast
from New Jersey, on the Pacific Coast from Vancouver Island, and from the Gulf
States, southward.
Distribution in California.—Fairly common summer resident and breeder
at suitable localities throughout the State. Winters sparingly in the San Joaquin-
Sacramento Valley, and on Tomales and San Francisco bays; more commonly in the
San Diegan district. Well distributed as a migrant, invading even the smallest ponds
and ditches.
Authorities.—Heermann (Podylymbus lineatus), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
vol. vil., 1854, p. 179 (young of Podilymbus podiceps described as new subspecies) ;
Willett, Pac. Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, p. 9 (occurrence in s. Calif.; breeding dates,
2057
The Pied-billed Grebe
etc.); Ray, Condor, vol. xviii., 1916, p. 222 (San Francisco County, breeding); Bent,
U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. no. 107, 1919, p. 39, pls. (life hist.); G. Bancroft, Condor, vol.
Xxli., 1920, p. 206 (San Joaquin Valley; nesting habits); Forbush, Massachusetts Dept.
Agric., Bull. no. 8, 1922, p. 6 (under-water progression).
TAKE a double handful of ’dobe soil, moisten it with brown swamp
water, add a fistful of macerated weed-stems, by way of binder, mould
into a shape somewhere between a clod and a crow, drench it with eels’
liver oil, and set it carefully on the surface of some weedy pond. It will
disappear instanter, and the swamp will be peopled forever after by a
race of amphibious Pinkertons. You will never again set foot in those
oozy shallows, intent upon nothing more harmful than your annual
inspection of blackbirds’ nests, without an uneasy consciousness of
surveillance. You are being shadowed from clump to clump among the
innocently waving cat-tails. ‘““The Hessians are coming.’’ Some mis-
creant is spreading a false alarm, and be your advance never so stealthy
to the very market-place of Reedburg, you find only empty streets, or
catch at best a glimpse of disappearing skirts.
If you spot the spy, up on reconnaissance, he sits the water motionless
and furtive, the very image of arrogant humility, Uriah Heep in feathers.
The Dab deprecates your glance with an irritating unctuousness which
somehow makes you resolve to deserve forthwith all the nameless charges
of which you stand accused. Guilty! And proud of it, Caliban! Bing!
The trouble began when we were boys. We had been entrusted with
our first gun, a re-bored army carbine, and we were intent on slaughter.
We saw a duck on a pond and we tremulously pulled trigger. The land-
scape was suddenly blotted out, and, when we returned to consciousness
there was no duck in sight, nor shattered remains, nor feathers. What did
it mean! We knew we had not missed. Nothing could have withstood
that blinding assault and at such close range. So we returned, bruised
in spirit, and the neighbor boys told us with great glee that we had shot
at (mark the preposition) a “‘hell-diver.”’” We are not profane, but we
draw a fierce satisfaction from the appellation, and we cherish our wrath
against a creature which is so inconsiderate as to avoid the flash of a gun
at twenty yards.
More recently we have been trying to study the Grebe’s nesting
habits, and have made overtures, sometimes friendly, sometimes frantic;
but still the wily water-witch cultivates retiracy and will not be limed or
limned, save as a paludicoline pest whose specialty is alibis.
One thing is certain, the nest of the Pied-billed Grebe may be found.
In a retired spot in a depth of water varying from six inches to as many
feet, a large mound of sodden vegetable matter and mud is erected, and
2058
The Pied-billed Grebe
with a hemispherical finish brought to an elevation of from two to six
inches above water. If in shallow water, the mound is comparatively
solid, and mud is largely used. If in deep water, mud may be almost
Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
BE 'UMBLE, URIAH, BE 'UMBLE
eliminated, and the mass, thus rendered light enough to float, gives with
the waves as it swings upon concealed moorings of aquatic plants.
Here in a slight depression of the top, seven or eight eggs are deposited
at the rate of one a day; and incubation requires three weeks or a little
over. The parents brood the eggs at night and in chilly weather, but on
bright days the eggs are carefully covered with mud and close-set mosses,
spirogyra and the like, and the whole smoothed over to the appearance
of an emerging mud-bank. The wet blanket, so painstakingly provided,
serves the triple purpose of screening the eggs from hostile observation,
of protecting them from the too violent rays of the sun, and of equalizing
the heat so received. Indeed, it is altogether possible that the heat
generated by the decay of the vegetation itself plays an important part
in incubation.
That one does not see the mother is no sign that she is not anxious;
2059
The Pied-billed Grebe
and if you tarry too long, the swamp will become vocal with strange
gurglings and weird cries of incantation. Most memorable is an odd
bubbling giggle, keggy keggy keggey keggy kegey keggy keggy, etc., rendered
with great rapidity.
If one happens upon a nest at the critical hour of hatching, the
distraught parent enters upon an entirely different behavior cycle.
Renouncing all prudence, she rushes up within a dozen feet or less.
First, sitting bolt upright upon the surface of the water, she flashes the
white areas of the flank-patches. Then she flounders over the surface of
the water, beating 1t with her wings and splashing spray in a fashion to
compel attention. Anon she dives ostentatiously, passing and repassing ©
in plain view beneath the surface. Upon emergence groans or shrieks are
emitted, and the distraught lure tactics recommence.
Parental love is almost unfailing, but it is a marvel that the Grebe
mother knows her own. The chicks are evidently not fashioned after
the frivolous method suggested at the beginning of this article. Baby
Taken in Santa Barbara Photo by the Author
BOLTING THE PARTY
Grebes, at least Pied-bills, are among the most astonishing of mortalities.
If nature had studiously devised the utmost difference between parent
and child, she could not have succeeded better. Instead of a dun-
colored lump, we have a handsome pattern of black and white in length-
wise stripes—like a skunk, one cannot refrain from saying, especially
2060
The Pied-billed Grebe
now that “‘milady”’ has consented to hug this odious creature to her heart
in the shape of muff or stole. The pattern is further set off by touches
of chestnut on the head, and with higher reds on eyelids and bill. These
little studies in black-and-white are, moreover, eloquent of ancestral
beauty, now rehearsed alone in the brief hour of childhood. Whatever
did Uriah do to forfeit such ancient grandeur?
The babies are as cute as they are striking in appearance, and the
fortunate captor cannot resist the appeal of play with such dainty toys
at hand. At first, escape by diving is their only thought, but they are
too light in weight to stay under long. Some try hiding, and lie motion-
less behind a water-weed, with only the tip of the bill and nostrils emerg-
ing. Best of all, is to see them paddling about on the surface of the
water, which is no hardship, and especially to see them linking up chain-
fashion in the vain endeavor to use the other fellow as a “‘surf-board.”
This instinct to climb up on something is explained when the mother bird
appears on the scene. If you will retire discreetly, she will call her
chicks by clear, resonant notes, tender and anxious, peek poolk. Scur-
rying over the water to meet her, the chicks scramble instantly upon the
mother’s back where they are both secreted and held in place by the
inner edges of the partially uplifted wings. With her brood so disposed,
the mother grebe (with all her sins forgiven now) prefers to ride high
upon the surface of the water. But she will dive with her burden if need
be, and the babies thus traverse very considerable distances in the
“only original’’ submersible.
Taken in Merced Counly Photo by the Author
A NEW GENERATION
YET THE DRESS OF THESE ARTLESS BABIES IS ELOQUENT OF BYGONE DAYS, A MILLE-MILLENNIUM OF PHYLOGENETIC
HISTORY REHEARSED IN A FORTNIGHT
2061
The Pied-billed Grebe
Sometimes, instead of diving as quick as a flash, the bird, if it thinks
itself unobserved and wishes to escape, will settle down into the water
and disappear like a perforated tin can, without leaving a ripple behind.
Once under water, the diver makes marvelous progress, apparently
without assistance from the wings. And if it is undesirable to appear on
exhibition again, the bird requires only to thrust the tip of the bill as far
as the nostrils above the water from time to time. Thinking to test
their powers both of diving and flight, the author once pursued a company
of twenty-five Pied-bills about a two-acre opening in the ice of an eastern
lake. The birds would neither fly nor try to escape beneath the surround-
ing ice, preferring rather to play hide and seek with the man in the boat.
Some came to the surface and got a single gulp of air, while others fear-
lessly presented a broadside view, and others still paddled about with
only the head sticking out of water. They are said, however, to take
wing easily and to fly rapidly. On land they are unable to rise, and they
flounder about, therefore, quite helplessly.
From Raven to Grebe is a far cry, and we have run the gamut of
interest in the Living Bird: but who shall say whether is greater, Grebe
or Raven, in the Father’s sight? or who shall resolve us these mysteries
which we have here but dimly outlined? Who shall tell us whether
these be indeed our brethren, to whom we owe some sort of fealty, or
only clods a little more animated? For ourselves we dare to believe
that we are a part of deity, the Creative Infinite made flesh and become
self-conscious—ageless, timeless, imperishable, on-going. But who are
you, O Birds? toys for our idle hour? toys which we may cast aside,
broken perhaps, with none to chide us? Or are you—are you, perchance,
fellow gods? Perhaps—oh, just perhaps—we shall meet again in that
realm which is beyond appraisal—the Realm of Understanding.
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Analytical Keys
For the ready identification of birds of California.
Foreword
The following pages present a rough abstract of the structural characters and relationships of the
birds of California. Our purpose here being a purely practical one, viz., to establish identity, we have
sometimes seized upon the most trifling or superficial characters, provided only that these are conspicu-
ous or decisive. No attempt has been made to give a complete account either of structural characters
or of systematic divisions; and no mention has been made of several natural but subordinate groupings,
such as super-orders, sub-orders, and sub-families. Consideration of even generic distinctions has
been sacrificed in the interests of simplicity.
The irreducible minimum of systematic apparatus would appear to involve the recognition of
Orders, Families, and Species. The Keys are, accordingly, based upon these threefold distinctions.
Of course the accurate use of any key must depend upon a bird or bird-skins at hand. But because
many of the readers of this work may not have convenient access to labelled specimens, or may not care
to kill birds for temporary needs, we have used as far as possible field characters, or ‘‘recognition marks,”
through which even the most superficial glimpse of a bird may lead hopefully to recognition.
Lastly, the writer disclaims any assumption of authority in the realm of taxonomy. He has only
interpreted, somewhat hastily, the labors of others, and is frankly beholden to such outstanding author-
ities as Ridgway and Coues, as well as to Dr. Lynds Jones, who kindly prepared the keys for the author’s
earlier works, ‘The Birds of Ohio” and “The Birds of Washington.”’
How to use the Keys
With a bird in hand which we wish to identify, say, a Sora Rail (Porzana carolina), we inquire,
first, what order it belongs to. Turning to page 2069, ‘‘Key to the Californian Orders,” we read: “I. Feet
with webs or lobes.’’ Our bird has simple, or naked, toes, so we pass to “II. Feet with neither webs
nor lobes’’—which fits our case. Here “A. Legs and neck lengthened” does not apply; but “B. Legs
and neck not decidedly lengthened” does apply. Under B. “1. Feet relatively larger; toes long and
slender” fits exactly. Our bird belongs to Order No. 14, the Ralliformes. We turn then to the “Key
to the Families,” beginning on page 2070. Under “Order 14, Ralliformes, Rails, Crakes,” etc., page 2073,
we read a brief description of the birds of this group and learn that the Order Ralliformes has only one
family, the Rallide. We pass then to the ‘‘Key to the Species,’ beginning on page 2075. Here, also
under Order 14, Ralliformes (p. 2089), we find an analysis of the Californian species of the family Rallide.
Our bird falls under ‘‘I. Toes simple; body compressed; no frontal shield’’; but not under “A. Length
about 15 inches.’’ We pass to ‘‘B. Length above 8 inches.’’ Our bird, measured along the back from
the tip of the bill to the end of the tail measures 8.50 inches; while its bill, measured (preferably by
calipers, or ‘“‘dividers’’) from the tip to the feathers at the base of the upper mandible (chord of culmen)
is only .75 inches—‘‘2. Bill decidedly less than one inch long.’’ Our bird is No. 306, Sora Rail.
Guided by the figures on the shelf-back of the volumes, we turn to Volume III, or else refer to the
Index, and read on page 1540 a detailed description of the Sora Rail, Porzana carolina, and receive
abundant confirmation of our analysis. Here, for the sake of practice, perhaps, we will wish to check
up, point by point, upon the color characters, and to measure, preferably by calipers, the distance from
the bend of the wing to the tip of the primaries; also the tarsus from the heel joint (the sharp point of
the calipers will find a little hollow between the bones of tibia and tarsus) and the angle formed by the
outer (4th) toe. The length of the tail may likewise be determined by setting the calipers snugly into
the base, or point of insertion, of the central rectrices. These four characters of bill-length, tarsus-
length, wing- and tail-length, are notably constant within the species, but due allowance must be made
for molting and wear of feathers, as well as for individual variation.
2067
Roster of Orders of Living Birds
Orders represented in California are indicated by Arabic numerals
and bold-face type.
I.
Il.
II.
IV.
Wo
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
XxX.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIITI.
XXXIX.
XL.
2068
RHEIFORMES
STRUTHIONES
CASUARIITFORMES
APTERYGES
SPHENISCIFORMES
22 Podicipedes.
21 Gavize
20 Procellariiformes
19 Steganopodes.
18 Herodiones.
PHG@NICOPTERIFORMES
17 Anseres.
PALAMEDEIFORMES
16 Falconiformes.
CRYPTURIFORMES
OPISTHOCOMIFORMES
MESGENATES
MEGAPODES
15 Galliformes.
14 Ralliformes.
13 Grues.
OTIDES
12 Alciformes.
11 Lariformes.
10 Charadriiformes.
TURNICES
PTEROCLIDES.
9 Columbiformes.
8 Coccyges.
PSITTACIFORMES.
7 Striges.
6 Caprimulgiformes.
5 Coraciiformes.
COLIIFORMES.
TROGONES.
4 Piciformes.
3 Cypseliformes.
2 Trochiliformes.
MENURIFORMES.
1 Passeriformes.
Rheas.
Ostriches.
Cassowaries, Emus.
Kiwis.
Penguins.
Grebes.
Loons.
Petrels.
Shags, Pelicans, etc.
Herons.
Flamingoes.
Ducks, Geese and Swans.
Screamers.
Hawks, Eagles, etc.
Tinamous.
Hoatzins.
Kagus.
Megapodes.
Fowls.
Rails.
Cranes.
Bustards.
Auks.
Gulls.
Shore-birds.
Button Quails.
Sand-grouse.
Pigeons.
Cuckoos.
Parrots.
Owls.
Nighthawks.
Roller-like birds.
Colies.
Trogons.
Woodpecker-like birds.
Swifts.
Hummers.
Lyre-birds.
Sparrow-like birds.
DIsTRIBUTION.
Brazil to Patagonia.
Arabia and Africa.
Australia and the southern East Indies
New Zealand.
Antarctic and South Temperate oceans
and shores north to southern Africa
and the Galapagos Islands.
Cosmopolitan.
Holarctic (Northern Hemisphere).
Cosmopolitan pelagic, but chiefly
South Temperate oceans.
Cosmopolitan.
Cosmopolitan.
Southern Europe, central and western
Asia, Africa, South America, and
southern North America.
Cosmopolitan.
South America.
Cosmopolitan.
South and Central America.
Tropical South America.
Madagascar.
The Indo-Australian region.
Cosmopolitan.
Cosmopolitan.
Cosmopolitan.
The Old World, including Australia.
Holarctic pelagic south to Mexico.
Cosmopolitan.
Cosmopolitan.
The Indo-Australian region, southern
Asia, Africa, and extreme southern
Europe.
Eurasia, chiefly centrally, and Africa.
Cosmopolitan, including Oceanica.
Cosmopolitan.
Tropico-cosmopolitan and South Tem-
perate (also barely North Tem-
perate), notably in Indo-Australian
region.
Cosmopolitan.
Cosmopolitan.
Cosmopolitan.
Africa.
Central and South America, Africa,
southern Asia and the East Indies
broadly.
Cosmopolitan.
Cosmopolitan.
New World, chiefly tropical.
Australia.
Cosmopolitan.
Key to the Californian Orders
I, Feet with webs or lobes.
A. Feet with webs.
1. Webs extending to the base of the toe-nails.
a. Legs set back near tail; tail shortened.
(1). Toes, 4. 21. GAVIZ.
(2). Toes, 3 12. ALCIFORMES.
b. Legs normally placed; tail normal.
(1). Totipalmate, all 4 toes connected by web. 19. STEGANOPODES.
(2). Hind toes when present not connected to others by web.
(a). Nostrils opening through tubes. 20. PROCELLARIIFORMES.
(b). Nostrils not opening through tubes.
(al). Bill with tooth-like projections along its sides. 17. ANSERES.
(b!). Bill without tooth-like projections 11. LARIFORMES.
B. Feet with lobes on sides of toes.
1. Legs set far back; tail rudimentary 22. PODICIPEDES.
2. Legs normally placed; tail well developed.
a. Forehead with a bare shield. 14. RALLIFORMES (Part).
b. Forehead normal. 10. CHARADRIIFORMES (Part).
II. Feet with neither webs nor lobes.
A. Legs and neck lengthened.
1. Lores bare. 18. HERODIONES.
2. Lores not bare.
a. Toes, 4. 13. GRUES.
bs) loess.35 10. CHARADRIIFORMES (Part).
B. Legs and neck not decidedly lengthened.
1. Feet relatively large; toes long and slender. 14. RALLIFORMES (Part).
2. Feet and toes moderate.
a. Lower part of tibia bare. 10. CHARADRIIFORMES (Part).
b. Lower part of tibia feathered.
(1). Hind toe short, elevated above front ones. 15. GALLIFORMES.
(2). Hind toe, when present, on same level as front ones.
(a). Nostrils opening beneath a soft fleshy membrane. 9. COLUMBIFORMES.
(b). Bill without soft fleshy membrane.
(al). Bill with basal cere.
(a2). Eyes directed forward, surrounded by radial disc of
specially modified feathers. 7. STRIGES.
(b?2). Eyes normally placed on face. 16. FALCONIFORMES.
(b1). Bill without basal cere.
(a2). 2 toes in front and 2 behind, or 2 in front and 1
behind.
(a3). The outer toe (4th) merely reversible. 4. PICIFORMES.
(b3). Outer toe permanently reversed. 8. COCCYGES.
(b2). 3 toes in front, 1 behind.
(a8). Middle and outer (4th) toes joined for half their
length. 5. CORACIIFORMES.
(b8) Middle and outer toes not joined or else on middle
of basal phalanx only.
(a4). Bill and feet weak.
(a®). Hind toe versatile, coloration simple, plu-
mage compact. 3. CYPSELIFORMES.
(b®). Hind toe fixed; pattern of coloration intri-
cate, plumage soft. 6. CAPRIMULGIFORMES.
(b4). Bill elongated and very slender. 2. TROCHILIFORMES.
(c4). Characters various but not combined as above. 1. PASSERIFORMES.
2069
Key, to the Maniilies
Orper 1. PASSERIFORMES. Sparrow-like Birds.
Birds having feet adapted to perching, with first toe (hallux, or thumb) well developed, irreversible, and definitely
opposed to the remaining three, which are likewise irreversible; primaries 9 or 10, secondaries more than 6; rectrices
12 (or, rarely, 10); bill various as to shape but always horny throughout, never provided with cere or deciduous parts
or other seasonal modifications. Pygmy to raven size. Eggs 1-12, usually 3-5, exhibiting the widest range of color
and markings.
Passerine birds represent the highest development of the avian type and comprise nearly one-half of the known
species of birds. Because of this high degree of differentiation within narrow structural limits, practical expediency
has led us to exalt to “family” rank groups which are actually no better than genera. Furthermore, the most obvious
distinctions of “character” which assuredly do separate groups, when reduced to somatic, or structural, terms must
seem highly artificial. To speak, then, “above the book,” birds of this group have become so highly personalized
that a merely physical description is inadequate.
Discussion of higher groups within the Passeriformes, whether suborders or superfamilies, is beside our purpose;
but it is well for Californians to remember that the Flycatchers, Order Tyrannida, are set off from the remaining
Passerine families of California, by reason of differently arranged syringeal muscles, which render their voices less
varied or tuneful.
1. Back of tarsus rounded like the front.
A. Bill hooked at tip. Fam. 22. TYRANNIDAE, FLYCATCHERS.
B. Bill not hooked. Fam. 21. Avaupip#, Larxs.
II. Buck of tarsus a sharpened ridge.
A. With 9 primaries.
1. Tertiaries conspicuously elongated. Fam. 20. Moracituip#, Wagtails, Pipits.
2. Tertiaries not conspicuously elongated.
a. Bill very short; wings long and pointed. Fam. 6. Hirrunpinip#®, Swallows.
b. Bill moderate; wings moderate.
(1). With angle of commissure (formed by opened mandibles) bent near base.
(a). Angle abruptly deflected downward; bill cone-
shaped. Fam. 3. FRINGILLID#, Sparrows.
(b). Angle less sharply bent; bill usually more slender. Fam. 2. IcrErtp#, Troupials, etc.
(2). Angle of commissure not bent.
(a). Bill notched near tip. Fam. 4. Tanacrip#, Tanagers.
(b). Bill simple. Fam. 5. Mwytotitripm, Wood Warblers.
RB. With ro primaries.
1. Bill hooked at tip.
a. Head crested, uncination moderate. Fam. 7. AMPELID®, Waxwings.
b. Head not crested, uncination more sharply defined.
(1). Small; under 6.50 inches long. Fam. 9. VIREONIDa, Vireos.
(2). Large; over 8.50 inches long. Fam. 10. Lanupa, Shrikes.
2. Bill not hooked.
a. Tarsus divided into scales (acrotarsium scutellate).
(1). Tail feathers stiffened, pointed at tip. Fam. 13. CERTHUD#, Creepers.
(2). Tail feathers normal.
(a). Nostrils entirely covered by forward-projecting frontal feathers.
(al). Larger; feathers covering nostrils bristly Fam. 1. Corvin, Crows, Jays.
(b!). Smaller; feathers over nostrils not bristly. Fam. 11. Parip#, Titmice.
(b). Nostrils partly covered by feathers. Fam. 12. Sirt1p#, Nuthatches.
(c). Nostrils bare.
(al). Basal phalanges of anterior toes fully adherent. Fam. 14. TRoGLopyTIpz&, Wrens.
(b!). Basal phalanges nearly or quite free. Fam. 15. Mimtpm, Mockingbirds, Thrashers.
b. Anterior tarsal covering nearly or completely united
(acrotarsium booted).
(1). With rictal bristles (at corner of mouth).
(a). Bill short, flattened and deeply cleft. Fam. 8. Pri,oconatip#, Silky Flycatchers.
(b). Bill normal.
(a1). Wings long and pointed, over 3.00 in length: Fam. 17. Turpip#, Thrushes.
(b!). Wings moderate with rounded tp, not over 2.50
in length. Fam. 18. Sytvup#, Old World Warblers.
(cl). Wings relatively short, very much rounded. Fam. 19. CHaM#Ip#&, Wren-Tits.
(2). Without rictal bristles. Fam. 16. Cinciip#, Dippers.
Orper 2. TROCHILIFORMES. Hummingbirds.
Small, non-passerine birds having slender, elongated beaks, not deeply cleft beyond base; largely metallic-
lustered, often iridescent plumage; breast- bone enormously dev eloped (for attachment of muscles to vibrate very
moderate-sized wings at highest rate of speed); primaries 10; secondaries 6; rectrices 10; feet very small and weak
although passerine in function, i. e., the thumb regularly opposed. Pygmy to sparrow (rarely) size. The various
parts of the bird are susceptible of superficial modification, especially for ornamental purposes, but in structure the
group is very uniform; in fact, the “order” is confessedly a family, exalted by reason of its distinctness and abundance.
Eggs two, oval, white; young helpless at birth. American, especially tropically; over 500 species known, with an
ever increasing ‘number of “subs.” One family, the Trochilide—7 species Californian.
ORDER 3. CYPSELIFORMES. Swifts.
Non-passerine birds having mouths deeply cleft, with rictal bristles; bills small, triangular; nostrils exposed;
wings long, sharply pointed, always reaching beyond tail; primaries 10; secondaries 7-11; rectrices 10; feet relatively
small and weak, the four toes all inclining forward, or else the 2nd toe and hallux loosely ‘reversible. Py gmy to little
hawk size; loosely or highly gregarious. Eggs 1- 6; white, ovate, or elongate ovate; young naked. A fairly homo-
geneous, cosmopolitan group of two families (one Californian) and about a hundred species.
Orpver 4. PICIFORMES. Woodpecker-like birds, Jacamars, Barbets, Toucans, etc.
A diverse order of remotely “roller-like” birds, with characters too technical for consideration here. We are
interested only in the Picidae (q. v.).
Orpver 5. CORACIIFORMES. Roller-like birds, Kingfishers, etc.
A diverse group of chiefly arboreal birds, having deep-seated structural characters insusceptible of simple defini-
tion. We are interested only in the Alcedinide, Kingfishers, (q. v.).
Orver 6. CAPRIMULGIFORMES. Goatsuckers, Nighthawks, Poorwills, etc.
[Broadly defined, this order should probably include the suborder Podargi, and possibly Steatornithes. The
discussion of these groups, however, would lead us too far afield, and we here characterize the central group, Capri-
mulgi, only]. Roller-like birds having soft, lax plumage of protective or self-toned shades; well developed wings
with Io primaries and more than 7 secondaries; 10 rectrices; bill deeply cleft, to or beyond the eye, the horny portion
minute, depressed, of triangular outline; the gape (usually) bounded by highly developed bristles; feet weak, the
tarsus shortened, partially feathered; the hind toe slightly elevated and turned to the side; the anterior toes connected
basally by webs; the 4th toe usually having only 4 joints, the middle toe elongated and usually pectinated. Towhee
to crow size. Chiefly migratory in temperate zones. Eggs 2; white or marked; laid on ground without nest.
Orver 7. STRIGES. Owls.
Chiefly nocturnal birds of prey, having chiefly upright carriage and near-cylindrical form and many highly
developed modifications adapted to their mode of life. These include softened, nearly noiseless plumage, highly
neutralized or self-toned color-pattern, chiefly browns; a facial disc causing convergence of light upon the eye; a
short highly convex and hooked beak, sheathed at base by a cere; and feet and tarsi fully feathered; the fourth toe
reversible or movable through an angle of nearly 180 degrees. Warbler to brant size. A singularly homogeneous
and cosmopolitan group, necessarily solitary in habit. Eggs 2-8; rounded; white; young altricial, covered at first
with heavy whitish down. Two families, both Californian, of perhaps 300 species.
I. Facial disc rounded triangular; inner toe equal to middle. Fam. 1. TyTonip=.
II. Facial disc circular; inner toe shorter than middle toe. Fam. 2. StRIGIDR.
OrperR 8. COCCYGES. Cuckoos.
Terrestrial or arboreal birds, chiefly of normal or slender proportions (or else highly specialized in mimetic pat-
tern), and having bills neither woodpecker-like nor parrot-like, and so distinguished by zygodactylous feet, i. e., two
toes (2nd and 3rd) in front, and two (1st and 4th) behind. ‘The reversion of the 4th toe is, moreover, permanent
and not changeable, as in owls and woodpeckers. Sparrow to crow size; chiefly solitary, but occasionally communal.
Nidification normal, parasitic or communal. In the first-named case eggs white or nearly so; pattern of parasitic
eggs highly varied, chiefly to agree with those of host species. Young altricial, but also relatively precocious. Cos-
mopolitan. One family.
OrveR 9. COLUMBIFORMES. Doves and Pigeons.
Tree- or ground-haunting birds of normal proportions, having well developed, chiefly lengthened and flattened
wings (in the living forms, which alone are considered here), with 11 primaries; feet with 4 toes; the hallux on the
same level as the others, hence adapted for perching; tarsus shortened, usually shorter than the toes; bill (usually
relatively small and slender, often weak and partially constricted mesially) horny, convex and somewhat enlarged
at tip; at the base a tumid membrane in which the (usually slit-like) nostrils appear. Sparrow to gull size (Gourine);
mildly to highly gregarious; migratory at extremes of range. [Eggs 1 or 2; white or nearly so; young altricial. Cos-
mopolitan, especially abundant in the Australian region. Five or six families, of which one Californian.
2071
Orver 10. CHARADRIIFORMES. Plover-like birds.
“Shore-birds,” frequenters of shores, mud-flats, and, less commonly, uplands; having deep-seated, structural
characters which, apparently, ally them with the Lariformes, Alciformes, and, possibly, the Columbiformes. They
possess few absolute superficial characters in common, but in general have rounded, compact, or depressed (but never
compressed) bodies; often lengthened necks; lengthened, sharply pointed wings, with length of primaries rapidly
decreasing from outermost, the secondaries usually increasing in length in reverse order; beaks short or long, but
relatively slender, sometimes highly modified; sometimes leathery throughout or leathery at base with harder tip;
legs usually lengthened, sometimes extremely so; the lower portion of tibia always bare; tarsus variously reticulate or
scutellate; the hind toe, if present, short and elevated, the anterior toes usually cleft to base, or webbed basally—
exceptionally, webbed (4vocetta) or lobed (Phalaropodidae); plumage sometimes patchy or unicolored, but more
usually obliteratively streaked. Warbler to gull size; resident or highly migratory according to latitude. Eggs
normally 4 or less, neutral as to ground, variously spotted, hieroglyphed or scrolled with browns or black; young
highly precocial, feathered at birth, and nidifuguous. A cosmopolitan order of broadest distribution, comprising
about a dozen families, and less than 400 species; 7 families and 37 species Californian.
I. Sides of toes with conspicuous lateral membrane or lobes.. Fam, 1. PHALAROPODID®.
II. Sides of toes without membrane or lobes.
A. Tarsus over 3.50 inches. Fam. 2. RECURVIROSTRIDE.
B. Tarsus under 3.50 inches.
1. Scales in front of tarsus large, squarish, regularly placed in one
row.
a. Bill slender, tip blunted. Fam. 3. SCOLOPACID.
b. Billstout, cuneate, straightened at tip. Fam, 6. ARENARIUD.
c. Bill short, plover-like, but grooved; tail emarginate. Fam. 5. APHRIZIDA.
2. Scales in front of tarsus small, numerous, irregular, or not
square.
a. Bill shorter than tarsus. Fam. 4. CHARADRUDA.
b. Bill longer than tarsus. Fam. 7. Ha#matopopip#.
Orver 11. LARIFORMES. Gulls, Terns, etc.
Small to large “Charadriimorpht,” haunting shores and interior waters, and adapted to aquatic life by reason of
close-set, impervious plumage and webbed feet. Birds of this group have rather short necks, strong wings, notably
lengthened; tails moderate or elongated; short legs placed well forward, throwing body into horizontal position when
at rest; anterior toes fully webbed; hind toe very small, elevated, or sometimes wanting; tibiz distally naked; tarsus
scutellate in front; bill various but usually simple, stout and sharp, sometimes uncinate and cered; nostrils simple,
lateral, and freely open. Coloration usually simple, chiefly gray or dusky and white. Size sparrow to “large gull.”
Partially migratory or roving. Eggs, 2 or 3, heavily colored; young feathered, semi-precocial. A cosmopolitan
group of four families, all but one Californian.
I. Bill with cere. Fam. 1. STERCORARIIDA.
II. Bill simple.
A. Bill stout, abruptly tapering at tip; tail chiefly square. Fam, 2. Larip®.
B. Bill more slenderly proportioned and gradually tapering; tail
chiefly forked. Fam. 3. STERNIDE.
Orper 12. ALCIFORMES. Auk-like Birds.
Marine birds of compact or short spindle-shaped outline, having close-set plumage adapted to continuous sub-
mersion, chiefly black or black-and-white in color; wings relatively small but fully functional (save in extinct Great
Auk, Pinguinus impennis); legs set far back, necessitating upright position in standing; the tibio-tarsal joint naked,
the feet well developed; hind toe absent, anterior toes fully webbed; bill simple and sharp-pointed, or highly varied,
often with deciduous plates; nostrils various, feathered or not. Size range (of living species) sparrow to crow. Par-
tially or highly gregarious; partially sedentary or retreating to open ocean at behests of season. Eggs 1 or 2; white
or highly pigmented. Young clad with abundant down, partially nidicolous. Six families (five Californian), 29
species, of which 28 American and 10 Californian. Classification here adopted based (for once) on oological char-
acters (infallibly sustained by structural differences, however minute).
I. Eggs single, white or nearly so.
A. Eggs pure white, or with faintest green tinge only. Small
birds of chunky form; nostril remote from feathers. Fam. 1. AETHIUDE.
B. Eggs sordid white or with reminiscent markings of brown and
violet gray. Crow size or nearly so. Bill stout with deciduous
plates. Tail of 16-18 feathers. Fam. 5. FRATERCULID2.
II. Eggs colored or highly pigmented.
A. Eggs 2, of normal shape, lightly spotted. Fam. 2. CEPPHIDE.
B. Eggs 2; elliptical, deeply or variously stained and fine-spotted. Fam. 3. BRACHYRAMPHID.
C. Egg single; top-shaped, highly colored and heavily or extra-
ordinarily pigmented. Fam. 4. Aucipz.
2072
OrpER 13. GRUES. Cranes.
Wading birds of lengthened, often stately, proportions; the wings ample, often modified by elongation of inner
secondaries; tail short, of 12 feathers; head often partially denuded; bill stout, lengthened, with prominent nostrils;
at least distal portion of tibia bare; feet stout, the anterior toes webbed at base; the hind toe elevated and much
shortened. No description of external characters can be devised which will accurately cover the diverse families
which most authors wish to include with the Gruzde proper; but the eggs of Courlans (Family 4ramidz) so closely
resemble the Gruids that there can be no possible doubt of their close phylogenetic relationship. Only one family,
the Gruide, Californian.
Orper 14. RALLIFORMES. Rails, Crakes, Coots, Gallinules.
Marsh-haunting waders or swimmers, having chiefly compressed bodies (depressed in case of Coots); short,
rounded, highly concave wings; tail short, of Io or 14 soft feathers; necks of moderate length; heads fully feathered;
bills narrow, but often leather-like rather than horny; feet and legs greatly strengthened, the distal portion of tibiz
bare, the toes lengthened. Sparrow to crow size. Mildly to highly gregarious; sedentary or migratory. Eggs
3 or 4 to a dozen or more, invariably spotted, often finely. Young highly precocial, covered with down, often black.
Practically cosmopolitan. A decadent group, showing weakening of characters, especially of wings. One family,
the Rallide.
OrpeR 15. GALLIFORMES. Fowls, Turkeys, Grouse, Pheasants, Partridges, etc.
Land birds, chiefly terrestrial, having stout, compact bodies, moderate or short necks, and relatively small
heads, with reduced cranial capacity; short, rounded, concave wings; bill short and stout with convex culmen, and
tomia of upper mandible overlapping lower; nostrils often concealed, scaled, or feathered; legs moderate or short,
often feathered to the toes, sometimes to the nails; toes four, the three front ones connected by webs at base, the
hind-toe greatly reduced (in many forms non-functional), elevated (save in Cracide). Plumage often assimilates
closely to surroundings, but in some families becomes highly diversified and gorgeous. Size sparrow to eagle. Eggs
numerous, plain or pigmented; young highly precocial. Sedentary or irregularly migratory. Cosmopolitan. There
are perhaps six families, of which two native Californian and one (Phasianide) introduced.
I. Tarsi and toes and nasal fosse naked.
A. First (outer) primary much shorter than roth, or if longer, then
tail longer than wing. Fam. 1. PHASIANIDE.
B._ First primary as long as roth; tail always shorter than wing. Fam. 2. PERDICID2.
II. Tarsi, toes and nasal fosse feathered. Fam. 3. TETRAONIDE.
OrpeR 16. FALCONIFORMES. Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, Vultures.
Diurnal, raptorial birds, having strong 10-primaried wings, hooked beaks with cutting edges, often toothed,
festooned, or notched, and a broad, wax-like growth, or plate, the cere, protecting the base of the upper mandible;
feet usually strong with sharp claws, adapted for seizing (exception Cathartide); toes free, or connected near base by
rudimentary membrane; tail normally of 12 rectrices. Sexes subsimilar, or sometimes superficially unlike, the fe-
male, except in Cathartide, usually the larger. Coloration of plumage variable, often shifting with age and subject
to erythrism, etc., but usually without conspicuous seasonal changes. Size range, warbler to giant. Young altri-
cial and highly dependent. Eggs usually 2-4, exceptionally 1-8, plain-colored, bluish, or variously pigmented
with browns, often highly ornate. Sedentary or irregularly migratory. A cosmopolitan group, well distributed.
A recent monographer, H. Kirke Swann, recognizes 329 species, with 352 additional races. 22 species with four
additional races, Californian.
I. Normal characters of the group, suborder Falcones.
A. Bill short, curved from base, toothed; tibia longer than tarsus;
feet strong; wings long and pointed. Fam. 1. FAtconipz.
B. Outer toe reversible. Fam. 2. PANDIONIDE.
C. Bill somewhat weakened, straight at base, feet small and weak,
wings elongated. 2 Fam. 3. Mitvipz.
D. Essential characters moderated; outer toe connected with
middle toe by membrane basally. Fam. 4. BuTEONID.
Ii. Head and neck bare, the nostrils completely perforate; bill and
feet weakened, unsuited to rending. Fam. 5. CATHARTIDA.
OrpEeR 17. ANSERES. Ducks, Geese, Swans.
Water birds of shapely, plump contour, or flattened below, having close-set plumage, necks of moderate or
great length; relatively small, lamellate bills; nostrils usually oval, fully exposed; short legs (only tarsi, or heels,
protruding from body envelope); three toes connected by full webs (rarely semipalmate), the hind toe small, simple,
free; wings moderate, sharp-pointed; flight vigorous and rapid. Young precocial. Eggs 4-12, exceptionally up to
20, plain-colored, somewhat oily as to surface and more or less impervious to water. Size range, killdeer to giant.
Sedentary or highly migratory, according to climate. Well distributed over all coastal and interior waters. A
homogeneous group of one family of about 200 species, of which 40 Californian.
Orver 18. HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, Ibises, Bitterns, etc.
Wading birds, having chiefly lengthened necks and legs; the lower (distal) portion of tibiz bare; feet not webbed
or only slightly so; the hind toe usually well developed, its insertion on a level with the remaining toes, and the
entire foot adapted to perching; bill never weak, usually stout and sharply pointed or variously enlarged and mod-
ified; head usually more or less bare; wings well developed, not specially modified; tail short, with 12 rectrices or
less; plumage loose, often filamentous or variously modified, and often provided with “powder down” patches in
pairs. Young with scanty down, altricial. Eggs 3-7, ovate or elongate ovate; coloration of primitive type (i. e.,
unmarked or else stained with reddish brown). Size range, killdeer to giant. Resident or migratory, chiefly fre-
quenting swamps and the margins of ponds. Seven families; four Californian.
{Analysis good for Californian families only.]
I. Bill long, straight, and sharply pointed. Fam. 1. ARDEIDA.
II. Bill stout, abruptly decurved at tip. Fam. 2. Ciconips.
III. Bill long, slender, cylindrical, decurved. - Fam. 3. lsiipe.
IV. Bill enlarged, flattened, spoon-shaped. Fam. 4. PLATALEID®.
OrpvEer 19. STEGANOPODES. Cormorants, Boobies, Pelicans, Tropic-birds, Man-o’-war-
birds, etc.
Water birds, chiefly pelagic; fish-eating; totipalmate, i. e., all four toes connected by continuous web, assuring
proficiency in swimming or diving; nostrils minute or wanting; mouth deeply cleft; bill normally hooked (not in An-
hinga, Phaethon, or Sula); a gular pouch at least rudimentary and sometimes enormously developed; tail normal
or greatly lengthened; wing development ranging from moderate to maximum, as in Fregata. Size range, crow to
giant. Nests chiefly in colonies; young usually naked, nidicolous. Eggs 1-5; white or bluish green, often overlaid
with rough calcareous layer, sometimes stained with brownish red. Chiefly a group of stolid birds of low development
or intelligence, but contains some highly specialized forms. Five families, Californian.
J. Bill sharp-tipped, not hooked.
A. Central pair of tail-feathers greatly lengthened. Fam. 1. PuaETuontip#, Tropic-birds.
B. Neck lengthened; diameter of head scarcely larger than that
of neck. Fam. 2. ANHINGID#, Darters.
II. Bill hooked at tip.
A. Bill moderate; wings and tail normal. Fam. 3. PHALAcROcORACID#, Shags.
B. Bill and gular pouch greatly developed. Fam. 4. PELECANIDs, Pelicans.
C. Wings and tail greatly developed. Fam. 5. Frecatip#, Man-o’-war-birds.
OrpEerR 20. PROCELLARIIFORMES. Petrels, Fulmars, Shearwaters, Albatrosses, etc.
Oceanic wanderers, hoverers, dabblers, or, rarely, (Pelecanoidide) divers; having tubular nostrils (whether united
or separated); sober plumage, chiefly gray, or black-and-white, or dingy brown; wings highly developed, pointed,
with ro stiff primaries, and often with notable increase in number of secondaries; tail normal, of 12-18, usually 14,
feathers; lower end of tibia usually bare; tarsus often lengthened; feet short, fully webbed; hind toe elevated, rudi-
mentary or wanting, bill moderate to stout, hooked, its horny covering consisting of several (up to 9) separate plates.
Young with heavy down, nidicolous. Egg, single, pure white or lightly marked with reddish brown, often placed
at end of burrow. Size range, warbler to giant. Migratory or wandering, repairing to land only to breed. Three
families, of which two Californian.
I. Nostrils separated, lateral; hind toe rudimentary. Fam. 1. Diomeptp#, Albatrosses.
II. Nostrils united, on culmen; hind toe evident, although small. Fam. 2. ProceLttarup®, Petrels, Shear-
waters, etc.
OrverR 21. GAVL#. Loons, Divers.
Diving birds with flattened bodies; close-set, impervious plumage; moderately lengthened necks; acute, length-
ened bills, with linear, exposed nostrils near base; legs set well back, deeply concealed; the tarsus compressed; toes 4,
the 2nd to 4th fully webbed, the hind toe on a level with the others and slightly connected with znd by web; wings
strong, acute, with 10 developed primaries; tail shortened but fully formed, of 18-20 stiff feathers. Some seasonal
color changes of plumage, but no special ruffs or tufts. Young downy, nidifugous. Eggs 2, elongated; deep olive-
brown or greenish drab, marked with blackish. Size range, gull to goose. Migratory, wintering off-shore or on larger
interior waters, breeding northerly near lake or pond. One family, the Gaotidae.
OrvER 22. PODICIPEDES. Grebes.
Diving birds, with rudimentary tails (a mere tuft of down); wings shortened, rounded, deeply hollowed, with 11
developed primaries; legs set well back (“‘rump-footed”’); feet and tarsi highly modified, the latter sharply com-
pressed; the toes flattened, webbed at base and provided with large collapsible lobes distally, the hind toe elevated,
lobed, and free; neck usually lengthened; plumage very compact, satiny, and highly impervious to water; head often
provided with tufts or ruff in nuptial season; bill lengthened, acute, nostrils placed near tip. Young downy, nidif-
ugous. Eggs 3-8, greenish white or yellowish. Size range, robin to brant. Migratory; found in off-shore waters
during migrations and in winter, but breed in fresh water lakes and ponds. One family, with characters that of the
order, the Podicipedide.
2074
Key to the Species
Orper 1. PASSERIFORMES.
Family 1. Corvin. Crows, Magpies, Jays.
Chiefly large-sized Passeres having 10 primaries, the first (outermost) much shorter than second; bill stout,
about as long as head, the nostrils covered (except in Cyanocephalus) by a tuft of bristly feathers directed forward;
rictal bristles moderate; tarsus scutellate (with overlapping plates) in front separated from remaining portions by
groove on one or each side. Non-migratory. Eggs 3-7, chiefly niagara green, spotted. Nearly cosmopolitan;
upwards of 100 species (with subspecies 300), 11 Californian.
I. Plumage entirely black.
A. Larger, length about two feet. 1. Raven.
B. Smaller, length about 19 inches. 2. Western Crow.
II. Plumage chiefly gray, set off by black and white. 3. Clark’s Nutcracker.
III. Plumage black and white.
A. Bill black. 5
B. Bill yellow. 6
IV. Extensively blue.
. American Magpie.
. Yellow-billed Magpie.
A. With crest. 10. Steller’s Jay.
B. Without crest.
1. Chiefly blue throughout. 4. Pinyon Jay.
2. Back gray; underparts chiefly white or whitish.
a. Crissum white. 7. California Jay.
b. Crissum tinged with blue.
(1). Larger; insular. 8. Santa Cruz Jay.
(2). Smaller; found on mainland. 9. Woodhouse Jay.
V. Plumage gray, darkening on head. 11. Oregon Jay.
Family 2. Icrerip#. Troupials, Orioles, Blackbirds, ‘‘American Starlings.’’
Medium sized to large Passeres; having 9 primaries, the outermost usually the longest; bills “cultrirostral,”’
moderate, slender-conical, acute, rarely longer than head; angle of commissure bent or angled; nostrils not covered
with feathers; without obvious rictal bristles; tarsus scutellate. Plumage often highly colored, but blacks run strong
in family. Eggs 4 or 5, pale niagara green to white, often highly scrawled or variously pigmented. An American
family, chiefly tropical, of perhaps 150 species, 11 Californian.
Key to ADULT MALES.
I. Plumage chiefly black; no yellow.
A. Shining black throughout.
1. Greenish black throughout (in non-breeding plumage more or
less tipped with rusty). 13. Rusty Blackbird.
2. Greenish black, but head with contrasting violet reflections. 14. Brewer’s Blackbird.
B. Black duller; head brown. 12. Cowbird.
C. Lesser wing-coverts scarlet.
1. Scarlet area bordered posteriorly by white. 18. Tricolored Redwing.
2. Scarlet area bordered by warm buff (at least basally). 19. Red-winged Blackbird.
II. Plumage black and yellow, touched with white.
A. Foreparts cadmium yellow setting off black mask. 15. Arizona Hooded Oriole.
B. Foreparts and back black; underparts pure yellow. 16. Scott’s Oriole.
C. Crown continuous with black;-underparts orange. 17. Bullock’s Oriole.
D. Head, neck and breast chiefly yellow; a large white patch on
wing; remaining plumage black. 20. Yellow-headed Blackbird.
E. General plumage black; nape honey-yellow; rump, etc., pale
white. E 22. Bobolink.
III. Upperparts brownish-streaked; breast yellow with black cres-
cent. 21. Western Meadowlark.
Key to ADULT FEMALES AND YOUNG
I. Plumage chiefly streaked. :
A. With much tawny yellow. 22. Bobolink (female and young, and
male in autumn).
2075
B. Chiefly black, more or less streaked with whitish, and some-
times tinged with rusty.
1. Darker. 18. Tricolored Redwing.
2. Lighter. 19. Red-winged Blackbird.
C. Light and dark gray. 12. Cowbird (Im.).
D. Upperparts streaked; breast yellowish with veiled black jug-
ulum. 21. Western Meadowlark.
II. Plumage little if any streaked.
A. Nearly unicolored, much like males but without special decora-
tion or glosses.
1. Fuscous and drab, obscurely varied. 12. Cowbird (female).
2. Blackish slate, shading to neutral gray below. 13. Rusty Blackbird.
3. Foreparts grayish brown, shading posteriorly into mingled
drab and glossy black. 14. Brewer’s Blackbird.
4. Brownish dusky with some outcropping of dull yellow, es-
pecially on breast. 20. Yellow-headed Blackbird.
B. Plumage varied, but extensively yellow or yellow-tinged.
1. Underparts entirely yellow. 15. Arizona Hooded Oriole.
2. Breast chiefly black, everywhere more or less tinged with
greenish yellow. 16. Scott’s Oriole.
3. Color tone reddish yellow; underparts extensively whitish;
tail yellow below. 17. Bullock’s Oriole.
Family 3. Frincittipa#. Sparrows.
Small to medium-sized Passeres, having 9 primaries, a cone-shaped beak, and the commissure (line of closure
of mandibles) angled, sharply declined downward near base (a character shared only, and in lesser degree, by the
Icteridae). Plumage chiefly of modest colors, inclined to uniformity or else streakiness—but also brilliant exceptions.
Eggs, chiefly 3-6, sometimes unpigmented but usually more or less heavily spotted or blotched. Cosmopolitan
except Australia—the largest family of birds in North America. As a whole contains over 600 species, of which 52
species or 108 “‘forms” Californian—nearly one-fifth of our total avifauna.
NOTE.—Although careful descriptions of juvenile plumages are given in the text, the key furnished below as-
sumes to cover adult plumages only, and those in the most obvious and artificial fashion. The field is one of extreme
difficulty for the novice.
I. Plumage pattern of adults (at least of adult males) exhibiting
uniform or else contrasting color areas; not conspicuously
streaked.
A. Conspicuously marked with red.
1. Tips of mandibles crossed. 24. Red Crossbill.
2. Chiefly rosy red, but at least crissum ashy gray. 25. California Pine Grosbeak.
3. Red in highest plumage only nearly engulfing an otherwise
streaked bird.
a. Crown carmine red, contrasting with back. 32. Cassin’s Purple Finch.
b. Crown duller, like back. 33. California Purple Finch.
4. Nape broadly vermilion red; remaining plumage chiefly
purplish. 71. Beautiful Bunting.
5. A large red spot on chest; otherwise black and white. 73. Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
B. Conspicuously marked with rufous or brownish.
I. Crown and hind neck chestnut; otherwise extensively olive-
green. 66. Green-tailed Towhee.
2. Sides and flanks broadly tawny; otherwise black and white. 67. Spotted Towhee.
3. Chest ochraceous tawny: otherwise blue and white. 70. Lazuli Bunting.
4. Underparts and rump extensively orange-tawny; black and 2
white and lemon-yellow elsewhere. 74. Black-headed Grosbeak.
C. Conspicuously marked with blue.
1. Head, neck, and upperparts light blue; elsewhere tawny and
white. 70. Lazuli Bunting.
2. Hind-neck, rump, etc., purplish blue; elsewhere red and
purplish. 71. Beautiful Bunting.
3. Chiefly violet blue. 72. Blue Grosbeak.
D. Conspicuously marked with yellow or olive.
1. Length 5.50 or more.
a. Plumage chiefly sooty olive-brown or olive-yellow. 23. California Evening Grosbeak.
b. Tips of mandibles crossed. 24. Red Crossbill (female). ;
c. Plumage gray, washed with dingy yellow or ochraceous. 25. California Pine Grosbeak (fe-
male).
d. Extensively yellow or olive-gray; crown chestnut. 66. Green-tailed Towhee.
c. Avxillars and wing-linings lemon-yellow; otherwise black
and tawny.
2. Length about 5 inches.
a. Chiefly yellow and black in abruptly contrasting pattern.
d, Black of crown less distinct by reason of olive-green back.
General color neutral gray.
c. Breast only clear yellow; throat (narrowly) black.
Or else at least marked with black or blackish or neutral gray
in solid area.
Chiefly black; a large white blotch on wing.
Head and neck broadly blackish abruptly contrasting with
white of underparts centrally.
a. General color slaty black (female lighter, more brownish).
b. Head, neck, and chest sooty black contrasting with back.
c. Head and neck all around neutral gray; back chestnut-
brown.
d. Lores, chin, throat, and chest centrally black; crown neu-
tral gray.
F. Of nearly uniform coloration.
1. General color cinnamon-gray; crissum mikado-brown.
2. Olive-brown to drab; crissum abruptly tawny.
II. Plumage (at least of adult female) conspicuously streaked in
some portion.
A. Conspicuously marked with red.
1. Smaller—length 5.50 or less; chin, lores and frontlet black.
2. Larger—length 6 or over.
a. Plumage rich brown bordered by rosy; streaking confined
to middle of back.
b. Both sexes heavily and almost uniformly streaked, but
young(?) males more or less suffused with red.
(1). Red clearer, brighter, and more confined to definite
areas.
(2). Red duller, more diffused.
(a). Crown brighter than back.
(b). Crown like back in color.
B. Marked with rufous or brownish in definite clear area.
1. Upperparts of nearly uniform (blended) coloration (save in
typicus which is highly variegated); underparts more or less
heavily streaked.
2. Top of head reddish brown.
a. Above chiefly rufous, mingled (except on crown where
almost pure) with olive-gray.
b. Tail forked.
(1). No black on forehead; two rather conspicuous bars of
white on wing.
(2). Extreme forehead black; wing-bars inconspicuous.
c. Tail rounded; back heavily striped with black; under
plumage, except chin and throat, heavily washed with
brownish gray.
3. Cervical collar chestnut.
a. Entire head, throat and chest black.
b. Head black, white and buff.
4. Bend of wing “bay” (sayal brown).
C. Conspicuously marked with yellow.
1. Flight-feathers and rectrices sulphur-yellow at base.
2. Abroad crown-patch pyrite yellow (or dull olive-yellow, im.).
D. Marked with definite black area.
Chin, throat and breast, broadly, black; pileum mouse-gray.
Head, throat and chest black; nape chestnut.
Crown, sides of neck and breast black; throat buffy.
“Face,” chin and upper throat black; underparts neutral
gray.
Top of head, face, broadly, and throat black, the color break-
ing up posteriorly; belly white.
E. Streaked sparrows marked by other sharply distinguishing
characters.
om
mW BPwWwH
74.
29.
30.
31.
38.
50.
51.
52.
47.
68.
69.
27.
26.
Black-headed Grosbeak.
Willow Goldfinch.
Green-backed Goldfinch.
Lawrence’s Goldfinch.
Lark Bunting.
Slate-colored Junco.
Oregon Junco.
Gray-headed Junco.
Desert Sparrow.
Albert’s Towhee.
Brown Towhee.
Common Redpoll.
Sierra Nevada Rosy Finch.
. California Linnet.
. Cassin’s Purple Finch.
. California Purple Finch.
. Fox Sparrow.
. Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
. Western Tree Sparrow.
. Western Chipping Sparrow.
. Swamp Sparrow.
. Alaska Longspur.
. Chestnut-collared Longspur.
. Vesper Sparrow.
. Pine Siskin.
. Golden-crowned Sparrow.
. English Sparrow.
. Alaska Longspur.
. Chestnut-collared Longspur.
. Black-chinned Sparrow.
. Harris’s Sparrow.
1. Notably gray.
a. Head and neck above and on sides deep neutral gray;
blackish streaking of back and scapulars very light. 48. Bell’s Sparrow.
b. As foregoing but much lighter gray; black streaking heay-
ier. 49. Sage Sparrow.
2. A whitish or buffy blotch on wing. 38. Lark Bunting (female).
3. Head notably striped.
a. Head sharply variegated, black, white and chestnut. 39. Western Lark Sparrow.
b. Crown-stripes black (or mars brown) separated by central
stripe and bounded by superciliaries of white.
(1). Lores narrowly black. 59. White-crowned Sparrow.
(2). Lores not black—whitish instead.
(a). Lighter throughout; bend of wing pale yellow. 60. Gambel’s Sparrow.
(b). Darker throughout; bend of wing more strongly
yellow. 60a. Nuttall’s Sparrow.
ce. Superciliary yellow on anterior portion. 61. White-throated Sparrow.
4. Head less notably striped.
a. Head showing 12-radiate pattern of blackish and whitish;
superciliary tinged or not with yellow; inner secondaries
lengthened, about equal to primaries in closed wing.
(1). Of medium color tone; bill less than .50 (12.7). 41. Savanna Sparrow.
(2). Darker throughout; bill .45 (11.5). 42. Belding’s Sparrow.
(3). Medium color tone; bill about .52 (13). 43. Large-billed Sparrow.
b. 12-radiate pattern of head more varied in tone and less
distinctly maintained; inner secondaries not lengthened.
(1). Broadly streaked; chest not specially tinged. 62. Song Sparrow.
(2). Sharply streaked; chest definitely creamy buff. 63. Lincoln’s Sparrow.
F. The merely streaked.
1. Rectrices narrow and sharpened; breast and sides suffused
with cinnamon or tawny.
a. Suffusion of breast light; a yellow spot over eye. 44. Western Grasshopper Sparrow.
b. Suffusion of breast, etc., strong; no yellow over eye. 45. Nelson’s Sparrow.
2. Rectrices normal; entirely but not strongly streaked. 56. Brewer’s Sparrow.
Family 4. Tanacrip®. Tanagers.
Small to medium-sized Passeres, having 9 primaries and moderate, somewhat turgid beaks, with culmen of
convex outline, notched at tip and toothed or lobed near middle of the maxillary tomia; tarsi scutellate. An essen-
tially neo-tropical family of chiefly high-plumaged birds, some members of which are not easily distinguishable from
Fringillids, on the one hand, or Mniotiltids on the other. Approximately 300 species, of which 2 Californian.
I. Male dull red; female chiefly yellowish olive-green and without
wing-bars. 75. Summer Tanager.
II. Male yellow and black with bright red on head; female olive-gray
to greenish yellow, with whitish wing-bars. 76. Western Tanager.
Family 5. Mwytiotittip#. Wood Warblers.
Chiefly small-sized Passeres having 9 primaries, slender or flattish beaks of simplest form and scutellate tarsi,—
destitute of notable modifications of any sort. A fairly homogeneous and generalized type, difficult to define by
reason of very simplicity. An exclusively American family of some 200 species, notably migratory throughout the
United States and British Possessions. 24 species recorded for California, of which 7 accidental or nearly so, and only
12 breeding.
I. Underparts streaked.
A. Streaks chestnut.
1. Remaining plumage yellow. 83. Yellow Warbler.
2. Crown chestnut; back olive-brown. 93. Palm Warbler.
B. Streaks black or blackish.
1. Entire plumage black and white. 77. Black-and-white Warbler.
2. Throat black (in highest plumage) on a yellow ground. 89. Townsend’s Warbler.
3. Upperparts, at least in part, blue-gray.
a. Rump yellow.
(1). Throat white. 86. Alaska Myrtle Warbler.
(2). Throat yellow, not streaked.
(a). Middle of tail white. 84. Magnolia Warbler.
(b). Tail-feathers notched with white near tips. 87. Audubon’s Warbler.
b. Rump not yellow; throat black; a supraloral spot of yellow. 88. Black-throated Gray Warbler.
4. Upper plumage chiefly olive-brown or olive buffy.
2078
a. Crown ochraceous orange. 95. Oven-bird.
b. Crown much like back.
(1). Superciliary white; underparts whitish; throat nearly
immaculate. 96. Louisiana Water-Thrush.
(2). Superciliary and underparts tinged with yellow; throat
spotted. 97. Alaska Water-Thrush.
II. Underparts without streaks.
A. Plumage chiefly or conspicuously yellow.
1. Length over 7; anterior underparts bright yellow. 99. Western Chat.
2. Length under 6.
a. Entire head slaty or dark gray. 94. Tolmie’s Warbler.
b. Forehead and cheeks black. 98. Yellow-throat.
c. Crown-patch, if any, lustrous black. 100. Wilson’s Warbler.
d. Throat broadly black; two white wing-bars.
(1). Head clear yellow. 91. Hermit Warbler.
(2). Top of head ‘“‘warbler-green’’ (olivaceous). 90. Black-throated Green Warbler.
e. Pileum and hind neck bluish ash. 78. Tennessee Warbler.
f. Forehead above and on sides neutral gray; a partially con-
cealed crown-spot of chestnut. 80. Calaveras Warbler.
g. A concealed crown-spot of orange. 79. Orange-crowned Warbler.
B. Upperparts chiefly light neutral gray.
1. A partially concealed patch on crown, and upper tail-coverts
chestnut. 81. Lucy’s Warbler.
2. Crown-patch chestnut; rump lemon-yellow. 82. Virginia’s Warbler.
C. Upperparts green-blue-gray, spotted with black; forehead,
throat, breast and sides black; a white blotch on wing
(diagnostic for female). 85. Black-throated Blue Warbler.
D. Crown olive-yellow; sides chestnut. 92. Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Plumage chiefly black, with patches of salmon-red (dull
yellow, female and young male). 101. American Redstart.
Family 6. Htrunpinipz#. Swallows.
Small to medium-sized Passeres, having 9 primaries, chiefly lengthened (the longest always more than twice as
long as the longest secondary); bill flattened, small, triangular in vertical aspect; culmen minutely hooked at tip and
notched subterminally; gape deeply cleft; rictal bristles few, short, or wanting; feet small and weak; tarsi short,
chiefly scutellate. Eggs 3-8, white, immaculate, or spotted. A cosmopolitan family of over 100 species, of which
7 Californian.
I. Upperparts brown or brownish gray without metallic reflections;
underparts white.
A. A brownish gray band across chest. 105. Bank Swallow.
B. Breast and sides suffused with brownish. 104. Rough-winged Swallow.
II. Plumage of upperparts with metallic luster.
A. Nearly unicolored; underparts like back, or merely lighter
shaded (female). 102. Western Martin.
B. Throat rufous, chestnut or brownish.
1. Tail deeply forked. 106. Barn Swallow.
2. Tail not forked; upper tail-coverts rufous or buffy. 103. Cliff Swallow.
C. Underparts entirely white.
1. Upperparts slaty blue or steely green. 107. Tree Swallow.
2. Upperparts bronzy green and violet. 108. Violet-green Swallow.
Family 7. Ampetip#. Waxwings.
Medium-sized Passeres having 10 primaries, the outermost minute; tail shorter than wing; bill short, stout,
slightly hooked and notched at tip; nostrils nearly concealed by dense velvety feathering; plumage soft and exquisitely
graduated and blended in coloring; head with a conspicuous crest; tips of shafts of secondaries and sometimes rec-
trices (of two species) ornamented by horny appendages which have the appearance of red sealing-wax. Eggs 4-6,
dull bluish gray, sharply and sparingly spotted with black. A small homogeneous group of 3 species, of sub-Arctic
and North Temperate range, 2 Californian.
I. Larger; throat black; wings spotted with white. 109. Bohemian Waxwing.
II. Smaller; throat brown; no white on wings. 110. Cedar Waxwing.
Family 8. Priroconatinm. Silky Flycatchers.
Moderate-sized Passeres having 10 primaries, the outermost well developed (but not more than as long as gth);
wings short, rounded; tail lengthened, fan-shaped; bill short, flattened, and deeply cleft; rictal bristles well developed;
tarsus scutellate; plumage silky, lustrous, often blended, never spotted, even in immature. Eggs 2 or 3, gray, finely
speckled. An exclusively ““Middle American” family of 4 species, 1 Californian.
111. Phainopepla.
2079
Family 9. Vireonip#. Vireos.
Small Passeres having 10 primaries, the outermost (strictly speaking the roth, but formerly, and occasionally
herein, referred to as the 1st) never more than half as long as the gth, sometimes rudimentary and concealed; wings
longer than tail; bill moderate; hooked and notched at tip; tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, scutellate; color
pattern never streaked, of modest and often blended tones. Eggs 3-4, white, sharply, minutely, and sparingly spot-
ted. An American family, chiefly tropical, of some 70 species, 7 recorded for California.
I. Outermost primary well developed, at least one-third, often one-
half, as long as next (9th).
A. Length over 5.00; gray coloration. 117. Gray Vireo.
B. Length less than 5.00.
1. Dingy yellowish; wing-bars whitish; a pale yellowish ring
nearly encircling eye. 116. Hutton’s Vireo.
2. Dull gray above, white below. 118. Least Vireo.
II. Outermost primary rudimentary or else very small, less than one-
third as long as gth.
A. Length 6.00 or more.
1. A narrow white eye-ring; whitish wing-bars; slaty gray head
contrasting with olivaceous back. 115. Solitary Vireo.
2. Crown grayish slate bordered by blackish; iris red. 112. Red-eyed Vireo.
3. Somewhat as in preceding, but with strong increase of yel-
low. 113. Yellow-green Vireo.
B. Length less than 6.00—a very “plain” bird. 114. Western Warbling Vireo.
Family to. Lanup#. Shrikes.
Medium-sized Passeres having 10 primaries (the outermost sometimes more than half as long as the 2nd [gth]
but usually less); wings and tail rounded, usually of about equal length; bill well developed and conspicuously hooked,
notched and toothed near tip of upper tomium; feet relatively rather weak; tarsi scutellate in front, and also upon
outside. Plumage usually sober—black, white, gray, brownish or rufous. Young with plumage-wavy-barred or
vermiculated. Eggs 3-7, whitish or gray, boldly spotted. About 200 species with distribution chiefly Old World,
especially northerly—not found in South America. In North America represented by two species, both Californian.
I. Larger; wing about 4.50. 119. Northwestern Shrike.
II. Smaller; wing 4.00 or less. 120. White-rumped Shrike.
Family 11. Paripm. Titmice.
Small Passeres having 10 primaries, the outermost not more than half as long as the longest; wings rounded;
tail variable; bill small, much shorter than head, the maxillary tomium without subterminal notch, the nostrils
entirely concealed by “antrorse’”’ (directed forward) frontal feathers (in this respect, as in several others, closely
resembling the Corvidz); tarsus scutellate; ‘‘anterior toes much soldered at base.” Plumage often loose and fluffy.
Eggs 4-10, white, unmarked, or variously speckled and spotted. Northern Hemisphere, chiefly Palearctic; over
200 species and subspecies—7 species Californian.
I. Crested; unicolored. 121. Plain Titmouse.
II. Not crested.
A. Head yellow; bend of wing bright chestnut. 125. Verdin.
B. Olive-brown and mouse- gray.
1. Color of pileum contrasting with that of back. 126. Coast Bush-Tit.
2. Pileum of same color as back. 127. Lead-colored Bush-Tit.
C. Throat black; pileum black or brown.
1. Top of head, including eye, solid black. 122. Oregon Chickadee.
2. Black of head interrupted by white superciliary. 123. Mountain Chickadee.
3. Top of head dull sepia brown, blackening on borders; back
chestnut. 124. Chestnut-backed Chickadee.
Family 12. Sirrip#. Nuthatches.
Small tree-creeping Passerids having 10 primaries (the outermost less than one-third as long as the next [9th]);
wing long and pointed; tail short, soft, even-ended; bill long, straight or slightly upturned, without tooth or other
irregularity of tomia; tarsus about as long as beak, “decidedly longer than middle toe without claw; lateral toes un-
equal, the middle one much the longest, ‘the inner one (2nd) decidedly shorter than the outer (4th); claws greatly
developed and sharpened. Eggs 3-9, white, sharply spotted. A small, rather homogeneous family, chiefly Old
World, but 4 species North American, of which 3 Californian.
I. Side of head and neck white. 128. White-breasted Nuthatch.
II. Side of head and neck not entirely white.
A. A small line over eye. 129. Red-breasted Nuthatch.
B. No white line over eye. 130. Pygmy Nuthatch.
2050
Family 13. CeErtuup#®. Creepers.
Very small, tree-creeping Passerids having 10 primaries; lengthened but rounded wings; tail either (a) much
shorter than wing, of unmodified feathers; or (b) about as long as wing, of notably stiffened, pointed feathers; bill
slender, curved, at least near tip, of simple outline; toes much as in preceding family, claws notably curved. A small
cosmopolitan (except South America) family, of easily distinguished appearance and habit—less than 20 species,
the most wide-spread represented in California by two races.
131. Brown Creeper.
Family 14. TrocLtopytip&. Wrens.
Small to medium-sized Passerids, having 10 primaries, the outermost at least half as long as the next (gth);
wings notably rounded; bill lengthened, slender, compressed, usually decurved, otherwise simple; tarsus long. Color-
ation more or less brownish or rufescent. Eggs 5-10, white or speckled, often very heavily. A highly developed
neo-tropical and, to a much larger degree, neo-temperate family, with a small wide-spread spill-over (aggregating
about I5 species) into the Old World—about 200 species, 150 of them neo-tropical, 7 Californian.
I. Length about 8 inches. 133. Cactus Wren.
II. Length 4.50 or over.
A. Back black, striped with white. 132. Marsh Wren.
B. Back spotted by dusky and pinkish buffy. 137. Rock Wren.
C. Back nearly uniform, or at most vaguely barred with dusky.
1. A distinct white line over eye. 134. Bewick Wren.
2. No white line over eye.
a. Above brown changing to auburn on posterior underparts;
throat broadly white. 138. Auburn Canyon Wren.
b. Above grayish brown, lightening, but never pure white,
below. 135. Western House Wren.
III. Length about 4.00. 136. Western Winter Wren.
Family 15. Mimips. Thrashers, Mockingbirds.
Medium-sized Passerids having 10 primaries, the outermost well developed (except in Oreoscoptes at least
half as long as gth); slender bill, usually decurved and slightly notched toward tip (except in Toxostoma); tarsus
scutellate; inner (2nd) toe almost or quite free at base. Eggs 3-5, niagara green or pale stone-colored, usually finely
spotted. An exclusively American group, central in Mexico, and including some of the world’s finest songsters.
50 species and subspecies, of which 8 Californian.
I. Smallest, length about 8.00; bill shortest (about .65); outermost
primary less than half as long as next (gth). 146. Sage Thrasher.
Il. Middle-sized, length 8.50-11.00; bill moderate; coloration not
drab.
A. Length about 8.75; slate-colored, blackening on pileum and
tail. 144. Catbird.
B. Length 10.00 or over; black and brownish gray, with white
blotch on wing. 145. Western Mockingbird.
III. Middle-sized to largest; bill moderate to largest; coloration drab
or some derivative thereof.
A. Smaller.
1. Length 10.00 or under; bill .94; coloration medium. 140. Bendire’s Thrasher.
2. Length 10.00 or over; bill 1.29; coloration palest. 142. Leconte’s Thrasher.
B. Middle-sized, length (of males) about 10.50. [Note: the meas-
urements given in the text are at fault, and should read:
Length of males 266 (10.50)]; bill 1.25; coloration medium. 139. Palmer’s Thrasher.
C. Larger; length 11.00-12.00; bill about 1.40.
I. Coloration darkest above; lighter but blended below. 141. California Thrasher.
2. Somewhat lighter above; darker below, with more contrast-
ing white of throat and rufous of crissum. 143. Crissal Thrasher.
Family 16. Cincitipa#. Dippers.
“Aquatic, slender-billed, ‘ten primaried’, acutiplantar Oscines, with plump body, short tail, short and very
concave wings; rather long, booted tarsi; plumage very soft, compact and underlaid with down, and feathers of the
anterior portion of the head short and dense, without the usual bristly tips, even the rictal bristles being absent”
(Ridgway). Eggs 4 or 5, white. A small sharply circumscribed family of about a dozen species, found in Europe,
central and northern Asia, and in western America south to Argentina. Only one species Californian.
147. American Dipper.
2081
Family 17. Turpin. Thrushes.
Moderately small to large, but chiefly medium-sized Passerids having 10 primaries (the outermost shortened
or “‘spurious”’), and booted tarsi (i. e., the front of the tarsus covered by a continuous plate); wings long and pointed,
usually longer than tail; bill slender, compressed, acute, usually with small subterminal notch; nostril oval or rounded,
usually well exposed; rictus bristled; anterior toes deeply cleft, the inner (2nd) free to base. Chiefly highly migratory.
Eggs 3-7, chiefly niagara green, plain or spotted. Young more or less spotted above and below. Nearly cosmo-
politan, but notably Palearctic and American; about 275 species, of which only 7 Californian.
I. Bill flattened, broader than deep at base; plumage smoky gray. 154. Townsend’s Solitaire.
II. Bill not flattened.
A. Plumage with more or less blue.
1. Adult male entirely blue, without chestnut. 153. Mountain Bluebird.
2. With chestnut on back and breast. 152. Western Bluebird.
B. Head extensively black or slaty; underparts rufous or ochra-
ceous.
1. A pectoral band of black; wings varied. 151. Varied Thrush.
2. No pectoral band; wings plain. 150. Western Robin.
C. Plumage brown above, spotted below on a whitish ground.
1. Color of upperparts abruptly contrasting with rufescent
tail. 148. Hermit Thrush.
2. Color of back, etc., not contrasting with that of tail. 149. Russet-backed Thrush.
Family 18. Sytvirp". Old World Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, etc.
“Very small to large ‘ten primaried’, dentirostral, acutiplantar Oscines, with nostrils longitudinal and opercu-
lated (usually exposed), and with the young not spotted” (Ridgway). A confessedly dificult and probably heter-
ogeneous family of at least more than 100 species and of nearly cosmopolitan range. The Regulus-Corthylio group
is of Palearctic derivation, while the Polioptila group is exclusively American. Five species Californian.
I. Tarsus booted; colors olivaceous; no black on tail.
A. Male with simple ruby crest. 156. Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
B. Crest striped, flame-color or yellow, bordered by blackish. 155. Western Golden-crowned King-
let.
II. Tarsus scutellate; colors blue-gray and white, with much black
on tail.
A. Forehead and superciliaries (of male) black; tail bordered by
white. 157. Western Gnatcatcher.
B. Entire top of head black; tail bordered by white. 158. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher.
C. Top of head black; no white on tail. 159. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.
Family 19. Cuama@ipa#. Wren-Tits.
A small group with intermediate characters, suggestive of Paride on the one hand and Troglodytide on the other,
but probably not derived from either. Their chief distinctions are short, excessively rounded wings and long, grad-
uated tails, with plumage notably loose in texture. Only one species known and that confined to California and
Oregon.
160. Wren-Tit.
Family 20. Moracitiuip#. Wagtails and Pipits.
Rather small terrestrial Passerids having 9 primaries; well developed, rather pointed wings, and greatly elon-
gated tertials; bill slender, notched near tip; nostrils exposed; tarsi long and scutellate; the outer toe united to middle
throughout the basal phalanx, the inner toe free to base; the hind claw usually lengthened. Eggs 4 or 5, usually
heavily spotted or buried under pigment. A highly developed and widely diffused family of the Old World, number-
ing something over 100 species and subspecies. Six of these are registered as of accidental or borderline occurrence
in North America, and two more are indigenous. ‘The California species is
161. American Pipit.
Family 21. Ataupipm. Larks.
Terrestrial, nine- or ten-primaried Oscines, having the back of the tarsus rounded (instead of sharpened) and
scutellate. Bill simple, of various outline, but without subterminal notch; wings long and pointed, the outermost
(1oth) primary short, rudimentary, or concealed; head usually crested, or with horn-like feather-tufts on each side
of the occiput. Eggs 3-5, protectively colored. A large, well-defined family of over 100 species; chiefly Old World
—one very plastic species North American and Californian.
162. Horned Lark.
2082
Family 22. Tyrannip&. Tyrant Flycatchers, New World Flycatchers.
Characters those of the superfamily, Clamatores. Primaries 10, the outermost fully developed; bill hooked,
often flattened, sometimes exceedingly so, thus triangular in outline when viewed from above; nostrils usually more
or less concealed by frontal feathers; proportions exceedingly varied. Eggs 2-6, white, spotted, or variously mottled
or striped. An American family, chiefly neo-tropical, of widest range and diversity, by reason of which many Os-
cinine groups are curiously shadowed or simulated. Nearly 600 forms known, of which 33 species North American
and 17 Californian.
I. Wing more than 3 inches long.
A. Plumage with red.
1. Wing about 3 inches; tail normal. 179. Vermilion Flycatcher.
2. Wing nearly 5 inches; tail lengthened. 163. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
B. Plumage without red.
1. Tip of tail broadly white. 164. Kingbird.
2. Tip of tail not broadly white.
a. Underparts yellow or yellowish.
(1). Belly bright yellow.
(a). Edge of tail abruptly white; whitish of throat not
contrasting. 165. Western Kingbird.
(b). Edge of tail merely pale; white of throat definitely
contrasting with surrounding gray. 166. Cassin’s Kingbird.
(2). Belly pale yellow or merely yellowish.
(a). Upper plumage extensively bright brown.
(al). Larger, wing about 4.30. 167. Arizona Crested Flycatcher.
(b!). - Smaller, wing 4.00 or under. 168. Ash-throated Flycatcher.
(b). Plumage dark brown or blackish.
(a1). Length about 7 inches. 177. Olive-sided Flycatcher.
(b!). Length about 6 inches.
(a2). Bill narrow and relatively deep. 169. Phoebe.
(b2). Bill wider and flatter. 178. Western Wood Pewee.
b. Underparts contrasting black and white. 170. Black Phoebe.
c. Underparts cinnamon-buff. 171. Say’s Phoebe.
Il. Wing less than 3 inches.
A. Underparts distinctly yellow. 172. Western Flycatcher.
B. Underparts merely yellowish or sordid grayish.
1. Above brownish olive; bill normal, width at nostril mm 6
(.24). 173. Brewster’s Flycatcher.
2. Upperparts olive; bill relatively narrow, width at nostril
mm 4.6 (.18). 174. Hammond’s Flycatcher.
3. Upperparts grayer and lighter.
a. Smaller; outermost primary shorter than 6th (5th ‘“‘new
style’’). 175. Wright’s Flycatcher.
b. Larger; outermost primary as long as or longer than 6th. 176. Gray Flycatcher.
Orpver 2. TROCHILIFORMES.
Family Trocuitipe. Hummingbirds.
Key to ADULT MALES.
I. Crown as well as gorget metallic iridescent.
A. Crown and gorget purple; larger. 184. Anna’s Hummer.
B. Crown and gorget violet; smaller. 185. Costa’s Hummer.
II. Crown like back; throat scaled.
A. Gorget some shade of red.
1. Metallic scales of throat interrupted, ray-like. 180. Calliope Hummer.
2. Throat-scales lilac-red; outermost primary acicular, its tip
inclined forward. 181. Broad-tailed Hummer.
3. Throat- scales coppery red; back green; the chestnut confined
to sides and tail. 182. Allen’s Hummer.
4. Throat-scales coppery-red; back chiefly chestnut. 183. Rufous Hummer.
B. Gorget opaque black, changing posteriorly to violet. 186. Black-chinned Hummer.
Key to BOTH SEXES.
I. Plumage showing rufous.
A. Smallest; length 2.75; central tail-feathers broadening near tip. 180. Calliope Hummer.
B. Length about 3.35; tail rounded in both sexes, the feathers
i tapering.
2083
1. Tail-feathers sharply tapering, the outermost pair acicular,
the 4th unmodified. 182. Allen’s Hummer.
2. Tail-feathers broader, the 4th pair sharply nicked near tip
on inner web. 183. Rufous Hummer.
C. Length up to 3.80; tail broad, the three central pairs of rec-
trices of about equal length (male); female best known from
absence of characters described in A and B. 181. Broad-tailed Hummer.
II. Plumage without rufous.
A. Largest; breadth of outermost pair of rectrices well sustained
to tip. s
1. Length up to 4 inches; lateral rectrix more than 5 mm wide. 184. Anna Hummer.
2. Length about 3.40; lateral rectrix 4 mm or less. 185. Costa’s Hummer.
B. Length about 3.75; lateral rectrices abruptly tapering to tip. 186. Black-chinned Hummer.
Orper 3. CYPSELIFORMES.
Family Cyesetip&. Swifts, Swiftlets.
1. Plumage chiefly blackish, tarsi naked.
A. Largest, length 7 inches or more. 188. Northern Black Swift.
B. Smaller, length 5 inches. 189. Vaux’s Swift
2. Throat and breast white. 197. White-throated Swift.
Orpver 4. PICIFORMES.
Family Picip®. Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, Piculets.
A rather homogeneous group of tree-haunting birds with special adaptation for climbing, boring, or the appre-
hension of ants. ‘The Picine, or Woodpeckers proper, which alone are found in the United States, have stout, usually
straight, chisel-shaped beaks; wings with 10 primaries, the outer reduced or “‘spurious’’; rectrices 12 (the outer pair
often spurious; feet ‘‘zygodactylous”’ by reversion of the 4th toe, (the hallux wanting in one group); tongue often
remarkably extensible by reason of development of hyoid apparatus. Pygmy to crow size. Eggs 3 or 4—10, pure
white; young naked. A cosmopolitan group of more than 400 species and subspecies, of which 16 species Californian.
I. With only 3 toes. 195. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.
II. With 4 toes.
A. Length about 17 inches; head crested. 199. Western Pileated Woodpecker.
B. Length over 10 inches, under 14.
1. Bill straight; plumage black above, red below. 201. Lewis’s Woodpecker.
2. Bill slightly decurved.
a. Length 12-13 inches; quills golden yellow. 203. Yellow-shafted Flicker.
b. Length up to 14 inches; quills orange-red. 204. Red-shafted Flicker.
c. Length 10-11 inches; quills yellow. 205. Mearns’s Gilded Flicker.
C. Length over 8, under ro inches.
1. Chiefly black above; underparts white interrupted by black
collar. 200. California Woodpecker.
2. Head white, remaining plumage black. 194. White-headed Woodpecker.
3. Back black, broadly striped with white; underparts white. 190. Hairy Woodpecker.
4. Plumage highly variegated.
a. Belly not yellow.
(1). Crown, nape, and throat red. 196. Red-naped Sapsucker.
(2). Head and breast buried in red. 197. Red-breasted Sapsucker.
b. Belly yellow.
(1). Belly broadly yellow, rump pure white; sexes dis-
similar. 198. Williamson’s Sapsucker.
(2). Belly narrowly yellow, rump barred with black;
sexes similar. 199. Gila Woodpecker.
D. Length under 8 inches.
1. Back black, broadly striped with white. 191. Downy Woodpecker.
2. Back black, cross-barred with white.
a. Crown (of adult male) crimson. 192. Cactus Woodpecker.
b. Occiput only (of adult male) crimson. 193. Nuttall’s Woodpecker.
Orver 5. CORACIIFORMES
Family Aucepinip#. Kingfishers.
Roller-like birds having highly developed, usually straight and acute beaks, with corresponding development of
foreparts; II primaries; 11-14 secondaries; rectrices usually 10; feet small and weak, unsuitable for progression,
2084
“sympelmous,” the outer (4th) and middle toes wnited for at least half their length; the inner toe (2nd) weakened; the
soles of all greatly flattened; plumage often highly colored. Size pygmy to crow. Eggs 2-10; pure white. A large
family of cosmopolitan distribution, but chiefly palzo-tropical and Australian; some 200 forms described; only one
Californian.
206. Western Belted Kingfisher.
Orver 6. CAPRIMULGIFORMES.
Family Caprimutcipa#. Goatsuckers, etc.
Characters defined under the order. Nearly cosmopolitan. About 125 species. 3 Californian.
I. Bristles well developed; nostrils distinctly tubular. 207. Nuttall’s Poorwill.
II. Bristles minute; nostrils scarcely tubular.
A. A white patch on primaries occupying 5 outer quills and placed
proximally to the tip of the 7th. 208. Pacific Nighthawk.
B. A white (or tawny) patch occupying 4 outer quills and placed
more distally, opposite tip of 6th. 209. Texas Nighthawk.
Orver 7. STRIGES.
Family 1. Tyronip#. Barn Owls.
A singularly uniform group, showing deep-seated structural differences from the other owls, as, for example,
the furculum (wish-bone) ankylosed (united) to the manubrium, the anterior extension of the breast-bone. Eggs
elongate ovate, not rounded. One genus of some 30 species and subspecies, one Californian.
210. American Barn Owl.
Family 2. Stricip#. Other Owls.
I. Head with conspicuous ear-tufts.
A. Length about 2 feet. 218. Horned Owl.
B. Length about 15 inches.
1. Ear-tufts prominent. 211. Long-eared Owl.
2. Ear-tufts much reduced. 212. Short-eared Owl.
C. Length 8-10 inches; irides yellow. 216. Screech Owl.
D. Length about 7 inches; irides dark. 217. Flammulated Screech Owl.
II. Head without ear-tufts.
A. Color chiefly white. 219. Snowy Owl.
B. Color not extensively white.
1. Length two feet or more. 214. Great Gray Owl.
z. Length 16 inches or more. 213. Spotted Owl.
3. Length 1o or under; tarsi lengthened, exposed. 220. Burrowing Owl.
4. Length about 8 inches; facial disc highly developed. 215. Saw-what Owl.
5. Length about 7 inches; facial disc less prominent. 221. Pygmy Owl.
6. Length about 6 inches; tarsi nearly naked. 222. Arizona Elf Owl.
Orver 8. COCCYGES.
Family Cucutip®. Cuckoos.
Characters those of the order. More than 250 species, of which two Californian.
I. Length 2 feet or less; bill, tarsus and tail lengthened, ground-
haunting. 223. Road-runner.
II. Length a foot or over; tree haunting. 224. California Cuckoo.
OrpeR 9. COLUMBIFORMES.
Family Cotumpip#. True Pigeons, Doves.
Characters those (normal) of the order. More than 400 species, 4 Californian.
I. Tarsus feathered above; largest—length about 16 inches. 225. Band-tailed Pigeon.
II. Tarsus naked throughout.
A. Tail of 14 feathers, lengthened, wedge-shaped. 226. Western Mourning Dove.
B. Tail of 12 feathers.
1. Length about 12 inches; a white patch on wing. 227. Western White-winged Dove.
2. Length about 7 inches. 228. Mexican Ground Dove.
2085
OrpveR 10. CHARADRIIFORMES.
Family 1. Puataropopip®. Phalaropes.
Moderate-sized Shore-birds, having special modifications fitting them for a more aquatic life; compact, “water-
proof’ plumage, tarsi greatly compressed (to cut the water); toes semi-palmate, and broadly margined with collapsible
membrane. Females larger and more brightly colored than males. 3 species, breeding northerly, all Californian.
I. Bill broad and stout; lobes of feet pronounced. 229. Red Phalarope.
II. Bill slender; lobes of toes less pronounced.
A. Bill less than 1.00; lobes crenate. 230. Northern Phalarope.
B. Bill decidedly longer than 1.00; lobes scarcely indicated. 231. Wilson’s Phalarope.
Family 2. Recurvirostrip&. Avocets and Stilts.
Medium-sized Shore-birds having extreme development of neck, bill and legs.
I. Bill conspicuously upturned. 232. Avocet.
II. Bill nearly straight. 233. Black-necked Stilt.
Family 3. Scotopactp®. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.
Smallest to largest Shore-birds, chiefly characterized by shape and texture of bill, which is slender, lengthened,
usually straight, marked on both mandibles by lengthened grooves, the whole of a leathery, superficial consistency,
and highly sensitive. A large group of about 100 species, chiefly of the Northern Hemisphere. 19 species Califor-
nian, of which only 4 breeding in State.
I. Bill more than 2 inches in length.
A. Bill more than 5 inches. 252. Long-billed Curlew.
B. Bill less than 4.50 inches.
1. Bill curved downward. 253. Hudsonian Curlew.
2. Bill straight or slightly bent upward.
a. Bill over 3.00. 244. Marbled Godwit.
b. Bill under 3.00.
(1). Bill widened and pitted at tip.
(a). Lower portion of tibia bare for half an inch or less. 234. Wilson’s Snipe.
(b). Lower portion of tibia bare for nearly an inch. 235. Long-billed Dowitcher.
(2). Bill not widened at tip.
(a). Wing with black and white in patches. 248. Western Willet.
(b). Wing of inconspicuous pattern. 245. Greater Yellowlegs.
II. Bull less than 2 inches in length.
A. Toes, 3. 243. Sanderling.
B. Toes, 4.
1. Tail-feathers pointed. 237. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.
2. ‘ail-feathers not pointed.
a. Tail barred.
(1). Wing less than 4.50 inches. 251. Spotted Sandpiper.
(2). Wing more than 5.00 inches.
(a). Wing over 6.00.
(al). Upper tail-coverts white. 246. Lesser Yellowlegs.
(b!) Upper tail-coverts not white. 250. Bartramian Sandpiper.
(b). Wing under 5.50. 247. Western Solitary Sandpiper.
b. Tail not barred.
(1). Bill over 1.20 inches.
(a). Wing over 6.50.
(al). Rump white. 236. Knot.
(b!). Rump not white. 249. Wandering Tattler.
(b). Wing under 5.00. 241. Red-backed Sandpiper.
(2). Bill under 1.20.
(a). Wing over 4.50.
(al). Bill over 1.00; wing 5.00 or more. 238. Pectoral Sandpiper.
(b!). Bill .90 or less; wing about 4.70. 239. Baird’s Sandpiper.
(b). Wing under 4.00.
(al). Toes not webbed; bill about .70. 240. Least Sandpiper.
(b!). Toes webbed at base; bill over .go. 242. Western Sandpiper.
Family 4. CuHaraprup®. Plovers.
Shore-birds of small or medium size, having plump, rounded bodies; shortened necks; long, pointed wings reach-
ing to or beyond tip of tail; and, especially, a short bill (usually shorter than head) shaped much like that of a pigeon,
i. e., contracted and softened basally, expanded and horny distally; hind toe very small or wanting. Coloration
often notably black and white. A notable family, well distributed, of about 75 species—7 Californian.
I. Wing over 6.50.
A. Wing about 8.00; axillars black. 254. Black-bellied Plover.
B. Wing about 6.85; axillars brownish gray. 255. American Golden Plover.
II. Wing less than 6.50.
Chest crossed by two black bands. 256. Killdeer.
B. Chest crossed by a single black band.
1. Feet partially webbed; bill about .50. 257. Semipalmated Plover.
2. Feet not webbed; bill about .85. 259. Belding’s Plover.
C. Black confined to sides of chest. 258. Snowy Plover.
D. No black on chest at any season. 200. Mountain Plover.
Family 5. Apurizipe. Surf-birds.
Medium-sized Shore-birds having well-developed hallux; bill somewhat pigeon-like, but the upper mandible
grooved; the nostril a lengthened slit; scutellation of acrotarsium reduced, the remainder of the tarsal envelope
reticulate. A monotypic group ranging along the western coast of the Americas.
261. Surf-bird.
Family 6. ARenartup#®. Turnstones.
Medium-sized Shore-birds having well-developed but small hallux; tarsus with regular scutellz both in front
and behind; bill compressed, short, sharpened; nostrils slit-like; tail slightly rounded. A wide-ranging, northern
family of two species, both Californian.
I. Chin and throat always white; plumage variegated. 262. Turnstone.
II. Foreparts, including chin and throat, blackish. 263. Black Turnstone.
Family 7. Hmmatoropipm. Oyster-catchers.
Large-sized, sturdy, rock-haunting Shore-birds, having all black, or black-and-white plumage, stout feet and
legs, with only 3 toes, and large, exceedingly compressed chisel-shaped beaks adapted to prying. A single genus of a
dozen species and subspecies, haunting the tropic and temperate shores of the world.
I. Plumage all black. 265. Black Oyster-catcher.
II. Plumage black and white. 264. Frazar’s Oyster-catcher.
Orper 11. LARIFORMES.
Family 1. Stercorarup®. Skuas and Jaegers.
Long-winged and chiefly long-tailed Lari, having extensive cere on maxilla, strongly hooked beak; and claws
relatively large, sharp, and strongly curved. A highly specialized, predatory group, enjoying peculiar immunity
by reason of close resemblance to milder forms. Chiefly sub-Arctic and sub-Antarctic in distribution, but roving
with quarry. Seven species, of which 4 Californian.
I. Largest and stoutest; wing over 15.00 inches. 266. South American Skua.
II. Smaller and lighter; wing under 15.00.
A. Middle pair of rectrices broad throughout, their distal portion
twisted and tips rounded. 267. Pomarine Jaeger.
B. Middle rectrices tapering, sharp-pointed, not twisted.
1. Central pair of rectrices projecting about 4 inches beyond
others. 268. Parasitic Jaeger.
2. Central rectrices projecting about 8 inches. 269. Long-tailed Jaeger.
Family 2. Larip&. Gulls.
Somewhat stoutly proportioned Lari, having moderate wing development; tail usually square; stronger feet,
compressed tarsi; bill relatively stout, moderately and broadly, or just perceptibly, hooked, the gonydeal angle empha-
sized. A well-distributed group of some 60 species, of which 13 are reported as Californian, although not more than
3 as breeders.
x
2087
I. Hind toe minute. 270. Pacific Kittiwake.
Il. Tail forked to a depth of 1.25 inches. 282. Sabine’s Gull.
III. Tail square; hind toe developed.
' A. Head, in summer, blackish hooded; underparts flushed with
rosy.
1. Bill red in summer. 279. Franklin’s Gull.
2. Bill black in summer. 280. Bonaparte’s Gull.
B. Mantle gray; underparts white; head never hooded with black.
1. Larger—length 22.00 or over; feet rosy or livid flesh-color.
a. Primaries without black.
(1). Primaries white throughout.
(a). Larger—length over 26.00. 271. Glaucous Gull.
(b). Smaller—length about 24.00. 272. Iceland Gull.
Note: The dimensions given in the text, p. 1365, are
erroneous. Read: wing 385 (15.20); tail 1.60 (6.30); bill
44 (1.73); tarsus 53.2 (2.09).
(2). Primaries gray. 273. Glaucous-winged Gull.
b. Primaries tipped, broadly, with black.
(1). Mantle dark slaty blue. 274. Western Gull.
(2). Mantle much lighter, deep pearl-gray. 275. Herring Gull.
2. Smaller—length usually under 22.00; feet and legs yellow
or greenish gray.
a. Bill relatively stout, marked at gonydeal angle with ver-
milion and a touch of black; mantle deep pearl-gray;
feet and legs greenish gray; length 20.00-22.00. 276. California Gull.
b. Bill crossed near tip by dark band; mantle pearl gray;
feet and legs greenish yellow; length 20.00-22.00. 277. Ring-billed Gull.
c. Bill weaker, without black; mantle deep pearl gray; feet
greenish yellow; length 16.00-18.00. 278. Short-billed Gull.
C. Body-plumage dark, sooty to plumbeous slate; head and neck
white; bill chiefly red. 281. Heermann’s Gull.
Family 3. STERNID#. Terns.
Chiefly slenderly proportioned Lari, having extremely long, pointed wings; tail usually deeply forked; bill slender,
sharply pointed; curvature of culmen slight; gonydeal angle inconspicuous; legs placed farther back than in Laride;
feet relatively small, webbing of toes usually incised. Found chiefly upon inland waters save during migrations.
About 60 species known, of which 8 Californian.
I. Largest—length 20.00-23.00 inches; proportions stout; tail only
slightly forked. 283. Caspian Tern.
“Crow-sized”—length about 19.00; proportions more slender;
tail deeply forked; feet and legs black.
A. Bill stouter, depth at base about .79 inches. 284. Royal Tern.
B. Bill slenderer, depth at base about .50. 285. Elegant Tern.
III. Length about 15.00; slenderest; tail deeply forked; plumage
white and gray with black cap (breeding).
A. Bill red, broadly tipped with black in breeding season.
1. Outer pair of feathers dark on inner webs. 286. Forster’s Tern.
2. Outer pair of feathers dark on outer webs. 287. Common Tern.
B. Bill pure red or only slightly tipped with black in breeding
season; also more slenderly proportioned. 288. Arctic Tern.
IV. Length 10.00 or less.
A. Normal coloration; bill and feet yellow tipped with black; tail
deeply forked. 289. Brown’s Least Tern.
B. Plumage black (in breeding season); bill and feet black at all
seasons; tail only slightly forked. 290. Black Tern.
OrpeR 12. ALCIFORMES.
Family 1. AEraup#. Auklets.
Small Alcids of chunky appearance, with beaks variously modified, and often with appendages or crests of feathers.
Tail of 14 feathers. 5 species, 2 Californian.
I. Bill 24 as long as head, proportions ordinary; bird about g inches
long. 291. Cassin’s Auklet.
II. Size a foregoing. Bill only % as long as head, stout and curious-
ly upturned—pugged. 292. Paroquet Auklet.
2088
Family 2. CreppHip#. Guillemots.
Medium-sized Alcids; black, with large white blotch on wing. Rectrices 12-14. Only 1 Californian.
293. Pigeon Guillemot.
Family 3. Bracuyrampuip&. Murrelets.
Small Alcids of somewhat lengthened (short fusiform) proportions; blackish above, white or mottled below;
bill acute, normal. 5 species, 3 Californian.
I. Tarsus in front (acrotarsium) “reticulate,” like fine irregular cob-
blestones.
A. Rectrices 14. 295. Marbled Murrelet.
B. Rectrices 12. 296. Xantus’s Murrelet.
II. Tarsus scutellate (scales flush or overlapping in regular series). 294. Ancient Murrelet.
Family 4. Aucip#. Auks, Murres.
Crow-sized Alcids, having nostrils concealed by dense feathers; coloration black above, white below; bill length-
ened, not specially modified. Rectrices 12: 4 species; 1 (subspecies) Californian.
297. California Murre.
Family 5. Fratercutip#. Puffins.
Crow-sized (or not less than crow-sized) Alcids, having stout compressed beaks, whose appearance is greatly
heightened during the breeding season by the addition of various deciduous plates. Rectrices 12-14. 4 species.
3 Californian.
I. Underparts and sides of head white. 299. Horned Puffin.
II. General plumage black.
A. Bill enormously compressed. 298. Tufted Puffin.
B. Bill more moderate, with elevated horn at base. 300. Horn-billed Puffin.
OrpvER 13. GRUES.
Family Gruipm®. Cranes.
Characters additional to the order are: exposed portion of tibia bare; neck and legs greatly lengthened; bill
moderately long, straight, acute, or abruptly pointed, the mandible with lateral grooves, the maxilla with deep nasal
furrow; wings large, rounded, with 11 primaries and up to 22 secondaries. Two well-known Californian forms, here
grouped as one species.
301. Sandhill Crane.
OrpeR 14. RALLIFORMES.
Family Ratup#. Rails, etc.
Characters those of the order. About 175 species, of which 9 (7) Californian.
I. Toes simple; body compressed; no frontal shield (Ralline)
A. Length about 15 inches. :
1. More robust—from San Francisco Bay and northerly. 302. California Clapper Rail.
2. (Doubtfully) smaller and with smaller feet—from San Diego
region. 303. Light-footed Rail.
3. From Lower Colorado River. 304. Yuma Clapper Rail.
B. Length above 8 inches.
1. Bill decidedly more than an inch long. 305. Virginia Rail.
2. Bill decidedly less than one inch long. 306. Sora Rail.
C. Length 7 inches or under; yellowish brown and black. 307. Yellow Rail.
D. Length 6 inches or less; black. 308. California Black Rail.
II. Having a bare, horny, frontal shield.
A. Frontal shield chiefly reddish; toes merely margined. 309. Florida Gallinule.
B. Frontal shield white; toes with broad collapsible flaps, “lobate’”. 310. American Coot.
2089
OrverR 15. GALLIFORMES.
Family 1. Puastanip@. Pheasants, Blood Pheasants, Coucals, Jungle-fowl,
Peacocks, etc.
Old World fowls, with plumage (males at least) often highly modified, sometimes resplendent. The basal
characters of the group are difficult to define, but may include naked tarsi and toes, exposed nasal fosse, and Ist
primary shorter than roth (or if longer, as in Phasianus, then tail much longer than wing); and some few plain species
may be known only by these signs; but the tendency to the bizarre is so strong in most members of the group that
it expresses itself in a thousand fantastic ways: in lengthened, often many-feathered, or exaggerated, tails; in crests,
combs, wattles, and above all, spurs, as well as color-patterns of rainbow magnificence. Eggs plain-colored, cream,
ecru, cafe-au-lait, etc. Over 100 species, of which one extensively introduced in the Pacific Northwest and in Cali-
fornia.
311. Mongolian Pheasant.
Family 2. Pervicipm. Old World Partridges, Francolins, Quails, American
Partridges and Bob whites.
Small or medium-sized gallinaceous birds, having notably compacted, “chunky”’ bodies; short necks; tails short
and not especially conspicuous, of 12-14 feathers, or various. The basal characters, naked nasal fosse, bare feet
and legs, etc., do not distinguish infallibly from either the Phasianide on one side or the Tetraonid@ on the other;
and it may be confessed that the name Perdicid@ represents only a practical grouping of a large and unwieldy family.
Thus defined it embraces more than 200 species, of which 3 Californian.
I. A crest of lengthened feathers, straight or slightly decurved. 312. Mountain Quail.
II. A crest of sharply recurved (curled forward) feathers.
A. Darker; sides like back, with white stripes; abdomen chestnut. 313. California Quail.
B. Paler; sides chestnut with white; lower belly black. 314. Desert Quail.
Family 3. TretTraonripm. Grouse proper, Ptarmigans.
Ground- or tree-haunting Galling having densely feathered nasal fosse, heads completely feathered, save for
strip over eye; tarsi more or less, often completely, feathered; toes if naked, then with comb-like processes on the
sides. Medium-sized to large species, non-migratory, or partially nomadic, chiefly northerly or alpine ranging.
About 25 species, of which 4 Californian.
I. Largest; tail wedge-shaped, as long as wing and composed of 20
stiff, pointed feathers. 318. Sage-Hen.
II. Tail as foregoing but much shorter than wing, composed of 18
feathers. 317. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse.
III. Color bluish dusky; tail square, of 16 feathers, not so long as
wing. 315. Dusky (Sierra) Grouse.
IV. Color mottled chestnut and brown; tail rounded, of 18 feathers,
about as long as wing. 316. Oregon Ruffed Grouse.
Orper 16. FALCONIFORMES.
Family 1. Fatconip®. Falcons, Hobbies, Merlins, Kestrels, Caracaras.
Spirited and highly aggressive Raptors, having long pointed wings, tarsus more or less feathered, shorter than
the tibia; strong feet with lengthened middle toe and sharp talons; bill sharply hooked and notched near end of max-
illa; mandible truncated and notched near tip; nostrils included in cere, circular or nearly so, with central tubercle.
Eggs 2-6, usually 4 or 5; deposited in holes or crannies of cliffs; ochraceous-tinged in the lowermost calcareous layers.
Young covered with light down. 50 species, 4 Californian.
I. Normally proportioned.
Medium sized; 18 inches or more in length.
1. General color brownish drab; 1st (outermost) primary short-
er than 3rd. 319. Prairie Falcon.
2. Upperparts chiefly bluish slaty; sub-rictal area projected as
broad blackish moustachio outlined against white; Ist
primary equal to 3rd. 320. Peregrine Falcon.
B. Smaller; length not over 15 inches.
1. Upperparts bluish ash or umber brown to blackish. 321. Pigeon Hawk.
2. Upperparts chiefly rufous. 322. American Kestrel.
II. Tarsi and feet lengthened and weaker; chin and sides of head
nearly bare. 323. Audubon’s Caracara.
2090
Family 2. Panpionip®. Ospreys, Fish Hawks.
Fish-eating birds of prey found along sea-coasts and interior waters. Plumage close and firm (water resisting);
feet enormously enlarged and strengthened, the outer toe reversible to facilitate holding slippery prey. Nests,
immense piles of sticks, etc. Eggs 2 or 3, rarely 4; ochraceous-tinged basally and heavily pigmented. One species,
five races, nearly cosmopolitan. The American form is
324. American Osprey.
Family 3. Mitvinz. Kites.
“Tenoble,” but usually very graceful birds of prey, with wings sometimes greatly lengthened; tai! lengthened
or various; bill and feet relatively small and weak; nostrils oval, obliquely set, usually closed in with a superior mem-
brane; cutting edge of maxilla festooned or, rarely, toothed; tarsi more or less feathered. Not a closely homogeneous
group and possibly not separable from the next. Subsists chiefly on insects and minor prey. 35 species, 1 Californian.
325. White-tailed Kite.
Family 4. Bureonip®. Hawks, Harriers, Buzzards, Eagles, etc.
A group of restrained characters, best defined by exclusion of more marked types. Bills various, but never
strongly notched or toothed; nostrils not circular nor with central tubercle; often a well developed shield or bony
plate over eye; tarsus shorter than tibia, often feathered. Wings of moderate proportions, often rounded, capable
of measured and well sustained but not most rapid flight. Quarry seized by pouncing or snatching. Necessarily
semi-solitary, or, occasionally, gregarious during migrations. Nest usually a substantial structure of sticks, etc.
Eggs 1-6, the shells bluish white basally (and so invariably distinguished from Falconine types), plain or variously
marked with reddish browns. A cosmopolitan group, of which 13 species Californian.
I. Length under 15 inches. 327. Sharp-shinned Hawk.
II. Length over 16 under 30 inches.
A. Plumage chiefly black.
. Lesser and middle wing-coverts and lining of wing chestnut. 330. Harris’s Hawk.
2. Plumage entirely black, save tail which is crossed by slaty
zones. 333. Zone-tailed Hawk.
3. Legs feathered to toes; plumage variously black, melanistic
phase of 335. American Rough-leg.
4. Tarsi not feasered; plumage black without trace of pattern,
or faintly barred on tail, melanistic phase of 331. Western Redtail.
B. Plumage not chiefly black.
1. Tail nearly as long as body.
a. Other proportions, especially legs, greatly lengthened;
rump white. 326. Marsh Hawk.
b. Underparts, including wings and tail, finely barred, ashy
and blackish; smaller. 328. Cooper’s Hawk.
c. Underparts finely streaked, also wavy-barred or vermicu-
lated, slaty on white ground; larger. 329. Goshawk.
2. Length of tail evidently less than that of body.
a. Tarsi only partially feathered.
(1). 4 outer primaries emarginate on inner webs.
(a). Tail of adult chestnut-red with subterminal black
bar; chiefly white below; no red on wing-coverts.
Tail of young birds finely banded. 331. Western Redtail.
(b). Tail of adult black crossed by 5 or 6 white bars;
lesser wing-coverts chestnut; extensively reddish
below. 332. Red-bellied Hawk.
(2). Only outer primaries emarginate on inner web; color
pattern highly variable, but usually marked or
banded by chestnut below, especially on breast. 334. Swainson’s Hawk.
b. Tarsi feathered to the toes.
(1). Below white, marked with blackish, especially in ab-
dominal zone; upperparts dark brown to black. 335. American Rough-leg.
(2). Below white, lightly marked or not at all; legs rich
rufous and blackish; upperparts extensively rusty
with brown and white. 336. Ferruginous Rough-leg.
III. Length over 30 inches.
A. Tarsi feathered to toes; adult golden brown. 337. Golden Eagle.
B. Lower half of tarsi bare; adult with white head and tail. 338. Southern Bald Eagle.
2091
Family 5. Catuartipo#. American Vultures, Turkey Vultures, and Condors.
Carrion feeders having head chiefly naked; a lengthened weak-hooked bill; completely perforate nostrils, without
bony septum; feet unsuited to grasping, with bluish claws, the hind toe much shortened and somewhat elevated;
wings enlarged, lengthened, and powerful. Large gull to giant size. Birds of this group spend much time awing,
or when carrion is found gorge to repletion. ‘Their plumage is somber and almost unchanging, and is often charged
with a fetid odor, that of carrion. Eggs, 1 or 2, plain or highly pigmented. The young are covered with a whitish
comm and have a long dependency on the ledge or in the cave which serves for nest. Six species, of which 2 Cali-
ornian.
I. Largest; length up to 4% feet; a large white blotch on under side
of wing in adult. 339. California Condor.
II. Medium sized; length up to 2% feet; unicolored, save for red
head. 340. Turkey Vulture.
Orver 17. ANSERES.
Family Anatip&. Ducks, Geese and Swans.
Characters those of the order.
I. Lores feathered.
A. Bill cylindrical (Mergineg—Mergansers). Sexes unlike.
1. Bill about as long as head; loosely crested.
a. Nostrils near middle of bill; male with breast not distinctively
colored. 341. American Merganser.
b. Nostrils near base of bill; breast (of male) cinnamon-rufous
streaked with black. 342. Red-breasted Merganser.
2. Bill shorter than head; crest (of male) highly developed. 343. Hooded Merganser.
B. Bill more or less flattened at tip; sexes unlike.
1. Hind-toe simple (Anatine—River Ducks).
a. Head crested; bill narrow. 355. Wood Duck.
b. Head not crested.
(1). Bill much broadened at tip, “‘spoon-shaped.”’ 353. Shoveller.
(2). Bill not spoon-shaped.
(a). Tail lengthened, tapering, longest feathers more
than half as long as wing. 354. Pintail (male).
(b). Tail not lengthened, not half as long as wing.
(al). “Speculum” (subterminal portion of seconda-
ries) metallic blue or purplish violet.
(a2). Speculum bordered by white. 344. Mallard.
(b2). Speculum not bordered by white. 345. Black Duck.
(b!). Speculum not metallic blue or purplish violet.
(a2). Speculum white. 346. Gadwall.
(b2). Speculum not white.
(a8). Larger, length above 18 inches; wing length
over 9.00 (mm 228).
(a4). A large white patch on fore part of wing.
(a®), Top of head cinnamon (male) or ochra-
ceous (female). 347. European Widgeon.
(b5). Top of head white, lightly touched with
blackish. 348. Baldpate.
(b4). No white patch on fore part of wing. 353. Pintail (female and young).
(b3). Smaller, length less than 17 inches; wing
under 9.00 (mm 228).
(a4). A large blue patch on fore part of wing.
(a®). Male chiefly chestnut-red below; bill
about 1.80 (mm 45.7) (352). 352. Cinnamon Teal.
(b®). Male without chestnut; a white cres-
cent on side of head; bill of both sex-
es 1.60 (mm 40.6) or less. 351. Blue-winged Teal.
(b4). No blue patch on wing.
(a5). A white bar on side of breast (of male) 350. Green-winged Teal.
(b®). No white bar on breast. 349. European Teal.
2. Hind toe with a broad thin flap (Fuliguline—Sea Ducks).
a. General plumage black, varied, or not, by white.
(1). Plumage entirely black. 367. American Scoter.
(2). Speculum and a spot below and including eye white. 368. White-winged Scoter.
(3). Nape and forehead white. 369. Surf Scoter.
(4). Underparts white; wings highly varied by white; a
rounded white spot on side of head near bill. 361. American Golden-eye (male).
(5). As in foregoing, but spot on side of head open-wing-
shaped. 362. Barrow’s Golden-eye.
(6). Smallest; white still more extended; collar and occiput
from eye to eye white. 363. Bufflehead (male).
b. Color pattern of head and neck (or head, neck and fore-
breast) more or less set off from that of remaining plum-
age.
(1). Distinction less sharply defined; black of head and
neck separated from that of back by obscure chest-
nut collar. 360. Ring-necked Duck.
(2). Head, neck and breast black contrasting with varie-
gated character of remaining plumage.
(a). Larger, length over 17.50 inches. 358. Greater Scaup Duck.
(b). Smaller, length under 17.00. 359. Lesser Scaup Duck.
(3). Head and neck chiefly rufous or brown.
(a). Head and neck bright chestnut; bill forming dis-
tinct angle with forehead. 356. Redhead.
(b). Head and neck rufous and black; slope of bill con-
tinuous with that of forehead. 357. Canvasback.
(c). Head and neck snuff-brown, contrasting with gray-
ish dusky and white of body plumage. 361 and 362. American and Barrow’s
Golden-eyes (females).
(d). Head and neck snuff-brown; fore-neck and breast
dark brown; sides vermiculated grayish brown on
white; region about base of bill (at least chin)
white. 358 and 359. The Scaups (females).
(e). Head and neck mouse-brown; a dull white patch
below and behind eye. 363. Bufflehead (female).
c. Color pattern variously distinctive.
(1). Rich dark brown, ashy gray and white; tail feathers
of male greatly elongated. 364. Old-Squaw.
(2). Plumbeous slate slashed with white; female obscurely
brown and whitish. 365. Harlequin Duck.
(3). Head highly variegated, black, white, blue and green;
bill greatly swollen at base (gibbous). 366. King Eider.
(4). Crown and nape black; cheeks and chin white; remain-
ing plumage chiefly rich chestnut; female obscurely
dusky, but sides of head and neck whitish; quills of
rectrices more or less denuded. 370. Ruddy Duck.
C. Bill heightened at base, not or not conspicuously flattened at
tip; tarsi and feet relatively small. Sexes alike (Anserine—
Geese).
1. Plumage chiefly white or bluish gray; bill not longer than
head, sharply tapering, its lamellae much exposed.
a. Plumage white.
(1). Larger; bill about 2 inches long. 371. Lesser Snow Goose.
(2). Smaller; bill about an inch and a half long. 373. Ross’s Snow Goose.
b. Plumage chiefly bluish gray. 372. Blue Goose.
2. Plumage chiefly gray, the underparts extensively black in
shingled or blotchy scaled pattern. 374. White-fronted Goose.
3. Of dark coloration; head and neck black with touches of
white; bill and feet black.
a. Body plumage lighter; cheeks and upper throat white. 375. Canada Goose.
b. Moreextensively black, and general tone of body plumage
darker. No white on upper throat or cheeks, touches
on sides of neck instead. 376. Brant.
4. Entire body plumage handsomely scaled; head and hind neck
white tinged with rusty yellow; throat blackish. 377. Emperor Goose.
D. Bill intermediate in character; tarsi and legs relatively much
larger. (Dendrocygnine—Tree Ducks).
1. A large white patch on wing; plumage extensively blackish 378. Black-bellied Tree Duck.
2. No white on wing; plumage chiefly yellowish brown. 379. Fulvous Tree Duck.
II. Lores chiefly bare; neck greatly lengthened; plumage (of Ameri-
can species) pure white. (Cygnine—Swans).
A. Smaller; tail-feathers normally 20; usually a vellow spot in
front of eye. 380. Whistling Swan.
B. Larger; tail-feathers normally 24; no yellow spot on lores. 381. Trumpeter Swan. 2003
20905
OrvEeR 18. HERODIONES.
Family 1. Arpvreip®. Herons, Egrets, Bitterns.
Solitary or semi-gregarious wading birds of lengthened proportions, having two or three pairs of powder down
patches; plumage loose; color pattern simple (Egrets) or highly diversified (Bitterns, etc.); head, except lores, com-
pletely feathered. Birds of deliberate, dignified bearing and leisurely flight, or else marsh-skulking (Bitterns).
Nesting solitary or colonial. Eggs unmarked; over 100 species, of which 8 Californian.
I. Tail feathers 12; powder down patches, 3 pairs (Ardeine).
A. Plumage white.
1. Larger, length 35.00 or over. 383. American Egret.
2. Smaller, length about 24.00. 384. Snowy Egret.
B. Plumage not white.
1. Bill slender, longer than head.
a. Largest, length about 48.00. 382. Great Blue Heron.
b. Of medium size, length about 25.00 (accidental?). 385. Louisiana Heron.
c. Smallest, length about 17.00. 386. Anthony’s Green Heron.
2. Bill stout, not longer than head. 387. Black-crowned Night Heron.
Il. Tail feathers 10; powder down patches, 2 pairs (Botaurine).
A. Larger, length about 30.00. 388. American Bittern.
B. Smaller, length about 13.00. 389. Least Bittern.
Family 2. Ciconupa. Storks, Adjutants, Wood Ibises, etc.
Wading or stalking birds of stouter proportions (than true herons), especially of neck and bill. They have only
IO rectrices and no powder down patches. Birds of this family are capable of vigorous, sustained flight, but are voice-
less. Eggs white, sometimes roughened, unmarked. About 20 species, of which one wanders occasionally into Cali-
fornia. 390. Wood Ibis.
Family 3. Isipipz. Ibises.
Medium or large-sized Herodiones, having cylindrical decurved bills and stouter legs; the anterior toes slightly
webbed at the base, the hind toe somewhat elevated. While members of this group have a close superficial resem-
blance, their eggs indicate divergences of great antiquity. About 30 species, one of regular occurrence in California.
391. White-faced Glossy Ibis.
Family 4. Puatareip#. Spoon-bills.
Ibises with specially modified bills, which are long and flat with widened, rounded tips. Six species, of which
one casual in California.
392. Roseate Spoon-bill.
Orver 19. STEGANOPODES.
Family 1. Puatrnontip®. Tropic-birds.
Crow-sized oceanic species having rather stout head and neck, plumage white varied by black above; and central
pair of tail-feathers extraordinarily lengthened. The birds fly with quick regular stroke, range several hundred miles
from land. and secure their prey by plunging from above, tern-fashion. 6 or 7 species known, of which one has ranged
north to California.
393. Red-billed Tropic-bird.
Family 2. Anuincipz. Darters.
Fresh-water or brackish-lagoon diving-birds, with slender bodies, elongated necks, and heads curiously reduced
in size. Degree of bird’s submergence evidently controlled by pneumatic sacs, so that it habitually swims with only
neck and head, a “‘snake’s head,” protruding. Four species, chiefly tropical, of which the American representative
barely reaches southeastern California.
394. Water Turkey.
Family 3. Puatacrocoracip&. Shags, or Cormorants.
Sturdy, fish-eating, swimming and diving birds, having plumage chiefly lustrous black or black-and-white;
lengthened necks; heads reduced in size (but not so much as in Anhinga), and legs inserted well back, insomuch that
they stand erect and rest more or less upon the tarsus. Cormorants haunt off-shore rocks and range chiefly within
a dozen miles of land, or else upon the larger interior waters. A widely distributed group boasting some 40 species,
of which 3 are Californian.
Larger; iris green.
A. Gular area definitely yellow; black of body plumage with
greenish lusters; more brownish in immatures. 395. Farallon Cormorant.
20904
oa -
B. Gular area blue, or only obscurely yellowish on borders;
blacker, more lustrous, with violet or steel-blue reflections. 396. Brandt’s Cormorant.
II. Smaller; iris red. Shining black, or with conspicuous white
flank-patches in breeding season only; bill much smaller. 397. Baird’s Cormorant.
Family 4. PEtEecantp®. Pelicans.
Giant-sized birds having bills and gular pouches extraordinarily developed. Found on coastal and major in-
terior waters, and breeding in colonies. A wide-ranging group of 9 or 10 species, of which 2 Californian.
I. Plumage chiefly white. 398. White Pelican.
II. Plumage chiefly brown. 399. California Brown Pelican.
Family 5. FRrecatip#. Man-o’-war-birds.
An aberrant raptorial, parasitic group of two closely related species, having stout hooked beaks; small feet;
long forked tails; and greatly lengthened, powerful wings. They are unsurpassed in wing power, and range widely
over the open seas. An occasional visitant to California is
400. Pacific Man-o’-war-bird.
ORDER 20. PROCELLARIIFORMES. Petrels, etc.
Family 1. Diomepiupa. Albatrosses.
Size largest, that of a goose; wings long and narrow, with numerous flight-feathers (up to 50). Flying powers
unsurpassed, and sea range least limited. Build open nests in vast colonies on uninhabited islands, chiefly in South
Temperate Zone. Many geographical races, and about a dozen good species, of which 2 Californian.
Larger, averaging 3 feet in length; plumage (of adult) chiefly
white; bill and feet light-colored. 402. Short-tailed Albatross.
II. Smaller, averaging about 32 inches; plumage of adult and young
sooty black; bill dark; feet black. 401. Black-footed Albatross.
Family 2. Procettarup#. Petrels, etc.
Small to large Procellarids, having nostrils united in one double-barrelled tube laid along culmen at base. Family
otherwise of diverse character and appearance, but color pattern “low,” and distinctions within the sub-groups difh-
cult. Tireless watchers of the sea, migrating in immense hordes (Shearwaters), or fluttering over the surface of the
ocean in fashion all but independent (Petrels). About 100 species, of which 14 ‘‘Californian” by reason of capture
in contiguous waters—only 4, all Oceanodrome, “‘resident”’ as breeders.
I. Larger, length 12 inches or more.
A. Mandible not down-turned at tip.
1. Bill stout, not lamellate; appearance gull-like. 403. Fulmar.
2. Bill flattened, lamellate, not gull-like. 404. Pintado Petrel.
B. Mandible down-turned at tip.
1. Nasal tube short, flattened, and terminating obliquely.
a. Two-colored, dark type, white below.
(1). Largest, length about 18.00; slate-colored above. 405. Pink-footed Shearwater.
(2). Middle-sized, length 16.50; paler (dark gray) above;
white on inner webs of primaries. 410. New Zealand Shearwater.
(3). Smallest, length about 12.00. 406. Black-vented Shearwater.
b. Nearly uniform sooty brown or blackish.
(1). Largest, length above 19.50; wing-linings sooty brown;
tarsi and toes flesh-color. 408. Flesh-footed Shearwater.
(2). Not so large, length about 18.30; wing-linings white;
tarsi and toes black and yellow. 407. Dark-bodied Shearwater.
(3). Smallest, length about 15.50; wing-lining restrictedly
white; “‘feet and legs light gray and dusky.” 409. Slender-billed Shearwater.
2. Nasal tube ending abruptly, somewhat as in Fulmar. 411. Black-tailed Shearwater.
II. Smaller, length less than 10 inches.
A. ‘Tarsus little, if any, longer than middle toe and claw.
1. General plumage bluish gray. 412. Fork-tailed Petrel.
2. General plumage blackish.
a. Upper tail-coverts white. 413. Leach’s Petrel.
b. No white anywhere.
(1). Smaller; plumbeous black. 414. Coues’s Petrel.
(2). Larger; more definitely black. 415. Black Petrel.
B. Tarsus much longer than middle toe and claw. 416. Wilson’s Petrel.
OrpDER 21. GAVIA.
Family Gavip#. Loons.
Characters those of the order. 4 species, 3 Californian.
I. Larger, about 3 inches. 417. Common Loon.
Il. Smaller, length about 26 inches.
A. Throat black (summer); not white-spotted above in winter. 418. Pacific Loon.
B. Throat red (summer); back spotted with white in winter. 419. Red-throated Loon.
OrveR 22. PODICIPEDES.
Family Popictpepip&. Grebes.
Characters those of the order. About 25 species, 5 Californian.
I. Larger.
A. Length about 26 inches; neck lengthened. 420. Western Grebe.
B. Length about rg inches; neck stouter. 421. Holboell’s Grebe.
II. Smaller, length about 13 inches.
A. Bill slender, black.
1. Bill stouter, not flattened at base; fore-neck cinnamon-ru-
fous (in summer); upperparts grayish dusky (winter). 422. Horned Grebe.
2. Bill slenderer, slightly flattened at base; neck entirely black
(summer); upperparts grayish black, the breast washed
with dusky. 423. American Eared Grebe.
B. Bill stout, light-colored, crossed midway by dark band. 424. Pied-billed Grebe.
2096
Hypothetical List
The sequence of species is substantially that followed in the body of the work.
Foreword
In submitting a list of species of presumptive or alleged occurrence within the limits of
California, care has been taken to exclude:
1st. Those whose alleged occurrence has been based upon a manifestly imperfect under-
standing of taxonomic relationships now made clear; e. g., the White-cheeked Goose, Branta
canadensis occidentalis (Baird).
2nd. Manifestly erroneous ascriptions which lack a sufficient color of probability to entitle
them to continued notice; e. g., the Woodcock, Philohela minor (Gmelin). ;
3rd. Those whose occurrence has been loosely ascribed to ‘“‘California’’ by early voyageurs
who were at no pains to specify localities or exact circumstances. Ornithological literature has
long borne the burden of such “‘records,’’ made for the most part by collectors or collectors’
friends who touched indiscriminately at many Pacific ports, including those of South America,
or who crossed distant waters; and who yet mentioned ‘California’ as being the place most likely
to secure them ready recognition.
The remaining “‘hypotheticals”’ arrange themselves chiefly in the following classes:
1st. Birds whose presumed occurrence in California is based upon insufficient or uncon-
firmed evidence; e. g., Snow Bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linneus).
2nd. Birds whose occurrence is indisputable, but whose presence is presumed to have been
due to artificial agencies; e. g., Gray's Tanager, Piranga rubriceps Gray.
3rd. Birds whose taxonomic status is still in doubt; e. g., Craveri’s Murrelet, Brachyramphus
craverit (Salvadori).
4th. Birds of unique appearance whose validity as species is not exactly determinable;
e. g., Cooper's Hen-hawk, Buteo cooperi Cassin.
5th. Hybrids.
6th. Introduced species which have either failed to establish themselves, or whose ability
to do so is in doubt.
In the preparation of this list the author has been closely dependent upon the data laboriously
prepared by Dr. Grinnell and published in his ‘‘Distributional List’’ (Hollywood, Oct. 21, 1915).
Only two additional species (Motacilla ocularis and Branta ruficollis) receive consideration here;
but many cases reported adversely by Dr. Grinnell have been dismissed from attention. Whereas
the Grinnell list has 61 titles, we are content with 33, as follows:
1. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. WHITE-NECKED RAVEN.
Authority: Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, vol. ii., 1895, p. 402, records nesting at Fort
Tejon. Normal Range: Southeastern Arizona east to western Texas and south in Mexico to
Michoacan. Opinion.—Records dubious but not impossible, as bird is known to have enjoyed,
formerly, a much wider range.
2. Icterus icterus (Linnzus). TROUPIAL.
Authority: Bowles, Condor, xili., 1911, p. 109, reports taking of male at Santa Barbara,
April 30, 1911. Specimen extant. Normal Range: Colombia and Venezuela. Opinion.—A
rather challenging occurrence, supported apparently by the synchronous appearance of two other
birds of the same species at a point several miles distant. These may all have been escaped cage-
birds, but evidence to the contrary is about as strong as that of such an utterly anomalous case
could be.
3. Fringilla coelebs Linneus. EUROPEAN CHAFFINCH.
Two occurrences: Specimen shot by Joseph Clemens at Monterey, March 4, 1905 (Awet.
J. Grinnell, Condor, viii., 1906, p. 58); and one seen in Berkeley, May 14, 1908 (Auwct. T. S. Palmer,
Condor, x., 1908, p. 238). Range: Europe. Opinion.—Unquestionably escaped cage-birds.
4. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linneus). SNOW BUNTING.
Authority: Belding, Condor, v., 1903, p. 19, claims that a flock visited Marysville, in
Yuba County, in the winter of 1872-73. Normal Range: Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, south
2097
in winter to Northern States, etc. Opinion.—Highly probable, although no specimen preserved,
and not elsewhere reported south of Harney County, Oregon.
5. Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis (Linneus). EASTERN CARDINAL.
Introduced in Sacramento County in 1880 and survived for some years (Belding, Land
Birds of the Pac. Dist., 1890, p. 175), but not now known as having survived. Several other
records, all presumably of escaped cage or aviary specimens.
6. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata (Bonaparte). ARIZONA PYRRHULOXIA.
Authority: Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xii., 1888, p. 158, records specimen from ‘‘Cali-
fornia’; and Coues (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 90) from Ft. Yuma (Arizona, on banks
of the Colorado River). Normal Range: Southern Arizona, southern’ New Mexico and western
Texas, south through western Mexico to Sinoloa. Opinion.—In all probability has occurred in
Colorado River valley and, possibly, in the old mesquite forest of the Coachella trough, but records
not considered as established.
7. Piranga rubriceps Gray. Gray’s TANAGER.
Authority: W.E. Bryant reports (Auk, iv., 1887, p. 78) specimen shot by W. G. Blunt at
Dos Palos (later, Naples), Santa Barbara County, ‘‘about 1871.’’ Normal Range: Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru. Opinion.—Probably an escaped cage-bird.
8. Dendroica gracia? Baird. Gracre’s WARBLER.
Authority: Evermann, Auk, iii., 1886, p. 185, records specimen shot near Santa Paula,
Ventura County, May 3, 1881—lost in San Francisco fire, 1906. Normal Range: Breeds in
mountains of Arizona, New Mexico and southern Colorado, south to Sonora and Chihuahua.
Opinion.—Probably a good record, but may possibly have been off plumage of Townsend Warbler.
9. Toxostoma rufum (Linneus). Brown THRASHER.
Authority: Baird(?) in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Hist. N. A. Birds, iii., 1874, p. 500,
reports a specimen seen but not secured by Dr. J. G. Cooper at Clear Lake in September, 1870.
Normal Range: Eastern North America, exceptionally west to Wyoming and even Arizona.
Opinion.—Occurrence entirely possible, but data regrettably meager.
10. Motacilla ocularis Swinhoe. SWINHOE’s WAGTAIL.
The appearance of a bird believed to be of this species in Santa Barbara (about 1912?) was
reported by the late Bradford Torrey to his friends, but the observer’s modesty prevented a pub-
lished claim. Mr. Torrey had the bird at close range and could hardly have been mistaken.
The species summers in northern Siberia, and there are Alaskan records of stragglers, one even
from Lower California! (Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv., 1882, 414, La Paz, L. C.).
ir. Muscivora tyrannus (Linneus). _ FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER.
Authority: Toppan, Ornithologist and Odlogist, ix., 1884, p. 48, reports having received
from a dealer at Santa Monica a specimen said to have been shot near that place in late summer
1883. The specimen in question was destroyed by fire in 1896. Normal Range: Southern
Mexico to Patagonia, but has wandered north on several occasions and as far as Maine. Opinion.—
Entirely possible, but data ‘‘regrettably meager.”
12. Eugenes fulgens (Swainson). RivoLti’s HUMMER.
Authority: Loomis, Auk, xix., 1902, p. 83, states that a male was taken by J. A. Kusche
in San Gorgonio Pass, Riverside County, July 15, 1899, and that the specimen was placed in the
Academy collections (destroyed by fire in 1906). This record has been questioned by Stephens
(Condor, iv., 1902, p. 42), but the occurrence at the point claimed of a species which breeds in the
mountains of southeastern Arizona (south to Nicaragua) is not at all impossible.
13. ‘‘Archilochus violajugulum”’ (Jeffries). VIOLET-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD.
Described by its discoverer, J. A. Jeffries, who took type and only specimen at Santa Barbara,
April 5, 1883 (Auk, v., 1888, p. 168). The specimen, an adult male, is conceded to be a hybrid
between two local species, Archilochus alexandri and Calypte anna.
14. ‘‘Selasphorus floresii’’ Gould. FLOREsI’s HUMMINGBIRD.
Originally described by Gould in 1861 from a specimen said to have been taken at Bolanos,
Jalisco, Mexico; but since the only other known-specimens, three in number (San Francisco, by
W. E. Bryant, 1885; Haywards, by O. Emerson, Feb. 20, 1901; and Nicasio, Marin Co., by W. P.
Taylor, Feb. 26, 1909), hail from ‘‘the Bay section”’ of California, it is surmised that Floresi, who
also collected in California, may really have collected his ‘‘Balanos’’ specimen in the same locality.
The form is, unquestionably, a hybrid between Selasphorus allenit and Calypte anna,—respectively
our earliest migrant and exclusively resident species.
2098
15. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linneus). RED-HEADED \WOODPECKER.
Authority: Gambel, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2nd ser., 1, 1847, p. 55, reports finding
this bird common in oak timber near the Mission San Gabriel (Los Angeles County). Either
Gambel was nodding when this statement fell from his pen, or else the sudden substitution of
M. erythrocephalus for M. formicivorus deserved more rigid investigation. The Red-headed Wood-
pecker is normally confined to the region east of the Rockies, but it has occurred casually as far
west as Arizona, and its sporadic appearance in California would not be exactly impossible.
16. Ceryle americana septentrionalis Sharpe. TEXAs IXINGFISHER.
Authority: CGoues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 59, claims to have observed this
species, along with the Belted Kingfisher, in the fall of 1865 ‘‘at several points on the Colorado
River between Forts Mojave and Yuma.”’ This is high authority, and the claim is several times
repeated. However, no mention was made of birds seen on the California side of the river. The
species inhabits tropical Mexico, and occurs north to southern Texas, with one appearance in
southeastern Arizona.
17- Otus asio brewsteri Ridgway. BREWSTER’S SCREECH OWL.
A larger, darker form of Screech Owl is presumptively resident in the northwestern humid
coastal strip of California; but the line of demarcation between Ridgway’s new subspecies and
O. a. bendiret has not been agreed upon.
18. Limosa haemastica (Linnzus). Hubpsonran Gopwit.
Authority: Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxiv., 1896, pp. 391, 756), “California,” without
citation of locality. These vague ascriptions deserve little credence, but in this case it is not
impossible that a bird breeding west to western Alaska might pass down the Pacific Coast instead
of carrying wholly east of the Rockies, as habitually.
19. Numenius borealis (Forster). Eskimo CURLEW.
Authority: Heermann, Pac. R. R. Rep., x., 1859, p. 66, “common” ‘‘in the San Francisco
market’’; also two more recent ascriptions. The species, now practically extinct, was never
positively recorded west of the Rocky Mountains, and the local claims are believed to have been
based on small specimens or misidentification of N. hudsonicus.
20. “&gialitis dubia (Scopoli). LitTLE RINGED PLOVER.
A specimen, No: 39523, U.S. Nat. Mus., supposed to have been taken at San Francisco, and
first reported by Ridgway (Amer. Nat.. viii., 1874, p. 109). The evidence is not clear, but this
palzearctic species has been found casually in Alaska, and might not impossibly drift down the coast.
21. Creagrus furcatus (Neboux). FORK-TAILED GULL.
Authority: Anthony, Auk, xii., 1895, p. 291, ‘“‘seen’” “off San Diego.”’ Normal Range:
Galapagos Islands (breeding), south to Peru. Opinion.—Grinnell rightly disallows the Monterey
records of Prevost and Des Murs (Voyage of the Venus, 1855), because of South American compli-
cations; but there are persistent rumors that Creagrus is a great wanderer, and I believe it will
show up in California if it has not already done so.
22. Brachyramphus craverii (Salvadori). CRAVERI’S MURRELET.
Van Rossem’s record (Condor, xvii., 1915, p. 74) of numbers obtained on the ocean ‘‘about
midway’ between San Diego and ‘‘Los Coronados Islands’”’ (L. C.) might pass as a record if the
status of B. craverti as a species were not in doubt. It may prove to be nothing more than a pseu-
domorph of B. hypoleucus.
23. Grus americana (Linneus). \WHOOPING CRANE.
Authority: Audubon, Birds Amer., 1842, p. 195, breeding ‘‘from Upper California north-
ward”’; also, Belding, Zoe, 11, 1891, p. 99, seen in spring and fall in Butte and Sutter Counties.
Grinnell deems the evidence inconclusive, but my experience of these all-but-vanished birds in
the State of Washington inclines me to a tolerant view.
24. Perdix perdix (Linneus). HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE.
Introduced, with the scantiest evidence of success, by the California Fish and Game Com-
mission. The Hungarian Partridge, a native of Europe, seems to afford its pursuers a maximum
of sport, and its successful introduction into California would be a godsend to our harassed native
species; but there is evidently a weak spot in its armor somewhere.
25. Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linneus). BOoB-WHITE.
Persistent attempts have been made to introduce this eastern favorite as a game-bird of
California, but all such are foredoomed to failure—unless, perchance, the price of the peltry of
mee ples ES Series :
our various “vermin” soars to still dizzier heights. 2099
26. Meleagris gallopavo subsp. WiLp TURKEY.
Faintly amusing efforts have been made to introduce a wild strain of this noble bird to
various brands of our uncultivated hospitality; but we predict that the Wild Turkey of romance
will never compete in interest and dependability with the common or Thanksgiving variety, in
California.
27. Buteo cooperi Cassin. CooPEeR’s HEN-HAWK.
This bird of mystery, described by Cassin (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 253) from
a specimen shot by J. G. Cooper near Mountain View, Santa Clara County, in November, 1855,
still remains unique and unresolved. The specimen still exists (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 8525).
It does not seem to be a hybrid; it follows no known laws of polychromatism, or color ‘‘phases’’;—
it may, indeed, have been the very last of some tribe of feathered Mohicans, cousins to the Redtail.
28. Buteo solitarius Cassin. HaAwatiAn Buzzarp.
Originally described by Ridgway (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 149) as Onychotes
grubert, from a specimen labelled ‘‘California.”’ ‘‘Gruber’s Hawk”’ remained unique until Ridgway
himself discovered its identity with the Hawaiian Onychotes (Buteo) solitarius, and so made it appear
probable that his type specimen of gruberi had really come from Hawaii via San Francisco.
29. Branta ruficollis (Pallas). RED-NECKED GOOSE.
Normal Range: Northern Siberia south to the Caspian Sea and Turkestan. The specimen
upon which this hypothetical record is based was bought in the San Francisco market by Lyman
Belding and by him presented to Walter Bryant, then in charge of the California Academy of
Sciences. It had every appearance of having been taken in the wild, and it was ‘‘full’’ of No. 6
shot. The specimen was preserved for years in the Cal. Acad. Sci. collections, but was, of course,
destroyed in 1906. Mr. A. W. Anthony, who authorizes this statement, saw the specimen in
question in 1897, and Walter Bryant detailed to him, in person, the circumstances of the bird’s
capture. Anthony’s impression was that it had been taken in the fall, some two or three years
previous, and that it was either in juvenile or in winter plumage.
30. Phalacrocorax auritus cincinatus (Brandt). WHITE-CRESTED CORMORANT.
The Shags of the North Pacific are known to retire down the coast in winter. Kobbe’s
surmise (Bailey’s Handbook of Birds, 1902, xlix.) that the White-crest is the bird of the San Fran-
cisco Bay region in winter may be correct, but the point has never been settled by measurements.
31. Thalassogeron culminatus (Gould). YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS.
Normal Range: The southern oceans. Claim based on a skull ‘‘found on the outer beach
near Golden Gate’’ at some time prior to 1868, and believed by J. G. Cooper to belong to this
species. The specimen was preserved in the California Academy of Science, but was probably
destroyed in the conflagration of 1906.
2. Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin). GIANT FULMAR.
Normal Range: Waters of the southern hemisphere. Authority: Cooper, Amer. Nat.
iv., 1871, p. 759, claims that this species ‘‘could often be seen’’ in the summer of 1861 about the
whale-fishing in Monterey Bay. No succeeding confirmation. Opinion.—In spite of its very
unusual character, I see no ground for discrediting Cooper’s statement. Standing, however,
as a record of sixty years ago, it may respectfully be referred to the Department of Ornithological
Archaeology.
33. Priocella glacialoides (Smith). SLENDER-BILLED FULMAR.
To the same also must be referred this record of a skeleton found by Dr. J. G. Cooper on the
beach at Santa Catalina Island in June, 1863 (B. B. & R., Water Birds of N. Amer., 11, 1884,
p. 374) and referred by him to this species. In Dr. Cooper's probity we have the most implicit
confidence. Of his ability to reach accurate taxonomic conclusions with the critical apparatus
then available, we cherish the friendliest doubts.
He served his day; he recorded his convictions—and passed. In spite of the printed word,
the commonplaces of his experience are buried in a practical oblivion, and the very high-lights of
it are obscured. Another generation demands reappraisal, restatement—re-proving perhaps.
And it rejoices—for an hour. In like manner, still another generation shall exclaim, ‘‘Why,
it was not thus! It could not have been so! Behold! do we not know what 7s’’—Patiently, little
brothers! It was, and is, and ever shall be—never the same.
2I00
io)
a3
Index
Index
Reference is made to scientific and common names found in article headings only.
An asterisk (*) marks names used in A. O. U. Check-list, 3rd Edition, but since superseded.
A
Abert’s Towhee, 397.
Acadian Owl, 1099.
Acanthis linaria linaria, 178.
Accipiter coopert cooper, 1663.
mexicanus, 1664.
velox, 1657.
Actitis macularia, 1278.
ZEchmophorus occidentalis, 2039.
* £eialitis nivosa, 1314.
* semipalmata, 1310.
* Aeronautes melanoleucus, 960.
saxatalis, 960.
Agelaius pheniceus aciculatus, 117.
californicus, 118.
caurinus, 116.
neutralis, 114.
nevadensts, 116.
sonoriensis, 116.
tricolor, 104.
Aimophila ruficeps ruficeps, 268.
Aix sponsa, 1796.
Ajaja ajaja, 1932.
Alameda Song Sparrow, 349.
Alaska Hermit Thrush, 739.
Longspur, 228.
Myrtle Warbler, 469.
Pileolated Warbler, 513.
Water-Thrush, 503.
Yellow Warbler, 462.
Alaskan Kinglet, 802.
Albatross, Black-footed, 1984.
Short-tailed, 1989.
Alberta Fox Sparrow, 367.
Aleutian Auklet, 1467.
Aleutian Savanna Sparrow, 246.
Alexander Hummer, 954.
Allen’s Hummer, 924.
Alma’s Thrush, 756.
* Aluco pratincola, 1070.
American Anhinga, 1935.
Avocet, II19I.
Barn Swallow, 536.
American Barn Owl, 1070.
Bittern, 1916.
Black Scoter, 1830.
Coot, 1557.
Crossbill, 146.
Crow, 16.
Darter, 1935.
Dipper, 731.
Eared Grebe, 2051.
Egret, 1896.
Golden-eye, 1814.
Golden Plover, 1296.
Goshawk, 1668.
Green-winged Teal, 1767.
Kestrel, 1636.
Lanner Falcon, 1608.
Magpie, 31.
Merganser, 1743.
Merlin, 1634.
Mew Gull, 1418.
Peregrine Falcon, 1624.
Pipit, 831.
Pochard, 1800.
Raven, I.
Redstart, 518.
Robin, 758.
Rough-leg, 1696.
Rough-legged Hawk, 1696.
Scoter, 1830.
Siskin, 181.
Snipe, 1215.
Titlark, 831.
Velvet Scoter, 1831.
Water Ouzel, 731.
Whimbrel, 1285.
Widgeon, 1761.
Wood Stork, 1922.
Ammodramus savannarum bimacu-
latus, 263.
Ammospiza caudacuta nelsoni, 266.
Amphispiza belli, 277.
bilineata deserticola, 273.
nevadensis nevadensis, 281.
canescens, 282.
Anas boschas, 1751.
platyrhynchos, 1751.
rubripes, 1757.
Ancient Murrelet, 1481.
Anhinga, American, 1935.
Anhinga anhinga, 1935.
Anna’s Hummer, 935.
Anser albifrons albifrons, 1853.
gambeli, 1856.
Anthony’s Brown Towhee, 403.
Green Heron, 1907.
Vireo, 576.
*Anthus rubescens, 831.
Spinoletta rubescens, 831.
A phelocoma californica californica, 44.
immanis, 46.
oocleptica, 46.
insularis, 58.
woodhousei, 63.
Aphriza virgata, 1333-
Aquila chrysaetos, 1701.
*Archibuteo ferrugineus, 1698.
*
lagopus sancti-johannis, 1696.
Archilochus alexandri, 954.
Arctic Bluebird, 781.
Jaeger, 1360.
Tern, 1450.
Three-toed Woodpecker, 1006.
Ardea herodias hyperonca, 1888.
treganzat, 1889.
Arenaria interpres interpres, 1337-
morinella, 1338.
melanoce phala, 1342.
Arizona Blue Grosbeak, 413.
Crested Flycatcher, 86r.
Elf Owl, 1133-
Hooded Oriole, 89.
Least Vireo, 586.
Screech Owl, 1104.
Spotted Towhee, 390.
Arkansas Flycatcher, 851.
Arkansas Kingbird, 851.
Ash-throated Flycatcher, 862.
Ashy Kinglet, 801.
2703
Ashy Petrel, 2024.
Asio flammeus, 1087.
otus wilsonianus, 1080.
= wilsonianus, 1080.
Astragalinus lawrencet, 197.
psaltria hesperophilus, 19t.
tristis salicamans, 187.
*Astur atricapillus atricapillus, 1668.
eS striatulus, 1668.
gentilis atricapillus, 1668.
striatulus, 1668.
Asyndesmus lewisi, 1030.
Auburn Canyon Wren, 691.
Audubon’s Caracara, 1643.
Audubon’s Warbler, 472.
Auk, Cassin’s, 1467.
Parrot, 1474.
Auklet, Aleutian, 1467.
Cassin’s, 1467.
Horn-billed, 1518.
Paroquet, 1474.
Pug-nosed, 1474.
Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps, 623.
Avocet, American, II19I.
B
Beolophus inornatus griseus, 602.
inornatus, 601.
murinus, 602.
Baird’s Cormorant, 1956.
Sandpiper, 1235.
Wren, 667.
Balanosphyra formicivorus batirdi,
1023.
Bald Eagle, Southern, 1711.
Baldpate, 1761.
Band-tailed Buzzard, 1687.
Band-tailed Pigeon, 1153.
Bank Swallow, 533.
Barlow’s Chickadee, 620.
Barn Owl, American, 1070.
Barn Swallow, 536.
Barrow’s Golden-eye, 1817.
Bartramia longicauda, 1277.
Bartramian Sandpiper, 1277.
Bartramian, The, 1277.
Batchelder’s Woodpecker, 992.
Bay-winged Bunting, 241.
Beal’s Petrel, 2013.
Beautiful Bunting, 412.
Bee Martin, 849.
Beetle-head, 1290.
Belding’s Marsh Sparrow, 256.
Belding’s Plover, 1328.
Bell’s Sparrow, 277.
Belted Kingfisher, Western, 1049.
Bendire’s Crossbill, 147.
Screech Owl, 1103.
Thrasher, 697.
Bewick’s Wren, 667.
2104
Bicolored Redwing, 118.
Billy Owl, 1120.
Bird Hawk, 1657.
Bird of Washington, 1711.
Bittern, American, 1916.
Least, 1920.
Black-and-White Creeper, 437.
Black-and-White Warbler, 437.
Black-backed Three-toed Wood-
pecker, 1006.
Black-bellied Plover, 1290.
Black-bellied Tree Duck, 1875.
Black-billed Magpie, 31.
Blackbird, California Brewer, 84.
Brewer’s, 83.
Marsh, 114.
Red-and-white-shouldered, 104.
Red-shouldered, 114.
Red-winged, 114.
Rusty, 81.
Skunk, 136.
Tricolored, 104.
Tricolored Red-winged, 104.
Yellow-headed, 124.
Black Brant, 1869.
Black-breasted Woodpecker, 1016.
Black-chinned Hummer, 954.
ack-chinned Sparrow, 309.
lack Coot, 1830.
lack-crowned Night Heron, 1910.
ack Curlew, 1924.
lack Darter, 1935.
ack Duck, 1757, 1831.
ack Eagle, 1711.
ack-footed Albatross, 1984.
k Fork-tailed Petrel, 2027.
ack-head, 1807.
ack-headed Grosbeak, 419.
Rocky Mountain, 419.
k-headed Turnstone, 1342.
ack Mallard, 1757.
ack Merlin, 1633.
ack-necked Stilt, 1204.
Black Oyster-catcher, 1346.
Black Petrel, 2027.
Black Phoebe, 868.
Black Pigeon-Hawk, 1633.
Black Rail, California, 1549.
Farallon, 1549.
Little, 1549.
Pacific, 1549.
ack-shouldered Kite, 1648.
ack-tailed Gnat-catcher, 819.
ack-tailed Shearwater, 2009.
ack Tern, 1460.
ack-throated Blue Warbler, 468.
Gray Warbler, 479.
Green Warbler, 488.
Black Turnstone, 1342.
Baww ecmesmermesmermermermeriesmer Merny)
>
ig) ie)
DWWWwW
ack-headed Grosbeak, Pacific, 420.
Black-vented Shearwater, 1998.
Black Woodpecker, 1030.
Blanding’s Finch, 386.
Blasipus heermanni, 1428.
Bleached Horned Lark, 842.
Blind Rail, 2057.
Blue-bill, 1807, 1810, 1840.
Bluebird, Arctic, 781.
California, 774.
Mexican, 774.
Mountain, 781.
Townsend’s, 774.
Western, 774:
ue Crane, 1888.
lue Darter, 1668.
lue-fronted Jay, 65.
ue Goose, 1849.
lue Grosbeak, 413.
ue Grosbeak, Arizona, 413.
California, 413.
Western, 413.
ue Grouse, 1589.
ue Gull, 1366.
ue Jay, 65.
ue-winged Teal, 1769.
Boatswain, 1360.
Bobolink, 136.
Bog-bull, 1916. .
Bohemian Waxwing, 546.
Bombycilla cedrorum, 550.
garrula, 546.
pallidiceps, 546.
Bonaparte’s Gull, 1422.
Rosy Gull, 1422.
Bonasa umbellus sabini, 1596.
Boreal Flicker, 1037.
Bo’s’n-bird, 1933.
Botaurus lentiginosus, 1916.
*Brachyramphus hypoleuca, 1484.
DWBWBWWwwW
DwWWww
*
Brachyramphus marmoratus, 1484.
Brandt’s Cormorant, 1948.
Branta bernicla bernicla, 1869.
nigricans, 1869.
canadensis canadensis, 1858.
hutchinsi, 1863.
minima, 1867.
nigricans, 1869.
Brant-bird. 1337.
Brant, 1869.
Brant, Black, 1869.
Gray, 1853.
Speckled, 1853.
White, 1845.
Brant Snipe, 1337.
Brewer’s Blackbird, 83.
California, 84.
Brewer’s Sparrow, 312.
Brewster’s Flycatcher, 884.
Brewster’s Poorwill, 1054.
Bridge Pewee, 867.
*
p>? oa
Broad-bill, 1778.
Broad-tailed Hummer, 922.
Brown Cormorant, 1948.
Brown Crane, 1526.
Brown Crane, Little, 1525.
Mexican, 1526.
Brown Creeper, 651.
Brown Towhee, 401.
Brown Towhee, Anthony’s, 403.
California, 401.
Northern, 403.
Brown-headed Woodpecker, 1016.
Brown Pelican, California, 1973.
Brown’s Least Tern, 1453.
Bryant’s Marsh Sparrow, 254.
Bubo virginianus occidentalis, 1113.
pacificus, 1112.
pallescens, 1113.
Saturatus, 1114.
Buffle-head, 1819.
Buffon’s Jaeger, 1360.
Bull-bat, 1059, 1064.
Bullfinch, Pine, 152.
Bull-head, 1290, 1296.
Bull-neck, 1840.
Bullock’s Oriole, 97.
Bunting, Bay-winged, 241.
Beautiful, 412.
Lark, 232.
Lazuli, 409.
Varied, 412.
Western Varied, 412.
Burgomaster, 1363, 1366.
Burion, 212.
Burrowing Owl, 1120.
Bush Pheasant, 1596.
Bush-Tit, 628.
Bush-Tit, California, 629.
Coast, 628.
Interior, 629.
Lead-colored, 636.
Least, 628.
Pacific, 628.
Plumbeous, 636.
Butcher-bird, 589.
Buteo abbreviatus, 1687.
borealis calurus, 1674.
ferrugineus, 1698.
lagopus sancti-johannis, 1696.
lineatus elegans, 1683.
swainsont, 1689.
Butorides virescens anthonyi, 1907.
Butter-ball, 1819.
Buzzard, Band-tailed, 1687.
Ferruginous, 1698.
Rough-legged, 1696.
Turkey, 1736.
Cc
Cabanis’s Woodpecker, 987.
Cackling Goose, 1867.
Cactus Woodpecker, 997.
Cactus Wren, 662.
Calamospiza melanocorys, 232.
Calaveras Warbler, 451.
Calcarius lapponicus alascensis, 228.
ornatus, 230.
Calico-back, 1337.
Calico-bird, 1337.
*Calidris leucophea, 1253.
California Black Rail, 1549.
Bluebird, 774.
Blue Grosbeak, 414.
Brewer Blackbird, 84.
Brown Pelican, 1970.
Brown Towhee, 4o1.
Bush-Tit, 629.
Chickadee, 620.
Clapper Rail, 1530.
Coast Screech Owl, 1103-
Condor, 1717.
Cormorant, 1937.
Creeper, 651, 652.
Crow, 16.
Cuckoo, 1148.
Egg-bird, 1494.
Evening Grosbeak, 139.
Gnome Owl, 1128.
Goldfinch, 187, 191.
Guillemot, 1494.
Gull, 1398.
Horned Lark, 837.
Horned Owl, 1112.
House Finch, 212.
Jay, 44.
Grinnell’s, 46.
Swarth’s, 46.
Least Vireo, 586.
Leucosticte, 156.
Linnet, 212.
Magpie, 38.
Marsh Wren, 657.
Murre, 1494.
Nuthatch, 646.
Partridge, 1575.
Pine Grosbeak, 152.
Poorwill, 1054.
Purple Finch, 208.
Pygmy Owl, 1128.
Quail, 1575.
Sage Sparrow, 282.
Shrike, 592.
Snow-bird, 291.
Squirrel Hawk, 1698.
Thrasher, 698.
Vulture, 1717.
White Egret, 1896.
White Heron, 1896.
California Woodpecker, 1023.
Yellow Warbler, 46r.
Calliope Hummer, 915.
Calypte anna, 935.
coste, 946.
Camp Robber, 70.
Canada Goose, 1858.
Canada Goose, Least, 1867.
Canadian Crane, 1525.
Canadian Nuthatch, 643.
Canutus canutus, 1228.
Canvas-back, 1803.
Canyon Wren, 690.
Canyon Wren, Auburn, 691.
Dotted, 691.
Nevada, 690.
Capella gallinago delicata, 1215.
Cape Fulmar, 1995.
Cape Petrel, 1995.
Cape Pigeon, 1995.
Caracara, Audubon’s, 1643.
Carolina Rail, 1540.
Carolina Waxwing, 550.
Carpodacus cassini, 201.
mexicanus frontalis, 212.
purpureus californicus, 208.
Casmerodias egretta, 1896.
Caspian Tern, 1435.
Cassin’s Auk, 1467.
Auklet, 1467.
Kingbird, 858.
Purple Finch, 2or.
Solitary Vireo, 570.
Vireo, 570.
Catalina Island Quail, 1578.
Catalina Island Wren, 668.
Catbird, 712.
Catharacta chilensis, 1353.
Cathartes aura septentrionalis, 1736.
Cather pes mexicanus conspersus, 690.
punctulatus, 691.
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inorna-
tus, 1271.
Cat Owl, 1112.
Cayenne Tern, 1439.
Cedar-bird, 550.
Cedar Waxwing, 550.
Centrocercus urophasianus, 1602.
Centurus uropygialis uropygialis,
1035-
Cepphus columba, 1475.
Cerchnets sparverius sparverius, 1636.
Cerorhinca monocerata, 1518.
Certhia familiaris zelotes, 651.
occidentalis, 652.
*Ceryle alcyon, 1049.
Chemepelia passerina pallescens,
1168.
Chetura vauxt, 982.
2105
Chamea fasciata fasciata, 822.
henshawi, 823.
phea, 823.
Chaparral Cock, 1137.
*Charadius dominicus dominicus,
1296.
nivosus nivosus, 1314.
semipalmatus, 1310.
Charitonetia albeola, 1819.
Chat, Long-tailed, 510.
Western, 510.
Chaulelasmus streperus, 1758.
Checkered Petrel, 1995.
Checkered Snipe, 1337.
Chen c@rulescens, 1849.
hyperboreus hyperboreus, 1845.
rossi, 1850.
Cherry-bird, 550.
Chestnut-backed Chickadee, 618.
Chestnut-collared Longspur, 230.
Chestnut-sided ‘Chickadee, 618.
Chestnut-sided Warbler, 495.
Chickadee, Bailey’s, 611.
Barlow’s, 620.
California, 620.
Chestnut-backed, 618.
Chestnut-sided, 618.
Inyo Mountain, 612.
Marin, 620.
Mountain, 611.
Mrs. Bailey’s Mountain, 611.
Oregon, 607.
Santa Cruz, 620.
Short-tailed, 611.
Western Black-capped, 607.
Chicken Hawk, 1663, 1674, 1683.
Chilean Skua, 1353.
China Goose, 1850.
Chinese Pheasant, 1567.
Chipping Sparrow, Western, 302.
Chippy, 302.
Chlidonias nigra surinamensis, 1460.
Chlorenas fasciata fasciata, 1153.
Chondestes grammacus strigatus, 234.
Chordeiles acutipennis texensis, 1064.
minor hesperis, 1059.
bs virginianus hesperis, 1059.
Chroicocephalus franklini, 1420.
philadelphia, 1422.
Cinclus mexicanus unicolor, 731.
Cinnamon Teal, 1772.
Circus cyaneus hudsonius, 1652.
ts hudsontus, 1652.
Clam Digger, 1831.
*Clangula hyemalis, 1822.
ba tslandica, 1817.
Clapper Rail, California, 1530.
Yuma, 1536.
Clark’s Crow, 23.
Nutcracker, 23.
2706
Cliff Swallow, 523.
Cloud Swift, 971.
Coast Bush-Tit, 628.
Jay, 66.
Pygmy Owl, 1129.
Wren-Tit, 823.
Coccyzus americanus occidentalis,
1148.
Cock-of-the-Plains, 1602.
Cock-of-the-Woods, 1020.
*Colaptes auratus auratus, 1037.
auratus borealis, 1037.
cafer collaris, 1039.
saluratior, 1040.
chrysoides mearnsi, 1047.
Colorado Turkey, 1922.
*Columba fasciata fasciata, 1153.
Columbian Horned Lark, 840.
Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse,
1599.
Colymbus auritus, 2048.
grisegena holbelli, 2047.
~ holbelli, 2047.
nigricollis californicus, 2051.
Common Gull, 1366.
Loon, 2030.
Redpoll, 178.
Sharp-tailed Grouse, 1599.
Tern, 1448.
Wild Goose, 1858.
Condor, California, 1717.
Cooper’s Hawk, 1663.
Tanager, 429.
Coot; American, 1557.
Black, 1830.
Ivory-billed, 1557.
Sea, 1830, 1831.
White-winged, 1831.
Cormorant, Baird’s, 1956.
Brandt’s, 1948.
Brown, 1948.
California, 1937:
Farallon, 1937.
Resplendent, 1956.
Southern Violet-green, 1956.
Western Double-crested; 1937.
Correcamino, 1137.
Corthylio calendula calendula, 801.
cineraceus, SOI.
grinnelli, 802.
Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis, 16.
corax sinuatus, I.
Costa’s Hummer, 946.
Coturnicops noveboracensis, 1544.
Coues’s Junco, 289.
Petrel, 2024.
Cowbird, Dwarf, 76.
Nevada, 75.
Crane, Brown, 1526.
Canadian, 1525.
Crane, Little Brown, 1525.
Little Sandhill, 1525.
Mexican Brown, 1526.
Northern Brown, 1525.
Southern Sandhill, 1526.
“White,” 1896.
Creciscus jamaicensis coturniculus,
1549.
Creeper, Black-and-white. 437.
Brown, 651.
California, 651, 652.
Sierra, 651.
Tawny, 652. :
Crimson-billed Tern, 1450.
Crissal Thrasher, 710.
Crocethia alba, 1253.
Cross-bill, American, 146.
Bendire’s, 147.
Red, 146.
Sierra, 147.
Crow, American, 16.
Blue, 28.
California, 16.
Clark’s, 23.
Common, 16.
Gray, 23.
Pine, 23.
Western, 16.
Crow-duck, 1557-
Crown Sparrow, 331.
Cry ptoglaux acadica, 1099.
Cuckoo, California, 1148.
Ground, 1137.
Western Yellow-billed, 1148.
Cuckoo Owl, 1120.
Curlew, Black, 1924.
Hen, 1282.
Hudsonian, 1285.
Jack, 1285.
Long-billed, 1282.
Spike-billed, 1258.
Stone, 1271.
Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, 28.
Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea, 66.
frontalis, 65.
*Cypseloides niger borealis, 971.
D
Dabchick, 2057.
*Dafila acuta, 1784.
acuta tzitzthoa, 1784.
Daggett’s Sapsucker, 1012.
Damier, 1995.
Daption capense, 1995-
Dark-bodied Shearwater, 2001.
Darter, American, 1935.
Darter, Black, 1935.
Dawson’s Leuco, 156.
Dawson’s Rosy Finch, 156.
Deer Hunter, 70.
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus,
1589.
slerr@, 1590.
Dendrocygna autumnalis, 1875.
bicolor, 1876.
Dendroica estiva sonorana, 460.
brewstert, 461.
rubiginosa, 462.
audubont audubont, 472.
cerulescens cerulescens, 468.
coronata hoovert, 469.
Dendroica, magnolia, 466.
nigrescens, 479.
occidentalis, 490.
palmarum palmarum, 496.
pensylvanica, 495.
townsend1, 484.
gotrens, 488.
Denny Pheasant, 1567.
Desert Bewick Wren, 667.
Great Blue Heron, 1889.
Horned Lark, 840.
Horned Owl, 1113.
Quail, 1586.
Savanna Sparrow, 248.
Sparrow, 273-
Sparrow Hawk, 1636.
Thrasher, 705.
Towhee, 397.
Wren, 667.
Diomedza albatrus, 1989.
nigripes, 1984.
Dipper, 2057.
Dipper, American, 731.
Dirty Little Flycatcher, 886.
Diver, Great Northern, 2030.
Lawrence’s Black-throated,
2034.
Pacific, 2034.
Red-throated, 2036.
Dixon’s Scoter, 1831.
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 136.
Domestic Sparrow, 223.
Dotted Canyon Wren, 691.
Dove, Carolina, 1159.
Mexican Ground, 1168.
Singing, 1165.
Turtle, 1159.
Western Mourning, 1159.
Western White-winged, 1165.
Wild, 1159.
Dowitcher, Long-billed, 1221.
Western, 1221.
Downy Woodpecker, 992.
Drummer, 1596.
Dryobates nuttalli, 999.
pubescens gairdneri, 993.
homorus, 992.
leucurus, 992.
turati, 993.
*
Dryobates scalaris cactophilus, 997.
villosus harrisi, 989.
hyloscopus. 988.
leucothorectis, 989.
orius, 987.
Duck, Black, 1757, 1831.
Black-bellied Tree, 1875.
Fish, 1831.
Flocking, 1807.
Fulvous Tree, 1876.
Gray, 1758.
Greater Scaup, 1807.
Harlequin, 1825.
Lesser Scaup, 1810.
Long-tailed, 1822.
Mountain, 1825.
Painted, 1825.
Raft, 1807.
Rock, 1825.
Ruddy, 1840.
Sea, 1831.
Spatter, 1840.
Spirit, 1819.
Spoon-bill, 1778.
Squaw, 1831, 1835.
Summer, 1796.
Surf, 1835.
Wood, 1796.
Duck Hawk, 1624.
Dumetella carolinensis, 712.
Dunlin, American, 1243.
Dusky Grouse, 1589.
Horned Lark, 840.
Horned Owl, 1114.
Poorwill, 1054.
Vireo, 576.
Warbler, 447.
Dwarf Cowbird, 76.
Hermit Thrush, 740.
Savanna Sparrow, 249.
Screech Owl, rrog.
Dwight’s Western Gull, 1380.
E
Eagle, Black, 1711.
Golden, 1701.
Gray, I71I.
Southern Bald, 1711.
White-headed Sea, 1711.
Eared Grebe, American, 2051.
Eastern Fox Sparrow, 365.
Kingbird, 849.
Phoebe, 867.
Robin, 758.
Savanna Sparrow, 247.
Egret, American, 1896. i
California White, 1896.
Great White, 1896.
Lesser, Igor.
Little White, rgor.
Egret, Snowy, Igol.
Western, 1896.
White, 1896.
*Egretta candidissima candidissima,
Igol.
thula thula, 1901.
*Elanus leucurus, 1648.
majusculus, 1648.
Elegant Tern, 1441.
Elf Owl, Arizona, 1133.
Emperor Goose, 1872.
Empidonax difficilis difficilis, 878.
griseus, 896.
hammondi, 886.
trailli brewstert, 884.
wright, 889.
Endomychura hypoleuca, 1489.
“English”, Snipe, 1215.
English Sparrow, 223.
Ereunetes maurt, 1246.
Erismatura jamatcensis, 1840.
Euphagus carolinus, 81.
cyanocephalus cyanocephalus, 83.
minusculus, 84.
European Teal, 1766.
European Widgeon, 1761.
Evening Grosbeak, California, 139.
F
Falco columbarius columbarius, 1630.
richardsont, 1634.
suckley1, 1633.
mexicanus.. 1608.
peregrinus anatum, 1624.
Sparverius sparverius, 539-
Falcon, American, 1624.
American Lanner, 1608.
Great-footed, 1624.
Mexican, 1608.
Peregrine, 1624.
Prairie, 1608.
Rusty-crowned, 1636.
Farallon Bird, 1494.
Black Rail, 1549.
Cormorant, 1937-
Rail, 1549.
Ferruginous Rough-leg, 1698.
Ferruginous Rough-legged Buzzard,
1698.
Field Lark, 129.
Field Plover, 1277, 1296.
Finch, Blanding’s, 386.
California House, 212.
California Purple, 208.
Cassin’s Purple, 201.
Crimson-fronted, 212.
Dawson’s Rosy, 156.
Green-tailed, 386.
Lazuli, 409.
Miller’s Grass, 386.
2107
Finch, Pine, 181.
Sierra Nevada Rosy, 156.
Western Grass, 241.
Western Lark, 234.
Fish Duck, 1743, 1831.
Flamingo, 1932.
Flammulated Screech Owl, 1109.
Flesh-footed Shearwater, 2005.
Flicker, 1037.
Flicker, Boreal, 1037.
Mearns’s Gilded, 1047.
Northern, 1037.
Northern Yellow-shafted,
1037.
Northwestern, 1040.
Red-shafted, 1039.
Yellow-shafted, 1037.
Flocking Duck, 1807.
Florida Gallinule, 1554.
Flycatcher, Arizona Crested, 861.
Arkansas, 851.
Ash-throated, 862.
Brewster’s, 884.
Dirty Little, 886.
Gray, 897.
Hammond’s, 886.
Little, 884.
Little Gray, 889.
Little Western, 884.
Olive-sided, gor.
Pewit, 867.
Scissor-tailed, 847.
Townsend’s, 785.
Tyrant, 849.
Vermilion, 911.
Western, 878.
Western Yellow-bellied, 878.
Wright’s, 889.
Fly-up-the-creek, 1907.
Forbush’s Sparrow, 360.
Fork-tailed Gull, 1433.
Petrel, 2010.
Swallow, 536.
Forster’s Tern, 1443.
Fox-colored Sparrow, 365.
Fox Sparrow, 365.
Fox Sparrow, Alberta, 367.
Eastern, 365.
Kadiak, 367.
Mono, 379.
Slate-colored, 375.
Shumagin, 367.
Sooty, 369.
Stephens’s, 384.
Thick-billed, 378.
Townsend’s, 368.
Valdez, 368.
Warner Mountains, 378.
White Mountains, 379.
Yakutat, 368.
2108
Fox Sparrow, Yolla Bolly, 378.
Yosemite, 379.
Franklin’s Gull, 1420.
Fratercula corniculata, 1516.
Frazar’s Oyster-catcher, 1345.
*Fregata aquila, 1982.
minor palmerstont, 1982.
Frigate-bird, 1982.
Frosted Poorwill, 1054.
Fulica americana, 1557.
Fulmar, 1992.
Fulmar, Cape, 1995.
Pacific, 1992.
Rodger’s, 1994.
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, 1992.
rodgersi, 1994.
rodgersi, 1994.
Fulvous Tree Duck, 1876.
G
*
Gadwall, 1758.
Gairdner’s Woodpecker, 993.
*Gallinago delicata, 1215.
Gallinula galeata, 1554.
Gallinule, American, 1554.
Florida, 1554.
Gambel’s Quail, 1586.
Sparrow, 326, 331.
Garrot, 1814.
Garrot, Rocky Mountain, 1817.
Gavia arctica pacifica, 2034.
immer, 2030.
pacifica, 2034.
stellata, 2036.
Geococcyx californianus, 1137.
Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, 504.
scirpicola, 505.
sinuosa, 506.
Gila Woodpecker, 1035.
Gilded Flicker, Mearns’s, 1047.
Glaucidium gnoma californicum,
1128.
grinnelli, 1129.
pinicola, 1130.
*
Glauctonetta clangula americana 1814.
islandica, 1817.
Glaucous Gull, 1363.
Glaucous-winged Gull, 1366.
Glupisch, 1992.
Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed, 819.
Blue-gray, 809.
Plumbeous, 815.
Western, 809.
Gnome Owl, California, 1128.
Godwit, Marbled, 1258.
Golden-crowned Accentor, 501.
Kinglet, Western, 796.
Sparrow, 317.
Thrush, sor.
Golden Eagle, 1701.
Golden-eye, 1814.
Golden-eye, American, 1814.
Barrow’s, 1817.
Golden Plover, American, 1296.
Golden Pileolated Warbler, 514.
Golden Warbler, 514.
Goldfinch, California, 187, 191.
Green-backed, 191.
Lawrence’s, 197.
Willow, 187.
Gooney, 1984.
Goosander, 1743.
Goose, Blue, 1849.
Cackling, 1867.
Canada, 1858.
China, 1850.
Common Wild, 1858.
Emperor, 1872.
Hutchins’s, 1863.
Lesser Snow, 1845.
Ross’s Snow, 1850.
Tule, 1856.
White-fronted, 1853.
Wild, 1858.
Goshawk, 1668.
Goshawk, American, 1668.
Western, 1668.
Grackle, Rusty, 81.
Grasshopper Sparrow, Western, 263.
Gray Brant, 1853, 1867.
Eagle, 1711.
Flycatcher, 896.
Fork-tailed Petrel, 2010.
Jay, 72.
Titmouse, 601.
Vireo, 583.
Gray-headed Junco, 299.
Great Basin Heron, 1889.
Great Basin Horned Lark, 840.
Great Blue Heron, 1888.
Great Blue Heron, California, 1888.
Desert, 1889.
Pallid, 1889.
Western, 1889.
Great Gray Owl, 1096.
Great Northern Diver, 2030.
Great Northern Shrike, 589.
Great White Egret, 1896.
Greater Scaup, 1807.
Scaup Duck, 1807.
Waxwing, 546.
Yellowlegs, 1263.
Grebe, American Eared, 2051.
Holbeell’s, 2047.
Horned, 2048.
Pied-billed, 2057.
Western, 2039.
Green-backed Goldfinch, 191.
Green-backed Rufous Humming-
bird, 924.
*
Green-tailed Finch, 386.
Green-tailed Towhee, 3£6.
Green-head, 1751.
Green Heron, Anthony’s, 1907.
Green-wing, 1767.
Green-winged Teal, 1767.
Grinnell’s California Jay, 46.
Hermit Thrush, 748.
Kinglet, 802.
Water-Thrush, 503.
Woodpecker, 1004.
Grosbeak, Arizona Blue, 413.
Black-headed, 419.
Blue, 413.
California Blue, 414.
California Evening, 139.
California Pine, 152.
Pacific Black-headed, 420.
Rocky Mountain Black-headed,
419.
Rose-breasted, 417.
Western Blue, 413.
Ground Cuckoo, 1137.
Ground Owl, 1120.
Grouse, Blue, 1589.
Columbian Sharp-tailed, 1599.
Common Sharp-tailed, 1599.
Dusky, 1589.
Mountain, 1589.
Oregon Ruffed, 1596.
Pin-tailed, 1599.
Sage, 1602.
Sierra, 1590.
Sooty, 1589.
Guillemot, Pigeon, 1475.
Grus canadensis canadensis, 1525.
mexicanus, 1526.
mexicana, 1526.
Guillemot, Pigeon, 1475.
Gutraca cerulea lazula, 413.
salicarius, 414.
Gull, Blue, 1366.
Bonaparte’s, 1422.
Bonaparte’s Rosy, 1422.
California, 1398.
Common, 1366.
Dwight’s Western, 1380.
Fork-tailed, 1433.
Franklin’s, 1420.
Glaucous, 1363.
Glaucous-winged, 1366.
Harbor, 1366.
Heermann’s, 1428.
Herring, 1394.
Hyperion, 1380.
Iceland, 1365.
Kittiwake, 1361.
Point Barrow, 1363.
Ring-billed, 1413.
Gull, Sabine’s, 1433.
Short-billed, 1418.
Western, 1376.
Western Herring, 1376.
White-headed, 1428.
Gull-chaser, 1360.
Gull-hunter, 1355, 1357.
Gymnogyps californianus, 1717.
H
Hematopus bachmani, 1346.
frazart, 1345.
palliatus frazari, 1345.
Hair-bird, 302.
Hairy Woodpecker, 987.
*
Haligetus leucocephalus leucoce pha-
lus, 1711.
Hammond’s Flycatcher, 886.
Harbor Gull, 1366.
*Harelda hyemalis, 1822.
Harlequin Duck, 1825.
Harris’s Hawk, 1672.
Sparrow, 315.
Woodpecker, 989.
Hawk, Bird, 1657.
Black Pigeon, 1633.
Blue Hen, 1668.
California Squirrel, 1698.
Chicken, 1663, 1674.
Cooper’s, 1663.
Desert Sparrow, 1636.
Duck, 1624.
Fish, 1644.
Goose, 1668.
Harris’s, 1672.
Hen, 1674, 1683.
Marsh, 1652.
Mexican Cooper, 1664.
Pigeon, 1630.
Red-bellied, 1683.
Red-breasted, 1683.
Richardson’s Pigeon, 1634.
Sea, 1353.
Sharp-shinned, 1657.
Sparrow, 1636.
Swainson’s, 1689.
Western Red-shouldered, 1683.
Western Red-tailed, 1674.
Zone-tailed, 1687.
Hedymeles ludovicianus, 417-
melanocephalus capitalis, 420.
melanocephalus, 419.
Heermann’s Gull, 1428.
Heermann’s Song Sparrow, 354
Heleodytes brunneicapillus couest.
Hell-diver, 2057.
, 662.
*Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus,
Helvetian Plover, 1299.
Hen Curlew, 1282.
1268.
Hermit Thrush, Alaska, 739.
Cascade, 748.
Dwarf, 740.
Grinnell’s, 748.
Monterey, 746.
Pacific, 740.
Sierra, 748.
Western, 748.
White Mountains, 748.
Hermit Warbler, 490.
*Herodias egretta, 1896.
Heron, Anthony’s Green, 1907.
Black-crowned Night, 1910.
California Great Blue, 1888.
California White, 1896.
Desert Great Blue, 1889.
Great Basin, 1889.
Kelp, 1888.
Louisiana, 1996
Snowy, 1901.
Treganza, 1889.
Western Great Blue, 1889.
White, 1896.
Herring Gull, 1394.
Hesperiphona vespertina californica,
139.
* Heteractitis incanus, 1274.
Heteroscelus incanus, 1274.
High-hole, 1037.
High-holder, 1037, 1039.
Himantopus mexicanus, 1204.
*Hirundo erythrogastra, 536.
rustica erythrogaster, 536.
Histrionicus histrionicus, 1825.
Holbeell’s Grebe, 2047.
Honker, 1858.
Hooded Merganser, 1749.
Hooter, 1589. :
Hoot Owl, 1090, 1112.
Hoover’s Warbler, 469.
Horn-billed Puffin, 1518.
Horned Grebe, 2048.
Horned Lark, Bleached, 842.
California, 837.
Columbian, 840.
Desert, 840.
Dusky, 840.
Great Basin, 840.
Island, 839.
Merrill’s, 840.
Mohave, 841.
Pacific, 839.
Plains, 840.
Ruddy, 838.
Sierra, 840.
Streaked, 839.
Yuma, 842.
Horned Owl, 1112.
Horned Owl, California,
Desert, 1113.
III2.
2109
Horned Owl, Dusky, 1114.
Pacific, 1112.
Pallid, 1113.
Western, I113.
Horned Puffin, 1516.
Horsefoot Snipe, 1337.
House Finch, California, 1337.
House Sparrow, 223.
House Wren, Pacific, 674.
Western, 674.:
Hudsonian Curlew, 1285.
Hummer, Alexander, 954.
Allen’s, 924.
Anna’s, 935.
Black-chinned, 954.
Broad-tailed, 922.
Calliope, 915.
Costa’s, 946.
Nootka, 930.
Rufous, 930.
Sponge, 954.
Star, 915.
Hummingbird, Calliope, 915.
Green-backed Rufous, 924.
Red-backed, 930.
Rufous, 930.
Hutchins’s Goose, 1863.
Hutton’s Vireo, 576.
Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, 1906.
*[Tydrochelidon nigra surinamensis,
1460.
Hydroprogne caspia, 1435.
Hylocichla guttata guttata, 739.
nanus, 740.
poltonota, 748.
sequotensis, 748.
slevini, 746.
ustulata ustulata, 750.
swainsont, 756.
Hyperion Gull, 1380.
I
Ibis, White-faced Glossy, 1924.
Wood, 1922.
Iceland Gull, 1365.
Icteria virens longicauda, 510.
Icterus bullockt, 97-
cucullatus nelsoni, 89.
parisorum, 93.
Indian Hen, 1916.
Intermediate-crowned Sparrow, 326.
Intermediate Sparrow, 326.
Intermediate Wren-Tit, 822.
Inyo Mountain Chickadee, 612.
Inyo Slender-billed Nuthatch, 642.
Iridoprocne bicolor, 539.
Island Horned Lark, 839.
Island Shrike, 598.
21I0
Ivory-billed Coot, 1557.
Ixobrychus exilis exilis, 1920.
Ixoreus nevius neévins, 768.
meruloides, 769.
ow
cack 12 85e
Jack Snipe, 1215.
Jaeger, Arctic, 1360.
Buffon’s, 1360.
Parasitic, 1357.
Pomarine, 1355-
Pomatorhine, 1355.
Richardson’s, 1357.
Jay, Blue, 65.
Blue-fronted, 65.
California, 44.
Coast, 66.
Coastal Gray, 70.
Gray, 72.
Grinnell’s, 66.
Grinnell’s California, 46.
Island, 58.
Maximilian’s, 28.
Mountain, 65.
Oregon, 70.
Oregon Gray, 70.
Pinyon, 28.
Pine, 28.
Santa Cruz, 58.
Steller’s, 65.
Swarth’s California, 46.
Woodhouse’s, 63.
Jaybird, 65.
Junco, Coues’s, 289.
Eastern, 286.
Gray-headed, 299.
Oregon, 288.
Point Pinos, 298.
Rocky Mountain, 2
Shufeldt’s, 289.
Sierra, 291. |,
Slate-colored, 286.
Thurber’s, 291.
Townsend’s, 288.
Washington, 289.
o
<2)
Junco caniceps, 299.
hyemalis hyemalis, 286.
oreganus, 288.
pinosus, 298.
thurbert, 291.
oreganus couest, 289.
oreganus, 288.
pinosus, 298.
thurbert, 291.
pheonotus caniceps, 299.
=)
K
Kadiak Dwarf Thrush, 739.
Fox Sparrow, 367.
Kaeding’s Leach Petrel, 2013.
Petrel, 2013.
White-rumped Petrel, 2013.
Kelp Heron, 1888.
Kern Redwing, 117.
Kestrel, American, 1636.
Killdeer, 1299.
Killdee Plover, 1299.
Kingbird, 849.
Kingbird, Arkansas, 851.
Cassin’s, 858.
Eastern, 849.
Western, 851.
King Eider, 1828.
Kingfisher, 1049.
Kingfisher, Western Belted, 1o4y.
Kinglet, Alaskan, 802.
Ashy, 801.
Grinnell’s, 802.
Ruby-crowned, 8or.
Sitka, 802.
Sitka Ruby-crowned, 802.
Western Golden-crowned, 796.
Western Ruby-crowned, 8o1.
Kirtland’s Owl, 1099.
Kite, Black-shouldered, 1648.
White-tailed, 1648.
Knot, 1228.
Krieker, 1231.
L
Lantus borealis invictus, 589.
ludovicianus anthonyt, 598.
excubitorides, 591.
gambeli, 592.
Lanivireo solitarius cassini, 570.
plumbeus, 571.
Large-billed Marsh Sparrow, 259.
Lark, Bleached Horned, 842.
Brown, 831.
California Horned, 837.
Columbian Horned, 840.
Desert Horned, 840.
Dusky Horned, 840.
Field, 129.
Great Basin Horned, 840.
Horned, 837.
Island Horned, 839.
Merrill’s Horned, 840.
Mohave Horned, 841.
Old-field, 129.
Pacific Horned, 839.
Plains Horned, 840.
Ruddy Horned, 838.
Sierra Horned, 840.
Streaked Horned, 839.
*
Lark, Yuma Horned, 842.
Lark Bunting, 232.
Finch, 234.
Sparrow, Western, 234.
Larus argentatus argentatus, 1394.
brachyrhynchus, 1418.
caltfornicus, 1398.
canus brachyrhynchus, 1418.
delawarensis, 1413.
franklini, 1420.
glaucescens, 1366.
heermannt, 1428.
hy perboreus, 1363.
leucopterus, 1365.
occidentalis livens, 1380.
occidentalis, 1376.
philadelphia, 1422.
Laughing Goose, 1853.
Lawrence’s Black-throated Diver,
2034.
Lawrence’s Goldfinch, 197.
Lazuli Bunting, 409.
Finch, 409.
Leach’s Petrel, 2013.
Lead-colored Bush-Tit, 636.
Least Bittern, 1920.
Bush-Tit, 628.
Canada Goose, 1867.
Sandpiper, 1238.
Screech Owl, 110g.
Tern, Brown’s, 1453.
Vireo, Arizona, 586.
California, 586.
Leconte’s Thrasher, 705.
Lesser Egret, 1901.
Redpoll, 178.
Scaup Duck, 18to.
Snow Goose, 1845.
Waxwing, 550.
Yellowlegs, 1266.
Leuco, Dawson’s, 156.
Leucosticte, California, 156.
Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsont, 156.
Lewis’s Woodpecker, 1039.
Light-footed Rail, 1533.
Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus,
1221.
Limosa fedoa, 1258.
Lincoln’s Song Sparrow, 359.
Lincoln’s Sparrow, 359.
Linnet, 178.
Linnet, California, 212.
Pine, 181.
Lintie, 178.
Little Blackhead, 1810.
Black Rail, 1549.
Brown Crane, 1525.
Flycatcher, 884.
Gray Flycatcher, 889.
Sandhill Crane, 1525.
Little Western Flycatcher, 884.
White Egret, 1g9o1.
Lobipes lobatus, 1178.
Logcock, 1020.
Long-billed Curlew, 1282.
Long-billed Dowitcher, 1221.
Long-eared Owl, 1080.
Long-tailed Chat, 510.
Duck, 1822.
Jaeger, 1360.
Loon, 2030.
Loon, Common, 2030.
Pacific, 2034.
Red-throated, 2036.
Sprat, 2036.
Western, 2034.
Longspur, Alaska, 228.
Chestnut-collared, 230.
Lophodytes cucullatus, 1749.
Lophortyx californica californica,
1575
catalinensis, 1578.
vallicola, 1576.
gambeli, 1586.
Lord and Lady, 1825.
Louisiana Heron, 1906.
Tanager, 431.
Water-Thrush, 502.
Loxia curvirostra. minor, 146.
bendtrei, 147.
Lucy’s Warbler, 455.
Lunda cirrhata, 1507.
Luteoline Warbler, 443.
Lutescent Warbler, 443.
M
Macgillivray’s Warbler, 497.
*Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus,
1221.
Magnolia Warbler, 466.
Magpie, American, 31.
Black-billed, 31.
California, 38.
Yellow-billed, 38.
Mailliard’s Song Sparrow, 355.
Mallard, 1751.
Mallard, Black, 1757.
Gray, 1751.
Man-o’-war-bird, Pacific, 1982.
Palmerston’s, 1982.
Marbled Godwit, 1258.
Marbled Murrelet, 1484.
Mareca americana, 1761.
penelope, 1761.
Marila affinis, 1810.
americana, 1800.
collaris, 1812.
marila, 1807.
valisineria, 1803.
Marin Chickadee, 620.
Marin Song Sparrow, 348.
Marlin, Brown, 1258.
Common, 1258.
Marlinspike, 1357, 1360, 1933-
Marsh Blackbird, 114.
Marsh Hawk, 1652.
Marsh Sparrow, Belding’s, 256.
Bryant’s, 254.
Large-billed, 259.
San Diego, 256.
Marsh Wren, 657.
Marsh Wren, California, 657.
Interior, 659.
Pacific, 657.
San Joaquin, 659.
Suisun, 659.
Swarth’s, 659.
Western, 657, 658.
Martin, Sand, 533.
Western, 520.
McFarlane’s Screech Owl, trot.
Meadowlark, Western, 129.
Meadow-wink, 136.
Mearns’s Gilded Flicker, 1047.
Meat-bird, 70.
Medlark, 129.
Megaceryle alcyon caurina, 1049.
*Melanerpes formicivorus batrdt, 1023.
Melanitta fusca dixont, 1831.
perspicillata, 1835.
Melopelia asiatica mearnsi, 1165.
Melospiza georgiana, 365.
Melospiza lincolni gracilis, 369.
lincolnt, 359-
Es striata, 360.
Melospiza melodia caurina, 343.
clement@, 353-
cleonensts, 347-
coopert, 351.
fallax, 356.
fisherella, 356.
gould2, 348.
gramined, 353-
heermannt, 354-
maillairdi, 355-
maxillaris, 349-
merrilli, 356.
a morphna, 344.
phea, 347-
pusillula, 349.
rufina, 344.
saltonts, 358-
samuelis, 348.
sante@cructs, 351-
Mendocino Song Sparrow, 347-
Merganser, American, 1743-
Hooded, 1749.
Red-breasted, 1747-
Zlglel
*Mergus americanus, 1743.
merganser americanus, 1743.
serrator, 1747.
Merlin, American, 1634.
Black, 1634.
Richardson’s, 1634.
Suckley’s, 1633.
Merrill’s Horned Lark, 840.
Merrill’s Song Sparrow, 356.
Mew Gull, American, 1418.
Mexican Bluebird, 774.
Brown Crane, 1526.
Cooper Hawk, 1664.
Falcon, 1608.
Ground Dove, 1168.
Raven, I.
Screech Owl, 1104.
Micropallas whitneyi whitney, 1133.
Migrating Thrush, 758.
Mimus polyglottos leucopterus, 714.
Mniotilta varia, 437.
Mockingbird, Mountain, 727.
Western, 714.
Modesto Song Sparrow, 355.
Modoc Song Sparrow, 356.
Modoc Woodpecker, 987.
Mohave Horned Lark, 841.
Mollemawk, 1992.
Molothrus ater artemisia, 75.
obscurus, 76.
Mongolian Pheasant, 1567.
Monkey-faced Owl, 1070.
Mono Fox Sparrow, 379.
Monterey Hermit Thrush, 746.
Mosquito Hawk, 1064.
_ Mountain Bluebird, 781.
Chickadee, 611.
Duck, 1825.
Grouse, 1589.
Hermit, 748.
Jay, 65.
Mockingbird, 727.
Plover, 1329.
Quail, 1570.
Northern, 1570.
Southern, 1571.
Robin, 768.
Swift, 960.
Towhee, 392.
Mourning Dove, Western, 1159.
Mrs. Bailey’s Mountain Chickadee,
611.
Mud-hen, 1530, 1554, 1557.
Mud-hen, Red-billed, 1554.
Mudlark, 129.
Murre, California, 1494.
Murrelet, Ancient, 1481.
Marbled, 1484.
Townsend’s, 1484.
White-bellied, 1489.
DUH
Murrelet, Wrangel’s, 1484.
Xantus’s, 1489.
Muscivora forficata, 847.
Mutton-bird, 2006.
Myadestes townsendt, 785.
Mycteria americana, 1922.
Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens,
862.
magister magister, 861.
Myiochanes richardsoni richardsont,
gos.
Myrtle Warbler, Alaska, 469.
Western, 469.
N
*Nannus hiemalis pacificus, 679.
Nannus troglodytes pacificus, 679.
Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow, 266.
Nelson’s Sparrow, 266.
Neoglottis flavipes, 1266.
melanoleuca, 1263.
Nephecetes niger borealis, 971.
Nettion carolinense, 1767.
crecca, 1766.
Nevada Canyon Wren, 690.
Cowbird, 75.
Redwing, 116.
Sage Sparrow, 281.
Savanna Sparrow, 248.
Spotted Towhee, 392.
New Zealand Shearwater, 2008.
Nicasio Wren, 670.
Nighthawk, Pacific, 1059.
Texas, 1064.
Night Heron, Black-crowned, 1910.
Night Squawk, 1910.
Northern Black Cloud Swift, 971.
Black Swift, 971.
Brown Crane, 1525.
Brown Towhee, 403.
Flicker, 1037.
Phalarope, 1178.
Red-breasted Sapsucker, 1ort.
Varied Thrush, 769.
Violet-green Swallow, 543.
Waxwing, 546.
White-headed Woodpecker,
1003.
Wren-Tit, 823.
Yellow-shafted Flicker, 1037.
Northwest Robin, 760.
Northwestern Flicker, 1o4o.
Redwing, 116.
Shrike, 589.
Nootka Hummer, 930.
Nucifraga columbiana, 23.
Numenius americanus, 1282.
hudsonicus, 1285.
Nutcracker, Clark’s, 23.
*
Nuthatch, California, 646.
Canadian, 643.
Inyo Slender-billed, 642.
Pygmy, 646.
Red-bellied, 643.
Red-breasted, 643.
Slender-billed, 638.
White-breasted, 638.
White-naped, 647.
Nuttallornis borealis, got.
Nuttall’s Poorwill, 1053.
Sparrow, 331.
Woodpecker, 999.
Nyctea nyctea, 1119.
Nycticorax nycticorax n@vius, 1910.
O
Oberholseria chlorura, 386.
Oceanites oceanicus, 2029.
Oceanodroma furcata, 2010.
kaedingi, 2013.
leucorhoa beali, 2013.
haedingi, 2013.
socorroensis, 2021.
homochroa, 2024.
melania, 2027.
socorroensis, 2021.
*Oidemia americana, 1830.
deglandi, 1831.
nigra americana, 1830.
re perspicillata, 1835.
Old Squaw, 1822.
Old-wife, 1822.
Olive-backed Thrush, 756.
Olive-sided Flycatcher, gor.
Olor buccinator, 1886.
columbianus, 1882.
Oporornis tolmiet, 497.
Orange-crowned Warbler, 442.
Oregon Chickadee, 607.
Gray Jay, 70.
Jay, 70.
Junco, 288.
Robin, 768.
Ruffed Grouse, 1596.
Snow-bird, 288:
Song Sparrow, 347-
Towhee, 391.
Vesper Sparrow, 245.
Wren-Tit, 823.
Oreortyx picta confinis, 1571.
picta, 1570.
Oreoscoptes montanus, 727.
*Oreospiza chlorura, 386.
Oriole, Arizona Hooded, 89.
Bullock’s, 97.
Palm, 89._
Scott’s, 93.
Osprey, 1644.
*
*
Otocoris alpestris actia, 837.
ammophila, 841.
insularis, 839.
leucansiptila, 842.
leucolema, 840.
merrilli, 840.
rubea, 838.
sterr@, 840.
Strigata, 839.
Otus asic bendiret, 1103.
gilmani, 1104.
macfarlanet, 11OT.
flammeolus, 1109.
Ouzel, Water, 731.
Oven-bird, sor.
Owl, Acadian. 1099.
American Barn, 1070.
Arizona Elf, 1133.
Arizona Screech, 1104.
Bendire’s Screech, 1103.
Billy, 1120.
Burrowing, 1120.
California Coast Screech, 1103.
California Gnome, 1128.
California Horned, 1112.
California Pygmy, 1128.
Cat, 1112.
Coast Pygmy, 1129.
Cuckoo, 1120.
Desert Horned, 1113.
Dusky Horned, 1114.
Dwarf Screech Owl, 1109.
Flammulated Screech, 1109.
Great Gray, 1096.
Ground, 1120.
Hoot, 1090, 1112.
Horned, 1112.
Kirtland’s, 1099.
Least Screech, 1109.
Long-eared, 1080.
McFarlane’s Screech, 1101.
Mexican Screech, 1104.
Monkey-faced, 1070.
Pacific Horned, 1112.
Pallid, 1113.
Pygmy, 1128.
Rocky Mountain Pygmy,
1130.
Sahuaro Screech, 1104.
Saw-whet, 1099.
Screech, 1101.
Short-eared, 1087.
Snake, 1120.
Snowy, II119.
Spotted, rogo.
Tawny, 1070.
Western Barred, 1090.
Western Horned, 1113.
White, 1070.
Wood, togo.
Owl, Xantus’s, 1090.
Ox-bird, sor.
Ox-eye, 1246, 1290.
Oxyechus vociferus vociferus, 1299.
Oyster-catcher, Black, 1346.
Frazar’s, 1345.
P
Pacific Black-headed Grosbeak,
420.
Black Rail, 1549.
Bush-Tit, 628.
Diver, 2034.
Fulmar, 1992.
Hermit Thrush, 740.
Horned Lark, 839.
Horned Owl, 1112.
House Wren, 674.
Kittiwake, 1361.
Loon, 2034.
Man-o’-war-bird, 1982.
Marsh Wren, 657.
Nighthawk, 1059.
Vesper Sparrow, 245.
White-rumped Petrel, 2013.
Pagolla wilsonia beldingi, 1328.
Painted Duck, 1825.
Painted Quail, 1570.
Paisano, 1137.
Pale-footed Shearwater, 2005.
Pallid Great Blue Heron, 1889.
Horned Owl, 1113.
Wren-Tit, 823.
Palmer’s Thrasher, 694.
Palmerston’s Man-o’-war-bird,
1982.
Palm Oriole, 89.
Palm Warbler, 496.
Paloma cantador, 1165.
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis,
1644.
Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi, 1672.
Paradise Tern, 1450.
Parasitic Jaeger, 1357.
Parkman’s Wren, 674.
Paroquet Auklet, 1474.
Parrot Auk, 1474.
Parrot, Sea, 1507.
Partridge, 1596.
Partridge, California, 1575.
Mountain, 1571.
Plumed, 1571.
“Passenger Pigeon,” 1153.
Passerculus beldingi, 256.
rostratus guttatus, 260.
rostratus, 259.
sandwichensts alaudinus, 247.
brookst, 249.
bryanti, 254.
nevadensis, 248.
Passerculus sandwichensis
sandwichensis, 245.
Savanna, 247.
Passer domesticus, 223.
Passerella iliaca altivagans, 367-
annectens, 368.
brevicauda, 378.
canescens, 379-
fuliginosa, 369.
fulva, 378.
iliaca, 365.
insularis, 367-
maripos@, 379.
megarhyncha, 378.
monoensis, 379-
schistacea, 375-
sinuosa, 368.
stephenst, 384.
townsendi, 368.
unalaschensts, 367-
*Passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni, 2665.
Passerina amena, 409.
versicolor pulchra, 412.
Peabody Bird, 335.
Pectoral Sandpiper, 1231.
Pediecetes phasianellus colum)i-
Peep, 1238, 1246. [anus, 1599-
Peet-weet, 1278.
*Pelcanus californizus, 1970.
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 196t.
occidentalis californicus, 1970.
Pelican, California Brown, 1970.
Rough-billed, 1961.
White, 1961.
Pelidna alpina sakhalina, 1243.
Penthestes atricapillus occidentalis,
607.
gambeli abbreviatus, 611.
baileye, 611.
inyoensis, 612.
rufescens barlowi, 620.
neglecius, 620.
rufescens, 618.
Peregrine Falcon, 1624.
Perisoreus obscurus griseus, 72.
obscurus, 79.
Petrel, Ashy, 2024.
Beal’s, 2013.
Black, 2027.
Black Fork-tailed, 2027.
Cape, 1995.
Checkered, 1995.
Coues’s, 2024.
Fork-tailed, 2010.
Gray Fork-tailed, 2o0r0.
“Kaeding’s,” 2013.
Leach’s, 2013.
Pacific White-rumped, 2013.
Pintado, 1995.
Wilson’s, 2029:
*
Petrochelidon albifrons albifrons, 523.
hypopolia, 523.
lunifrons lunifrons, 523.
Pewee, 867.
Pewee, Bridge, 867.
Richardson’s, 905.
Say’s, 873.
Short-legged, go5.
Western Wood, 905.
Pewit Flycatcher, 867.
Phaeopus hudsonicus, 1285.
Phaethon @thereus, 1933-
Phainopepla, 554.
Phainopepla nitens, 554.
Phalacrocorax auritus albociliatus,
1937-
pelagicus resplendens, 1956.
penicillatus, 1948.
Phalenoptilus nuttalli californicus,
1054.
nitidus, 1054.
nuttalli, 1053.
Phalarope, Gray, 1171.
Northern, 1178.
Red, 1171.
Red-necked, 1178.
Wilson’s, 1184.
Phalaropus fulicarius, 1171.
Phaleris psittacula, 1474.
Phasianus torquatus, 1567.
Pheasant, 1596.
Pheasant, Bush, 1596.
Chinese, 1567.
Denny, 1567.
Mongolian, 1567.
Ring-necked, 1567.
Philacte canagica, 1872.
Phleotomus pileatus pictnus, 1020.
Phoebe, 867.
Phoebe, Black, 868.
Eastern, 867.
Say’s, 873.
Western, 873.
Phoebe-bird, 867.
Pica pica hudsonia, 31.
nuttalli, 38.
Picoides arcticus, 1006.
Pied-billed Grebe, 2057.
Pigeon, Band-tailed, 1153.
“Passenger,” 1153.
Sea, 1422, 1475.
White-collared, 1153.
Wild, 1153.
Pigeon Guillemot, 1475.
Pigeon Hawk, 1630.
Pigeon Hawk, Black, 1633.
Richardson’s, 1634.
Pigeon Woodpecker, 1037, 1039.
Pileated Woodpecker, Western,
1020.
2714
Pine Bullfinch, 152.
Crow, 23.
Finch, 181.
Linnet, 181.
Siskin, 181.
Pine Grosbeak, California, 152.
Pinicola enucleator californica, 152.
Pink-footed Shearwater, 1996.
Pintado Petrel, 1995.
Pintail, 1784, 1840.
Pin-tailed Grouse, 1599.
Pinyon Jay, 28.
Pipilo aberti, 397.
crissalis carole, 403.
crissalis, 401.
senicula, 403.
maculatus clemente, 391.
curtatus, 392.
falcifer, 391.
falcinellus, 392.
megalonyx, 390.
montanus, 392.
oregonus, 391.
Pipit, American, 831.
Louisiana, 831.
Piranga ludoviciana, 431.
rubra cooperi, 429.
rubra, 428.
Pisobia acuminata, 1230.
auriia, 1230.
bairdi, 1235.
maculata, 1231.
minutilla, 1238.
Plain Titmouse, 601.
Plains Horned Lark, 840.
Planesticus migratorius caurinus,
760.
migratorius, 758.
propinquus, 759.
Plegadis guarauna, 1924.
Plover, American Golden, 1296.
Belding’s, 1328.
Black-bellied, 1290.
Field, 1277, 1296.
Helvetian, 1290.
Kildee, 1299.
Mountain, 1329.
Prairie, 1329.
Ring, 1310.
Semipalmated, 1310.
Snowy, 1314.
Upland, 1277.
Western Wilson, 1328.
Wilson’s, 1328.
Plumbeous Bush-Tit, 636.
Gnat-catcher, 815.
Vireo, 571.
Plumed Quail, 1571.
Plumed Partridge, 1571.
Pluvialis dominicus dominicus, 1296.
*
Podasocys montanus, 1329.
Podilymbus podiceps, 2057.
Point Barrow Gull, 1363.
Point Pinos Junco, 298.
Polioptila cerulea obscura, 809.
californica, 819.
plumbea, 815.
*Polyborus cheriway, 1643.
audubont, 1643.
Pomarine Jaeger, 1355.
Pomarine Skua, 1355.
Pomatorhine Jaeger, 1355.
Powcetes gramineus affinis, 245.
confinis, 241.
Poorwill, 1053.
Poorwill, Brewster’s, 1054.
California, 1054.
Dusky, 1054.
Frosted, 1054.
Nuttall’s, 1053.
Portland Tern, 1450.
Porzana carolina, 1540.
Poul d’eau, 1557.
Prairie Chicken, 1599.
Falcon, 1608.
Plover, 1329.
Priofinus cinereus, 2009.
Progne subis hesperia, 520.
Psaltriparus minimus caltfornicus,
629.
minimus, 628.
plumbeus, 636.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus, 1467.
Puffin, Horn-billed, 1518.
Horned, 1516.
Tufted, 1507.
Unicorn, 1518.
Puffinus bulleri, 2009.
carneipes, 2005.
creatopus, 1996.
griseus, 2001.
opisthomelas, 1998.
tenutrostris, 2006.
Pug-nosed Auklet, 1474.
Pygmy Nuthatch, 646.
Pygmy Owl, 1128.
Pygmy Owl, California, 1128.
Coast, 1129.
Rocky Mountain, 1130.
Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus,
gil.
Q
Qua-bird, rgIto.
Quail, California, 1575.
Catalina Island, 1578.
Desert, 1586.
Gambel’s, 1586.
Mountain, 1570.
Northern Mountain, 1570.
Quail, Northern Valley, 1575.
Painted, 1570.
Plumed, 1571.
San Pedro; 1571.
Southern Mountain, 1571.
Southern Valley, 1576.
Top-knot, 1576.
Valley, 1576.
Quail-head, 234.
Quawk, 1910.
Querquedula cyanoptera cyanoptera,
1772-
discors, 1769.
Quill-tail, r84o.
R
Raft Duck, 1807.
Rail, California Black, 1549.
California Clapper, 1530.
Carolina, 1540.
Farallon, 1549.
Farallon Black, 1549.
Light-footed, 1533.
Little Black, 1549.
Pacific Black, 1549.
Sora, 1540.
Yellow, 1544.
Yuma Clapper, 1536:
Virginia, 1537:":
Rain-Crow, 1148, 1907:
Rallus levipes, 1533.
obsoletus, 1530.
virginianus; 1537-
yumanensis, 1536.
Raven, 1.
Recurvirostra americana, 1191.
Red-backed Hummingbird, 930.
Red-backed Sandpiper, 1243.
Red-bellied Hawk, 1683.
Nuthatch, 643.
Snipe, \r221. 1°
Red-billed Tropic-bird, 1933.
Red-breasted Hawk, 1683.
Merganser,°1747.
Nuthatch, 643.
Sapsucker, ro1t.
Sheldrake, 1747.
Mealyyi72)
Woodpecker, 1012.
Red-Crossbill, 146.
Red-eyed Vireo, 563.
Redhead, 1800.
Red-naped Sapsucker, 1008.
Red-necked Phalarope, 1178.
Red Phalarope, 1171.
Redpoll, 178.
Redpoll, Common, 178.
Lesser, 178.
Red-poll Warbler, 496.
Red-shafted Flicker, 1039.
Red-shouldered Hawk, Western,
1683.
Redstart, American, 518.
Red-tail, 1596.
Red-tail, Black, 1674.
Western, 1674.
Red-tailed Hawk, Western, 1674.
Red-throated Loon, 2036.
Red-throated Woodpecker, 1016.
Redwing, Bicolored, 118.
Kern, 117.
Nevada, 116.
Northwestern, 116.
San Diego, 114.
Sonora, 116.
Swamp, I14.
Tricolored, 104.
Red-winged Blackbird, rr4.
Red-winged Woodpecker, 1039.
Reed-bird, 136.
*Regulus calendula calendula, 801.
3 oF grinnelli, 801.
regulus olivaceus, 796.
= satrapa olivaceus, 796.
Resplendent Cormorant, 1956.
“Rhino,” 1518.
Rice-bird, 136.
Richardson’s Jaeger, 1357-
Merlin, 1634.
Pewee, 905.
Pigeon Hawk, 1634.
Ring-biiled Gull, 1413.
Ring-neck, 1310.
Ring-necked Duck, 1812.
Ring-necked Pheasant, 1567.
Ring Plover, 1310.
Riparia riparia, 533.
Rissa tridactyla pollicaris, 1361.
Road-runner, 1137.
Robin, 758.
Robin, American, 758.
Columbian, 768.
Eastern, 758.
Mountain, 768.
Northwest, 760.
Oregon, 768.
Painted, 768.
Varied, 768.
Western, 759.
Winter, 768.
Rock Duck, 1825.
Swift, 960.
Wren, 683.
Rocky Mountain Black-headed
Grosbeak, 419.
Downy Woodpecker; 992.
Garrot, 1817.
Junco, 289.
Pygmy Owl, 1130.
Song Sparrow, 356.
Rocky Mountain Swift, 969.
Rodger’s Fulmar, 1994.
Roseate Spoon-bill; 1932.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 417.
Ross’s Snow Goose, 1850.
Rosy Finch, Dawson’s, 156.
Sierra Nevada, 156.
Rough-billed Pelican, 1961.
Rough-leg, American, 1696.
Ferruginous, 1698.
Rough-legged Buzzard, 1696.
Rough-legged Buzzard, Ferruginous,
1698.
Rough-legged Hawk, American,
1696.
Rough-winged Swallow, 529.
Royal Tern, 1439.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 801.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Sitka, 802.
Western, 801.
Ruddy Diver, 1840.
Ruddy Duck, 1840.
Ruddy Horned Lark, 838.
Ruffed Grouse, 1596.
Ruffed Grouse, Oregon, 1596.
Rufous Hummer, 930.
Rufous-crowned Sparrow, 268.
Russet-backed-Thrush, 759.
Rusty Blackbird, 8r.
Rusty-crowned Falcon, 1636.
Rusty Grackle, 81.
Rusty Song Sparrow, 344.
S
Sabine’s Gull, 1433.
Sacramento Towhee, 392.
Sage Cock, 1602.
Grouse, 1602.
Hen, 1602.
Mocker, 727.
Sparrow, 281.
Sparrow, California, 282.
Nevada, 281.
Thrasher, 727.
Sahuaro Screech Owl, 1104.
Salpinctes obsoletus, 683.
Salt Marsh Song Sparrow, 349-
Salt Marsh Yellow-throat, 506.
Salton Sink Song Sparrow, 358.
Salt-water Marsh-hen, 1530.
Samuel’s Song Sparrow, 348.
San Clemente Song Sparrow, 353.
Towhee, 391.
Wren, 669.
Sanderling, 1253.
San Diego Marsh Sparrow, 256.
Redwing, 114.
Song Sparrow, 351.
Spotted Towhee, 390.
Titmouse, 602.
2015
San Diego Towhee, 390.
Wren, 668.
Sandhi!l Crane, Little, 1525.
Southern, 1526.
Sand Martin, 533.
Sand-peep, 1246.
Sandpiper, Baird’s, 1235.
Bartramian, 1277.
Least, 1238.
Pectoral, 1231.
Red-backed, 1243.
Sharp-tailed, 1230.
Spotted, 1278.
Western, 1246.
Western Semipalmated, 1246.
Western Solitary, 1268.
Sandwich Sparrow, 246.
San Francisco Towhee, 391.
San Joaquin Wren, 669.
San Pedro Quail, 1571.
Santa Barbara Island Song Spar
TOW, 353.
Santa Cruz Chickadee, 62c.
Island Jay, 58.
Island Wren, 66y.
Jav, 58.
Song Sparrow, 351.
Sapsucker, Daggett’s, ror2.
Northern Red-breasted, 1o11.
Red-breasted, 1o1'.
Red-naped, 1008.
Sierra, 1012.
Sierra Red-breasted, 1012.
Williamson’s, 1016.
Savanna Sparrow, Aleutian, 246.
Desert, 248.
Dwarf, 249.
Eastern, 247.
Gray, 247.
Larger, 246.
Nevada, 248.
Pale, 248.
Southern, 256.
Western, 247.
Saw-bill. 1743, 1747.
Saw-whet Owl, rcg9.
Sayornis nigricans, 8€8.
phoebe, 867.
sayus, 873.
Say’s Pewee, 873.
Say’s Phoebe, 873.
Scaup, 1807.
Scaup, Greater, 1£07.
Lesser, 1810.
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, 847.
Scooter, 1831.
Scoter, American, 1830.
American Black, 1830.
American Velvet, 1831.
Dixon’s, 1831.
2716
Scoter, White-winged, 1831.
Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa, 1096.
Scott’s Oriole, 93.
Screech Owl, r1or.
Screech Owl, Arizona, 1104.
Bendire’s, 1103.
California Coast, 1103.
Dwarf, 1109.
Flammulated, rrog.
Least, 1109.
McFarlane’s, rror.
Mexican, 1104.
Sahuaro, 1104.
Sea Coot, 1830, 1831, 1835.
Sea Duck, 1831.
Sea-hawk, 1353.
Sea Parrot, 1507.
Sea Pigeon, 1422, 1475.
Sea Swallow, 1448.
Seiurus aurocapillus, 501.
motacilla, 502.
noveboracensis notabilis, 503.
Selasphorus alleni, 924.
rufus, 930.
platycercus, 922.
Semipalmated Plover, 1310.
Semipalmated Tattler, 1271.
Setophaga ruticilla, 518.
Shag, 1937, 1948, 1956.
Sharp-shinned Hawk, 1657.
Sharp-tailed Grouse, Columbian,
1599.
Common, 1599.
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, 1230.
Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Nelson’s,
266.
Shearwater, Black-tailed, 2009.
Black-vented, 1998.
Dark-bodied, 2001.
Flesh-footed, 2005.
New Zealand, 2008.
Pale-footed, 2005.
Pink-footed, 1996.
Short-tailed, 2006.
Slender-billed, 2006.
Sooty, 2001.
Sheldrake, 1743, 1747.
Sheldrake, Red-breasted, 1747.
Short-tailed Gull, 1418.
Short-eared Owl, 1087.
Short-legged Pewee, 905.
Short-tailed Albatross, 1989.
Short-tailed Shearwater, 2006.
Shoveller, 1778.
Shrike, California, 592.
Great Northern, 589.
Island, 598.
Northwestern, 589.
White-rumped, 591.
Shuffler, 1807.
Shufeldt’s Junco, 289.
Shumagin Fox Sparrow, 367.
Sialia currucoides, 781.
mexicana occidentalis, 774.
Sickle-bill, 1282.
Sierra Creeper, 651.
Crossbill, 147.
Grouse, 1590.
Hermit Thrush, 748.
Horned Lark, 840.
Junco, 291.
Nevada Rosy Finch, 156.
Red-breasted Sapsucker, ror2.
Sapsucker, 1o12.
Woodpecker, 987.
Singing Dove, 1165.
Siskin, American, 181.
Pine, 181.
Sitka Kinglet, 802.
Sitkan Dwarf Thrush, 740.
Sitka Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 802.
Sitta canadensis, 643.
carolinensis aculeata, 638.
ltenuissima, 642.
pygmea leuconucha, 647.
pygmea, 646.
Skua, Chilean, 1353.
Pomarine, 1355.
South American, 1353.
Southern, 1353.
Slate-colored Fox Sparrow,,. 375.
Slate-colored Junco, 286.
Slender-billed Nuthatch, 638.
Slender-billed Nuthatch, Inyo, 642.
Slender-billed Shearwater, 2006.
Snake-bird, 1935.
Snake-killer, 1137.
Snake Owl, 1120.
Snipe, American, 1215.
Brant, 1337.
Checkered, 1337.
“English,” 1215.
Grass, 1231.
Gray, 1228.
Horsefoot, 1337.
Jack, 1215, 1231.
Red-bellied, 1221.
Robin, 1228.
Stone, 1263, 1337.
Western Red-breasted, 1221.
Wilson’s, 1215.
Snow-bird, 286.
Snow-bird, California, 291.
Hybrid, 289.
Oregon, 288.
Western, 288.
Snow Goose, Lesser, 1845.
Ross’s, 1850.
Snowy Egret, 1g9or.
Heron, 1901.
Snowy Owl, 1119.
Plover, 1314.
Socorro Petrel, 2021.
Solitaire, Townsend’s, 785.
Solitary Vireo, 570.
Solitary Vireo, Cassin’s, 570.
Solitary Sandpiper, Western, 1268
Somateria spectabilis, 1828.
Song Sparrow, 337-
Song Sparrow, Alameda, 349.
Heermann’s, 354.
Lincoln’s, 359.
Mailliard’s, 355.
Marin, 348.
Mendocino, 347.
Merrill’s, 356.
Modesto, 355.
Modoc, 356.
Oregon, 347-
Rocky Mountain, 356.
Rusty, 344.
Salt Marsh, 349
Salton Sink, 358.
Samuel’s, 348.
San Clemente, 353.
San Diego, 351.
Santa Barbara Island, 353.
Santa Cruz, 351.
Sooty, 344.
Suisun, 349.
Swamp, 365.
Yakutat, 343-
Sonora Redwing, 116.
Sonora Yellow Warbler, 460.
Sooty Fox Sparrow, 369.
Grouse, 1589.
Shearwater, 2001.
Song Sparrow, 344.
Sora, 1540.
Sora Rail, 1540.
South American Skua, 1353.
Southern Bald Eagle, 1711.
Savanna Sparrow, 256.
Sandhill Crane, 1526.
Skua, 1353.
Violet-green Cormorant, 1956.
White-headed Woodpecker,
1004.
Wren-Tit, 823.
South-southerly, 1822.
Sparrow, Alameda Song, 349.
Alberta Fox, 367.
Aleutian Savanna, 246.
Artemisia, 281.
Belding’s Marsh, 256.
Bell’s, 277.
Black-chinned, 309.
Brewer’s, 312.
Bryant’s Marsh, 254.
California Sage, 282.
Sparrow, Crown, 331.
Desert, 273.
Desert Savanna, 248.
Domestic, 223.
Dwarf Savanna, 24).
Eastern Fox, 365.
Eastern Savanna, 247.
English, 223.
Forbush’s, 360.
Fox, 365.
Fox-colored, 365.
Gambel’s, 326.
Golden-crowned, 317.
Gray Savannah, 247.
Harris’s, 315.
Heermann’s Song, 354.
House, 223.
Intermediate Crowned, 326.
Kadiak Fox, 367.
Large-billed Marsh, 259.
Larger Savanna, 246.
Lincoln’s, 359.
Lincoln’s Song, 359.
Mailliard’s Song, 355.
Marin Song, 348.
Mendocino Song, 347.
Merrill’s Song, 356.
Modesto Song, 355.
Modoc Song, 356.
Mono Fox, 379.
Nevada Sage, 281.
Nevada Savanna, 248.
Nelson’s, 266.
Nelson’s Sharp-tailed, 266.
Nuttall’s, 331.
Oregon Song, 347.
Oregon Vesper, 245.
Pacific Vesper, 245.
Pale Savanna, 248.
Rocky Mountain Song, 356.
Rufous-crowned, 268.
Rusty Song, 344.
Sage, 281.
Salt Marsh Song, 349.
Salton Sink Song, 358.
Samuel’s Song, 348.
San Clemente Song, 353.
San Diego Marsh, 256.
San Diego Song, 351.
Sandwich, 246.
San Lucas, 260.
Santa Barbara Island Song, 353.
Santa Cruz Song, 351.
Shumagin Fox, 367.
Slate-colored Fox, 375.
Sooty Fox, 369.
Sooty Song, 344.
Southern Savanna, 256.
Stephens’s Fox, 384.
Street, 223.
*
Sparrow, Suisun Song, 349.
Swamp, 365.
Swamp Song, 365.
Thick-billed Fox, 373.
Townsend’s Fox, 363.
Valdez Fox, 368.
Warner Mountains Fox, 378.
Western Chipping, 302.
Western Grasshopper, 263.
Western Lark, 234.
Western Savanna, 247.
Western Tree, 309.
Western Vesper, 241.
White-crowned, 319, 331.
White Mountains Fox, 379.
White-throated, 335.
Yakutat Fox, 368.
Yakutat Song, 343.
Yolla Bolly Fox, 378.
Yosemite Fox, 379.
Sparrow Hawk, 1636.
Sparrow Hawk, Desert, 1636.
Spat, 1840.
Spatter Duck, 1840.
Spatterer, 1840.
Spatula cly peata, 1773.
Speckle-belly, 1853.
Speckled Brant, 1853.
Speotyto cunicularia hypoge@a, 1120.
Spike-billed Curlew, 1258.
Spike-tail, 1734.
Spine-tail, 1840.
Sphyrapicus ruber notkensis, 101i.
ruber, 1012.
thyroideus, 1016.
varius nuchalis, 1028.
Spinus pinus, 181.
Spizella arborea ochrasea, 309.
atrogularis, 30).
breweri, 312.
monticola ochracea, 30D.
passerina arlzon@, 302.
Sponge Hummer, 954.
Spoon-bill Duck, 1778.
Spoon-bill, Roseate, 1932.
Spoon-billed Butter-ball, 1840.
Spotted Owl, roo.
Spotted Sandpiper, 1278.
Sprat Loon, 2036.
Sprig, 1784. ©
Sprig-tail, 1784.
Spurred Towhee, 399, 392-
Squatarola squatarola, 1299.
Squaw Duck, 1831, 1835.
Stake-driver, 1916.
Steganopus tricolor, 1184.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 529.
Steller’s Jay, 65.
Stellula calliope, 915.
Stephens’s Fox Sparrow, 384.
2117
Stercorarius longicaudus, 1360.
parasiticus, 1357.
pomarinus, 1355.
*Sterna caspia, 1435.
i elegans, 1441.
forstert, 1443.
hirundo, 1448.
*
maxima, 1439-
paradis@a, 1450.
Sternula antillarum brownt, 1453.
Stilt, Black-necked, 1204.
Stint, American, 1238.
Stone Snipe, 1337-
Streaked Horned Lark, 839.
Street Sparrow, 223.
Strix occidentalis, 1090.
Sturnella neglecta, 129.
Suckley’s Merlin, 1633.
Suisun Song Sparrow, 349.
Summer Duck, 1796.
Red-bird, 428.
Tanager, 428.
Tanager, Western, 429.
Surf-bird, 1333.
Surf Duck, 1835.
Surf Scoter, 1835.
Swainson’s Hawk, 1689.
Swainson’s Thrush, 756.
Swallow, American Barn, 536.
Bank, 533.
Barn, 536.
Cliff, 523.
Have, 523.
Fork-tailed, 536.
Northern Cliff, 523.
Northern Violet-green, 543.
Republican, 523.
Rough-winged, 529.
Sea, 1448.
Tree, 539:
Violet-green, 543.
White-bellied, 539.
Swamp Redwing, 114.
Sparrow, 365.
Turkey, 1924.
Swan, Trumpeter, 1886.
Whistling, 1882.
Swarth’s California Jay, 46.
Swift, Cloud, 971.
Mountain, 960.
Northern Black, 971.
Northern Black Cloud, 971
Rock, 960.
Rocky Mountain, 960.
Vaux’s, 982.
White-throated, 960.
White-throated Rock, 960
Synthliboramphus antiquus, 1481.
2718
T
Tachycineta thalassina lepida, 543.
Tanager, Cooper’s, 429.
Crimson-headed, 431.
Louisiana, 431.
Summer, 428.
Western, 431.
Western Summer, 429.
Tattler, 1266.
Tattler, Common, 1266.
Lesser, 1266.
Long-legged, 1263.
Semipalmated, 1271.
Wandering, 1274.
Yellowshanks, 1266.
Tawny Creeper, 652.
Tawny Owl, 1070.
Teal, American Green-winged, 1767.
Blue-winged, 1769.
Cinnamon, 1772.
European, 1766.
Green-winged, 1767.
Red-breasted, 1772.
Teaser, 1360.
Teeter-tail, 1278.
Tell-tale, 1266.
Telmatodytes palustris @stuarinus,
659.
paludicola, 657.
plesius, 659.
Tennessee Warbler, 440.
Tern, Arctic, 1450.
Black, 1460.
Brown’s Least, 1453.
Caspian, 1435.
Cayenne, 1439.
Common, 1448.
Crimson-billed, 1450.
Elegant, 1441.
Forster’s, 1443.
Paradise, 1450.
Royal, 1439.
Wilson’s, 1448.
Thalasseus elegans, 1441.
maximus, 1439.
Thistle-bird, 187.
Thrasher, Bendire’s, 697.
California, 698.
Crissal, 710.
Desert, 705.
Leconte’s, 705.
Palmer’s, 694.
Sage, 727.
Western Curve-billed, 694.
Yuma, 705.
Thrush, Alaska Hermit, 739.
Alma’s, 756.
Cascade Hermit, 748.
Dwarf Hermit, 740.
Thrush, Golden-crowned, sor.
Grinnell’s Hermit, 748.
Hermit, 739.
Kadiak Dwarf, 739.
Migrating, 758.
Monterey, 746.
Monterey Hermit, 746.
Mountain Hermit, 748.
Northern Varied, 769.
Olive-backed, 756.
Pacific Hermit, 740.
Russet-backed, 750.
Sierra Hermit, 748.
Sitkan Dwarf, 740.
Swainson’s, 756.
Townsend’s Flycatching, 785.
Varied, 768.
Western Hermit, 748.
White Mountains Hermit, 748.
Wood, 750.
Thryomanes bewicki cataline, 668.
charienturus, 668.
drymecus, 669.
eremophilus, 667.
leucophrys, 669.
marinensis, 670.
nesophilus, 669.
spilurus, 669.
Thunder-pump, 1916.
Thurber’s Junco, 291.
Tip-up, 1278.
Titlark, American, 831.
Titmouse, Gray, 602.
Plain, 601.
San Diego, 602.
Tolmie’s Warbler, 497.
Topknot Quail, 1576.
*Totanus flavipes, 1266.
Ae melanoleucus, 1263.
Towhee, Abert’s, 397.
Anthony’s Brown, 403.
Arizona Spotted, 392.
Brown, 401.
California Brown, gor.
Desert, 397.
Green-tailed, 386.
Mountain, 392.
Nevada Spotted, 392.
Northern Brown, 403.
Oregon, 391.
Sacramento, 392.
San Diego, 390.
San Diego Spotted, 390.
San Clemente, 391.
.San Francisco, 391.
Spotted, 390.
Spurred, 390, 392.
Townsend’s Bluebird, 774.
Flycatcher, 785.
Flycatching Thrush, 785.
Townsend’s Fox Sparrow, 368.
Junco, 288.
Murrelet, 1484.
Solitaire, 785.
Warbler, 484.
Toxostoma bendiret, 697.
crissale, 710.
curvirostre palmert, 694.
lecontet lecontet, 705.
redivivum, 698.
Tree-creeping Warbler, 437.
Tree Duck, Black-bellied, 1875.
Fulvous, 1876.
Tree Sparrow, Western, 300.
Tree Swallow, 539.
Treganza Heron, 1889.
Tricolored Blackbird, 104.
Redwing, 104.
Redwinged Blackbird, 104.
*Tringa canutus, 1228.
solitaria cinnamomea, 1268.
Troglodytes aedon parkmant, 674.
Tropic-bird, Catesby’s, 1933.
Red-billed, 1933.
Trumpeter Swan, 1886.
Tufted Puffin, 1507.
Tule Goose, 1856.
Tule Wren, 657.
Tule Yellow-throat, 505.
Turkey Buzzard, 1736.
Turkey, Colorado, 1922.
Colorado Water, 1924.
Swamp, 1924.
Water, 1935.
Turkey Vulture, 1736.
Turnstone, 1337-
Turnstone, Black, 1342.
Black-headed, 1342.
Ruddy, 1338.
Turtle Dove, 1159.
Tyrant Flycatcher, 849.
Tyrannus tyrannus, 849.
verticals, 851.
vociferans, 858.
Tyto perlata pratincola, 1070.
U
Upland Plover, 1277.
Uria troille californica, 1494.
Vv
Valdez Fox Sparrow, 368.
Valley Quail, Northern, 1575.
Southern, 1576.
Varied Bunting, 412.
Varied Bunting, Western, 412.
Varied Thrush, 768.
Varied Thrush, Northern, 769.
Vaux’s Swift, 982.
Verdin, 623.
Vermilion Flycatcher, g11.
Vermivora celata celata, 442.
lutescens, 443.
orestera, 443.
sordida, 447.
lucia, 455.
peregrina, 440.
ruficapilla gutturalis, 451.
virginia, 459.
Vesper Sparrow, Oregon, 245.
Pacific, 245.
Western, 241.
Vigor’s Wren, 669.
Violet-green Swallow, 543.
Violet-green Swallow, Northern,
543.
Vireo, Anthony’s, 576.
Arizona Least, 586.
California Least, 586.
Cassin’s, 570.
Cassin’s Solitary, 570.
Coast, 576.
Dusky, 576.
Gray, 583.
Hutton’s, 576.
Least, 586.
Plumbeous, 571.
Red-eyed, 563.
Solitary, 570.
Western Blue-headed, 570.
Western Warbling, 566.
Yellow-green, 565.
Vireo belli arizona, 586.
pusillus, 586.
huttont hutiont, 576.
vicinior, 583.
Vireosylva flavoviridis, 565.
gilva swainsoni, 566.
olivacea, 563.
Virginia Rail, 1537.
Virginia’s Warbler, 459.
Vulture, California, 1717.
Turkey, 1736.
Ww
Wagtail Warbler, 496.
Wake-up, 1037.
Wandering Tattler, 1274.
Warbler, Alaska Myrtle, 469.
Alaska Pileolated, 513.
Alaska Yellow, 462.
Audubon’s, 472.
Black-and-white, 437.
Black-throated Blue, 468.
Black-throated Gray, 479.
Black-throated Green, 488.
Calaveras, 451.
California Yellow, 46r.
Chestnut-sided, 495.
Warbler, Dusky, 447.
Golden, 514.
Golden Pileolated, 514.
Hermit, 490.
Hoover’s, 469.
Lucy’s, 455.
Luteoline, 443.
Lutescent, 443.
Macgillivray’s, 497.
Magnolia, 466.
Orange-crowned, 442.
Palm, 496.
Red-poll, 496.
Sonora Yellow, 460.
Tennessee, 440.
Tolmie’s, 497.
Townsend’s, 484.
Tree-creeping, 437.
Virginia’s, 459.
Wagtail, 496.
Western, 490.
Western Myrtle, 469.
Wilson’s, 513.
Yellow, 460.
Warbling Vireo, Western, 566.
Warner Mountains Fox Sparrow
378.
Water-hen, 1557.
Water Ouzel, 731.
Water-Thrush, Alaska, 503.
Grinnell’s, 502.
Louisiana, 502.
Water Turkey, 1935.
Water-witch, 2057.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 546.
Carolina, 550.
Cedar, 550.
Greater, 546.
Lesser, 550.
Northern, 546.
Western Barred Owl, rogo.
Belted Kingfisher, 1049.
Black-capped Chickadee, 607.
Bluebird, 774.
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, 8o9.
Blue Grosbeak, 413.
Blue-headed Vireo, 570.
Chat, 510.
Chipping Sparrow, 302.
Crow, 16.
Curve-billed Thrasher, 694.
Double-crested Cormorant,
1937.
Egret, 1896.
Flycatcher, 878.
Gnatcatcher, 809.
Golden-crowned Kinglet, 796.
Grasshopper Sparrow, 263.
Great Blue Heron, 1889.
Grebe, 2039.
2719
Western Gull, 1376.
Hermit Thrush, 748.
Herring Gull, 1376.
Horned Owl, 1113.
House Wren, 674.
Kingbird, 851.
Lark Finch, 234.
Lark Sparrow, 234.
Leach Petrel, 2013.
Loon, 2034.
Marsh Wren, 657, 659.
Martin, 520.
Meadowlark, 129.
Mockingbird, 714.
Mourning Dove, 1159.
Phoebe, 873.
Pileated Woodpecker, 1020.
Raven, I.
Red-breasted Snipe, 1221.
Red-tail, 1674.
Red-tailed Buzzard, 1674.
Red-tailed Hawk, 1674.
Robin, 759.
Sandpiper, 1246.
Savanna Sparrow, 247.
Semipalmated Sandpiper, 1246.
Snow-bird, 288.
Solitary Sandpiper, 1268.
Summer Tanager, 429.
‘Tanager, 431.
Tree Sparrow, 300.
Vesper Sparrow, 241.
Varied Bunting, 412.
Warbler, 490.
Warbling Vireo, 566.
White-winged Dove, 116s.
Willet, 1271.
Wilson’s Plover, 1328.
Winter Wren, 679.
Wood Pewee, 905.
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 878.
Yellow-billed Cuckoo, 1148.
Yellow-throat, 504.
Whale-bird, 1171, 1992, 2001.
Whimbrel, American, 1285.
Whistler, 1814, 1817.
Whistling Swan, 1882.
White-bellied Murrelet, 1489.
White-bellied Swallow, 539.
White Brant, 1845.
White-breasted Nuthatch, 638.
White-breasted Woodpecker, 989.
White Crane, 1896.
White-crowned Sparrow, 319, 331.
White Egret, 1896.
White Egret, California, 1896.
Great, 1896.
Little, rgor.
White-faced Glossy Ibis, 1924.
White-fronted Goose, 1853.
2120
White-headed Gull, 1428.
Sea Eagle, 1711.
Woodpecker, 1003.
White Heron, 1896.
White Mountains Fox Sparrow,
White Mountains Hermit Thrush,
748.
White-naped Nuthatch, 647.
White Owl, 1070.
White Pelican, 1961.
White-rumped Shrike, 591.
White-tailed Kite, 1648.
White-throated Swift, 960.
White-throated Rock Swift, 960.
White-throated Sparrow, 335.
White-winged Coot, 1831.
White-winged Scoter, 1831.
Widgeon, American, 1761.
European, 1761.
Wigeon, 1761.
Wigeon, Green-headed, 176r.
Wild Canary, 187, 191.
Wild Dove, 1159.
Wild Duck, 1751.
“Wild Goose,” 1858.
Wild Pigeon, 1153.
Willet, Western, 1271.
Williamson’s Sapsucker, 1016.
Williamson’s Woodpecker, 1016.
Willow Goldfinch, 187.
Willow Woodpecker, 993.
Wilsonia pusilla chryseola, 514.
pileolata, 513.
Wilson’s Petrel, 2029.
Phalarope, 1184.
Plover, 1328.
Snipe, 1215.
Tern, 1448.
Warbler, 513.
Winter Robin, 768.
Winter Wren, Western, 679.
Wood Duck, 1796.
Ibis, 1922.
Owl, r1ogo.
Woodhouse’s Jay, 63.
Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed,
1006.
Arizona Hairy, 989.
Baird’s, 997.
Batchelder’s, 992.
Black, 1030.
Black-backed Three-toed, 1006.
Black-breasted, 1o16.
Brown-headed, 1016.
Cabanis’s, 988.
Cactus, 997.
California, 1023.
Downy, 992.
Gairdner’s, 993.
Woodpecker, Gila, 1035.
Golden-winged, 1037.
Grinnell’s, 1004.
Hairy, 987.
Harris’s, 989.
Lewis’s, 1030.
Modoc, 987.
Northern White-headed, 1003.
Nuttall’s, 999.
Pigeon, 1037.
Red-breasted, 1012.
Red-throated, 1016.
Red-winged, 1039.
Rocky Mountain Downy, 992.
Sierra, 987.
Southern White-headed, 1004.
Southwestern Hairy, 989.
Western Pileated, 1020.
White-breasted, 989.
White-headed, 1003.
Williamson’s, 1016.
Willow, 993.
Wood Thrush, 750.
Wrangel’s Murrelet, 1484.
Wren, Auburn Canyon, 691.
Baird’s, 667.
Bewick’s, 667.
Cactus, 662.
California Marsh, 657-
Canyon, 690.
Catalina Island, 668.
Desert, 667.
Dotted Canyon, 691.
Interior Marsh, 659-
Marsh, 657.
Nevada Canyon, 690.
Nicasio, 670.
Pacific House, 674-
Pacific Marsh, 657-
Parkman’s, 674.
Rock, 683.
San Clemente, 669.
San Diego, 668.
San Joaquin, 669.
Santa Cruz Island, 669.
Suisun Marsh, 659.
Swarth’s Marsh, 659.
Tule, 657.
Vigors’s, 669.
Western House, 674.
Marsh, 657, 659-
Winter, 679.
Wren-Tit, 822.
Wren-Tit, Coast, 823.
Dusky, 823.
Intermediate, $22.
Northern, 823.
Oregon, 823.
Pallid, 823.
Southern, 823.
Wright’s Flycatcher, 889.
x
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, 124.
Xantus’s Murrelet, 1489.
Xema sabint, 1433.
Xenopticus albolarvatus albolarvatus,
1003.
gravirostris, 1004.
Ys
Yakutat Song Sparrow, 343.
Yellow-billed Magpie, 38.
Yellow-bird, rgr.
Yellow-hammer, 1037.
Yellow-headed Blackbird, 124.
Yellow-legs, Greater, 1263.
Lesser, 1266.
Yellow-shafted Flicker, 1037.
Yellow-throat, Salt Marsh, 506.
Tule, 505.
Western, 504.
Yellow Warbler, 460.
Yellow Warbler, Alaska, 462.
California, 461.
Sonora, 460.
Yosemite Fox Sparrow, 379.
Yuma Thrasher, 705.
Yuma Horned Lark, 842.
Z
*Zamelodia ludoviciana, 417.
“2 melanocephala, 419.
Zenaidura macroura marginella,
1159.
Zone-tailed Hawk, 1687.
Zonotrichia albicollis, 335.
coronata, 317.
zambeli gambeli, 326.
nuttalli, 331.
leucophrys, 319-
s leucophrys leucophrys, 319.
gambeli, 326.
nuttalli, 331.
querula, 315-
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