eS a ae hed mated anes ns ym wk eRe we peavenerten ie eee aed ciecdskaseeresaceeeetenthett ¥ an) Vi eee 4 Seer wy! d be hth L) | ay ae as rs hae ey HTS G08 DA Ct BIRDS OF CELEBES THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS. BY) A. B. MEYER anv L. W. WIGLESWORTH. VOLUME II. WITH 28 COLOURED PLATES. BERLIN: R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN. 1898. 598.2(91.2). THE BIRDS OF CELEBES AND THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS, BY A. B. MEYER anv L. W. WIGLESWORTH. WITH 45 PLATES (42 COLOURED) AND 7 COLOURED MAPS. : BERLIN: . R. FRIEDLANDER -& SOHN: 1898. 598.2(91.2). ate THE BIRDS OF CELEBES THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS, BY A. B, MEYER ann L. W. WIGLESW ORTH. VOLUME II. WITH 28 COLOURED PLATES. BERLIN: R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN. 1898. ORDER PASSERES (continued). FAMILY LANIIDAE. A clear line of demarkation between the Shrikes and the Flycatchers has not yet been discovered. ‘The true Shrikes are easily recognised by their strong semi-raptorial bill, armed with a hooked tip and a tooth. The young of these wear a barred plumage. On the other hand it is hard to distinguish Pachy- cephala from a Flycatcher, such as Siphia, though the bill of the former is stronger, the culmen being a trifle higher at the base, and the young do not wear a squamose plumage. Dr. Gadow (1883) divides this ill-defined family into five subfamilies, of which two, the Laniinae and Pachycephalinae, occur in Celebes. The best mark of distinction between these two groups seems to be afforded by the nostril: in the Laniunae it is “round and completely ossified”; in the Pachycephalinae it is “in a coriaceous groove, with an imperfect oper- culum”; in the former pure no tints of either red, blue, nor yellow occur; in the latter neither red nor blue, but pure yellow is frequent on the under surface. Of late years a number of species of the family have been added to the Celebes Province. The Pachycephalae, of which there are in the Celebes area six species, have most likely been distributed by flight. The genus is found in the Indian and Australian regions as far as Central Polynesia, and Papuasia possesses one-half of the species, whilst only one, if indeed it is a Pachycephala, is found as far as Burmah and Bengal. At the same time the Great Sunda Islands and Philippines furnish. a large proportion of the less specialized forms (see H. sulfuriventer). The two Lani of Celebes are migratory species from E. Asia. The Collurincla of Great Sangi belongs to an Australasian genus which appears to have spread its range by flight. GENUS PACHYCEPHALA Vig. Horsf. Bill stronger than in the Muscicapidae, but less strong than in Lanius, measured across the anterior end of the nostril about as high as it is broad; nostril oval, formed posteriorly of a coriaceous membrane, a few frontal hairs or plumes reaching over it; a few long rictal bristles; tail square, shorter than the wing; 3"—6" quills longest; tarsus and toes moderately large, tarsus scutel- lated, as long or longer than the middle toe and claw. ‘The sexes in many forms dissimilar. Young generally more or less like adult female. The genus is pre-eminently Australian, but a few species are known from the Oriental Region. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 4th, 1897). 50 394 Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. + * 142. PACHYCEPHALA SULFURIVENTER (Tweedd.). Northern Grey-breasted Thick-head. Plate XVIII. a. Hyloterpe sulfuriventra (1) Wald., Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, (4) TX, 399; (2) id., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VILL, 117; (3) Meyer, J.£.0. 1873, 405; (4) W. Blas., J. £. O. 1883, 137. b. Hyloterpe sulphuriventris (1) Wald. Tr. Z. 8. 1875, IX, 179; IJ Gould’s B. Asia H, in text to pl. 12. c. Pachycephala sulfureiventris (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 69. Pachycephala sulfuriventer (1) Gadow, Cat. B. VIII, 1883, 221; (2) Biittik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1893, 168 (sefureiventer); (3) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 10; (4) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 5. d. Hyloterpe sulphuriventer (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1887, 451; (2) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. ALS. “Kios”, 1889, 122. Minahassa, Nat. Coll. Adult. Head above and neck greyish oliye-brown; the upper surface olive washed with Female. Young. yellowish, yellower on the upper tail-coverts, tail dusky washed with yellow-olive, ex- posed parts of wing-coverts and outer edges of quills paler, the tips of the greater wing-coverts palest, almost forming a bar; lores, orbital region, and ear- coverts paler brown than the head aboye; chin, throat and jugulum greyish white becoming olivaceous grey on sides of chest and upper breast; remaining under- parts sulphur-yellow, very intense on the under tail-coyerts; under wing-coverts and inner edges of quills below where they rest upon the body buffy white; rest of quills below dusky drab; tail below dusky drab, washed with yellow (§, Crater-forest of Mt. Klabat, 5700 feet ca., 26. Sept. 1893: Sarasin Coll.). “Tris dark brown, bill black, feet slate-colour” (Sarasins). Not known to differ from the male. Less grey on the head? Younger birds seem to have less of a grey tinge on the head. Remarks. The above-described male agrees with seven other specimens in the Sarasin Coll. and Dresden Museum from the hill-country of the Minahassa, but the olive tint of the head is duskier and greyer. These differences are probably due to age in part, but very likely in part also to locality. A specimen in the Sarasin Collection from the Lake of Matanna, discovered by the travellers in South-east Central Celebes, does not seem to differ from birds from the North Peninsula. Wing 84 mm. Measurements. Wing} Tail Tarsus pena a. (Sarasin Coll.) ot, Mt. Klabat, 26. TX. 93... . . | 84 | 63 | 20 9 b. (0. 10813\sad?, "Tondano, Aug.—Sept.. “§ 2 -., 9) je 7Sunedin a=" ime e. (C 10815) ad., Tondano, Aug.—NSept. rites ok et Bish | PA) _ d. (O10814) rad) tondano; -Aus—=Sept: | 2). lS aloo me 8.5 é. (Sarasin Coll) jetad:) Tomohon, (8) 3X. 945 2) S25 | Selene 9 f. (Sarasin-Coll.) o'— Tomohon, 2.1V. 95. . . . | 83.) Gi == = g. (Sarasin Goll.) @ — Domohon, 7. 1V. 94. . . . | 84 | 620720 8.5 h. (Sarasin Coll.) Gt — Rurukan, 4. K.94 .-. . . | 85 | =e) = Distribution. North Celebes (Meyer a1, a 3), near Tondano (Nat. Coll.), Mt. Klabat (Sarasins), Tomohon and Rurukan (iid.), Lake Matanna (iid.). Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. 395 Judging from its rarity in collections we conclude that this species is an inhabitant of the mountains. The exact localities of the specimens obtained by Meyer and those in the Darmstadt and Leyden Museums have not been recorded, but the Drs. Sarasin obtained it in the crater itself of Mount Klabat, and in the neighbourhood of ‘fomohon c. 2500—3000 ft., and our native collec- tors sent it only from the neighbourhood of Lake Tondano, which lies at an altitude of over 2000 feet. Its stomach was found by the Drs. Sarasin to contain insects. P. sulfuriventer belongs to the group of Pachycephalae which have been separated as a distinct genus, Hyloterpe Cab. (=Muscitrea Blyth, of the same date, 1847), a group in which the sexes are alike in coloration. Over a dozen species of this group are now known, ranging from Bengal throughout the East Indies as far as New Guinea, viz: P. grisola (Blyth), (Muscitrea ap. Oates), Burmah and the Andamans to Borneo, Java and Lombok; P. brunneicauda (Salvad.), Sumatra; P. whiteheadi Sh. (P. plateni W. Blas.), Palawan; P. philippinensis 'Tw., Philippines: P. homeyert W, Blas., Sooloo; P. hypoxantha Sh., Borneo; P. sulfuriventer Wald., N. Celebes; P. meridionalis Biittik., 5. Celebes; P. teijsmanni Bittik., S. Celebes and Saleyer; P. orpheus Jard., Timor, Saleyer, Samao; P. phaenonota (S. Miill.), Moluccas: P. griseiceps Gray, Papuasia; P. jobiensis Meyer, Jobi; P. miosnomensis Salvad., Miosnom; to which some others would have to be added in a complete list of the group. Not only are the sexes in the Hyloterpe-group, so far as is known, alike, but, as Lord Tweeddale has pointed out (b 7), “they possess this further pecu- liarity, that they wear, in adult plumage, a sombre garb recalling the adolescent and the female plumage of the true black-and-yellow Pachycephalae”, a proof, it would seem, that the latter have departed from, while Hyloterpe retains, an ancestral type of dress. (See Loriculus, pp. 160—169.) Not counting the next species, P. meridionalis Biittik. of S. Celebes, which may ultimately be found to intergrade with the present form from the north of the island, P. sudfuriventer is most nearly allied to P. philippinensis Tweed d. of the Philippines — Luzon (Meyer), Dinagat, (Brit. Mus.), Basilan and Siquijor and Samar (Steere), Mindanao (Platen). Above, this species “differs by its plumage being olive-green, and not brown, and underneath by the yellow ex- tending higher, and being much brighter. The bill is likewise more powerful” 50" 396 Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. (T'weedd. b 71). P. hypoxantha (Sharpe) of Mt. Kini Balu, Borneo, is also a near relative of the North Celebesian Thickhead, but has the entire under surface yellow (Sharpe d/1). + * 143. PACHYCEPHALA MERIDIONALIS Biitt. Southern Grey-breasted 'Thick-head. Pachycephala meridionalis (1) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. XV, 1893, 168; (2) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 155; (3) id., ib. 1897, 158. Adult. Differs from P. salfuriventer of North and Central Celebes by having the yellow on the abdomen much paler (straw-yellow as against canary-yellow) and less extended, not passing on to the lower breast; under tail-coverts canary-yellow; the olive-grey of the breast more extended; size slightly larger. (co, Loka, 8S. Cel., 7. X. 95: Sarasin Coll.) “ris deep chestnut-brown; feet dark purplish, claws black; beak black (Doherty 3). Remark. Mr. Biittikofer speaks of the upper surface as being “reddish brown, with hardly any tinge of the olive which characterizes the northern form” (1), but this difference is not to be seen in the above specimen. Two others, also from Loka, display a duller brown tint above and a whiter tint on. the abdomen, but this effect seems to be due to their having been placed before skinning in spirit — at least a similar effect is produced by spirit on some other birds, for instance, Zosterops. Female. A female (imm. ?) is slightly clearer, brighter olivaceous above, most noticeable on the head; superciliary region and ear-coverts washed with rufous, breast pale brown, not olive-grey (QO, Loka, 21. X. 95: P.& F. S.). Measurements (4 specimens). Wing $1—86 mm; tail 62—65, tarsus c. 20; bill from nostril 9.5—10. Distribution. South Celebes: Bonthain Mountains (Everett 2, P.& F. Sarasin, Doherty 3), “Macassar District” (Teijsmann 1). Like the northern form this seems to be an inhabitant of the mountains, and it is as yet definitely known only from the Peak of Bonthain and the highlands around it, where, as the Drs. Sarasins write, it “is one of the most plentiful birds; sings like a Blackcap”. The two type-specimens of this discovery of Teijsmann’s are in the Leyden Museum. It is, as Mr. Biittikofer says, a southern representative of P. sulfuriventer. When the intermediate area has been zoologically explored it is likely that connecting links between the two forms will be supplied, which will render it advisable to take a broader view of the species and to treat the northern and southern forms as subspecies of it. + * 144, PACHYCEPHALA TEIJSMANNI Biitt. Saleyer ‘Thick-head. Plate XVII. Pachycephala teijsmanni (1) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1893, XV, 167; (2) id., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1893, I, 286; (3) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 169. —— ee Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. 397 Adult. “Similar to P. orpheus Jard. from Timor, with the exception of the ashy grey head and the much stronger bill”. “Kntire crown, including forehead, nape, lores, sides of head and ear-coverts, uniform ashy-grey without any tinge of olive; mantle, back, rump, upper tail-coverts and tail above and below olive-green, the rump, upper tail- coverts and outer edge of tail-feathers strongly tinged with yellow; wings blackish, the primaries edged on the basal half with yellowish green, on the terminal half with pearly grey, the secondaries and upper wing-coverts more broadly edged with yellowish green, edge of wing yellow; chin and throat white; breast, flanks and abdomen pale fawn, the latter with a yellowish hue; under tail-coverts bright yellow; thighs yellowish green; under wing-coverts and inner edge of quills under- neath pale fawn. Bill black, feet brown” (Biittikofer 1), Measurements. “Wing 71—73 mm, tail 60, culmen 17, tarsus 20” (id.). Female. “Resembles the male, but the white of the throat does not extend so far down towards the breast; the top of the head is not dark slaty grey, but paler grey, the lores tinged with ochraceous, the ear-coverts pale fawn-colour with paler shafts. Wing 73 mm” (Hartert 3). Remarks. “In the fully adult male in fresh plumage the ear-coyerts are darker than the crown, being almost black” (Hartert 3). “A very young male, just out of the nest, resembles the old female, but the breast and abdomen are white streaked with dark brown, the mantle washed with brown” (Hartert 3). : Distribution. Saleyer Island (Weber 2, Ever. 3); ? Macassar District, Celebes (Teijsmann J). Three specimens obtained by 'Teijsmann were indicated as having come from the District of Macassar, but it seems more probable that they were killed in Saleyer, an island which was visited by Teijsmann. Here a fourth specimen was subsequently obtained by Prof. Weber, and a series by Mr. Everett. Mr. Biittikofer calls attention to the occurrence of the closely allied P. orpheus Jard. of the Timor-group in the same island, an occurrence so unex- pected that it may awaken some doubt whether the two specimens determined as P. orpheus may not possibly be immature examples of P. teijsmanni. +145. PACHYCEPHALA ORPHEUS Jard. Timorese Thick-head. Pachycephala orpheus (J) Jard., Contr. Orn. 1849, 129, pl. 30 (Q); (2) Wall, P. ZS. 1863, 486; (3) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 175; (4) Gray, HL. 1869, I, 389, Nr. 5912; (5) Gadow, Cat. B. VII, 1883, 213; (6) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1891, XII, 212; (7) id, Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 286; (8) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 166, 181, 182. a. Hyloterpe orpheus (1) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 329; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1875, EX, 179; (3) Heine & Rehnw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 39. Figure and description. Jardine J, Gadow 5. Adult. General colour above greenish brown, passing into dull yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts and quills umber-brown, externally edged with pale olive-brown; tail umber, strongly washed with yellow, somewhat darker than the upper tail-coverts; head dull ashy grey; lores, forehead and superciliary stripe 398 Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. whitish grey; ear-coverts reddish brown; chin and throat white; breast pale fawn- buff, paler on the abdomen and flanks; under tail-coverts bright yellow; thighs pale brownish, terminal half yellow; under wing-coverts and axillaries whitish, tinged with pale fawn-colour; under surface of quills dusky brown, edged with whitish on the inner webs; bill dark umber-brown, feet grey or lead-colour. Culmen 15 mm; wing 72; tail 61; tarsus 20 (Gadow 45). Distribution. Timor (Wall. 5, ten Kate 6); Samao (Mus. Leyd. 7); Saleyer (Weber 7). This species is included among the birds of the Celebes Province on the ground that two specimens were obtained by Weber in the island of Saleyer and sent to the Leyden Museum. Mr. Biittikofer remarks that the bill is stouter than in the typical P. orpheus, but at the same time thinner than in P. teijsmanni which has been found in the same island and which appears to be the nearest ally of the species. P. teijsmanni is described as having the whole head with forehead, lores and ear-coverts uniform ashy grey, while the head of P. orpheus is said to be olive-grey and, as Gadow adds, the lores, forehead and superciliary stripe whitish grey, the ear-coverts reddish brown. It may still be desirable to test the case to make sure that the Saleyer specimens are not the young of P. teijsmanni. “ 146. PACHYCEPHALA GRISEONOTA G.R. Gray. Ashy Thick-head. Pachycephala griseonota (1) Gray, P.Z.S. 1861, 429, 435; (2) Salvad., Orn. Pap. H, 1881, 229; (3) Gadow, Cat. B. VIII, 1883, 217; (4) Heine & Rehnw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 89; (5) Salvad., Orn. Pap., Agg. 1890, 106. a. Pachycephala rufescens (1) Wall., P. ZS. 1862, 335, 341; (2) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1878, XII, 331. b. Pachycephala lineolata (1) Wall. a1; (2) Salvad. a 2, p. 332. For further synonymy and references see Salvadori 2. Descriptions. Wallace a1; Salvadori 2; Gadow 2. Male. Above dusky cinereous, head purer cinereous; below rufescent; throat whitish; quills and rectrices dusky, margined with cinereous (Salvadori 2). Bill and feet black; iris dark (Wallace 5 1). Female. Above cinereous, tinged with olive-green; beneath pale ochreous yellow, the feathers of the throat and breast with a median dusky stripe; lores light ash; chin nearly white; quills dusky, bordered with olivaceous; bill and feet blackish; iris dark (Wallace a 1). Distribution. Sula Islands (Allen a J, 6 1, 3); Buru (Wallace a1, 61, 3, Rosenberg 3); ? Ceram (Brit. Mus. 3). P. rufescens of Sula and Buru and P. lineolata of the same two localities were originally described by Wallace as distinct species, but Salvadori seems now to have satisfactorily proved that the differences in colorationare of a sexual character. Its nearest affinities seem to be with P. cinerascens Salyad. of 'Ternate, Tidore and Morty, in which similar differences between the males and females are pointed out (Orn. Pap. II, 228). Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. 399 There is some uncertainty about the locality whence the type of P. griseo- nota, an immature male, came, for the label, as Count Salvadori points out, is marked “Ceram?” and, above this, “Mysol?”. ‘The locality Mysol is accepted without] query by Gadow and by Heine & Reichenow for a specimen in the Heine Museum. For the present both islands should be regarded as doubtful, but we believe, with Salvadori, that Ceram will prove to be the correct habitat of the species. + 147. PACHYCEPHALA CLIO Wall. Sula Black-cowled Thick-head. Pachycephala clio (1) Wall., P. Z. 8. 1862, 335, 341; (2) id., P. Z. S. 1863, 30; (3) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 175; (4) Gray, HU. I, 1869, 388, Nr. 5881; (5) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1876, VII, 377; (6) id., ib. 1878, XII, 330; (7) Sharpe, Zool. Voy. Alert 1884, 16; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap., Agg. 1890, 102; (9) M. & We., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 16. a. Pachycephala macrorhyncha pt. (J) Salvad., Orn. Pap. I, 1881, 218 (Buru and ? Sula). b. Pachycephala melanura pt. (1) Gadow, Cat. B. VIII, 1883, 185. “Kokijok”, Peling and Banggai, Nat. Coll. “Kokijak” (QO) Banggai, Nat. Coll. Adult male. Head and face black, passing round the jugulum as a narrow collar; chin, throat and submalar region white; upper parts yellow-olive; tail and remiges black, the secondaries broadly bordered with the colour of the upper parts, the primaries with greyer olive; extreme tip of tail brown; under parts, a collar passing round the hind neck, and metacarpal edge gamboge-yellow; inner under wing-coverts whiter; remiges below dusky, whitish where they rest upon the body: bill black; legs and feet dark ([Q] ad. Peling Id. V.—VUI. 95: Nat. Coll. — C 14555). ‘Female. Above, including the tail, and the remiges externally olive-brown, remiges in- ternally dusky; head above dark grey-olive, lores whiter, ear-coverts more as the back; chin and throat impure white; a faint brownish band across the breast; under parts rufescent-yellowish, clearing mesially into purer yellow; legs and feet brown, claws paler; bill blackish ([Q] Banggai Id. V.—VIII. 95: Nat. Coll. — © 14683). Measurements. Wing (males) 90)—93 mm, (females) ca. 85; tail ca. 71; tarsus ca. 21; bill ~ from nostril ca. 11. Distribution. Sula Islands — (Allen 7), Sula Besi (Bernstein 6 1); Peling and Banggai (Nat. Coll.); Buru (Wallace 1, 2, Bruijn 5, a 1). Mr. Wallace (2) remarks that his Buru specimens “have a more yellow tinge on the back, and the black pectoral band is generally broader than in those from Sula”. In 1881 (a 7) Count Salvadori united the Buru bird with P. macrorhyncha Strickl. of Ceram and Amboina. In his valuable key (7) to the four closely allied forms of the group composed of P. melanura, clio, macro- rhyncha and obiensis Dr. Sharpe has unfortunately neglected to define the geo- graphical limits of the species; and, as Count Salvadori at the time of writing 400 Birds of Celebes: lLaniidae. had only a young male from Buru before him, Mr. Wallace’s (2) geographical limitation should be accepted: namely P. clio, Sula and Buru (though it must still be ascertained whether they do not really differ); P. macrorhyncha, Amboina and Ceram. P. obiensis is from the Obi-group, and P. melanura from Australia, New Guinea and New Britain. Adults of the last species may be distinguished by their olive-yellow upper tail-coverts, black in the other three; while P. clio itself may be distinguished by having the black pectoral collar joined to the ear-coverts (7). P. everetti Hart. of Djampea differs in the male by its black wings, broader black jugular collar, with the yellow below it much darker and less pure; the female has much more grey in its plumage. A specimen of P. clio in the British [Museum from the Gould collection is labelled “Celebes”. Dr. Sharpe (7) considers this to be erroneous. +x 148. PACHYCEPHALA EVERETTI Hart. Djampea Black-cowled Thick-head. Plate XVII. Pachycephala everetti (1) Hartert, Noy. Zool. 1896, 170. Adult male. Differs from the adult male of S. clio by having the wing-coverts and remiges black, a narrow edging of grey on the primaries only; the jugular collar broader, broadest mesially, the yellow below this darker, with a tinge of ochraceous in it; a band of yellow across the rump; the middles of the feathers of the upper parts black, seen to some extent (31, Djampea Id., Dec. 1895: Everett — C 14866). In some specimens, believed by Hartert to be very old individuals, the black in the feathers of the upper surface is absent (1). “Tris crimson-lake; bill jet-black; legs plumbeous or plumbeous- blue-grey; claws darker grey or brown” (Ey.). Female. Differs from the female of P. clio in haying the head paler grey olive; the back and mantle olivaceous, washed with grey; the feathers of the rump terminally light yellowish, forming a band, below salmon-colour, washed with brown on the breast, whitish on throat, deep yellow on under tail-coverts (Q, Djampea, Dec. 1895: Ky. — C 14867). Measurements. Wing 80 mm; tail 64—66; culmen 19 (bill from nostril 12); tarsus 23 (Hartert). Distribution. Djampea Island between Flores and Celebes (Everett 1). This species was found by Mr. Everett on Djampea, where it is common. It seems to stand extremely near P. fulvotincta Wall. of Flores, the chief differ- ence pointed out by Hartert being that the latter bird has not so much orange on the breast. Compared with P. clio, it might be described as a melanotic form. ‘The difference between the two species is about as great as that seen in the Orioles, O. formosus of Sangi, and the melanotic O. melanisticus of Talaut; moreover the black of the head, the greenish yellow-olive of the upper parts, and the rich yellow of the under parts are curiously of the same tint in these two very different genera. Ee Birds of Celebes: Laniidae, 401 + * 149. PACHYCEPHALA BONTHAINA M.& We. Southern Fringilline Thick-head. Plate XIX. Pachycephala bonthaina (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1896, Nr. 2, p. 10; (2) Hart., Noy. Zool. 1896, 149, 155; (3) id., ib. 1897, 158. Descriptions. M. & Wg. 7; Hartert 2. Adult male. Head greenish yellow-olive, brighter on the ear-coverts and superciliary region; lores duskier; neck, mantle, upper back, wings, tail, and body below brownish slate-grey, darker above, paler below, washed with olive on the wings and_ breast, more strongly on the chin and throat; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, sides, and flanks yellow-olive like the head, brighter on the flanks, washed with brownish ochraceous on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and re-" miges where they rest upon the body pale cinnamon: “iris scarlet; bill black; feet blackish” — Doherty 2 (of, type, Wawo Karaeng Mt., S. Cel., above 2000 m., 29. X. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Female. Like the male, but the chin and throat olive-slaty, streaked with pale buff; some buff edgings to the feathers of the forehead: “iris cherry-red” (Q, co-type, Lompo- batang Mt., c. 2400 m, 6. LX. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Immature male. The whole upper side washed with olive, the whole under side striped with pale brownish buff, the head and neck olive-brown (Hartert 2). Measurements. Wing $2—86 mm; tail 65—68; tarsus 22—23; bill from nostril 8. Distribution. Bonthain Mountains, 8. Celebes (P. & F. Sarasin 1, Everett 2, Doherty 3), This bird is as yet known only from great elevations, 6000 ft. and upwards on the Peak of Bonthain and the adjacent heights. Apart from the next species, P. bonensis of the mountains of the Gorontalo Province, N. Celebes — with which it may ultimately prove to be identical, though more probably not so — it seems to have no near allies; its coloration is peculiar and its bill small, ‘though Pachycephaline in structure. Its general appearance is Finch-like. 4+* 150. PACHYCEPHALA BONENSIS M.& Weg. Northern Fringilline Thick-head. Plate XVIII. Pachycephala bonensis (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1894, Nr. 4, p. 2; (2) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 11; (3) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 155. Young. Above greenish yellow-olive, including the wing-coverts and outer edges of the secondaries, those of the primaries greyer, passing into browner olive on mantle, neck and head; tail olive-brown; chin and throat cinnamon, with grey-brown middles to the feathers; breast grey-brown, washed with cinnamon on abdomen, passing into yellow-olive on sides, flanks and crissum, with an ochraceous tinge on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts cinnamon, a little paler on remiges where they lie upon the body, the latter elsewhere dusky: legs brown, claws paler; “iris brown” (Q ?, type, Bone Mts. c. 1000 m, 15. Jan. 1894: Sarasin Coll.). Measurements. Wing 81 mm; tail 63; tarsus 22; bill from nostril 7, culmen 14. Distribution, Bone Mountains, North Celebes (P. & F. Sarasin). Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Nov. 5th, 1897), 51 402 Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. The only specimen as yet known of this species was obtained by the Sarasins during their journey from Gorontalo up the valley of the Bone into the mountains where that river finds its source; it is unfortunately most likely a female and seems to be young, so that it is not possible to state with abso- lute certainly that the birds inhabiting the southern mountains, P. bonthaina, are distinct from it. It is improbable, however, that the wings would change colour much in adult birds, and they are dark greenish yellow-olive in P. bonensis, and dark slate-grey with a wash of olive in P. bonthaina. Other differences are: the chin and throat streaked with slaty brown, with broad cinnamon edges to the feathers in P. bonensis, with light buff edges in P. bonthaina; the mantle washed with the yellow-olive of the lower back in P. bonensis, but dark brownish slaty in P. bonthaina. But, as Mr. Hartert has shown, the young P. bonthaina has the whole upper surface washed with olive, and the head and neck olive-brown. GENUS COLLURICINCLA Vig. Horsf. Culmen about as long as the cranium, bill across the nostril narrower than high, nostril roundish, not ossified posteriorly — partially concealed by feathers and bristles; tail square; tarsus rather large, scutellated; second primary longer than the secondaries. Occurring in Australia; New Guinea: Sangi. ~*~ * 151. COLLURICINCLA SANGIRENSIS (Oust.). Sangi Shrike-thrush. a. Pinarolestes sanghirensis (1) Oust., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7) V, 1881, 71; (2) Rehw. & Schalow, J. f.O. 1884, 400; (3) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 584. Descriptions. Oustalet a1; Rchw. & Schalow a 2. Male and female. Above olive-brown; wing-coyerts and lower back reddish brown; tail-feathers above deep brown, below clearer brown; under-parts brownish, pass- ing into greenish yellow at the flanks; bill (in dry skin) pale brown towards base of lower mandible, the rest black; feet blackish brown. Wing 98S—100 mm; tail 82; bill 18—19 (Oust. a 1). Distribution. Great Sangi — Petta (Mus. Paris a 1). The two specimens, indicated as male and female, in the Paris Museum are found by Dr. Oustalet to have affinities with Colluricincla megarhyncha (Q. & G.) of New Guinea and some of the neighbouring islands, but still closer resemblance to C. melanorhyncha (Meyer; of Mysore. From the former, C. sangi- rensis differs in the colour and form of its bill, and seems to be a little larger than average specimens of that species. C. melanorhyncha is distinguishable from the Sangi form by its uniform black bill, paler feet, the green reflections of the upper surface most strongly pronounced upon the nape, the forehead streaked with yellowish, the external edgings of the quills yellowish red, rather than es Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. 403 red-ochre. ‘The inner edgings of the quills in the Sangi bird incline to reddish white, the under tail-coverts tend to a saffron tint. The genus Colluricincla, which Dr. Sharpe divides into Colluwricincla and Pinarolestes, belongs to Papuasia, Australia, and the Fiji and Tonga Islands. Sangi forms an unexpected addition to its range, though its occurrence there is not more remarkable than its presence in Fiji and Tonga. GENUS LANIUS L. Bill strong, much deeper than broad across the nostril, the tomia furnished with a tooth and notch, the nostril small, roundish, ossified, partly hidden by projecting plumes and hairs from the forehead; the tail as long or longer than the wing, graduated; 3", 4" and 5" primaries the longest, the 1** about '/. the length of the 2"; tarsus about as long as the middle toe and claw, or a little longer, anteriorly scutellated; no brilliant colours in the plumage; young marked with cross bars, often seen also in the adult female. The genus inhabits Europe, Africa, Asia as far as Celebes, and North America; some species migratory. + 152. LANIUS TIGRINUS Drapiez. Thick-billed Shrike. Lanius tigrinus') (1) Drap., Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. XIII, 1828, 523; (2) Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 1842, 152: (3) Jerd., Ibis 1872, 116; (4) Gadow, Cat. B. VII, 1883, 289; (5) Biittik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1887, IX, 53; (6) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 121; (7) Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. B. 1889, I, 470; (8) W. Blas, J. f. O. 1890, 139; (8%) Hagen, T. Ned. Aard. Genoots. 1890, (2) VII, 148; (9) Styan, Ibis 1891, 348; (10) Hartert, Kat. Vg. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 90; (11) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 410; (12) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 259; (13) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1896, XVIII, 183. a. Lanius ferox (1) Drapiez, Dict. Class. H. N. 1818, 523 (= Q fide Bp). b. Lanius magnirostris (1) Less., Voy. de Bélanger 1834, II, 251; (2) id., Cpl. Buff. 1834, I, 415; (III) Wald., Ibis 1867, 220—223, pl. VI, fig. 1 (oi), fig. 2 (Q); (4) id., ib. 1869, 242: (5) Gray, HL."1869, I, 393, Nr. 5972; (6) Blyth, Ibis 1870, 164; (7) Wald, This 1871, 173; (8) Swinh., P. Z. 8S. 1871, 375;-(9) Meyer, J. £0. 1873, 405; (10) Swinh., Ibis 1875, 115; (11) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 97; (12) Hume & Day., Str. F. 1878, VI, 203; (13) Hume, Str. F. 1879, VII, 91; (14) Meyer, This 1879, 129; (15) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1879, XVI, 210; (16) Nichol, This 1881, 150; (17) id., ib. 1883, 252; (18) W. Blas., Verh. z-b. Ges. Wien 1883, 52; (19) id., J. f. O. 1883, 148; (20) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 253; (21) Seeb., Ibis 1884, 37; (22) Tristr., t. c. 402; (23) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 194; (24) Seeb., B. Japan. Emp. 1890, 104; (25) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891, (2) XII, 57; (26) Campb., Ibis 1892, 238. 1) Dr. Gadow (4) appears to us to be perfectly right in adopting this name. Lord Walden (} IID), who believed that the Z. tigrinus and ferox of Drapiez could not be the same bird, did not make allowance for the stretching of a badly prepared skin, nor does he give the earliest date of Drapiez. 51* 404 Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. c. Lanius strigatus (1) Eyton, P. Z. 8. 1839, 103. d. Enneoctonus crassirostris “Kuhl” (7) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 362; (2) Cab., Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 72 (ex “vy. Hasselt”). e. Otomela crassirostris (1) Bp., Rev. Zool. 1853, 437. f. Enneoctonus tigrinus (1) Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. 1854, I, 168; (2) Tacz., Fauna Orn. Sib. Orient. 1891, I, 494. g. Lanius phoenicurus (7) Schrenck (nec Pall.), Reise Amurl. 1860, I, 384 —fide Wald. b 4. h. Lanius crassirostris (1) Pelz., Reise der Novara, Zool. 1865, 84. 7. Lanius waldeni (I) Swinh., P. Z.S. 1870, 131, pl. XI. j. Lanius incertus (1) Swinh., P. Z. S. 1871, 376; (2) id., Ibis 1875, 115. k. Otomela magnirostris (1) Schalow. J. f. O. 1875, 142; (2) Tacz., J. f.O. 1876, 197; (3) Schalow, t. c. 214; (4) Tacz., Bull. S. Z. France 1876, 167; (5) id., ib. 1880, 137; (6) id. J. 2, Of 1981, 189, l. Enneoctonus magnirostris (1) Heine & Rchw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 43. m. Lanius sp. (1) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 159 (Borneo — Mus. Leyd.; evidently the specimen mentioned by Biittikofer 5). Figures and descriptions. Walden } J1J; Swinhoe iJ; David & Oustalet b 11; Hume & Davison b 12; Oates b 20, 7; Gadow 4; Taczanowski f 2. Adult male. Head above, neck and upper mantle grey; a band extending narrowly across forehead at base of bill, lores, suborbital region, ear-coverts and a narrow mark above eye black; back, wing-coverts, rump and upper tail- coverts and inner quills russet, becoming brighter towards the tail-coverts, and rather closely barred with black, this colour running submarginally along the inner quills; the other quills dusky brown, externally russet; tail brownish hazel, showing nearly obsolete traces of close bars, outer feathers narrowly tipped with white and having a subterminal brown line; below white, the sides and flanks closely marked with wavy bars of blackish (Banka, 2. Jan. 1861, v. d. Bossche: C-10565). Iris dark brown; feet pale blue; bill pale blue, black at the tip (H. O. Forbes b 16). The amount of barring on the under surface seems to vary. Hume (6 12) describes an “old adult” from Tenasserim with the entire under parts white, except a few feathers on the posterior flanks which are faintly rufescent’and barred. Female. Resembles the male (Swinhoe 08, Schalow k 1, D.& O, b 11, Oates b 20), but the perfect plumage is probably assumed more slowly. Bill deep indigo-grey; feet and toes layender-grey, dingy on soles (Swinhoe 6b 10). Young. Differs from the adult in haying the head above russet, the shafts and adjacent portion of webs whitish, giving a striate-speckled appearance, traces of dark sub- terminal bars to the feathers; nasal plumes black; no black band on the sides of the head, lores whitish, ear-coverts whitish with dusky bars (Manado, Celebes, < 16.5—17.4 mm (Taczanowski k 2). Nest. The above nests were fastened among the twigs of low bush-growths, about two feet from the ground; somewhat closely and thickly built of stiff plant-stalks, one almost exclusively of heath-twigs, covered thickly with dry flowers, giving the nest a very | Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. 4()5 pleasing exterior; neatly lined with finer grasses and stalks. In shape a half-globe, with tolerably thick walls. Diam. 14, internal diam. 7, depth 5 em (Tacz. i 2). Nests in pine-woods in the province of Kiangsi (David 6 11). . Breeding season. Spring and early summer. Known as a breeding species from Ussuri-land to the Yang tse (Tacz. k 2, k 6, Styan 9, Swinh. 7 I). Distribution. Amurland (Schrenck g 1); Ussuri-land (Dybowski & Godlewski k 2); Askold Id. (Dybowskik 6); Corea (Campbell b 26); Japan (Pryer & Jouy b 24); China (Swinhoe 7J, 08, 610, David 611, Styan 9, etc.); Tenasserim (Davison b 12, b 20); Malay Peninsula (Davison 6 12, Cantor 4, Wallace 4); Singapore (Mus. Leyd. 5); Sumatra (Wallace 0b III, 4, Beccari b 15, Modigl. b 25); Nias (Kanne- gieter 13); Jaya (Kuhl, Blume and Junghuhn 5, H.O. Forbes 6 16); Banka (Mus. Leyd. 5); Borneo (S. Mill. 5, Grabowski b 18, ete. 6); Sooloo Is. (Pinter 8, 12); N. Celebes — Manado (Meyer 0 9, b 14, b 19). The Thick-billed Shrike of Eastern Asia is included in the Celebes list on account of a single young individual killed by Meyer near Manado in April, 1871. Celebes is now known to possess two Shrikes, this and L. lucionensis, both of which seem to be simply winter migrants from the north and west. Mr. Biittikofer (5) suggests the possible identity of the Dresden specimen with L. lucionensis; this is not the case, nor indeed is there anything remarkable in its occurrence in Celebes, which is reached by many other East-Asiatic migra- tory birds. L. tigrinus is, as Seebohm remarks, a very rare bird in Japan (b 24); Campbell considered it rare in Corea (b 26), but Dybowski seems to have found it a not uncommon bird further north in| Ussuri-land; in the neigh- bourhood of Pekin, according to David, it comes only in summer and always in small numbers, but it is not rare in the central provinces and particularly in Kiangsi, “where it breeds and where I have often found it in the pine woods which cover this province”. At Kiukiang on the Yangtse about 30°N., Mr. Styan (9) observed that it “arrives in fair numbers in May, and remains to breed. The young are hatched out in July”. It appears on the whole that the central provinces of China form the main breeding-grounds of the species. Formosa, the natural half-way house for migrants to the Philippines, has not yet, so far as we are aware, furnished specimens; in the Philippines, including Palawan, it is likewise as yet unknown. What is yet known about the bird in other parts tends to prove that it is a fairly plentiful winter visitor to Malacca and Sumatra, occurs in somewhat smaller numbers in Java, is rare in Borneo, and specially rare in Celebes. It seems that this species avoids as much as possible migration across seas, but travels from China over S. E. Asia and down the Malay Peninsula into Sumatra, Java, and in smaller numbers, Borneo, now and then reaching Celebes and no doubt some of the other neighbouring islands. L. lucionensis in its migrations offers some curious points in contrast. There is no evidence to show that J. tigrinus breeds in the East Indies, on the other hand the recorded dates of specimens tend to prove that it is there only in the northern winter, when it is absent in China. These dates relate 406 Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. unfortunately to only a dozen specimens ranging from Sept. 19th to April (see Salvadori b 15, b 25, Tristram } 23, W. Blasius b 18, Meyer b 14), but Prof. W. Blasius’s Sooloo specimen was included in a collection formed by Dr. Platen “in summer”, 1887 (8). L. tigrinus is easily distinguishable from L,. lucionensis by its barred back and grey head and mantle, the latter species being above uniform broccoli-brown, greyer on the head. Dr. Gadow places tigrinus next to L. collurioides Less. of Burmah, from which it may likewise be distinguished by its barred back. This character in the adult male makes it a well-marked species among the red-tailed Shrikes. This peculiarity must be a character of very long standing, inasmuch as most — if not all — Shrikes are more or less barred above when young. The genus Lanius is absent in the Australian Region, though occurring in Europe, Africa, Asia and N. America, “extending into the northern parts of the Neotropical Region” (Gadow). + 153. LANIUS LUCIONENSIS L. Chinese Red-tailed Shrike. Lanius lucionensis [Briss., Orn. 1760, I, 169, pl. XVIII, fig. 1 — Lucon); (2) Linn., S. N. 1766, I, 185; (2) Swinh., Ibis 1860, 59; (3) id., ib. 1861, 43, 255, 340; (4) id., ib. 1863, 272; (4%) id., P. Z. 8. 1863, 286; (4%) id., Ibis 1866, 295, 394; (5) Martens, J. f. O. 1866, 12; (6) Wall, Ibis 1867, 215; (7) Gray, HL. I, 1869, 393, Nr, 5970; (8) Swinh., Ibis 1870, 241; (8*) id., P. Z.S. 1870, 428; (9) id., P. Z. S. 1871, 376; (10) Wald., Ibis 1871, 173; (11) Ball, Str. F. 1873, I, 65; (12) Hume, t. c.. 484; (13) Wald., Ibis 1873, 309; (14) Hume, Str. F. 1874, I, 199; (15) Swinh., Ibis 1875, 115; (16) Wald., Ibis 1875, 116; (XVJZZ) id., Tr. Z. 8. 1875, TX, 171, pl. X XTX, fig. 1; (18) Sharpe, Ibis 1876, 43; (18%) Hume, Str. F. 1876, IV, 393; (19) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 99; (20) Wald., P. Z. S. 1877, 536, 544, 692, 759; (21) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 205; (22) Wald., P. Z. S. 1878, 342, 380, 709, 947; (23) Sharpe, Ibis 1879, 259; (24) id., P. Z.S. 1879, 341; (25) id., Tr. Z. S. 1879, (2) I, 323; (26) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VILL, 57, 91; (27) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 378; (28) Wdl. Ramsay, Tweedd. Works 1881, 656; (29) Gadow, Cat. B. VIII, 1883, 274; (30) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 251; (30%) W. Blas., “Braunschweig. Anz.” 1886, 3. Mirz; (31) Styan, Ibis 1887, 225; (32) Biittik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1887, 55; (33) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 198; (34) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 311; (35) Oates, Fauna Br. Ind. 1889, I, 469; (36) Sharpe, Ibis 1889, 419; (37) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 121; (38) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 198; (39) Steere, List Coll. B. Philipp. 1890, 14; (40) Seeb., B. Japan. Emp. 1890, 105; (41) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1890, 145; (42) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 279; (43) Styan, Ibis 1891, 322, 348; (44) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1891, 228; (45) Campb., Ibis 1892, 239; (46) Hose, Ibis 1893, 393; (47) Buttik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, IIT, 299; (48) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 39; (49) Grant, Ibis 1895, 24, 254; (50) De La Touche, t. c. 334; (51) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, 320; (52) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 10; (53) Grant, Ibis 1896, 119, 550. a. Lanius phoenicurus (1) Meyen (nec Pall.), Nov. Acta Acad. Caesar. Leopold. 1834, XVI, Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. 407 74 (fide Schalow g 2); (2) id., Reise um die Erde 1835, II, 195; (3) Finsch & Conrad, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1873 (?). Enneoctonus lucionensis (1) Gray, Gen. B. I, 1846, 291. Enneoctonus schwaneri') (1) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 363. . Otomela schwaneri /1) Bp., Rev. Zool. 1853, 437. Lanius jeracopsis (1) de Fil., Mus. Mediol. p. 31; (2) Bp., Rev. Zool. 1853, 437, note; (3) Salvad. Atti Ac. Sc. Tor. 1868, 272. f. Lanius schwaneri (1) Pelz. Novara Reis. Vég. 1865, 48, 161; (2) Wald., Ibis 1867, 223; (3) Gray, HL. 1869, I, 393, Nr. 5974; (4) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 159. g. Otomela lucionensis (7) Schalow, J. f. O. 1875, 136; (2) id., ib. 1876, 214; (3) Tacz., Bull. 8. Z. France 1879, 137; (4) id., J. f.O. 1881, 182; (5) id., O. Sib. Or. 1891, I, 502. h. Lanius luzoniensis (1) Wald., P. Z. 8S. 1878, 614. j. Ganius luzonensis?) (1) Whitehead, Ibis 1890, 47; (2) Hartert, J. f. O. 1891, 204; (3) M. & Wg., J. £. O. 1894, 244. ’ “Burong furofuro”, Manado tua Id., Nat. Coll. “Ainaiirida marero” and “Toreng penga”. Talaut, Nat. Coll. S29 oS Some additional references cf. Wallace 6. Figure and descriptions. Walden XVI; Hume /4; Schalow g1; David & Oust. 19; Legge 27; Gadow 29; Oates 30, 35; Vorderman 44; Tacz. g 5. Adult male (autumn). Above broccoli-brown, washed with grey on head and neck, with cinnamon on rump and upper tail-coyerts; tail above brown with almost imperceptible traces of small close bars; wings dusky, the wing-coverts edged with the colour of the back, but paler, the secondaries with whitish; forehead whitish grey; a long superciliary stripe whitish; lores, subocular region and ear-coverts blackish; under parts buffy white, washed with rufous buff on breast, sides, flanks and under tail-coverts, darkest on the sides and flanks; under wing-coverts and inner edges of quills almost pure white (Bohol, Philippines, o, Oct. 1877, Everett — C 5406). Tris brown; bill horny brown, edged with whitish, lower mandible bluish or fleshy white, terminal third horny brown; legs and feet dull leaden blue, dull bluish, or even greenish horny (Hume 14). Adult female (winter). Without the dark loral spot of the male, the under parts paler with ; faint dark cross-vermiculations on sides of neck, flanks and upper tail-coverts (Gadow 29). 5; Tm summer according to Dr. Gadow, the birds are less tinged with grey above, and the female has the lores and ear-coverts browner than the male. Young. Above rufous brown, crossed with faint dark vermiculations; ear-coverts and a small spot in front of the eye dark brown; under-parts with crescentic markings of dark brown on sides of neck, chest, flanks, vent and under tail-coverts (ex Legge, Gadow). Colonel Legge (27) believes that the bars on the under surface do not vanish for several years. In the male this disappearance seems to take place more quickly, for Dr. Gadow shows that all the examples without cross-bars in the British Museum — 12 in number are males. As in the case of Lanius tigrinus, it is probable that only old females, if any, correspond perfectly with the adult male. A specimen 1) “The specimen from Borneo, collected by Schwaner and called Enneoctonus schwanert by Bona- parte is a true Z. Jucioncnsis. The white superciliary streak is by no means absent, as Bonaparte says in his short diagnosis, but merely hidden by the somewhat overhanging feathers of the crown” (Biittik. 32). 2, The spelling Zwzonensis is the right one, but as naturalists would perhaps not recognize Jucionensis and duzonensis as identical, we retain the wrong spelling of Brisson. 408 Birds of Celebes; Laniidae. from Tomohon, N. Celebes, marked © in the Sarasin Collection is entirely without bars below. Measurements (6 adults from the Philippines, Labuan 1, Talaut 2, N. Celebes 3, Manado tua 1). Wing 87—92 mm, tail 86—88; bill from nostril 10#—12; tarsus 25. Nest and eggs. We have not found any notes on the nidification of this species, Distribution. Askold Id. off the coast of Russian Manchuria (Jankowski g 3, g 4); Corea (Campbell 45); China (Swinh. 2, 15, David 19, etc.); Loochoo Is. (Pryer 40); Formosa (Swinh, 4, 4, 8s); Hainan — seen only? (Swinh. 8); Philippines — Luzon, Panay, Cebu, Panaon, Leyte, Bohol, Negros, Guimaras, Mindoro, Basilan, Mindanao, Palawan (Jagor 5, Meyer and Everett 28, Schmacker 7 2, Platen 41); Talaut — Kabruang and Karkellang (Nat. Coll. in Dresden Mus.); Sangi (Hoedt 32); Manado tua off N. Celebes (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.); Minahassa, N. Celebes (Platen 30%, y. Duivenbode 32, P.& F. Sarasin, Nat. Coll.); Borneo (Everett, etc. 37); Halmahera (fide Schalow g 2); Flores (Weber 47); Sumatra (Vorderman 44); Singapore (Hume 26); Malay Peninsula (Hume 26, Oates 35); South Tenasserim (Davison 21) and Mergui Is. (Oates 35); Andamans (W. Rams. 13, Dav. 14); Nicobars (Dav. 14); Ceylon (Hume 12, 27); South India — Travancore (Hume 18%), The northernmost bounds of the range of this Shrike are not yet satis- factorily known. In Corea, where L. tigrinus is rare after Mr. Campbell’s experience, L. /ucionensis is very common in summer; at Pekin David met with it in spring and autumn during its passage to and from the Philippines and some country further north. Further south in China Mr. De Ia Touche observes that it “arrives towards the end of August and is common throughout September and October. It occurs during the winter; for I shot one on the 21° January” (3/). “In spring and fall”, says Swinhoe (4) “it abounds at Amoy for a few days, and then disappears, on its vernal migration into the interior and North of China; and in autumn across the sea to the Philippines, where it hibernates. In its line of migration it touches S. W. Formosa, and there we had its company for a few days in the early part of September”. Later (4“”) Mr. Swinhoe ascertained that it also passed the winter in Formosa. Rather more north in China, in the lower Yangtse Basin Mr. Styan (43) obtained very young ones in July, “which, there is little doubt, were bred locally. In August immature birds are very plentiful’. Nevertheless, its main breeding-grounds would seem to be northernmost China, Corea and Manchuria; but, as noticed already, we have been unable to find any record of its nidification. Glancing south again, Swinhoe (S’*) notices a specimen which flew on board ship off Video Island near Shanghai on 15" May; a specimen crossing the sea during the autumn migration in September came on F.J.F.,Meyen’s ship in latit. 14° N. on the passage across the China Sea from Macao to Luzon (a 1, a 2); a third, which we think may safely be identified with this species was taken at sea near Luzon by Capt. Conrad (a3). In the Philippines it seems to be common during the winter months and has been recorded from nearly all the chief is- lands. ‘Iwo specimens obtained by our native hunters in Talaut are dated 13 November, 1893, and autumn, 1896; another from Manado tua, 15" April. Birds of Celebes: Laniidae. 409 The Sarasins’ example from North Celebes is dated 13. April, 1894; another from there in the Dresden Museum, 21. Febr., 1894. In Palawan Mr. John Whitehead (j 7) remarks that it is “a winter visitor arriving about 25" Sept.”; similarly in West Borneo (Mt. Dulit) Mr. Hose (46) writes that it is “a monsoon visitor, and is found all through the low country, where it is by no means rare”. Prof. Weber obtained a specimen even in Flores (47), but we have come across no notice of its occurrence in Java, though Mr. Vorderman (5/) has recorded it from Noordwachter Island, and his (44) specimen is the only one we have seen recorded from Sumatra. Mr. Hume notices several points where it has been killed in the Western Malay Peninsula, one of its winter quarters, according to Mr. Oates; but in Tenasserim Hume and Davison considered it a rare straggler to the southermost extremity only of the province. In Camorta, Nicobars, Davison shot one specimen, but in the Andamans it has been killed from December to October (4) and Hume remarks that it appears to be a permanent resident in those islands, though we should .think with Legge that the birds which remain there during the breeding season are im- mature. Ceylon and South India seem to be reached only by casual wanderers; there seems to be no reason to doubt the correctness of Mr. Hume’s deter- mination of the two specimens known, one from each locality, though the author himself suggests the possibility of their belonging to a distinct race. To recapitulate, the bird is known as a summer visitor to Corea, it passes by Pekin on migration, it seems, however, to breed in Central China further south; South China and Formosa it passes through in migration and some indi- viduals pass the winter there; three specimens taken at sea — one off Shang- hai, one in the S. China Sea and the third off Luzon — are mentioned; examples from the Philippines show that it is a plentiful winter visitor there, and observers in Palawan and W. Borneo note its arrival in September or with the monsoon, i. e. the N. E. trades, which begin to be felt in the East Indies north of the equator about September. Celebes, Halmahera and Flores on the east, and Tenasserim, Ceylon and South India on the west seem to mark the limits of its migration. Between Flores and Sumatra it seems to be very rare, but in Malacca and the Andamans it is sufficiently common again. ‘The main autumn route of the species from S. China and Formosa is, therefore, across the China Sea to the Philippines and Borneo, as Swinhoe believed; at the same time it looks as if a certain number of individuals pursues another way into and over Siam to Malacca and the Andamans. he scarcity or absence of this species in Java and Sumatra is noteworthy, but Borneo would intercept migrants from the north. The migration of Lanius tigrinus affords an instructive contrast to that of L. lucionensis. The northern range of the two species is very similar, but, as has been shown, L. tigrinus is not yet known from Formosa and the Philippines where L. lucionensis arrives in plenty in the autumn, but it is fairly common in Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 5th, 1897). 52 410 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. Sumatra and Java where L. /lucionensis is scarce or even, as regards the latter locality, unknown. While L. tigrinus seems to travel over the mainland of S. E. Asia down the Malay Peninsula to the Great Sunda Islands, L. lucionensis like most other migrants crosses the sea to the Philippines and elsewhere. A some- what similar case seems to be afforded by the two Hawks Butastur liventer and indicus, though more evidence in the case of B. liventer is wanting. Swinhoe remarks upon the chattering cry and skulking habits of Z. lu- cionensis: “It possesses a melodious song of no mean capacity, but it is gener- ally uttered in a subdued tone. It feeds on large insects, especially Libellulae, but oftener, I think, on small birds, more particularly of the Phylloscopus group” (4). Abbé David says that the Pekinese use it in hawking small birds, and greatly appreciate it for its sweet and melodious song. In the Andamans Davison found it a very silent bird, keeping to gardens and the cleared parts on the settlements; few birds sing, however, save in the season of courtship and honeymoon. It would appear, therefore, from this also that the bird does not breed in the Andamans. Lanius erythronotus Vig., distinguished by its smoke-grey head and back, is nearly related to it. FAMILY CAMPOPHAGIDAE. These birds vary in size from the dimensions of a Sparrow to those of a Jackdaw, and are best characterized by the plumage of the rump, which is very thick and close, with the shafts of the feathers thickened and stiff, much as in many Cuckoos and Pigeons. The bill is moderate, denticulated, sometimes very strong, rictal bristles few and not conspicuous; the nostril often hidden by the frontal plumes and scanty small bristles; the wing is rather long, the secondaries about */, to °/, of its length, the second primary longer than the secondaries, the first about half the length of the second; the tail somewhat long, occasion- ally exceeding the wing-length; the tarsus short, about the length of the culmen, more or less. The family is found in the Australian, Oriental, and Ethiopian Regions. Among the Campophagidae, the genus Graucalus, under which name we include the genus Artamides of some authors, is found in the Oriental Region, Papuasia, Australia, Madagascar and Africa. As regards plumage the four species of the Celebesian area are among the more highly specialized, and show on the whole stronger affinities with Papuasia than with the Oriental Region. Edoliisoma ranges from Australia to the Philippines and Uap in the Carolines. The Celebesian forms appear to have very likely reached the Province by flight from the west. Of the two species of Lalage occurring in Celebes, one, L. leucopygialis, we take for an advanced form of ZL. terat of the Oriental Region; the other, L. timorensis, seems to have reached the island recently from the Lesser Sunda Group. ‘The Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. 411 Campophagidae appear to have been long settled in the Indo-Australian area, as shown by the barred plumage of certain species of Graucalus which are found in both quarters. The young of the more highly specialized G. leucopygius re- verts to this barred type of dress. G. bicolor and G. temmincki are well differen- tiated and, therefore, perhaps rather ancient insular forms. In any case these three forms must be regarded as older inhabitants of Celebes than Lalage leuco- pygialis. GENUS GRAUCALUS Cuv. A genus containing most of the larger members of the family, from a Thrush to a Jackdaw in size, the colours plain, grey, black, white, in one species blue, the sexes usually (if not always) somewhat different in coloration. The wing is long, 6—8 times the length of the tarsus, the 3" and 4" quills the longest; the tarsus anteriorly scutellated; the bill rather large and strong, the culmen about as long as the cranium, the nostril round or round oval, covered by the projecting feathers and scanty bristles of the forehead. The genus is found in the Australian, Ethiopian, and Indian Regions. Tt Ao Tbe. GRAUCALUS BICOLOR (Temm.). Great Black-and-white Cuckoo-shrike. Plate XX. uw. Ceblepyris bicolor (J) Temm., Pl. Col. 1824, pl. 278 (Sumatra!); (2) Less., Tr. d’Orn. 1831, 369; (3) S. Miill., Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—43, 191; (4) Schl., Handl. Dierk. 1857, 289. b. Campephaga bicolor (1) Gray, Gen. B. I, 1846, 283, Nr. 25; (2) id., P. ZS. 1860, 354 (Banda!); (3) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1866, 172; (4) Gray, HL. 1869, I, 337; (5) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 273. Graucalus bicolor (1) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 354; (2)}M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 14. e. Artamides bicolor (1) Hartl., J. f. O. 1865, 171; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIII, 70; (3) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 658; (4) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 72; (5) Sharpe, Mitth. Mus. Dresden 1878, IIT, 363; (6) id., Cat. B. 1879, IV, 17; (7) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 130, 146; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1881, 665 (9) W. Blas., J. f O. 1833, 187; (10) id., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 116; (11) Vorderman, Nat. Tdschr. Ned. Ind. 1889, XLIX, 398; (12) Heine & Rehw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 68; (3) Hartert, Kat. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 91; (14) id., Noy. Zool. 1897, 162. “Maspas werreng intalung”, Minahassa, or “Maspas utang”, Banka and Mantehage, Nat. Coll. “Merapati daka daka”, Tonkean, E. Celebes, Nat. Coll. Figure and descriptions. Temminck a J; 8. Miller a 3; Hartlaub ¢1; Sharpe e 6. Adult male. Above glossy black; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts and bases of the tail-feathers where they are covered by the upper tail-coverts pure white; sides of head black, like the upper surface; entire under parts white; under wing-coverts white, marked with black near the metacarpal edge; 52* 412 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. quills below greyish black, becoming pure white on the inner webs where they rest upon the sides of the body; tail below black, the concealed bases of the feathers white (near Manado [3], Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10885; Rurukan, co, 15. VILL. 84: Platen in Mus. Nehrkorn — Nr. 935). “Iris dark umber; feet black; bill pale blue, commissure paler” (Doherty ¢ 74). Adult female. Above slate-grey with a slight olive tinge, shafts of the feathers blackish; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts and concealed bases of tail-feathers white; wings and tail black, the wing-coverts bordered with the grey of the upper surface; lores blackish; sides of head, chin, throat and chest uniform with the erey upper surface, but paler, passing into pure white on lower breast, and remaining under parts; wings and tail below as in the male (near Tondano [Q], Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10807; Minahassa, ©, 8. V. 86: Platen in Mus. Nehrk. — Nr. 1275). “Iris dark umber; feet blackish; bill pale blue, commissure darker” (Doherty c 14). Immature male. The black parts of the plumage of the adult male replaced by dark slaty, except the wings and tail which are black, but the latter tipped with cinnamon white, the inner quills broadly bordered with white, the longer ones edged with cinnamon; the rest as in the adult (Mantehage [j'], 23. IV. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12154). Immature [female?]. Upper surface like that of the adult female, but the inner quills bordered with white; entire under surface, including chin, throat and breast, white as in the adult male (near Tondano [Q}, Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10805). Measurements (7 adults, o and Q). Wing 174—180 mm; tail 127—140; tarsus 23—25 ca.; bill from nostril (5 examples) 20.5—22.5. (3 immature): wing 164—169; tail 128—136; tarsus 24 ca.; bill fr. nostr. 20—21. Breeding habits. Unknown. : Distribution. Celebes and the islands off the coast: Minahassa (Wallace c 6, Riedel c 9, etc.); Gorontalo Distr. (Meyer c 7); Banka Id. and Mantehage Id. (Nat. Coll. in Dresden Mus.); Togian Islands (Meyer e 7); E. Celebes (Nat. Coll.); Kandari, S. E. Celebes (Beccari c 3); Tawaya, W. Celebes (Doherty ce 14). This Campophaga — or Cuckoo-shrike, as Indian naturalists term these birds — is a very distinct species and was treated by Dr. Hartlaub as the only species representing his genus Artamides. Dr. Sharpe in the Catalogue of Birds, vol. LV, includes 15 more species under this generic name and others have been added since; 18 other species, to which a number of additions have since been made, are put in the genus Graucalus. Like Salvadori and others we prefer to keep them all in the genus Giraucalus; the character by which Dr. Sharpe distinguishes his Artamides — a somewhat longer bill — enforces an unnatural division, species being found in the genus Artamides whose nearer allies are removed to the genus Graucalus. Nor does Graucalus bicolor seem worthy of generic separation. The adult male differs from all the other species of Graucalus in being black above (except on lower back and upper tail-coverts), but one sometimes has to look twice to distinguish the female from the female of Graucalus leucopygius of Celebes. The larger size and much larger bill and a white bases to the tail-feathers of G. bicolor serve to distinguish it. The bird in both sexes corresponds rather well with the coloration of the sexes of Lalage leucopygialis. Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. 413 The plumage of G. bicolor appears to present another remarkable example (see also Loriculus, Hierococcyx crassirostris, Coracias etc.) of the influence of light on the coloration. Seen from above with its wings naturally folded the male is black, the female slate-grey, below both are white, the female having also the throat and chest slate-grey as above. The lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts, concealed by the wings, are white like the under surface. No stress would be laid upon this, were it not that the black tail-feathers are also white where they are hidden by the tail-coverts. Further, the wings below, where they rest upon the sides of the body and rump, are white, while the free, more exposed ends of the quills are blackish grey. In Graucalus leucopygius, it may however be added, the lining of the quills, but not the basal part of the tail-feathers, is white; in Artamus both are white, though expressed less well than in G. bicolor. Perhaps others will try an ex- planation of this obvious disposition of pigment. The bird seems to moult in August—September, no doubt after breeding, but an immature bird killed in May is also moulting. * 155. GRAUCALUS LEUCOPYGIUS Bp. Celebesian Grey Cuckoo-shrike. Plate XXI. Graucalus leucopygius (1) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 354; (2) Hartl., J. f. O. 1864, 443; (3) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIL, 68; (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VI, 657; (5) Briiggem., Abh. Ver..Bremen 1876, V, 71; (6) Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 874; (7) Sharpe, Mitth. Z. Mus. Dresden 1878, III, 365; (8) id., Cat. B. IV, 1879, 33; (9) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 129, 146; (10) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 137; (11) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6; (12) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 280; (13) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 553; (14) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 581; (15) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 185; (XVI) Meyer, Abb. v. Vogelskel. I, 1892, 40, pl. CLXVI; (17) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 278; (18) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1895, Nr. 8, p. 9; (19) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 10; (20) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 14; (21) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 156; (22) id., ib 1897, 158, 162. a, Campephaga leucopygia (1) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1866, 172; (2) Gray, Hb. 1869, I, 336, Nr. 5074; (3) Rosenb., Mal. Archip. 1878, 273. b. Coracina leucopygia (1) Heine™& Rchw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein.’ 1890, 69. “Maspas besar”, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Burong minia”, Malay, Minahassa, Meyer 9, Nat. Coll. “Konkon inewahat”, Minahassa, Guillem. 13, Hickson, Nat. in N. Celebes 1889, 91. “Laveda”, Tjamba Distr., 8. Celebes, Platen 12. “Sosolat daka”, Tonkean, EH. Celebes, Nat. Coll. Figure of skeleton, and descriptions. Meyer XVJ; Hartlaub 2; Briiggemann 54 (young); Sharpe 8; W. Blasius 12 (sexual differences). Adult [male]. General colour light slate-grey, slightly tinged with olive-grey, becoming white on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail black, the middle tail-feathers and the wing-coverts washed with slate-grey, the quills edged with the same colour or a 414 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. paler tint; front of suborbital region and loral region, including the feathers concealing the nostril, chin and malar region next the bill, black; under surface as the upper, but gradually passing into white on the abdomen, flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, slaty grey at edge of wing; quills below dusky grey, the inner edges greyish white where they rest on the sides of the - body (Manado tua, [J], 15. IV. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12159). Bill and feet black (Meyer 9, Platen 12, Guillem. 13); iris: Minahassa — (?) brownish black (Meyer); (?) brown (Guillem.); South Celebes — milk-white (Platen); yellowish white (Everett 21); W. Celebes — yellowish white (Doherty 22). Female. The female is without the black lores, chin and malar mark, and has the white on the rump and abdomen more extensively diffused (Guillem. 13, and five specimens in the Dresden Museum, sex not ascertained). Young. In the first plumage the general colour is, apparently, grey, white on rump and belly, each feather crossed with a subterminal bar of brown bordered with whitish. Changing plumage. Three specimens in changing plumage have such feathers interspersed with the uniform slate-grey ones of maturity; quills, especially the inner ones, rather broadly edged with white or pale brown, the outermost tail-feathers tipped with white more broadly than in adult (N. Celebes — C 271, 3488, and another). Measurements (14 adults — 9 Gt, 5 O). Wing 152—160 mm; tail 120—130 ca.; tarsus 22 ca.; bill from nostril 17—19. Sexes. The sexes do not appear to differ in size, and differences are not apparent in spe- cimens fromthe islands off the coast of the Minahassa. Skeleton. Length of cranium . . . 53.4mm /| Length of tarso-metatarsus. . 23.5 mm Greatest breadth of cranium . 22.6 » | Length of digitus HI . . . 240 » Length of humerus . . . . 35.8 » | Length of sternum . . . 30.8 » Mength ofulnay sees ee Sees | Greatest breadth of sania . 23.0 » IGength of radius: =. 2) 39d. s) a|pileehtrotveristalsteroty meen a0! Ole Length of manus. . . . . 41.0 » | Length of coracoideum . . . 25.0 » Length of metacarpus . . . 23.5 » | Length of scapula. . . . . 30.0 » Length of digitus principalis . 7.3 » | Length of clayicula . . . . 25.0 » Length of femur . . . . . 27.0 » | Length of pelvis . . 2 6 Wii) es Length of tibia . . . . . 38.3 » | Greatest breadth of nak Sl nes Zea © hengthvofstibula ys ele) seen 2Gl Ole | Breeding habits. Unrecorded. Distribution. Celebes, the islands off the coast, and ? Great Sangi: — Minahassa (Wall. 8, Meyer 9, Guillem. 73, etc.); Talissi Id. (Guillem. 13, Hickson); Banka, Lembeh, Mantehage and Manado tua (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.); Togian Is. (Meyer 9); Tonkean, KE. Celebes (Nat. Coll); West Celebes (Doherty 22); S. Peninsula: Macassar (Wallace 8, Weber 17, and others), Tjamba Distr. (Platen 12), Maros (Weber 17), foot-hills of Bonthain (Everett & Doherty 21, 22); ? Great Sangi Island (Meyer 7, 11, 14). A single young example is known from Great Sangi. As Dr. Sharpe remarked on comparing this with a young bird from Celebes, nothing can be said as to the distinctness of the Sangi bird as a species. It is also recorded by Dr. Lenz as having been received from the Sangi Islands through von Biltzingsléwen, who had brought together a collection with the help of native hunters. Remark. There is no appreciable difference between birds of South and North Celebes, Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. 415 This is a plentiful species in North Celebes and the islands off the coast. In Talissi Hickson speaks of it as being as plentiful as the blackbirds and thrushes in English woods. It feeds, says Meyer (9), on ants, larvae, ete. G. leucopygius is perhaps most nearly related to G. papuensis (Gm.) of the ~ Moluccas and Papuasia; somewhat further removed from G. javensis of Java. From both it may be distinguished by its white rump. Its uniform plumage is a recent development of the genus Giraucalus, as shown by the barred pattern of the young. Several species of Graucalus have a barred under surface when adult, and in this respect may be regarded as ancient forms. It is worthy of note that such forms occur both in the Oriental and Australian Regions, for attention is thereby drawn — perhaps erroneously —- to a period when Graucalus, as a bird with a barred under surface, ranged from the Oriental countries to Australia, and the conclusion follows that it has since then become differentiated more or less highly into the local species of the present time. But a barred or squamous plumage is also assumed by the Muscicapidae when young, and this pattern in young of the Campophagidae is probably due to some affinity of the two groups. It may be unprofitable to attempt to reconcile the two hypotheses. & _.°* 156. GRAUCALUS TEMMINCKI (S. Mill.). Blue Cuckoo-shrike. a. Ceblepyris temminckii (1) Miill., Verh. N. Comm. 1839, 191; (2) Schl., Hdl. Dierk. 1857, 289. b, Campephaga temminckii (1) Gray, Gen. B. I, 1846, 283, Nr. 23; (2) Finsch, N. G. 1866, 172 (nec Sula); (3) Gray, HL. 1869, I, 337, pt.; (4) Ros., Mal. Arch. 1878, 273. Graucalus temmincki (1) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 354; (2) Hartl., J. f.O. 1864, 446, pt. (nec Sula); (III) Walden, ‘Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VII, 68, 113, pl. XI; (4) Lenz, J. f. 0. 1877, 374; (5) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 129; (6) Hartert, Kat. Vog. Slg. Senckb. Mus. 1891, 92; (7) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 9; (8) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 15. c. Artamides temmincki (1) Sharpe, Mitth. Mus. Dresden 1878, IT, 363; (2) id., Cat. B. IV, 1879, 15; (I1Z) Gould, B.N. Guinea I, pl.2 (1880); (4) W. Blas., J. £.0. 1883, 137. “Maspas biru”, Minahassa, Nat. Coll.; “Tulia”, Tonkean, E. Celebes, Nat. Coll. Figures and descriptions. Walden IJ; Gould ¢ I//, Hartlaub 2; Sharpe e 2. Adult. China-blue; ear-coverts, sides of occiput and nape washed with purplish or campanula- blue; tail darker blue; remiges dusky, the exposed webs blue like the back; lores, feathers next the nostril, chin and malar region next the bill black; under wing-coverts China-blue; quills below dusky smoke-grey; tail below black. “Tris light blue” (o', above Tomohon, N. Cel. 16. HIT. 94: Sarasin Coll.). Bill and feet black; iris (?) light brown (Platen in Mus. Nehrk.: of ad. Ru- rukan, 3. VIII. 84 — Nr. 936). Female. The female has black lores like the male, but is of a less bright blue and the bill is smaller (2 © ©, Tomohon, Sarasin Coll.). Variation. The single specimen sent to the Dresden Museum from the Eastern Peninsula is lighter blue than the northern birds, and the bill is long and more slender than in the latter. The difference may be individual, but is more likely racial in character. 416 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. Measurements. Wing | Tail /Tarsus ee a. (Mus. Nehrk.) of ad. Rurukan. .. > oe os | Aer 17 b. (C 10800) ad. near Tondano, Aug, cect Yo ce se geulll MUD Tin ais Gas 20 c. (C 10802) ad. near Tondano, Aug.—Sept.. . . . .| 162| 166] — | 17.5 d. (C 10801) ad. near Tondano, Sees Perera eal |p ylsysy fh ip e. (Nr. 2211) ad. Minahassa. . . 2.4 -2 1) 1088 ToSHieoe = f. (Sarasin Coll.) of ad. Womahan) 16. Il. 94 eee el GON GON 19 g. (Sarasin Coll.) Q ad. Tomohon, 6.V.94. . . . . 155] 150| — | 175 h. (Sarasin Coll.) © ad. Tomohon, 14, VIL.94 . . . 160} 160 | — 17.5 z. (C 14414) ad., Tonkean, E. Celebes (Nat. Coll.) . . 153} 150] 23.5] 20 Distribution. North Celebes: Gorontalo (Forsten 2); Minahassa — Kakas, 2000 ft. ca. (Meyer 5), ee 3000 ft. ca. (Platen in Mus. Nehrkorn), near Lake Tondano, 2000 ft. ca. (Nat. Coll. in Mus. Dresd.), Tomohon 2500 ft. ca. (P. & F. Sarasin); Tonkean, E. Celebes (Nat. Coll). The Blue Cuckoo-shrike of Celebes appears, as Gould remarks, only to inhabit the mountains, this surmise receiving confirmation from the specimens obtained since by Dr. Platen, the Drs. Sarasin and by our native hunters in North Celebes. No specimens up to the present have been recorded from the lowlands. : In his “Studies of the Campophaginae” (2) Dr. Hartlaub rightly speaks of this species as quite aberrant in coloration. It is the only blue Graucalus. It is also remarkable as having the tail as long or longer than the wings. In this respect it agrees with G. caeruleogriseus (Gray) of New Guinea, Aru and Jobi, a form which also corresponds best with G. temmincki in colour, being bluish slaty, but in bulk it is twice as big. G. caeruleogriseus again bears much resem- blance to G. boyeri of New Guinea, as Salvadori points out, but this form seems to be less nearly related to the Celebes species. G. temmincki must be regarded as a very distinct species, having its nearest affinities in Papuasia, and its presence in Celebes may not be easy to account for. + * 157, GRAUCALUS SCHISTACEUS (Sharpe). Sula Cuckoo-shrike. a. Graucalus temminckii part. (1) Wall., P. Z. 8. 1862, 342 (Sula); (2) Hartl., J. f. O. 1864, 446 (Sula). b. Campephaga temmincki part. (1) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1866, 172 (Sula); (2) Gray, HL. 1869, I, 337, Nr. 5081 (Sula). c. Artamides schistaceus (1) Sharpe, Mitth. Mus. Dresden 1878, HII, 363; (2) id., Cat. B. 1879, IV, 11; (3) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1881, I, 127. Graucalus schistaceus (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, 14. “Zaal”, Banggai Id., Nat. Coll. Descriptions. Sharpe ¢1, ¢ 2. Adult [male]. Entire head, neck and throat black; remaining plumage dull slate-grey, equally dark above, below and on the under wing-coverts; remiges and tail black, Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. ALT the former with slate-grey edges above and much paler below, inclining to whitish on the inner webs; bill black; legs and feet in skin blackish (Banggai Id., VY—VII. 95; Nat. Coll. — C 14710). Adult [female]. Slate-grey as in the male, but the head, neck, and throat uniform with the rest of the plumage, blackish only on the lores and ear-coyerts (Banggai — © 14711). The type of the species is a female from Sula and is described by Sharpe as follows: Like G. pollens of the Kei Islands, but smaller, and paler ashy; the feathers at the base of the nostril, loral plumes, and feathers in front of the eye dull blackish, not glossy black as in G. pollens. Wing 161 mm; tail 145; tarsus 24; culmen 27. G. pollens is described as deep lead-grey; under wing-coverts concolourous, the greater series grey, finely tipped with black; quills blackish, below greyish; tail- feathers black, the outermost paler at the tip; iris, bill and feet black (ex Salvad.), Measurements. Wing 154, 157 mm; tail 130, 132; tarsus 22.5, 24; bill from nostril 18, 20. Distribution. Sula Islands (Allen a 1, ¢ 2); Banggai Island (Dresden and Tring Mus.). A single specimen, apparently a female, of this species was obtained by Allen in Sula Besi or Sula Mangoli, and it was described in 1878 by Dr. Sharpe as G. schistaceus. In 1895 the native hunters working for the Dresden Museum collected four*examples in Banggai, but, as we pointed out in describ- ing the collection (1), they may prove to be racially different from G. schista- ceus, since the type of that species is said by Sharpe to have the “under wing-coverts blackish, much darker than the breast”, whereas in the Banggai birds they are concolourous with the breast. G. schistaceus is one of a number of closely related geographical species. G. lavatus (S. Mill.) of Java is below paler grey than above, while G. schistaceus is equally dark above and below. It has affinities also with the following forms: G. normani Sharpe from Kini Balu (Ibis 1887, 438), the male of which is without the black head, G. melanocephalus Salvad. of Sumatra (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1879, XIV, 206), which differs in respect of the tail, G. mindorensis (Steere), without a black head in the male, but with the black of the lores extending about the eye (List B. Philipp. 1890, 14), and G. guillemardi Salvad. of Sooloo, a race of G. pollens. Prof. W. Blasius (J. f. O. 1890, 142), misled by the simi- larity of the orthography, has recorded G. schistaceus from Sooloo, but Mr. Wallace was never in this group, which is inhabited by G. guillemardi. Graucalus atriceps (S. Miill.). Celebes was indicated as the habitat of this species by Salomon Miiller. This locality, as Salvadori remarks, is cer- tainly erroneous (Orn. Pap. II, 128), and the true habitat seems to be Ceram, where the bird was rediscovered by Wallace. . 158. GRAUCALUS MELANOPS (Lath). Black-faced Cuckoo-Shrike. a. Corvus melanops (1) Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl. I, p. XXIV. Graucalus melanops (J) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, I, pl. 55; (2) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1879, IV, Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 5th, 1897), 53 418 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. 30; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. II, 1881, 130; (4) jae Age. 1890, 88; (5) Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2°4 ed. 1888, I, 66; (6) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1896, Nr. 2, 15. “Belajal”, Peling Island, Nat. Coll. For full synonymy and references see Salvadori 3, 4. Figure and descriptions. Gould J; Sharpe 2; Salvadori 3; Buller 4. Male. Light grey; forehead, face, ear-coverts, chin and throat black; primaries blackish, edged with whitish, secondaries externally grey like the back; tail black, tipped with white (c. 20 mm broad in the outermost feathers), middle feathers brownish grey, terminally blackish; breast grey like the back, paling into white on the ab- domen and under tail-coyerts; under wing-coverts and quills where they rest upon the body white, distally grey: bill and feet black, coe at base of mandible (Peling Id., V.— VIII. 95: Nat. Coll. — C 14569). Female. Differs from the male by having the lores and ear-coverts only blackish; forehead, supraloral region, chin, and malar region whitish, throat barred with greyish; breast and sides rather obscurely barred with light grey and white (Peling, V—VIII. 95: — CO 14568). Measurements. Wing 182—192 mm; tail ca. 140; tarsus ca. 26; bill fr. nostr. 19—20 (Peling Id.). Nest and eggs cf. Gould J. Distribution. Australia and New Zealand (“accidental visitor” — Buller 5); Papuasia, the Moluccas, Timorlaut, Timor, Sumba (6), Peling (Dresden and Tring Mus.). For exact localities cf. Salvadori 3, 4 Four examples of this species were recently obtained in Peling by our native hunters. In size they are smaller than Australian specimens, but have a relatively larger bill, though not so large as in one from Sumba. In size they are equal to examples from Aru, ‘Timorlaut, etc. It would be unsafe to predict that the bird varies locally, as it is not strictly stationary in Australia and has straggled to New Zealand, nor can it be safely assumed that it is station- ary in Peling. For habits, ete. cf. Gould I It bears some resemblance to G. leucopygius, but is much larger, lighter grey, and the face and throat of the male are black. GENUS EDOLIISOMA Jacquin. Puch. A group of species smaller than Graucalus in size, not exceeding the dimen- sions of a ‘Thrush, and differing from Giraucalus chiefly by the shorter wing, smaller bill, and the much greater contrast in coloration between the sexes. The wing is less than 6 times the length of the tarsus — about 4—5’/, times this length; the males are commonly slate or black in general colour, the females usually either barred below on a pale ground-colour, or saturated with some rufous tint. The females afford the best characters for the species, and the young take after them. The genus is found from Australia to the Philippines. Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. 419 * 159. EDOLIISOMA MORIO (6. Miill.). Celebesian Slaty Cuckoo-shrike. Plate XXII. a. Ceblepyris morio (1) S. Miill., Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—43, 189. b. Campephaga morio (1) Gray, Gen. B. 1846, I, 283, Nr. 39; (2) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 353; (3) Hartl, J. f. O. 1865, 155; (4) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1866, 172; (5) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 273. ce. Campephaga melanolaema (1) Gray (nec Temm.) HL. 1869, I, 338, Nr. 5099 (fide Wald. d J). d. Volvocivora morio (4) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1872, VIL, 69, pl. VII, fig. 1; (2) Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 71; (3) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 180; (4) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 156; (5) id., ib. 1897, 162. Edoliisoma morio (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 657; (2) Sharpe, Mitth. Mus. Dresden 1878, III, 369; (3) id., Cat. B. 1879, IV, 54; (4) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1881, II, 150; (5) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 137; (6) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 553; (VII) Meyer, Abb. v. Vogelskel. 1892, I, pl. CLXVII, p. 41; (8) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 278; (9) Sharpe, Bull. B. O. ©. 1893, Noy. 28%; Ibis 1894, 122; (10) M.& Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 9; (11) 11d., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, 10; (12) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, 15. “Toktok ruoit”, Minahassa, Guillem. 6. “Maspas rangdang”, ©, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Maspas posi posi”, ¢', Minahassa, 1id. “Uwentang”, Tonkean, E. Celebes, iid. Figures and descriptions. Walden dJ; Meyer VJ (skeleton); 8S. Miller a1; Hartlaub b 3; Briiggemann d 2; Sharpe 3. \dult male. Bluish slate-grey, terminal fourth of the two middle tail-feathers black, the others black, the two outermost tipped with slate-grey for 10 mm ca.; wings black, bordered with cinereous, very broadly on the secondaries and greater wing-coverts; lesser wing-coverts like the back; lores, superciliary line, sides of face, ear-coverts, chin and throat black, becoming blackish slaty on the breast which passes into slate-grey like the upper surface on the remaining under parts, but rather darker; under wing-coverts slate-grey; quills below dusky smoke-grey, inner webs where they rest upon the sides of the body white; tail below black (near Tondano, [3], Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10803; Rurukan, 6, 15. VIL. 84: Platen in Mus. Nehrkorn, Nr. 937). Iris brown; bill and feet black (Platen ib.). Adult female. Above like the male but paler; in front of eye dusky; entire under surface and under wing-coverts cinnamon, closely barred with blackish (as in the Wryneck, Zyna: torquilla), except on {the under tail-coverts which are uniform cinnamon. (Rurukan, ©, 15. VIII. 84: Platen in Mus. Nehrkorn.) Quills below where they rest upon the sides of the body buffy instead of white ([Q ? juy.] Ma- nado, © 52/1). “Bill black; legs black, feet below yellowish; iris dark” (P. & F.S8.). Immature in changing plumage. Like the female, but the quills and greater wing-coverts margined with pale cinnamon and the latter broadly tipped on the outer web with the same colour, a small black bar running across the cinnamon mark; some of the lesser wing-coverts still tipped with cinnamon (Lotta, 18. V. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12177). Young. The young of both sexes appear to differ from the female adult as above. 53* 420 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. Measurements. [Wing Tail /Tarsus plan @, (Mus. Nehrk. 937):c¢ ad. Rurakan 3. 2 2 cs) Suis | 107 | 21 | 15 b. (C 10803) [oi] ad) near Tondano (7 4. = 2 = Sales en 15.7 ce. (C 10804) [3] ad.-near Tondano . . . . . . . «| 122 | 103 | 22 — d. (C 12177) imm. Lotta, Minahassa . . . . . . . «| 114 | 100) 22 14.7 e..(©'5201) mm: Manado 0.) 7 2) LP ie SSE een od Cen a 14.5 The tail measurements are only approximate. Eight additional specimens from the N. Peninsula and Lembeh Island (Sarasin Coll. 5, Dresd. Mus. 3) have the wing 113—120 mm. The female does not seem to be smaller than the male. Four females and young from East Celebes: wing 112—120 mm. Three from the S. Peninsula (Sarasin Coll. @ from Pare Pare; Dresd. Mus. ot © Macassar and Indrulaman, Everett): wing 111—115 mm. Variation. As the plumage gets worn, it seems to take a slightly brownish tinge, less blue, on the slate-grey of the upper parts, and the throat gets blacker in the male, losing the bluish gloss. A noticeable point of individual (or perhaps age-) variation in the male is seen in the black of the throat which extends more on to the breast in one or two individuals from the same neighbourhood of the Minahassa than in others. Females from N. Celebes probably become more regularly and closely barred below with age. The bars in the young are less close, the head above less blue, haying a very slight brownish tinge thereon. As to local variation, the females and young males from Tonkean, E. Ce- lebes (we have not seen the old male), are of a slightly lighter and brighter bluish tinge above; the bars on the chin and throat are smaller and less close than in old females from North Celebes. The greatest extremes of differentiation yet known are found in the Northern and in the Southern Peninsulas. The Southern female is much paler cinnamon below, inclining to whitish towards the throat and chin, the bars narrower and fewer, especially on the chin, throat and abdomen; the upper parts paler and with less of a blue tinge (Q ad. Indrulaman, Oct. 1895: Everett — OC 14904), The male of 8. Celebes differs from the male of N. Celebes in haying a slightly paler and brownish tinge, less blue above, the black of the chin and throat not extending on to the chest, the black subterminal spot on the two middle tail-feathers small () |-Wength of sternum) >; . . 256) > Length of uma . . . . . 31.8 » | Greatest breadth of sternum. 18.0 » Juength of radius. . . . . 28.0 » | Height of crista sterni. . . 8.5 . Juength of manus .. . . 29.0 » | Length of coracoid . .. . 22.0 Length of metacarpus . . . 16.8 » | Length of scapula . . . . 24.0 Length of digitus principalis. 12.8 » | Length of clavicula. . . . 223 » Wenethwottenur nine nr 24.0) sa Wensthon pelvis. as. 3 290— > Length of tibia . . . . . 33.0 » | Greatest breadth of pelvis . 17.8 ensthvotsibulas sa a tolOl > Nest and eggs. Unrecorded. Distribution. Celebes: Minahassa (Wallace 3, Meyer d 3, etc.), Lembeh Id. (Nat. Coll), Bolang Mongondo Distr. (P. & F. Sarasin), Gorontalo (Leyd. Mus. 6 3), Tawaya, W. Celebes (Doherty d 5), Tonkean, E. Celebes (Nat. Coll.), Palopo, Gulf of Boni (Weber 8), Pare Pare, S. W.!Cel. (P. & F. 8. 17), Macassar (Wallace 3, Weber 8), Indrulaman, 8. Cel. (Everett d 4). The genus Edoliisoma ranges from Australia, New Caledonia and Papuasia to Timor, Celebes, the Philippines and an island of the Caroline Archipelago, Uap. These Cuckoo-shrikes are a good deal similar in the male sex to mem- bers of the genus Graucalus; the females, however, generally differ notably from the males and from one another, affording the best means of distinguishing the species. The young generally resemble their respective mothers, but where the females are uniform grey below, as in E. panayensis Steere of Guimaras and Panay and E. everetti Sharpe of Sooloo — thus approaching the male plumage, the young will most likely be found to have a dress of their own. The other members of the genus are at once instructive and puzzling. It may be inferred that the female plumage is more ancient than the male, yet the females of the several species have varied amongst themselves so much that the ancestral type of plumage cannot be made out — with our present knowledge at least. The young, resembling their mothers, afford no clue. The maternal specific differ- ences — recently acquired — are straightway impressed upon the plumage of the young, overwhelming the older phylogenetic peculiarities which might then be expected to display themselves. It serves as a warning that the exact an- cestral plumage of the genus or family is never shown by a young bird — or the young of the different species would be exactly alike — and that the recent acquisitions of the species obscure more or less the transient phylogenetic characters which should come to view in the growing bird; moreover, the acquisitions of 422 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. the mother in the genus Edoliisoma are impressed upon the male young at an earlier stage than the acquisitions of the father. In Edoliisoma the paternal char- acters are first displayed when the young male assumes its second plumage. Sharpe says that the young male of EH. nigrum “gradually gains the adult male plumage by the double action of a direct moult and by a change of feather” (Cat. B. IV, 46). What the very earliest stages of plumage of these Cuckoo- shrikes will teach us, we cannot yet know, probably not much. In the stomach of a specimen of this bird the Drs. Sarasins found crickets. E. morio of Celebes is a very distinct species. It is apparently most nearly related to LH. talautensis of Talaut and LE. salvadorii of Sangi, also to Dr. Sharpe’s newly described LE. everetti of Sooloo, the male of which is said scarcely to differ from the male of E. morio, but the female has the entire belly cinereous (9), and to E. emancipata Hart. of Djampea. The male of E. meyert of Mysore is also much like the male of E. moriv, but the female is quite different, being uniform fulvous rufescent below or with a few spots, not regularly barred like the female of E. morto. Altogether much similarity is found amongst the males of Edoliisoma. This may be accounted for on the supposition that the males have retained the plumage of a formerly wide-spread species from which the females have deviated in various directions. Edoliisoma is a link of questionable value between Celebes and the Australian Region. Its occurrence in the Philip- pine Islands, Sooloo Islands, and Uap in the Carolines are suggestive of an exodus from the east to these islands by flight, of which these birds appear to be very capable. “ * 160. EDOLIISOMA SALVADORII Sharpe. Sangi Slaty Cuckoo-shrike. Plate XXIII. Edoliisoma salvadorii (1) Sharpe, Mitth. Mus. Dresden 1878, III, 367; (2) id., Cat. B. 1879, IV, 48; (3) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 28; (4) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 582. “Dooi”, Great Sangi, Nat. Coll. Descriptions. Sharpe 1, 2. Adult male (type of the species). Like the adult male of EF. morio (supra), but the general colour duller (slightly smoky) plumbeous slate-grey; chin, throat and chest uniform with the under surface, not black; lores and feathers in front of eye black; ear-coverts and below the eye blackish (Tabukan, Great Sangi: Meyer — Nr. 13580). Size rather larger than EF. morio. Female. Different from the female of H. morio: under surface buffy white, broadly barred (except on under tail-coverts) with brownish black, instead of deep cinnamon rather narrowly barred; middle tail-feathers blackish at the tip only — not the terminal fourth black as in FE. morio (Great Sangi, |Q], 13" of March 1893: Nat. Coll. — © 12691). Immature? Two other specimens which are moulting do not differ from the female, except that brown bases to the feathers of the upper surface are apparent, and in one Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. 423 specimen dark subterminal bars to the feathers of the rump are seen. They oe be females, or immature birds of either sex (Great Sangi: Meyer — Nr. 13579 Nat. Coll., 20. VII. 983 — C 12690). Measurements. jin Tail |Tarsus| Bill from nostril a, (Nr.-13580) [o"/ad:, Great Sangi. . . =. . 2 2 . | 196 /110c,| 3315 |e b. (C 12689) (G*] ad., Great Sangi 28. VIL.93 . . . . | 128 |110c.) 23 14.5 e. (O 12691) Q ad.? Great Sangi, 13. VIL93. . . . | 124 |110c.) 23 15.5 d. (Nr. 13579) imm.? Great Sangi . . eee ie CGe le aan ens 15 e. (© 12690) imm.? Great Sangi, 20.VIL93 . . . . | 120|110c\93 | 15 Distribution. Great Sangi (Meyer 7, 4, Nat. Coll. in Dresden and Tring Museums). Remarks. The three types of this species were acquired by Meyer in 1872—73, and five specimens were recently sent by our native collectors to the Dresden Museum, killed in July, 18938, as shown above. The species does not seem to have been obtained by Platen, Fischer, or the earlier visitors to Sangi, and the eight specimens we record appear to be the only ones from Sangi in European collections. After E. talautense, the species seems to be most nearly related to . amboinense (Hartl.) = ceramense Sharpe of Amboina and Ceram, though .morio may have nearly as close affinities. The male of H. amboinense is described by Sharpe as pale ashy slate-colour instead of plumbeous slate-colour. The female is “creamy buff below, the throat narrowly streaked with blackish, the breast and flanks with arrow-head wayy cross lines of black”, instead of nearly white below with broad bars of blackish. The distinctions between FE. salvadorii and E. morio are pointed out in the description above. + * 161. EDOLIISOMA TALAUTENSE M.& We. Talaut Slaty Cuckoo-shrike. Plate XXII. a. Edoliisoma salvadorii (1) M. & Wg. (nec Sharpe), J. f. O. 1894, 244. Edoliisoma talautense (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1595, Nr. 9, p. 5. “Toruri”, or “Anaurida mawora” (), “Toruri tagi”, or “Taigej” (CQ and ( juv.) Talaut, Nat. Coll. Female. Differs from the female of E. salvadorii of Sangi by its having the under parts buff (not white, washed with buff in places) and the blackish bars much narrower ({Q]ad. type, Karkellang, Nov. 1894: Nat. Coll. — C 13795, and others). Male. Apparently indistinguishable from the male of E. salvadorii, unless it be that the black at the tip of the two middle tail-feathers is more “eine and more sharply cut off from the grey, and the greyish white outer edgings to the secondaries and wing- coverts broader (["] ad. type, Kabruang, Nov. 98 — © 13121, and others). Young. Deeper cinnamon-buff below than the female, and with scantier dusky bars, more sagittate in form; the remiges edged with cinnamon-buff; the upper parts slaty warned with brown; bill much paler (Karkellang — C 15361). Measurements. Wing 117—126 mm; tail c. 110; tarsus c. 23; bill from nostril c. 15—16. Distribution. Talaut Islands: Kabruang and Karkellang (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. & Tring Mus.). Individual variation is not yet known to bridge over the gap between this bird and the Sangi form, so as to bring about their union as one species. 424 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. There is now a fine series of 19 specimens of the Talaut form in the Dresden Museum, showing every dress and transition. The females approach E. morio in the coloration of the under parts. ~ * 162. EDOLIISOMA EMANCIPATA Hart. Djampea Slaty Cuckoo-shrike. Edoliisoma emancipata (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 170. Adult male. Much larger than £. morio of Celebes, paler slaty, and without the black cheeks and throat, the lores and ear-coverts black, the latter with a bronze gloss (¢, Djampea Id., Dec. 1895: Everett — C 14862). Wing 132—138 mm; tail 113; culmen 25—26 (bill from nostril c. 17); width of bill at nostrils 9; tarsus 23 (Hartert). Female (immature). Under parts whitish washed with cinnamon-buff, paler than in EF. morio and crossed with narrower brace-shaped bars of dusky; crissum and under tail-coyerts cinnamon-buff clear of bars; above slaty grey, washed with olive on the back, the feathers of the rump with dusky subterminal bars and buff tips; wing-coverts and quills edged with cinnamon-buff, becoming whitish on the inner feathers; tail black, tipped with cimnamon-white, broadest on the outermost feathers, the middle pair brownish slate-grey with a black spot at the tip (Q, Djampea, Everett — C 14863). The female is above light slaty grey, no fawn-coloured superciliary streak; ear- coverts light slaty grey, streaked with white; a slight brownish wash on the rump; wing 129—132 mm; “iris chocolate-brown; bill jet-black; legs, feet, and claws greyish black” — Hy. (Hartert). Distribution. Djampea Island, between South Celebes and Flores (Everett). This new species is compared by Mr. Hartert with E. amboinense, which differs in the female in being ashy brown above and in having a fawn-coloured superciliary streak, while the male of that species is harder to distinguish, but the wing seems to be slightly shorter and the grey edges on the wing-coverts and secondaries narrower. The male of EH. emancipata is also hardly to be dis- tinguished from the males of FE. salvadorii and of E. talautense, except by its larger size and slightly paler slaty hue; the female is much more narrowly barred below and has a brownish tint on the rump not seen in adult females of those species. + 163. EDOLIISOMA OBIENSE Salvad. Obi Cuckoo-shrike. Plate XXII. a. Campephaga melanotis (nec Gould, nec Gray) (1) Wall. P. Z. 8. 1862, 342; (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1866, 171, part.; (3) Gray, HL. 1869, I, 337. b. Edoliisoma muelleri pt. (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. VII, 1875, 927. Edoliisoma obiense (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Ciy. Gen. 1878, XII, 329; (2) Sharpe, Mitth. Mus. Dresd. 1878, III, 3, p. 369; (3) id., Cat. B. IV, 1879, 51; (4) Salvad., Ann. Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. 425 Mus. Civ. Gen. XV, 1879, 36, Nr. 24; (5) id., Orn. Pap. IL, 1881, 151; (6) dey Agg. Orn. Pap. 1890, 92; (7) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 15. ce. Campephaga obiensis (1) Guillem., P. ZS. 1885, 570. “Sal” (o") Peling; “Kuenlang” (<') Banggai; “Kodopi” (©) Peling and Banggai, Nat. Coll. Adult male. Similar to the male of EH. morio, but without the black throat, though black on the cheeks, chin, lores, and ear-coverts (|) Peling, V—VIII. 95 — OC 14575). Adult female. Above cinnamon-rufous, washed with chestnut on the mantle; below lighter, more orange cinnamon-rufous, palest on chin; head above and hind neck bluish slate-grey, much as in the male; lores blackish; below the eye light cinnamon; ear-coverts streaked with light cmnamon; remiges: unexposed inner portions and free ends blackish, below blackish, where they rest upon the body cinnamon-rufous; tail above and below cinnamon-rufous ([Q] ad. Peling, V.—VHI. 95 — © 14576). Young. Similar to the female, but the head above and hind neck not slaty, but rufous brown with grey bases to the feathers and some pale buff tips; a supraloral stripe continued over the eye cinnamon-buff; bill dark horn-colour, paler below (Banggai — C 14694). Measurements (Peling and Banggai — 4 adults). Wing 117—126 mm (the smaller measurements belonging to females); tail c. 100; tarsus c. 24; bill from nostril 15.5—16. Distribution. Obi (Bruijn, Bernstein 4, 5); Bisa (Guillemard ¢ 1); Sula (Allen 3); Peling and Banggai (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. & Tring Mus.). A male in the British Museum from Sula was identified by Sharpe with EE. obiense, and this determination is now confirmed by a good series from Peling and Banggai, the avifauna of which is generally very much the same as that of Sula. Possibly the bill of our examples is a trifle smaller than in the Obi bird, but this is a somewhat variable character. The female and young of this species are remarkably different from those of E. morio and its allies; they look as if saturated with cinnamon-rufous, and no bars on the under surface are to be seen. GENUS LALAGE bBoie. A group of species smaller in size than those of the genus Graucalus; the wing always much longer than the tail, the middle toe and claw slightly shorter than the tarsus; tarsus anteriorly with 4—5 transverse scales; bill as in Kdolit- soma, culmen shorter than the cranium; sexes dissimilar. Ranges from India to Australia and Polynesia. Gould and, more recently, Oates do not separate this form from Cam- pophaga. , * 164. LALAGE LEUCOPYGIALIS Tweedd. Celebesian Lalage. a. Ceblepyris orientalis part. (1) S. Miiller, Verh. Natuurk. Comm, 1839—44, 190. b. Lalage orientalis (1) Finsch, New Guinea 1866, 172. c. Campephaga leucopygialis Gray, HL. 1869, I, 339, Nr. 5125 — descr. nulla! Lalage leucopygialis (J) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIII, 69, pl. VIL, fig. 2; (2) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 658; (3) Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 72; (4) Sharpe, Mitth. Mus. Dresden 1878, III, 371; (5) id., Cat. B. 1879, IV, 98; Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 5th 1897). 54 426 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. (6) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 130; (7) W. Blas., J. f.O. 1883, 137, 147; (8) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 30; (9) Guillem., P. ZS. 1885, 259, 554; (10) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 112; (XJ) Meyer, Abb. v. Vogelskel. 1892, I, 41, pl. CLX VU; (12) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1895, LI, 278; (13) M. & Ws., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 9; (14) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 15; (15) Hart., Noy. Zool. 1896, 156; (16) id., ib. 1897, 162. “Maspas kokie”, or “Maspas biabia”, Minahassa near Manado and islands off the coast, Nat. Coll. “Merapati ise ise”, Tonkean, E. Cel., Nat. Coll. “Pakampi batu”, Tjamba Distr., 8. Celebes, Platen. “Manua bembeh”, Peling; “Tejana popoloso”, Banggai, Nat. Coll. Figures and descriptions. Walden J; Meyer XJ (skeleton); Sharpe 4'); W. Blasius 10. Adult male. Above glossy greenish black; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts white, slightly shaded with grey on the lower back; middle wing-coverts, most of outer webs of the greater coverts and a broad external edge to the secondaries white, a broad superciliary streak from nostril to side of occiput, malar region, lower part of ear-coverts, and entire under surface white; lores and upper part of ear-coverts black like the upper surface; wings below greyish black, where they rest upon the sides of the body white; tail black, the lateral feathers tipped with white, about 18 mm broad in the outermost pair, 10 mm in the next, 5 mm in the third (Manado, co, March, 1871: Meyer — C 693; Manado tua, marked of, 6. 1V. 98: Nat. Coll. — 12138). Iris brown; bill and feet black (Guillem. 9). Adult female. Differs from the male in having the hind neck, mantle, upper back, and scapulars smoke-grey instead of black; the greater wing-coverts much more narrowly edged with white, the middle coverts marked with black; the white lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts washed with grey; the middle tail-feathers brownish grey, the ends black; the breast usually obscurely barred; metacarpal edge marked with black; other parts as in the male (Manado, Q, March, 1871 — C 692, and others). Immature. Like the adult female, but the feathers of the smoke-grey parts of the upper surface broadly tipped with light cinnamon, the feathers of the crown dusky tipped with cinnamon; the white under parts marked on the breast with dusky shaft-streaks (near Manado, Aug.—Sept. 1893: Nat. Coll. — C 10884, 10883). Measurements (12 adults — male and female?)). Wing 9)—97 mm; tail 75 ca.; tarsus 18S —20 bill from nostril 9.5—11 ca. Skeleton. Length of cranium . . . 95.0 mm | length of fbula . 2 . =) = 8.3 mm Greatest breadth of cranium . 16.0 » Length of tarso-metatarsus . 18.0 » Length of humerus . . . . 22.3 » | Length of digitus II . . . 16.0 » Length of uma . . . . . 25.7 » | Length of stenum . . - 20.5 » Iuength' ofiradius 9) ae ose Greatest breadth of Beene - 16:5 Hength of manus’, 2 =. = "2a:00% Height of crista sterni . . . 7.0 » Length of metacarpus.. . . 13.8 » Wengthyot coracoid 2) 2). 18i0ne Length of digitus principalis . 10.6 » Gength ot scapula, 3. neeee2 lO Length of femur . 7) . 2 19:0 + Length of clavicula . . . . 16.0 Length of tibia . . . . 21/278) »~ | Mength of pelvis =. |e eee meee deans 1) ia De Sharpe’s descriptions — instead of “adult male”, read “immature male” or “adult female” *) Two or three in the female dress are probably immature males, the grey of the upper plumage being marked with black. Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. 427 Egg. “Dr. Platen sent me an egg of this bird from Rurukan, which except for a difference in size, resembles those of its relations L. sykesi Sws. of East India, tricolor (Bodd.) of Australia, ferat (Bodd.) of Java, pacifica Gml. from the Tonga Islands and leucomelaena V. & H. of Australia and the Aru Islands. The ground-colour is blue-green; the spots of liver-brown, which are somewhat large, not sharply defined, but lengthened, are equally distributed over the whole egg and form no circlet. The shell is very smooth and glossy. Size 21.5 >< 16mm. Black streaks and points as on the egg of L. lewcopygialis are to be found on the eggs of almost all Campo- phagidae here and there, but always few and far between” (Nehrkorn MS.). Nest. (The nest of the allied L. terat Bodd. [= orientalis Gm.| of Java is thus described by Bernstein [J. f. O. 1859, 274]: the small, flat, nest of only about 2 inches in diameter consists only of some few bents, small roots and such like, and the support most preferred for it is a bough, upon which it is built and which usually forms of itself a part of the nest bottom. Consequently the bird likes to make use of the place where a not too weak bough forms a fork for the site of the nest, which in this way also receives strong support at the sides. Externally it is spun over with spiders’ and caterpillars’ web, and covered with small bits of lichen. In this simple, fragile nest the female lays its two eggs.) Distribution. Celebes — Minahassa (Wallace 5, Meyer 6, etc.); Banka Id. and Manado tua Id. (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.); Gorontalo Distr. (Meyer 6); Tonkean, H. Celebes (Nat. Coll.); Tawaya, W. Celebes (Doherty 16); Kandari, 8. E. Celebes (Beccari 2); Macassar (Wallace 5, Weber 12); Indrulaman (Everett 15); Pelmg and Banggai Is. (Nat. Coll. 14). Dr. Sharpe (5) mentions also the Sula Islands as a locality for this species, without, however, referring to specimens. This Pied Cuckoo-shrike is most like L. terat of the Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Nicobars (Sharpe 9), a species which may readily be distinguished from the Celebes form by its having the rump and upper tail-coverts grey instead of white. Specimens from Mindanao may thus be separated from Celebes ones at a glance. JL. timorensis, which also occurs in Celebes, may be known by its grey rump and upper tail-coverts, by its having only a very narrow white line extending from the nostril and lores over the eye, instead of a broad superciliary stripe from the nostril and lores to over the ear-coverts, and by the pattern of its wing below, where the white occupies the whole inner web of most of the primaries, extending in the longer quills as far as the ends of the secondaries, while the free ends of the quills are blacker than in L. leucopygialis. It looks as if a sharper separation of the pigment had taken place in the wing of L. timorensis, the black being condensed in the outer webs and distal ends of the quills. In this respect L. timorensis is a more highly specialized species than L. leucopyyialis and terat; in respect of its white rump L. /eucopygialis is more highly specialized than terat. L. leucopygialis is a common bird in North Celebes. It is very active, forms flocks, its call being a protracted whistle or a loud chirping cry (Meyer 6). ‘The curious correspondence of the coloration of this species with Graucalus bicolor — sex with sex — has already been noted under that species. It has 54* 428 Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. of course nothing to do with mimicry. Either, one form has given rise to the other without change of coloration, or, the two forms have independently deve- loped in coloration in the same direction, owing to the action of light upon the feather-pigments, as mentioned supra under Graucalus bicolor. The traces of bars in the dress of the female are especially interesting as compared with the longitudinal shaft-streaks on the breast of the young, the former appear to point to more recent, the latter to more ancient ancestry, though we are not yet able to define this more exactly. Another species which corresponds in coloration sex for sex somewhat closely with L. leucopygialis is Muscicapula westermanni. + 165. LALAGE TIMORENSIS (S. Miill.). Timorese Lalage. a. Ceblepyris timorensis (1) S. Miill., Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—44, 190. b. Campephaga timorensis (1) Gray, Gen. B. 1846, I, 283, Nr. 47; (2) id., HL. 1869, I, 339, Nr. 5118. Lalage timorensis (1) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 355; (2) Hartl., J. £. O. 1865, 165; (3) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 147; (4) Vorderman, N. Tdschr. Ned. Ind. 1886, XLVI, 229; (5) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 126; (6) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, LIV, 337; (7) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1896, Nr. 1, p. 10. c. Lalage leucophaea (1) Wall. (nec Vieill.), P. ZS. 1863, 485. d. Lalage timoriensis (1) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1866, 172; (2) Sharpe, Mitth. Mus. Dresd. 1878, Ill, 371; (3) id., Cat. B. 1879, IV, 94; (4) Guillem, P. ZS. 1885, 506; (5) Heine & Rchw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 67; (6) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1891, 212; (7) id., ib. 1892, 198; (8) id., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost- Ind. 18938, IL, 286; (9) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 156, 165, 171, 182, 548, 561, 569, 584, 595; (10) id., ib. 1897, 158. e. Lalage dominica (1) Lenz (nec Miiller), J. f. O. 1877, 374 [?]; (2) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 130; (3) W. Blas., J. £. O. 1883, 124, 147. f. Lalage timoriensis var. celebensis (1) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 30; (2) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 115. g. Lalage riedelii (1) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 29. Descriptions. S. Miiller a1; Hartlaub 2; Sharpe d3. Adult male. Above greenish black; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts pale smoke-grey; lesser wing-coverts and inner greater wing-coverts white, with spots of black along the shaft!); inner quills broadly bordered externally with white; a fine white streak from nostril over the eye; malar region, ear-coverts, sides of neck and entire under parts white; edge of wing marked with black; distal ends and outer webs of quills below dusky, inner webs — nearly as far in the longer primaries as the ends of the secondaries — pure white; tail- feathers narrowly tipped with white, more broadly on the two outer pairs (10 mm, 7mm), inner webs white towards base under the under tail-coverts (Batubassi, north of Macassar, Gt, Nov. 1871: Meyer — Nr. 13617). Adult female. Above dark broccoli-brown, becoming smoke-grey on the lower back, rump, 1) The black spots appear to be lost in old birds. Birds of Celebes: Campophagidae. 499 and upper tail-coverts; wings brown-black, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries and coverts broadly bordered with white, of an impure fulyous tint on the inner feathers; lores brownish black; supraloral stripe continued over the eye fulyous white; chin, throat, and under parts, under tail-, and wing-coverts and remiges where they rest upon the body white, with obscure cinereous bars on the sides and metacarpal edge; distal part of remiges below dusky brown; tail below blackish; the two outer feathers broadly, the next narrowly, tipped with white, and the outermost pair externally edged with the same colour (C, Kalao, Dec. 95: Everett — C 15138). Young. Like the female, but the feathers of the head, neck, and back tipped with white and subterminally crossed with a bar of darker brown; the wing-coverts, secondaries and primaries edged with fulvous, not white; the under parts washed with white, most strongly on the jugulum, a few blackish spots on the breast, bill dark, under mandible basally yellowish: iris brown (3, Kalibangkere, S. Celebes, 7. VIL. 78 — C 5371). Measurements. Wing| Tail /Tarsus Bul from a. (Nr. 13617) Gt ad. Batubassi, Nov. 1871 (Meyer) . .| 90} 77 | 21 — b. (Nr. 13615) cf ad. Macassar, Oct. 1871 (Meyer) Gon erG 2 11 ce. (Nr. 13616) [o*] ad. Macassar, Jan. 1873 (Meyer) . 92 83 | 20 = d. (Sarasin Coll.) Gf ad. Macassar, 9. VII. 95 . | 92) 73 | 21 10 e. (Sarasin Coll.) O Macassar, 13. XJ. 95 a e271: 229 11 f. (Sarasin Coll.) O imm. Macassar, 4.1TX.95 . . .| 90 fica lhe — g. (C 15138) ad. Kalao Id., XII 95 (Mverett). . . .| 87] 73 |2 11 h. (C' 15137) © ad. Kalao Id, XII. 95 (Everett). ...| 94) 80 | — 11 4. (C 15209) © imm. Lombok, V. 96 (Everett) . . .| 90, 70 | 21 14 j. (C 1528) © imm. Lombok, V. 96 (Everett): .. .| 92 | —|— 11 k. (Nr. 13618) ad. Makisar or Kisser (Riedel) . . . .| 100] 88 | 22 — i. (Nr. 6422) ad. Timor, Kupang (Riedel) . .. =. .| 981) 86-(21 = Distribution. Timor (S. Miiller a1, Wallace c1, d 3, etc.); Kisser (Riedel g J); Letti and Ombai (Leyd. Mus. d 8); Sumba (ten Kate d7, Doherty d 9); Sumbawa (Guillemard d 4, Doherty d 9); Lombok (Wallace d 3, Vorderman 6, etc.); Bali (Wallace d3, Doherty d 9); Djampea and Kalao (Everett d 9); Saleyer (Weber d 8, Everett d 9); Celebes — South Peninsula (Meyer e 2, f1, Platen, P. & F. Sarasin 7, Everett d 9, Doherty d 10); ? North Peninsula (v. Biiltzings- léwen e 1); ? Borneo (d 1, 3, 5). This species was first discovered in Celebes by Meyer, who obtained the three specimens above mentioned at Macassar and Batubassi. ‘These were de- scribed later as var. celebensis (f 1), but after comparison with a typical specimen from Timor, which was not at hand then, we find them identical in all respects, except in size (see measurements above), and do not insist upon maintaining it as a subspecies, though it may possible be found advisable to re-establish it later on, when the species is better known. Prof. W. Blasius (f 2) has called attention to the probable identity of a specimen in the Liibeck Museum (e 1) with this form of timorensis indicated to have come from North Celebes, but this locality requires confirmation. 430 Birds of Celebes: Artamidae. This species ay pears to be a recent invader from the islands in the South to South Celebes, where it occurs together with L. leucopygialis, a species which is peculiar to Celebes, whereas L. timorensis has a wider distribution. What Meyer described (g /) as L. riedeli from Kisser near Timor does not differ in coloration from the typical form, which we are now able to compare, but whether the differences in size (see measurements above) entitle it to the rank of a subspecies, only future investigation with more specimens in hand can show. FAMILY ARTAMIDAE. As Gadow remarks (Newton’s Dict. B. 739), Artamus is the only genus in the enormous group of the Passeres known to possess powder-down patches, “They occur in all the species, in patches on the sides of the breast, the thighs and lower back, and have a strong barrel, one-third of an inch long”. They are simply coloured birds, chiefly grey or black above and white below, with very long wings, reaching far beyond the end of the tail; the first primary is minute, the second and third the longest, the secondaries rather more than half as long. ‘The bill is about as long as the cranium, bluish in colour, the culmen rounded, almost bloated; it is covered by a cere at its base, hidden by the feathers of the forehead; nostril a roundish aperture in the horn of the bill; tarsus shorter than the toes, which form a rather large foot. ‘They catch most of their insect-food on the wing, and their flight has been compared to that of Swallows and’ of Birds-of-prey. ‘The sexes are similar, and the young closely resemble their parents; the nest and eggs are Shrike-like. Sharpe recognizes two genera, found in the Australian and Oriental Regions, and in West Africa. Celebes has two species of this family which is most strongly represented in Australia, one peculiar, most nearly allied to a form in the New Britain group, the other a species of wide range which seems to have spread over the East Indies in recent times. As these birds have very fine flying-powers they are not of much weight in questions of geographical distribution. GENUS ARTAMUS Vieill. The characters as for the family. It differs from Pseudochelidon of West Africa by its pointed bill, which is longer than the hind toe and claw, and by its square tail (Sharpe). Australian and Oriental Regions. 166. ARTAMUS LEUCOGASTER (Val.). White-rumped Swallow-shrike. a. Ocypterus leucogaster (J) Valenc., Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. 1820, VI, 21, pl. VII, fig. 2. b. Artamus leucopygialis (1) Gld., P. ZS. 1842, 17; (IZ) id. B. Austr. 1848, I, pl. 33; (3) id., HB. B. Austr. 1865, I, 154; (4) Studer, Reise Gazelle 1889, III, 189. ! . | | Birds of Celebes: Artamidae. 431 c. Artamus leucorhynchus (1) Gray (nec L.), Gen. B. 1845, I, 285; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIL; (3) Hume, Str. F. 1874, IV, 214; (4) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 140; (5) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 129, 146; (6) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 257, 409, 505, 553; (7) Hartert, J. f. O. 1887, 356; (8) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 280; (9) Vorderm., Notes Leyden Mus. 1891, 125. Artamus leucogaster (1) Gray, Gen. B. 1845, I, 285; (2) Bernst., J. f.O. 1859, 268; (24) Nat. Tdschr. Ned. Ind. 1860, XXII, 21; (3) Sharpe, Rowley’s Orn. Misc. 1878, ILI, 184—187; (4) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1881, I, 167—171; (5) Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1881, 766; (6) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 115, 187; (7) id., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 278; (8) Buttik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1887, 46; (9) North, Nests and Eggs Austr. B. 1889, 43; (10) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 144; (11) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1890, XTIT, 3; (22) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 93; (13) Hartert, J. f. O. 1891, 208; (14) id., Kat. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 78; (15) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891, 56; (16) Buttik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1892 198; (17) id., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 278, 286; (18) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 252, 259; (19) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1894, 475; (20) Bourns & Worces., B Menage Exp. 1894, 39; (21) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1895, 469; (22) Grant, Ibis 1895, 258; (23) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 9; (24) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 15; (25) Grant, Tbis 1896, 554; (26) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 154, 168, 534, 547, 568, 575, 583, 594; (XXVII) Meyer, Vogelskel. 1897, I, pl. COX VILL. d. Artamus leucorhynchus var. celebensis (7) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 69. e. Artamus celebensis (1) Tweedd., Ibis 1878, 386. ? “Maspas”, Minahassa, Meyer e 5. “Maspas sedang” (ad.), “Maspas pontej” (juv.), Nat. Coll. “Djaka djaka”, Tjamba District, 8. Celebes, Platen 7. “Sosolat ise ise”, Tonkean and Balante, HE. Celebes, Nat. Coll. “Manu sagu”, Peling and Banggai, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references see Salvadori 4, 12, and Sharpe 3, 11 (omitting A. musschenbroeki Meyer and references thereto). Figures and descriptions. Valenc. aI; Gould 6 I/,b 3; Meyer XXVII (skeleton); Hume ce 38; Salvad. 4; Sharpe 12. Adult. Above mouse-grey, becoming drab on back, scapulars and rump; upper tail- coverts white; chin, throat and upper chest mouse-grey, concolorous with the head; remaining under parts, including under wing-coverts, white; loral region blackish grey; quills below grey, becoming nearly white at their bases (N. Celebes, C 3493). Bill bluish; feet bluish grey; claws blackish — Meyer ¢ 5. Tris brown — Gould b 3; brownish — Meyer c 5; black (gt) — D’Albertis 4; deep chocolate (< 17—18 mm (Bernstein 2). — (Australia) usually 3, flesh-white or dull white, freckled, spotted and blotched, with yellowish brown, and bluish grey, the last appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell; usually a zone at the larger end; size 22.9—24.1 >< 15.7—16.0 (North 9, Gould 6 3). — “The eggs have a white (Java) to yellowish (Australia) ground, with large lilac spots below and similar liver-brown spots above, which form a closed circlet at the blunt end. They bring to mind the eggs of our common Lanius collurio and are of like size = 22—33 >< 17 mm” (Nehrkorn MS). Nest. (Java) — Exteriorly somewhat Shrike-lke, usually placed amongst the many kinds of parasites which always clothe the stem of the Areng-palm, or also in the lappets formed by the leaves of this or of the cocoa-palm, and only rarely in the leafy crown of a dicotyledonous tree. Made of dry, somewhat coarse stalks, roots, leaves, bits of lichen and moss, roughly and loosely bound together giving the nest a disorderly, shaggy exterior; lined with finer materials, mostly the elastic threads of the Areng- palm, and a few soft stalks, forming a regular flattened, half-spherical receptacle (Bernstein 2). (Andamans). —- One found was a shallow, saucer-shaped structure of grass, some- what coarse exteriorly, finer inside, placed in the hollow at the top of a rotten mangrove stump 20 ft. high (Davison ¢ 3), (Australia). — Often avails itself of the deserted nests of other species instead of building a new one. Most of the pairs found breeding by Gould had possessed them- selves of the forsaken nests of Grallina picata, re-lining it with grasses, etc. Nests made by the birds themselves are of grasses and fine plants, placed in the fork of a tree growing by, or in, the water (Gould 6 3, North 9). Breeding season. Australia — September till January (b 3); Andamans — building, May 24 (e 3); Celebes — as the two young specimens, about 2 months old, in the Dresden Museum were killed in the middle of May, it appears that the bird breeds here early in the year. Distribution. Almost all the islands south and east of a line drawn from the Andaman Is- lands through the Malacca Straits to Luzon, as far as E. New Guinea, Victoria and 8. Australia. For exact localities see Salvadori 4, 12, adding — Billiton and Mendanau (Vorderman c¢ 9), Palawan (Platen 10), Bali (Wallace 12), Natuna Is. (Everett, Hose 19, 22), Sumbawa, Satonda, Sumba (Doherty 26), several Philippine Islands (B. & W. 20); Celebes Province — Minahassa (Wallace 11, Meyer e 3, etc.); Gorontalo Distr. (Meyer ¢ 5); E. Celebes (Nat. Coll. 24); S. Celebes — Ma- cassar (Wallace 11, Meyere 5, Weber 17, etc.), Tjamba Distr. (Platen 7); Saleyer Island (Weber 17, Everett 26); Djampea (Everett 26); Islands off N. Celebes — Banka, Lembeh and Manado tua (Nat. Coll.); Togian Islands (Meyer ¢ 5); Peling and Banggai (Nat. Coll. 24). As yet unrecorded from Sangi, Talaut, and Sula (?). Birds of Celebes: Artamidae. 433 Artamus leucogaster is a species which appears to have recently extended its range, having issued most probably from Australia, where the Artamidae are most strongly represented and where A. leucogaster in South Australia and New South Wales “would appear to be migratory, visiting these parts in summer for the purpose of breeding” (Gould b 3). In the East India Islands it seems to be stationary. In Celebes, as Meyer remarks, it is very common at all times and everywhere; it is said by Fischer to occur throughout the year in Ternate; it breeds plentifully in Java, breeds also in the Andamans, where specimens have been collected in most months of the year — January till July, November, December; while the dates of specimens tend to prove that it is stationary and therefore a breeding bird in other parts. Specimens from the Tenimber Islands are distinguishable by their dusky plumage, the broader zone of white across the rump and upper tail-coverts, larger bill, and tail narrowly tipped with white. They appear to be the only form of A. /eucogaster worthy of specific’ or subspecific distinction, and have been named <21 mm, and like most of the members of the genus much elongated. The ground-colour is white, marked with only isolated underlying spots — some very small, others very large — of pale violet, and with superjacent spots — some light red, others dark brown, which unite into a circlet at the blunt end. The shell has little or no gloss” (Nehrkorn MS.). Two eggs (one broken) in the Sarasin Coll., accompanying a nest, differ con- siderably from Mr. Nehrkorn’s description; they are white in ground-colour, finely peppered all over with shell-spots of pale lilac and surface-spots of a browner tint, none of the spots larger than an ordinary pin’s head and most of them minute points only, slightly more conglomerated towards the blunt end of the egg: broad oval — 29> 21 mm (Tomohon, 19. April 1894). Nest. The Sarasins obtained two nests: one with the above two eggs, the other containing _a nestling (“there were probably two”). They are broad, deep saucers: internal diam. c. 90 mm, depth c. 40 mm, lightly built of vegetable fibres and roots, with a few bits of sticks intermingled in the base and sides, lined with finer dark root-fibres. The structure is cleverly suspended between the prongs of a forked branch. Dr. Platen writes (d 6): -I found the nest twice on a bough stretching across a busy road at a height of 4—5 meters, where it was suspended in a fork after the manner of building of the Orioles”. Distribution. The typical Dicrurus leucops — Celebes and the islands off the coast: Minahassa (Wallace a 1, etc.); between Minahassa and Popo Mongondo (P.& F. Sarasin a 10); Gorontalo District (Meyer a 7); Manado tua, Lembeh, Mantehage and Banka (Nat. Coll.), Talissi (Hickson c¢ 3); Togian Is. (Meyer a 7); E. Celebes (Nat. Coll); Kandari, 8. E. Peninsula pees a 4); W. Celebes (Doherty a 14); S. Peninsula (Wallace a3, c1, Meyer a7, etc.); pate and Luwn at the head of the Gulf of Boni (Weber ec 4); Saleyer Id. (Everett a 13). Dicrurus leucops—avillaris (Wall., Salvad.): Siao (Meyer d 1, Platen d7 Nat. Coll.), Biarro, Gunong api and Tagulandang (Nat. Coll.). 438 Birds of Celebes: Dicruridae. + 2. Dicrurus leucops axillaris (Salvad.). e. Dicruropsis leucops pt. (1) Sharpe, Mitth. Mus. Dresden 1878, III, 361; Meyer, l.c. note; (2) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 283. f. Dieruropsis axillaris (1) Salvad., Atti Ac. Sc. Tor. XIII, 1878, 1184; (2) Meyer, Isis Dresden 1884, 6, 31; (3) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 582. “Gating tahiti”, Great Sangi, Nat. Coll. Description. Salvadori f 1. Adult. Not differing from the adult of Celebes, except that the axillaries and under wing- coverts are more broadly tipped with white (N. B. in one of our 3 adults, C 12683, this is not the case). Immature. A younger specimen has fewer metallic tips to the feathers of the breast and a few of the feathers of the lower breast and abdomen tipped with whitish cinnamon; the under wing-coyerts and axillaries more broadly tipped with white than in the adult (Great Sangi, C 1177). Measurements. Wing (3 adults) 162—170 mm; tail 137—144; bill from nostril 21.5—26; tarsus 25. Distribution. Great Sangi (Meyer e 1, Bruijn f 1, Platen f 3, Nat. Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Mus.). Dicrurus leucops is a very bold and familiar bird in Celebes. Its cries are highly varied, one individual, observes Meyer (a 7), making such a noise in the morning that the forest appears to be full of various birds. In flight as Dr. Hickson (c 8) remarks, it has the habit of opening and shutting its two long outer tail-feathers like a pair of scissors in action. It feeds on insects, such as grasshoppers, etc. (a 7). The Celebes Drongo may be distinguished from its allies in the East Indies by its milk-white iris; in the other species it is red or brown. In this connection the Sarasins made a discovery of some interest; they found that the iris is also brown in the young of the Celebes Drongo. ‘This was proved in a series of seven specimens, from the nestling to the immature individual, while in the adults they found it always to be white. This seems to prove that the Celebes species is descended from a race with brown eyes. D. leucops is most nearly . related to D. pectoralis Wall. of the Sula Islands and to the numerous forms of that species — which have for the most part been separated as specifically distinct — from Obi, Borneo, Palawan, Sooloo, New Britain, and the D’Entre- casteaux Islands. Count Salvadori (P. Z. 8. 1878, 88) lays some stress upon the presence in C. pectoralis of long recurved hairs sprouting from the forehead; these, however, as pointed out antea, are also found in old examples — per- haps old males, or males in breeding-dress — of D. leucops, as also in D. bor- neensis described by Sharpe in 1879. In Dicrurus hottentottus (L.) of Indo- China the hairs are developed to such an extent as to form a sort of crest. These hairs, remarks Lord 'Tweeddale (Ibis 1868, 73), “are really the denuded shafts of a certain number of the frontal plumes. Under a lens the aborted rudiments of the lateral webs can be readily detected. Behind these denuded shafts are usually (in D. hottentottus) a number of elongated frontal Birds of Celebes: Dicruridae. 439 crest-plumes in different states of perfection”. The imperfect and irregular deve- lopment of these fine naked shafts in at least three East Indian species, when adult or even old, seems to suggest that this character is becoming obliterated, in other words, that these hairs are ancestral vestiges derived from a form like Dicrurus hottentottus of Indo-China. In the closely-allied genera, Bhringa and Dissemurus, one of the most wonder- ful developments of racket tail-feathers is seen, the outermost pair of rectrices being greatly prolonged, bare-shafted for some distance from the point where they overreach the other tail-feathers, each ending with a long and broad paddle- like racket. In Bhringa the shaft passes mesially through the racket, in Dissemurus the inner web of the racket is very much reduced, but the outer web very broad. (See, also, remarks on Prioniturus platurus and Merops ornatus in the Introduction.) The white tips on the axillaries and under wing-coverts, which are best developed in Sangi birds, are sometimes absent in adults from the mainland, while younger Celebes specimens possess them sometimes to as great an extent as those of Siao, or even as adults from Great Sangi. But that they tend to disappear with age in Celebes shows that the birds of the mainland are more advanced in development in this respect. The size and extent of the spots on the breast and throat are dependent upon the age of the individual. ‘This has perhaps not always been taken suf- ficiently into consideration by writers on the next species, D. pectoralis Wall. + 169. DICRURUS PECTORALIS Wall. Sula Drongo. Dicrurus pectoralis (1) Wall., P. ZS. 1862, 342; (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 170 pt. (Sula); (3) Gray, Hb. 1869, I, 285, Nr. 4214; (4) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1872, VII, 70; (5) Sclat., P. ZS. 1877, 101; (6) Salvad., ib. 1878, 88; (7) Tweedd., t.c. 615; (8) id., Ibis 1878, 73; (8%*) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 15. a. Chibia pectoralis (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. III, 1877, 240; (2) id., P. Z.S. 1879, 247. b. Dicruropsis pectoralis (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1879, XV, 39; (2) id., Orn. Pap. II, 1881, 173 (Obi major); (3) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 571. “Sumpolak”, Peling and Banggai, Nat. Coll. Adult. Like D. lewcops Wall. of Celebes, except as regards the iris, which is red, not white. Observation. Other differences, such as smaller size and more brilliant spangles on the breast, as mentioned by Sharpe (a1), and the presence of long recurved hairs sprouting at the forehead, on which Salvadori has laid stress, cannot be admitted as discrimi- native characters for this form, since our large series of D. leucops shows that species to be highly variable as regards size, extent and tint of the metallic spangles, and the presence and length of the fine hair-like recurved shafts at the forehead, the differences being in a large measure due to age and to some extent, we believe, to sex and season. Dr. Guillemard () 3) seems first to have pointed out that the recurved filaments are absent in many specimens of D. pectoralis (from where?), with which he identifies the Sooloo bird, and Mr. Wallace makes no mention of them in his diagnosis of the species, though they are present in the type (a 1). 440 Birds of Celebes: Dicaeidae. Measurements. Seven adults from Peling and Banggai have the wing 150—164 mm. Distribution. Sula Islands (Allen J, a 1); Peling and Banggai (8); Obi major (Bruijn 6 2). The Sula Drongo is one of a closely interrelated group of red-eyed species consisting of itself, D. borneensis (Sharpe) from Borneo and Sooloo, D. palawan- ensis T'weedd. from Palawan, D. laemostictus Sclat. from New Britain, D. pro- pinquus (Tristr.), D’Entrecasteaux Islands, D. bracteatus Gould, Australia, S. New Guinea and the Tenimber Group, D. atrocaeruleus Gr. of Halmahera and Batjan — wrongly recorded also by Gray and copied by Rosenb erg as from Celebes (HL. I, 285; Mal. Arch. 272) — and D. carbonarius Bp. of Papuasia. To these D. biwaensis Bp. of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba and Flores — also wrongly recorded by Gray and copied by Rosenberg as from Celebes — and D. sumatranus R. G. W. Rams. of Sumatra again stand very near. ‘This is one of those cases where names have been given and the birds of certain places marked off in a manner not calculated to advance knowledge in ornithology; it is only after looking up the matter with considerable loss of time that the student becomes aware what an intricately interconnected set of local races these numerous specific names really represent. Im most cases we may presuppose that some differences really exist, but whether these have always been correctly discriminated by the authors the future must show. The green and blue tints and the size of the metallic spots on the breast undoubtedly vary, as already mentioned, with age. Most of the forms may be expected, as subspecies, to fall into the ranks of one species, D. carbonaria Bp. In plumage there seems to be no difference between the Peling and Banggai birds and those of Celebes (D. lewcops) and, in labelling the specimens from E. Celebes D. leucops and those of Peling, D. pectoralis, we are compelled to act from mere guess-work, for all that can be said is that it is probable that the latter will follow the rulé and have the iris of the same colour as the Sula birds, and not as in the adult Celebes birds. FAMILY DICAEIDAE. The Flower-peckers are among the smallest birds occurring in Celebes. Oates has stated that they may be separated at once from all other Passeres, except the Nectariniidae, by the serrated edges of both mandibles.) In the Dicae- idae the bill is as long as the head or less, in the Nectarinidae it is longer than the head, slender, and decurved. The nostril of the Dicaeidae is long and narrow, with an imperfect coriaceous operculum above; the tail is short, about half as long as the wing; in some cases there are nine primaries only, the outermost one being nearly as long as the longest, in other genera a small tenth primary is still present. The more typical genera are Indo-Australian. !) The tomia are roughly serrated in many of the Meliphagidae. Birds of Celebes :. Dicacidae. 441 GENUS DICAEUM Cuv., Nine primaries; bill as long as the cranium, tapering and pointed, broad at the base; tarsus stout, longer than the toes, the hallux about as long as the middle toe. Sexes dissimilar, the males more or less glossy and resplendent, the females plain, the young much like the females. Nest suspended from a twig, pear-shaped, the entrance at the side; eggs white. The genus belongs to the Indo-Australian area. Two genera of Dicaeidae are found in the Celebesian area. Dicaeum itself ranges from India and South China to Australia, where only one species occurs, while about seven are found in British India. There are seven in Celebes and the neighbouring islands; belonging to 2 or 3 well marked divisions of the genus. Four are local forms closely related to one another and to a species inhabiting Kini Balu Mountain, Borneo, a second form (D. nehrkorni) is apparently intermediate between a group ranging from the Great Sunda Islands to India and S. China and a group found in New Guinea; a third form (D. splendidum) has its nearest affinities in the Timor group. It is doubtful whether the species have anything to say on the former disposition of land and water about Celebes. Acmonorhynchus, a genus occurring interruptedly in Ceylon, one of the Phi- lippines, Great Sangi, Celebes and Flores, displays some indications of descent from Pachyglossa of the Himalayas, a form which seems to have emigrated and reached the Celebes area and Flores at some distant period, Ceylon more recently. + * 170. DICAEUM CELEBICUM S&S. Mill. Celebes Red-throated Flower-pecker. Plate XXV. Dicaeum celebicum (1) S. Miill., Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—44, 162; (2) Gray, Gen. B. 1847, I, 100; (3) Bp., Consp. I, 1850, 403; (4) Reichb., Hb. Scansoriae 1853, 240; (5) Wall, P. Z.S. 1862, 342, pt. (Celebes); (6) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 163 pt. (Celebes); (7) Gray, HL. I, 1869, 115, Nr. 1422; (8) Wald. Tr. Z.S. 1872, VII, 72 pt. (Celebes); (9) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Ciy. Gen. 1875, 661; (10) Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, 74; (11) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 272; (12) Meyer, This 1879, 132, 146; (13) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 138; (14) Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1883, 578; (15) id., Cat. B. X, 1885, 23; (15%*) Guillem., P.Z.S. 1885, 554; (16) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 291; (17) Sharpe, Ibis 1889, 428; (18) Heine & Rchw., Nomencl, Mus. Hein. 1890, 61; (19) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 279; (20) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 10; (21) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 5; (22) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 151; (23) id. ib. 1897, 155. a. Dicaeum leclancheri (1) Lafr., Rev. Zool. 1845, 94; 1846, 42; (2) Hartl., ib. 1846, 4, At. 144) “Burung tjui dada mera”, Malay name, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. Descriptions. S. Miller 7; Reichenbach 4; Sharpe 15; W. Blasius 16. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Nov. (ith 1897). 56 442 Birds of Celebes: Dicaeidae. Adult male. Above purplish steel blue-black; quills and sides of head more dusky; sub- malar region concolorous with head; chin, throat and jugulum scarlet; sides of body dusky grey, washed with olivaceous; lower breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts ochraceous buff, a broad mesial stripe of blackish on breast, the under tail-coverts with blackish central streaks; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; edge of wing black; inner edging of quills below pale (co, Macassar, 3. X. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Iris brown; bill, feet and claws black (Meyer 12, Platen 16). Young male. Without the scarlet throat: above greyish seal-brown, washed with bistre on the rump; breast and sides paler and more olivaceous grey; throat, abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white; under wing-coyerts and axillaries white, edge of wing freckled with dusky; quills and tail blackish (Macassar, 10 mm” (Nehrkorn MS). Distribution. Celebes and the islands off the coast: Minahassa (Leclancher a1, Wall. 15, etc.); Lembeh, Banka and Manado tua Is. (Nat. Coll.); Togian Islands (Meyer 12); W. Celebes (Doherty 23); Southern Peninsula (Wallace 15, Meyer 12, Platen 16, Weber 19, etc.). This Flower-pecker seems to be a rather plentiful little bird in North | Celebes, inhabiting both the country near the coast, such as the neighbourhood Birds of Celebes: Dicaeidae. 443 of Manado where Meyer met with it from January to July, and the hills be- hind, where it was found by Dr. Guillemard at Tondano and Tomohon, over 2000 feet, and by Dr. Platen at Rurukan, over 3000 feet, and later in the same neighbourhood by the Sarasins. In the south it is known from the coast at Macassar up to 4000 ft. on Mt. Bonthain (Sarasins). The members of the genus Dicaeum, as Oates writes (Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds II, 375), “frequent trees, generally at a considerable height above the ground, and feed both on insects and small berries. Their nests are beautiful structures made of the finest and most delicate materials, egg-shaped, and suspended from the tip of a branch”. The genus is a large one; in 1885 (Cat. B. X, 10—48) Dr. Sharpe described 47 species which range from India and South China throughout the East Indies to Australia and Tasmania, and a number of new species have since been found in the East Indies, where the list is still, appa- rently, far from complete. Dr. Sharpe enumerates 9 species from the Asiatic continent and islands off the coast, 10 — three of them found also on the continent — from the Great and Lesser Sunda Islands, not counting the Celebes Province where seven species are now (Nov. 1897) known, 10 from the Philip- pines, 4 from the Moluccas, 14 from the Papuan Islands, and only one from Australia and Tasmania. Thus, Australia is rendered highly improbable as the land of origin of the genus. As a rule, few forms are found in one and the same locality, seven recorded by Oates from British India, five by Everett from Borneo, and five by Salvadori from New Guinea being the maximum numbers. ‘The species inhabiting the Philippines, now numbering with Sooloo 13, are mostly insular forms. It is very difficult to form an opinion as to their value in determining former geographical conditions; minute stationary birds like these have often such very restricted ranges that one is almost tempted to say that the smaller the bird the narrower its range, and that if these species are to be taken as a criterion for the former disposition of land and water in the East Indies, then many bigger, wider-ranging birds cannot be taken into account and must be held to have spread their range by flight; in point of fact, however, many large birds are more local than these species of Dicaeum, some of which are of wider range, two following the familiar rule of having Borneo, Sumatra and S.E. Asia for their habitat. + * 171. DICAEUM SULAENSE Sharpe. Sula Red-throated Flower-pecker. a. Dicaeum celebicum partim (1) Wall. P. ZS. 1862, 342 (Sula); (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 163 (Sula); (3) Wald. Tr. Z.S. 1872, VII, 72 (Sula). Dicaeum sulaense (1) Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1883, 579; (2) id., Cat. B. X, 1885, 24; (3) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 292; (4) Rchnw. & Schalow, J. f.O. 1886, 437; (5) Sharpe, This 1889, 428; (6) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 10. »Tomosi caposes”, Banggai Id., Nat. Coll. 56* 444 Birds of Celebes: Dicaeidae. Description. Sharpe 2. Diagnosis. Like D. celebicwm, but the sides of the body olivaceous green, instead of dusky grey with a wash of olive; the flanks brighter with a yellowish olive wash. The violet gloss on the upper parts seems to be duller ([G) Banggai Id., V.— VIII. 95: C 14666). The fresh skins from Banggai struck us as having a much more violet upper surface than D. celebicum. It is perhaps not quite correct to say it is violet, but there is decidedly a difference of tint. Young. Olivaceous green above, as against grey olive in D. celebicwm juy., wing-coverts and quills edged with the same colour; below chiefly buff-whitish, becoming yellowish olive as in the adult male on the flanks, face and sides of breast greyer (Banggai, C 14669). Measurements. Wing 47 (juv. Q ?), 51—53 mm (of ad.); tail ca. 29; tarsus ca. 12; bill from nostril ca. 7. Distribution. Sula Islands (Allen a 7, 2); Banggai Id. (Nat. Coll. 6). The type-specimen of these species was obtained by Wallace’s assistant, Allen, in Sula Besi or Sula Mangoli; it is in the British Museum, and remained the only example on record until the end of 1895, when a small series from Banggai obtained by our native hunters reached the Dresden Museum; some of them are now in the Tring Museum. Dr. Sharpe mentions its close affinity to D. monticola of Kini Balu, Borneo, a species which may be distinguished from D. celebicum by its olive-green flanks, and from both D. celebicum and sulaense by its steel-blue-black back. D. sangirense and talautense also stand near, but have grey sides. * 172. DICAKUM SANGIREWNSE Salvad. Sangi Red-throated Flower-pecker. Plate XXV. Dicaeum sanghirense (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. [X, 1876, 58; (2) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6; (3) Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1883, 579; (4) id., Cat. B. X, 1885, 24; (5) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 292; (6) id., Ornis 1888, 590; (7) M. & Wsg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 9, p. 5. Descriptions. Salvadori 7; Sharpe 4; W. Blasius 6 (young male and measurements). Adult {male}. Above, including face and submalar region, metallic hyacinth-blue-black, quills and ear-coverts dusky; chin whitish; throat and jugulum scarlet; sides smoky slate-grey, darkest on sides of neck; abdomen, middle of breast and under tail-coverts white, the last with some central streaks or spots of grey; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; metacarpal edge blackish; bill black, base of lower mandible whitish; legs and feet blackish (Great Sangi [< 10.5 mm” (Nehrkorn MS). Two eggs in the Sarasin Coll. (mother-bird accompanying them), unfortunately much damaged, answer to Mr. Nehrkorn’s description. Nest. The nest sent with the above two eggs is a pendant, pear-shaped structure, attached to a small thorn-bearing twig, the entrance-hole in the side. It is composed chiefly of moss and bits of dead leaf (? bamboo), with dark root-fibres round the entrance, led with finer pale fibres and plant-down (Tomohon, N. Celebes, 8. April, 1894: Sarasin Coll). Distribution. Celebes — Minahassa (Wallace ai, b I, 9, Meyer 7, ete.); Gorontalo Distr. Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 455 — Tulabello (Rosenb. b 3); West Celebes (Doherty 13); S. E. Central Celebes (P. & F. Sarasin); 8. E. Peninsula — Kandari (Beccari 4, f I); South Peninsula — Indrulaman (Everett 72). This Sun-bird was discovered by Mr. Wallace in the forest district near Lake Tondano at an altitude of about 1500 feet. Meyer got it near the same place twelve years later, and five specimens, also killed in the same neigbour- hood, were recently sent to the Dresden Museum by our native hunters, while Platen obtained it at a greater altitude at Rurukan, and the Sarasins got it there, as well as on Mt. Masarang at 1250 metres. They also found it near the great lakes of South-east Central Celebes, Towuti and Matanna. Everett sent one from the foot-hills of Mt. Bonthain. It seems to belong to the hill- forests, and we question if the locality “Manado” of the specimens in the British Museum is correct. Aethopyga flavostriata is one of a group — the typical Aethopyga-group — with red backs, red breasts, and a yellow band across the rump, consisting of the following geographical species: = | 3 a | = B= A Lda = | 2 |g aN lc Name of species meet at Ves | omni) ee | go est ae e|2#|32 SS | Es es Sg |S eh deh ||) Be cael ea | O & | & = = a + ® ‘o) S =| A =) | oe 1. Ae. vigorsi (Sykes) . x / 2. Ae. seheriae (Tick.) *k 3. Ae. andersoni Oates . . .| . | | >k AmeAe cord EMG an ae lye al) | aft eloar or sie, | in, eoadenaiegen Wahine a) a) eee Ie a ere Gaetersimarane (Ei ee ol ae) se Vices foo | asa] OR | OR SRL Be Ske 7. Ae. temmincki (S.M.) . . .| . : P : : : Saeco) Reelin SerAceiysticaiss( 1) el F : : ule : : : AS ONmPACHITILOTIECOMM Dy ie tusl| lee. ll cell: dew teenies hi]! he oy Hebe | bleok 10. Ae. flavosiriata (Wall.) . .| . | - cee ks atte tel fo. grec imeem i a fein ese Pi The Celebesian Ae. flavostriata occupies, as Shelley shows, an intermediate position between Ae. magnifica and Ae. siparaja, being distinguishable from both by its yellow-striped throat and further from Ae. magnifica by its dusky olive, not black, abdomen and under tail-coverts, and by the same characters from Ae. siparaja in which they are “ashy brown, often tinted with olive” (Shelley V). The yellow-streaked throat occurs again in Ae. mystacalis of Java and Ae. vigorsi of India which are easily distinguished from it by their lengthened middle tail- feathers and other characters. This section of the genus Aethopyga lends further support to Mr. Wallace's view of the recent separation of Borneo from Sumatra and Asia as shown by two species (one occurring indeed in Java and elsewhere), which display no appre- 456 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. ciable differences, and brings conyiction that no variation has taken place since the land connecting Borneo and Sumatra was submerged by the China Sea. The genus Aethopyga is not found east of the Molucca Strait. The long loose, downy feathers on the side of the rump, capable of being drawn over it so as to conceal the yellow, seem to afford the best mark of generic distinction for it. Sangi has furnished no member of this group. GENUS EUDREPANIS Sharpe. The male has the rump yellow, as in Aethopyga, but the tail is simply rounded and relatively shorter, rather more than half the length of the wing; under parts yellow, with or without other light tints. Range: Philippine and Sangi Islands. ~ * 180, EUDREPANIS DUIVENBODEI (Sch1.). Sangi Green-capped Sun-bird. a. Nectarinia duyvenbodei') (1) Schl., Ned. Tschr. Dierk. IV, 1873, 14; (2) Meyer, Sitzb. Ak. Wien 1874, LXX, 125 (excl. descr. fem.). b. Aethopyga? duyvenbodei (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1876, UX, 57. c. Aethopyga duyvenbodei (1) Salyad., Atti Ac. Sc. Torino 1877, XII, 316; (2) Gadow, Cat. B. LIX, 1884, 30; (3) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 588; (4) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 213; (5) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8S. 1889, 185. Eudrepanis duyvenbodei (J) Shelley, Monogr. Nect. 81, pl. 27 (1877); (2) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 37. Figures and descriptions. Shelley J; Schlegel a 1; Salvadori b 1; Gadow e 2; Blasius ¢ 3. Adult male. Forehead and crown metallic coppery green; sides of occiput, ear-coverts and neck dull crimson, mantle, back and scapulars yellow olive-green; wings dusky blackish, the smaller coverts metallic greenish blue, the larger series broadly frmged with this colour, the quills, except the outermost, edged with olive-green; rump gamboge-yellow; upper tail-coverts metallic violet-blue, tail-feathers dusky black, the three outer pairs tipped with brownish white about 10 mm broad in the outermost; lores and orbit yellow, the lores with dark tips; malar region, chin, throat and entire under-parts gamboge-yellow washed with orange on sides of breast; under wing-coyverts white, yellower near edge of wing, axillaries light yellow (Tabukan, Great Sangi, [oj]: Meyer — C 5976). Tris brown; bill and feet black. (Platen 3). Female. With no metallic parts in the plumage: above yellow olive-green, like the back of the male, head above scaly-looking, owing to subterminal black cross-marks; rump greenish yellow; wing- and tail-coverts like the back; entire under-parts yellow, less bright than in the male, the throat and chest slightly washed with olive (Tabu- kan, [Q], Meyer — C 2471). Base of under bill brownish yellow. Young male in changing plumage. Like the female, but the head and neck browner, the crown, shoulders and upper tail-coyerts varied with the metallic feathers of the adult 1) The correct way of spelling van Duivenbode’s name is with an i, Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 457 male; only a few yellow feathers on the rump; under parts paler yellow mixed with orange (Tabukan, [ot imm.]|, Meyer — Nr. 8475). Young. Above like the female, but browner and duller; rump and upper tail-coverts yellowish olive; below pale yellow, with some obscure dusky tips on chin, throat and sides of breast, almost forming faint bars on the throat (Tabukan, juv. Nr. 8476). Measurements. (13 males) wing 54.5—58.5 mm; tail 32—38; culmen from feathers of fore- head 17—18; tarsus 17—18; (2 females) wing 51.5—52; tail 29; culmen 16—16.2; tarsus 16 (W. Blasius 3). A fully adult female in the Dresden Museum (that described above) measures: wing 56.5; tail 34; tarsus 17; bill fr. feath. foreh. 18. It appears, therefore, that Count Salvadori and Prof. Blasius are in error in describing the female as smaller than the male, and from the descriptions of these ornithologists, also, we infer that the specimens before them were immature. Three immature specimens before us are distinguishable from the old female by their smaller bills, besides by the browner tint of their heads, necks, and mantles, and in two cases by the paler yellow of their under-parts. Distribution. Great Sangi (v. Duivenbode ai, Hoedt a1, Meyer a2, Bruijn 61, Platen c 3). This species appears to be intermediate between Aethopyga shelleyi Sharpe of Palawan and Balabac and Eudrepanis pulcherrima Sharpe of Basilan near Mindanao and Samar and HE. jefferyi Grant of North Luzon (Ibis 1895, 111, pl. V). The adult male of the first-named differs by its long, graduated tail, red mantle (as well as sides of head and neck), long moustachial stripe of red and metallic blue, and its non-metallic wing-coverts; the latter differs by its steel- blue ear-coverts and sinciput (not entire crown of head), the olive-green of the rest of the head and neck, the red jugulum, and short tail. Capt. Shelley places the Sangi bird in Sharpe’s genus Eudrepanis, of which E. pulcherruma is the type. Count Salvadori shows that the broad yellow band across the rump leaves no doubt as to the affinity of the Sangi species with Aethopyga; but adds that on the other hand its tail being only a little graduated, and the middle rectrices not much lengthened, the metallic coppery of the wings, and the throat yellow like the under-parts remove it from the typical species of Aetho- pyga and make it a form intermediate between the genus Aethopyga and the genera Anthothreptes and Chalcoparia. GENUS CYRTOSTOMUS Cab. In this group the metallic colours of the male are restricted to the chin, throat, and sometimes the pileum; the upper surface is olive, — browner, greener, or yellower according to the species, the under parts chiefly yellow, when not black. The culmen is about half as long again as the cranium, and more de- curved than in Hermotimia and Eudrepanis, the nasal operculum bare, the tail moderate, slightly rounded. Cyrtostomus is found from North Australia as far as Burmah and Hainan. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. Sth 1897). 58 458 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 181. CYRTOSTOMUS FRENATUS (S. Mill.). Australasian Yellow-breasted Sun-bird. Plate XXVI. This species varies geographically, and ornithologists, who wish to avoid the burden of a multiplicity of trinomials, may find the employment of some such formulae as the following useful for indicating the presence of racial differences. ~ 1. The typical Cyrtostomus frenatus. a. Nectarinia frenata (1) S. Miill. Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—44, 173 (New Guinea only); (II) M. &S. op. cit. Zool. Aves 1846, 61, t. 8, f. 1 Gt ad. (New Guinea); (3) Wall. P. Z. 8. 1862, 335, 342 (except Celebes); (4) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 163 (exe. Cel.). b. Cyrtostomus frenatus (7) Salvadori Orn: Pap. IT 1881, 265 (exc. Celebes); (2) id., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1890, 111. ec. Cinnyris frenatus (J) Shelley, Monogr. Nect. 153, pl. 49 (1877 — exc. Celebes). d. Cinnyris jugularis (1) Gadow, Cat. B. 1884 LX, 85 (southern race). For synonymy cf. Salvadori 0b 7. Figures and descriptions. Shelley c J; Miller & Schl. a IZ, Salvad. 61. Diagnosis. Bill longer; size larger; upper surface yellower olive-green. “Wing 58; tail 44; bill 19—21; tarsus 15” (Salvad.). Distribution. From the Sula Islands to New Guinea, the New Britain Group and North Australia. (For exact localities see Salvadori 5 7.) + 2. Cyrtostomus frenatus saleyerensis Hart. e. Cinnyris frenata dissentiens (7) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 152 partim, 167. f- Cinnyris frenata saleyerensis (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1897, 156. Diagnosis. Size smaller; upper surface greyish olive; under parts much paler yellow. Distribution. Saleyer Island (Everett 1). Remark. This form represents the greatest known extreme of differentiation in one di- rection, as the typical C. frenatus does in another. Three intermediate races have as yet been discriminated by Prof. W. Blasius and Mr. Hartert. The first of these may be represented as: Cyrtostomus frenatus >saleyerensis. g. Nectarinia frenata (1) S. Mill. Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—44, 173 (Manado tantum); (2) Mill. & Schl. op. cit. Zool. Aves 1846, 61 (Manado tantum); (3) Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, 335, 342 (Celebes); (4) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 163 (Cel.); (5) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 73 (Celebes). h. Cyrtostomus frenatus (Cab. & Heine) (1) Rehb., Hb. spec. Orn. Scansoriae 1853, 309 (Manado); (2) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 658; (3) id. Orn. Pap. TI, 1881, 265 (Celebes tantum); (4) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 137; (5) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 37. ?. Cinnyris frenata (1) Guillem., P. Z.S. 1885, 554. j. Avachnechthra frenata (1) Wald., Ibis 1870, 26 (Celebes); (2) id., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIO, 71 (Celebes); (3) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 131, pt., 146. 4 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 459 k, Cinnyris frenatus (1) Shelley, Monogr. Nect. 153 (Celebes) (1877). 1. Cinnyris jugularis pt. (1) Gadow, Cat. B. 1884, [X, 84 (Cel.). Js, Cyrtostomus frenatus var. plateni pt. (1) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 289 (N. Cel.), m. Cyrtostomus frenatus plateni (nec W. Blas.), (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dr. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 16. mn. Cinnyris frenata plateni (nec Blas.) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 152. o. Cinnyris frenata meyeri (1) Hart., Noy. Zool. 1897, 156, 161. Diagnosis. Standing near the typical C. frenatus, but smaller, and browner (less yellow) olivaceous above. Measurements (adults). Wing 49—56 mm; tail 31—39; bill from feathers of forehead 17— 18; tarsus 12.5—14. Distribution. North, West, East and South-east Celebes: Minahassa (Forsten g 7, Wall. g 3,1 1); Manado tua, Mantehage, and Banka Is. (Nat. Coll.); Gorontalo District (Guillemard 7 1); Togian Id. (Meyer 7 3); East Celebes (Nat. Coll.); South-east Celebes — Kandari (Beccari h 2). The birds of the lowlands of South Celebes are represented by the formula: Cyrtostomus frenatus < saleyerensis. p. Cyrtostomus frenatus var. plateni (J) W. Blas. Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 289, pl. XII, f. 1 (a), £ 2 (@) — ex parte (South Celebes). q. Cinnyris frenata (1) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 214; (2) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1893, II, 279 (Macassar). r. Cyrtostomus frenatus plateni (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 11. s. Cinnyris frenata plateni (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1897, 156. Figures. W. Blasius p. L. Diagnosis. Like C. frenatus saleyerensis, but the olive of the upper parts with a slightly greener tinge, the under parts deep yellow, almost as in the typical form. Distribution. Lowlands of South Celebes: Macassar (Wallace 1/1, Platen p I, Weber q2. P.& F. Sarasin), Batubassi (Meyer 7 3), Kalibangkere (Platen p 1). We have next to do with the birds from the Peak of Bonthain and the high- lands around it, which have been named by Mr. Hartert C. frenata dissentiens. Through the courtesy of Mr. Hartert and Prof. W. Blasius we have been able to compare four adult males of the supposed hill-form (including the type of dissen- tens) with two adult males of the lowland bird (including the type of plateni), one specimen of each being already in the Sarasin Collection; these seem to be the only adult males known at present. The four hill-specimens proved to be a shade browner than the type of platent, so confirming Hartert’s opinion, but the Sarasins’ specimen of the lowland form (Macassar) is intermediate, or even stands nearer to the birds from the hills. This is not sufficient, however, to disprove the existence of Hartert’s supposed hill-race, on the other hand we believe that an average of many specimens from both spots will ultimately prove the existence of an almost inappre- ciable local differentiation, showing that the hill-birds stand a shade nearer to C. frenatus saleyerensis than to C. frenatus < saleyerensis of the plains of South Celebes. A formula is therefore required for the hill-birds, and it is an easy matter to propose such symbols, but not easy — indeed impossible to us at present — to suggest one _ which we could be sure would be the best. Were it not for typographical difficulties, one method for the purpose would be to adjust the angle of the sign << to answer the needs of the case: thus the 58* 460 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. formula C. frenatus = saleyerensis for a form which is equidistant from the typical frenatus and from saleyerensis, then C. frenatus < saleyerensis with a more acute angle for forms which incline towards saleyerensis in a less degree, and C. frenatus (saleyerensis with a less acute angle for forms which incline towards saleyerensis in a greater degree. To indicate the estimated degrees mathematically (< 45°) is too fantastic a method to commend itself. ; More practical — but to be condemned perhaps as suggesting an accuracy of knowledge which we do not possess — is the use of numerals as propounded else- where (see also Haliastur indus). Between the typical C. frenatus and the extreme C. frenatus saleyerensis we believe we could arrange a series of 24 “subspecies” with the small degree of difference seen between C. f. platent and C. f. dissentiens taken for the unit: then the typical form remains the typical C. frenatus, or C. frenatuso. saleyerenstso; the Saleyer bird is C. frenatus, saleyerensiss,, the North Celebes bird C. frenatuss, saleyerensiss, standing much nearer to the typical than to the Saleyer form; the lowland bird of South Celebes (platen) may be held to have, say, 7 times as much affinity with the Saleyer race as with the typical form, or: C. frenatus; saleyerensiss;; the Bonthain bird standing a little nearer still to that of Saleyer becomes: C. frenatus, saleyerensisy». These formulae are very easy to set up, but any one who will undertake to prove that the numerals are erroneously applied will have a difficult, and remarkable, piece of work to do. It is preferable here to abstain from inventing a formula for the Bonthain birds. These specimens are referred to under: z= ' Cyrtostomus frenatus dissentiens (Hart.). t. Cinnyris frenata dissentiens (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 152, pt.; (2) id., ib. 1897, 155. Distribution. Bonthain Mts. — Indrulaman (Everett 1); Loka (P. & F. Sarasin); “from the lower hills up to 6000 ft.” (Doherty 2). Further local variation. Adults from Celebes may be at once distinguished from adults from New Guinea (Passim, Dore) by their browner olive-green upper surface. Not so an adult male from Buru (Nr. 1855), which is like Celebes birds as to its back, but is a trifle larger in size (wing 58mm). An adult male from Batjan is a little browner above than the New Guinea specimens, though hardly distin- euishable. Adult males from Peling and Banggai are larger in bill and body than the form of N. Celebes, but in colour they are often similar, that is, browner olive-green than the typical, eastern, C. frenatus. An adult male and female from New Britain are the yellowest specimens as regards their upper surface we have seen, and it appears as if an influence, which makes the birds become yellower or browner respectively, is felt in increasing force the further south and east or west the species ranges. In a similar manner Haliastur indus seems to haye gradually lost its dark stripes in extending its range from India to the Papuan Islands. Mr. Biittikofer terms the characters pointed out by Prof. W. Blasius in C. frenatus platent inconstant, so that even the separation of the Celebes-form as a subspecies appears unallowable; on the other hand, we find that individual variation in C. frenatus as a whole seems to run within comparatively narrow limits, though platen, etc. are undoubtedly connected with the typical form of New Guinea by every con- ceivable intermediate form from the Moluccas, Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 461 The species, as a whole, may be described as follows: Adult male. Upper surface and sides of head yellowish olive-green; superciliary and Female Young. rictal stripe yellowish, quills dusky, edged with olive-green; tail black, the three outer feathers tipped with white, about 7—10 mm broad in the outermost; chin, throat and chest metallic purplish blue-black; remaining under parts dark yellow, axillaries brighter; under wing-coverts straw-yellow (Passim, New Guinea, 6, June 1873: Meyer — C 275). . Like the male, but chin, throat and chest yellow like the other under parts (Dore, ©: Meyer — Nr. 8486, and others). Like the female, but washed with drab above, and paler yellow below (Manado tua, 8. IV. 93, Nat. Coll.: C 12220). Bill and feet black. Iris drab (Q, New Britain: Richards), brown (¢‘, Minahassa and 8. Celebes: Platen k J and in Mus. Nehrk.), red (Celebes: Meyer h 3), brown (N. Celebes, Guillem. g 1) } Measurements. Wing 49—58 mm, tail 31—44, bill 17—21, tarsus 12.5—15. Eggs. Nest. “The frenatus-eges in my collection form 3 types, which deviate greatly from one another. a. From Batjan are of a grey-yellow ground, with spots differing little from the ground-colour distributed equally over the entire egg. At the blunt end only a few black hair-lines are to be found. b. From Batjan are of a grey-brown ground, with similar washed out spots, very isolated black streaks are also to be seen. ce. The eggs from Duke of York differ essentially from the others. They have indeed the same ground-colour, but the black and black-brown spots are sharply marked and form a circlet at the large end. Measurements: 16—17 >< 11.5—12 mm” (Nehrk., MS.), In Batjan the bird lays as many as 4 eggs. Two eggs from Aru (out of different nests Nr. 1529, 1531) apparently correspond with Nehrkorn’s type b, and call to mind the eggs of the Sedge Warbler, Acrocephalus phragmitis. In North Australia the egg is pear-shaped, generally and equally mottled with obscure dirty brown on a greenish grey ground (Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 585); two at a sitting, greenish grey ground-colour, almost obscured by freckles and dashes of light brown (North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 232). Four nests of this species from Celebes in the Dresden Museum (Nrs. 125, 126, 127, 128) are of an oval inverted shape, length 130—140 mm (not counting some pendulous stuff in one case which would add 60 mm to the length), breadth 50—60 mm, entrance by a hole in the upper half. One nest is attached to a hanging twig passing down through it like a backbone, a second is suspended from a hanging plant-stalk, a third fastened to an upright thin plant-stalk bearing the dry seed-heads of a Composita or such like, which are worked into the body of the nest. Externally a great variety of materials disorderly arranged are found — masses of the dry excrementa of spiders or caterpillars entangled in the web, strips of bark, dead leaves, cotton, feathers, plant-fibres, grasses, a fragment of shirting; well lined with cotton, feathers — chiefly white ones — and in one case with many black, hair-like fibres of the ‘sugar palm (Arenga saccharifera). Two nests from Aru differ from those of Celebes in being much longer (170—200 mm), and lighter in colour owing to the smaller amount of spiders’ excrementa and the external structure chiefly being of grey strips of bark, leaf skeletons, cotton and grasses. No feathers — a strong feature in the Celebes ones — are to be found in the lining or walls of these nests. One is sus- pended among thin roots; the original support of the other is gone. In one a well formed hood over the opening is seen (Nr.1529, 1531). One from Port Denison is of an oval form, with a small hood over the opening which is near the top; composed of fibrous 462 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. roots and shreds of cotton-tree (Gomphocarpus) bark, firmly interwoven with the webs and cocoons of spiders, and a few pieces of white sea-weed ornamenting the outside, lined with white feathers and silky native cotton; size about 5 >< 3'/. inches (Ramsay, This 1865, 85). At Cape York: composed of Melalewca-bark, a few leaves, various fibrous substances, rejectamenta of caterpillars, etc., and lined with the silky cotton of the Bombax australis (Macgill. nm Gould 1. c.). One of the nests obtained by Meyer in Celebes was taken in April. Breeding season. Batjan a nesting female was killed by Dr. Platen, 13. June, 1882 (Mus. Nehrk.). North Queensland and the islands of Torres Straits — November, December (Macgill., Ramsay, Il. cc.). Distribution. Celebes to New Guinea, the Admiralty Is., New Britain group, the Solomons and North Queensland. This Sun-bird is most nearly allied to C. jugularis (L.) of the Philippines, the adult male of which is distinguishable by its wanting the yellow stripes above and below the eye, by the metallic purple-black feathers of the throat encroaching on to the cheeks up to the lores, and by its browner upper sur- face. They belong to a group of which the males have the chin, throat, jugulum, and sometimes the forehead, metallic purple-blue-black, the remaining under parts yellow, sometimes with a band of another colour below the jugulum, the upper parts olivaceous, as follows: 1. C. fammiavillaris (Blyth): Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam, Cochin China, Malay Peninsula. 2. C. andamamcus (Hume): Andamans. 3. C. pectoralis (Horsf.): Nicobars; Malacca; Sumatra; Borneo; Java; Lom- bok; Sumbawa (Guillem.); Flores; Samao (ten Kate). . C. aurora Tweedd.: Palawan. . C. rhizophorae (Swinh.): Hainan. C. jugularis (L.): Philippines; Sooloo (Guillem., Everett). . C. frenatus (S. Miiller): Celebes to the Solomons and Queensland. In musical terms the note of C. frenatus is SSS ; AD oR + * 182. CYRTOSTOMUS TEIJSMANNI (Biitt.). Black-bellied Sun-bird. Plate XXVI. a. Cinnyris teysmanni (J) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1893, XV, 179; (2) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 167, 182. b. ?Cyrtostomus sp. (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 16. Male. “Entire crown, sides of head, hind neck, mantle, back and rump, wing- coverts and outer edge of quills uniform earthy brown with a slight tinge of olive; upper tail-coverts purplish brown; tail-feathers purplish black, the outer webs narrowly edged with metallic green; chin and throat metallic purplish blue, flanked on both sides with a broad metallic green stripe, forming a moustachial streak which is produced down to the sides of the chest; the latter is separated from the breast Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 463 by a narrow maroon-brown cross-bar which is somewhat paler than in C. asiaticus; breast, flanks, abdomen and under tail-coverts black with a purplish gloss; pectoral tufts bright yellow without any trace of orange-red; under wing-coverts and thighs dusky black; bill of the same size as in C. astaticus and C. xenobia, but rather less strongly bent, black; feet black. Wing 53 mm; tail 35; tarsus 15, bill from front 18” (Biittik. 1. c.). Female. “Greyish olive above, washed with green on the rump and the margins of the quills. A whitish yellow superciliary line over the eye. Beneath lemon-yellow, paler in younger birds, and always paler on the throat and under tail-coyerts. Under wing-coverts and inner lining of wing whitish. Outer rectrices broadly tipped with white, these tips decreasing in extent towards the middle, so that the centre ones are only narrowly fringed with white on the tip. Wing about 2 or 3 mm shorter than in the male” (Hartert a 2). Distribution. Djampea and Kalao (Everett a 2), ? Bonerate (Sarasins b 1), ?South Celebes (Teijsmann a 1). Though the type of this species was indicated as having come from the Macassar District, it appears more probable that Teijsmann_ obtained it in Saleyer, though indeed the bird was not sent there by Mr. A. Everett. As Mr Bittikofer remarks: “It agrees, as to the colour of the under-surface, very much with C. asiaticus, only the maroon-brown bar across the chest is somewhat paler, the abdomen and under tail-coverts are less strongly glossed with purple and the orange-red feathers in the pectoral tufts are wanting. But the bird cannot be an immature C. asiaticus, showing no marks of any metallic gloss on its upper-surface while the lower surface entirely presents the metallic plumage of the fully adult stage. In the transitional stages of C. asiaticus the upper-surface, which is much paler than in our Celebean bird, always shows strong marks of metallic blue, especi- ally on rump and lesser wing-coverts, long before the lower-surface has assumed its full metallic plumage. ‘his bird is rather to be placed in Capt. Shelley's Cyrtostomus or olive-backed Asiatic group, in which the green-backed C. zenobia from the Moluccas would be its nearest ally.” We should say that this bird forms an approach to the Celebesian members of the Hermotimia-group, as shown by its having a submalar stripe of a different tint from the throat, and yellow pectoral tufts, which sometimes make their appearance to a small extent in adult males of H. sangirensis in Siao. GENUS HERMOTIMIA Rehb. The black Sun-birds are best distinguished by their having the operculum of the nostril feathered, and by their general colour of black, with metallic hues of gold, purple, etc. on the head, chin, throat, rump, upper tail-coverts and tail, and more or less on the lower back and wing-coverts. The tail is moderate, shorter than the wing, rounded or graduated. The species are chiefly Papuasian, Moluccan and Celebesian, but Chalcostetha which ranges from the Sunda Islands to Tenasserim is hardly separable as a genus. 464 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. +183. HERMOTIMIA AURICEPS (G. R. Gray). Molucean Black Sun-bird. a. Nectarinia auriceps (1) Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, 348; (2) Wall., ib. 1862, 335, 343; (3) Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 465; (4) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 158, 162. Hermotimia auriceps (1) Salvad., Atti Ac. Sc. Tor. 1874, X, 228; (2) id., Orn. Pap. I, 1881, 260; (3) id., Ibis 1884, 325; (4) id., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1890, 110; (5) M. & Weg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 17. b. Cinnyris auriceps (I) Shelley, Monogr. Nect. 99, pl. 34, fig. 1 (1877). c. Cinnyris aspasiae pt. (1) Gadow, Cat. B. IX, 1884, 68. “Tomonsi”, Balante, E. Celebes; “Tomonsi payung”, Peling, Banggai; “Suka” (©), Banggai, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references see Salvadori 2, 4. Figures and descriptions. Shelley b J; Salvadori 1, 2; Gadow e 1. Adult male. Velvety black; head above greenish gold; lesser and middle wing-coverts, lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts and outer edges of tail-feathers steel-blue-black; chin, throat and jugulum similar steel-blue-black; the black of the remaining under parts slightly washed with blue (Balante, E. Cel. — C 14312). - Tris dark brown (0 J). Female. Head above and hind neck ashy brown; back and scapulars olive [greenish]; wings brown, the feathers with broad olive edges, which on the quills have a slightly more yellow shade; tail black with white ends to all but the centre feathers, the white tips broadest on the outer ones; chin and throat white; breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts pale yellow; under wing-coverts and inner margins of the quills white, the former slightly shaded with sulphur-yellow: bill and legs black; irides dark brown (Shelley 0 7). Egg. “Of this bird I possess an egg collected by Dr. Platen in Halmahera, which very much resembles those of C. frenatus. It has a grey ground, violet under-spots and darker spots, between which black points are scattered. The measurements are: 16 >< 11mm” (Nehrkorn MS)). Distribution. EE. Celebes, Peling, and Banggai (Nat. Coll. 5); Sula Islands (Allen a 2, ¢ 1); Moluccas as far as Waigiou and Obi (Salvadori 2, 4 — who should be consulted for exact localities). This bird is most closely related to H. morotensis (Shelley) of Morty, a form with a greener crown and with a greener tint to the steel-blue portions of the plumage. The racial differences seem so small that it appears highly probable that they may fall within the scope of the individual variation of adult males in H. auriceps and so be bridged over, with the result of one species and perhaps two subspecies. Two specimens of the present species have been re- corded from Gorontalo by Briiggemann, and the record is repeated in Shelley’s great work. Through the kindness of Prof. von Koch we have been able to examine the two specimens in the Darmstadt Museum: they are now labelled “Celebes, Minahassa” (not Gorontalo), without a collector's name, and on the back the dealer's name “Schneider, 17. II. 76”. We agree with Prof. W. Blasius in holding them for H. auriceps, and he rightly adds: “The two Darmstadt examples are therefore dirived from the unreliable collection mentioned Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 465 (J. f. O. 1883, 132 — a collection obtained by Schneider from Duivenbode composed of specimens from Celebes, Ternate and Halmahera); and herewith their authority ceases” (a4). A series of 11 were included among a number of birds from Balante, East Celebes, collected by native hunters, together with others from Peling and Banggai, for the Dresden and Tring Museums. A specimen in the Dresden Museum wrongly referred to by us in J. f. O. 1894, 245 as Hermotimia porphyrolaema, is also not the same as H. auriceps, differing in having the mantle, as well as the lower back, ete. glossy steel-blue. It is labelled by van Musschenbroek: “Manado, VI. 740”. This is a new species, which we abstain from naming till another specimen reaches us. * 184. HERMOTIMIA PORPHYROLAEMA (Wall). Celebesian Black Sun-bird. The typical form belongs to South Celebes. A subspecies from East Celebes has been named, but the northern birds, as regards the adult male at least, are sufficiently [peculiar to justify their being treated as a species. The two known forms of H. porphyrolaema are: + 1. The typical Hermotimia porphyrolaema. a, Nectarinia aspasia pt. (1) S. Mill, Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1846, 58, 64, 65 (Macassar). b. Nectarinia porphyrolaema (1) Wall., P. ZS. 1865, 479. c. Promerops porphyrolaema (1) Gray, Hl. 1869, I, 110, Nr. 1360. d. Chaleostetha porphyrolaema (1) Wald., Ibis 1870, 46; (2) id., Tr. Z.S. 1872, VII, 71; (3) Meyer, Sitzb, Ak. Wiss. Wien 1874, LXX, 123; (4) id., Ibis 1879, 131, 146. é. Hermotimia porphyrolaema (1) Salvad., Atti Ac. Sc. Tor. 1874, X, 232; (IZ) id., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 660, pl. XVII, f.3; (3) id, Atti Ac. Sc. Tor. XT, 1877, 310; (4) id., Orn. Pap. Il, 1881, 261; (5) id., This 1884, 325; (6) W. Blas., Zischr. ges. Orn. 1885, 287; (7) id., J. f. O. 1885, 403; (8) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 11. f. Cinnyris porphyrolaemus (J) Shelley, Monogr. Nect. 95, pl. 32, f. 1 (1877); (2) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1893, I], 279; (3) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 152; (4) id., ib, 1897, 157, 161. g- Nectarophila grayi pt. (1) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 132, 146 (Togian). h. Cinnyris aspasiae pt. (1) Gadow, Cat. B. TIX, 1884, 68, 70, 72, 73. “Tjui tjui itam” (Malay: itam = black), South Celebes, Platen e 6. Figures and descriptions. Shelley f JZ; Salvadori e I, e1; Wallace b 1; Gadow h1; W. Blasius e 6. Adult male. Velvety black; the least wing-coverts, metacarpal edge, lower half of back, upper tail-coverts and a broad edging to the tail-feathers metallic steel-blue-black; head above metallic greenish gold; chin and throat metallic violet, bordered at the sides by a submalar stripe of steel-blue (jad. Tjamba Distr., S. Celebes, 22. VI. 78: Platen — C 13202). Ivis brown; bill and feet black (Platen), Young male. Head above and nape grey, with dark centres to the feathers; quills brown; mantle, back and external edges of quills olive-yellow [yellow-olive]; chin and Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Nov. th, 1897). 59 466 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. throat down to the breast white; remaining under-parts yellow; lesser under wing-coverts at the edge of the wing yellow, the others white. The malar stripe and the middle tail-feathers steel-blue as in the adult; also two new golden green feathers of maturity in the cap (after W. Blasius e 6). Female. Much like the young male, without the last-mentioned characters. Upper half of head and back of neck ashy grey; back, scapulars and least wing-coverts olive [yellow-olive]; remainder of wings dark brown, with all the feathers broadly edged with olive, on the quills yellower; tail black, the feathers mostly tipped with white, most broadly so on the outer ones; chin and throat white; breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts sulphur-yellow; quills below brown, their inner margins and the under wing-coverts white, the latter partially washed with pale yellow (after Shelley e J). Measurements {5 adult males). Wing 58.5—63 mm; tail 36—40.5; culmen 15.5—17.5; tarsus 14 (W. Blas. e 6). Distribution. S. and W. Celebes: — Macassar (S. Miiller a1, Wallace 61, f1, Meyer d 4, Platen e 6, Weber e 2, etc.); Tjamba Distr. (Platen e 6); Luwn, at the head of the Gulf of Boni (Weber e 2); Moroneng, Gulf of Mandar, and Enrekang, 8. W. Central Celebes (P. & F. Sarasin e 8); Dongala, W. Celebes (Doherty / 4). 2. Hermotimia porphyrolaema scapulata M. & We. ¢. Hermotimia porphyrolaema scapulata (1) M.& Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 16. Diagnosis. Differs from the typical H. porphyrolaema by having the greater part of the scapulars, and the shorter middle wing-coverts, as well as the least series, metallic steel-blue, uniform with the lower back. The black of the upper parts is more intense and glossy, that of the under surface strongly washed with violet or blue. Distribution. Kast Celebes — Tonkean (Nat. Coll.); ?S. E. Celebes — Kandari (Beccari e Il); ? Togian Id. (Meyer f I, d 4). It was first remarked by Mr. Biittikofer that this Sun-bird is the southern representative of H. grayi of the north of the island. The latter species may be distinguished by the dark crimson, not black, of the mantle and breast, the bases of the feathers being dusky, but black immediately next the crimson, forming a bar. H. porphyrolaema is known to occur as far north as the Togian Islands, where the specimen figured by Capt. Shelley was obtained by Meyer in 1871; H. grayi has been recorded by Meyer from Togian in common with the southern form, but we have since found out that this is an error. Shelley remarks that the “logian” H. porphyrolaema is a trifle larger (wing 63.5 mm) than two specimens from Macassar, but does not differ in coloration, its measure- ments, too, do not appreciably exceed those of Platen’s largest specimens (6). Probably the Togian birds will be found to stand very near those of E. Celebes when known. H. porphyrolaema also has affinities with H. auriceps (Gray) of Sula and the Moluccas, which differs chiefly in having the metallic throat uniform steel-blue- black, not violet with a submalar stripe of steel-blue. A really closer relation- ship exists between H. porphyrolaema and H. talautensis M.& Weg. of the Talaut Islands, a form with a similar steel-blue submalar stripe, but with a much redder 4 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 467 purple tint on the throat which changes from pansy-purple to maroon-purple with a coppery lustre, according to the light; the metallic crown of this bird is of a trifle deeper greenish gold, and the size larger. H. sangirensis (Meyer) has departed a little more widely; it has the throat coppery-bronze and the submalar stripe purple-steel-blue. The Celebes Province thus possesses the only species of Hermotimia with a submalar stripe of a different colour from the throat, viz: H. porphyrolaema: South, West and East Celebes; H. grayi: North Celebes ; H. sangirensis: Sangi; H. talautensis: 'Talaut. + * 185. HERMOTIMIA GRAYI (Wall.). North Celebes Black Sun-bird. a. Nectarinia grayi (1) Wall., P. Z. 8. 1865, 479; (2) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 73. b. Promerops grayi (1) Gray, Hl. I, 1869, 110, Nr. 1359. ¢. Nectarophila grayi (I) Wald., Ibis 1870, 20, 42, pl. 1, f. 2; (2) id. Tr. Z. S. 1872, VI, 71; (3) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 660; (4) Lenz, J. £. O. 1877, 375; (5) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 132 (nec Togian); (6) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 138; (7) id., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 197. Hermotimia grayi (1) Salvad., Atti Ac. Sc. Tor. 1877, XII, 310, 313; (IZ) Meyer, Vogelskel. I, 1894, t. CCV; (3) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 11. d. Cinnyris grayi (I) Shelley, Monogr. Nect. 91, pl. 31 (1877); (2) Gadow, Cat. B. IX, 1884, 66; (3) Guillem. P. Z. 8S. 1885, 554; (4) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 214; (5) Hart. Kat. Vog. Slg. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 30. “Burong tjui kapala mas” (Golden-headed), Malay, Minahassa, Meyer e 5. “Burong tjui itam” (itam = black), Malay, Nat. Coll. Figures and descriptions. Shelley d J; Waldenc J; Meyer JJ (skeleton); Briiggemann a 2; Gadow d 2. Adult male. Just like H. porphyrolaema J ad. of S. Celebes (deser. antea), but the neck, mantle, scapulars and breast dark blood-red, not black, the bases of the feathers blackish, forming a black cross-mark anterior to the broad red fringe of the terminal part; some of the middle, as well as the lesser, wing-coverts metallic steel-blue, the others and the inner greater series touched with red (Lotta, 12. V. 93: Nat. Coll. — © 12211). Tris red; feet, claws and bill black: Meyer e¢ 4. Adult female. Upper parts ashy brown, with the entire back, scapulars, and least and median wing-coverts shaded with olive; remainder of wings dark brown, the greater coverts and quills broadly edged with olive-yellow; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the latter with white tips to some of the outer feathers; chin and throat white; breast and under tail-coverts pale yellow; quills below brown, inner margins and the under wing-coverts white, the latter shaded with sulphur-yellow (after Shelley d I). Young male. Much like the female; chin and throat washed with greenish yellow; malar stripe steel-blue, as in the adult male; some steel-blue feathers in the upper tail- 59* 468 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. coverts; tail-feathers edged with steel-blue (Manado [], I. 71; Meyer — Nr. 8520). Measurements. Wing} Tail ars Peas a. (C' 12294) let)fad. Motta, 2 2°5Vig93 eye a beeen Sune OM mite) eai6 b. (C 12214) [ot\ad. Lotta, Woes! 99 Meus ee ees Se oes 15.5 ((OrewA Fes) eek Wikre, IDB il 3 a 5 a 6 ow oll BM) wef | ie) d. (Nr. 6335) [G4 ad. Galshes ‘pattem ~ es et | oom 11525 e. (C 12213) [G"] ad. Banka Id. 11. Y. 93. ee ces eal OO) [eo Stale 15 je (Ce daz) [oO] ad. Manado tua Id, 14.1V.93 . . .| 61 | 41 | 14 _ g. (Nr: 8520) [6"] Juv. Manado, THI). 9 27 2 2 2) 568) Ro oe Petts) (Lek) sua Wikies 5 6 5 es 2 5-0 ft oe} | Bip — Skeleton. Length of cranium . . . 31.0 mm | Length of tarso-metatarsus. . 14.0 mm Greatest breadth of cranium . 10.7 » | Length of digitus I . . . . 9.0" Length of humerus . . . . 13.0 » | Length of digitus IZ... . 85 » Mength of ulna; 2 5) 200 eb 2 | ene tha ote di crise eel OSS Iuength of radius 4 5 5 ee d4e3ies | Mienothvon diciius Ve seen O Length of manus. . .. . 14.7 » | Length of sternum . . 2 15:00 Length of metacarpus . . . 7.7 » | Greatest breadth of ene a MONO) = Ihengthsofedigitusy 2 eye ee ees Height of crista stermi . . . 5.5 IbEneey OF Griemen Ol 5 2 5 GPA = Length of coracoideum . . . 11.7 Length of digitus TT ... 1.6 » Length of scapula... . 14.0 Weng thwot tenn 72) ey ee elect ae Pen oihsOn ec] ayic i cane mre mecmmlelec Length of tibia . . . . . 20.0 » | Length of pelvis . . 5 TGC Ibadan Orley 4 3 a 5 = Tl) = Greatest breadth of ade at lle () Distribution. North Celebes — Minahassa (Wallace a1, Meyer ¢ 5, etc.); Banka and Manado tua Is. (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.). This Sun-bird appears to be a local species, having its affinities with H. porphyrolaema of South Celebes from which it differs by its red back and breast. In the countries to the west it is most nearly related to Nectarophila hasselti (T.\ which ranges from Burmah to Sumatra, Borneo and Java, a species with a red breast, but black back and mantle. For convenience’ sake we draw the line of generic separation as Salvadori and others have done between Hermotimia grayi and Nectarophila hasselti, though the points of distinction are very small indeed: Hermotimia has the bill straighter and the ridge of the culmen sharper, Nectarophila has the bill more decurved for the terminal half and the culmen more rounded. ‘To speak of Hermotimia as a Papuan genus in Celebes would be likely to convey a wrong impression. The Cinnyridae afford striking cases of sexual differences of coloration, though less remarkable than what is seen in the Paradiseidae and Gallinae. The bright colouring of the males causes them to be shot by collectors in much larger numbers than the females, and the latter are generally scantily represented in Museums. Whilst the males have become differentiated into a number of striking types of coloration, a curious sameness runs through the females. Of Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 469 Celebesian genera as yet considered, the male of Cyrtostomus has departed least from the female type; the males of Hermotimia and Aethopyga are vastly different from their females and must be regarded as highly specialized forms. The males of Nectarophila afford transitions from Hermotimia to Cyrtostomus, while extreme forms of Cyrtostomus also independently make a near approach to Hermotimia (cf. C. teijsmanni). ** 186. HERMOTIMIA SANGIRENSIS (A.B.M.). Sangi Black Sun-bird. a. Chaleostetha sangirensis (1) Meyer, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien 1874, LXX, 124. b. Nectarinia duyvenbodei part. (1) Meyer (nec. Schl.) l. c. a7 (descr. Q = I juv,). Hermotimia sangirensis (I) Salvad., Atti Ac. Sc. Tor. 1874, X, 233, pl. I, f. 2; (2) id, op. cit. 1877, XII, 311, 313; (3) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 37. c. Hermotimia sanghirensis (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1876, IX, 56; (2) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 584. d. Cinnyris sangirensis (I) Shelley, Monogr. Nect. 97, pl. 32, f. 2, and pl. 33 (1877); (ZZ) Gould, B. New Guinea II, pl. 32 (1878). e. Cinnyris sanghirensis (1) Gadow, Cat. B. IX, 1884, 74; (2) Tristr., Nat. Coll. B. 1889, 215. “Taramisi maitung”, Great Sangi, Nat. Coll. “Taramisi pahopa”, G imm. Great Sangi, iid. “Taramisi lana”, Siao, iid. Figures and descriptions. Shelley dJ; Gould d IJ; Salvadori I, cl; Meyer a1; Gadow e 1. Adult male. Like the adult male of 1. porphyrolaema, but with the chin, throat and jugulum coppery-bronze with a submalar stripe of steel-blue, not violet with a similar steel- blue stripe; the mantle and under surface purplish black, not jet-black washed on the under-part with bluish (type, Siao: Meyer — Nr. 13684). Remark. This specimen and another adult male from Siao have one or two yellow feathers on the sides of the breast above the axillaries, callimg to mind the pectoral tufts of Cyrtostomus xenobia (Less.) of the Moluccas, teysmanni (Biitt.) of South Celebes, Arachnechthra lotenia (Linn.) and A. asiatica (Lath.) of the Indian Region, and Chalcostetha insignis (Jard.) of the Great Sunda Islands to Tenasserim. In two other adult males from Siao and others from Great Sangi as also in 25 adult males discussed by Prof. W. Blasius (¢ 2) no trace of yellow pectoral tufts is to be seen. The occasional presence of pectoral yellow in Siao birds seems to show it to be an ancestral character in process of undergoing extinction. Female. Above pale olive-green, mantle and forehead greyer; quills dusky edged with yellowish olive-green; upper tail-coverts blackish; tail black tipped with white, scarcely perceptible on the two central feathers, most broadly on the outermost; under surface greenish yellow; brightest on the throat, more washed with olive on the breast; flanks pale olive-grey; under wing-coverts and inner edges of quills below where they rest upon the body white; axillaries yellowish. (Tabukan, [Q] Meyer — OC 8514.) Young. Like the female, but browner and greyer above; under-parts paler; bill shorter and straighter. (Siao — Nr. 8516.) Immature male. Like the adult female, submalar stripe steel-blue with an inner row of coppery 470 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. bronze feathers; feathers of male maturity in tail, inner quills and scapulars. (Siao, Nr. 8511.) Two others are in a curious pied plumage: head, neck, throat and mantle generally like the adult female, but varied on the mantle with adult male feathers; the remaining parts generally as in the adult male, so that the head end or half of the bird is like the mother, the lower end or half like the father, the greenish yellow throat and jugulum contrasting remarkably with the black of the breast and remaining under-parts (Great Sangi, Meyer — Nr. 6322; Nat. Coll. 16. VIL. 93 — © 12712). Measurements (25 ad. ot — Blasius ¢ 2). Extremes of wing 57—62 mm; tail 40.5—46; culmen 15—17. Tarsus 15 ca. The female seems to be smaller than the adult male, as shown by three measured by Prof. W. Blasius. That described above has wing 55 mm; tail 33; culmen 16; tarsus 14.5 (Gt. Sangi). Eggs. “Dr. Platen, when in Great Sangi, collected a number of eggs of this bird, which are deep coffee-brown and at the large end show a black-brown circlet, formed of dissolved spots. On some eggs traces of black cross-streaks are perceptible. The measurements are: 16 >< 12 mm. The gloss is very strong.” (Nehrkorn MS.) Nest? A number of nests sent to the Dresden Museum by our native collectors from Great Sangi and Siao, bearing indifferently the native names of this species and of An- threptes chlorigaster ave of an inverted pear-shape, with the entrance in the upper half covered by a small hood, externally a rough mass of bits of leaf, bark, rotten wood, grasses, spiders’ or caterpillars’ excrementa, wool, the whole bound together with spiders’ web, lned with finer grasses and sometimes a few feathers. The nest is suspended at the end of a twig of a broad-leayed plant or among fine parasitical twigs. Breeding season. A brooding female was killed by Dr. Platen on January 28, 1887 (Blas. ¢ 2). Thus we know that the bird breeds in the rainy season. Distribution. Sangi Islands — Siao (Meyer a1, Nat. Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Mus.); Great Sangi (Meyer a1, Bruijn ¢1, Platen ¢ 2, Nat. Coll.); Tagulandang and Gunong Api (Nat. Coll.). This species most nearly resembles H. talautensis of the Talaut Islands to the north-east, a bird of rather larger size, with a throat of pansy-purple changing to maroon-purple with a coppery gloss according to the light, but under no con- ditions of light to coppery-bronze, as in H. sangirensis. Its back and under parts, also, are not brownish, or purplish, black. Shelley remarks that H. sangirensis is the member of the Hermotimia group which, in virtue of the bronzy copper colour of its throat, most nearly approaches Chalcostetha insignis, and the occa- sional presence of yellow pectoral tufts in Siao’ birds (see supra) leads very interesting confirmation to this view. + * 187. HERMOTIMIA TALAUTENSIS M.& Wg. Talaut Black Sun-bird. Plate XXVII. Hermotimia talantensis (1) M. & Wg., J. f. O. 1894, 244; (2) iid., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 9, p. 5. “Taramisi bamburuwanan” (= cf ad.), Nat. Coll. Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. AT1 “Taramisi baa”, “T. maririka” and “Tete mariri”, etc. (= © and of juy.), Nat. Coll. Description. M. & Weg. 1. Adult male. Velvety black; lesser and shorter middle wing-coverts, lower half of back and upper tail-coverts metallic steel-blue; tail-feathers blue-black, with broad metallic edgings of greenish steel; head above metallic greenish gold; sub- malar stripe steel-blue, becoming violet on the sides of the jugulum; chin, throat and jugulum metallic pansy-purple, becoming redder and more coppery according to the light; under-parts black, slightly washed with blue; quills below dusky. Bill and feet black (type, ad. {o], Kabruang, 3. XI. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 13138). Female. Above olive-green with a slight orange wash; wing-coverts and quills dusky, edged with olive-green; tail-feathers bluish black, metallic at the edges, the three outer pairs tipped with white, about 10 mm broad in the outermost; under-parts ochre-yellow, bright orange-ochraceous on the throat and jugulum, washed with olive- grey on the flanks; under wing-coverts and inner edges of quills white; carpal edge yellowish (type [Q] ad. Kabruang, 13. XI. 93: Nat. Coll. — © 13145). Two other specimens, agreeing with the above, we regard as adult females from the richness of their coloration (C 13149 and 13147). Judging from the good series of this species and sangirensis in the Dresden Museum, we find that the orange-colour on the throat is less strongly expressed in the female of H. sangirensis, from which that of H. talautensis is further distinguishable by its larger size and the olive-green, washed with orange, of its upper surface. Young. A specimen with a rather shorter bill is similar to what we describe as the adult female; head and mantle a little greyer (Kabruang, C 13150). Three other specimens (immature females?) have the bill as long as in the adult, the throat whitish yellow, the breast greener, the head above in two cases a shade browner than in the adult female (Kabruang, O 13148 and 13158, Salibabu, C 13156). Immature male. Five specimens, like the adult female, the throat washed with orange in two, in the other three not. All specimens with a steel-blue submalar stripe like that of the old male, but not continued (as violet) down the sides of the jugulum also. The feathers of male maturity sprout at different times and parts of the body, varying in individuals and apparently following no rule of development. Thus, in one specimen (Kabruang, C 13146) there is a single steel-blue feather in the wing-coverts of the right wing and a few black feathers on the right side of the mantle and middle of upper breast; a second (Kabruang, C 13144) has some green-gold feathers on the occiput, one or two steel-blue ones on the upper tail-coverts, and one or more black ones on the breast, tail apparently adult; a third (Salibabu, C 13155) has only a few green- gold feathers on the occiput, and an adult tail. Measurements (7 adult males). Wing 64—68 mm; tail 42—45; bill from nostril 14.5—16; tarsus 16 ca. (3 adult ? females). Wing 60—64; tail 38 ca.; bill from nostril 14—15.5. The specimen described as young has the wing 58, bill fr. n. 13; the three specimens without orange on the throat: wing 58—59, bill fr. n. 14.5—16. Distribution. Talaut Islands: Kabruang, Karkellang, and Salibabu (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Museums). Numerous examples of this species were obtained in October— November, 1893, in the above island of the Talaut-group by native hunters in our employ, and again in the 1894 and 1896. In coloration — though not in geographical location — the adult male is intermediate between H. sangirensis of the Sangi 472 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. Islands and H. porphyrolaema of S. Celebes and Togian, both of which it exceeds in size, while H. sangirensis differs in having the metallic throat coppery-bronze, not pansy-purple, with the mantle and under surface purplish or brownish black, not deep black slightly washed with bluish below. JH. porphyrolaema has the metallic throat dark violet, as against the much redder — sometimes, according to the light, coppery—purple of H.talautensis, and the metallic feathers do not extend on to the jugulum in the South Celebes bird. In our original description of H. talautensis a specimen labelled H. porphyrolaema, but really belonging to a new and undescribed species, was erroneously brought into comparison with the Talaut bird under the name porphyrolaema. ‘The metallic mantle of this specimen and its uniform steel-blue throat, without a submalar edging of a different tint, remove it to a different section of Hermotimia, but as is mentioned, p- 465, it appears preferable for the present to abstain from giving it a name. Chalcostetha insignis (Jard.). The habitat of this species is Tenasserim and Malacca to Sumatra, Java, Billiton (Vorderman), Borneo and Palawan. Celebes has been included within its range in virtue of two specimens from v. Rosenberg identified by Briiggemann at first with Hermotimia porphyro- laema (Wall.), (Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 73), but afterwards ascertained by him to be this species (in Shelley’s Monogr. Nect. 89). Prof. W. Blasius (J. f. O. 1883, 158) received one of these specimens for examination and points out that it is labelled only “? Celebes”. We consider the locality almost cer- tainly erroneous. GENUS ANTHREPTES Sw. Bill a little longer than the cranium, or less, slightly decurved, keel of lower mandible straight, operculum of nostril naked; tail shorter than wing, square or slightly rounded; tarsus stout, with about 5 transverse scales. Form stouter and stronger than in the other Nectariniidae occurring in Celebes. Ethiopian and Indian Regions as far as Sula. 188. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS (Scop.). Brown-throated Sun-bird. The most logical way of handling this species, with its puzzling intergrading local variations, seems to be to admit 3 subspecies where the more pronounced racial characters come to a head. ‘The interconnecting races we prefer to indi- cate simply by a long hyphen connecting the names of the subspecies between which they lie. With the exception that we find them to be subspecies (accord- ing to the American definition) instead of species, the fair series in the Dresden Museum confirms the results of Capt. Shelley. The extremes seem to be: | Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. 473 The typical Anthreptes malaccensis: Tenasserim, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Java as far as (?) Flores. Anthreptes malaccensis celebensis (Shelley): Celebes and (fide Shelley) Sula. Anthreptes malaccensis chlorigaster (Sharpe): Negros, with the birds of which locality those of Sangi (fide Shelley) are identical. Perhaps the way in which these forms intergrade may be best shown by the following key to the adult males in the Dresden Museum: a. Under surface yellower. a’. Head above and mantle greener metallic bottle-green: Borneo, Nr.6368. b'. Head above and mantle bluer metallic bottle-green. 6”. Throat drab: Java, Nr. 6364. e". Throat more rufous: Java, C 5504. a —b’. Intermediate specimen: Sumatra, C 10262. The typical — A. malaccensis b. Under surface more olivaceous. d’. Size small: wing 66—71 mm, like that of the typical A. malaccensis. da”, Head and mantle bluer; under surface yellower, less olivaceous; A. malaccensis flanks yellower. — chlorigaster d'”. Head and mantle as d": Mindanao, C 9909. e"’. Head and mantle still bluer: Palawan, © 13747. e”. Head and mantle greener; under surface more olivaceous; flanks tinged with grey. f'”. Breast slightly less olivaceous: Banka Id. off Celebes, C 12221 and 12224. g'. Breast slightly more olivaceous: Mantehage Id., © 12222 and 12223, h'”. Breast still more olivaceous, throat tinged with russet: Macassar, Nr. 8571 (type of celebensis). f’'—g'"—h'". Intermediate unclassifiable specimens: Manado tua C 12225, Minahassa Nr. 8575, Tom- buku, E. Celebes Nr. 8576. (e’. Size large: wing 70—77 mm. 2”, Sides more olivaceous yellow; mantle bluer metallic bottle-green: Great Sangi, old ad. of Nr. 8562. j’. Sides yellower; mantle greener: Siao, Nr. 8565. z—j". intermediate: Great Sangi Nr.8561, C 12710; Siao Nr. 8566. An additional select series of 6 adult males from East Celebes vary on the under sur- face from the much yellower tone of the form chlorigaster to an olivaceous tint darker than is usual in Celebes skins. Two from Banggai Island are dark below, but less dark than the latter specimen. celebensis | A. malaccensis | ) | A, malaccensis chlorigaster The largest specimens of A. malaccensis celebensis exceed the smallest of A. malaccensis chlorigaster of Sangi in size, and in colour there is no appreciable difference between Sangi specimens and those of Banka except the tinge of olive-grey on the flanks of the latter. Though the present species seems to be of a not exceptionably variable character in one and the same locality and some of the points of difference shown in the key above may be ascribed to differ- Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 9th, 1897). 60 474 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. ences of age, it is nevertheless practically certain that the almost unnoticeable marks of distinction which separate the Banka and Sangi birds will prove to fall within the extremes of individual variation of the races in either locality. The gap may be further filled up if the islands intermediate between Banka and Siao, i. e. Biarro and ‘Tagulandang harbour this species. Links also be- tween Anthreptes malaccensis celebensis and A. malaccensis—chlorigaster are pretty sure to be found in some of the Philippines. Sooloo furnishes birds between the typical malaccensis and chlorigaster: “Professor Blasius has referred the Sula bird to A. chlorigaster, and Dr. Guillemard to A. malaccensis. The specimens now sent by Mr. Everett appear to me to belong to the latter species. One specimen from Tawi Tawi is very like A. chlorigaster, but another from the same island cannot be distinguished from A. malaccensis” (Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 251). Here we see a case in which authorities find themselves, for want of a satisfying principle of nomenclature, compelled to call the same thing by different names, and we pity the feelings of a future writer on the history of the birds of Sooloo who — if he uphold binomial nomenclature unchanged — has to make up his mind which name to adopt. The name Anthreptes malaccensis—chlorigaster (Scop.—Sharpe) cannot offend any one except by its length. If it be ob- jected that the Sooloo birds have really rather more to do with the typical malaccensis than with chlorigaster, then the sign A. malaccensis > chlorigaster or, if they approach most nearly to chlorigaster, the sign A. malaccensis < chlorigaster will serve to define them —- the angle denoting something intermediate, its base being turned in the direction of the subspecies with which it has most in common, and its point in the direction of the other subspecies towards which its development tends. Not having sufficient material to take into full con- sideration the typical malaccensis, its racial variation in the direction of Flores and Sumba’*), and all the forms interconnecting it with chlorigaster, and with only one specimen each (if correctly determined) of the species or subspecies A. griseigularis 'Tweedd. (Siquijor Id., North of Mindanao) and 60* 476 Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. Skeleton. Length of cranium . . 31.5 mm | Length of tarso-metatarsus 15.0 mm Greatest breadth of cranium 12.0 » Length of digitusI . . . 10.3 Length of humerus . . . 15.7 » | Length of digitus IT. . . 9.0 Length of uma. . . . . 19.0 » | Length of digitus TIT . . 13.0 Length of radius . . . .+ 17.0 Length of digits IV . . 11.0 Length of manus. . . . 17.0 » | Length of sternum . . 16.7 » Length of metacarpus . . 9.0 Greatest breadth of eae 9.5 » Length of digits I . . . 3.6 » Height of crista stern’. . . 5.6 » Length of digitus IT. . . 8.2 » | Length of coracoideum . . 15.0 » Length of digitus IT . . 2.1 » | Length of scapula. . . . 16.0 » Length of femur . . . . 13.5 » | Length of clavicula . . . 140 Length of tibia. . . . . 23.0 » | Length of pelvis . . a IHD = eneth on dibulay) =. emenintS.0 eee Greatest breadth of adhe Ore Eggs. “Dr. Platen sent me a sitting of two eggs of this bird from Rurukan in the Mina- Nest. hassa. They measure 18 >< 13.5 mm. The ground-colour is whity-grey, the ground- spots which are distributed over the whole egg are blue-grey. The few superjacent spots are deep black-brown, and amongst them are found a few fine hair-streaks. A circlet of spots is not present; so, too, there is no gloss. The eggs resemble those of A. malaccensis in my collection from Borneo” (Nehrkorn MS.). Four nests in the Dresden Museum belonging to this subspecies much resemble those of the Celebesian Cyrtostomus frenatus, but have little or no caterpillar excrementa on the outside and are without feathers in any part. A pendant pear-shaped structure of strips of bark, bits of straw, dead leaf, grasses, the long down of seeds, held to- gether with grass-fibres and web of caterpillars or spiders, lined with finer grasses and seed-down or sometimes a little wool; length 115—150 mm, breadth 60—75; no waste stuff hanging from the bottom; entrance at the side in the HBDES half, aietitly hooded (Manado — Nrs. 131, 132, 129, 134). Distribution. Celebes and the islands off the coast, and Sula: Manado tua, Mantehage and Banka (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.), Talissi (Hickson h 2), Minahassa (Wallace g 1, Meyer f 2, etc.), Gorontalo Distr. (Meyer f 2, Guillemard h 1), W. Celebes (Do- herty h** 5), Togian (Meyer f 2), E. Peninsula (Ribbe and Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.), Kandari, 8. E. Peninsula (Beccari d 1), Buton Id. (S. Miiller a@ 2), 8. Pen- insula (Wallace g 1, Meyer f 2, Platen f5, Guillem. h 1, Weber f 7, etc.), Sula Islands (Allen b 1, f J, g 1), Peling and Banggai (Nat. Coll. hs 3). Observation. From Sula only a single female specimen in the British Museum has been definitely recorded (g 1). The Flores specimens, obtained by Wallace, Capt. Shelley remarks after the publication of his article on A, celebensis, “I am now con- vinced should belong to this species” (Introd. p. XLY); their perfect identity with it appears to us, however, doubtful. Biittikofer (Notes L. M. 1892, 194, 201; Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise III, 300) does not unite his Flores and Sumba specimens with cele- bensis, but with malaccensis. Hartert identifies Sumba birds with those of Celebes, but not so Sumbawan birds. If they lie midway between these two races, they may be indicated as A. malaccensis —celebensis, or, if they represent a new line of de- parture, some other method of nomenclature must be found. Of the voice, habits ete. of A. celebensis nothing peculiar is known, and it is hardly likely that they differ much from those of the typical form. Birds of Celebes: Nectariniidae. : ATT * 2. Anthreptes malaccensis chlorigaster (Sharpe).') ¢. Antothreptus malaccensis pt. (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen, 1875, VII, 661 (Siao). j. Anthothreptes malaccensis (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Ciy. Gen, 1876, IX, 57 (Gt. Sangi): (2) Gadow, Cat. B. IX, 1884, 123, partim (Negros). k, Anthothreptus malaccensis pt. (1) Salvad., Atti Ac. Sc. Tor. 1877, XL, 320 (Sangi). J, Anthreptes chlorigaster (1) Sharpe, Tr. Z. 8S. 1877, I, 342 (Negros); (2) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 585 (Gt. Sangi). m. Anthreptes chlorigastra (I) Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. XLV (Negros, Cebu), 321, pl. 103, f. 1 (Gt. Sangi) (1877). m. Anthothreptes chlorogastra (1) T'weedd., P. Z. 8S. 1877, 756, 763 (Cebu?). o. Anthothreptes chlorigaster (1) Tweedd., P. ZS. 1878, 287 (Negros); (2) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 23 (Negros, Masbate); (3) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 38. p. Anthotreptes chlorigaster (1) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 38 (Siao, Gt. Sangi). Figure and descriptions. Shelley mJ; Salvad. 71; Sharpe /1; W. Blas. / 2. Diagnosis. Adult male: Size large (wing 70—77 mm); under surface greener yellow than in the typical form, less olivaceous than in celebensis; head and mantle metallic bottle- green, without, or with hardly any, violet intermixed. Iris blood-red (Platen J 2). Adult female? Larger than the female of celebensis and of the typical subspecies; under- parts from breast downwards strongly washed with olive and olive-yellow; chin and throat whitish olive-grey (Siao, Nr. 8567, C 382; Gt. Sangi, C 12709). Tris red-brown (Platen / 2). Young. Like the adult female, but the under surface greener yellow, the chin and throat washed with the same colour, and the head above not tinged with grey (Siao, C 8568). Observation. From analogy with the Celebes race we hold the specimens with pale grey throats and greyish olive heads for females, and the one described without grey on these parts for a bird of the year. The feather-structure of this specimen, which is mentioned by Shelley, also appears immature. Prof. W. Blasius mentions two females as distinguishing themselves by a yellower colour on the chin and throat, but for the above reason we believe these to be only young females. Nest? See under Hermotimia sangirensis. Distribution. Philippine Islands (Steere /1, Everett o 1, etc.); Great Sangi (Meyer m J, Bruijn ki, Platen / 2, Nat. Coll.); Siao (Meyer m J, p 1). Remark. Sangi specimens were compared by Capt. Shelley with one of the two type specimens from Negros and considered by him to be perfectly identical. Arachnothera longirostris Miill. Schl. This species was recorded by Miller and Schlegel from Celebes, but confirmation of its occurrence there is wanting; 1) The following references seem to belong to the intermediate A. malaccensis—chlorigaster: Antho- threptes chlorogaster Tweedd., P. Z. S. 1878, 951 (Mindanao); Anthreptes chlorigastra Shelley, Monogr. p. XLV pt. (Mindanao); Anthreptes chlorigaster W. Blas., J. f. O. 1890, 139 (Sooloo); (?) A. mal, chlorogaster Hart., Noy. Zool. 1896, 567 (Sumbawa). It is a little to be regretted that ornithologists have seen fit to alter the spellings of the generic and specific names of this species in the way they have done; science does not profit by such shufflings, nor classical learning, it may be, to any great extent either. For the genus we have: Anthreptes, Antothreptus, Anthothreptes, Anthothreptus and Anthotreptes; for the species chlorigaster, chlorigastra, chlorogastra and chlorogaster. 478 Birds of Celebes: Meliphagidae. we regard this record as most probably erroneous. The species ranges from India to Borneo and Java (Shelley). The following references indicate the occurrence of the species in Celebes, the authors being guided by Miller and Schlegel, without referring to further proof. a. Arachnothera longirostra (1) Mill & Schl. Verh. Natuurk. Comm., Zool. Aves 1846, 69 (Celebes); (2) Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8S. B. 1849, 222 (Cel.); (ZZZ) Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. L, 357, pl. (1878), (Cel.); (4) W. Blas., J. £. O. 1883, 115. b. Arachnothera —? (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIL, 70. ce. Arachnocestra longirostris (1) Rehb., Hb. sp. Orn., Scansoriae 1853, 315 (Cel.). d. Arachnothera longirostris (1) Gadow, Cat. B. LX, 1884, 103 (Cel.); (2) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 279 (Cel.). For synonymy and further references cf. Shelley a IJ, Gadow d 1. FAMILY MELIPHAGIDAE. The Honey-suckers vary in size from about that of a Wren to that of a Jay; they are birds of plain plumage, metallic tints and blue are wanting, red is found only in Myzomela; the bill is generally decurved, often very long and slender, the nostril longitudinal covered with a coriaceous operculum, “or oval and situated in front of a coriaceous groove” (Gadow); in some forms the tomia are serrated. The tongue is protractile, bifid, and furnished with peculiar brush-like fibres on the tip. The family is almost exclusively peculiar to the Australian Region. GENUS MYZOMELA Vig. Horsf. The characteristics of the genus by W. A. Forbes are 'given below. They are very small birds, most of them differing from all other Melphagidae by having red in the plumage. The edges of the mandibles are serrated. + * 189. MYZOMELA CHLOROPTERA Tweedd. Scarlet Honey-sucker. Myzomela chloroptera (1) Wald., Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, (4) LX, 399; (2) id. Tr. ZS. 1872, VIL, 117; (3) Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, 405; (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 662; (5) Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen V, 1876, 74; (VI) W. A. Forbes, P. Z. 8. 1879, 260, pl. XXIV, fig. 1; (7) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 132; (8) Gadow, Cat. B. TX, 1884, 132; (9) Salvad., Ibis 1884, 326; (10) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, IIT, 279; (11) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 11; (12) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 153, 168; (13) id., ib. 1897, 157. Figure and descriptions. Forbes VI; Walden 1; Salvadori 4 (? = 6, not OQ); Briiggem. 5 (? = Go not O); Gadow 8. Adult male. Upper surface, entire head, throat and breast scarlet-poppy-red; scapulars, wings and tail-feathers black, the greater wing-coyerts and quills edged with ochra- Birds of Celebes: Meliphagidae. 479 ceous; sides, abdomen and under tail-coverts greyish brown, washed with ful- vous; under wing-coverts and inner edging of quills white. (¢', Rurukan Mina- hassa, 14. VIII. 84: Platen in Mus. Nehrkorn, Nr. 952). Iris brown; bill black; feet grey (Platen). Female. Smaller than the male. Above olive-brown, rather brighter on the forehead and rump; wings and tail blackish, with warm brown margins to the feathers; chin and ear-coverts brown, touched up with scarlet; throat drab-brown, becoming darker and more olivaceous on the breast, and paling into brownish buff on the remaining under-parts; under wing-coverts and basal part of inner webs of quills white. (Q, Rurukan, 25. [X. 94: Sarasin Coll.) “Legs and feet grey, the latter below yellowish; bill black, base of lower man- dible yellow; iris dark” (P.& F. S.). Remark. A specimen in adult male dress, but labelled as a female, is described by Salvadori (4) who believes the sex indicated to rest upon an error; and the same seems to be the case with the bird described as a female by Briiggemann, a specimen in nearly adult male dress. Young male. Like the female (61, Djampea, XII. 95: Hyerett — C 15149). | Bill from Measurements. Wing | Tail /Tarsus) feath. of iti | forehead a. (Mus. Nehrk. Nr. 952) Gt ad. Rurukan . . . . .| 54 | 37 | 13 | 14 Dea (MusseNiebnkes Ney 953)" (Oi) Rurukens 2 20s 1.50 | 38) 14 13 ex (Nr ei97A) le tiead- Minabassay. cei utes a 8. (be 87 | nae ee da Als) igipadaMenade, MUL Ts 3 yt Qa 59] 40] 15 | Three ae adult males from the Minahassa in the Sarasin Coll. have the wing 56—57 mm; two females, wing 52, 53; one Gt ad. Loka, 8. Cel. (Sarasin Coll.) wing 56; one of ad. Saleyer Id. (Ev. C 15147) wing 55; one Q, Saleyer, wing 52. Variation. From North Celebes two of the adult males in the Sarasin Collection in good fresh plumage (March) have the wing-coverts, scapulars and tail sooty blackish, a little browner in the one than in the other. The third male, probably less adult, but also in more worn plumage (October), has the wing-coverts, scapulars and tail browner. Another adult male (C 418) in worn plumage (March) is more sooty than the last. South Celebes. The adult male in the Sarasin Collection is in shghtly worn plumage (Loka, October). The colour of the wing-coverts, scapulars and tail cannot be termed sooty, but dull dark sepia. Saleyer. A male in good plumage (Nov.) is slightly sooty and a shade darker than the above South Celebes male on the parts in question, and about as dark as the palest example from North Celebes. A female in worn plumage (Noy.) is much paler and greyer above and paler below than two females from N. Celebes. Djampea. A young male in changing plumage (Dec.) is very much darker above, being darker than the females from N. Celebes. Distribution. Celebes and the islands to the south: Minahassa (Meyer 1, 7, Bruijn 4, Fischer 5, Platen, Sarasins 72); S. Peninsula — Bonthain Mts. (Weber 10, Eyerett 12, Sarasins, Doherty 13); Saleyer and Djampea (Everett 12). This Honey-sucker has as yet been found only at the two extreme ends of the Island of Celebes; it was discovered by Meyer in the Minahassa in the north, in which district only a small number of specimens have been obtained, and now recently it has turned up at Loka near Bonthain at the extremity of 480 Birds of Celebes: Meliphagidae. the Southern Peninsula, where Prof. Weber first got a single example, to be followed by others from the Sarasins, Everett, and Doherty. It is clearly a mountain species, and it seems to vary racially. Its nearest affinities seem to be with M. sanguinolenta (Lath.) of Australia, a bird of larger size, with the red colour extending further down the chest and the abdomen greyer. Myzomela is a well-marked and purely Australasian genus, occurring in Australia, the island-groups of Central and North-western Polynesia, Papuasia, the Moluccas, Timor and Celebes. One of the most remarkable facts connected with the geographical distribution of birds in Celebes, which is not controverted by the present species, is that, when a bird’s nearest affinities are with Australian or Timor species, the said bird is always found inhabiting the Southern Penin- sula of Celebes, though not always the Northern; but, when the bird’s nearest affinities are with species of Sangi, the Philippines, or the Moluccas, it is always found in the north of the island, though not always in the south. . | | . (C 15690) oj, G. Manimporok ¢c.1200m .. . . .| 86 | 70 [205] 19 » 8 arasin Coll.) Q, type, Bone Mts. 1100 m. Si ie | ie} wis 18 ce. (Sarasin Coll.) Q, G. Mantinang, 1500m . . 74 | 63 | 18 — Distribution. Mountains of North Celebes: Gunong Maneak in the Minahassa, Bone Mts. in the Gorontalo District, and Gunong Mantinang near Buol (P.& F. 8.). ~ 2. Melilestes celebensis meridionalis M.& We. c. Melilestes celebensis meridionalis (7) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 11; (2) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 153; (3) id., ib. 1897, 157. Diagnosis. Darker; dark greyish olive above, with black centre-streaks; below greyish sepia, with the light margins of the feathers less pale and distinct. “Iris dusky brown; bare orbital skin white” (P.& F. S.). Measurements. Wag Tail a pee a. (Sarasin Coll.) 1% type, western declivity of the Peak | | of Bonthain .ca,.1500m; 2. X0-9b.. oe ea lesa v8 | 21.5) 19 b. (Sarasin: Coll))).O abidl 1s a ee hl ee ee ee SO tt eee 18 Ce. (Sarasin Coll))s>sjuy.eabide ene 74 | 63 | 18 16.5 _ d. (C 14888) ot, Bonthain Peak, 6000 ft., Oct. 95 pereds 85 | 71 | 20.5) 19.5 e. (© 14889) Q, Bonthain Peak, 6000 ft., Oct. 95 (Everett)| 78 | 65 |19 | 18 Distribution. South Celebes — Bonthain Monae (P.& F. Sarasin c 1, Everett c 2, Doherty ¢ 3). This mountain-haunting Honey-eater was one of the most interesting of the discoveries of the Sarasins in Celebes. Its nearest affinities seem to be with Melilestes megarhynchus of New Guinea and the neighbouring islands, a species of somewhat similar, but more uniform brown, coloration, with a much larger bill, similarly serrated (the serrations being more perfect in some specimens than in others), with the nasal operculum narrower at the base, and the frontal feathers not encroaching upon it. ‘The foot and tarsus is, as Hartert points out, smaller and more delicate in the Celebes form, the tarsus is indeed about ‘/, the length of the wing and longer than the middle toe, while in Melilestes megarhynchus the tarsus is about '/,, longer and equal to the middle toe; the space of bare skin behind and above the eye is also peculiar to the Celebes form. Still, it appears to us to stand as near (or nearer) to the typical Melilestes as does M. iliolophus and its allies, and it would be disadvantageous to bury its affinities under a new generic name. GENUS MYZA M. & We. Bill longer than the cranium, the tomia not serrated, but slightly turned inwards, a slight subterminal notch; the nostril linear, with an operculum, on the basal part of which the feathers of the forehead impinge; behind the eye e ‘ +: 4 a Birds of Celebes: Meliphagidae. 483 and above the ear-coverts a patch of bare skin; tail of 12 feathers, nearly as long as the wing, graduated, the outermost rectrix about 2 cm shorter than the middle ones, each feather terminally narrowed to a sharp point; 1“ primary more than half as long as the 2", the 2"° longer than the secondaries, the 4" and 5™ longest, the shafts of all the remiges, except the 1 and 2", terminally projecting as a minute point or thorn (seen likewise in the genera Melipotes, Leptornis, and others); tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw, 9 transverse scales on it; the first and second joints of the fourth toe united to the basal joint of the third toe, as in all Meliphagidae. The genus is known only from Celebes. Its most peculiar characters are 4 the tail, the patch of bare skin on the cheek, and its Myzomela-like, but un- serrated, bill. +* 191. MYZA SARASINORUM M.& Wg. The Sarasins’ Honey-sucker. Plate XXVIII. Myza sarasinorum (1) M. & Weg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1895, Nr. 8, p. 11. Male. Head and neck dark slate, with blackish centres to the feathers and almost pure black on the superciliary and malar regions, becoming more umber-brown with blackish centre-streaks on the back, and almost uniform dark umber on the lower back and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail blackish, with external edgings of umber; under parts reddish umber, the upper breast with blackish centre-streaks, becoming blacker with greyer borders on throat and chin; under wing-coverts reddish umber; remiges and rectrices below shining dusky; behind the eye a large bare patch (“colourless, i.e. pale, without pigment”); bill blackish; legs and feet dark (<7, Gunong Mantinang, south side, c. 1800 m, 29. VII. 94: Sarasin Coll, type). Measurements. Wing 89 mm; tail 82; tarsus 24; culmen from suture 25.5, from nostril 14.2. Distribution. Mantinang Mountains, North Celebes (P. & F. Sarasin). ‘The type of this peculiar species and genus of Honey-sucker is at present the only specimen known. It was obtained by the cousins Sarasin at the high altitude of about 6000 ft. during their expedition across the North Peninsula from Buol on the north coast to the Gulf of Tomini. The affinities of this bird are somewhat uncertain. Except that its bill is smaller and not serrated, it agrees herein with Melilestes, but differs by its longer graduated tail of pointed feathers (see plate). The Papuan Melpotes has the rectrices similarly pointed, but not graduated, and similarly much bare skin on the face, but its bill is short, like a Thrush’s. Bare skin on the face is found in several other Meliphagine genera, such as Xanthotis, Melirrhophetes and some species of Ptilotis. Until Drs. P. & F. Sarasin, Mr. Everett, and Mr. Doherty went to Celebes it was not known that the high mountains harboured so many interest- 61* — 484 Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. ing and peculiar forms, not to be found on the coast, and the work of ex- ploring these hills does not yet appear to be even half done. FAMILY ZOSTEROPIDAE. It appears best to make a family of the great genus of the White-eyes, Zosterops, some 125 species of small birds which have been placed by Gadow among the Meliphagidae as a subfamily, by Oates among the Crateropodidae, by others (fide Newton) among the Paridae, and by others with the Nectariniidae, which is enough to show how uncertain their affinities are. One of Mr. Everett’s recent discoveries in Celebes, Zosterops squamiceps (Hart.), looks as if it has affinities with the.Meliphagidae. Yuhina among the Crateropodidae, and Anthreptes among the Nectariniidae also call for comparison. The Zosteropidae have only nine primaries, or a very minute tenth. The muscles of the tongue resemble those of Nectarinia, with some differences; the . tongue itself ends in two short filaments, and has not a brush-tip (Gadow, P. Z. S. 1883, 63, 68). A striking characteristic in almost all the species is a ring of minute white feathers round the eye — whence the name, White-eye. Olive, yellow, and grey are the chief colours; red and blue are not found. Zosterops, separated as a family by Sharpe, is widely distributed in Africa south of the Sahara, Asia south of the Himalayas and Amoor, the islands of the Indian Ocean, the East Indies to Australia, the western islands of the Pacific, south to New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. ‘These birds have almost certainly spread their range by flight, a case of which has taken place within the memory of man (Bulller, B. N. Zeal. 2" ed. 1888, I, pp. 79—81). There seems to be no explanation but that of distribution by flight for the presence of closely allied forms in, for instance, North Celebes and Liberia, or on many islands of Polynesia, which are of volcanic or coral origin, and - where animals which cannot fly or otherwise make sea-voyages, such as the larger mammals, are unknown. GENUS ZOSTEROPS Vig. Horsf. Culmen about as long as the head, or less, slightly decurved, keel of lower mandible approximately straight; nostril linear, with an operculum basally feathered; a periocular ring of minute white feathers usually present; tail square, shorter than wing; first primary very minute or wanting, the next as long as the secondaries or longer, tip of wing formed by the next four feathers: tarsus longer than middle toe and claw; 4 toe united with 3" to the first joint of the latter. See, also, supra, Zosteropidae. Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. 485 + 192. ZOSTEROPS SQUAMICEPS (Hart.). Aberrant White-eye. Plate XXIX. a. Chlorocharis squamiceps (1) Hartert, Noy. Zool, 1896, III, 70; (2) id., t. c. 153. Zosterops squamiceps (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1897, 157. Adult. Above olivaceous green, brighter on rump and wing-edgings; feathers of head above blackish with whitish shaft-streaks and terminal edges of silvery grey, forehead slightly olivaceous; lores olive whitish; a small space below and behind the eye bare, around the eye a thin ring of minute white plumulae; ear-coverts silvery grey with a yellowish gloss; chin and throat greyish white, with blackish subterminal edges to the feathers; remaining under parts yellowish olive-green, greyer on sides of breast, clearing to sulphur-yellow on middle of lower breast, on abdomen and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts whitish; “bill black, feet brown” (Hartert J); wing 66 mm; tail 49; tarsus 20; middle toe and claw 17; bill from nostril 9.5 (oj, Pasoso, Bonthain Peak, 6000 feet, Oct. 1895: Everett — C 14890). Female or immature. Head above more olive-brown, the silvery grey terminal edgings not extending beyond the crown, all the feathers of head above with blackish sub- terminal edgings; breast browner, yellow of under parts less extensive (Q, label as in o, C 14891). Possibly this example is immature, as Mr. Hartert (1) says there seem to be no sexual differences. Distribution. South Celebes — Mount Bonthain (Everett a1, a 2, Doherty 1). One of the best of the discoveries of Mr. Everett in South Celebes is the present species, which came into the careful hands of Mr. E. Hartert, who detected its true relationships. At first sight its affinities are not apparent; this is due to the peculiar squamous appearance of the feathering of the head. But, put a similar squamous head on Zosterops javanica (Horsf.), and you have Z. squamiceps (Hartert)! A form perhaps still more nearly allied is Zosterops squamifrons Sharpe, described from Mt. Dulit, Borneo, which, as its name betokens, has a squamous appearance on the forehead. In some ways Zosterops squamiceps recalls certain of the Honey-eaters, for instance, Glycyphila, but it would be dangerous to speak of it as a possible connecting-link between the Zosteropidae and Meliphagidae, as its wing is that of a true Zosterops, and therefore quite unlike that of Glycyphila. Indeed, we cannot find any point of structural difference capable of description by which Z. squamiceps may be separated from other species of Zosterops; it also has the white periocular ring, though this is inconspicuous. A form of Zosterops, more aberrant in our opinion than Z. squamiceps, 1s the bird named by Dr. Sharpe Chlorocharis emiliae. In describing it Sharpe (Ibis 1886, 392, pl. XI) overlooked its true affinities and made it a new genus of the Timeliidae, standing near Cyanoderma and Mixornis; with these however, as Hartert remarks, it has “no resemblance in the wing-formula, no resemblance in the structure of the plumage, nor any in coloration, form of tail, etc. In fact the structure almost entirely agrees with that of the genus Zosterops”. The 486 Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. chief differences appear to be the more elongated nasal aperture and more delicate bill, the periocular ring of black, and the larger size. Z. squamiceps seems to us to lie about midway between this form and the typical Zosterops, so that, if the genus Chlorocharis be allowed to stand, it becomes very difficult to say to which genus Everett's new White-eye should be referred. + 193. ZOSTEROPS INTERMEDIA Wall. Yellow White-eye. Zosterops intermedia (1) Wall. P. Z. 8S. 1863, 486, 493; (2) Hartl., J. f. O. 1865, 16; (HI) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIII, 72, pl. IX, f. 2; (4) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 272 (incl. also Z. chloris); (5) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 132; (6) Salvad., Orn. Pap. I, 1881, 369; (7) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 125; (8) Sharpe, Cat. B. IX (gen. Zosterops) 1884, 185; (9) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 555; (10) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber's Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 279; (11) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, LIV, 341; (12) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, pp. 12, 16; (13) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 153, 168, 557, 567, 594; (14) id., ib. 1897, 157, 161. a. Zosterops brunneicauda (1) Guillem. (nec Salvad. fide Hart.), P. ZS. 1885, 508. For further references cf. Salvadori 6, Sharpe &. Figure and descriptions. Walden I/J; Wallace 1; Hartlaub 2; Salvadori 6; Sharpe 8. Male. Above yellow olive-green, yellowest on head and tail-coverts; bastard-wing, quills and tail-feathers dusky brown, the quills edged with the colour of the back but yellower, greyish towards the distal ends of the primaries; lores and forehead next base of bill yellow; orbital ring white; below this a suborbital streak blackish; chin and throat lemon-yellow; remaining under-parts less pure yellow, washed on sides of breast, sides and flanks with olive; thighs sulphur-yellow; under wing-coverts straw-yellow, metacarpal edge darker, inner edges of quills below yellowish white (<1, Macassar, Jan. 1873: Meyer — C 453). Bill grey, bluish below; feet and claws greyish blue (M. 5); Iris olive-brown or sepia (Wallace J, P.& F.S., etc). Female. An adult female (Q, Macassar, Jan. 1873 — C 498) is like the specimen described, but yellower olive-green above, the yellow on the lores and forehead a little more extended, the chin and throat similar lemon-yellow, the other under-parts purer . sulphur-yellow than in the first. It is possible that that specimen and another nearly similar male in the Dresden Museum (C 452) are not quite fully adult. Young. Like the adult, but darker above, greyish in tint on the hind neck; chin, throat and abdomen and under tail-coverts pale sulphur-yellow, the sides pale olive-grey, yellower on the flanks (Q juv. Macassar, Jan. 1873: Meyer — C 451). Measurements. Wing} Tail /Tarsus : a. (0453). GG *Macassarals ae, wees ee... seen 44/18 | 7 BC 452\iot” Macassar iio eee ese wien aikod 39a elie eno.) ¢:..(C/493)GOe ad: MMaicassam allan Siar teen ia ane EEO G 41 | 16 i d. (C451) 9@ Guy. oMacaasaryel aie enirses a os ate AQ) 17a oeGs e. (Sarasin Coll.) j'ad.Sosso, 8. W.Centr. Cel., 11. VIII. 95 | 56 40 | 18 | 7.5 f. (Sarasin Coll.) Gt juv. Macassar, 18. VI..95. . . ./| 55 399} — g. (Sarasin Coll.) Gt ad. Bonerate Id., 30. X1I.94 . .| 56.5] 40 | 19.5| 7.75 h. (C 15171) Gf ad. Lombok, 1500—2000 ft., May 96 (Ey.) | 57 ANA 47-541 28 4 Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. 487 Variation. The specimen from Bonerate has a remarkably long tarsus. Hartert (14) con- siders his specimens from the Lesser Sunda Islands “mostly distinctly larger, with slightly larger beaks”. Egg. Rounded ovate, glossless whity blue, 15 >< 13 mm (S. Celebes: Ribbe & Kiihn — C 7996). Nest. Two, South Celebes (Ribbe & Kiihn, Nrs.1552—53), light, shallow cup-shaped structures, callmg to mind the nests of Sylvia curruca and cinerea, externally of grasses, with plant-wool interwoven, lined with fine plant-fibres; size: 65 diam. < 45 mm depth, and 65 >< 35; cup inside: 45 diam. >< 30—35 depth. : Distribution. South and West Celebes: — Macassar (Wallace 1, Meyer 5, Weber 10, P.& F. Sarasin), Maros (Guillem. 9), Bonthain Mts. (Everett 13, Doherty 14), Sosso, 8. W. Central Celebes (P. & F. Sarasin 12), West Celebes (Doherty 14); Bonerate Id. (P. & F. 8. 12); Saleyer, Djampea and Kalao (Everett 13); Lombok (Wallace ete. 1, 8, 11, 13); Sumbawa (Doherty 13); Ternate (Wallace 8, Beccari 7). In Celebes this White-eye has as yet been recorded only from the South and West, and from the islands between the South and Flores, and its peculiar distribution is suggestive of its having recently spread its range by flight from Lombok or Ternate. On one side it is closely related to Zosterops flava (Horsf.) of Sumatra, Java and Borneo, a species distinguishable according to Salvadori (6) by its larger size, its having more yellow on the forehead, less on the upper tail-coverts, the rump not brighter than the back, the black subocular streak not extending so far forward, the bill small and delicate; in the Moluccas, Z. buruensis Salvad. of Buru seems from the description to be very like the young Z. intermedia, differing from the adult by its duller and duskier upper- and paler under-surface; while Z. intermedia is said to differ from Z. chloris Bp. of Banda, another very near ally, by being “of a greener shade, with the under- parts purer and more sulphur-yellow” (Sharpe S). Zosterops brunneicauda Salvad. of Ceram Laut, Choor, and Aru is held by Hartert to differ by its quite black bill and more olive flanks. +* 194. ZOSTEROPS ATRIFRONS Wall. Celebes Black-fronted White-eye. Zosterops atrifrons (1) Wall., P. Z. 8. 1863, 498; (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 164; (3) Gravee Hil 11869) 1625 Nr 2491. (71V) Wald, Ur: ZS. 1872, VELL, 72; pl. x, fig. 3; (5) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VU, 662; (6) Briiggem. Abh. Ver. Bremen VY, 1876, 74; (7) Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 375; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. U, 1881, 369; (9) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 125, 188; (10) Sharpe, Cat. B. IX (gen. Zosterops) 1884, 176; (11) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 197; (12) Platen, Ge- fied. Welt 1887, 206; (13) W. Blas., Ornis 1888; 594; (14) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 210; (XV) Meyer, Abb. v. Vogelskel. II, 1892, 48, pl. CLX XIII; (16) M. & We., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 12; (17) iid. ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 12; (18) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1897, 161. a. Zosterops nigrifrons (1) Hartl., J. f. O. 1865, 22 (ex Temm. MS. in Mus. Leyden). Figures and descriptions. Walden JV; Meyer XV (skeleton); Wallace 7; Hartlaub a 7; Sharpe 10. 488 Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. Adult. Above with sides of head and neck olive-green, yellower on the rump and upper tail-coverts; quills black, except on the outer primary and the distal ends of the others; tail black; forehead and region in front of eyes black; orbital ring white; chin and throat greenish ochre-yellow; under tail-coverts ochre-yellow; breast and sides ashy; abdomen and under wing-coverts white; inner edges of quills below pale (of, Rurukan, 19, VILL. 84: Platen in Mus. Nehrkorn, Nr. 960). Iris light brown (olive-brown — Wallace 7); bill black; feet lead-grey (Platen). Female. Answers to the above description, but the feet are “hellgrau” and the chest olive- grey (QO, Mus. Berlepsch). Measurements (after W. Blasius 73 — from numerous examples of both sexes, and 4 {of and 2 O© in the Sarasin Coll.). Wing 51—54.5 mm; tail 35—38.5; culmen ec. 11; bill from nostril c. 7—8; tarsus ec. 15. Skeleton. Length of cranium. . . . 26.0 mm | Length of fibula . ... . 60mm Greatest breadth of cranium . 12.0 » | Length of tarso-metatarsus. . 14.0 » Iuensth of humerus” . <= 2 43:0) 229) Wensthof dicitus 2) 12t0n > Length of uma. . ... . 145 » | Length of stenum . . a HBT os Weneth of radius’. 2 9. es 0s Greate breadth of ieee : 2 90> IhengthYof manus) 7 7 2 2 2 stb a leHeichtvotseristassternians) 2 arent Olas Length of metacarpus . . . 7.5 » | Length of coracoideum . . . 13.0 >» Length of digitus principalis . 6.0 » | Length of scapula. . . . . 14.0 » ength*of femur =) 3) reo e ny elenethoticlavicnl aes meme OSS ees Wengthof tibia. 12 3) ska | Wenethofspelvisier cme: ee LGl0Nes Egg. “The egg sent home by Dr. Platen from Rurukan in the MAMCUEES is like the eggs of all Zosteropidae uniform blue and measures 15 >< 12.5 mm” (Nehrkorn MS.). Two eggs obtained by Drs. Sarasin at Tomohon, 16, April, 1894, are rounded ovate in shape and bluish white in colour, having no doubt become bleached after blowing. Nest. The Sarasins also obtained two nests of this little bird, one with 3 young ones (Tomohon, 2. May, 1894), the other with the above two eggs. The first is suspended by means of cobweb between the fork of a twig. Both are neat cup-shaped struc- tures, the outer wall formed of moss, then some shreds of dead weed-growths, or such like, well lined with long, black, hair-like, vegetable fibres. Diam. internal ¢. 5 cm, external c. 7 cm, depth ec. 3.5 cm. Distribution. North Celebes: Minahassa (Wallace 1, 10, Platen 12, 13, etc.); Buol (P. & F. Sarasin 16); Gorontalo (Leyden Mus. a1); Tawaya, W. Celebes (Doherty 18); Lake Posso, Central Celebes (P. & F. 8. 17). In the IX. volume of the British Museum Catalogue of Birds (1884) Dr. Sharpe described 85 species of the genus Zosterops, and we have had no diffi- culty in finding notice of upwards of 40 new species described in the following ten years, so that this genus now embraces upwards of 125 forms. Zosterops atrifrons belongs to Dr. Sharpe’s division “B”, in which either the throat or the under tail-coverts are yellow, differing from the breast, and it is one of the following group with black foreheads: |. Z. atricapilla Salvad.: Sumatra; 2. Z. clara Sharpe: Kini Balu, Borneo; 3. Z. nehrkorni W. Blas.: Great Sangi; Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. 489 . Z. atrifrons Wall.: North Celebes; . Z. subatrifrons M.& We.: Peling; . Z. delicatula Sharpe: S. E. Guinea and (4%, frontalis Salvad.) Aru; . Z. chrysolaema Salvad.: Arfak Mts., N. W. New Guinea. Haoon Z. clara is distinguishable from atrifrons by its having the middle of the breast and abdomen yellow, the other species by their somewhat larger size; Z. atricapilla further by its having the whole crown of head black, Z. delicatula by its having the sinciput as well as the forehead black and the throat bright yellow, not greenish ochre-yellow, the under tail-coverts brighter yellow, the sides of the breast less tinted with grey (Salvad., Sharpe), Z. chrysolaema by its dusky brown forehead and deep golden yellow throat (Sharpe). The differences between atrifrons and nehrkorni are very accurately pointed out by W. Blasius (13): Z. nehrkorni is larger, and on the upper surface, especially on the rump and upper tail-coverts, lighter and brighter green-yellowish, it has a_ bright golden yellow colour on chin, throat and under tail-coverts; bill and feet paler. The peculiar, disjointed character of the geographical distribution of Zosterops atrifrons and its allies can only be understood on the explanation that the birds spread their range by flight, though we may expect to find yet other members of this group in the Moluccas. In the light of what Sir Walter Buller writes (B. New Zeal. 2"°ed. 1888, I, p. XLI, 78—81) on Z. caerulescens (Lath.) of Australia, New Zealand, and the Chatham Islands, the distribution by flight is no great assumption. Z. caerulescens in New Zealand was only known from the South Island, and “crossed Cook’s Strait, for the first time within the memory of man, in the winter of 1856, coming over in numerous flocks, as if to explore the country; then retired for two years, and reappeared in greater numbers than before in the winter 1858, since which time it has been a permanent resident in the North Island, breeding in every district and becoming more plentiful every year”. Very suggestive also is the following note by Mr. G. B. Owen recorded by Sir W. Buller (p. 79): “On my passage from Tahiti to Auckland, per brig Rita, about 300 miles north of the North Cape of New Zealand, I saw one morning several little birds flying about the ship. From their twittering and manner of flying I concluded that they were land-birds, and they were easily caught. ‘They were of a brownish grey and yellowish colour, with a little white mark round the eye. I saw several pass over the ship during the day, travelling northwards. I arrived in Auckland a few days afterwards, on the 20" of May, when the so-called Blightbirds (Zosterops caerulescens) ap- peared here in such numbers, and I at once recognised them as the same”. Such facts as these make it pretty clear how Zosterops may have reached the volcanic, almost mammalless islands of Polynesia, where these small birds are now known as far east as Ponape and Fiji. Z. atrifrons in North Celebes seems to be sociable in its habits. Dr. Platen (12) speaks of a swarm of something like a hundred in the coffee - plantations Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Nov. 11th, 1897). 62 490 Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. at Rurukan, where they were eagerly searching among the twigs for aphides and the like. The Zosteropes, according to Dr. Hartlaub (a 7), usually go in small flocks, more rarely alone or in pairs, and feed upon small insects and fruit. Some are known to have a pleasant song. Z. atrifrons is not yet known in South Celebes. “* 195. ZOSTEROPS SUBATRIFRONS M.& We. Peling Black-capped White-eye. Plate XXX. Zosterops subatrifrons (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 17. “Silel”, Peling, native name. Adult. Like Z. atrifrons, but the black of the forehead passing over the crown, the sides of the head brownish olive (not greenish yellow-olive), the yellow of the throat clearer (not olive-yellow), the breast whiter (not so strongly washed with grey), the upper parts very slightly duller — less of yellow in the olivaceous tint (ad. Peling, V.—VII. 95 — © 14535). Measurements. Wing 53—55 mm; tail c. 41; bill from nostril 8; tarsus 16. Distribution. Peling Island (in Dresden and Tring Mus.). Among the skins sent by our native hunters from Peling was a series of eight of this local species. It is most like Z. atrifrons of the mainland of Celebes, while Z. delicatula of New Guinea also stands near, but is larger and has the cheeks and throat pure yellow. 4+* 196. ZOSTEROPS NEHRKORNI W. Blas. Sangi Black-fronted White-eye Plate XXXI. Zosterops nehrkorni (1) W. Blas., “Braunschweig. Anzeigen” (newsp.!) 11. Jan. 1888, Nr. 9, p-. 86; (2) id., Russ’ Isis 1888, 78; (ZZ) id., Ornis 1888, 598, t. 4, f. 2. Figure and description. W. Blasius J//. Adult male. Forehead and region in front of the eyes black; entire upper surface, with sides of head and neck, yellow olive-green, somewhat paler on the rump and upper tail-coyerts; quills black, externally margined with the colour of the back, except on the outer primary and the free ends of the others; tail black; or- bital ring white; chin and throat light ochre-yellow; under tail-coverts some- what darker ochre-yellow; breast and sides ashy grey, darkest on the breast; ab- domen and under wing-coverts white; metacarpal edge ochre-yellow; thighs pale yellow (type, o', Great Sangi, 21. XII. 86: Platen in Mus. Nehrkorn, Nr. 2051). Tris red-brown; bill above dark brown; under bill and feet light brown (Platen). Measurements. Wing 59 mm; tail 42.5; bill from feathers of forehead 12; tarsus 16 (W. Blas. ZZZ). Distribution. Great Sangi (Platen J//). Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. 491 Only a single specimen of this species is known, the type which Mr. Nehrkorn has had the great kindness to lend us. It has close affinities with Z. atrifrons of North Celebes, which differs by its smaller size, by its having the black of the forehead carried a little further towards the crown, the upper sur- face somewhat darker, especially on the rump and upper tail-coverts, the chin and throat greenish ochre-yellow and notably darker, the breast paler ashy, the bill black instead of brown, the feet lead-grey instead of pale brown. Zosterops nehrkorni, in the opinion of Prof. W. Blasius, is most like Z. chrysolaema Salvad. of the Arfak Mountains of North-west New Guinea, from which it differs in having the breast and sides of the abdomen ashy, the thighs pale yellow, the forehead and anteocular region dusky black, the subocular region green yellowish, and by the colour of the bill and feet.' ** 197. ZOSTEROPS SARASINORUM M.& We. Celebes Mountain White-eye. Plate XXXI. Zosterops sarasinorum (1) M. & Wg., J. f. O. 1894, 114; (2) iid, Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 12; (3) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 6; (4) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 153; (5) id., ib. 1897, 157. Diagnosis. Like Z palpebrosa (Temm.) of India, but the sides very pale yellowish drab, not grey (see Hartert 5), throat and jugulum canary-yellow, passing into lemon- yellow on the sides of throat and jugulum, chin and anterior malar region, this colour being clearly separated from (not blending with) the yellow olive-green of the hind cheeks, ear-coverts and sides of neck; upper surface somewhat yellower olive-green. Adult male. Above yellow olive-green, most olivaceous on the wing-coverts and mantle, yellowest on the rump and upper tail-coverts; supra-loral region and forehead at base of bill lemon-yellow, passing on the forehead into the yellow olive-green of the crown; orbital ring white; a narrow loral streak continued as a line under the orbital ring black; hind cheeks, ear-coverts and sides of neck conco- lorous with the upper surface; chin, anterior malar region, sides of throat and of jugulum lemon-yellow, lighter on the middle of throat and jugulum; under tail- coverts less pure yellow; remaining under-parts white, washed with buffy drab, chiefly on the sides and flanks; under wing-coverts and inner edges of quills below whitish, the former washed with yellow especially on the metacarpal edge (type, 3, Mount Klabat, circa 6000 ft., N. Celebes, end of September, 1893: Sarasin Collection). “Tris sepia; bill above black, base of under mandible bluish; feet and legs slate-colour” (Sarasins). Immature male. The yellow on the supra-loral region and forehead much less developed; the yellow of the gular region much paler and less pure; the upper surface less yellow in tint (3, Mt. Klabat, c. 6000 ft.: 24.—26. Sept. 1893: Sarasin Collection). The original colours of four other specimens from the same point have been destroyed by preservation in alcohol}). 1) Alcohol works disastrously upon the yellow olive-green tints of Zostcrops, converting them into greyish olive, so that specimens so preserved have been mistaken by competent ornithologists for new species. ; 62* 492 Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. Measurements. Wing 53—55 mm; tail 37; bill from feathers of forehead 9—9.5, from anterior edge of nostril 6.5—7; tarsus 16. Distribution. N. Celebes: Summit-region of Mount Klabat, c. 6000 feet, Soputan Ridge, and crater of Mt. Masarang, Rurukan (P. & F. Sarasin); 8. Celebes: Mt. Bonthain, 5000 —6000 ft. (Everett 4, Doherty 5). This White-eye was discovered by the cousins Sarasin on the top of the voleano Klabat, the highest mountain (6377 feet ap. de Hollander) of the Mina- hassa. “We dwelt”, says Dr. F. Sarasin (in lit.), “for four days in a hut on the highest point, or, rather, about 30 metres below it, in order at once to obtain in some measure an insight into the fauna and flora, as also into the meteoro- logical conditions. The avifauna up there is scanty, just this Zosterops only peopled the summit-region in numerous flocks; on all sides its bright chirping sounded in the mossy bush-growths”. The birds had been feeding — as shown by the contents of the stomachs of four specimens sent in spirit — on large and small seeds, the former apparently those of berries which had been swallowed. There was no trace of insects or animal-food of any kind. This time of the year — the end of September — seems to be the breeding season, the testes of the males being large, though the ovaries of the females were small, as if the eggs would not be laid for some time or had already been laid. It was soon after- wards found by the Sarasins at other high elevations in the Minahassa, and by Everett and Doherty on the Peak of Bonthain in the south. Zosterops sarasinorum is one of an extremely closely interconnected group with the under surface of two colours (Sharpe, Cat. B. IX, 148 — section “B”), yellow supraloral and frontal region, but no narrow yellow stripe along the middle of the abdomen. The discrimination of the members of this group is impossible to perform satisfactorily by means of descriptions alone‘). The species are: Z. palpebrosa (Temm.): India, Ceylon, Nicobars, Andamans, Laccadives; . simplex Swinh.: China; . neglecta Seeb. (Ibis 1893, 219, 258): East Java; . citrinella Bp.: Timor; . sarasinorum M.& Weg.: Celebes; . anomala M.& Weg.: South Celebes; . abyssinica Guérin: Abyssinia, Socotra; 4. pologaster Heugl.: N.E. and 8.E. Africa; Z. anjuanensis E. Newt.: Comoro group; Z. demeryi Biittik. (Notes Leyd. Mus. 1890, 202): Liberia; NNNNNNSN ') The matter would be rendered easier if ornithologists could be induced to adopt some fixed nomen- clature of colours, Dr. Sharpe speaks of the upper surface of Z. palpebrosa as “olive-yellow”, Mr. Oates (Faun. B. Ind. I, 213, 214) as “golden-yellow”; Dr. Sharpe speaks of its throat as “golden-yellow”, Col. Legge as “primrose-yellow” — ergo, primrose-yellow should be the same thing as olive-yellow and the bird’s back and throat of the same tint! We recommend Radde’s International Colour-seale, instead of Ridgway’s or Saccardo’s, the latter being quite insufficient. Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. 493 These species are grouped together on the lines of Dr. Sharpe’s careful key to the genus, in virtue of their having yellow on the forehead and no yellow stripe on the abdomen, but some species possessing both these characters are undoubtedly as nearly related to some of the above species, as they are to one another. Z. citrinella, which we have not been able to examine, is said by Mr. Hartert (9) to be the nearest ally of Z. sarasinorum: “They are very similar to each other, in fact so much that they might be merely subspecies. Z. citrinella, however, is a little larger, with longer wings and beak, and has the sides of the breast and abdomen more strongly washed with greyish brown, and the middle of the breast and abdomen is lighter and more washed with pale yellow in Zosterops sarasinorum. The distinguishing characters of Z. palpebrosa have been pointed out, antea. Z. neglecta, which from its geographical location might have been expected to show close correspondence with sarasinorum is said by Seebohm to be greener than the Indian bird, whereas Z. sarasinorum appears yellower when compared with two specimens (though apparently not in fully adult male dress) of Zosterops palpebrosa in the Dresden Museum. Still a comparison of Z. neglecta with sarasinorum would by very desirable, since neglecta is also a mountain species, having come from an altitude of 5000 feet in East Java (Seebohm l.c.). Z. anjuanensis has the under surface more drab-tinted and the yellow of the throat of a slightly duller tint (C 10229); Z. demeryi has the under surface ashy erey strongly tinged with yellow (Biittik.). The differences between Zosterops sarasinorum and simplex, poliogaster and abyssinica seem from the descriptions to be greater. The two other Celebesian Zosterops, Z. atrifrons and intermedia, are readily distinguishable from sarasinorum, the first by its black forehead, the second by its entirely yellow under surface; Z. anomala by its black and bare orbital ring. Zosterops is a genus consisting of a few well-marked types, which appear to have been scattered and re-scattered by flight; and now, wherever one of these types is found in a new locality, it is named as a new species. A new monograph of the genus is already much needed. Dr. Hartlaub’s “Versuch” is now 30 years old, Dr. Sharpe furnishes a sequence of descriptions of 85 species with a key, and, as already mentioned, this number has now been raised to over 125. Yet it is impossible to discriminate these “species” by means of de- scriptions alone; moreover next to nothing is known about the modifications of their different colours with age, and these appear to be much greater than many of the “species”-modifications, nor has any one, so far as we are aware, pointed out between what limits of coloration and structure adult individuals from the same locality are apt to vary — limits that may prove wide enough in very many cases to overlap the variation-limits of the nearest ally in another quarter, reducing Zosterops perhaps to some 12—20 clearly defined species, some of them composed of a large series of ill-defined races. 494 Birds of Celebes: Zosteropidae. When this is done, but not before, it will be possible to obtain a ready and sound grasp of the sort of facts which the 125 “species” of the genus Zosterops really place before us. At present they are 125 disconnected items, with which no one with a smaller amount of material before him than that in the British Museum can safely meddle. +*198. ZOSTEROPS ANOMALA M.& Wg. Anomalous White-eye. Plate XXX. Zosterops anomala (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 12; (2) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 149, 153; (3) id., ib. 1897, 157. Diagnosis. Like Z. sarasimorum, but without the white periocular ring; a space of bare dark skin round the eye, enclosed by an incomplete ring (not meeting posteriorly) of black feathers, the body below greyish white, not washed with yellow. Adult. Above yellowish olive-green, brighter on the rump and head; base of forehead and supraloral region yellowish; feather-ring round the naked periocular ring black, the white ring characteristic of the genus wanting, indicated only by a few minute white points; chin, throat, and under tail-coverts lemon-yellow with a slight tinge of ochre most pronounced on the under tail-coverts; remaining under parts silky white, with a shade of smoke-grey most pronounced on the breast and sides; thighs whitish; flanks greenish, passing into the yellow of the under tail- coverts; metacarpal edge yellow; under wing-coverts whitish: “iris pale brown; feet pale bluish grey; beak black, base of mandible pale” — Doherty (cj, type, Macassar, 21. VII. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Female. Does not differ from the male in coloration (Q, Loka, 8. Cel., 9. X. 95, P. & F.S.). Measurements. Wing 56—57 mm; tail 45—47; tarsus 16.5; exposed culmen 11.5—12, from nostril 8. Distribution. South and 8. W. Central Celebes: Macassar (P.& F. Sarasin 7), Mt. Bonthain neighbourhood up to 4000 ft. (P.& F.S., Everett 2, Doherty 3), Marangka, Maros Peak (P.& F. 8.7), Enrekang and Mount Loko near Bungi, 8. W. Central Celebes (P.& F.8. 2). An example, believed by the Drs. Sarasin to belong to this species, was obtained by them at Kendari in 8. E. Celebes, but unfortunately was lost. This little bird is a true White-eye in every respect except that it wants the very character from which its fellows take their name — the ring of small white feathers round the eye. It belongs to the same group as Z. sarasinorum, of which the Indian Z. palpebrosa may be regarded as the type, in which the chin and throat are yellow and the body below greyish or whitish. A ring of minute whitish points (obviously undeveloped feathers) is to be made out in most specimens of Z. anomala in the ring of featherless blackish skin round the eye. It is hardly to be doubted that they are the vestiges of the usual white eye-ring of the Zosteropidae. Birds of Celebes: ‘limeliidae. 495 ** 199. ZOSTEROPS BABELO M.& Wg. Talaut White-eye. Plate XXX. Zosterops babelo (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 9, p. 6. “Babelo” or “Bambelo”, native name, Karkellang, Nat. Coll. Adult. Above yellowish olive-green, brighter on the upper tail-coverts and forehead; wings and tail dusky, externally edged with the colour of the upper parts, lighter on primaries; chin and throat ochraceous yellow, a small supraloral mark nearly as bright; a broad stripe along the middle of the body, crissum, thighs, under tail-coverts and metacarpal edge sulphur-yellow, hardly tinged with ochre; sides of breast and of body light smoke-grey; periocular ring white, a slight mark below it and on the lores blackish; under wing-coverts white washed with yellow; legs and feet (in a fresh skin) flesh-colour; bill blackish, pale at base of lower man- dible (Karkellang, autumn, 1896 — C 15384; Noy. 1894, type — C 13850). Measurements (2 examples). Wing 60, 61 mm; tail 43, 44; tarsus 17; exposed culmen 11, 12, from nostril c. 8. Distribution. Talaut Islands — Karkellang (Nat. Coll.). Three specimens of this White-eye — two in the Dresden and one in the Tring Museums — are the only ones known at present. It is a rather large form of its kind, and has its nearest affinities in the following group with a broad. yellow stripe along the body below and the head and back concolorous: Z. basilanica Steere: Basilan, Samar, Leyte, Dinagat, Mindanao, Bongao; Z. everetti Tweedd.: Cebu; Z. grayi Wall.: Kei Islands; . aureiventris Hume: Tenasserim to Java; . mesoxantha Salvad.: Burmah: . salvadorui M.& We.: Engano ; . albiventris Rehb.: Cape Grenville and the islands of Torres Straits; . crissalis Sharpe: New Guinea; Z. siquijorensis Bourns & Worces.: Siquijor, Negros. NNNNNSN Of these the Talaut bird seems to be most like its nearest neighbour, Zosterops basilanica, which was rather insufficiently described by Prof.Steere, but the throat, being described as sulphur-yellow (as the abdomen), and the upper surface dark olive-green should serve to distinguish it from the Talaut form, in which the throat is ochraceous yellow, darker than the sulphur-yellow of the abdomen, etc. and the upper surface yellowish olive-green. FAMILY TIMELIIDAE. The Timeliidae, or Babblers, might almost be said to consist of any exotic birds, standing near, but which cannot exactly be referred to the Warblers, 496 Birds of Celebes: Timeliidae. Thrushes, or Shrikes, most of them possessing a short, blunt wing rounded to fit the body (see, also, Newton, Dict. B. pp. 25, 962). A careful revision of the Indian species is given by Oates (Faun. Br. Ind. B. I, 1889, 70, 71), who admits 6 subfamilies. Only 5 genera are known from Celebes, and they seem to belong to Oates’s Brachypodinae, Crateropodinae and Timeliinae. The Brachypodinae (to which Iole belongs) are described (/. c.) as follows: “Sexes alike; solitary or occurring in small troops; habits entirely arboreal; tarsi very short, never exceeding in length the middle toe and claw (Criniger forms exceptions); wing rounded and moderately long; nape usually furnished with some hairs; colour of egg, so far as is known, spotted”. Timelunae: “Sexes alike; solitary or occuring “in very small troops; not noisy; legs and feet strong; wing short and rounded; habits, skulking in bushes or on the ground, evading observation (except Androphilus); colour of egg, with few exceptions, spotted”. T'richostoma and Malacopteron belong here. Malia and Androphilus probably belong to Oates’s Crateropodinae: “Sexes alike; gregarious; extremely noisy; wing short and rounded; habits partly terres- trial, partly arboreal; colour of egg, with few exceptions, unspotted white or blue”. GENUS IOLE Blyth. The species of the Celebesian area and of fhe Moluccas have commonly been referred to the genus Criniger, which differs in having some long nuchal hairs, a broader bill with a more rounded culmen and a more rounded nostril. On the other hand they seem to be connected with the genus Jole through I. everetti Tweedd. of the Philippines. Bill as long as the cranium, or longer; tomia irregularly serrated or jagged; a small denticulation; culmen somewhat sharp; nostril membranous, long, narrow, semilunar; about 4 or 5 stout rictal bristles and some smaller ones; wing mode- rately long, 4""—6" quills the longest, 2”’ about equal in length to the secondaries, i* about half the size of 2"; tail of 12 feathers, rounded, not quite as long as the wing; tarsus small, equal in length to middle toe and claw. Birds about the size of a Thrush, with olive and yellow as the predominating colours. Range: Southern India to the Moluccas. 4+ * 200. IOLE AUREA (Tweedd.). Togian Bulbul. Plate XXXII. a. Criniger aureus (1) Wald., Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1872, (4) [X, 400; (2) id, Tr. ZS. 1872, VII, 110; (3) Meyer, J. f. Orn. 1873, 405; (4) id., Ibis 1879, 130, 146; (5) Wall., Island Life 1880, 436; (6) Sharpe, Cat. B. VI, 1881, 87; (7) W. Blas., J. £. O. 1883, 126; (8) id., Ornis 1888, 595; (9) Meyer, Ibis 1892, 179. Birds of Celebes: Timeliidae. AQT Descriptions. Walden a1; Sharpe a6. Adult male. Above, including ear-coverts and cheeks rich olive-yellow, lighter on lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts, which are washed with orange; a slight tinge of orange on mantle and back; the median and greater wing-coverts narrowly edged externally with brighter yellow than the back; quills dark brown, externally bright olive-yellow tinged with orange; tail-feathers dark olive-yellow; the centre ones washed with orange, all the rectrices tipped with bright yellow, narrowly on the centre ones, this colour extending also along the inner web of the feathers for nearly the entire length, excepting on the centre ones; lores yellow; throat and under-sur- face rich golden yellow inclining to orange; under tail-coverts rich orange-yellow; fore neck and sides of breast washed with olive; under wing-coverts and axil- laries golden yellow; quills below dusky brown, yellow along the edge of the inner web (from Sharpe 6). Measurements. Wing 124 mm; tail 118; bill from nostril 16; tarsus 19 (Walden a 1). Distribution. Togian (Meyer ai, a 4, a 9). _ This species is known by a single specimen which was found by Meyer in August 1871 on the highest point of the chief island of the Togian Group in the Gulf of Tomini. Its nearest affinities are with I. longirostris Wall. of Sula and I. platenae W. Blas. of Great Sangi, while J. affinis Hombr. & Jacq. from Ceram and Amboina differs chiefly in having the tail more broadly tipped with yellow than in the three forms of the Celebesian area. I. aurea differs from I. longirostris, according to Walden, by being somewhat smaller, by having a much shorter bill, and by the bright golden colouring of its plumage. ‘The orange tint of its under surface likewise serves to distinguish it from I. platenae, which is bright yellow below. The presence of Jo/e, or as it has there been termed Criniger, in the island-groups round Celebes and its apparent absence on the mainland has been commented upon with some surprise by Mr. Wallace (Geogr. Distr. 1876, I, 431) and Prof. W. Blasius (Ornis 1888, 596), yet we have very little doubt but that it will ulti- mately be found in Celebes. The small Province of the Minahassa and the neigh- bourhood of Gorontalo and of Macassar alone have as yet been investigated with some care, but even here a number of new birds have been discovered in the last few years, and a much larger number doubtless remains to be found in the centre of the island, in the East and South-east Peninsulas, as also on the west coast and in the high mountain regions, judging from the results obtained there by the most recent collectors. + * 201. IOLE LONGIROSTRIS (Wall). Sula Bulbul. a. Criniger longirostris (1) Wall. P. Z.S. 1862, 339; (2) Finsch, J. f. O. 1867, 6; (3) Gray, HL. 1869, I, 274, Nr. 4019; (4) Wald., Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1872, (4) IX, 400; (4%) Salvad., Orn. Pap. II, 1881, 375; (5) Sharpe, Cat. B. VI, 1881, 87; (6) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 596; (7) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2. p. 17. b. Trichophorus longirostris (1) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 168. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 12th, 1897). 63 498 Birds of Celebes: ‘limeliidae. “Pakak”, Peling and Banggai, Nat. Coll. Descriptions. Wallace a1, Sharpe a5. Diagnosis. Similar to [. awrea, but the bill longer; under surface bright yellow without an orange tint; “throat olive-yellow, duller on the fore neck and breast, all of these parts indistinctly streaked with yellow shaft-lines” (Sharpe a 5). Adult. Above yellow-olive-green, a little brighter on rump and tail-coverts; remiges and tail externally as the upper surface, tip of tail and inner edges also of the lateral feathers light yellow, shafts black, except near the tip; under surface olivaceous yellow, passing into the colour of the upper surface, clearing on the middle parts of the body below and under tail-coverts into pure lemon-yellow, lighter on the under wing-coverts, the olivaceous wash passing over the breast and sides, and more lightly over the chin and throat, shaft-streaks yellower; remiges below dusky, light yellow on the inner lining where it rests upon the body, rectrices below yellowish brown, light yellow on tips, inner borders and on shafts; bill dark horn; legs and feet pale brown (in skin), (ad. Peling Id., V.—VII. 95 — C 14570). Sexes. No sexual differences of coloration are known to exist. Measurements (8 ex. Peling and Banggai). Wing 120—128 mm; tail c. 120; tarsus c. 20; bill from nostril 15—19; from suture 25.5—31. Distribution. Sula Islands (Allen a 7), Peling and Banggai (Nat. Coll.). This Bulbul was one of the new forms obtained by Mr. Wallace’s assistant in the Sula Islands. It was subsequently found by our native hunters in Peling and Banggai. It is a yellower species than J. aureus, with a longer bill. 4 * 202. IOLE PLATENAE (W.Blas.), Sangi Bulbul. Plate XXXII. a. Criniger platenae (1) W. Blas., “Braunschweig. Anzeigen” (newspaper!), 11. Jan. 1888, Nr. 9, p. 86; (2) id., Russ’ Isis 1888, 78; (IIZ) id., Ornis 1888, 595, pl. IV, fig. 2 Figure and description. W. Blasius a JJ. Adult male. Above almost uniform olivaceous yellow-green, the shafts of the feathers of the head and back, the outer edges of the primaries and the tips of the wing- and tail-coverts somewhat lighter; ear-coverts and malar region varied with yellow; below light yellow, on the sides of breast and of abdomen washed with green; under wing-coverts yellow like the under surface; the two middle tail-feathers narrowly tipped with yellow, the entire inner web and a broad tip of the other tail-feathers, and the inner edging of the quills where they rest upon the body sulphur-yellow (type, co, Great Sangi, 18. 1.57: Platen in Mus. Nehrkorn, Nr. 2048). Iris red-brown; bill and feet blue-grey (Platen). Measurements. Wing 126 mm; tail 117; tarsus 21; bill from nostril 17. Distribution. Great Sangi (Platen). We are indebted to Mr. Nehrkorn for the loan of the type of this species. It was one of the discoveries made by Dr. & Mrs. Platen during their stay in Great Sangi in 1886/87. Only two specimens, both males, were obtained. Their specific validity is clearly established by Prof. W. Blasius. The yellow loral region is the best characteristic of I. platenae. Birds of Celebes: Timeliidae. 499 GENUS MALIA Schl. A genus peculiar to the mountains of Celebes, a large form, equal to a large Thrush in size, with olive and yellow for its chief colours. It has the habit of clinging to tree-stems like a Woodpecker and feeds on insects (P.& F. Sarasin). Its most peculiar characters are its graduated, slightly decurved tail of 12 feathers, about equal to the wing in length, the outermost feathers about 3 cm shorter; its large legs and feet, the tarsus exceeding the middle toe and claw in length; the almost complete absence of rictal bristles. These characters serve to remove it far from Criniger and Iole. The bill and nostril are much like those of Tole, but the tomia are not roughly serrated and the tip is less bent down and has a slighter denticulation. The wing is very blunt, the tip, with the 4°%—7"™ quills the longest, exceeding the secondaries and 3" primary by about 1 cm only; 1* primary more than half jthe wing-length. The remiges are much curved, so as to fit the body. t * 203. MALIA GRATA Schl. Mountain Bulbul. Plate XXXITI. The birds of the mountains of North Celebes, of which the two in the Sarasin Collection are before us, differ from those of the Bonthain Mountains, judging from four examples, in that, when adult, they develop pure lemon- yellow on the abdomen, whereas it is ochraceous yellow (being more affected by the olive of the sides) in the southern form. All the other supposed grounds, whereon we founded a species for the northern bird, M. recondita, have been thoroughly exploded by Mr. Hartert, who has thereby spared us trouble by doing well what we intended to do ourselves. The northern bird may for the present be admitted as a subspecies, M. grata recondita, and in this article the southern birds are termed the typical M. grata, though it unfortunately is not known whether the type came from S. Celebes or from Saleyer. 1. The typical Malia grata. a. Malia grata (1) Schl., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1880, I, 165; (2) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 127; (3) Sharpe, Cat. B. VII, 1883, 587; (4) id., Notes Leyden Mus. 1884, VI, 175; (5) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 255; (6) id., ib. 1897, 159. Diagnosis. The yellow on the mesial parts of the body below ochraceous yellow, clearing into pure lemon-yellow only on the throat. Male. Above olive-green, darker and browner on the tail and wings, brighter and yellower on the mantle and head; below yellower, clearing into pure lemon-yellow on the throat, yellow slightly stained with olivaceous on the breast and abdomen, passing into yellow olive-green on the sides, browner olive-green on the flanks, thighs, crissum 63* 500 Birds of Celebes: ‘'Timeliidae. and under tail-coverts; supraloral region yellowish, the ear-coverts with yellow shafts; remiges and tail below olive-brown; under wing-coverts and edge of wing yellower: “iris grey (two shades of brown, separated by a black line — Doherty a 6); bill yellow, above black; legs brown-yellow, soles yellow” (<7, Northern foot-hills of the Peak of Bonthain, c. 1050m, 30. X. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Female. Like the male. Young. The yellow of the under parts duller and more ochraceous, the head and mantle olive-brownish without any yellow wash (Q juv., N. foot-hills of Mt. Bonthain, By lem. a) Jel (eae Oa Sp Measurements. Wing, Tail Tarsus eee ; a. (Sarasin Coll.) 4, Bonthain Mts. c. 1050 m, 30. X. 95 | 185 | 134 | 46 17 b. (Sarasin Coll.) Q ad., Bonthain Mts. 1550 m, 30. X. 95 | 182 | 127 | 45 17 ss (Sarasin Coll.) O juv., Bonthain Mts. 1050 m, 31. X. 95 | 129 | 127 | 45 16.5 d. (C 14880) G, Bonth. Peak, 6000—9000 ft. Oct. 95 By.) | 136 | 130 | 47 | 17 Distribution. South Celebes — Bonthain Mts. (Everett a 5, P.& F. Sarasin, Doherty a 6); South Celebes or Saleyer Island (Teijsmann a 1). The Drs. Sarasin supply the following notes on the habits of this bird: “Lives in small families; is not at all shy; has a lond piercing cry ‘zike’, and also a deep Blackbird-like cry; clings Woodpecker-like on tree-stems, as Malia grata recondita; feeds on small organisms in rotten wood”. In describing the type of this remarkable species Schlegel only says, that “a single skin of this bird was contained in a large collection of birds made, in 1877, during an expedition to Macassar and the neighbouring isle of Saleyer, under the leading of the well-known botanical traveller, Mr. Teijsmann”. This is all that is known about the place where the type came from; whether it was killed in Saleyer or on the Southern Peninsula of Celebes may long remain in uncertainty. + 2. Malia grata recondita M.& We. b. Malia recondita (1) M. & Wg., Abh. u. Ber. Mus. Dresd. 1894/95, Nr. 4, p. 1; (2) iid., ib INES. pene. Diagnosis. The yellow on the abdomen pure lemon-yellow, a little paler than that of the throat. “Tris light brown; bill black, under mandible yellow; feet and legs grey-yellow” (P.& F. Sarasin). Measurements. “Wing penal” Rogen a. (Sarasin Coll.) ad., Hill-forest between the Minahassa and Mongondo, c. 1000 m, 30. XI. 93: type .| 139 | 1380 | 46 17 b. (Sarasin Coll.) Qad.,G.Mantinang, c.1500m, 28.VIHI1.94 | 130 | — | 43 16.5 Distribution. North Celebes, the mountain-forests as above (P. & F. Sarasin). The type specimen of this form of Malia was obtained by the cousins Sarasin in the Northern Peninsula of Celebes, during their difficult journey Birds of Celebes: Timeliidae. 501 of exploration through the almost impassible virgin-forest and gorges of the in- terior between Manado and Gorontalo. The Drs. Sarasin made the following notes on this bird. In the stomach of the first specimen: “insects, beetles”. “In certain high regions of the Mantinang chain (whence came the second example) Malia is one of the most plentiful birds. Its powerful cry resounds on all sides, bringing to mind certain notes of our Blackbird, and one often sees them clinging like Woodpeckers to stems”. The genus Malia is peculiar to Celebes, and its nearest allies are not readily to be found. The next genus, Androphilus, has much in common with it — very similar wings, legs, rictus, and distribution of colours, but it has 10 rectrices only in its still more graduated tail. Dr. Sharpe speaks of Malia as nearly allied to Mystacornis and as thus shewing a link between the Avifaunae of Celebes and Madagascar, but, with all respect for the judgment of this eminent ornithologist, we must say Mystacornis differs greatly in coloration, in shape of bill, in tarsus, in form of tail, which is hardly graduated — indeed we do not know what can be said for the affinity of the two birds, except that they belong to the same family. Malia is a highly interesting Celebesian type, which must take equal tank with Meropogon, Scissirostrum etc.! GENUS ANDROPHILUS Sharpe. These birds are of about the size of a Sparrow, and the olivaceous of the upper surface extends over the sides, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts below. They are best characterized by the strongly graduated tail of 10 feathers, and by the almost complete absence of rictal bristles, about three minute bristles being found, if looked for. Culmen shorter than the cranium, nearly straight, the tip overlapping, a small denticulation; nostril oval, the feathers of the forehead covering the nasal membrane, but not the nostril; wing short, blunt, and curved to fit the body, the quill-formula as in Mala; tarsus and toes large, the tarsus slightly longer than the middle toe and claw. In wing, legs, the absence of rictal bristles, and the distribution of its colours this genus agrees with Malia; it differs by its graduated tail of 10 feathers and its straight bill with the decurved tip overlapping from the notch; the anterior toes are also relatively a little longer. It is also allied to Mr. Ogilvie Grant's Pseudotharrhaleus, which is like it in general appearance, but has twelve tail- feathers. Androphilus is at present known from the highlands of Celebes and from Mt. Kini Balu, Borneo. @..- ; 502 Birds of Celebes: ‘Timeliidae. ~ * 204. ANDROPHILUS CASTANEUS (Biitt.). Mountain Babbler. Plate XXXIV. a. Turdinus castaneus (1) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1893, XV, 261; (2) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 12. b. Drymocataphus castaneus (1) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1895, XVII, 92. ce. Androphilus everetti (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 69, 151; (2) id., ib. 1897, 155. Descriptions. Biittikofer a1; Hartert ¢ 1. Adult male. Above, including the remiges and rectrices externally, chestnut-olive, a little duller and of a slightly squamous appearance on head and neck; face and breast mouse-grey, whiter on the abdomen, the ear-coverts with whitish shafts; chin and throat whitish; supraloral and superciliary stripe whitish, posteriorly more mouse-grey; lores dusky; sides of body and thighs chestnut-olive as above, but lighter; under tail-coverts a little paler; tail below olive-brownish; remiges below dusky; under wing-coverts olive-brown: “Iris chocolate-brown; bill black, base of mandible pale brown; legs and claws olive-brown” — Everett ¢1 (¢, Tomohon, N. Cel., 28. TV. 94: Sarasin Coll). Remark. This specimen has been compared with the type of the species by Mr. Biitti- kofer, who writes that the latter fully agrees with it, except that it has more white on the under surface, but the grey colour is making its appearance on the white spaces, and it seems to be a younger bird. Female. Like the male. “Unless some of the specimens are wrongly sexed, there is no constant difference in size between the sexes” (Hartert). Measurements. Wing | Tail |Tarsus ee | a. (C 13897) ot, Tomohon, N. Cel., 28. IV. 94 (P.& F. 8.) | 62 | 56 |27 | 9 b. (Sarasin Coll. in spirit) ad., Tomohon, 8. TV.94 . .| 58 | — | 25.5) 9 e. (Sarasin Coll. in spirit) Tomohon, 8.IV.94. . . .| 60 | 55 | 25 | 8.5 d. (Sarasin Coll.) Gt ad., Loka, S. Cel, 18.XK.95 . .| 61 | 62 |25 | 9 e. (CO 14884) gtad., Bonthain Peak, c. 6000 ft., Oct. 95 (Ev.)| 61 — |26 9 f. (C 14885) © ad., Bonthain Peak, c. 6000 ft., Oct. 95 (Ev.) | 61 | — | 25 9 Distribution. North Celebes — Minahassa (v. Rosenberg a 1); Tomohon (P.& F. Sarasin a 2); South Celebes — Bonthain Mts. (Everett ¢ 1, P.& F. Sarasin, Doherty ¢ 2). A single specimen of this species was obtained by v. Rosenberg in the Minahassa on 9” September 1874, and the Drs. P.& F. Sarasin found it again in April, 1894, near Tomohon at about 2500 feet. The genus seems to vary much in the size of individuals, the type described by Biittikofer being smaller in the wing (56 mm), tail (52), and tarsus (22). Trichostoma celebensis varies much in the same way. Mr. Hartert received among others from the Peak of Bonthain “a perfect giant, with a wing of 64 mm in length’. Mr. Hartert, not having for comparison specimens from the North, which were wrongly referred by Mr. Biittikofer and ourselves to the genera Twrdinus and Drymocataphus, named the’ Southern birds as a new species, Androphilus everetti. After, for the second time, making the most careful comparison of the i Birds of Celebes: Timeliidae. 503 Northern and Southern birds, we find ourselves unable to point to any tangible difference between them; there is some amount of individual variation, but it would be unsafe at present to say that there is any racial divergence. Trichostoma and Drymocataphus (examined: D, capistratus) have 12 rectrices; Androphilus, as was first pointed out by Mr. Ogilvie Grant (Ibis 1895, 448), has only 10; it has also only about three very short and inconspicuous rictal (or, better, subloral) bristles. My. Ernst Hartert rightly refers his Celebesian birds to this genus, which is a very aberrant one, known as yet only in A. accentor Sharpe from Mt. Kini Balu, Borneo, and in the present A. castaneus Biittik. from the highlands of Celebes. ‘The throat of the former is spotted with black. Probably some further allies of these birds will be found among some of the known species of Drymocataphus and others when the rectrices have been examined. GENUS CATAPONERA Hart. A genus peculiar to Celebes, in size and appearance very Thrush-like, differing chiefly by the short, rounded wing and the black parietal stripe. The {* primary is about half the length of the 2", [which is about as long as the secondaries, the 4", 5'" and 6" primaries forming the tip of the wing. Tail of 12 feathers, nearly as long as the wing, and nearly square in shape. Bill Thrush-like, nostril oval, the frontal plumes impinging to its base; rictal bristles of moderate size; behind the eye a small bare patch. ‘Tarsus rather long, '/; the wing-length, not scutellated, except near the foot; toes long, but shorter than the tarsus, the middle toe exceeding the lateral ones by more than the length of its claw. The following is the only known species, and it seems to stand between the Thrushes and the Crateropodinae. + * 205. CATAPONERA TURDOIDES Hart. Black-browed Babbler. Plate XXIX. Cataponera turdoides (1) Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, ILI, 70, 151. Adult male. Above olive-brown, slightly paler on the head, duller on wings and tail (the latter crossed with obscure, narrow bars seen only in certain lights); under parts greyer (or more olive-drab), inclining to whitish fawn-colour on abdomen and flanks, russet on thighs and under tail-coverts, browner on under wing-coverts; apex of chin whitish; a broad superciliary stripe from lores to sides of nape, together with the anterior malar region black; a naked triangular space behind the eye: bill orange, “feet orange-yellow”— Hartert; wing 116 mm; tail 106; tarsus 38; middle toe with claw 34; culmen from cranial suture 24 (Q “native collector”, Bonthain Peak, 6000 ft., Oct. 1895: Everett — C 14881). Sexes. The sexes are not known to differ in coloration. 504 Birds of Celebes: Timeliidae. Young. “Has pale shaft-lines on the head, and on the breast and abdomen some feathers with pale centres and dark brown margins, like those of some young Thrushes.” “The tarsus is covered with an unbroken lamina in adult birds, only at the lower part a scale or two can be distinguished. In this immature specimen ... the ridges of the margins of scales can still be distinguished in the middle part of the tarsus!” (Hartert 7). Nidification. Unknown. Distribution. Celebes: Peak of Bonthain (Everett). This fine mountain-species of Babbler formed, perhaps, the most interesting of Mr. Everett’s discoveries on the Peak of Bonthain in 1896. It is very like certain Blackbirds in appearance, though the shape of its wing, as well as the peculiar superciliary stripe of black, at once shows that it has no very near real affinities with Merula or Turdus. Mr. Ernst Hartert erected the genus Cataponera for it, and, as present-day genera go, it is fully entitled to this rank, and, with Rhabdotorrhinus, Pyrrhocentor, Myza, Cittura, and others, to be cited as an ancient Celebesian type. Its affinities, according to Hartert, are to be found in the genera Garrulax, ranging from the Himalayas to Java, Rhinocichla of Sumatra and Borneo, and Allocotops of Mt. Kini Balu, Borneo; but it differs from them, and from other allied forms of these regions, in not having the tail graduated, but almost square. Rhinocichla, which also seems to be a mountain- haunting genus and strikes us as being most like Cataponera, differs by having its tail decurved as well as graduated (the outermost rectrice being 20 mm shorter than the middle ones), and its front toes are relatively much shorter’). GENUS TRICHOSTOMA Blyth. This genus consists of about half a dozen plain-looking species, with olive, grey, and white as their chief colours, in size rather larger than a Sparrow. Culmen about as long as the cranium, nearly straight, tip bent down and over- lapping the mandible from the notch; nostrils oval, posterior walls membranous; rictal bristles large, reaching to the nostril or further; tail rounded, twice as long as the tarsus; middle toe and claw nearly as long as the tarsus; wing blunt, rounded, 4'"—&" remiges the longest. Occurs from South Tenasserim to Java, Borneo, and Celebes. '}* 206. TRICHOSTOMA CELEBENSIS (Strickl.). North Celebes Babbler. Trichostoma celebense (J) Strickl., Contr. Orn. 1849, 127, pl. 35 (front figure); (2) Blyth, Ibis 1867, 2 (footnote); (3) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VII, 113; (4) Briiggem., Abh. ') We cannot make out what Dr. Sharpe means, in his diagnosis of this genus, by the expression “out- stretched feet fallmg short of tail by twice the length of the tarsus” (Cat. B. VII, 328). In a skin before us the feet fall short of the tip of the tail by about half the length of the tarsus; from the base of the tail, certainly, they are distant about twice the length of the tarsus. Are Dr. Sharpe’s skins prepared in this manner ? . | Birds of Celebes: ‘Timeliidae. 505 Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 63; (V) Wald., Ibis 1876, 376, 378, pl. XI, fig. 2; (6) Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 373; (7) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 126; (8) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1895, XVU, 88; (9) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 18; (10) Hart., Noy. Zool. 1897, 161. a. Macronus celebensis (1) Gray, HL. I, 1869, 318, Nr. 4763. b. Brachyteryx celebensis (1) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 137. ce. Turdinus celebensis (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. VII, 1883, 542; (2) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 552; (3) M. & Wg., Abb. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 12. “Terrek”, near Manado, Guillem. ¢ 2. “Kios”, near Manado, Nat. Coll. “Kore-kore-bia”, Mantehage, Lembeh, and Banka, Nat. Coll. “Sese”, Tonkean, H. Celebes, Nat. Coll. Figures and descriptions. Strickland J; Walden V; Briiggem. 4; Sharpe ¢ 1. Adult. Above raw umber, duller and more olive on the head and hind neck, brighter and inclining to russet on the upper tail-coverts; quills dusky brown, externally like the back; tail-feathers dusky brown, externally brighter russet than the upper tail- coverts; chin and throat and abdomen white, becoming olivaceous smoke-grey on the sides of the neck (where it passes over into the brown of the hind neck), breast and sides; the flanks and under wing-coverts strongly tinged with fulvous or wood-brown; thighs and under tail-coverts wood-brown; quills and tail-feathers below dusky brown, where the former rest upon the body pale drab (o, Kema, 14. [X. 93: Sarasin Coll.). Iris brown; bill black, under mandible bluish; feet grey-blue (Sarasin Coll.). Sexes. Sexual differences of coloration do not appear to exist. Measurements. Wing 70—80 mm ca.; tail 52—60 ca.; tarsus 25—26; bill from nostril 10—11. Immature. Similar to the adult, but less tawny and duller on the lower back and _tail- coverts and redder on the tail, the white of the under surface more extended on sides of neck and middle of breast. Wing (moulting) 64, 70 mm; tail 52; tarsus 25. “Tris brown; bill above black, below yellowish green; feet reddish grey” (3, Kema, 1. VII. 93: Sarasin Coll.). The bird moults (perhaps twice a year?) once about August—September, as shown by two of the Drs. Sarasins’ specimens. Variation. Possibly a racial difference is discernible in the plumage of birds in the East Peninsula. Our single example from Tonkean has, compared with northern specimens, less white on the abdomen and more isabelline-brown on the sides of the head and flanks, spreading also over the breast, where the typical form is greyer. Distribution. North, West and East Celebes: Minahassa (Meyer 3, 7, Fischer 4, Guillemard é 2, Nat. Coll. in Dr. Mus., Sarasin Coll.); Mantehage, Banka, Lembeh (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.); Dongala and Tawaya, W. Celebes (Doherty 10); Tonkean, H. Celebes (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.). This Babbler was until quite recently known only from North Celebes and the islands off the coast, but it has now been recorded from the West and East of the island. It seems to be rather rare in collections and was found by Meyer to be a difficult bird to get, as it has the habit of concealing itself in the interior of low bushes. Its nearest relation is perhaps T’. finschi of the Macassar district which seems to be its southern representative. This bird may Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Nov. 12th, 1897). 64 506 Birds of Celebes: Timeliidae. best be distinguished by its fulvous, not olivaceous grey, breast and sides, and by its having the region round the eye fulvous. Androphilus castaneus (Biitt.) of N. Celebes may be known by its white superciliary streak, dark chestnut- umber upper surface and sides and much smaller size, as well as by the rictal bristles being unnoticeably small, and by its having 10 rectrices. Dr. Sharpe places J’. celebensis between T. abbott: (Blyth), which ranges from the Himalayas to Borneo, and T. gularis (Sharpe) of West Africa, but Mr. Biittikofer rele- gates both these species to other genera, and places the Celebesian form next to T. rostratum Blyth, of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. Mr. Wallace comments upon the rarity of the Timeliidae in Celebes (Geogr. Distr. 1876, I, 430), and with right. The only members of the family yet known from the Province are Malia (peculiar), Iole, Trichostoma, Androphilus, Cisticola (which is better placed among the Sylviidae) and looking through the Timeline groups contained in the seventh volume of the Catalogue of Birds alone, we find Dr. Sharpe numbers nearly 80 genera from the Indian Region, while Mr. Everett in his List of the Birds of Borneo (1889, p. 91sq., J. Str. Br. R. As. 8.) names 39 genera (if we count the Brachypodidae only as a subfamily of the Timeliidae) as occurring in Borneo alone. Australia and Papuasia, though far less wealthy in genera than the Indian Region, are very well off when compared with the strange rarity of these birds in Celebes and the Moluccas. Another curious point is, apparently, the somewhat frequent occurrence of the same genus and closely allied species in the Indian Region and Africa south of the Sahara, while the whole family is known by a very few forms only in the Palaearctic Region. ‘The last point is, however, partly to be explained on the ground that ornithologists have been overcareful to uphold the Palaearctic Thrushes, Warblers, and Shrikes as distinct families, throwing aside their varied host of exotic allies as “Timeliidae”. The simplest way of accounting for this rarity of the family in Celebes and the Moluccas and the similarity of some of its forms in Africa and the Indian Region seems to be on the large assumption that its distribution was once much what it is now, but extended further north until the last glacial period, which drove certain forms south of the Sahara and of the Himalayas, while a few non-migratory forms crossed to the islands of Celebes and of the Moluccas. As a few forms of the Indian Region and Australia are identical, though as a rule Australia has its own genera, the further supposition would have to be made that such wandered to Australia at the same time. We have even species belonging to the same genus (Sphenwacus), according to Sharpe, in South Africa and New Zealand. | * 207. TRICHOSTOMA FINSCHI Tweedd. South Celebes Babbler. a. Trichostoma celebense (1) Wald. (nec Strickl.), Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIII, 62; (2) Finsch & Conrad, Verh. z-b. Ges. Wien 1873, 2,9 (sep. copy); (3) Biittik., Notes Leyden Birds of Celebes: Timeliidae. 507 Mus. 1895, XVII, 88; (4) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 12; (5) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 151; (6) id., ib. 1897, 155, 159, 161. Trichostoma finschi (J) Wald., Ibis 1876, 378, pl. XI, fig. 1. b. Turdinus finschi (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. VII, 1883, 543; (2) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1898, III, 276. Figure and descriptions. Walden J, Sharpe 61. Adult male. Head above and mantle olive-brown, gradually changing into ferruginous- brown on the upper tail-coverts and external edges of the rectrices; wings dull olive- brown, the coverts edged with the colour of the back, the remiges externally rather paler; under surface rufous-buff, browner on the sides, greyer on the sides of the breast, more cimnamon on the under tail- and wing-coverts, clearing into whitish on the chin and throat and middle of abdomen; lores whitish, more fulvous round the eye; ear-coverts grey-brown with pale shaft-lines; “iris pale red-brown; feet pale purplish; maxilla blackish, mandible bluish horn-colour” — Doherty (3, Macassar, 3. VI. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Female. Like the male in coloration, but smaller (QO, Macassar, 29. VIII. 95: P.& F.S.). Measurements (4 examples: Macassar: P.& F.S.). Wing (2 1G") 75, 77 mm, (2 OO) 68, 71; tail Gf! 55, © 50, 52; tarsus c. 27, bill from nostril 10.5—11. Distribution. South Celebes — Macassar (Wallace J, 61, a1, Conrad a2, I, etc.), low ’ country near Bonthain (Doherty a 6); West Celebes — Palos Bay (a 6). This species may be distinguished from T. celebensis of North Celebes by the tawny-buff tint of the sides of the body, the fulvous colour round the eye and the different tint of the upper surface. Until the visits of the Sarasins, Everett and Doherty, only four specimens of it had been recorded, but Mr. Doherty sent more examples of it than of any other bird from Macassar. Dr. Sharpe places the bird between two West African species, T. gularis (Sharpe) and 7’ rufescens (Rchw.), from both of which it differs by its tawny under-parts, but Mr. Bittikofer points out some small structural differences, which lead him to place the African species in a different genus, Illadopsis. The curious correspondence of the members of several genera of Timeliidae in East India and Africa south of the Sahara has been already commented upon in the foregoing article. GENUS MALACOPTERON Eyt. Differs from Trichostoma chiefly by its long wing and small tarsus and foot. As Biittikofer shows, the tail, which is rounded, is three times the length of the tarsus. “The feathers of the forehead grow as far as the nostril, which is screened with bristles; the rictal bristles are large, reaching to within '/, of the tip of the bill. If not a Flycatcher, it is a very near approach thereto. Range: Malay Peninsula to Java, Borneo, Palawan, Celebes. 64* 50S Birds of Celebes: Turdidae. 208. MALACOPTERON AFFINE (Blyth). Malacca Babbler. a. Trichastoma affine (1) Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1842, XI, 795. Malacopteron affine (1) Gray, Gen. B. I, 209 (1846); (2) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1895, XVI, 105; (3) M.& Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 17. b. Setaria affinis (1) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 231. c. Malacopterum affine (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. VU, 1883, 569. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori ) 1; Sharpe ¢1; Biittikofer 2. Description. Sharpe ¢ 1. Young. Above olive-brown, greyer on head and neck, with a cmnamon tinge on rump; tail dull chestnut, the edges brighter; wings dusky, externally brighter brown than aboye, lightest on the edges and tips of the wing-coverts and innermost remiges, the last with very obscure and imperfect bars; lores whitish; ear-coverts brown, with whitish shafts; below pale broccoli-brown, clearing into whitish on the chin and throat, and buff-whitish on abdomen; under wing-coverts and inner edgings of quills below rather more fulvyous: bill dark, tomia pale; legs, feet and claws pale brown. Wing 74 mm; tail 62; tarsus 19; exposed culmen 11, from suture 16 (Tonkean, E. Celebes, V.—VILL. 95 — C 14405). Adult. Has the head above sooty brown, the throat and under parts white, shaded with ashy on the breast and sides (fide Sharpe and Biittikofer). Distribution. Malay Peninsula (Blyth a1, 61, Cantor 61, ¢1, etc.); Sumatra (Wallace e 1); Banka (Mus. Leyden 2); Java (Mus. Leyden-2); Borneo (Low etc. ¢ 1, b 1, 2); Celebes — Macassar (Teijsmann 2), Tonkean, E. Celebes (Nat. Coll. 3). Two specimens only are known from Celebes, one in the Leyden, the other a young one in the Dresden Museum. In the case of Teijsmann’s example it seems possible, as in other cases, that the island of Saleyer may have been the true habitat. From Mr. Biittikofer’s valuable revision of the genus Twrdinus and its allies, it would appear that M. magnirostre (Moore), ranging from Tenas- serim to Borneo, and M. kalulongae Sharpe, of the mountain regions of Sarawak and Central Borneo, are its nearest relatives: both of these have a dark mous- tachial streak, and the crown of the latter its dusky grey, of the former olive like the back. FAMILY TURDIDAE. The true Thrushes are partly terrestrial in habits, their food consisting of grubs and insects, sought on the ground, and of fruit. Their tarsi and feet are rather large and strong, and they both run and hop with buoyancy and quick- ness. It is preferable, perhaps, to restrict the family to the true Thrushes ( Turdus, Merula, Geocichla, Mimocichla and perhaps Monticola and Petrophila), for Savicola and Myrmecocichla form transitions to the Redstarts and Flycatchers, and Cataponera and probably Catharus to the Timeliidae. The wing of the Twrdidae is rather pointed, the first primary minute, the second longer than the secondaries, which fall short of the tip of the wing by ‘3 to ‘/, its length. The young wear a spotted or mottled plumage. = Ss 3! Birds of Celebes: ‘lurdidae. 509 GENUS GEOCICHLA Kuhl. Structurally hke Merula, but the tail a little shorter and the bill somewhat broader; recognisable by the broad band of white across the wing below on the base of the secondaries and of some of the primaries. Found in Africa, Asia to Australia and N. America, accidental in Europe. *x 209. GEOCICHLA ERYTHRONOTA Scl. Celebes Ground-thrush. Geocichla erythronota (1) Sclat., Ibis 1859, 113; (IZ) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIII, 61, 118, pl. VI, fig. 2; (3) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen V, 1876, 63; (4) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 125; (5) Seeb., Cat. B. V, 1881, 165; (6) H.O. Forbes, P. Z.S. 1883, 588; (7) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 552; (8) Platen, Gefied. Welt 1887, 219; (9) M. & Wg., Abh, Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 13; (10) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 556; (11) id., ib. 1897, 161; (XZ) Meyer, Vogelskel. 1897, HU, pl. CCX VI. a. Turdus erythronotus (1) Gray, HL. I, 1869, 260, Nr. 3795; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 272. “Moupu burik”, Manado, Guillemard 7. Figures and descriptions. Walden JJ; Meyer XJJ (skel.); Sclater 1; Seebohm 4. Nearly adult. Above chestnut, browner on head, more ochraceous on rump and upper tail- coverts; wings and tail blackish; the middle and greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming two bars; the basal third of the secondaries and rather more of the inner webs of the primaries (except the three outermost) white; the three outer tail- feathers tipped with white, the outermost very broadly, the third very slightly; two patches on loral and malar region and on the ear-coverts white, remainder of sides of head, submalar region and chest black, the last bordered by a buff band, succeeded by a black one; throat mostly white; remaining under-parts white, marked on the abdomen and sides with broad spots of black; flanks washed with rufous; under wing-coverts white, the terminal part black (Celebes, Nr. 1914). Adult. Answers to the above description, but has the throat as well as the upper breast black, and the band below this white, not buff. A male, kindly lent to us by Mr. A. Nehrkorn, and one in the Sarasin Collection have the head slightly inter- mixed with black, the middle of abdomen clear of black cross-bars, which occur, however, on the flanks, as in Lord Walden’s plate. “Iris dark slaty feet nearly white” (Meyer 4). “Bill horn-grey; feet yellowish brown; iris brown” (Platen in Mus. Nehrk.). Measurements. Wing} Tail lee erie a. (Mus. Nehrk., Nr. 972) of, Rurukan, 28. VU. 84 . | 112 | 76 | 32 — Aa ereiodAlenmmmmen@elebesuM: 3 62 6 2 ee sete | 198-) Bh [a2 12 ec. (C 13869) ad., Lotta, Minahassa, 1. XII. 94 (Nat. Coll.) | 116 | 79 | 32 12 d. (Sarasin Coll.) Gi ad., Tomohon, 16.1V.94 . . . | 121 | 84 | 30 12 e. (Sarasin Coll.) © ad., Rurukan, 24. T01.94 . . . | 115] 77 | 33 12 Distribution. S. Celebes— Macassar (Wall. 7, 5); N. Celebes — Minahassa (Meyer 4, Guille- mard 7, Platen 8, P.& F. Sarasin); W. Celebes — Tawaya (Doherty 11). 510 Birds of Celebes: ‘Turdidae. Fischer also sent four examples of this Thrush from some parts of the Minahassa, but up to the present specimens are rare in collections. Meyer, who met with it at three places near Manado, including the churchyard of the Europeans there, remarked that it lived on the ground, was very shy and only to be shot from far. Platen met with it in a journey from Rurukan to Mount Klabat on the banks of a marsh in the virgin forest, and the Sarasins got it at Rurukan and 'Tomohon. Beetles were found in the stomach by Meyer. G. erythronota is most like G. dohertyi Hart. of Lombok, which has a black head. G. interpres Temm. of Java, Sumatra and Lombok, with which species Mr. Oates (Faun. Br. Ind. B. II 1890, 138) believes G. avensis of Malacca to be identical, may, as Seebohm points out, be distinguished by its having the back, rump, wings and tail brown or slate-grey, the former colour being apparently that of the females, or a seasonal or immature dress. Mr. H. O. Forbes (6) describes his G. machiki of Timorlaut as intermediate between G’. erythronota and G. rubiginosa 8. Mill. (= G. peroni V.) of Timor, but it is at once distinguished by its chin, throat and breast, which are buffish white, not black. GENUS. MERULA Leach. The genus Merula is separable from Twrdus only as a “colour-genus”, the adult males of the former having lost all appearance of spots, and the sexes are usually dissimilar. Culmen about as long as the cranium; tomia slightly notched; rictal bristles moderate; wing pointed, moderately long, the tip formed by the 3™—5"™ pri- maries, the 2" rather shorter, the 1 very small; tarsi and feet moderately large; tail shorter than wing, square. Range: Europe, Asia to Australia, South America. Many, if not all, of the tropical species are inhabitants of the mountains. + * 210. MERULA CELEBENSIS Biitt. Celebes Blackbird. Plate XXXV. Merula celebensis (1) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1893, XV, 109; (2) Seeb., Ibis 1893, 222; (3) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 150, 165; (4) id., ib. 1897, 155. Adult male. Upper surface sepia (greener in a second example), darkest on the upper tail-coverts and primaries, tail itself blackish, palest and more olivaceous towards the forehead; face, throat and chest, under wing-coverts and thighs similar grey- brown, but paler; flanks and under tail-coverts more olivaceous, the latter with whitish mesial streaks and tips, and the longest flank-feathers mostly white; lower breast, abdomen, and sides dark orange-rufous; remiges below shining dusky, with pale shafts; tail below blacker (<, Lompo Batang, S. Cel., c. 2000 m, 16. X. 95: P.& F. Sarasin). Birds of Celebes: Turdidae. 511 “Bill yellow, above blackish; eyelid sulphur-yellow; iris sepia; legs yellow-brown” (P.& F. 8). Female. Browner on the breast (Hartert). Young. Above warmer brown (bistre) than the adult, darkest on the head, palest on the rump, tail blackish; on the mantle and scapulars some fulyous shaft-streaks; the wing- coverts with rufous tips; under-parts rufous, less clear than in the adult, spotted with dusky, most thickly on the breast; crissum whitish; thighs grey-brown and cinnamon; superciliary stripe, eyelid, and submalar stripe fulvous rufous, below the last a dark stripe on either side of the throat (oj juv., Lompo Batang, c. 2400 m, 6. XI. 95: P.& F. Sarasin). Measurements. Wine! Cant | Taran Bill from = nostril a. (Sar heim Coll) Giad., Lompo Batang, c. 2000m, 16. X.95 | 126 | 96 | 34 13 b. (SarasinColl.) ad., Lompo Batang, c.2600m, 15. X.95 126 | 92 | 34 | — 6. fede asin Coll.) jjuv., Lompo Batang, c.2400m, 6.XI.95 121) 92 | 35 £375 d. (Sarasin Coll.) of juv., Lompo Batang, c.2400m, 6. X1.95 123 | 91 | 35 12 Distribution. South Celebes (Teijsmann 72), Bonthain Mountains (P.& F. Sarasin, Everett 3, Doherty 4 It is pointed out by Mr. Biittikofer that this species is “very closely allied to M. javanica, but more olive-green, instead of brown, on back, rump, upper tail-coverts, upper wing-coverts and scapulars, the chestnut colour on the under surface richer and reaching higher, covering the whole breast, and the white subterminal spots on the sides of the rump much larger and more numerous”. Other species nearly related to it are M. whiteheadi Seeb. of East Java, distinguishable from the West Javan form by the much more pronounced white- ness of its head; M. seebohmi Sharpe of Kini Balu, Borneo, of a blacker plumage; M. schlegeli (Sclat.) of Timor, pale above, with the entire abdomen and anal region chestnut like the breast and sides, not white; M. celaenops Stejn. of the Parry and Bonin Islands, also, according to Seebohm, an allied form, with a black head and neck in the male sex. Seebohm remarks that in the tropics the species of the genus Merula seek the greatest elevations that they can find. Thus, M. javanica is known from an elevation of 8000—10,000 feet in West Java, M. whiteheadi from 7000 feet in East Java, M. seebohmi is most plentiful at 9000 feet on Kini Balu, was never observed below 8000, but was seen as high as 12,000 feet (Whitehead, Ibis 1889, 268), M. schlegeli was obtained by Salomon Miiller in the Penpoan Valley in the mountainous interior of ‘Timor (Biittikofer). Although the type of M. celebensis is labelled “Macassar” it is more likely that it came from the high mountains 20—30 miles away in the interior of the Southern Peninsula, where Lompo Batang attains to a height of nearly _ 10,000 feet. On these mountains at heights of 6000 feet and upwards it was " found by the Sarasins, Everett, and Doherty. ay | Birds of Celebes: Turdidae. GENUS PETROPHILA Sw. These Rock-thrushes differ from Merula in having a straight wing, not incurved to fit the body, and black feet and tarsi, whereas in Merula they are generally yellow or brown. The males of Petrophila have much blue in their plumage, the females are not spotted below, but marked with irregularly shaped bars. Mr. Oates separates the typical Rock-thrush, Monticola, from Petrophila in virtue of the short tail, the wing of the former being double the tail-length. 4 211. PETROPHILA CYANUS (L.). Blue Rock-thrush. The investigations of Dresser (Birds Eur. Il, 1872, 150—163), Hume (Str. Feath 1875 Ill, 112—114), Seebohm (Cat. Birds V, 1881, 316—320), Oates (B. Brit. Burmah 1883 I, 11), Fauna Br. Ind. Birds 1890, II, 146, 147), W. Blasius (Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 99 and Ornis 1888, 603), Styan (Ibis 1887, 217; 1891, 334), and others, satisfactorily prove that this species embraces two remarkably different extreme geographical races, which are inseparably connected with one another by intermediate forms. ‘They are: 1, The typical Petrophila cyanus. For syonymy cf Seebohm l. ce. Diagnosis. Abdomen blue, like the rest of the plumage. Distribution. From 8. Europe, east to China, migrating in winter to North Africa, India, Ceylon, Burmah. 2. Petrophila cyanus solitaria (P. L.S. Miill.). a. Monticola solitarius (P. L. 8. M.); (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8S. 1872, VII, 63; (2) id. Tr. Z. S. 1875, IX, 192; (3) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 66; (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1876, IX, 59; (V) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 161, pl. 41; (5%) Wald., P. Z. 8. 1877, 696; (6) id., ib. 1878, 343, 380, 619, 949; (7) Blak. & Pryer, Ibis 1878, 240; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. I, 1881, 418; (9) Seeb., Cat. Bw V, 1881, 319; (10) A. Mill, J. £. O. 1882, 357; (11) H. Slat. Ibis 1883, 224; (12) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 99; (13) Styan, Ibis 1887, 217; (14) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 201; (145) Tacz., P. Z. 8S. 1888, 463; (15) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 603; (16) Sharpe, Ibis 1889, 269; (17) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 98; (18) Whitehead, Ibis 1890, 58; (19) Steere, List B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 19; (20) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1890, 1387; (21) Styan, Ibis 1891, 333; (22) Hartert, J. f. O. 1891, 201; (23) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. I, 1891, 321; (24) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 413; (25) Styan, Ibis 1893, 427; (26) M.& Wg., J. f. O. 1894 247; (27) Grant, Ibis 1894, 509; (28) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 40; (29) Everett, Ibis 1895, 23. b. Petrocossyphus solitarius (7) Sh. & Dress., B. Eur. I, 141 (1871), 150—163 (1872). ce. Cyanocincla solitaria (1) Hume, Str. F. 1875, LJ, 112; (2) Hume & Dav., ib. VI, 1878, 250, 512. d. Petrocincla manilla (Bodd.) (1) Tacz., B. Soc. Z. France 1879, 136. é. Monticola saxatilis (2) H. Slat. (nec L.), Ibis 1882, 433. Birds of Celebes: Turdidae. 513 f. Monticola cyanus solitarius (1) Seeb., Ibis 1883, 121; (2) id, Ibis 1884, 263; (3) id., This 1890, 98; (4) id., Ibis 1892, 89; (4%) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 13; (5) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1894, 469. g. Monticola cyanus pt. (1) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah, 1883, I, 11; (2) Seeb., B. Japan. Emp. 1890, 53; (3) id., Ibis 1893, 48. h. Petrophila solitaria (1) Oates, Faun. Br. Ind. B. LH, 1890, 145. “Ainaourida taigej”, Talaut, Nat. Coll. “Burong dona” (<3 ad.) or “Maspas lolaro” (Q or young), Manado tua, Nat. Coll. “Maspas batu”, Minahassa, near Likupang, iid. For further synonymy see Salvadori a 8, Seebohm a 9. Figure and descriptions. David & Oustaleta V;Seebohma 9; W. Blasius a 172; Hume e1; Oates gi, hi. Diagnosis. Abdomen (of adult male) chestnut. Adult [male]. Upper surface with throat and breast greyish China-blue, a few obscure pale terminal edgings on back, scapulars and breast; tail and quills black, bordered with bluish except towards the ends of the feathers; abdomen, sides, under wing- coverts and under tail-coverts light chestnut, almost hazel, some of the feathers with buff terminal margins; flanks bluish; quills and tail below dusky (Manado tua, 13. IV. 94: Nat. Coll. — C 12140). Tris brown; bill and feet black (Platen a 15). Count Salvadori (a 8) has described the aboye dress as immature plumage, and that of M. cyanus as the adult. Prof. Blasius (a@ 12, a 15) reasons at some length that the following, however, is the plumage of the young male and the female, and we agree with him, Seebohm, Oates, and others in holding this to be the case. Adult female. Above hair-brown, washed with blue, most strongly on the mantle, back and wing- and tail-coverts, the feathers of these parts with dark shaft-streaks and barred with subterminal markings of black, the tip more fawn-colour, hardly perceptible on head and neck; quills and greater wing-coverts dusky, with brownish white tips and edgings; tail blackish brown with paler edgings and tip; under surface pale fawn, whitest on throat, more cinnamon on under wing- and tail-coverts, barred all over with subterminal U-shaped markings of blackish brown — on the throat one bar, sometimes with an imperfect inner one, on the breast one bar within another, on the flanks two or three bars (Q Luzon: Schadenberg — C 8816; [Q] Great Sangi: Meyer — C 3648). Iris brown; bill and feet dark brown (Platen @ 15). Young male (Sarasin Coll., Nr. 107, from Kema). Like the female. Immature [male]. Bluer above than the female, under-parts blue down to the breast, bright chestnut from abdomen downwards, except on flanks, barred almost all over with dusky, with the tips whitish, and sometimes the part of the feather before the bar whitish or blue (Talaut: Nat. Coll. — C 13124). Measurements. Wing 116—125 mm; tail 75—85; tarsus 30c; bill from nostril 15—17, Eggs. “Uniform blue, having at the large end a perceptible circlet of fine reddish brown spots (after examples from China). Measurements: 24—25 >< 18—18.5 mm” (Nehr- korn MS.). Distribution. Askold Id., Manchuria (Jankowski d 1); Corea (Kalinowski a 14°"); Japan (Whitely, etc. g 2, a 8); Loo-choo Is. (Rodgers, Pryer g 2); Bonin Is. (Holst 3, g 2); China (Swinh. a 8, Styan a 13 ete.); [Formosa (Swinh. @ 8)]; Hainan (Swinh. a 8, Styan a 24); [Nepal, Sikhim, Dacca, Andamans, Burmah and Tenasserim (Oates h1)|; Siam (Schomburgk a 8); Cochin China (Pierre a 9); Malay Penin- sula (Maingay a 8); Java (Gray a 8); Natuna Is. (Everett 5); Borneo (Everett, Ussher a 17); Philippines (Steere, etc. a 22, a 28); Talaut (Nat. Coll. a 25); Great Meyer & Wiglesworth Birds of Colebes (Noy. 15th, 1897). 65 514 Birds of Celebes: Sylviidae. Sangi (Rosenberg, Bruijn a 15, etc.); North Celebes (Forsten, Rosenb. a 8, Sarasins), Manado tua (Nat. Coll.); Ternate and Tidore (Salvadori a 8). Intermediate birds, P. cyanus—solitaria, also occur, of course in winter, in the East India Islands, as shown by Henry Seebohm (a9), and the type of P. erythroptera (Gray), obtained by Mr. Wallace in Halmahera, is one such. The typical cyanus appears to range from South Europe as far as India where it begins to pass over into cyanus solitaria, and Mr. Oates (4 1), shows that in ‘Tenasserim, though the proportion is lessened, the typical cyanus is still predomi- nant. ‘The true cyanus solitaria seems to prevail only on the east coast of Asia and the islands. In the above sketch of the distribution of the subspecies some of the localities may rest upon intermediate forms; where this is certainly the case square brackets have been used. The species is known only as a winter visitant to India, Burmah and Tenasserim. In South China at Foochow and Swatow Mr. J. De La Touche remarks that it is very common, and resident; in Central China, the lower Yang-tse basin, Mr. Styan has observed it in winter as well as in summer. It is known to breed in the Province of Pekin (David) and in Corea (a /4"*) but apparently is not resident there. Seebohm observes that it is a common summer visitor to all the Japanese Islands, and is occasionally seen in winter in Southern Japan. It is a common bird, according to Mr. Holst (f 3), in the Bonin Islands, where it breeds. On the other hand all the dates which we have seen (up to the end of July, 1894) relating to specimens killed in the Southern Philippines and other East Indies, upwards of 41 in number (where the number of specimens is not definitely mentioned only one is reckoned, though in some cases a larger number was almost certainly obtained, and this would swell the total considerably) are in the winter months from September to the end of April; we have found no mention of specimens shot here in summer. In his paper on the birds of Palawan (a 18), Mr. Whitehead notes it as “a winter migrant, arriving about the 26" September”. In Luzon it is possibly, as in South China, a resident, for Prof. Steere notes it as having been obtained there, where he collected in July. The eastern, like the western race, is said by David to be prized for the sweetness of its song. Insects seem to be the chief food of this species, but a caged specimen was found by Lord Lilford (b Z) to be almost omnivorous. FAMILY SYLVIIDAE. The name Sylviidae, or Warblers, belongs to a great group of small in- sectivorous birds, for the most part of plain plumage and the sexes generally similar. The young are not barred, squamated, or spotted below but often suffused with a richer colour than the adults; this character may help to distinguish them from the Flycatchers and Thrushes. Still genera are found Birds of Celebes: Sylviidae. 515 which render it practically impossible to draw a clear line between them and those families and the Timeliidae, and it is hard to say what good purpose is served by upholding them all as families. In Wallace’s “Geographical Distribution of Animals” 1876, II, pp. 256—260, Canon Tristram divides the Sylviidae into 7 subfamilies, of which three occur in Celebes. The Drymoecinae, to which Cisticola and Phyllergates belong, have long shanks and fan-tails, often inhabiting scrub and grass; the Calamoherpinac, pre-eminently the Reed-Warblers, including 15 mm (Dresser VIII). Nest. Of fine rootlets, grass, straw, bents, sometimes intermixed with moss; placed on the ground (Dresser VIZ). Distribution. In summer almost the whole of Europe; in winter Africa almost to the Cape (Meyer & Helm a 9); Asia Minor (Robson XJ); Transcaspia (Radde a 4); Persia (Blanf. VIII); S. E. Siberia (Dybows. and Godlews. a7, Schrenck a7); Kam- tschatka (Dybows. XJ, a7); Commodore Is. (a7); Alaska (Dall & Bannister VIZ, a7); Kurile Islands (18); Mongolia (David a 2); China (Styan 20, De La Touche 21); India—eastern part (Oates etc. a 3, 19); Burmah (Oates a 3); Andamans and Nicobars (19); Malacca (Cantor XJ); Sumatra (Buxton b 5, Modigl. a 6); Natuna Is. (Everett 22); Java (Horsf. XJ, Vorderman 611); Bali (Doherty 27); Flores (Wallace 6 10, XJ); Timor (Wallace 610, XI); Borneo (Mottley etc. b 10, XJ, 15); Philippines — Palawan (Whitehead 15, 16, Platen 15), Luzon (Kittl. 6 3, Conrad 7, Everett b 6), Bohol and Mindanao (Ev. 0 7, 6 9), Negros (B. & W. 28); Talaut Is. — Kabruang (Nat. Coll. 6b 13); Celebes — North (Meyer b 2, 08, Bruijn 6 4, Faber and v. Musschenbr. in Dresd. Mus., P.& F. Sarasin 25), — South (Wallace XZ, Meyer 68, Platen in Dresden Mus., Weber d 1, etc.), — Kast (Nat. Coll. 26); Saleyer and Kalao (Everett 27); Halmahera, Ternate, Tidore, Buru, Ceram, Amboina (Salvad. 6 10, Sharpe XJ). Motacilla boreahs (Sundevy.), the M. viridis of many authors, is distinguished by Dr. Sharpe from the present species by the absence, or almost complete absence, of the white or pale superciliary stripe and by its black ear-coverts. The two forms have very similar geographical ranges, but there appears to be no evidence that M. borealis has ever occurred in the East Indies, whereas the white-eyebrowed M. flava has a wide distribution there in winter and often occurs in Borneo in particular, as shown by Whitehead (/4), in great abun- dance. M. flava again differs in the eastern and western parts of its range. Com- pared with specimens killed in Saxony, the nine Celebesian examples before us distinguish themselves by their much longer hind claw: viz. 11—14 mm as against 9 mm, a difference already ascertained to exist between European examples and a Celebes one by Prof. W. Blasius (6 72) and later confirmed by Mr. J. Biittikofer, who appears to us to misapply the name borealis, just as other authors have misapplied — or rather have variously employed — the name viridis, which, as Dr. Sharpe shows (Cat. B., X, 522), may well be rejected. Mr. Brooks (Str. F. 1878, VI, 139) again affirms that Indian specimens of M. flava differ from European ones, the head of the latter being darker and the cheeks less mixed with white; this form is allowed by Dr. Sharpe to rank ‘as a valid subspecies, M. beema Sykes, its range being “Western and Central ‘Siberia, wintering in Afghanistan and in India”, but both flava and borealis occur in India as well. 534 Birds of Celebes: Motacillidae. The Eastern and Western forms of M. flava are equally entitled to sub- specific distinction in virtue of the difference in the hind claw; if so separated the Eastern form would have to bear the name M. flava flaveola (Pall.). It is also extremely doubtful whether M. borealis and M. cinereicapilla Savi do not , intergrade with the forms of M. flava. The Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail is a winter visitor to Celebes, though individuals remain there, apparently, all the year. Meyer met with it at Limbotto in July, and the adult male described supra was shot by Platen on June 16", 1878, in South Celebes. Everett mentions it as a regular winter | migrant found throughout the N. W. coast of Borneo from September to May, and Whitehead saw it in “thousands” on the Tampassuk plains. During his expedition to Palawan the latter naturalist first saw it on 13" September, “when the vanguard passed in a south-westerly direction. In October they were still migrating in hundreds, but were mostly young birds” (16). M. flava came on board Meyen’s ship on the China Sea between China and Luzon (3, 4), and Mr. Finn (Ibis 1893, 225) mentions specimens, which he took for this species, as having settled on his steamer in the Mediterranean and Red Sea, while Mr. Hartert (aS) writes that specimens accompanied his steamer from the south coast of Arabia all the way to Acheen Head in Sumatra, so making the journey from west to east. In Pegu Mr. Oates found it to be rather a rare winter visitor. It passes through Central China, according to Mr. Styan (20), on migration in spring and autumn, but the Abbé David (a2), whose obser- vations were made more in the northern part of the country, writes that it is common in China from spring to the end of autumn and particularly abundant in summer in Mongolia. It was not known to Seebohm (7S) from Japan in 1890. It breeds in Kamtschatka where Taczanowski (a7) describes it as not rare, but in Dauria Dybowski and Godlewski found it rather scarce. That some individuals of M. flava sometimes remain behind in their winter quarters is an interesting fact, though by no means an isolated one, and tends to prove that migration is not the effect of a blind irresistable impulse driving the bird on its alternate northward and southward journeys. 221. MOTACILLA BOARULA L. Grey Wagtail. Two subspecific forms of the Grey Wagtail have so far been distinguished: + 1. The typical Motacilla boarula. a. Motacilla boarula (1) Linn., Mant. Plant. 1771, 527; (IZ) Gould, B. Eur. 1837, HU, pl. 147. b. Motacilla sulphurea (1) Bechst., Naturg. Deutschl. 1807, II, 459; (ZZ) Naum., Vos. Deutsch]. II, 824, t. 87 (1823); (3) Newton, ed. Yarr. Br. B. 1873, I, 552; (4) Seeb., Br. B. II, 1884, 203, pt. Birds of Celebes: Motacillidae. 535 c. Motacilla melanope pt. (J) Dresser, B. Eur. II, 251, pl. 128 (1875); (2) Sharpe, Cat. B. X, 1885, 497; (3) Meyer & Helm, Verz. Vég. Sachsens 1892, 100. For further synonymy cf. Sharpe ¢ 2 [references to Europe and W. Asia only]. Figures. Dresser c J; Gould a IJ; Naumann 6 IJ, ete. Diagnosis. Tail longer, $9—104 mm (Seebohm 7 2 — extremes of forty specimens). Distribution. Europe to about 54° N. (E. Russia to about 59° and British Isles, rare as far as §. Sweden), N. and N. E. Africa, West Asia. In what part of Asia intermediate forms between this and the next subspecies predominate does not seem to be known. 2. Motacilla boarula melanope (Pall.). d. Motacilla melanope (1) Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs 1776, UI, App. 696; (2) Legge, B. Ceylon 1879, 610; (3) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works 1881, App. 658; (4) Sharpe, Cat. B., X, 1885, 497 pt.; (5) Styan, Ibis 1887, 223; (6) Bittik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1887, 70; (7) Bligh, Ibis 1888, 316; (8) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 103; (9) Sharpe, Ibis 1889, 430; 1890, 280; (10) Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests and Hggs 1890, HU, 207; (12) id., Fauna Br. Ind., B. HU, 1890, 293; (12) Steere, List B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 21; (13) Sharpe, Ibis 1891, 106; (74) Styan, t.c. 321, 343; (15) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891, 68; (16) De la Touche, Ibis 1892, 419; (17) Styan, Ibis 1893, 428; (18) Oust., N. Arch. du Mus. 1894, 5; (19) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 37; (20) Everett, Ibis 1895, 23, 34; (21) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, LIV, 345; (22) Grant, Ibis 1895, 258; (23) id., Ibis 1896, 469; (24) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1896, XVUI, 183. e. Calobates melanope (1) Swinh., P. Z. S. 1871, 364; (2) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 302; (3) Salvad., Orn. Pap. I, 1881, 431; (4) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 159; (5) Salvad., Age. O. P. 1890, 138; (6) Tacz., Faune Orn. Sib. Orient. 1891, 375. jf. Calobates bistrigata (Raffl.) (1) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 259. g. Motacilla sulphurea (or sulfurea) (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 66; (2) W. Bias., J. f O. 1883, 120, 156; (3) Seeb., Brit. B. IL, 1884, 203 pt.; (4) id., Ibis 1887, 176. h. Budytes novae guineae (/) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1875, 74. 7. Motacilla boarula melanope (1) Hartert, J. f. O. 1889, 354; (2) Seeb., B. Japan. 1890, 114; (3) Hartert, Kat. Vog. Slg. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 44; (4) id., J. £0. 1891, 203; (5) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1895, Nr. 8, p. 14; (6) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 6; (7) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1886, 153. j. Motacilla boarula (1) Seeb., Ibis 1892, 92; (2) Campb., t. c. 239; (3) Seeb., Ibis 1893, 49. “Kendukendu tana”, Manado tua, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvad. e 3,¢5; Sharpe d 4 [references to Eastern Asia|; Taczanowski e 6. Descriptions. Legge d 2, Oates e 4, d10; Salvadori e 3; Taczanowski e 5. Diagnosis. Tail shorter, 79—95 mm (Seebohm 7 2 — from 50 specimens). Adult (spring plumage). Above slate-grey, greener on the back; rump and upper tail- coverts yellow-green; wings black, the inner quills with broad pale edges, the coverts edged and tipped with the colour of the back; tail black, edged with yellow- sreen, the three outer pairs of feathers white, most of the outer web black, except on the outermost pair; superciliary and malar stripe whitish; chin and throat black, sprinkled with whitish; remaining under-parts canary yellow; under wing- coverts and basal part of inner quills below white. Wing 83 mm; tail 91; tarsus 20; bill from nostril 9.5 (Manado tua, 15. IV. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12142). 536 Birds of Celebes: Motacillidae. Adult (winter plumage). Very like the spring plumage, but the chin and throat white, the yellow of the under surface paler (Manado tua, 19. IV. 93; Nat. Coll. — © 12148). Eggs. 5, sometimes 6; white, tinted with rose, with subjacent spots of grey, and overlying streaks and little blotches of olivaceous brown; or white, tinted with yellowish, with superjacent spots of reddish brown of little intensity. Size 18.7 < 14.5 mm (Tacz. e 6). See, also, Hume d 10. Nest. Mr. Brooks remarks: “The situation chosen for the nest is different, and C. melanope (the eastern one) is not nearly such a noisy bird when breeding as C. sulphurea. One nest that I found in Cashmere, at Kagan, was placed in a small bush on an island in the Sind river, about 5 feet above the ground. The situation was that of a Finch’s nest! It was composed of moss, fibres, etc., and lined with hair, a neat compact nest, and placed in the forks of the branches near the top of the bush” (d 10). A nest described by Taczanowski (e 6) was placed in a bed of flax. Breeding time. The bird breeds in May and June (Hume d 10, Godlewski e 6). Distribution. Hast Siberia (Gmelin, Middendorff e 6); Commodore Is. (Stejneger e 6); Kurile Is. (Snow 7 2); Japan (Cassin, Siebold, etc. ¢ 2, d 4); Loochoo Is, (Pryer ? 2, Holst j 3); Corea (Kalinowski e 6, Campb. 7 2); China (Swinhoe e 1, David e 2, etc.); Hainan and Formosa (Swinhoe e 1); Tian-Shan (Bonvalot & Pr. d’Or- léans d 18); Himalayas (Brooks d 10); Afghanistan (W. Ramsay d 10); Indian Peninsula (Oates, etc,, e 4, d 2); Ceylon (Legge d 2, Bligh d7); Andamans and Nicobars (Davison d 2); Burmah (Oates e 4); Tenasserim (Davison e 4); Malay Peninsula (Cantor, etc. d4, e4, dil); Sumatra (Raffl, Buxton, Beccari e 3, Modigliani d 15); Nias (Kannegieter d 23); Java (Wallace d 4); Lombok (Vor- derman d 21); Borneo (Doria & Beccari e 3, Wallace, ete. d 8); Philippmes — Palawan (Steere d 12), Luzon, Cebu, Leyte (Meyer, Everett d 3), Guimaras, Panay, Negros, Samar, Basilan (Steere d 12), Mindanao (Everett d 3, Steere d 12), Sooloo, Tawi Tawi, Tablas, Romblon, Sibuyan, Masbate (Bourns & Worcester d 19); North Celebes (Fischer g 1, g 2, Platen in Mus. Nehrk., Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus., Sarasin Coll.), South Celebes (Everett 77); Morty, Ternate, Batchian, Amboina, Waigiou (e 3, € 5); Mount Arfak, New Guinea (Meyer h 1, e 3). As in the West, so also in the East, the Grey Wagtail is a migrant, and in this part of its range it proceeds to the East India Islands, Further India, India and Ceylon in winter. ‘Taczanowski records the observations of v. Schrenck, Dybowski, Godlewski and Kalinowski as to its breeding in Corea and various parts of East Siberia, but not in the Arctic Region; Mr. Brooks obtained its nest in Cashmere, and Major Wardlaw Ramsay in Afghanistan. It passes through Central China on migration in spring and autumn, as Mr. Styan shows (d 74); but Mr. De La Touche (d /6) says it winters in South China, and this also seems to be the case in the Loochoo Islands from where Seebohm (j 8) records two specimens killed by Mr. Holst in January. It reaches the East India Islands in winter in much smaller numbers than Motacilla flava; nevertheless in the last twenty years the bird has turned up in a continuous line of localities from Luzon to. New Guinea. Its chief winter-quarters would appear to be India, Burmah and Ceylon; in some localities in these countries it is very abundant in the cold season, It seems to resort to Manado tua Island in some numbers; in April 1893 our hunters obtained Birds of Celebes: Motacillidae. 537 4 examples there, and towards the end of May, 1894, 5 examples, the last being a late date for a migratory species. An observation of singular interest connected with the winter migration of this Wagtail in the East is recorded by Mr. S. Bligh (d7), who when tra- velling in Ceylon on 24" November, 1887, was attracted by seeing several Wag- tails (M. melanope) towards evening “on the top of a low bazaar-building (a native shop); in a few minutes the number was doubled, and by this time small troops of them kept passing the rest-house, and other flocks were gathering from all sides,- till thousands had collected; Swallows (Hirundo rustica) then began to arrive in flocks, and all commenced sweeping round over a small garden of native coffee of an acre or two in extent ... The rest-house keeper . told me that they came there all the last cold season, for the first time, to roost in the coffee. By this time a vast swarm of the two species had arrived and it was getting dusky. The rest-house keeper sent a boy to frighten up those that had settled; they went up in a cloud, and the rustling of their tiny wings was distinctly heard by me a hundred yards off; they rose in a copula-shaped mass, and were as thick as bees in a swarm; there must have been 30,000 or 40,000 birds on the wing at that moment, the Wagtails forming, as I estimated, about a third or fourth of the number. ‘The boy was called away, and soon all the birds descended before it was quite dark; when settled, the Swallows kept up an incessant simmering chirping for some time, but I could not hear a Wagtail’s note at all. The sight was a wonderful one; at daylight the birds all departed very quickly and quietly”. It is of much interest to know that the birds returned to the same spot two years in succession, and in such numbers; a similar case of migratory Collocaliae resorting for more than one year to an old shed in the Andamans has been described by Davison (see Collocalia fuciphaga, p. 332). Such facts speak strongly for traditional (if the word can be used) migration routes. The pheno- menon of migration assumes a simpler aspect if it be that birds have certain well-known resting-places at stages in their long journey — well-known at least to the older travellers, which again acquired their experience from the previous generation. Pigeon-fanciers know that their birds cannot find their way in an unknown country. GENUS ANTHUS Behst. The Pipits wear a Lark-like plumage of tawny, streaked above and more or less on the under parts with black or blackish. This, and their short tails and pale legs will serve to distinguish them from the Wagtails, to which they are very like structurally. ‘The tarsus is scutellated in front, but covered with an entire lamina behind, which forms a means of distinguishing them from the Larks, in which the tarsus is scutellated behind as well as before. The Pipits nest on the ground, laying mottled eggs. They are found both in the Old and New Worlds, but in the East not further than Celebes, the Moluccas and Timor. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 15th, 1897). 68 538 Birds of Celebes: Motacillidae. +222. ANTHUS GUSTAVI Swinh. Siberian Pipit. Anthus gustavi (1) Swinh., P. Z. 8. 1863, 90; (2) id., Ibis 1874, 442; (3) Brigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 67; (4) Seeb., Ibis 1877, 128; (5) Tweedd., Ibis 1877, 258; (6) Sharpe, Tr. Z. S. (2) I, 1877, 338; (7) Tweedd., P. Z. S. 1878, 430; (8) Seeb., This 1878, 341; (9) Sharpe, Ibis 1879, 262; (10) Guillem., P. Z.S. 1885, 415; (11) id., ib. 552; (12) id., ib. 572; (12) Sharpe, Cat. B., X, 1885, 613; (13) Wardl. Rams., Ibis 1886, 160; (14) Styan, Ibis 1887, 223; (15) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 201; (16) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 314; (17) Sharpe, Ibis 1889, 431; (17s) Hverett, J. Str. Br. R. AS. 1889, 103; (18) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 52; (19) Sharpe, t. c. 280; (20) W. Blas., J.f.O. 1890, 139; (21) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 21; (22) Styan, Ibis 1891, 321, 344; (23) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1891, 1,398; (24) De La Touche, This 1892, 420; (X XV) Meyer, Abb. v. Vogelskel. I, 1892, p. 45, t. CLXXI; (26) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 259; (27) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 38; (28) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 6; (29) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 168; (30) Grant, Ibis 1896, 554. a. Anthus batchianensis (7) Gray, HL. I, 1869, 251, Nr. 3642. b. Corydalla gustavi (1) Swinh., P. Z.S. 1871, 366; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VII, 117; (3) Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, 405; (4) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 309; (5) Salvad., Orn. Pap. II, 1881, 432; (6) Pleske, Bull. Ac. Se. Petersh. 1884, 128; (7) Salvad., O. P. Age. 1890, 1388. c. Anthus seebohmi (J) Dresser, B. Eur. II, 295, pl. 134 (1875); (2) Seeb. & Har. Brown, Ibis 1876, 120; (3) Dresser, t.c. 180; (4) Brooks, t.c. 501; (5) Finsch, Ibis 1877, 58; (6) Seeb. t. c. 128. d. Anthus stejnegeri (1) Ridgw., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, 95, 369. For further references see Salyad. b 5; Sharpe 12; Tacz. 23. Figures and descriptions. Dresser¢ J; Meyer XXV (skel.); Swinhoe 7; Briiggemann 3; Salvadori 65; Sharpe 12; Taczanowski 23. Adult male (October). Head and neck ochraceous brown, with broad black centres to the feathers; lores buff, with black hair-points intermingled; ear-coverts dull brown; a rictal and a submalar streak (extending to side of neck) of sooty black spots, with a buff stripe between them; mantle black, with light ochraceous buff margins to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts black, margined with olive-brown; middle series black, broadly tipped with fulvous white; greater series and inner quills black, externally margined and tipped with tawny; primaries and tail-feathers dusky, externally margined with tawny, the outermost tail-feather white, dusky towards base, the next with the terminal third white, the outer margin dusky; lower back and upper tail-coverts olive-brown, the centres of the feathers black; chin and throat cream-white; remaining under-parts buffy white, clear on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, broadly streaked with sooty on breast, sides and flanks. Wing 84 mm; tail 58; tarsus 23; bill from nostril 10 (of, Rurukan, Minahassa, 5. X. 87: Platen in Mus. Nehrk., Nr. 1847). “Iris brown; bill above dark brown, below and feet light brown” (P1.). Another example answering to Mr. Dresser’s plate and descriptions was ob- tained by our native collectors in Manado tua, 26 May, 1894 (C 13365). Sex. ‘The sexes are similar. Remark. Dr. Sharpe (12) considers that the species is more richly coloured on its return to its breeding quarters (May). Birds of Celebes: Motacillidae. 539 Skeleton. Length of cranium . . 30.5 mm | Length of fibula . . . . 7.7mm Greatest breadth of cranium 10.0 » | Length of tarso-metatarsus 24.0 Length of humerus . . . 19.5 » | Length of digitus HI . ca.17.0 Length of ulna. . . . . 246 » | Length of stemum .. . 23.0 » Length of radius . . . . 22.0 » | Greatest breadth of sternum ca.10.5 >» Length of manus. . . . 22.0 » | Height of crista sterm . . 7.3 Length of metacarpus . . 12.0 » | Length of coracoideum. . 18.5 » Length of digitus principalis 9.8 » | Length of scapula. . . . 22.5 Iuength of femur. . . . 18.0 » | Length of clavicula . . . 16.3 Ienrthwotubide ssc) 38-0) x | lensth of pelvis 2. 9. 26:8 Eggs. Usually 5; ground-colour obscured with brown and grey spots, occasionally forming a ring at the larger end; size 20 >< 14 mm (Petchora, Seebohm ¢ J). Pale vinous ground, varied with a multitude of streaks and very small spots of reddish brown, everywhere very dense, thickest on the large end; a substratum of pale greyish rose spots; often with some veins of black; [gloss slight; av. size 20.4 >< 14.9 mm (Kamtschatka and Behring Id. — ex Tacz. 23). Nest. Of flat leaves, water-plants and small leaves (Seebohm ¢ J — Petchora’. Chiefly grasses, mixed with a small.number of fine stalks of other plants, a few black and white horse-hairs inside interlaced with the other materials; external diam. 90, internal 60 mm (Kamtschatka Taczanowski 23). Distribution. Europe — Petchora valley (Seebohm & Harvie-Brown ¢ I, ¢ 2); North Asia — Obi (Finsch ¢ 5, 12), Yenesei (Seebohm 8), Altai (23), Dauria Wasa 23), Kamtschatka Dene 23), Commodore tna Is. (Stejneger 23); North (Swinhoe 2), Centr Kiangsi (David 6 4), South China (Styan 14, De La Touche 24); Philippines — Luzon (Othberg 3, 7, Mait.-Heriot 13), Negros (Everett 30), Leyte, Guimaras, Basilan (Steere 6, 21), Tawi Tawi, Sibuyan, Romblon and Masbate (B. & W. 27), Palawan (Whitehd. 15, 18, Platen 16); Borneo (Treacher, Ussher, etc. 9, 10, 17%'*); North Celebes (Meyer b 2, b 3, Rosenb. 12, Fischer 3, Guillemard 1/, Platen, etc.); Manado tua (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.); Djampea and Kalao (Everett 29); Petchian (Wallace 6 5, Guillem. 12), Ternate (Fischer b 6, b 7); Timor (Wallace 72). This Pipit was first obtained by Mr. Wallace in Batchian, but was not immediately described as new by G. R. Gray, and it was rediscovered rather more than thirty years ago by Swinhoe on the island of Amoy during the bird’s transit from its winter quarters to its breeding grounds in May. Since then, thanks to the observations of Swinhoe, Seebohm, Dybowski, Stejneger and others, a fairly good knowledge of its distribution, habits and migration has been obtained. Five nests were found by Messrs. Seebohm and Harvie- Brown on the Petchora, at the end of June and beginning of July, 1875; then it was again found breeding by Seebohm in the valley of the Yenesei in July, by Dr. Dybowski in Kamtschatka, and by Dr. Stejneger in the Commander Islands. In the last locality it is one of the commonest birds; the first eggs were obtained on the 30 May, and eggs of the second sitting in July. In North China Swinhoe (2) observed that numbers pass on migration near Chefoo, but in South China Messrs. Styan and De La Touche have very rarely met with 68* 540 Birds of Celebes: Motacillidae. it. Its chief winter quarters seem to be Borneo, Celebes and the Philippines. Mr. Whitehead (7S) observed that it arrived in Palawan in company with Motacilla flava about September 20", and he notes from North Borneo (/7) that it prefers the forest to open places and frequents the ground. In Celebes itself the bird has as yet been found in the Northern Peninsula only, like a great many other species which cross from the north-west. It has not yet been recorded, as far as we know, from any of the Indian countries, Siam, Malacca, Sumatra or Java, except that there is a specimen in the British Museum which “may have been obtained in Burmah or Malacca”, but, as Dr. Sharpe (72) believes, more probably came from the N. W. Himalayas. In its remarkably broad northward range from Kamtschatka across all Siberia to European Russia and in its restricted winter quarters in the East India Islands Anthus gustavi corresponds, as Mr. Seebohm (S) and Count Salvadori (b 5) have remarked, to Phylloscopus borealis, and it remains for the future to show whether the indi- viduals which nest in Europe wander eastward across Siberia in autumn and then turn south and cross the China Sea to the East Indies, or whether they visit other localities. +223. ANTHUS CERVINUS (Pall). Red-throated Pipit. a. Motacilla cervina (1) Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 1811, I, 511. Anthus cervinus (J) Naum., Vég. Deutschl. LI, pl. 85, f. 1 (1823); (2) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1885, X, 585; (3) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 103; (4) Oates, Faun. Br. Ind. B. I, 1890, 310; (5) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 117; (6) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 21; (7) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 402; (8) Everett, This 1895, 34; (9) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 6. For further synonymy and references cf. Sharpe 2; Taczanowski 7. Figures and descriptions. Naumann J; Gould, B: Asia IV, pl. 66 (1869); Dresser, B. - Europe I, pl. 136; Sharpe 2, Oates 4, Taczanowski 7, etc., ete. Adult male. Above broccoli-brown, with blackish middles to the feathers, the ramp more cinnamon, the tips of the middle and greater wing-coverts paler and rather broad; loral region, face, throat, and chest vinaceous-rufous, more cinnamon on the ear-coverts; remaining under parts salmon-buff, streaked on the sides of the breast, sides, and flanks with dusky, remiges below dusky greyish, paler where they rest upon the body; tail below dusky, the outermost feather white, except on the inner and basal portion of. the inner web, the outer web impure white, a small spot of white on tip of next rectrix (g', Summit of Mount Soputan, N. Cel., 29. TV. 95: P.& F. Sarasin). Wing 85 mm; tail c. 65; tarsus 22; bill from nostril 8.5. “Bill horn-brown, with the mandible pale flesh-colour to near the extremity; feet yellowish flesh-colour, nails whitish; iris deep brown” (Taczanowski 7). Female. In winter plumage does not have the rufous throat (summer dress) seen in some males in winter as well as in summer; “the throat is yellowish white like the abdo- men, the breast and sides of the body very thickly and broadly spotted and streaked with black as in the summer plumage” (Sharpe 2). For nidification cf. Dresser, etc., l. c. Birds of Celebes: Ploceidae. D4] Distribution. “Breeds throughout Northern Europe and Siberia, above the limits of forest- growth. Occasional in England and Western Europe on migration. Winters in Egypt and North-eastern Africa, Persia, and North-western India, but principally in Southern China and the Burmese countries extending at least to Borneo ... has been met with in winter as far south as California” (Sharpe 2). In the East India Islands: Philippines — Mindanao and Basilan (Steere 6), Palawan (Everett 8); West Borneo (Everett 3); North Celebes — Mt. Soputan (P.& F. Sarasin 9). A single example of this wide-spread migrant was obtained on the summit ce. 6000 ft. of Mount Soputan in the Minahassa on April 29", 1895, by the Drs. Sarasin. It is distinguishable from » Length of humerus . . . 14.0 » | Length of digitus IT . . 12.5 » Mensthot mings 2 2 160) ||) Geneth ior tdicitus lil 3). ) 19:00 > hength of radius. . . . 13.5 » | Length of digitus IV - . 140 » Length of manus. . . . 15.0 » | Length of sternum ... 19.0 » Length of metacarpus . . 7.0 » | Greatest breadth of sternum 10.0 » Length of digitus I . . . 3.0 » | Height of crista stermi. . 62 » Length of digitus IT. . . 65 » | Length of coracoideum. . 13.7 » Length of digitus UT . . 2.5 » | Length of scapula . .. 160 » Length of femur . . . . 14.0 » | Length of clavicula . . . 145 >» Ihengthvof tibia 252 4 . 24.0) >, | Tuength of pelvis. . . . 17:0 >» Length of fibula . . . . 80 » | Greatest breadth of pelvis 11.0 » Egg. Short oval, white, thick-shelled and chalky: size 14.5 >< 12 mm (Tomohon, Minahassa, 15. VI. 94, P.& F. Sarasin). Nest. The nest, which contained the above-mentioned egg, is pendant pear-shaped, the entrance-hole in the side near the top; almost entirely composed of a fine yellowish grass from which the seeds have fallen; a few bits of broad, dead flag-leaf interwoven; greatest external diameters about 200 >< 120 mm, walls very thick, except at the bottom (Sarasin Coll.). The arbitrary denomination of subspecies is a work which both vexes the conscience and gives a lot of literary trouble to him who thus makes a show of knowledge which he does not possess of the racial variation of the species, Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Nov. 15th, 1897). 69 546 Birds of Celebes: Ploceidae. and, when done, his results are likely to cause still more trouble and annoyance to the next worker, who will perhaps supersede them with guesses of his own equally erroneous. The above subdivision of Munia formosana partakes perforce of this arbitrary character, because the writers find that they have not the right, by reason of insufficient material for comparison, to unite several “species” which they believe should be united, but which have such close relations with Celebes that they could not be ignored; the only plan, therefore, was to let them stand as supposed subspecies, though it remains for some one else, who, it is to be hoped, will have an eye for seasonal, individual and age variation as well, to show what geographical differences are prominent and where trinomials may be really well applied, if applied at all. Mumia brunneiceps was originally separated by Walden in virtue of its brown head. It was described from Macassar. There are two specimens from here in the Sarasin Collection and these have paler heads than others from N. and Central Celebes. One is younger than the other and has the head palest (walnut-brown), and the back more rufous and less purplish. Three more Northern Celebes examples have the head about as dark as in others from Cebu and Negros. Mr. Grant considers that “M. brunneiceps is merely the worn autumn plumage of M. jagori” (Ibis 1896, 554). Mr. Hartert has called the birds of the Natuna Islands brunneiceps, but afterwards thought them to differ by their much darker heads and more rufous backs (m 2). In Celebes the bird is rather common. It is one of the commonest species, as Mr. Whitehead says, in North Borneo, and Dr. Sharpe (g6) has suggested that it may have been introduced there from Celebes. It appears to us at least as probable that this Weaver-bird is a more recent addition to the Celebes avi- fauna, derived from Borneo, and more originally perhaps from the Indian countries, where M. atricapilla differs in having less black or none at all on the belly. In Labuan, however, the bird seems to have made a recent incursion, and, ac- cording to Mr. Whitehead (g6), it has to a large extent driven away Munia Juscans (Cass.) from the island. +226. MUNIA PALLIDA Wall. Lombok White-headed Munia. Munia pallida (1) Wall., P. Z.S. 1863, 486, 495; (2) Platen, Russ and Meyer, Gefied. - Welt 1879, 351 and 361; (3) Sharpe, Cat. B., XIII, 1890, 346; (4) M.& Weg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 13; (5) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 154, 559, 594. a. Donacola pallida (1) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 175. b. Amadina pallida (1) Gray, HL. UH, 1870, 54, Nr. 6755; ?/2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 273. Description, Wallace 1; Sharpe 3. Adult. Head all round, neck and upper breast white, shaded with brown on neck and Birds of Celebes: Ploceidae. 547 breast; back and wings deep broccoli-brown, with slightly paler terminal edgings; rump and upper tail-coverts dark glossy maroon, the longest upper tail-coverts much lighter, under tail-coverts glossless maroon; lower breast, under wing- coverts, sides, flanks, abdomen, and thighs cinnamon-rufous (1, Macassar, 15. VI. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Another male is purer white on neck and jugulum. Adult female. Like the male, but has the nape and the hind neck more strongly shaded with brown (Q, Macassar, 12. VII. 95, with nest and eggs: P.& F. S.). Measurements. “Wing Tail |Tarsus epee @. (Sarasin Coll.) G' ad., Macassar, 3. VI.95. . . . | 50 | 36 | 15 | 8 b. (Sarasin Coll.) Gi ad., Macassar, 15. VI.95 . . . | 53 | 35 | 15 | 8 e. (Sarasin Coll.) Q ad., Macassar, 12. VI.95 . . . | 53) 34 | 15) 8.5 d. (Sarasin Coll.) O ad., Macassar, 15. VI.95 . . . | 53 | 35 | 15 | 8 Eggs. 5; ovate; white; rather thick-shelled; circa 15.5 & 12 mm (Macassar, 12. VIL. 95: P.& F. Sarasin). Nest. The nest, in which the above-mentioned eggs were found, was situated among shrubs. In shape a round oval, ca. 16 X 12 cm, the entrance at the side, rather large, diam 5cm. It is built of pieces of flag-leaf, roots, stalks, and grass, the last forming the bulk of the material, and of it the entrance and interior are made (P.& F. S.). Distribution. Lombok (Wallace 7, 3, Doherty and Everett 5); Flores (Wallace 3); Celebes — South (Platen 2, P.& F. Sarasin 4 Everett 5). For a long time it was uncertain whether this Munia was really a Celebe- sian species. It was first mentioned as an inhabitant of the island by Finsch (a1) and then by Gray (67), but upon what evidence we do not know. Then Rosenberg, whose remarks relate principally to the Gorontalo District, recorded it as abundant, but he seems to have only taken the name from Gray, and it is probable that he had the common Munia formosana in view, a species he does not mention. Dr. Platen bought some living specimens of M. pallida at Ma- cassar and believed from their cheapness that they were not imported. ‘The first positive proof of its occurrence in a wild state in Celebes was provided by the Sarasins who found it near Macassar “everywhere in the rice-fields abundant with the Java Sparrow and other Munias”. This was in June and July, when they obtained the above-described nest and eggs and four adults. Later in September they wrote: “The birds seem to be gone away again, at least we have not remarked any for a long time. At the time of the rice harvest they were in large numbers in Macassar”. Mr. Everett, however, still got a female at Macassar and another at Bulekomba on the south coast after September 16". This species is easily distinguishable from the common Brown Munia, M. formosana, by its white or whitish head. The Celebesian M. subcastanea Hart. seems to be most nearly allied to it, but the chestnut under surface and rump of M. subcastanea present a striking difference. 69* 548 Birds of Celebes: Ploceidae. * * 227. MUNIA SUBCASTANEA Hart. Doherty's White-headed Munia. Munia subeastanea (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1897, 161. Diagnosis. Like M. pallida, but the back and wings darker, hair-brown as against broccoli- brown; the under tail-coyerts, concolorous with the lower breast, abdomen, sides, and thighs, dark hazel, much darker than the cinnamon-rufous of the body below of Munia pallida; rump hazel with a gloss of light sienna, uniform with the upper tail-coyerts and outer edges of the rectrices: “iris dark brown; bill bluish grey, commissure and tip corneous”: wing 51mm; tail 39; tarsus 15; bill from nostril 7.5 (<', type, Dongala, W. Celebes, Aug. 1896: Doherty in the Tring Museum). “The skin marked ‘Q’ is like those of the males, but the rump, upper tail- coverts, and edges of the central rectrices lighter and more yellowish” (Hartert). Distribution. West Celebes — Dongala and Tawaya (Doherty). The discovery of a new Munia in West Celebes with affinities to M. pallida of the South is certainly surprising. Mr. Doherty obtained three specimens only, one of which, the type, Mr. Rothschild has had the kind courtesy to lend us; from this it is easily seen that, though its affinites are with M. pallida, they are two well differentiated species. t+ 228. MUNIA PUNCTULATA (L.). Spotted Munia. Dr. R. B. Sharpe (Cat. B. XIII, 346—354) recognises five races of this species, the form occurring in Celebes being: Munia punctulata nisoria ([emm.). Munia nisoria (Temm.) (1) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIL, 73; (2) W. Blas., J. £ O. 1883, 132; (3) Sharpe, Cat. B., XIII, 1890, 353; (4) M. & We., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nini) ts: For further synonymy and references cf. Sharpe 3. Adult. Above broccoli-brown, the feathers with whitish shaft-lines, the terminal margins paler; upper tail-coverts ochraceous; tail greenish drab, greener on the middle feathers; face, ear-coverts, chin and throat umber-chestnut, the shafts paler on face and ear-coyerts; under parts cream-white, not barred on the abdomen and thighs, only slightly so on the under tail-coverts, elsewhere marked with U-shaped bars of rufous brown; under wing-ceverts buff; remiges below, where they rest upon the body, browner buff, elsewhere and tail below duller brown ( propinqua. “Sario”, Karkellang, Nat. Coll. Diagnosis. The bars on the under surface slightly broader and blacker than in Celebes or Halmahera (4 examples from Karkellang, autumn, 1896). Distribution. Talaut Is. — Karkellang (Nat. Coll.). Remark. Here the formula employed is not strictly correct, for the Talaut birds seem to have the characters supposed to distinguish the Moluccan birds from those of the Lesser Sundas more strongly pronounced than in the typical form — at least than in that of Halmahera. The fault of the matter is that the extremes of racial differentiation are not yet known. Hartert speaks of Sumba birds as “very typical propinqua”, meaning, perhaps, that the characters which Sharpe made a reason for separating the Flores birds by that name, are more highly developed in Sumba. 6. Munia molucca kangeanensis (Vorderm.). q. Uroloncha kangeanensis (1) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1893, LI, 199. Diagnosis. Like the Celebes form, but the breast and belly washed with an isabelline tint (? young), and the markings on the under parts finer (Vorderman). Distribution. Kangean Islands. The following is a general description of the species: Adult. Sinciput and sides of head, chin, throat and jugulum black; upper-parts bistre-brown, duskier on the wing-coverts; rump white, with vermiculate bars of black; quills, tail and upper tail-coverts black; under-parts white, with ver- miculate bars of black; under wing-coverts cinnamon-buff, quills below on inner web washed with the same colour. Iris brown; bill and feet bluish black (Guill. h 5); 552 Birds of Celebes: Ploceidae. ; | lead-grey (Platen h 6). Wing 49 mm; tail 35; tarsus 14; bill from nostril 8 (ad. Siao, 24. VI. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12625). Sexes. Similar in coloration. Young. Without the black head and throat of the adult; head above brown, darker than the back; sides of head and throat with dusky scale-bars; under-parts generally isabella-colour, with obscure U-shaped bars (Banka Id., 20. V. 94: Nat. Coll. — © 12145). Eggs. “Uniform white, measuring 14 11.5 mm” (Nehrkorn MS.), or 14 x 10 (Ternate — Pleske 6b 3), The typical M. molucca may be termed a more intensely coloured, and M. mo- lucca propinqua a less intensely coloured form of the same bird. The small series in the Dresden Museum confirms Mr. Biittikofer’s view that the birds of this species found in the Celebes area stand closer to the typical race than to that of the Lesser Sunda Islands. As in other cases, it is not likely that the above formulae will be accepted without criticism, but we are not responsible for commencing the “splitting”; once begun, it is impossible to draw a boundary to stop at, and the use of signs is certainly better than names which may have no end. Philosophically viewed no two individuals are exactly alike, and it is not likely that the inha- bitants of any two localities, when no communication between them is possible, are racially exactly alike either. In the face of such considerations the unrea- soning use of trinomials is an utter failure. Mr. Hartert (p 2) in expressing his approval of Dr. Sharpe’s denomination of the Lesser Sunda (properly the Flores) bird as propinqua — and Sharpe should know well what is most practical — remarks that “systematic work is scientific only if it is exact; if not it is either useless, or doing harm instead of good”. ‘The worst of it is, zoological nomen- clature never is exact, nor can be; the name belongs to the type of the species only, and it is extended to other individuals “by courtesy”, as one might say — because they can be conveniently grouped with the type by reason of their similarity or near consanguinity therewith, but to assume that they are exactly identical with it is something against all experience of the close observer. And what one worker finds practical another does not; he who has to determine thousands of skins will naturally find “splitting” less inconvenient that one who has to work with tens of thousands. Little has been recorded about this species in a wild state, its habits, nesting, local movements, etc. Meyer met with it in large flocks near Manado in March; Guillemard found it near Kema in small flocks, feeding in the grass. It would seem to breed late in the year, or perhaps several times a year, as Fischer's eggs from Ternate were taken on the 20 October. Munia molucca is a very distinct species. M. acuticauda Hodgs. of the Indian Region differs by having white shaft-streaks to the feathers of the upper surface, jugulum dark brown with U-shaped bars of whitish, under parts white with very obscure bars, rump almost pure white, tail more pointed, etc. This species is perhaps as nearly related to M. molucca as any one. Birds of Celebes: Fringillidae. 553. FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE. The Finches and Buntings are seed- and fruit-eating (except as nestlings) Passeres with nine primaries; this should serve to distinguish them from the Munias, which they resemble in other respects. For further particulars see Sharpe (Cat. of Birds XII, 1888, pp. 1—6, 168—169, 468—472), who recognises three subfamilies, the Coccothraustinae typified by the Hawfinch, the Fringillinae by the Chaffinch, and the Hmberizinae by the Yellow Hammer. It is highly remarkable that not a single member of this enormous family is known from Australia, Papuasia, the Moluccas, or Borneo, and it is repre- sented in Celebes only by Passer montanus, which is no doubt a recent colonist in the town of Macassar. GENUS PASSER Briss., Pall. The Sparrows have the bill scarcely as long as the cranium, conical, very slightly denticulated, the nostril at the base of the maxilla, nearly concealed by the frontal feathers; a few small rictal bristles. The first three primaries longest ; tail square; middle toe with claw slightly longer than the tarsus. Range: the Old World as far as Celebes. + 230. PASSER MONTANUS (L.). Tree Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.), (1) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1882, XLII, 82; (2) id., ib. 1885, XLV, 395; (3) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1888, XII, 301; (4) Oates, Faun. Br. Ind. B. I, 1890, 240; (5) id., ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs Ind. B. 1890, I, 162; (6) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 130; (7) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. I, 1891, 617; (8) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 37; (9) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896) Nias paates a. Passer monticola (1) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 23. For further synonymy and references, figures and descriptions see the standard works on the birds of European countries; Sharpe 3; Oates 4; Taczanowski 7; etc. Adult. Above rufous brown, the head walnut-brown; mantle striped with black; wings blackish, externally like the back, the middle and greater coverts tipped with white or whitish, forming two bars; rectrices dull brown with pale edges; a patch on the ear-coverts, subocular streak, lores and region at base of mandible, chin, middle of throat and jugulum black; rest of face and sides of throat and of neck whitish, becoming whitish drab on breast and abdomen, more rufous on sides, flanks and thighs, inclining to cinnamon on under wing- and tail-coverts, the last with darker centres (<7, Macassar town, July 1895: P.& F. Sarasin). Female. Like the male. Measurements (2 males: Macassar). Wing 68, 69 mm; tail 53, 54; tarsus 16.5, 17; bill from nostril 8S. Nest and eggs. See Hume 5, Taczanowski 7, and writers on European birds. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes {Nov. 16th, 1897). 70 554 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. Distribution. “The greater part of Europe, local in many places; eastward to Siberia, to Japan and China; N. KE. Africa; Central Asia, Persia, and Afghanistan; the Himalaya Mountains eastward to Assam, Burmah, and through Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula to Jaya” (Sharpe 3). In the East Indies: Singapore (Davison 3); Sumatra (Hagen); Java (Vorder- man 1, 2); South Celebes — Macassar (P.& F. Sarasin 9); Philippines — Luzon (Steere a1), Cebu (Bourns & Worcester 8). ~ The first record of the occurrence of the Tree Sparrow in Celebes is due to the Sarasins, who obtained two males in the town of Macassar in July, 1895. The bill of these specimens is entirely black, whereas in European examples it is yellow at the base. In Europe the Tree Sparrow breeds in holes in trees and resorts to the open country; in the East it is partial to the towns and makes its nest by preference in holes in houses, so replacing the House Sparrow in these parts. At Batavia, according to Dr, Vorderman, it is the commonest bird, and does much harm there by pecking holes in the plaster walls of houses, owing to which and to the heavy rains he has even seen houses reduced to ruins. FAMILY STURNIDAE. The Starling-family may be distinguished from the Timeliidae by the com- paratively long wing; from the Corvidae by the absence of projecting bristles covering the nostrils (though the nostrils are sometimes hidden by the pro- jecting frontal plumes) and generally by their smaller size; from the Twurdidae by the tarsus scutellated anteriorly from top to bottom. ‘The first primary is minute, the second reaches nearly or quite to the tip of the wing. Many of the species are gregarious, noisy, of excellent flying-powers; sometimes migratory. GENUS CALORNIS G. R. Gray. Plumage with a strong metallic gloss, sexes similar; young streaked below and not metallic. Arboreal; gregarious. Culmen about as long as the cranium, its keel high, decurved; nostril small, roundish, exposed; wing long, the second- aries about 7/, its length, 1* primary minute, tip of wing formed by 2™—4". ‘Tarsus short, shorter than middle toe and claw, like the feet black in colour. Tail rounded or graduated, varying much in length according to the species. The genus belongs to the Indo-Australian area. 231. CALORNIS PANAYENSIS (Scop.). Philippine Glossy Starling. Of this species five races have been recognised by Dr. Sharpe (Cat. B. XUI, 1890, 143—148), who, however, wrongly takes the form found from Java Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 555 to India, C. chalybea (Horsf.), as the type, whereas the Philippine form received its name from Scopoli 37 years earlier. In this article seven races are treated of. After very carefully comparing a series of adults from the Philippines and the Northern Peninsula of Celebes, we find ourselves unable to make out any differences between the birds from the latter locality, hitherto known as C. neglecta, Wald., and the typical panayensis of the Philippines; these birds we therefore unite. On the other hand it is clear from’ Sharpe’s investigations that racial differences are prominent in birds from N. W. India (C. affinis A. Hay); yet Dr. Sharpe does not consider it advisable, or indeed possible, to distinguish this deviation by name from C. p. chalybea of Java, Borneo, Sumatra and Malacca, because “Ienasserim specimens are thoroughly intermediate, and it is impossible to find where the range of either form ends in the Burmese provinces”. In a more striking manner the Sangi race, hitherto known as C. sangirensis Salvad., intergrades with birds from the mainland of Celebes, the intermediate forms being furnished by the islands off the Minahassa and those midway between ‘Celebes and Sangi. We therefore find it more convenient to treat of this wide-spread form in the following way: 1. The typical Calornis panayensis. a. Le petit Merle ou Musicien de lisle de Panay (J) Sonn., Voy. N. Guin. 1776, 115, pl. 73. b. Muscicapa panayensis (1) Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. 1783, I, 96; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. S. VIL, 1872, 79. c. Turdus cantor (1) Gm., 8. N. 1788, I, 837; (JZ) Kittl., Kupfert. Vog. 1832, H, 11, pl. 5, fig.1. d. Calornis panayensis (7) Gray, HU. Il, 1870, 26, Nr. 6373; (2) Wald., Ibis 1872, 97; (3) id., Tr. Z. S. IX, 1875, 205, 251; (4) Sharpe, Ibis 1876, 46; (5) Tweedd., P. Z. 8. 1877, 549, 763, 831; (6) id, ib. 1878, 113, 343, 710; (7) id., ib. 1879, 72; (8) Sharpe, Tr. L. 8. 1879, (2) I, 348, 353; (9) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works 1881, 658; (10) A. Mull, J. f. O. 1882, 288; (11) Sharpe, This 1884, 321; (12) Wardl. Rams., Ibis 1886, 162; (13) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 202; (14) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 315; (15) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8S. 1889, 144; (16) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 23; (17) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 56; (18) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIU, 1890, 149; (19) Hartert, J. f. O. 1891, 203; (20) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 250, 257; (21) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 37; (22) Everett, Ibis 1895, 27, 36; (23) Grant, t. c. 260, 456; (24) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 14. e. Calornis neglecta (1) Wald. Tr. Z. S. VIII, 1872, 79, 113 (nec Sula); (2) Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, 405; (3) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 668; (4) Walden, Tr. Z. S. 1875, TX, 205; (5) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 78; (6) Sharpe, This 1876, 46, partim (nec Sula); (7) Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 376; (8) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 134, 145; (9) id., Isis, Dresden 1884, 48; (10) Guillem. P. Z. 8S. 1885, 556; (11) W. Blas., Zt. ges. Orn. 1886, 124; (XII) Meyer, Vogelskel. 1886, I, pl. XCIV; (13) Hickson, Nat. in N. Celebes 1889, 92, pt.; (14) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 148. f. Calornis metallicus (1) Rosenb. (nec Temm.), Malay. Archip. 1878, 273. “gis” (Meyer e 8) or “Sije itam”, Malay, Celebes (Nat. Coll.). “Tanggo-lippo”, Celebes, Rosenb. f 1. 70* 556 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. For further synonymy and references cf. Sharpe d 1S. Figures and descriptions. Kittlitz c IJ; Meyer e XII (skeleton); Walden e1; Briigge- mann e 5; Sharpe d 18. Diagnosis of adult. Size large (wing 102—114 in 24 adults from Celebes and the Philippines); coppery-green tints strongly expressed (in two-thirds of the specimens being stronger than in adults from Jaya). Distribution. Philippine Islands — throughout (d 3, d 8, d 9, d 12, d 16) incl. Sooloo (Everett d 20); Northern Peninsula of Celebes (Meyer e 2, e 8, Fischer e 6 etc.); Talissi Id. (Guillemard e 10, Hickson e 13); Manado tua, Mantehage and Banka (Nat. Coll.); Togian (Meyer e 8). 2. Calornis panayensis chalybea (Horsf.). g. Turdus chalybeus (1) Horsf., Tr. L. 8. XII, 1821, 148. h. Calornis cantor (1) Blyth, J. A.S. B. XIII, 1844, 366. 7. Calornis chalybea (or chalybeus) (1) Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. BE. I. Co. 1856, I, 543; (2) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 271; (3) Kelham, Ibis 1881, 143; (4) A. Mill. J. f. O. 1882, 387, pt.; (5) Biittik., Notes Leyd. Mus. IX, 1887, 71; (6) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 143; (7) Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs Ind. B., I, 1889, 367, pt.; (8) id., Faun. Br. Ind. B., I, 1889, 514, pt.; (9) Hartert, J. f. O. 1889, 355; (10) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 143, pt.; (11) Vorderman, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1891, L, 497; (12) id., Notes Leyden Mus. 1891, XIII, 128; (13) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891, 71; (14) Hose, Ibis 1892, 402. For further synonymy cf. Salvad. @ 2. Description. Sharpe 7 10. Diagnosis. Size small (wing 94—101 in four adults from Java), plumage duller, with less of coppery-green. . Distribution. Java (Horsfield g 1, 7 10, etc.); Billiton (Vorderman 7 11, ¢ 12); Borneo (Mottley etc. ¢ 2, 7 6); Sumatra (Raffles etc. 7 2, 7 10); Singapore (Davison 7 10, Kelham 7 3); Malay Peninsula (Cantor, etc. 7 2, i 4, 7 10). 8. Calornis panayensis affinis (Hay). j. “Calornis affinis (A. Hay)” (1) Blyth, J. A.S. B. XITI, 1844, 366; (2) Hume, Str. F. 1877, 38; (3) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 144. k, Calornis chalybea (1) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, I, 390, pt.; (2) id. 77, pt.; (8) id. 7 8, pt.; (4) Sharpe 7 10, pt. For further references cf. Sharpe 7 10. Description. Sharpe 7 10. Diagnosis. Size large (wing 106—109 mm); always with a more or less distinct bronzy purple gloss on the under-parts (Sharpe ¢ 10). Distribution. N. W. India Tipperah, Dacca, Cachar (@ 8, 7 10). Calornis panayensis chalybea — affinis. i. Calornis chalybea (1) Hume & Davison, Str. F. VI, 1878, 394; (2) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, I, 390, pt.; (3) id. 77, 78, pt.; (4) Sharpe 7 10, pt. Description. Hume and Davison / 1. Diagnosis. Intermediate between the subspecies 2 and 3. Distribution. The Burmese countries (J 1, 7 10). Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 557 4, Calornis panayensis tytleri (Hume). m. Calornis tytleri (1) Hume, Str. F. I, 1873, 480; (2) id., ib. LI, 1874, 253; (3) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 146, subsp. For further references cf. Sharpe m 3. Descriptions. Hume m1, Sharpe m 3. Diagnosis. Size large (wing 106—120 mm), plumage darker and more sombre, with a dark metallic green gloss (Hume m 1). Ivides in adults “white, opalescent white, fleshy white, pale pink, brown, deep brown, deep red-brown and deep orange”, — in adults of the other forms the eyes are commonly said to be crimson. Distribution. Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Davison etc. m 1, m 2, m 38). ~ §. Calornis panayensis sangirensis (Salvad.). m. Calornis sanghirensis (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. LX, 1876, 60; (2) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 48; (3) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 606, 642; (4) Hickson, Nat. in N. Celebes 1889, 191; (5) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 149; (6) M.& Wg,, J. f. O. 1894, 247; (7) iid., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 9, p. 6. o. Calornis neglecta pt. (1) Hickson, Nat. in N. Celebes 1889, 92. “Singgalore maitung” ad., Great Sangi and Siao, Nat. Coll. “Singgalore mawira” juv., Great Sangi, Nat. Coll. “Singgalore bungiung” juv., Siao, Nat. Coll. “Sanggeloka”, Talaut Is., Nat. Coll. Diagnosis. Like C. panayensis of North Celebes, but much larger, and with a relatively larger bill (Great Sangi, Nat. Coll. — C 12685, etc.). Biull and feet black, iris blood-red (Platen 2 3). Measurements (18 adult examples from Gt. Sangi, Siao, and Talaut). Wing 113—124 mm; bill from nostril 15—18.5. Sexual differences of coloration are not known to exist. Dr. Platen’s hunters indicated five specimens in the above plumage as males, and five in the striped plumage of the young as females, but in allied forms the sexes are known to be similar and such no doubt is the case in this bird also. Eggs. Some broken fragments in a nest obtained by our collectors show that the eggs of this species resemble those of the typical C. panayensis and C. metallica, viz: ground- colour bluish white, with scanty spots of lilac and blackish brown. Nest. Long oval, or, better, fusiform; about 350 150 mm, a cup-shaped hole in the widest part, about 70mm across by 60 deep. A rather loose structure of bits of stick, stalks and tendrils of climbing-plants (Great Sangi or Siao: Nat. Coll. — C 12538 and others). Distribution. Sangi and Talaut: — Siao (Meyer m 2, Nat. Coll.), Great Sangi (Bruijn 7 J, Meyer 7 2, Platen » 3, Nat. Coll), Karkellang, Kabruang and Salibabu (Nat. Coll. n 6, n 7), Nanusa — if identical (Hickson o 1). Calornis panayensis — sangirensis. Diagnosis. Intermediate between the Celebes-Philippine birds and those of Sangi-Talaut. Measurements. (9 adult examples). Wing 112—121 mm; bill from nostril 15—16.5. See also measurements below. Distribution. Tagulandang, Ruang, and Biarro, between North Celebes and Sangi (Nat. Coll). Observation. large specimens from the islands off the north coast of Celebes, Manado tua and Lembeh, afford further gradations to the ordinary C. panayensis. 558 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 6. Calornis panayensis altirostris (Salvad.). p. Calornis altirostris (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) IV, (1886) 1887, 553; (2) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 147. Description. Salvad. p 1. Diagnosis. Like C. panayensis chalybea, but darker, larger (wing 105 mm), and with a very stout and much higher bill (Salvad.). Remark. Dr. Sharpe remarks that this bird should be carefully compared with C. panayensis tytlert. From Count Salvadori’s description it seems to be smaller and to have a differently-shaped bill, the last not being, as we should think, a very stable character, judging from its variation in Calornis panayensis sangirensis. Distribution. Nias Island off Sumatra (Modigl.). 7. Calornis panayensis enganensis (Salvad.). g. Calornis enganensis (1) Salyad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) XII, 1892, 137. Diagnosis. Like C. panayensis chalybea, but larger, with longer wings (115 mm), stouter bill [and when young not white below, striped with dusky, but entirely black]. If the young of this race differ from those of the others in being always black, specific distinction must of course be admitted. Distribution. Engano Island, Sumatra (Modigliani). The species. Calornis panayensis as a Celebesian species may be described as follows: Adult. Entirely metallic coppery green on a black ground; quills and tail black, externally shaded with green except on the primaries; lores and base of the forehead velvety and black; the feathers of the head, neck, and throat hackle-shaped (» Length of uma . . . . 30.0 » | Greatest breadth of sternum 20.0 » Length of radius. . . . 26.5 » | Height of crista steni . . 8.0 » IGength of manus . . = . 30:0) » | Wength of pelvis . . . . 32:0 » Length of femur . . . . 25.0 » | Greatest breadth of pelvis 21.0 » Eggs. Very pale greenish blue, with a number of large and smaller spots and_ blotches, brownish-reddish purple and paler greyer purple, sometimes almost black; moderately broad ovals, more or less compressed towards the small end; size 25.4 * 18.8 mm (Malay Peninsula, and elsewhere? Hume 7 7). Nest. Built in holes in trees or at the juncture of palm-leaves with the trunk; very high up (t 3); a loose structure almost globular, but open at the top, of very coarse dry grass (lallung or elephant-grass), lined with green durian leaves cut into small bits (Malay Peninsula, Davison 7 7). Remark. The nesting habits of C. panayensis enganensis, the young of which are said to be black, might be observed with advantage. In his Malay Archipelago, 1869, I, 431, Mr. Wallace speaks of Calornis as a form absent from Celebes. ‘The present species is now known as one of the commonest birds in North Celebes, but it has not yet occurred. to our 560 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. knowledge, in the south, where it seems to be represented by Calornis minor. This is suggestive, in the case of a bird of such excellent flying-powers, of re- cent immigration into the country, a view which is confirmed by the complete, or almost complete, identity of the birds in the Northern Peninsula with Philip- © pine ones, and in the Southern Peninsula with the Lesser Sunda species; it is pretty certain, however, that Mr. Wallace did not have the good fortune to come across the bird during the months of June to September owing per- haps to its local movements, though we received it from Manado in August and September. Where this species, or its allies, occur on small islands, they are always larger in size than on the neighbouring mainland, as shown by C. panayensis tytleri, altirostris, enganensis, sangirensis. The Glossy Starling is, as Hickson remarks, the commonest bird met with throughout the islands which le between Celebes and the Philippines, — viz. Biarro, Ruang, Tagulandang, Siao, Sangi, Talaut, and the Nanusa Islands. In colour these birds do not differ from the Celebes race, but the Sangi and Talaut birds are always bigger, yet, as shown by the above table of measurements, every transition is found on the islands between Great Sangi and North Celebes. Considerable individual variation in the important character of size occurs, as will be seen on comparing the measurements of specimens r and ¢ from the same locality, Ruang, or /’ and g’ from Kabruang. The peculiar insular avian forms of the Sangi and Talaut Islands are com- monly larger than those of the mainland of Celebes, and we know of no case of a local race being smaller in Sangi or Talaut than in Celebes. C. panayensis sangirensis follows the rule. Other examples of this increase of size on the Sangi and ‘Talaut Islands are afforded by Tanygnathus muelleri sangirensis, Ceycopsis sangirensis, Cittura sangirensis, Dicaeum sangirense and talautense, Acmonorhynchus sangirensis, Anthreptes malaccensis chlorigaster, Zosterops nehrkorni, Oriolus formosus and melanisticus. Nothing is easier than to suggest explanations how this condition of in- creased size in the insular forms came about; for instance, Birds-of-prey are searce in the islands, and among many birds the males are supposed to be more - numerous than the females'), consequently the stouter males will secure partners, the weaker not; while on the mainland Birds-of-prey are plentiful, and small individuals (m our own kind at least) are quicker-witted and know how to look after themselves better than big ones, and these will be they which will best avoid the dangers which surround them; but there hardly seems to be a means as yet known of ascertaining what is the correct explanation. In its habits the Glossy Starling is said to resemble the Common Starling of Europe, except that it is rarely or never seen on the ground. It flies and ! We should be sorry to commit ourselves to this theory with its present shaky basis of proof. Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 561 roosts in large flocks, feeds on berries and, as Davison says, insects; in the stomach of a specimen killed by the Drs. Sarasin at Kema were the pits of a fruit called “Bua kaju”. Its cry is described as a single metallic note. +232. CALORNIS MINOR (Bp.). Timor Glossy Starling. a. Lamprotornis minor (7) Bp., Consp. Ay. 1850, I, 417; (2) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 174. Calornis minor (1) Wall., P. Z.S. 1863, 486; (2) Gray, HL. I, 1870, 26, Nr. 6375; (3) Wald, Tr. Z.S. 1872, VU, 80; (4) Sharpe, Ibis 1876, 48; (5) Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1881, 766; (6) id., Isis, Dresden 1884, 48; (7) Guillem., P. Z.S. 1885, 509; (8) Sharpe, Cat. B. XII, 1890, 142; (9) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. XIV, 1892, 201; (10) Meyer, t.c. 265; (11) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 280; (12) Tristr., Ibis 1895, 375; (13) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, LIV, 348; (14) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 4; (15) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 154, 168, 559, 568, 580, 583, 594. Description. Sharpe 8. Adult male. Coppery green on a black ground; neck and jugulum dark auricula-purple; quills and tail-feathers black with a green gloss on the tail and a blue one on wings. “Tris light red; bill and feet black.” Wing 106 mm, tail 70, tarsus 19.5, bill from nostril 11 mm (3, Bonthain, 8. Celebes: Ribbe & Kiihn — Nr. 13556). Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with a slight purplish gloss on the head (Sharpe 8). Young. Browner than the adults, with a slight green gloss; below dull white, with broad blackish streaks; sides of body uniform dull brown; iris red (Sharpe 8). Observation. The tail is not graduated but square in shape. Distribution. Lombok (Wallace J, 8, etc. 13, 15); Sumbawa (Guillemard 7, Doherty 15); Sumba (Riedel 5, 10, ten Kate 9, Doherty 15); Flores (Wallace 1, 8); Timor (Mus. Leyden a 1, Wallace 7, 8, Mus. Dresd. 6); South Celebes (Ribbe & Kithn 6, Weber 11, etc. 14, 15). This species, a native of the Lesser Sunda Islands, has been obtained by Ribbe & Kiihn, Weber, the Sarasins, and Everett in the extreme south of South Celebes, but nowhere else at present in the island. It may be dis- tinguished from C. panayensis of the Northern Peninsula by the dark purple of the hackle-feathers of the throat, sides of neck and (to some extent) hind neck, by its smaller bill and shorter tarsus. From C. metallica it differs by the different green of its plumage, the absence of purple on the mantle, its short square tail and smaller size. Once, again, this bird exemplifies the rule that Lesser Sundan forms predominate in South Celebes, not in the North. *“* 233. CALORNIS SULAENSIS Sharpe. Sula Glossy Starling. Plate XXXVI. a. Calornis obscura yar. (1) Wall. P. Z. 8. 1862, 343. }. Lamprotornis obscurus pt. (1) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 174 (Sula). Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Nov. 16th 1897). 71 562 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. c. Calornis neglecta pt. (1) Wald, Tr. Z.S. VII, 1872, 79 (Sula); (2) Sharpe, Ibis 1876, 46 (Sula). d. Calornis obscura pt. (1) Salvad., Orn. Pap. I, 1881, 454. Calornis sulaensis (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 149; (2) M. & Weg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 18. “Salinggoka mopo”, Tonkean and Balante, Hast Celebes, Nat. Coll. “Kuling”, Peling and Banggai, iid. Description. Sharpe 1. Diagnosis. In colour like C. panayensis of Celebes, but slightly duller and less coppery; differs chiefly by having the tail much longer and strongly graduated, the outermost pair of rectrices about 25—30 mm shorter than the middle ones, and the supraloral and post-nasal feathers smooth, not disintegrated and velvety (ad. Peling — C 14550, and others). Measurements (8 adults, Peling, Banggai, and E. Celebes). Wing 106—112 mm; tail 90—96; tarsus c. 24; bill from nostril 13.5—15. Young. Like the young of C. panayensis, but is distinguishable by its smooth post-nasal feathers and long graduated tail (Tonkean — C 14431, and others). Distribution. Sula Islands (Allen a 7); Banggai, Peling, and East Celebes (Nat. Coll.). A fine series of this well characterized species were collected by our native hunters in Peling and Banggai, and also in East Celebes, where C. panayensis - was not obtained. Celebes thus appears to have been invaded by Glossy Star- lings at three different points — by C. minor of the Lesser Sunda Islands in the South, by C. panayensis of the Philippines in the North, and by C. sulaensis in the East. By the shape of its tail and by its not having the supraloral feathers disintegrated Calornis sulaensis betrays its affinities with C. metallica and with C. circumscripta of Timorlaut, but it is easily distinguishable by the absence of purple on the mantle, head, and throat, and by the middle rectrices less prolonged, as also by the less bronzy hue of its plumage. + 234. CALORNIS METALLICA (Temm.). Australian Glossy Starling. a. Lamprotornis metallica (J) Temm., Pl. Col. , pl. 266 (1824); (2) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1866, 174. b. Stourne bronzé (I) Hombr. & Jacq., Voy. Péle Sud, Atl. pl. 16, f. 2 (1832—35). ce. Aplonis metallica (I) Gld., B. Austr. Suppl. 1851, pl. 33. Calornis metallica (1) Gray, Gen. B. I], 327 (1846); (2) Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, 335, 343; (3) Gld., Hand-b. B. Austr. 1865, I, 477; (4) Wald., Tr. Z.S. VII, 1872, 80; (5) Rams., P. Z. 8. 1875, 593; (6) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 78, 100; (7) Salvad., Orn. Pap. II. 1881, 447; (8) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 120, 126, 159; (9) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 48; (10) Ramsay, Tab. List 1888, 12; (11) North, Nests and Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 190; (12) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 138; (13) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1890, 141; (14) Meyer, Ibis 1890, 417; (15) Hartert, Kat. V. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 75; (16) id., Nov. Zool. 1896, 13, 235; (17) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1896, (2) XVI, 102. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvad. 7, 13; Sharpe 12. Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 563 Figures and descriptions. Temminck «J; Hombron & Jacquinot b J; Gould ¢ JEN Be Salvadori 7, Sharpe 72. Adult. Black, glossed with metallic green: quills and tail more dusky; head above, mantle and jugulum glossed with auricula-purple, the middle of the mantle with green; cervical collar glossed with metallic green, like the remaining upper- and under -parts; wing 104 mm; tail 94; tarsus 21; bill from nostril 12 (Q, Ansus, Jobi, April 1893: Meyer — C 10976). Bill and feet black; iris vermilion (Gld. 3). Sex. The sexes are similarly coloured. Young. Similar to the adult above, but with less metallic gloss; cheeks and under surface of body white, streaked with greenish black on the lower throat, fore neck, sides of body, flanks and under tail-coverts (Sharpe 12). Eggs. 2, sometimes 3; bluish grey, speckled with reddish pink, chiefly at the larger end; size 25 >< 20 mm (N. Australia — McGillivray 3). 3 or 4 in number, some roundish, others elongate; greenish white with bright reddish brown spots and dots, more numerous towards the large end; 26.5 >< 19.5 mm (N. Australia — Ramsay 5, 11). Nest. Pensile, averaging two feet in length by one in breadth, somewhat oval in form, taper- ing above to a neck, by which it is suspended; the opening in the centre of the widest part. Built of pieces of the stem and the long tendrils of a climbing plant (Cissus), matted and woven together, lined with finer pieces of the same, a few leaves (generally strips of Pandanus-leaf), the hair-like fibres of a palm (Caryota cereus), and similar materials (McGill. 3). Distribution. Sula Islands (Wallace 2, 12); Moluccas and Papuasia as far as New Guinea, the New Britain group, the Solomons, North Australia and, occasionally (10), New South Wales (Salvadori 7, 73). In his original account of this species, Temminck indicated its habitat as Celebes and ‘Timor. Later two specimens collected by Rosenberg were brought forward by Briiggemann, though with some doubt (6, p. 100), as proof of the occurrence of the bird in Celebes; but W. Blasius, who afterwards examined one of them, found that no locality was mentioned on the label. Another specimen in the Senckenberg collection (15) at Frankfort is labelled “Celebes”, but we suppose this may be traced to ''emminck’s original error. The species can- not, therefore, be admitted into the Celebes list without further evidence. Sula birds are identified with C. metalhca by Wallace and Sharpe, after specimens ob- tained by Allen in the Sula Islands. The present species may be distinguished from C. panayensis, C. p. sangirensis, sulaensis, and minor, which occur in one part or another of the Celebesian Province, by its strongly graduated tail, the two middle feathers overreaching the next by about 25 mm; the fine auricula-purple on the head, mantle and jugulum also render it easily recognisable. A close investigation of C. metallica would probably bring to light many local variations of insufficient stability to justify their being scientifically removed from the first-discovered race and concealed from the eyes of general know- ledge under the mask of specific names. A new comparison of such forms as C. nitida Gray, of New Britain, C. circumscripta Meyer, of Timorlaut, C. inornata Saly., of Mysore, C. purpureiceps Saly., of the Admiralty Islands, C. fuscovirescens 71* 564 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. Salv., of Sorong and Salawatti, C. gularis Gray, of Mysol, might, we think, be made with a view to ascertaining whether there is not sufficient individual varia- tion among them to bridge-over the differences which are said to separate them from C. metallica and from one another; in other words, whether they are not subspecies, instead of species. ; GENUS ENODES Temn. Structurally like Calornis, but the wing shorter. Plumage non-metallic. Tail about as long as the wing, strongly graduated, outermost rectrix about half the length of the middle ones. Legs and feet yellow. A long and broad super- ciliary stripe of decomposed and stiffened feathers, red. The genus is peculiar to Celebes. 4» * 235. ENODES ERYTHROPHRYS (Temm.). Red-browed Starling. a. Lamprotornis erythroprhys (J) Temm., Pl. Col. pl. 267 (1824); (2) Less., Traité d’Orn. 1831, 407. Enodes erythroprhys (17) Temm., Pl. Col. I, Tabl. Méth. p. 108 (1838); (2) Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 1849, 111; (3) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 417; (4) Schl., Handl. Dierk. 1857, 341; (5) Wall. Ibis 1860, 141; (6) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 174; [(7) Wall., Malay Archip. 1869, I, 430; (8) Wald, Tr. Z. S. 1872, VI, 78; (9) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, 668; (10) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 78; (11) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 134; (12) W. Blas., J.f.O. 1883, 138; (13) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 251; (14) Sharpe, Cat. B. XII, 1890, 192; (15) Heine & Rehnw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 108; (16) Hartert, Kat. Vog. Slg. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 75; (17) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894, Nr. 8, p. 14; (18) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 6; (XIX) Meyer, Vogelskel. 1897, II, pl. CCX VIL. b, Calornis erythroprhys (1) Gray, Gen. B. IH, 327 (1846); (2) id., HL. U1, 1870, 27, Nr. 6394; (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 273. “Katupi”, Manado and Taguatto (= ? Paguat), Reinwardt a 1. “Katupi”, near Manado, Nat. Coll. Figures and descriptions. Temm. aI; Meyer XIX (skel.); Schl. 4; Sharpe 74. Adult male. Lores, sides of crown and of occiput reddish Chinese orange, forming a broad superciliary stripe of short, stiff, bristly feathers; general colour above and below slate-grey, darkest on crown between the superciliary stripes, palest above the ear-coverts, on malar region and chin; ear-coverts, subloral and subocular regions and a ring round the eye black; rump, upper and under tail-coverts and crissum Indian yellow; wings yellowish olive-green, the inner webs and free ends of the quills black; tail olive-greenish yellow, the terminal part of the two lengthened centre-feathers pale yellowish; under wing-coverts greenish yellow mixed with slate-grey. “Iris sepia, in the middle a darker line; legs sulphur-yellow”, claws blackish; bill black (G, Tomohon, 6. HiT. 94: P. & F. Sarasin). Female. Like the male, but apparently a little smaller, and the yellow colour not extending quite so far up on the rump (Q, Q, near Tomohon, 7 and 9 March, 1894: P.& F. Sarasin). Lal Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 565 Immature. Browner slate-grey than the adult, superciliary stripe yellower and less broad (Minahassa: Faber — C 3504; Briigg. 10). Measurements. pine: Tail |Tarsus Balen a. (Sarasin Coll.) Gt ad., Tomohon . . so el IG) Oy 13.5 as, (Sarasin Coll.) of eae Tomohon, 5. LV. 5 pe Ree lee ee || 28 13 b. (Sarasin Coll.) © ad., merclGn Seat ns cts 106", 95 12.5 ec. (Sarasin Coll.) Q ae Womobome 9. 9s. fs | AAT) AL) 25.5) 19.5 d. (Or2193) ad, Kakas; June 71 (Meyer) . . . >) 1110))) 109!) 26:5). 135 en(@2192)0ad., Kakas, June Ji (Meyer) . .. . .| 109|— | 26.5) 13.5 f. (C 5218) ad., Manado (Musschenbr.) . . . . ../| 113 | 108| 26 13.5 g. (C 3503) sete Minahassa (Faber) . . es LOO) etn 26:5 Aas h. (C 10825) a , near Tondano, Aug. —Sept. 92 (Nat. Coll) | 4441] 114) 25.5] 13 zi. (C 2195) vix oat Kakas, June 71 (Meyer) . . . .; 108) 110] 26 13 j. (C 3504) imm., Mere (Malem) co oc A wo 9) pel Wik) || xe ayo ily) Nest, eggs, etc. Unknown. The nest and nestlings in the Sarasin Collection, labelled as belonging to Enodes erythrophrys, and recorded by us as such (17), seem to belong to Dicrurus leucops. Distribution. Celebes, Northern Peninsula: Minahassa (Reinwardt a J, Wallace 5, 14, Meyer 11, etc.); “Ile Taguatto” = ? Paguat, Gulf of Tomini (Reinwardt a J). The Red-browed Starling of Celebes is the only representative of the genus Enodes, one of the peculiar types of the island. Except for Reinwardt’s specimen from Paguat, it has up to the present been recorded only from the Minahassa. Here it seems to be purely a hill species, most of the specimens on record having been killed in the neighbourhood of Lake Tondano; Rosenberg mentions the fact that he never met with it in the Gorontalo Province. The genus seems to stand midway between Calornis and Acridotheres. By its bill, wing-formula, and strongly graduated tail, it answers very well to the Calornis metallica-group; its non-metallic plumage agrees better with the tints of Acridotheres tristis (L.) of the Indian countries, it also resembles birds of this genus by its legs and feet. The striking orange-red colour of the super- ciliary stripe no doubt has some connection with the peculiar bristly character of the feathers here; the red of the wax tips on the inner quills of the Wax- wing (Ampelis garrula), and the red tips of the rump-feathers of Scissirostrum may prove to be of somewhat similar structure. Another point of interest is the pale yellowish of the projecting 2 cm of the two middle tail-feathers, they look as if they have become more bleached through greater exposure. Many birds have the tip of the tail paler or more colourless than the rest of it. GENUS ACRIDOTHERES Vieill. The frontal plumes erect or slightly turned backwards, and growing above the nostril as far forward as the anterior margin thereof; bill as long as the head and somewhat tapering, yellow, the gape deep and turned downwards at 566 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. an angle; tail rather short, rounded; wing moderate, the secondaries about */, its length; tarsus and feet yellow, large, the tarsus about as a long as the middle toe and claw; sexes similar. Range: Afghanistan to Celébes. + [x 236. ACRIDOTHERES CINEREUS Bp. Celebes Myna. Acridotheres cinereus (1) Bp., Consp. I, 1850, 420; (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 174; (3) Gray, HL. I, 1870, 20, Nr. 6289; (IV) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VILL, 77, pl. X, fig. 1; (5) Blyth, Ibis 1873, 79; (6) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 134; (7) Guillem, P. Z.S. 1885, 556; (8) Sharpe, Cat. B. XII, 1890, 91; (9) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 280; (10) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 13; (11) Hart., Zov. Zool. 1896, 154. Figure and descriptions. Walden JV; Bonaparte 1; Sharpe 8. Adult. Above smoke-grey, paler on the rump and upper tail-coverts, where the shafts of the feathers are whitish; head above, clothed with lanceolate feathers, and upper ear-coverts slaty black; chin, throat, jugulum, thighs, and axillaries dark smoke-grey, crossed with obscure brownish bars; malar region darker; re- maining under-parts pale smoke-grey, tinged with fulvous on the middle of the body; middle of abdomen pale cinnamon; under tail-coverts white, washed with isabelline; wings above dark bistre-brown; the lesser coverts broadly edged, the middle coverts more narrowly bordered, with drab; the smaller bastard-wing-feather outwardly white; primary coverts white; the free ends and inner webs of the primaries black; across the base of the primaries a broad white band; tail brownish black, tipped with white, imcreasmg in width towards the outermost feathers, the shafts blackish; “iris lemon-yellow; bill and feet yellow” (OQ, Kalibankere, Tjamba Distr., S. Cel., 1. VILL. 78: Platen — OC 5372). Wing 129 mm; tail 73; tarsus 34.5; bill fr. nostril 15. Dr. Guillemard describes the iris in the male as brownish orange, bill red- orange, feet yellow. Sexes. Similar in plumage (Sharpe 8). Remark. The example described above is in worn plumage. Dr. Sharpe describes the abdomen as “greyish white, sides of body, flanks and thighs light ashy grey, under tail-coverts white”. A female in good plumage in the Sarasin Collection has the chin, throat, and thighs dark smoke-grey, uniform. Distribution. Celebes, Southern Peninsula: Macassar (Wallace 8, Meyer 6, Weber 49, etc.), Pankadjene (P.& F. Sarasin 10), Tanette (Meyer 8), Tjamba Distr. (Platen in Dresd. Mus.), Maros (Guillem. 7), Tete Adji (Weber 9). Just as Enodes is known only from the Northern Peninsula of Celebes, so the present species is at present known only from the Southern Peninsula. Meyer found it very common near Macassar, but both Guillemard and he mention that they never met with it in North Celebes. Its nearest affinities are with the Javan A. javanicus, Cab., and it follows the rule that when a Cele- besian species is closely related to one occurring between Java and Timor, its habitat is sure to be South Celebes, but not always the North as well. Length of pelvis . . - 29.5 Icength of fem eee 22: Ome Greatest breadth of sate 2150 Distribution. North Celebes — Minahassa (Lélancher ¢ 1, Wallace e¢ 7, etc.); Banka and Lembeh (Nat. Coll.); Togian (Meyer 8); West Celebes (Doherty 21); East Celebes, Peling and Banggai (} N at. Coll.); South Celebes — Macassar (Wallace e¢ 7, 15), Bont- hain (Ribbe & Kiihn), Indrulaman (Everett 20). Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 569. The genus Scissirostrum is peculiar to Celebes, with Peling and Banggai, and is one of the most striking types of the island. The present species, the only one known, is a very common bird in the Minahassa, where, as Mr. Wallace (c 7) writes, it occurs “in flocks about the hill-plantations, often set- tling on dead trees, in the holes of which it builds, and keeping up a loud and almost continuous chirping”. They cling to the tree-trunks as easily as Wood- peckers or Creepers; their food is grain and fruits (¢c §). The Sarasins observed that in the middle of August enormous flocks of these birds peopled the tall red- flowering Hrythrina-trees, which are scattered everywhere in the gardens at Kema. Near Macassar Mr. Wallace found it a scarce bird, and, as mentioned above, the birds inhabiting the Southern Peninsula probably differ racially from those of the North, as is the case with so many other species, and the difference shows how unfrequently or slowly an interbreeding of Northern and Southern individuals of -this active species takes place. The narrowness and mountainous character of the neck of land uniting the Northern Peninsula with the mainland, the mountainous character of the island in general, and the great distance between the Minahassa and the Southern Peninsula are sufficient to make it a matter of no surprise when a naturally stationary bird presents differences of a local character in the North and South. Such differences afford no proof that the South was once cut off from the North by water. The chief peculiarity of this bird is its upper bill, which is much swollen at the base, so that the nostrils lie in a deep groove with the base of the culmen between them. This gives the bird a Grosbeak-like appearance, and Schlegel remarked (c 6) that the bird seemed to afford a transition from the Starlings to the Sparrows. Briiggemann, who was always observant of ancestral indi- cations in young birds, first pointed out that the bill of the young was distinctly sturnine. Bonaparte (4) placed Scissirostrum in a subfamily with that queer bird Euryceros(!) of Madagascar; Wallace (c 8) remarked that it seemed most nearly allied in its general structure to the Ox-peckers (Buphaga) of Africa, “next to which the celebrated ornithologist Prince Bonaparte finally placed ite As Count Salvadori points out no such affinity is apparent either in the form of the beak, tail, or feet; the bill of Buphaga bears some resemblance to that of the Pigeons of the genus Osmotreron, and Dr. Sharpe makes it a separate subfamily of the Sturnidae. Scissirostrum was placed by Lord Walden ( 4) between Calornis and Eulabes, to which position Count Salvadori (3) afterwards assented; Dr. Sharpe puts it next to Emodes at the end of the Sturnidae. We are inclined to think that Scissirostrum may claim a closer affinity to Acridotheres than to any existing form, but undoubtedly its position among the Sturnidae is rather remote. ‘The skeleton differs very considerably from that of Calornis. Attention has been drawn elsewhere to the red colour of the wax tips to the feathers of the ramp. In many birds bright colours such as red or orange accompany a stiff, bristly development of the feather. -~1 i) Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 1Sth, 1897). 570 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. GENUS STURNIA Less, A migratory member of this Sturnine genus occurs in Celebes. ‘The bill is shorter than the cranium, not stout, a membrane above the nostril. Wing long, 2" primary the longest, secondaries about */, the wing-length, tail short, square or rounded; tarsus rather large, much longer than the culmen, about equal to middle toe and claw. ' Range: India and Eastern Siberia to the Moluccas. + 238. STURNIA VIOLACEA (Bodd.). Red-cheeked Starling. a. Le Grand Traquet des Philippines (J) Briss., Orn. 1760, IL, 446, pl. 22, fig. 3; (IZ) Daubent., Pl. Enl. I, pl. 185, fig. 2. b. Motacilla violacea (I) Bodd., Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, 11. ce. Pastor ruficollis (1) Wagl., Syst. Av., 1827, Pastor sp. 19. d. Lamprotornis pyrrhogenys (J) Temm. & Schl., Faun. Jap., Aves 1850, 86, pl. XLVI. e. Heterornis pyrrhogenys (1) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 418; (2) Swinh., P. Z. S. 1863, 302. f. Temenuchus pyrrhogenys (1) Gray, HL. I, 1870, 21, Nr. 6301; (2) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 252. g. Sturnia pyrrhogenys (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. VIL, 1872, 78; (2) Swinh., Ibis 1874, 151, 159; (3) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 77; (4) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 134; (5) Seeb., B. Japan. Emp. 1890, 108. h. Sturnia dominicana (1) Salvad. (nec Bodd.), Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 269. Sturnia violacea (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. LX, 1875, 203; (2) Sharpe, Tr. L. S. 1879, (2) I 308, 343; (3) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Hl, 1881, 445; (4) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works 1881, 658; (5) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 115; (6) id., Zt. ges. Orn. 1886, 120; (7) Wardl. Rams., Ibis 1886, 162; (8) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 315; (9) id., Ibis 1888, 374; (10) Everett, P. Z. S 1889, 224; (11) id. J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 143; (12) Sharpe, Ibis 1889, 431; (13) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 56; (14) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 280; (15) id., Cat. B. XII, 1890, 70; (16) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 237; (17) Burns & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 37. For further synonymy and references compare Sharpe 75; Salvadori 3. Figures and description. Daubenton a 17; Temminck & Schlegel d J; Salvadori 3; W. Blasius 6; Sharpe 15. Adult [male]. General colour above black, glossed with dark purple, the primary coverts, greater wing-coverts, inner quills and tips and outer edges of the others, and tail glossed with bronze-green; middle wing-coverts, edge of wing, most of the outer edge of the first three primaries, and of the outermost tail-feather and basal part of the outer edge of the first three secondaries white; head, rump and upper tail-coverts drab-grey, the latter parts mixed with the purple black of the back; ear-coverts and some feathers on sides of neck chestnut; sides of head, chin, throat, jugulum, middle of breast, abdomen, under wing-coverts and quills below where they rest upon the body white, tinged with fulvous on the head, throat, abdomen and under tail-coverts; chest, sides of breast and of body dark grey (Gorontalo, Celebes: Riedel — Nr. 2217). “Tris, upper mandible and feet, black; lower mandible blue-grey” (Whitehead 72). Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 571 Adult [female]. Differs from the male in being dark drab-brown above; the greater wing- coverts, secondaries, tips of the primaries, and tail glossed with greyish green; tips of the middle wing-coverts and basal part of the first three secondaries externally dirty white; ear-coverts pale drab; remaining parts much as in the adult male, but the sides of the body paler and browner grey (Goron- talo: Riedel — Nr. 2218). Dr. Sharpe describes the female plumage as that shown above. Prof.W. Blasius 6) describes the female as like the male but rust-yellow, not white, on the quills below where they rest upon the body; intense rust-yellow on the chin, the edges of the tail-feathers and quills. j Young. Much resembles the female. Distribution. Japan (d J, e 2, f 2, g 2, g 5), Eturop, Kurile Is. (Blakiston & Pryer g 5), Loochoo Is.2(Stejneger g 5); Philippines — Luzon (Maitland Heriot 7), Negros and Mindanao (Steere 2), Palawan (Platen 8, 9, 13), Tawi Tawi and Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester 17); Borneo — North (Whitehead & Treacher 11, 12), South-east (Grabowsky 6); Celebes, Northern Peninsula — Gorontalo (Riedel g 3 and in Dresd. Mus.), Minahassa (Riedel 6, Faber in Dresden Mus.); Batchian (Wallace 3, 15). It is remarkable that the Red-cheeked Starling, which is a winter migrant from Japan, has been obtained, with the exception of a specimen in the Dresden Museum from v. Faber, only by 'Dr. Riedel in Celebes; and Prof. W. Blasius rightly remarks that this is to be explained on the ground that the bird is not always present there, but only occurs at certain times on migration, and then, probably, in great flocks, such as were met with by Grabowsky in S. E. Borneo. Dr. Schadenberg met with it in swarms in the Philippines, 15" April, 1885. As a similar case, it may be mentioned that in August—September, 1892, our native collectors met with Gilareola isabella V. near Lake Tondano in great num- bers. It is remarkable also that the bird has never been met with in China, nor in Formosa, where Swinhoe looked for it without success, and its migra- tion seems to be made straight from Japan and the Loochoo Islands to the Philippines without touching any part of the Asiatic continent. Its nearest ally is Sturnia sturnina (Pall.),(= daurica Pall.), of E. Asia, migrating in winter to Malacca and Java, the adult male of which differs by wanting the red ear-coverts, and by having a blackish patch on the nape, and buff-white scapulars; the young is distinguished by Dr. Sharpe by the broad white edging to the outer tail-feather, — very narrow in S. violacea. GENUS BASILEORNIS Bp. ‘The members of this genus are of about the size of a Thrush and striking- looking birds by reason of the feathers of the head, which meet in the mesial line to form a high ridged crest, or in one species a high recurved crest over the crown. A small space of bare skin below and behind the eye. In the Celebesian species the nostril and much of the culmen is hidden by the crest- 72 572 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. feathers. The bill is whitish, about as long as the head, with a pendant tip or hook. Wing large, 2"—4™ quills the longest. Tail moderate, 12 feathers, rounded or slightly graduated. Feet and tarsus yellow, large; tarsus longer than the culmen. Plumage metallic. Three species are known from Celebes, Banggai, and Ceram. * 239. BASILEORNIS CELEBENSIS G.R. Gray. Celebes King Starling. a. Basilornis corythaix (1) Bp. (nec. Wagl.), Consp. 1850, I, 420; (2) Cab., Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 207, note; (3) Schl., Handl. Dierk. 1857, 342. b. Basilornis celebensis [Temm. in Leyden Mus.] , (J) Gray, P. Z. 8. 1861, 184, fig.; (JZ) Sclat. & Wall., Ibis 1861, 284, pl. IX, fig 2; (3) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 174; (4) Wall., Malay Archip. 1869, I, 480; (5) Gray, HL. U1, 1870, 19, Nr. 6279; (6) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 133; (7). W. Blas., J. £0. 1883, 138; (8) id., ib. 1885, 403: (IX) id., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 298, fig.; (10) Tristram, Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 251; (11) Heine & Rchw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 110; (12) Hartert, Kat. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 77. Basileornis celebensis (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. VIL, 1872, 77; (2) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 77; (3) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 555; (4) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 95; (5) Meyer, Abh. u. Ber. Dresden Mus. 1894, Nr. 2, 1; (6) M. & We., ib. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 14; (7) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 14; (8) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 18; (9) Hart., Noy. Zool. 1896, 154. c. Basilornis celensis (err.) , (1) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 273. “Radja sié” (King of the Glossy Starlings), Malay, Minahassa, Meyer } 6, Guillem. 3, Nat. Coll. “Pokakang”, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Biruro”, Tjamba Distr., Platen b LX. “Uwenta”, Tonkean, EH. Celebes, Nat. Coll. Figures and descriptions. Sclater & Wallace b I; Gray b I; W. Blasius b LX; Schlegel a3; Sharpe 4; Meyer 5. Adult male. Black, glossed on the head and neck with violet steel-blue, on the back, upper tail- and wing-coverts, throat and under-parts with dark metallic green; quills blackish brown; tail black, slightly glossed on the outer webs; a patch on the ear-coverts white, bounded behind by tawny-tipped feathers; a large patch on the sides of the jugulum buffy white; under wing-coverts glossy greenish black; quills below drab-grey, almost white where they rest upon the body, duskier towards the ends; a long compressed ridge-crest reaching from in front of the nostrils to above the occiput; a few short white hair-feathers here and there, chiefly on the throat; around and behind the eye a small space of bare skin, apparently blue-black in life. “Eye-lashes black; bill whitish blue-grey; feet lemon-yellow” — Platen 9 (ot ad. Kema, N. Celebes, 1. X. 93: P.& F. Sarasin). Wing 138 mm; tail 88; tarsus 29; bill from nostril 16. Female. Similar to the male, but the crest-feathers shorter (11 mm as against 14 mm) and less glossy. “Iris brown-red” — also in male (Q ad. Kalibangkere, S. Celebes, 20. II. 78: Platen — C 13414, W. Blas. b IX). Immature. Above glossy green-black, like the adult; head black with a small crest-ridge; chin, throat and malar region and sides of breast pale brown with dark centres to the feathers; ear- and chest-patch buffy white; remaining under-parts dull brownish Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 573 black, mixed with the glossy green-black feathers of maturity (Manado: y. Musschen- broek — C 5217). Distribution. Celebes: Minahassa (Wallace 7, 4, Meyer 66, Fischer 2, etc.); Lembeh Id. (Nat. Coll.); Gorontalo Distr. (v. Rosenberg ¢ 1, Meyer 6 6); Tonkean, East Celebes (Nat. Coll. 8); Macassar (Wallace 1, 4); Tjamba Distr., 8. Cel. (Platen b IX); Indrulaman, Bonthain Distr. (Everett 9). This species, the “King Starling” in the Malay vernacular of North Celebes, is generally a somewhat scarce species in the island, though Rosenberg found it not rare in the hill-forests, where it feeds on fruits. Three species of the genus are now known; the present, confined to Celebes, B. corythaix (Wagl.) of Ceram'), with a long and differently-shaped crest, which rises to a point in somewhat triangular form above the occiput, and B. galeatus Meyer, from Banggai Island, a larger form and with a magnificent crest like that of the Celebes species, but three times as long. Basileornis is a somewhat isolated sturnine genus, the ridge-crest, which, as Mr. Wallace says, resembles in form that of the well-known Cock-of-the- Rock of South America, distinguishing it from all other Starlings at a glance. Dr. Sharpe (Cat. B. 1890, XIII, 194) appears to us to make a very hazardous state- ment touching Fregilupus varius (Bodd.), the extinct Crested Starling of Réunion, when he says that this genus (Fregilupus) “comes very close to Basileornis, but differs in its much longer and more convex bill, its more exposed nostrils, and in the long crest which commences at the base of the bill”; it would have been more to the point if our learned friend had mentioned any ‘feature whatever in which the two birds resemble one another, whether of plumage, structure, or any other character. Melanopyrrhus anais (Less.) of New Guinea agrees with Basileornis in tarsus, feet, bill, bare skin about the eye, tail, wing, and to a considerable extent in coloration; it differs by its smooth crestless head, the broad white bar across its wings, and its golden tawny rump and breast, but the latter parts are to some extent mixed with black, and the young seems to resemble Basileornis still more in coloration. Were the tail of Basileornis celebensis greatly lengthened and graduated, and the white patches on the sides of the breast spread out broadly over the breast and across the hind neck, the bird would then bear a not remote resemblance to its compatriot, Streptocitta. We are inclined to regard Basileornis as somewhat intermediate between Streptocitta and Melanopyrrhus. That Basileornis and Strepto- citta gradually arose from a common stem in the island of Celebes itself would be a very questionable hypothesis, but it appears most likely that the simpler Basileornis celebensis is the form from which the more eccentric B. corythua and galeatus sprang, and hence Celebes has at present most claim to be regarded as the land of origin of Basileornis. To find the form which may have given rise to it and to Melanopyrrhus of New Guinea it is necessary to look further back. 1) Gray identified (6 1) the Pastor corythaix Wagl. with the Ceram bird, though Cabanis (a 2) has said — we hope erroneously — that it was described from the type of Temminck’s B. celebensis. 574 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae, +* 240. BASILEORNIS GALEATUS A.B.M. Greater King Starling. Plate XXXVI. Basileornis galeatus (J) Meyer, Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894, Nr. 2, p. 2, fig.; (2) M. & Wg., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 19. “Randing”, Banggai, Nat. Coll. Figure and description. Meyer J. Diagnosis. Differs from B. celebensis in having the crest about 3 times as high; the tail more rounded, the outermost feather being about 20 mm shorter than the middle ones, as against 10 mm in the mainland species; size larger. Bill yellowish white; legs and feet yellow, claws browner (in skin). Young. The crest much shorter than in the adult; chin brown, throat less glossy; upper mandible clouded with dusky; general plumage less glossy (Banggai — C 14719). Measurements. Wing| ‘Tail | Tarsus Sse ae a. (OC 13283) ad., type, locality unknown . . . . . .| 144 | 100 sae 18 b. (C 14718) ad., Banggai Id.. V.—VII. 95 (Nat. Coll.) | 149 | 99 | 34 20 e. (OC 14716) ad., Banggai Id., V.—VIII. 95 (Nat. Coll.) | mlt.| 94 | 32 17 d. (C 14717) ad., Banggai Id., V.— VIII. 95 (Nat. Coll.) | 143 | 97 | 32 18 ( ( e. (C 14719) juv., Banggai Id., V.— VII. 95 (Nat. Coll.) | 137 | 93 | 30 Distribution. Banggai Island (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. & Tring Mus.). This fine species is known only from the small island of Banggai between East Celebes and Sula, where six specimens were collected by our hunters in 1895. It is not known where the type of the species came from, but it appears to differ in no way from the Banggai birds. In respect of its crest this species appears to be a highly developed form of the simpler B. celebensis of the mainland of Celebes. A further modification of the crest is seen in B. corythaix of Ceram. GENUS STREPTOCITTA Bp. A form peculiar to Celebes, easily distinguishable from the other Passeres of the island by its extremely long graduated tail, which is sometimes double the wing in length, with the outermost rectrix only about '/, the length of the middle ones. The feathers of the head are somewhat lengthened and “waxy”, those of the lores and nostril directed upwards and forwards, hiding the nostril. Bill about as long as the cranium, decurved, with a slight hook; a space of bare skin around and behind the eye; 1* primary longer than in most Starlings, about 35 mm, 3" and 4" the longest; tarsus and feet black, the tarsus longer than the culmen and about equal to the middle toe with claw. The black of the plumage glossy. Sexes alike. Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. Or -I or +* 241. STREPTOCITTA ALBICOLLIS (Vieill.). South Celebes Magpie. a. Pie de la Nouvelle Calédonie (J) Labillardiére, Voy. & la Recherche de la Pérouse 1791—92, II, 218, Atl. pl. 39. b. Pie of New Caledonia (I) Labill., Voy. Engl. Trans. (Stockdale) II, 227, pl. 39. ce. Caledonian Crow (1) Lath., Gen. Syn. Suppl. 1801, I, 116; (2) Gray, B. Trop. Is. 1859, 25. d. Corvus caledonicus (1) Lath. (nec Gm.), Ind. Orn. Suppl. 1801, I, p. XXYV. e. Pica albicollis (1) Vieill., N. Dict. Hist. Nat. 1818, XX VI, 128; (2) Gray, Gen. B. I, 314 (1846); (3) id., HL. U1, 1870, 11, Nr. 6179. f. Pica caledonica (1) Less., Tr. d’Orn 1831, 333; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 273. g. Streptocitta caledonica (1) Bp., Consp. 1850, I, 382; (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 173; (3) Wald., Tr. Z. S. VIL, 1872, 75; (4) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 133; (5) id., Ibis 1880, 249, 373; (6) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 115. Streptocitta albicollis (1) Sclat., Ibis 1859, 113; (2) id., Ibis 1866, 210; (3) Schl., N. T. Ned. Dierk. 1866, UI, 1; (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 667; (5) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 129; (6) id. J. f. O. 1885, 403; (VIL) id., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 205, 296, pl. XIII, fig. 1; (8) id., ib. 1886, 119; (9) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 153; (10) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, ILI, 280; (11) M. & Weg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 14; (12) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 155; (22) id., ib. 1897, 158, 159. h. Streptocitta torquata (1) Platen (nec. Temm.), Gefied. Welt 1879, 379. “Ponto kalong”, Tjamba Distr., Platen VII. Figures and descriptions. W. Blasius VUJ, 8; Labillardiére a J; Sharpe 9. Adult. Jugulum, breast and a broad collar around the neck pure white; all the remaining parts black, strongly glossed with steel-blue and green reflections on head all round, upper and under surface of the body, upper and under tail-coverts and edges of the wing-coverts, the green tints being more pronounced on the rump and under-surface; wings and tail dusky black with a slight gloss externally, the tail crossed with close, narrow bars, seen only in certain lights, throughout its length; bill black, terminal third yellow. “Iris brown; bill black, tip yellow; feet black” — Platen (of, Kalibangkere, 3. IV. 78: Platen — C 11209). Sexes. The sexes do not differ in coloration. The stiff broad feathers covering the head may perhaps be a little broader and more developed in the male. Immature. A specimen, which from the inferior development of the characteristic feathers of the head and shorter tail we hold for immature, has also the bill less broadly tipped with yellow, viz. about 1/,, instead of 1/; to nearly '/2 (Q, Kalibangkere, 29. II. 78: Platen — C 5472). Measurements. Wing} Tail |Tarsus ee a. (C 11209) Gf ad., Tjamba Distr., 3. IV. 78 (Platen) .| 151 | 251 | 36 18.5 b. (C 5373) Gt ad., Tjamba Distr, 12. IML 78 (Platen) .| 158 | 285 | 36 | 19 ec. (C 6963) ad., Maros (Ribbe & Kiihn). . . . . .| 147 | 295 | 36 18.5 d. (C 11210) © ad., Tjamba Distr., 21. III. 78 (Platen) | 158 | 285 | 36.5) 18.5 e. (0 5472) O imm., Tjamba Distr., 29. II. 78 (Platen) | 149 | 260 | 37 17 f. (Sarasin Coll.) of ad., Loka, S. Cel., 19.K.95 . .| 150/ 300] — | 19 g. (Sarasin Coll.) O vix ad., Kandari, 8. E. Cel., 22. XII. 94 | 145 | 250 | — 18 576 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. The above measurements show great individual variableness in regard to the tail, a point already observed by Prof. W. Blasius. It consists as usual of 12 feathers, strongly graduated, the outermost beg only 75—85 mm long. Distribution. South Celebes: Buton or Muna Island (Labillardiére a Z); Kandari (Beecari 4, P.& F. Sarasin 11); near Macassar (Wallace J, 2, 9, Everett 12); Maros (Ribbe & Kiihn in Dr. Mus., Weber 10); Tjamba Distr. (Platen h 1, VIZ); Bonthain Distr. (Doherty 13, P.& F. Sarasin), This species was first made known to science by Labillardiere, one of the naturalists who accompanied Dentrecasteaux’s expedition in search of the unfortunate “La Pérouse”. Labillardiere mentions with some circumstantiality that he and his companions killed it in a great forest in New Caledonia, and Lesson (f 7) notes that Quoy & Gaimard got it in Vanicoro in the Santa Cruz Group! The genus is, however, found nowhere but in the Celebes Province and the present species is known only from the south of the island. On his way home, after leaving Buru, Dentrecasteaux passed through the Strait of Buton between the islands of Buton and Muna. Eighteen days were spent in making the passage, and parties landed on both islands. No other point of Ce- lebes was touched at, and there can be no doubt that it was on one of these islands that the “Pie de la Nouvelle Calédonie” was obtained. The “Astrolabe”, whose collections were treated of by Quoy & Gaimard, called at Manado on the way home, and a number of new species were then obtained there. The common Streptocitta torquata of North Celebes was no doubt obtained here, and confused, apparently, with S. albicollis by Lesson, to whom possibly the wrong locality, Vanicoro, is due. In appearance this bird is very like a Magpie, but it seems to occupy an intermediate position between the Corvidae and Sturnidae. The absence of pro- jecting bristles covering the nostril induces us to class it with the Starlings. A trait of character described by Dr. Platen is very Magpie-like; the traveller describes his encounter with a fine Bird-of-prey, which was chased with loud cries, bold opposition, and occasional attacks with the bill made from the rear by six or eight birds of this species. The genus Streptocitta is most nearly allied to Charitornis of Sula, which has the sides of the face and the chin and upper throat bare. Schlegel (3) remarks that Streptocitta approaches the Graculae (Melanopyrrhus, Mainatus) rather than the Pies, especially by the relative proportions of the primaries, the bare nostrils, the form of the feathers on the sides of the forehead, and the angle of the gape being turned downwards, as is the case in the great family of Star- lings of which the Graculae are a part. After Charitornis albertinae, which, besides having the face bare of feathers, may be distinguished from Streptocitta by its white head and under surface (except crissum, thighs and under tail- coverts), we should place -Basileornis as the nearest known ally of Streptocitta. The characteristic feathering of the head of Basileornis repeats itself to some | Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 577 extent in the broad stiff feathers of the head of Streptocitta, which have a decided tendency to form into a ridge-crest upon the forehead. The African Lamprotornis, which has a long tail like that of Streptocitta, is really more re- mote; this genus has a more lengthened middle toe. Streptocitta, with its Sulan ally Charitornis, ranks, like Basileornis and Scissi- rostrum, as one of the striking Celebesian types. S. albicollis of the South differs from S. torquata of the North, West and East of the island by its bill being tipped with yellow. If they are found to intergrade, the two will have to be united as subspecies under the specific name of the southern form. +* 242. STREPTOCITTA TORQUATA (Temm.). Northern Celebes Magpie. a. Garrula torquata (I) Temm., Pl. Col. pl. 444 (1828). b. Pica torquata (1) Schl., Handi. Dierk. 1857, 322; (2) Gray, HL. I, 1870, 11, Nr. 6180; (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 273. Streptocitta torquata (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. VU, 1872, 76; (2) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. VU, 1875, 667; (3) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 77; (4) Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 376; (5) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 133, 146; (6) id., Ibis 1880, 249; (VIZ) id., Abb. Vogelskel. I, 1882, 20, pl. XXV; (7%) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 138; (8) Guillem., P. ZS. 1885, 555; (LX) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 296, pl. XII, fig. 2; (10) id., ib. 1886, 118; (11) Platen, Gefied. Welt 1887, 205; (12) Sharpe, Cat. B. XIII, 1890, 152; (13) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1895, Nr. 8, p. 14; (2) adeeb ISO, Nea ie) 145) sad: ibe 1896, Nr. 2, p. 19: (16) Hart. Nov. Zool. 1897, 162. ec. Garrulus caledonicus (1) Joest (nec V.), Das Holontalo 1883, 105. d, Streptocitta albicollis (1) Heine & Reichenow, Nomenclator Mus. Hein. 1890, 108 (fide W. Blasius 10). “Burong pandita” (Parson-bird — in reference to its black body and white collar), Malay, Minahassa, Meyer 5, Guillemard 8. “Walanglehe”, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Hendingo” [Gorontalo], Rosenb. 6 3. “Hentino”, Joest ¢ 1. “Tiong”, Tonkean, E. Celebes, Nat. Coll. Figures and descriptions. Temminck aI; Meyer VI; W. Blasius 1X; Briiggemann 3; Sharpe 12. Adult. Like S. albicollis, but the bill entirely black, wing and tail rather shorter, bill a little longer (Q, Kema, 2. VIII. 93: Sarasin Coll.; and 22 others), Young. Similar to the adult, but the feathers on the head less long and stiff, their bases white; chin and upper throat black, mottled with the white bases of the feathers (Minahassa: Faber — C 3608). In some specimens, apparently adult, the white encroaches almost up to the chin (Minahassa: Faber — OC 3609 and 3606). Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 18th, 1597). 73 7 578 Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. Measurements. | Wing Tail Tarsus| Bill from a. (Sarasin Coll?) ‘QO ad., Kema,"9) VEE G3 9146912555) — 18 b. (Sarasin Coll.) © ad. Tomohon, 2.1V.94 . . . .| 1389) — | 36 19 e. (C 5214) of ad., Memede (v. Musschenbroek). . .| 150} 240) — 20.5 d. (C 5212) ad., Manado (v. Musschenbroek). . . .| 152] 265) — 20 e. (C 5210) © oil, Lembeh (v. Musschenbroek). . .| 148 | 257, — 18 f. (C5215) Gtad., Manado, VIL. 74 (v. Musschenbroek) | 147 | 260 | — 18.5 g. (C 5213) S Manado (v. Musschenbroek) . . . .| 149 | 270) — 18.5 h. (C 5211) ne Manado (v. Musschenbroek) . . . .| 151 | 258 | — 18 tz. (C 15640) silk Gorontalo, 1876 (Riedel) . . . . .| 150] 278} — | 20 7. (C 15639) ad., Gorontalo? (Riedel) . . . . . «| 151) — | — | — k. (C 15642) ad., Gorontalo, 1876 (Riedel) . . . . .| 156) — | — 19.5 1. (C 15641) ad., Gorontalo, 1876 (Riedel) . . . . .| 156] 284| — | 19 m.(C 1793) ad., Manado, lll. 71) (Meyer) = 2 47a Asa 19 m. (C 1791) ad., Manado, IMI.71 (Meyer) .. . . .| 150] 258) — 19.5 a. (© 11792) ad, Manado, TD. 71) (Mieyer) 2 3 =) 3.531268 ier 19 p. (6 1794) © ad., Limbotto, VIL. 71 eae on on ayy QTE 19 q. (C 3611) ad., Manes 1877 (Faber) Se eon ee |] WaiDe|| Bee |) 19.5 r. (C 3614) ad., Minahassa, 1877 (Faber) . . . . .| 143] — | 35 — s. (C 3613 a Medes 1877 (Maber) so. 5° 21 1416) == ae 19.5 t. (C 3607) ad., Minahassa, 1877 (Faber) . . . . .! 145 la a 18.5 u. (C 3609) ad., Minahassa, 1877 (Faber) . . . . .| 146) 250] — 17.5 v. (C 3606) ad., Minahassa, 1877 (Faber) . . . . .| 150| 260) — ! 19.5 w. (C 3610) ad., Minahassa, 1877 (Faber) . . . . .| 140) 250| — 20 x. (C 3608) imm., Minahassa, 1877 (Faber) . . . . . |-141 | 255 | — 18.5 The above measurements show that this species is very variable when adult even after making allowance for seasonal changes. Average size: wing 148.8 mm, tail 259.8, bill from nostril 19. The average size of the southern form is (from only 4 adults) wing 153.5 mm, tail 279, bill from nostril 18.6; it is evidently rather larger, apparently with a similar bill. Remark. The bird seems to moult in April; specimen 0 is getting a fresh tail. Skeleton (Meyer VII). Length of cranium . . 58.3 mm-| Length of tibia. . . . . 59.0 mm Greatest breadth of cranium 25.8 Length of tarso-metatarsus. 35.4 » Length of humerus . . . 36.6 » | Length of sternum . . 38.5 » Length of uma. . . . . 45.2 » | Greatest breadth of eee 27.5 Length of radius . . . . 40.4 | Height of crista sterni . . 12.8 Length of manus. - . . 41.0 » | Length of pelvis . . . 43.4 Length of femur . . . 35.0 » | Greatest breadth of aes . 25.5 Distribution. North Celebes: Minahassa (Wallace 12, Meyer 5, Fischer 3, etc.), Lembeh Id. (Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo Distr. (Meyer 5, Riedel in Dresd. Mus., etc.); Togian (Meyer 5); pane West Celebes (Doherty 16); Mapane, North Central Celebes (P.& F. Sarasin 14); Tonkean, E. Celebes (Nat. Coll. 15). The Northern Streptocitta is a very common bird in the Minahassa, where, as Rosenberg says, it attracts attention by its harsh cry, in making which it Birds of Celebes: Sturnidae. 579 waves its tail up and down. As already remarked it may possibly be found to intergrade with its southern ally, S. albicollis, somewhere in the unknown inter- mediate countries; Beccari thought he saw this race with the yellow bill-tipped form of the south at Kandari, and Meyer got a specimen at Manado (?) with yellow on the bill, but no such specimens have been met with by other writers. Sixty-six examined by Briiggemann all had the bill black, and we also have seen large numbers, but none with yellow-tipped bills. The white of the breast encroaches in some specimens towards the chin, thus indicating its affinity to Charitornis in which all parts of the head and throat, where not bare, are white like the neck, breast, and abdomen. GENUS CHARITORNIS Schl. This inhabitant of the Sula Islands has a long tail like Streptocitta of Celebes, but differs in having the face, chin, and throat naked, and the bill, legs, and feet yellow. ‘The plumage of the head, like most of the under parts, is white. + * 243. CHARITORNIS ALBERTINAE Schl. Sula Magpie. Charitornis albertinae (I) Schl., Ned. Tdschr. Dierk. 1865, III, 1, pl. VIII; (2) Sclat., Ibis 1866, 210; (3) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIL, 76; (4) Sharpe, Cat. B. XII, 1890, 153. a. Eulabes albertinae (1) Gray, HL. LU, 1870, 19, Nr. 6277. Figure and descriptions. Schlegel J; Sharpe 4. Adult. General colour above glossy greenish black, with a very faint purple gloss; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; remainder of the wing-coverts, quills and tail- feathers black, washed with steel-green on the edges; crown of head, entire hind neck, and under surface of the body white; the chin and upper throat, cheeks, lores, sides of face, and all the region above and behind the eye, including the greater part of the ear-coverts, bare, the skin corrugated; lower flanks, lower abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverts black glossed with green, as also the under wing-coverts and axillaries; a white feather near the edge of the under greater wing-coverts; quills black below. Total length 457 mm; culmen 32; wing 147; tail 267 (Sharpe 4). Distribution. Sula Mangoli (Bernstein J). This remarkable species seems to be rather a rare bird in Sula, where it was not found by Wallace’s assistant Allen, and it was first obtained in two female examples in February, 1864, by a native hunter sent out by Bernstein. Schlegel, who gives a full account of the bird, unfortunately omitted to point out its generic differences from Streptocitta, and Walden believed that the two could not be generically separated. ‘The bare skin on the face, chin and throat, the yellow bill, feet and legs, the white plumage of the head and of nearly all the under surface readily distinguish Charitornis from its Celebesian ally; the first character is one of generic worth, and others will most likely be found if looked for. 73* 580 Birds of Celebes: Corvidae. In “The Malay Archipelago” 1869, I, 430, Mr. Wallace speaks of Charitornis as a bird entirely confined to Celebes; the Celebesian Subregion should have been said, for Charitornis probably does not occur in Celebes itself, but is an important link between Sula and the mainland through Streptocitta. FAMILY CORVIDAE, The Crows may be distinguished from the Starlings by the long bristles which sprout forward from the forehead in the former concealing the nostrils, and by the much larger first primary, which is about half as long as the wing. The only other Celebes birds which might be confused with them are the Campophagidae, which differ in having the shafts of the feathers of the rump dense and stiffened, the Dicruridae, which have ten rectrices only, and the Oriolidae, in which the nostril is exposed. GENUS CORVUS L. The Crows have a glossy plumage of black, or black and grey, or black and white. Nostril round, situated well behind the angle of the gonys, con- cealed by bristles. Wing long, the secondaries about 2/, its length, the first primary about equal to the secondaries. ‘Tail moderate, nearly square. Tarsus about equal to middle toe and claw, black. Sexes alike. Found almost everywhere, except in South America. ~ 244. CORVUS ENCA Horst. ‘Kast-Indian Crow. Crows are omnivorous and, consequently, they are stationary birds in the East Indies; yet, having few enemies, they are often excessively abundant, and, being endowed with great flying-powers and very sagacious in looking out for themselves, they are less likely to be deterred by geographical barriers than many other birds, and an intermixture of birds in neighbouring localities seems to be a matter of not unfrequent occurrence. Moreover, individual variation is great. The birds seem to vary locally to a great extent, but it is impossible to separate most of them specifically. Dr. Sharpe (Cat. B. II 1877, 38—45) admits 4 species with a number of subspecies in the East Indies, viz. Corone macrorhyncha (W ag), C. validissima (Schl.), C. philippina (Bp.) and C. enca (Horsf.), Probably Corone philippina is a subspecies of C. enca, which, if so, may be separated into the following 5 races: the typical Corvus enca (Java, Celebes, Sula), C.enca validus') (Bp.) 1) The name tenutrostris Moore, has of late years been shifted on to the Bornean race, The type was said to be from Bombay (Horsf. & Mo ore, Cat, B. Mus. E. I. Co. 1854, 558), and Jerdon (B. Ind. I, 297; Oates, Faun. B. Ind, B. I, 17), rightly or wrongly, makes it a synonym of C. macrorhynchus (Wagl.), while ie Birds of Celebes: Corvidae. 581 — Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Timor; C. enca philippinus (Bp.) — Philippines: C. enca violaceus (Bp.) — Ceram; C. enca orru (Bp.) — Papuasia and some of the Moluccas. It must not be understood, however, that each of these races is a homogeneous body; for instance, Celebesian birds are not quite the same as Javan ones, nor North Celebesian ones quite the same as those of the South, nor the specimens from the islands a couple of hours rowing off the north coast of Celebes quite the same as those of the mainland; indeed it may safely be assumed that the birds would be found to differ almost everywhere, if any one would take the trouble to investigate them very closely. But whether a new name be tagged on to each local departure or not, a complete study of the Crow-races of the East Indies no doubt would bring to light many facts of interest; it must always be borne in mind, however, that a complete study is only possible with a complete series of specimens and data from all localities. Our material affords no approach to this completeness, so we confine ourselves to the Celebesian Subregion. Celebesian Races. a. Corvus validus var. (1) Wall., P. Z.S. 1862, 343 (Sula). b. Corvus validus (1) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 174 (Celebes, Sula). Corvus enca (7) Schl., Mus. P.-B. Coraces 1867, 29 (Cel., Sula); (2) Wald., Tr. Z. 8S. VI, 1872, 74, 113; (3) Finsch & Conrad, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1873, 2, 12 (sep. copy); (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. VII, 1875, 670; (5) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen V, 1876, 75; (5%) Lenz, J. £. O. 1877, 376; (6) Wald., P. Z. 8. 1877, 548: (7) id., ib. 1878, 622; (8) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 133, 146; (9) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 138, 158, 162; (10) id., Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 1883, 66; (11) id., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 295; (12) Platen, Gefied. Welt 1887, 205; (13) Hickson, Nat. in N. Celebes 1889, 9t; (14) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, I, 280, 304; (15) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 14; (16) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 19; (17) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 155. e. Corone enca (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. II, 1877, 43 (Cel., Sula); (2) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 555. d. Corvus advena (1) Rosenb. (nec Schl.), Malay. Archip. 1878, 278. “Wokka wokka” or “Woka woka”, Minahassa, Meyer 8, Rosenb. d1, Guillem. ¢ 2, Nat.Coll. “Krah”, South Celebes, Platen 11. “Papaa”, Tonkean, E. Celebes, Nat. Coll. Descriptions. Schlegel 1, Sharpe e 1. Adult. Black, the bases of the feathers whitish, the upper surface glossed with purple-blue, with slight bronze reflections, under-parts purplish slaty-black; culmen moderately arched, depressed at the base which is bare (not covered by, the nasal bristles), the nasal bristles reaching half the length of the bill from the forehead. “Iris coffee- brown, bill and feet black” — S. Celebes, Platen/7 (gt, Kema, Feb. 1894: P. & F. Sarasin, Nr. 124). Sharpe identified it with enca (Cat. B. III, 43) and afterwards separated it again (P. Z. 8. 1879, 246); in any case the name should not be used for the Bornean race. C. validus Bp. was originally (Consp. I, 385) said to have come from Ceram and Halmahera; Schlegel (Bijdr. Dierk.: Genre Corvus, 13) says that Bonaparte probably confounded it with Corvus validissimus of Halmahera, and he corrects the habitat of C. validus to Sumatra, Borneo and Timor. It is distinguishable from enca by a somewhat longer bill. These transmutations of names will not commend themselves to modern ornithologists. 582 Birds of Celebes: Corvidae. Sex. The sexes are similar, but the bill of the female is perhaps smaller (W. Blas. 72). Measurements. : Wing Tail |Tarsus ea a. (Nr. 4617) Java . . = eitel Gee See ne na 2S On nel fon i Omen oSc b. (Nr. 4616) Java (v. Scltoche) wk: 272 | 140| 47 | 36.5 ec. (C 13228) oy, Maros Waterfall, 8. Cel., 22. TL 78 (Platen) 279 | 145 | 54 39 d. (Sarasin Coll.) cf ad., Kema, N. Gacnes TE 9 *. oul 2883) 142i, oa) ao e. (CO 2029) Manado, III. 11 (Meyer) ... so on] Atel |] lea) 4s ~ f. (C2031) Manado, TTL. 71 (Meyer) 108. 2 2 eZee Aso eaT 35 g. (C 826) Manado, IIl.71 (Meyer). . . . . . . .| 280} 142) 48 35.5 h. (C 2028) juv. ? Manado, IGT, Al (Meyer) tae 822634 |e 2On eee Onl ease. i. (C 2030) Manado, IML 71 (Meyer) . « . . . . .| 281|-147) 50 37 j. (C 5209) Manado (v. Musschenbr.). . . . . . .| 280] 185} 50 | 39 k. (C 5208) Manado (v. Musschenbr.) . . ; | 265°] 132°) 45 36 I. (C 12151) Manado tua Id., 14. IV. 93 (Nat. Coll). .| 808°| 144 ]52.5| 40 m. (C 12152) Manado tua Id., 17. IV. 93 (Nat. Coll.) .| 284 | 135/] 51 | 39 n. (C 12149) Mantehage Id., 22. TV. 98 (Nat. Coll) . .| 302 | 149| 47 | 39 o. (C 12148) Mantehage Id., 23. IV. 93 (Nat. Coll.) . .| 297] 145} 50 37 p. (C 12153) imm.? Banka Id., 20. V. 93 (Nat. Coll.) .| 284] 145 | 48 35 q. (C 12150) Banka Td., 19. V. 93 (Nat. Coll.) . | 280 | 136 | 47.5| 38 Eggs. These have not yet been recorded from Celebes. From Java, Bernstein (J. f. O. 1859, 277) describes them as 4 in number, greenish blue with olive-brown and grey spots and points, mostly small, large and numerous only at the large end, but never so large and numerous as in C. macrorhynchus. Resembling those of the Rook, occasionally those of the Jackdaw. Size 34—40 x 27—29 mm. Nest. In the top of a high, thick-leaved tree; made of dry twigs, roots and coarse stalks; lined, like that of C. macrorhynchus, with stalks, small roots, elastic fibres of the Areng palm (Bernstein l. c.). Distribution. Celebes and Sula:— Lembeh, Banka, Mantehage and Manado tua (Nat. Coll.), Talissi Id. (Hickson 13), Minahassa (Rosenb. 1, Wallace ¢ 1, etc.), Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenb. 1), Buol (P.& F. Sarasin), Togian (Meyer 8), E. Celebes (Nat. Coll.), Kandari, 8. E. Celebes (Beccari 4), 8. Peninsula (Bernstein 1, Wallace ¢ 1, etc.); Sula Islands (Allen a7, Bernstein and Hoedt 1). ‘Two specimens of the typical Corvus enca from Java differ from Celebesian birds in having the bill horn-colour towards the tip; in colour there is little enough to choose between them and a South Celebes specimen, but the latter has a longer tarsus. The South Celebes bird and the Javan ones are slightly more bronzy above and have a slight brownish tinge below, not noticeable in the North Celebes racé. ‘The specimens from the islands immediately off the north coast seem to run larger in size (wing) than those of the mainland, thus following a rule we have noticed in many other birds (though, generally, from islands rather further off). No Crow has as yet been recorded from Sangi and Talaut. This Crow is a common bird in Celebes. Mr. Wallace (Mal. Archip. 1869, I, 337) speaks of thousands of Crows haunting the plantations near Macassar; Meyer remarked that it was common everywhere in Celebes at all seasons; Birds of Celebes: Corvidae. 583 Rosenberg describes it as bold beyond description and dangerous to poultry. It differs from C. macrorhynchus by its smaller size and broader, flatter culmen; this in C. macrorhynchus is high and compressed. Corvus fallax Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen V, 1876, 76. Described after an example from Rosenberg in Briiggemann’s paper on birds from Celebes and Sangi. No locality is mentioned; Celebes is almost certainly wrong. Sharpe makes it a synonym of C. enca; it appears to us from the description to be C. orru. Corvus modestus Briiggem. |. c. p. 77. Described from an example from Rosenberg, without mentioning locality. Sharpe (Cat. B. 1877, III, 45) identifies it with C. violaceus of Ceram. It may be safely regarded as not belonging to Celebes. Corvus annectens Briiggem. |. c. p.75. Briiggemann described this species after 1 specimen “from Celebes from Rosenberg”. W. Blasius (J. f. O. 1883, 158, 162) examined the type and came to the conclusion that it was Corvus macrorhynchus. ‘This species has never been heard of in Celebes before or since, and we believe that the locality is wrong. C. macrorhynchus varies in the same way as C.enca; three races of it have been distinguished with the following distribution: the typical C. macrorhynchus Wagl.— Malacca to Timor and 8S. Borneo; C. macrorhynchus levaillanti (.ess.) — India to Burmah and the Andamans, Loochoo Islands; C. macrorhynchus japonensis (Bp.) — Japan, Bonin, Corea, China, East Siberia. Some of the principal references to the species are: Temm. & Schl. Faun. Jap. Aves 1850, 79, pl. 39; Schl. Bijdr. Dierk.: Notice genre Corvus, 7, 9, pl. I, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6; id. Mus. P.-B. Coraces 1867, 15, 19; Sharpe, Cat. B. III 1877, 3883—42; Hume, Str. F. V, 1877, 461; Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 346; Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 397; id. ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs Ind. B. 1889, I, 4; id., Faun. Brit. Ind. B. 1889, I, 17; Gig]. & Salvad, P. Z. S. 1887, 583; Seeb., B. Japan. Emp. 1890, 94; Tacz., Faune Orn. Sib. Orient. I, 1891, 530; Oust., Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 1894, 53. Dr. Shufeldt has recently described a fossil Corvus annectens (J. Ac. Philad. 1892, IX, 389), a name which, of course, cannot stand. GENUS GAZZOLA Bp. This Celebesian form seems to differ from Corvus only in having the pri- maries shorter, the secondaries being */; the length of the longest, and the first primary is 20 mm shorter than the secondaries. 584 Birds of Celebes: Corvidae. 4+* 245. GAZZOLA TYPICA Bp. Pied Crow. a. Gazzola caledonica (1) Bp. (nec Gm., nec syn.), Consp. 1850, I, 383. Gazzola typica (1) Bp., Comptes Rend. 1853, XX XVII, 828; (2) id., Notes Orn. Coll. De- lattre 1853; (3) Hartl., J. f. O. 1854, 168 (N. Caledonia!); (4) Sclat., Ibis 1859, 113; (5) id., ib. 1860, 190; (6) Verr. & des Murs, Rey. Zool. 1860, 432 (N. Cal.!); (7) Sclat., Ibis 1861, 107; (8) Wald. Tr. Z. S. VIII, 1872, 74; (9) Sharpe, Cat. B. Til, 1877, 47; (10) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 280; (11) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 14; (12) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 155; (13) id., ib. 1897, 160. b. Corvus advena (I) Schl. (nec Brehm), Bijdr. Dierk., Notice Corvus 1859, 3, pl. 2; (2) id., Mus. P.-B. 1867, Coraces 6; (3) Wall. Malay Archip. 1869, I, 375; (4) Gray, HL. I, 1870, 13, Nr. 6229. Figure and descriptions. Schlegel b J, b 2; Sharpe 9. Adult. Head all round, chin, throat and upper surface, together with flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts, black with a purple gloss; all the remaining under-parts, including a broad collar covering the hind neck and upper part of mantle, white; under wing-coverts blackish brown. “Iris coffee-brown; bill, feet and orbital ring black” (Q, Kalibangkere, Tjamba Distr., I. VIII. 78: Platen — C 5374; co, Marangka, Maros Peak, 5. VII. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Sex. Sexual differences of coloration are not known to exist. Measurements. Wing (Q) 213, ot 220; tail O 115, Gt 120; tarsus ca. 40; bill from nostril © 28, gt 31 mm. Distribution. South Celebes:— Near the Maros Falls (Wallace 6 3, 9), Maros Peak (P.& F, Sarasin 11), Tjamba Distr. (Platen in Dresd. Mus.), Bonthain Mts. (Weber 10, Everett 12, Doherty 13). The little black-and-white Crow of Celebes is a well marked species, confined so far as is yet known to the South of the island, where few examples have been collected, but it is said by-Mr. Doherty to be common enough north of Macas- sar and on Bonthain Peak. The confusion in regard to its history — it having been originally said to have come from New Caledonia, and it was identified with Corvus (Graucalus) caledonicus (Gm.) by Bonaparte — has been put straight by Dr. Sclater (4) and Lord Walden (8). Where Bonaparte’s type came from must be a matter of conjecture, but, as it was, like Streptocitta albicollis, said to have been a New Caledonian bird, it is possible that it was obtained at the same time and place as that species, viz. in the island of Buton or of Muna by the naturalists accompanying Dentrecasteaux. The genus Gazzola is hardly to be separated from Corvus. ‘The first pri- mary is shortened, being about 20 mm shorter than the secondaries; the second is also shortened, reaching */s of the distance between the end of the first pri- mary and the tip of the wing; the fourth quill is longest. The bill is large and slightly bloated in appearance, much resembling that of Corvus enca, but not slightly compressed at the sides in its terminal third. In plumage it is’ very like Corvus dauricus Pall. of E. Siberia, China and Japan, a Jackdaw Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. 585 which is said by Mr. Styan (Ibis 1891, p. 358) to interbreed freely with C. neglecta Schl. Gazzola typica is easily distinguishable from C. dauricus by its large bill. The genus is peculiar to Celebes, but cannot be regarded as equal in interest to Streptocitta, Scissirostrum, and some others. Only six examples had been recorded prior to the recent visits of the Messrs. Sarasin, Everett and Doherty. FAMILY ORIOLIDAE. The true Orioles may generally be recognised by their yellow coloration. The bill is as long or longer than the cranium, notched and with a hooked tip; the nostril exposed, large, with a membrane above it. Ten remiges, the first as long as the secondaries, or less. ‘Twelve rectrices. The young of the bright-coloured species are streaked below. A few forms wear a more simple, streaked plumage when adult. The Orioles look as if their affinities were with the Paradiseidae and the Meliphagidae, two groups which are not usually regarded as related to one another. GENUS ORIOLUS L. Description as for the family. Dr. Sharpe (Cat. B. 1877, III, 188) includes in ‘the family of the Orioles also the genus Sphecotheres, distinguishable by having the periocular region naked. The Orioles are found in Europe, Africa, and Asia to Australia. + * 246. ORIOLUS CELEBENSIS (Tweedd.). Celebes Oriole. This variable Oriole differs racially in the Northern and Southern Penin- sulas of Celebes. We take it that the species was described from North Cele- besian examples, which represent, therefore, the typical race. 1. The typical Oriolus celebensis, a. Oriolus indicus (1) Schl. (nec Jerd.), Mus. P.-B., Coraces, 1867, 103 pt.; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 272; (3) Joest, Das Holontalo 1883, 106. b. Broderipus coronatus (1) Wald. (nec Sw.), Tr. Z. 8S. VIL, 1872, 60 pt.; (2) Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 372. ce. Broderipus celebensis (1) Wald., Tr. Z. S. VIII, 1872, 112; (2) id., Ibis 1873, 306; (3) Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, 404; (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 6695: (5) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 272; (6) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 125, 146; (7) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 114, 117, 125, 137; (8) id. Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 551, pt.; (9) Platen, Gefied. Welt 1887, 206. 5 d. Oriolus coronatus var. celebensis (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 62. e. Oriolus celebensis (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. III, 1877, 203 pt.; (2) Guillem., P. ZS. 1885, Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 19th, 197). 14 586 Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. 551 pt.; (3) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 181; (4) Hickson, Nat. in N. Celebes 1889, 92; (5) Hartert, Kat. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 79, (V%*) Meyer, Vogelskel. I, 1892, 39, plate CLXVI; (6) Vorderman, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1893, LU, 200; (7) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 14; (8) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1897, 162. “Burong guning” (Yellow-bird) or “Burong kuning”, Malay, N. Celebes, Meyer ¢ 6, Guillem. e 2, Hickson e 4, Nat. Coll. “Kikeliawoi”, Minahassa, Meyer e 6. “Kilukilu”, near Manado, Nat. Coll. “Tongulalahe”, Gorontalo, Joest a 3. “Gulalahe” [Gorontalo], Rosenb. a 2. “Kalijolo”, H. Celebes, Nat. Coll. Diagnosis. The black coronal circlet not united at the nape in about half the specimens |? the males]; the outermost tail-feather varying from pure yellow to yellow with a considerable black patch in the basal third; middle pair of tail-feathers greenish yellow to greenish yellow with a small amount of black before the yellow tips; secondaries greenish yellow externally, the innermost with a narrow space only of black along the inner web (19 examples, N. Celebes). Distribution. North Celebes: Talissi (Hickson e 4), Lembeh, Banka (Rosenberg a1, Nat. Coll), Minahassa (Riedel a 1, Wallace ¢ 1, e 1, etc.), Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenb. a 1, Meyer e¢ 6, etc.), Togian (Meyer c 6); West Celebes (Doherty e 8); S. E. Celebes: Kandari (Beccari ¢ 4 — perhaps the Southern form). 2, Oriolus celebensis meridionalis Hart. © f. Oriolus indicus (1) Schl. (nec Jerd.), Mus. P.-B., Coraces, 1867, 103, pt. g. Broderipus coronatus (1) Wald., Tr. Z.S. VIII, 1872, 60 pt. h. Broderipus celebensis (1) Salvyad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. VII, 1875, 669, pt. ? (Kandari); (2) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 271, pt. 7. Oriolus celebensis (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. III, 1877, 203, pt.; (2) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 551, pt. (Maros); (3) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise Ost-Ind. 1893, IIT, 276; (4) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 14. j. Oriolus celebensis meridionalis (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 155; (2) id., ib. 1897, 158, 159. “Kuriri”, Tjamba Distr., Platen h 2. Diagnosis. With more black on the wings and usually on tail; the black coronal circlet al- ways meeting at the nape; the outermost tail-feather yellow, with the outer web and more or less of the inner web black for the basal third; the centre tail-feathers greenish yellow with a greater or less amount of black before the yellow terminal border; innermost secondaries black on most or all of the inner web (C 13424, Mus. Dresden, and other examples, 8. Celebes). Distribution. South Celebes: Macassar (Wallace g 1, Bernstein f 1, ete.), Bonthain Distr. (Weber 7 3, P.& F. Sarasin, etc. 7 1, 7 2), Maros (Platen h 2, Guill. 72, Weber ? 3), Kalibangkere (Platen / 2), Luwu and Palopo (Weber 7 3). Oriolus celebensis — meridionalis, k, Oriolus celebensis (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 19. Diagnosis. Intermediate between the birds of the South and the North. Distribution. East Celebes — Tonkean and Balante (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Mus.). Observation. It is hard to distinguish these birds. The innermost secondaries haye generally more black on the inner web than in the Northern examples. The black coronal Figure Adult. Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. 587 ring is divided at the nape in one specimen only out of seven, in two others it is nearly divided, in the other four it is complete. An intermediate position seems most correct for them. The species, and descriptions of the species in general: Meyer e V (skeleton); Walden ¢ 1, Briiggemann d 1, Sharpe e1, W. Blasius ¢ 8. Yellow, washed with ochraceous on the back and scapulars, inner quills greenish yellow externally, centre tail-feathers greenish yellow, pure yellow at the tip, preceded by a small subterminal patch of black, under surface deep gamboge-yellow; a broad circlet of black passing from the lores through the eyes towards the nape (where it meets in this specimen); bastard-wing and quills black, the latter edged with whitish; lateral tail-feathers yellow, partly black on the basal third of the outermost, the black increasing in extent by gradations on the outer and the inner webs of the others till it occupies most of the fifth pair; under wing-coverts and edge of metacarpus yellow; quills below shining drab, whitish fawn where they rest upon the body (N. Celebes: Riedel — Nr. 5201). “Tris red; feet bluish grey; claws black; bill rosy” (Meyer c 6). Sexual differences. Two females from 8. Celebes examined by Prof. W. Blasius (h 2) differed Young. by the lighter brownish colour of the quills, and the broad, paler yellow border of the secondaries, as of the primaries; while five males had the quills black, with narrow pale borders, and the inner secondaries with intense, sharply defined, yellow outer webs. Unlike Prof. W. Blasius, we suspect that the complete black coronal circlet in North Celebes is a sexual character. Differs from the ‘adult by wanting the black coronet; paler yellow below, breast greenish yellow with blackish shaft-streaks; head and back greenish olive yellow; quills light brown with pale borders; centre tail-feathers olive [-yellow], (cf. Blas. h 2). Immature. We agree with Prof. W. Blasius that the absence of black near the tips of the two middle tail-feathers is a sign of immaturity. Measurements. | Wing Tail | seeeta a. (Nr: 5199) ad., Gorontalo (Riedel) . - . .. =. .- 143 107 f(Nreo202)cad., Gorontalo (Riedel) -: .. : 4. . - =| 4382 |. 102 20.5 CaN, 5201)\ead. Gorontalo (Riedel) = 2 > 2. .-=)| 447 | 103 20 ov(Nres200) ad) Gorontalo (Riedel) 2. - . : . .| 146 | 102 |. 22.5 e. (Nr. 5203) vix ad., Gorontalo (Riedel) . . .... . 139 105 20 f. (C 2202) ad., Manado, March 1871 (Meyer). . . . 136 100 = g. (C 2203) Manado, March 1871 (Meyer). . . .| 137 101 19.5 h. (C 2201) oe Manado, March 1871 (Meyer). . . . 136 95 20.5 z. (C 2204) ad., Manado, March 1571 te CEs Sa lees imho MU ot j. (C 3494) ad., Minahassa (v. Faber) . . ee ae 40 oro 21 k. (C 3497) ad., Minahassa (v. Faber)... .. =. =. | 134 96 a= t. (© 3498) ad., Minahassa (vy. Faber)... ... ./| 136 100 21 m.(C© 3496) ad.; Minahassa (y.Faber) . ..... . — = 20.5 m. (Ci3495)\ ad. Minahassa (v.Waber) . . 9. . . ... 145 103 20.5 (C5iS2\bad, Manado(y; Mussch.)-. .. .. .° + «| 139 _ 19 r(C 15648) 7 Manado (v.Schierbr.) . . 140 102 — (C 10877) vix mae near Manado, VIII. —IX.94 Nat. Coll. } 132 | 95 18.5 | 588 Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. | : (Measurements continued.) | Wing Tail rostl | r. (C 12278) ad., Banka, 10. V.93 (Nat. Coll) . . .| 135 93 | 20.5 | s. (C 12277) ad., Banka, 14. V.93 (Nat. Coll). . . .| 145 | 100 | 21 #. (C 13423) gt afl, Maros, S. Cel., 10. II. 78 (Platen) .| 143 102 | 20.5 wu. (C 13424) Gt ad. Maros, 8. Cel., x f (Platen);. =. aise oi v. (C 13425) of ad., Maros, S. Cel., S(Platen} is. 7 139 199 — ia, (13406) gend) (al penplers) ee 3.IV.78 (Plat) | 144 | 99 | 24 a, (C 13427) © vix ad., Maros, S. Cel., 15, IL. 78 (Platen) | 140-1" A601 | = The Gorontalo nee appear to - on an average a trifle larger. Skeleton, Length of cranium . . . 51.0 mm | Length of tarso-metatarsus. . 22.4 mm Greatest breadth of cranium . 20.7 > Length of digitus TIT . . . 245 + Length of humerus . . . . 31.2 » | Length of sternum . . . 930.5 Length of ulna. . . . . . 38.0 » | Greatest breadth of achann . 20.0 uengthy of radiuse> =) ee) 30:0) sales eHlerchtvotacristass erase nema 0/o)mes Length of manus. . . . . 36.0 » | Length of coracoideum . . . 25.0 Length of metacarpus . . . 21.2 » | Length of scapula. . . . . 28.0 Length of digitus principalis . 15.6 » | Length of clavicula . . . . 22.0 » Idength ofmemur =) ee, 221-0) eluencthwot spel ysis ene OF IDEN Oi WN 5 5 5 a 5 Oi © | Greatest breadth of pelvis. . 21.0 » Length of fibula . .. . 16.0 » Egg. “An egg in my collection eee by Dr. Platen at Rurukan, Minahassa, differs in no way from those of our common O. galbula” (Nehrkorn MS.) The Celebesian Golden Oriole is very closely related to O. coronatus Sw. of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and to O. insularis Vord. of the Kangean Islands. Except that O. celebensis is not smaller than O. coronatus, Briiggemann has well pointed out the differences between the two forms; 1. O. celebensis has a shorter bill; 2. it wants the yellow speculum formed by the tips of the pri- mary coverts (one of our S. Celebesian specimens shows this as in Java birds); 3. the two middle tail-feathers are greenish yellow in O. celebensis, black in O. coronatus, in both tipped with yellow; 4. the black coronet is broader in the Javan form. In respect of the tail the two forms never seem to intergrade. The Kangean form is said to have the tail like O. coronatus, by which it may be distinguished from our bird. The South Celebesian race stands nearer to O. coronatus than does that of North Celebes, suggesting that Celebes was colonised from the south, or that there has been a recent immigration and admixture of Javan birds in the South. Dr. Platen says O. celebensis almost always flies in pairs, and has a clear note. Its Javan relative is described by Bernstein (J. f. Orn. 1859, 270) as having a flute-like song like the European O. galbula L., feeding chiefly upon insects, occasionally fruit, and attaching its nest to the fork of an outermost twig in the top of a high tree. Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. 589 + * 247. ORIOLUS FRONTALIS Wall. Sula Oriole. Oriolus frontalis (J) Wall., P. Z. S. 1862, 340, pl. XL; (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 173; (3) Gray, HL. I, 1870, 292, Nr. 4309; (4) Cab., J. f. O. 1872, 392, 393; (5) Sharpe, Cat. B. I, 1877, 204; (6) id. P. ZS. 1879, 315; (7) Heine & Rchw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 112; (8) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 19. a, Oriolus acrorhynchus pt. (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Coraces, 1867, 105 (Sula). b. Broderipus frontalis (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. VIII, 1872, 61; (2) Wald. & Lay., Ibis 1872, 101; (3) Wald., Ibis 1873, 306; (4) id. Tr. Z. S. IX, 1875, 185. ce. Oriolus chinensis pt. (1) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 261. “Simodui” or “Simodowu”, Peling and Banggai, Nat. Coll. Figure and descriptions. Wallace J; Sharpe 5. Adult. Above and below brilliant deep lemon-yellow; crown, occiput, sides of head to just below the eye, and lores black; forehead yellow; bastard-wing, re- miges, and tail black, the middle rectrices very narrowly, the lateral rectrices broadly tipped with yellow, attaining to a width of about 85 mm on the inner web of the outermost (about 20 mm on the outer web), (ad. Banggai — C 14712). Immature. The yellow of the neck, mantle, and wing-coverts washed with olive; inner re- miges greenish olive (with some black feathers of the adult dress intermingled); middle tail-feathers olive-green (Banggai — C 14714), Measurements (6 adults: Peling and Banggai). Wing 152—158 mm; tail 109—116; tarsus c. 26; bill from nostril 23.5—26. Young. Much paler than the adults, and having faint streaks of yellow on the head, the frontal plumes being narrowly tipped with black; wings brown externally; shaded with olive, the primaries with grey; least wing-coverts bright yellow like the back, the greater series brown, externally with a broad margin of yellow; four middle tail-feathers dull olive-yellow, the second pair slightly blackish towards the tips, the rest of the feathers olive-green at the base, and tipped with yellow principally on the inner web, the blackish subterminal shade greatly increasing towards the outer- most feathers; entire under surface of body bright yellow, including the under wing- and tail-coverts (Sharpe 5). Distribution. Sula Islands: Sula Besi and Sula Mangoli (Allen JZ, 5, Bernstein and Hoedt a 1), Peling and Banggai (Nat. Coll. n Dresd. and Tring Mus.). According to Mr. Wallace, this species differs from O. acrorhynchus Vig. (= chinensis) of the Philippines in its richer and more uniform colour, longer tail, jet-black wings and middle tail-feathers, and the smallness of the yellow frontal spot. Dr. Sharpe (6) says the only difference is the slightly greater extent of yellow on the tail-feathers of the Philippine bird; and on comparing Peling and Banggaai examples with those of the Philippines and O. palawanensis we are at a loss to point out further reliable distinctions, though the yellow of the forehead seems to be more abruptly truncated behind. +* 248. ORIOLUS BONERATENSIS M.& Wg. Bonerate Oriole. Oriolus boneratensis (1) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 16; (2) Hart., Noy. Zool. 1896, 169. 590 Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. Adult. Deep lemon-yellow; a broad fillet passing from lores, above and below the eye, round the nape, black; bastard-wing and remiges black, the primary co- verts broadly tipped with yellow, forming a speculum, the secondaries slightly tipped with yellowish; rectrices black, tipped with yellow, about 1 cm broad on the middle pair, increasing to 4 or 5 cm on the outermost: “iris deep cinnabar-red; bill white, tinged with rosy red; feet dark olivaceous grey” — Everett 2 (, Djampea, Dec. 1895: Everett — C 14878). Sexes. The sexes are alike (Hartert 2). Two females in the Sarasin Collection from Bonerate have the upper parts washed with olivaceous orange. Individual variation. “The colour is a pure and perfect orange in some specimens; in others some feathers are orange, others yellow; in some the whole plumage is washed with yellow, while others are of a pure lemon-yellow without a shade of orange, and of the latter some have the mantle faintly tinged with greenish. These variations in colour are either due to age or perhaps to food, but not to sex or locality, specimens from Kalao being perfectly similar to those from Djampea” (Hartert). Measurements. Wing 162—173 mm; tail 123—133 (Hartert evidently measures from the root, we from the oil-gland); tarsus 26—29; culmen 36—38 (Hartert 2). Distribution. Bonerate (P.& F. Sarasin 1); Djampea and Kalao (Everett 2). \ The type of this large Oriole is a female obtained by the Sarasins in Bonerate Island in December, 1894; they subsequently acquired two more speci- mens from the same island, and Mr. Everett a series from Djampea and from Kalao, where he found it more numerous than in Djampea. ‘The nearest known affinities of this bird are with O. broderipi Bp. of the Lesser Sunda Islands, a smaller species, with a less stout bill, the primaries as well as the secondaries tipped with yellow. There is an error in the description of the type of O. boneratensis; the middle rectrices are not entirely black, but tipped with yellow, though the yellow tip is broken off in one feather and the other is not full grown; herein it resembles O. broderipi. 'The Celebes Oriole is easily distinguish- able from the present bird by its small size, absence of the speculum, etc.; the Sula, Talaut, and Sangi birds by their black heads, with only the forehead yellow, and by other points. * 249. ORIOLUS FORMOSUS Cab. Sangi Oriole. This species belongs to the Sangi Islands, but varies locally. 11. The typical Oriolus formosus, a. Oriolus formosus (1) Cab., J. f. O. 1872, 392; (2) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1875, LX, 186; (3) Meyer in Rowl. Orn. Mise. I, 1877, 228, pt.; (4) Salv. & Sclat., Ibis 1877, 378; (V) Meyer, Vogelskel. I, 1882, 20, pl. XXV; (6) id., Isis, Dresden 1884, 6 (Siao); (7) M.& Wg., J. £. O. 1894, 248, pt. b. Broderipus formosus (1) Wald., Ibis 1873, 306; (2) Rowley, Orn. Mise. LI, 1877, 227 pt.; (3) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 642. “Kariawo”, Siao, Nat. Coll. Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. 591 Diagnosis. Average size larger (4 adults: wing 174 mm, tail 138, tarsus 29.9, bill from nostril 26.6); yellow frontlet larger, i. e. extending more to the sides above the fore part of the lores, the black lores consequently more broadly separated by yellow from the nostril. Distribution. Siao (Meyerai and in Dresd. Mus., Nat. Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Mus.). + 2. Oriolus formosus sangirensis n. subsp. e. Oriolus acrorhynchus partim (1) Schl, Mus. P.-B., Coraces, 1867, 105 (Sangi). d. Oriolus formosus (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen V, 1876, 61; (2) v. Koch, Verz. Vogel- balg. Cel. u. Sanghir 1876, 2; (3) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. IX, 1876, 60; (4) Sharpe, Cat. B. III, 1877, 205; (5) Fischer, Abh. Ver. Bremen V, 1878, 538; (6) Salvad., Atti Ac. Torino XIII, 1878, 1187; (7) W. Blas. J. f. O. 1883, 132; (8) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, pt.; (9) Tristr., Cat. B. 1889, 181; (10) M. & Wg., J. £. O. 1894, 248, pt. e. Broderipus formosus (7) Rowley, Orn. Misc. I, 1877, 227, pt., pl. LVI; (2) Meyer, 1. c. remarks, pt.; (3) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 607. “Tariawo”, Great Sangi, Nat. Coll. Figures. Rowley eI. Diagnosis. Average size smaller (4 adults: wing 167 mm, tail 129.3, tarsus 29, bill from nostril 26); the yellow frontlet smaller; supraloral part of forehead black, reaching almost to the nostril, the yellow of the forehead intervening narrowly (C 2197, Tabukan, Gt. Sangi, and 3 others). Distribution. Great Sangi (Rosenberg ci, Meyer e 2, Fischer di, d5, Bruijn d 3, d 6, Platen e 3, Nat. Coll). Oriolus formosus — sangirensis. Observations. The islands of Tagulandang, Ruang and Biarro, lying between the Minahassa and Siao, are inhabited by O. formosus, but we find it impossible to point to distinct racial differences, though the Biarro bird may be somewhat small. The yellow frontal patch of adult males resembles that of the Great Sangi race in shape, but generally runs larger; in one specimen (C 13476) from Tagulandang it is, however, more re- duced than in any example from Great Sangi. The twelve examples recently received from our native collectors show that individual variation is considerable, and settled local characters do not seem to have come into existence at the present date. The species. Adult. Forehead bright yellow; rest of head above, sides of head, and in front of and below the eyes black; upper-parts, including wing-coverts, dark greenish yellow, becoming bright yellow on hind neck next the black of head, and on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings, with primary-coverts and bastard wing, black, the inner quills washed with the colour of the back, the outer ones greyish externally; centre tail-feathers black, washed with the colour of the back (in this specimen only on the basal half), tip yellow; remaining tail-feathers yellow, black at the base, the black increasing from less than '/) the feather on the outermost to */; on the fifth pair; entire under-parts, including under wing- and tail-coverts, deep gamboge-yellow, with a few black hair-streaks on the malar region, chin and throat; quills below dusky drab, paler where they rest upon the body (Siao, 592 Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. 26. VI. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12616). Iris light brown, bill flesh-colour, feet grey-black (Platen e 3 — © Gt. Sangi). Young. Darker and duller above than the adult; head greenish dusky passing into ochre- yellow on the crown and forehead; wing-coyerts yellowish olive tipped with ochre- yellow; centre tail-feathers yellow-olive, tipped with yellow, the bases of the others yellow-olive, blacker along the shaft; below pale ochre-yellow, darker on throat, with blackish shaft-streaks on breast and sides of jugulum (Siao: Meyer — OC 915). Iris brown-red or light brownish black (Q, Sangi, Platen e 3). Skins of adults have a pale bill and blackish feet, of young birds a dark bill and pale feet. Female. The female appears to be rather small, judging from 3 discussed by Prof. W. Blasiuse 3. Measurements. Wing | Tail |'Tarsus Bien a, (C 2497) ad, Gt..Sangi (Meyer) . . .. ... . +)| 168) 430/30 27 b. (C 12681) ad., Gt. Sangi, 14. VIL 93 (Nat. Coll). .| 170| 130/— | 26 ce. (C 12679) ad., Gt. Sangi, 27. VII. 93 (Nat. Coll.) . .| 166 | 130 | 28 25 d. (Tring Mus.) ail, Gt. Sangi, 14. VIL. 93 (Nat. Coll.) .| 165 | 127 | 29 26 e. (Tring Mus.) imm., Gt. Sangi, 19. VII. 93 (Nat. Coll.) | 159 | 130 | 29 26 f. (C 12680) imm., Gt. Sangi, 29. VII. 93 (Nat. a . | 159 | 122 | 29 24 q. (C 2199) am Gi sansi (Meyer 20°). tes ae oc ene h. (CA2616) ad! Sido 26: Vee os a(NiatC ollie 2 ee Sales Sales 27 i. (C 12615) ad., Siao, 26. VI. 93 (Nat. Coll.) . . . .| 172] 140/30 | 26.5 j. (Tring Mus.) act Siao, 19. VI. 93 (Nat. Coll). . .| 170] 134 | 29 26 k, (Tring Mus.) ad., Siao, 3. VIL 93 (Nat. Coll). . .| 175 | 140 | 30.5] 27 i. (C 12617) vix ad., Shoo, 8. VII. 93 (Nat. ys eee e=LGi o OMe: 28 m. (C 2196) vix ad., Siao (Meyer) .. . a 8 oH Gy) RD) ay = n. (C 2200) imm., one (Meyer) a een. eaten seeenene lO dis Omi 26.5 o. (CO 2198) “as, fevevoy (ON Uenehg) 5 4 loan 6 oe o 2) G3) 158% |) BW 26 ip. (©9145) jav:, ‘Siaos(Meyer) 32 “2 hee) Soe ediosnieiag 129.5] 28.5 q. (C 13472) ad., Tagulandang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) . | 164} 130 | 29 26.5 r. (C 13473) ad., Tagulandang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) .| 169 | 130 | 30 27 s. (C 13474) vix ad. aut O, Tagulandang, Aug. 1894 (iid.) | 168 | 130 | 29 26.5 “. (Tring Mus.) vixad. aut O , Tagulandang, Aug. 1894(iid.) | 171 | 126 | 29 26.5 wu. (Tring Mus.) vix ad., Tagulandang, Aug. 1894 (iid.) .| 169} — | 29 26.5 v. (C 13476) ad., Ruang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) . . .| 173 | 133 | 29 27 w. (C 13477) ad., Ruang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) . . .| 167] 180 | 29 26 a. (C 13475) of vix ad. aut O, Ruang, Aug. 1894 (N. C.) | 163 | — | 29 26 y. (Tring Mus.) ad., Ruang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) . .| 174 | 130 | — 26 a, (Tring Mus.) vix ad., Ruang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) . 161 | 130 | 29 26.5 a’. (C 13478) ad., Biarro, 3. Sept. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) . . | 163 | 126|27.5| 26 b’. (Tring Mus.) ad., Biarro, 4. Sept. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) .| 166 | 121 | 28 26 Skeleton. Length of cranium . . 67.0 mm | Length of tibia . . . 47.1 mm Greatest breadth of cranium 25.0 Length of tarso- fie nea 30.38 » Length of humerus . . . 39.4 » | Length of sternum .. . 36.0 » Gengthvot ulna) eae Teo Greatest breadth of sternum 27.0 » length of nadiisie essen Ole Height of crista sterni . . 11.1 » Length of manus. . . . 448 Length of pelvis .. 46.5» Length of femur. . . . 34,2 Greatest breadth of afl ee, 28.8 » Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. 593 The typical O. formosus of Siao remains slightly the largest of all known Orioles, though very nearly equalled by its near relation O. melanisticus of Talaut, which exceeds it in length of bill. The latter curious bird — when its melan- istic hues are not pronounced — may be distinguished from O. formosus by its black wings and two middle tail-feathers, on which the yellow-olive of the back is absent, or present in only a small amount. Schlegel united Oriolus formosus with the Philippine O. acrorhynchus Vig., a species distinguished by its much smaller size, its large yellow frontlet covering most of the crown, and its lighter greenish yellow back. O. frontalis Wal1., of Sula, also united by Schlegel with A. acrorhynchus, is more like O. formosus, a very little smaller, but golden yellow on the back, not dark greenish yellow. This species is another example of the increase in size of birds in the Sangi Islands. Several specimens, killed in June—July, are moulting. + * 250. ORIOLUS MELANISTICUS M.& Weg. Talaut Oriole. Plate XXXVII. Oriolus melanisticus (1) M. & Wg., J. f. O. 1894, 247: (2) Rothsch., Bull. B. O. C. 1894, Nr. 19, Ibis 1894, 547; (3) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 9, p. 7. “Tariawo” or “Ariawu”, Talaut, Nat. Coll. Adult, Like the adult O. formosus, but the wings and two middle tail-feathers entirely, or almost entirely black; a broad yellow collar round hind neck (about 40 mm wide), sometimes mixed with black; back varying from yellow-olive, with a few dark centres to the feathers, to almost perfect black with slight fringes of yellow-olive; bill a little longer than in O. formosus (type, Salibabu, 30. X. 93 and 4 others: Nat. Coll). Bill in the skin reddish white, feet purplish black. Immature. We hold the specimens with the least black on the back for females or immature. Young. Very like the young of O. formosus, but the feathers on the back with dark centres, wing-coverts blackish with yellowish tips (juv., Kabruang, 7. XI. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 13113). | Measurements. Wing | a Tareas ost a. (C 13115) ad., Salibabu, 30. X. 93 (Nat. Coll.) . .| 163 | 124 | 26 | 28 b. (C 13110) ad., Kabruang, 9. XI. 93 (Nat. Coll). .| 170 | 122) 28 | 27.5 ce. (C 13112) ad. (? Q}, Kabruang, 2. XI. 93 (Nat. Coll.) | 173 | 125 | 29 e229 d. (C 13114) ad. (? Q], Salibabu, 31. X. 93 (Nat. Coll.)) 161 | 120) — | 27 e. (C 13111) ad. [? Q], Kabruang, 9. XI. 93 (Nat. Coll.)| 165 | 122) 29 | 27.5 f. (C 13113) juv., Kabruang, 7. XI. 93 (Nat. Coll) .| 156 | 113 | — | 25.5 7 adults from Karkellang, Noy. 1894, and autumn, 1896 165-171) — | — | 27—30 Average size from 5 adults: wing 166.4, tail 122.6, tarsus 28; bill fr. nostr. 27.8. Individual variation. Specimens, apparently adult, vary in having the back and upper wing- coverts yellow-olive to black. Yellow covers nearly the whole of the forehead in some examples, in others it is reduced to a small amount in the middle of the fore- head and at the base of the bill. The yellow collar covers the entire hind neck and Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Nov. 1%th, 1897). 75 594 Birds of Celebes: Oriolidae. upper portion of the mantle in some, especially the most melanotic examples; in others there is only a narrow space of yellow below the black of the nape. One specimen — from its darker bill scarcely adult — is especially mottled with black centres to the feathers above, and with black streaks on the throat. Those which are blackest above are generally most clear of black streaks on the yellow below. In none of the specimens unfortunately has the sex been ascertained. It appears very likely that the most melanotic specimens will prove to be old males. No young specimens (with duskier bills) are melanotic. Distribution. Talaut Islands: Karkellang, Kabruang and Salibabu (Nat. Coll. in Dresden and Tring Mus.). This interesting Oriole seems to be sprung from the Sangi Islands’ Oriole, O. formosus, and not O. formosus from it. O.melanisticus seems to be in process of acquiring a black back, and at present it appears to be an unusually variable and instable species, the colour of the back ranging from bright yellow -olive to almost black. The former colour indicates immaturity and, probably, the female sex, though unfortunately we know nothing positively on the latter point; the similarity of these specimens with the Sangi species suggests that the two races were formerly identical and that the melanistic influence has recently asserted itself in Talaut. Three of the ten known peculiar species of Talaut display an increase of black in certain parts of their plumage; Pitta inspeculata has the quills black, having lost, or nearly lost, the white speculum; the Dicaewm is blacker on the under surface than its Sangi and Celebes allies; O. melanisticus is much blacker than its nearest ally of Sangi; but, on the other hand, the black has decreased in amount on the wings of Hos histrio talautensis, the black wing bands being narrower than in the typical form of Sangi. ORDER COLUMBAE. Perhaps the best external means of distinguishing a Pigeon from other birds is furnished by its bill, which is about as long as the head — more or less, the basal portion fairly straight, soft, and covered by a skin in which the nostrils open, while the tip is formed of a hard and horny rhamphotheca or “nib”. The shafts of the contour-feathers are thick, the webs at the base disintegrated and very woolly, forming a dense plumage; no aftershaft. The toes are normal, three in front and one behind; the tarsus is covered with a network of scales behind, usually scutellated in front, but sometimes irregularly scaled (Starnoenas, Goura). In other respects some Pigeons are much like certain Cuckoos in external appearance; others resemble somewhat the Game-birds and Sand-grouse. » Length of humerus. . . 39.0 » | Length of sternum d 49.0 » Length of ulna . . . 45.0 » | Greatest breadth of hie 38.0 Length of radius . . . . 40.0 » | Height of crista sterni . 19.0 » Length of manus . . . . 49.5 » | Length of coracoid 33.4» Length of metacarpus . . 25.0 » | Length of scapula. 39.0 Length of digitus principalis 23.8 » | Length of clavicula 33.7 Length of femur . . . . 38.0 » | Length of pelvis 75810) es Length of tibia. . . . . 49.0 » | Greatest breadth of poles a BS Length of fibula... 36.0 » Egg. White. “An egg taken by Dr. Pines at Rurukan (Minahassa) measures 28 & 21.5 mm” (Nehrkorn MS.). Distribution. (Allen a1, Bernstein, Hoedt a 6); Celebes, the islands off the coasts, and Sula.— Sula Besi and Sula Mangoli Peling and Banggai (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Mus.); Togian (Meyer } 4); Banka, Lembeh, Mantehage and Manado tua (Nat. Coll.); Minahassa (Rosenberg a 6, etc.); Bolaang Mongondo Distr. (P.& F. Sarasin); Tonkean, E. Peninsula (Nat. Coll. Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenb. a 6, Meyer b 4); West Celebes (Doherty 4); in Dresd. and Tring Mus.); Tjamba Distr. (Platen b 6); Bonthain Distr. (Evy. 3); Macassar (Wall. J); Saleyer (Weber a 8, Ey. 3), Diagnosis. The following has been separated as a subspecies by Mr. Hartert: *Osmotreron wallacei pallidior. Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, 178. Like northern specimens of the typical O. wallacei, but “larger, with a stronger 595 Birds of Celebes: ‘Treronidae. bill and a little longer wing, the head paler grey, the throat lighter and a little more washed with grey, the entire breast and abdomen of a paler green, the anal region more white, and the under tail-coverts slightly paler. The brownish orange spot (?) in front of the shoulders is very much paler and occupies a larger area” (Hartert). Measurements. Wing 157—161 mm; tail 95—98; tarsus 20—22; bill from hind end of nostril to tip 16—17; height from angle of mandible 9 (Hartert). Distribution. Djampea and Kalao (Everett). The typical specimens of this species were obtained by Mr. Wallace in the Southern Peninsula of Celebes near Macassar. Specimens from the Northern Peninsula appear to us to differ very slightly, having the grey of the head car- ried a little further back on to the nape, and the back a shade darker mealy maroon-purple in the male, or a shade darker green in the female. Count Salvadori remarks that females from the Sula Islands have the edges of the median and greater wing-coverts and secondaries yellowish white, instead of white, with a slight green tinge along the very edges, but this character varies somewhat in Celebesian birds; as a rule the median covert edges are white, the others more or less entirely pale ochre-yellow. The birds from Djampea and Kalao seem from Mr. Hartert’s description and measurements to represent a well marked local race. : The Celebes Green Dove is extremely closely related to O. sangirensis, which differs chiefly by its larger size and larger bill, and to O. griseicauda of Java (and Kangean according to Vorderman, N. T. Ned. Ind. LIT 1893, 202) which Count Salvadori, following Mr. Wallace, distinguishes chiefly by its having the dark band across the tail not blackish, but grey and ill-defined, and the size slightly smaller (wing 140 mm). The Green Dove is a common species according to Meyer’s observations, in the Minahassa, the Gorontalo district, and in South Celebes. It feeds on fruits, waringin (figs) and others; flies singly and very quickly, not in flocks or pairs. Its ery is “Koowoo, koowoo”, sad and howling; hence old folks say to little children who whine that they are just like this bird (b 4). - * 252. OSMOTRERON SANGIRENSIS (Briigg.). Sangi Green Dove. a. Treron griseicauda (1) Schl., Ned. Tdschr. Dierk. 1866, III, 211, pt.; (2) Gray, HL. U, 1870, 222, Nr. 9080, pt.; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Columbae, 1873, 55, pt. b. Treron sangirensis (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 79. c. Treron sanghirensis (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. IX, 1876, 60; (2) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6. d. Osmotreron sanghirensis (1) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 611, 642; (2) Salvad., Cat. B. X XT, 1893, 43. “Banggu masaria”, Great Sangi; “Wakian sinkawang”, Siao; “Karawea”, Tagulandang, Nat. Coll. Descriptions. Schlegel a1, a3; Salvadori cl, d 2. Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. 599 Diagnosis. Culmen Measurements. Wing jhomy. Tarsus portion) a. (C 12656) ad. [G], Gt. Sangi, 20. VIL. 93 (Nat. Coll.) | 164 Las E2515 b. (Nr. 13148) ad {o"], Gt. Sangi (Meyer) . . 164 16.7) 25.5 e. (C 12657) ad. (Q], Gt. Sangi, 20. VIL. 93 (Nat. Coll) 160 15 24 d. (C 12657) ad. (Q), Gt. Sangi, 24. VIL. 93 (Nat. Coll.) 159 14.5 24.5 e. (C 12610) ad. [<1], Siao, 5. VIL. 93 (Nat. Coll.) . . 165 15) 7) 28 f. (C 12641) ad. [], Siao, 29. VI 93 (Nat. Coll) . .| 155 | 15° | 245 g. (C-12639) ad. (Q], Siao, 2. VIL 93 (Nat. Coll.) . .| 162 14.5 | 24.5 h. (Nr. 18145) ad. [Q], Siao (Meyer) . . | 157 14.5 23 i. (TringMus.)ad.[o"], Tagulandang, 4. VIL. 91 (Nat. Coll) ) 158 15 24 j. (C 13501) ad. [o"], Tagulandang, 20. VIII. 94 (Nat. Coll.) 159 14.5 24.5 k. (C 13502) ad [Q], Tagulandang, 6.VIII. 94 (Nat. Coll.) 160 14.5 25 1. (C 13500) imm.[o"), Tagulandang, 2. VIII. 94 (Nat. Coll.) 160 14 24 For further measurements: cf. W. Blas. d 1. Distribution. Sangi Islands: Great Sangi (Rosenb. a 3, di, Hoedt a 3, Platen di, Nat. Coll.); Siao (Hoedt a 3, Duivenb. a 3, Nat. Coll.); Tagulandang (Nat. Coll.), Extremely near as this form stands to O. wallacei of Celebes, it is not known to intergrade with it, individual variation running within narrow limits. Birds from Tagulandang probably average two or three millimeters smaller than those of Great Sangi, but they appear to be otherwise identical with them; those from Banka, Mantehage and Manado tua Islands are, on the other hand, about a centimeter shorter in the wing and cannot be separated from O. wallacei. Truly intermediate specimens we have not been able to find, the smallest Siao bird (wing 155) having the bill larger than in any Celebes specimen. ‘This species seems to be absent in Talaut. { 253. OSMOTRERON VERNANS (L.). Grey-tailed Green Dove. a. Columba vernans (J) Linn., Mant. 1771, 526. b. Treron vernans (1) Steph., Gen. Zool. 1826, XTV, I, 274; (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Columbae, 1873, 49; (3) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 286; (4) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 275; (5) Bittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1887, 75, 95; (6) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 196; (7) Vorderman, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1890, L, 501; (8) Sh. & Whtd., 600 Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. This 1890, 134; (9) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1893, TIT, 281; (10) Vorderman, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1893, LI, 202. ec. Treron viridis (Scop.), (1) Wall., Ibis 1865, 374. Osmotreron vernans (1) Bp., Consp. I, 1854, 12; (ZZ) id., Icon. des Pig. 1857, pl. XII; (3) Wald., Tr. Z.S. VIII, 1872, 81, 113; (4) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 411; (5) Hume, t.c. 414; (6) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 726; (7) Kelham, Ibis 1881, 526; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. IT, 1882, 3; (9) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, II, 309; (10) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 268, 416, 509; (11) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 127; (12) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1886, (2) IV, 523, 557; (13) Whitehd., This 1890, 56; (14) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 24; (15) Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs Ind. B. 1890, Il, 375; (16) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891, (2) XII, 73; (17) id., Cat. B. X XT, 1893, 60; (18) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 242, 257; (19) Steere, t.c. 418; (20) Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1894, 482; (21) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 29; (21"*) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 19; (22) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 163, 572, 594; (23) id., ib. 1897, 165. d. Osmotreron viridis (1) Hume, Str. F. 1873, I, 461; (2) A. Miill., J. f. O. 1882, 430. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvad. 17. Figure and descriptions. Bonaparte IJ, 1; Hume di, 4; Schlegel b2; Oates 9; Salvadori 17. Adult male. Saturate pea-green; head, neck all round and jugulum dark grey, washed on the forehead, sides of head, chin and middle of throat with greenish, on neck and jugulum with vinaceous; quills black; the greater wing-coverts and tertiaries green, broadly bordered with pale yellow; tail-feathers slate-grey, with a subterminal band of black, narrowest on the middle feathers, terminal margin slate-grey; tail below black, tipped with grey; on breast a broad patch of bright ochraceous; sides of body and the under wing-coverts and quills below (except a blackish portion next the shaft) slate-grey; abdomen greenish yellow; crissum yellow; flanks yellow, mixed with dark green and grey; under tail-coverts chestnut (g', Palawan, 7. XI. 87: Platen — Nr. 12535). “Tris composed of rings of yellow, pink and blue; bill green; feet dull pink” (Borneo, Whitehead 0 8). Measurements. Wing 147 mm; tail 100 c¢.; tarsus 21.5; bill from feathers of forehead 15. Female. Differs from the male in haying the head and neck all round green, washed with yellow on forehead, sides of head and throat; under tail-coverts reddish white, becoming cinnamon-chestnut towards the middle of the feathers; no orange patch on breast (Q, Palawan, 11. X. 87: Platen — C 12536). Young male. Resembles the female, but with some trace of the vinaceous purple colour on the neck, and of the brown orange on the breast (Salvad. 17; {G"] imm. Mantehage, April 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12290). Young female. Has the rufescent colour of the upper tail-coverts scarcely visible, and the central tail-feathers more or less tinged with green (NSalvad. 17). Egg. “An egg taken in Salanga Id. measures 26 >< 20.5 mm” (Nehrkorn MS8.). Two in number, white, 28><19 mm (Labuan — Whitehead b 8). Two in number, of a delicate pink colour, but white when blown (Perak — Kelham 7). Ovals — moderately broad to considerably elongated, obtuse at one end, often at both, pure white, with little gloss (Tenasserim and Malay Penin. — Hume 15). Nest. Small, flat, loosely put together, composed of dry twigs, 6 to 10 feet from the ground in bushes in swampy valleys (Perak — March, Kelh. 7). Davison (Tenasserim’ and Whitehead (Labuan) similarly describe it as nesting in bushes or shrubs. Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. 601 Distribution. Siam (Mouhot 17); Cochin China (Brit. Mus. 17); Cambodia (Brit. Mus. 17); Tenasserim (Davison 4, 9, 17); Malay Peninsula (Wall., Darling, etc. 17, Kelh. 7); Sumatra (Raffles 6 3, etc.); Banka (v. d. Bossche b 2); Billiton and Mendanau (Vorderman b 7); Natuna Is. — Sirhassen and Bunguran (Everett 20); Borneo (Mottley etc. b 6); Philippine Is., incl. Palawan and Sooloo (Brisson b 3, Meyer, Everett, Platen, Steere etc. 17, 14, 13, 21); Celebes: — Mantehage Id. (Nat. Coll. Dr. Mus.), Gorontalo Distr. Forsten b 2, Rosenb. b 2, Riedel 11), West Celebes (Doherty 23), East Celebes, Tonkean (Nat. Coll.), Luwu at the head of the Gulf of Boni (Weber 4 9), Tanette (Weber b 9), Macassar (Wallace 17), Bulekomba (Everett); Kangean Is. (Vorderman 6 10); Java (Horsfield b 3, 17, Boie 6 2, ete.); Lombok (Everett 22); Sumbawa (Guillemard 10, Doherty 23). Prof. W. Blasius rightly remarked in 1886 that it was strange that no fresh-killed specimens of this species from Celebes had come into the hands of recent writers on the birds of the island. Latterly, however, two examples from South Celebes have been recorded by Mr. Biittikofer, and among a great number of O. wallace: sent to the Dresden Museum from the Minahassa and the islands off the coast by our native collectors only a single young male of O. vernans was found. There is another from East Celebes, and Doherty and Everett obtained it in the West and South of the island. It is probable that the species is not particularly scarce, or becoming scarce, in the island, but that most travellers have not visited its favourite haunts. Dr. Riedel’s collection was made in Gorontalo, not in the Minahassa as is said by Prof. W. Blasius. All of von Rosenberg’s specimens in the Leyden Museum were obtained in the Gorontalo District, which had not been visited by ornithological collectors since Meyer was there in 1871, until the Drs. Sarasin went to the place in 1893, but the latter did not obtain this species anywhere in Celebes. Dr. Steere (19) says that the maroon-backed O. avillaris Bp. (the Philippine re- presentative of O. wallacei), is arboreal, feeding in the high trees in flocks; O. vernans, on the other hand, inhabits thickets, where it feeds from the bushes or on the ground, and is found singly or in pairs. Kelham, who gives a good account of the habits of O. vernans in the Malay Peninsula, describes it as being particularly plentiful about the well-wooded islands to the south of the Peninsula. The birds have their favourite roosting-places, clumps of trees to which they pass regularly every evening before sunset; they are fond of the large hard berry of a tree which grows plentifully in the Straits. Similarly Mr. Whitehead (13) describes them as common on the. more open spaces in Palawan, frequenting the small clumps of trees found in the plains. They nest, as already noticed, in bushes or low trees. O. vernans is very closely related to O. bicincta (Jerd.) of India and Ceylon to Siam and Malacca. ‘The latter bird is larger, has a broader band across the tail, the head of the male mostly green, no vinous on the hind neck; Davison observes, moreover, that its note is less soft than that of O. vernans, which occurs in Tenasserim in common with it. No doubt, therefore, the two species are Meyer & Wigglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 20th 1897), 76 602 Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. distinct. In Celebes its compatriot, O. wallace’, may be distinguished from it by its two middle tail-feathers being yellow-green, not grey with a subterminal bar, by the blackish bar crossing the other tail-feathers near the middle in O. wallacei and close up to the end in O. vernans, by the larger bill of O. wallacei and, in the males of that species, by the green neck, maroon back, and by the absence of the orange patch. Local differences in O.vernans have been suggested and species named accordingly, but Count Salvadori, after an exhaustive study of the literature and 130 specimens in the British Museum, unites them again, remarking that “some specimens have the forehead and throat more or less tinged with greenish, but they are not confined to a particular locality”. GENUS PTILOPUS Sw. The Painted Pigeons vary in size from the dimensions of a small Thrush to those of a Rock-dove. The tarsus is feathered almost to the foot. Wing moderate, relatively shorter than in Osmotreron and Carpophaga. ‘Tail rounded, shorter than the wing, 14 rectrices (in one subgenus 16). Colour chiefly green, patches of other bright tints generally occurring on the head, throat, breast, or elsewhere. In two of the three subgenera occurring in Celebes, Leucotreron, and Lamprotreron the first primary is suddenly attenuated in its terminal third, and to some extent in the subgenus Ptilopus also. The genus ranges from the Malay Peninsula throughout the Archipelago to Australia and the high islands of Polynesia. + * 254. PTILOPUS FISCHERI (Brigg). North Celebes Red-eared Fruit-pigeon. a. Ptilinopus fischeri (J) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 82, pl. IV. Ptilopus fischeri (1) Elliot, P. Z. 8. 1878, 571; (2) Meyer, Ibis 1881, 170, part. (N. Cel.); (3) W. Blas.,. J. £:0. 1883, 120, 121 pt.; (4) Salvad:, Oat.B: X XT, 1893, 74; (5) M. & Wg.; Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 15. 6. Ptilopus (Rhamphiculus) fischeri (1) Oust., Naturaliste 1880, 324; (2) Rchw. & Schalow, J. f. O. 1881, 76; (3) Oust., Nouv. Arch. Mus. 1885, (2) VIII, 304. ¢, Leucotreron fischeri (1) P.& F. Sarasin, Z. Erdk. Berlin 1895, XXX, 229. Figure and descriptions. Briiggemann a J; Elliot 7; Salvadori 4. Adult male. General colour above bright grass-green, the lower back brighter; head above and nape whitish grey; a patch in front of and below the eye, on ear-coverts and sides of occiput dark maroon-purple, joining a collar round hind neck of dark slate; hind neck and mantle dark grey, passing into the green of the back, rather lighter grey on sides of neck, jugulum and upper breast; chin and malar region white, buffy on upper throat; lower breast greenish ochraceous; abdomen and flanks darker green, with buff terminal fringes to the feathers; thighs and tarsi greenish slaty, buff on hinder side; under tail-coverts buff-white, grey-green on as ‘ + Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. 603 the inner part of the inner webs; quills black, the primaries narrowly edged with white, the exposed parts of secondaries green, the outer secondaries narrowly edged with yellow; under wing-coverts and quills below slate-grey, the former greenish; tail above green, the outer feathers blackish, with the terminal 3 cm greenish grey. “Iris sepia; bill green; feet cherry-red, soles brown-yellow” (Gj, Mt. Klabat, 6000 ft. circa, 23. Sept. 1893: P. & F. Sarasin). Female. Similar to the male (Salyad. 4). Young. The grey of the head and of the nape tinged with green, no black band on the nape; the crimson patch on the sides of the head scarcely apparent; edges of the secondaries pale yellowish (Salvad. 4, Brunswick Mus.). | Bill from Measurements. | Wing Tail |Tarsus| feath. of a mA {I _ | forehead a. (Sarasin Coll. Nr. 47) of ad., Mt. Klabat . . . . | 176| 150| 34 18 6. (Sarasin Coll. Nr. 224) ot ad., Tomohon, 8. IV. 94. | 180 * — | — | 18 e. (Nehrk. Coll. Nr. 904) 6 ad., Rurukan, 14. TV. 85. | 183 | 160| — | 17.5 Distribution. North Celebes: — the Minahassa (Fischer a J), Rurukan (Platen), Mt. Klabat and Tomohon (P. & F. Sarasin); Mantinang Mts. (iid. ¢ 1), This rare species is as yet known only from the Northern Peninsula of Celebes. Dr. Briiggemann’s type was obtained somewhere near Manado, and the author suggested that the bird might be a straggler from the interior of the island, a view which we were at first inclined to accept. But a whole series was obtained, as Mr. Nehrkorn informs us, by Dr. Platen near Rurukan in the mountains of the Minahassa, and it was found again in September, 1893, by the Drs. P.& F. Sarasin near the summit of Mount Klabat (circa 6000 ft.), again in the mountains of the Minahassa near Tomohon and again at about 3300 ft. on the Mantinang Mts. near Buol; it appears, therefore, to be a mountain- haunting bird, and its scarcity in collections is probably due to collecting diffi- culties. It is easily distinguishable from P. meridionalis of South Celebes by its bright grass-green back and wings. It has no other very near allies, Ptilopus occipitalis (Gray) of the Philippines being perhaps most like it, though this species is easily distinguishable by the crimson on its hind head and lower breast and its ochraceous jugulum and chest. In many species of the genus Ptilopus, but by no means in all (cf. Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, 508), the first primary is abruptly attenuated for the terminal 15—25 mm ca., much as is seen in so many species of the Bucerotidae, in some of the Paradiseidae, as well as in many other Pigeons. In the case of the Hornbills this peculiarity led us to make some inquiries into the flight of these birds, with the result that we found that a much attenuated first primary was accompanied by especially poor flying-powers and stationary habits. No such inference can be made from the Ptilopodes, which undoubtedly fly well and swiftly. But in the Pigeons, as in the Hornbills, it is seen that the attenuated tip lies on the under surface of the wing, where it must be submitted to friction and fretting with each stroke of the elastic quills above it. To this cause (attrition) which we have already cited as the correct explanation for the shape of many 76* 604 Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. feathers (Prioniturus, Merops), the shape of the first primary in Ptilopus etc., the Bucerotidae, and others, may with safety be ascribed. Pigeons rarely “sail” on outstretched wings, like Crows, many Birds-of-prey, Storks, etc., though in spring Wood-pigeons may often be seen doing so in play; they are more given to beating the air with short, quick strokes with the wing not fully expanded, or “shooting” through the air on half-closed wings, steering and turning with re- markable agility. In these evolutions the first primary, which roots in the terminal digit of the manus, is not stretched out, and is probably almost entirely covered by the succeeding quills; the attenuated tip of it, which turns in- wards very much, certainly is so. Hence the reason why the first quill is more subjected to attrition from the quills in Pigeons than in many other birds. Count Salvadori (Cat. B. 1893 XXI, p. 1) states that Pigeons have eleven primaries! We do not know from what Pigeon, or after what anatomist (unless Gadow), the Italian ornithologist makes this statement; certainly all the Pigeons we have examined have the number usual in the higher orders of birds — ten primaries, and Ptilopus is no exception to the rule. The outermost primary covert is present, though reduced, but we have failed to find any sign of the eleventh quill. No mention of the primary formula in Pigeons is made either by Gerbe, Jeffries, Goodchild, or Wray, but Gadow, like Salvadori, states that Pigeons have eleven primaries (Bronn’s KI. u. Ord. VI, pt. IV, Vég. II, p-.212, 1893). + * 255. PTILOPUS MERIDIONALIS M.& Weg. South Celebes Red-eared Fruit-pigeon. a. Ptilopus fischeri (1) Meyer (nec Briigg.), Ibis 1879, 185; (JZ) Gould, B. New Guinea V, pl. 56 (1880); (3) Meyer, Ibis 1881, 170, pt. (S. Cel.). b. Leucotreron fischeri meridionalis (1) M. & Wg., Orn. Monatsb. Jan. 1893, 12. Ptilopus meridionalis (7) Salvad., Cat. B. XXI, 1893, 74; (2) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 163. Figure and descriptions. Gould a IJ, Meyer & Wiglesw. b 1. Adult. Like P. fischeri adult, but the entire back and wing-coverts greenish slate, not yel- lowish grass-green; the entire under surface (except flanks and under _tail-coverts) light pinkish grey washed over with buff (not jugulum and breast dark grey, and abdomen ochraceous); head and nape-band darker than in P. fischeri, the red on sides of head also somewhat darker; hind neck and mantle darker; no buff on throat, which is white; bill somewhat shorter. Wing 172—175; tail 145; tarsus c. 28; bill from feathers of forehead 15.5 mm (type Macassar: Teijsmann, Nr. 1679). Female. “Slightly more greenish above, a little more brownish below, and a little smaller. Go wing 172—175 mm, Q wing 165—166 m” (Hartert 2). “Tris orange-red; bill dark leaf-green; feet dull purplish; nails brownish plum- beous” (Q, Everett 2). Immature. A few green feathers interspersed on the shoulders and wing-coverts; lower back almost entirely green; under surface, especially near the vent, more ochraceous (Leyden Museum). Distribution. Southern Peninsula of Celebes: — [near] Macassar (Teijsmann), Mt. Bonthain and surrounding hills, c. 2500—c. 6000 ft. (Everett 2). Birds of Celebes: ‘Treronidae. 605 When young, this species, judging from an example kindly lent to us by the Leyden Museum, bears a plumage the green of which resembles that of P. fischeri of the Northern Peninsula; we are inclined to regard P. meridionalis, therefore, as an offshoot of P. fischeri, which has undergone strongly pronounced changes in the South of the island. In first describing the Southern form (b 7), we made it a subspecies of P. fischeri; this step was premature as the two races are not yet known to intergrade, and we must wait for the series of inter- mediate birds, which the mountains of Central Celebes are pretty certain to furnish, before uniting these well-marked extremes. Although said to have come from Macassar, there can be little doubt that this Pigeon, like P. fischeri, is a mountain-species, and that it was obtained in the high hills east or south of Macassar. +* 256. PTILOPUS GULARIS (Q. G). Maroon-chinned Fruit-pigeon. a. Columba gularis (I) Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Astrol. Zool. 1830, I, 247, pl. 29; (IZ) Prév. & Knip, Pig. 1838—41, pl. XI; (3) Schl. Handl. Dierk. 1857, 411. b. Ptilinopus gularis (7) Less., Compl. de Buff. VII, 1837, Ois. 39; (2) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 82; (3) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1897, 165. c. Leucotreron gularis (1) Bp., Compt. Rend. XX XTX, 1854, 876; (2) id., Consp. I, 1854, 15; (3) Wald. Tr. Z.S. VIL, 1872, 83; (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, 670; (5) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 135; (6) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 131. d. Ptilonopus gularis (1) Wall., Ibis 1860, 141; (2) id., Ibis 1861, 348; (3) id., Ibis 1865, 377, 396; (4) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 176. e. Laryngogramma gularis (J) Rchb., Tauben 1862, t. 233, f. 2197.1) Ptilopus gularis (1) Schl., De Dierent. 1864, 210; (2) id., Mus. P.-B., Columbae, 1873, 37; (3) Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, 570; (4) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 275; (5) Salvad., Cat. B. XXT, 1893, 78; (6) M.& Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 15; (7) lid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 19. “Pombo sangi” (Sangi Dove!), Malay, Minahassa, Meyer c 5. “Wakian sangir”, Malay, near Manado, Nat. Coll. “Ririhan”, near Manado, iid. “Malomitti” {Gorontalo Distr.] v. Rosenb. 4. “Takuka ise ise”, Tonkean, EK. Celebes, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 5. Figures and descriptions. Quoy & Gaimarda J; Prévost & Knip a I; Reichenbache J; Bonaparte ¢ 2; Schlegel 2; Salvadori 5. Adult male. Above bright grass-green (lit. between grass-green and parrot-green: Ridgway, pl. X, f.1 & 4), primaries bluer; head and face French grey, passing on occiput and hind neck into the green of the back; chin and middle of upper throat maroon; throat and breast grey with a buff tinge; on middle of lower breast a broad patch of buff; sides of body greyish green, thighs greyer; flanks and lower abdomen and under tail-coverts cinnamon-rufous; under wing-coverts grass-green, the inner ones and quills below brownish slate; tail below brownish ') The figure given by Reichenbach in “Novitiae”, p. 203, t. 44 is not taken from Z. gularis (Q. & G.). 606 Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. slate, greyer at tip. “Iris light red; bill light gamboge-yellow; feet cherry-red” ( Occipital patch’ larver 2) 95) 9 an enna NOnthe Oclebeserace: a ’. Occipital patch smaller ier . » «+ « South Celebes race. Gate patch orange, black occipital patch mail vent deep orange chrysorrhous (Salvyad.). e". Intermediate between the Celebes and Sula forms . Banggai and Peling race. b. Larger; wing 118—139 mm ce’. Larger race in Sangi = xanthorrhous (Salvad.). d’. Smaller race in Talaut. Touching the occurrence of P. melanocephalus and not melanospilus in Saleyer, Mr. Biittikofer remarks that the two specimens, old males, collected by Prof. Weber do not display an orange-yellow, but a citron-yellow gular spot peculiar to the Leyden specimens from Flores and Sumbawa, and seen in one from West Java. More recently Mr. Hartert (5) has been able to confirm Mr. Biittikofer’s determination in specimens from Kalao and Djampea, as well as Saleyer. The specific distinction of the Flores bird — P. melanauchen (Salvad.) — questioned by Mr. Biittikofer, is not upheld by Count Salvadori; Sumba examples (2) have a brighter green mantle than a Javan example. + * 259. PTILOPUS MELANOSPILUS (Salvad.). Celebes Black-capped Fruit-pigeon. a, Ptilonopus melanocephalus part. (1) Wall. P. Z. 8. 1862, 344; (2) id., Ibis 1865, 381 (Cel.). b. Ptilopus melanocephalus part. (1) Schl., Ned. Tdschr. Dierk. II, 1866, 207; (2) id., Mus. P.-B., Columbae, 1873, 29; (3) Guillem., P.Z.S. 1885, 269 (Cel.), 556; (4) Hickson, Nat. in N. Celebes 1889, 93. é. Iotreron melanocephala part. (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. VIL, 1872, 83; (2) Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 377. d. Iotreron melanospila (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. VII, 1875, 670; (2) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 135, 146; (3) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 114, 138; (IV) Meyer, Vogelskel. Il, 1892, 50, t. CLXXV. é. Ptilinopus melanocephalus yar. celebensis (1) Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen Y, 1876, 80. Ptilopus melanospilus (1) Elliot, P. Z. 8. 1878, 552; (2) W. Blas,, Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 303; (3) id., ib. 1886, 131; (4) Meyer, J. f. O. 1891, 70, 71; (5) Salvad., Cat. B. X XI, 1893, 144; (6) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893,III, 281; (7) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 15; (8) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 14; (9) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 19. f. Ptilinopus melanospilus (7) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1897, 165. “Pombo idiu kapala itam” (Green Dove with black head), Malay, Celebes, Meyer d 2 : : Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. 609 “Burong wakian” (= Pigeon), Talissi, Hickson b 4. “Wakian pongo”, Malay, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Ngul-ngul”, near Manado, iid. “Sebut ise ise”, Tonkean and Balante, East Celebes, iid. “Bukuru Roman”, Tjamba Distr., Platen 2. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 5. Figure and descriptions. Meyer d IV (skeleton); Schlegel b 2; Salvadori d1, 5; Briiggemann e 1. Adult male. Like P. melanocephalus of Java, but the gular stripe deep lemon-yellow; tail below darker, the grey terminal band better defined. “Iris yellow; bill greenish yellow; feet cherry-red; claws grey” — Meyer d 2 (near Manado, Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10903). Female. Parrot-green; front of head and throat greyer; most of longer under tail-coverts lake-red (near Manado, Aug.—Sept. 1892; Nat. Coll. — C 10902). Young male. Resembles the female; it next acquires first the orange crissum and red under tail-coverts, yellow throat and grey head, and lastly the black occipital patch (near Manado, Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10904 and 10906). Measurements (adult males). | Wing een se Z | of forehd. a. (C 13232) Kalibangkere, Saale Ven 7a (alate) saa), ea. 116 13 b. 5 10905) near Manado, Aug.—Sept. i990 (Nat. Coll.) . 116 14.8 c. (C 10897) near Manado, Aug.—Sept. 1892 (Nat. Coll). . . 115 13 d. (C 10899) near Manado, Aug.—Sept. 1892 (Nat. Coll). . . 118 13.5 e. (C 10903) near Manado, Aug.—Sept. 1892 (Nat. Coll), . . iLit7 == f. (C 12295) Manado tua Id., April 1893 (Nat. Coll.) . . . . 119 12.5 g. (C 12294) Manado tua Id., April 1893 (Nat. Coll.) 119 | — h. (C 12291) Mantehage Id., April 1893 (Nat. Coll). . . . . 110 14 7, (© 12293) Banka Id, May 1893 (Nat. Coll) . . . .. . 118 — j. (C 12293) Banka Id., May 1893 (Nat. Coll) . .... .{ 144 | — k—n. 4 ad. Gt, East Celebes, V.—VII. 95 (Nat. Coll.) . . {115-119} — Skeleton (Meyer d IV). Length of cranium . . . 45.0 mm | Length of tarso-metatarsus 21.0 mm Greatest breadth of cranium 18.3 Length of digitus HIT . . 28.0 » Length of humerus . . . 32.0 » | Length of sternum .. . 39.5 » Length of ulna. . . . . 37.5 » | Greatest breadth of sternum 28.7 » Length of radius... . 34.0 Height of crista sterni . . 15.5 » Length of manus. . . . 38.7 » | Length of coracoideum. . 27.5 » Length of metacarpus . . 19.6 » | Length of scapula . . . 32.8 » Length of digitus principalis 18.0 » | Length of clayicula . . . 27.7 » Length of femur. . . . 33.0 » | Length of pelvis . . 50.0 » Wdeneth) of tibia 2 43.0 » | Greatest breadth of oe 30.0 >» Distribution. Celebes: — Minahassa oe b 2, Wallace 5, etc.); Talissi (Guillem. 6 3, Hickson 6 4); Banka, Lembeh, Mantehage, and Manado tua (Nat. Coll.); Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenb. 6 2); Togian (Meyer d 2, 5); East Celebes (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Mus.); Kandari, 8. E. Celebes (Beccari d 1); West Celebes (Doherty f 1); S. Celebes, Tjamba Distr. (Platen 2), Tempe (Weber 6). While a very common species in North Celebes, this Pigeon appears to be rare in the South, where two specimens were obtained by Dr. Platen and Meyer & Wiglerworth, Birds of Celebes (Noy. 20th, 1897). 17 610 Birds of Celebes: ‘Treronidae. one by Prof. Weber. One of Platen’s birds, mentioned by Prof. W. Blasius (2), is now before us; it seems to have the occipital black patch somewhat smaller, and the lake-red under tail-coverts deeper in tint. Of Togian birds Meyer has remarked (d 2): “My specimens from the Togian Islands (August) appear to differ a little, the head being rather violet than black”. The Sangi race, P. wanthorrhous, is larger, has a ‘larger bill and is of a shade darker green; it is interesting to find that specimens from Banka belong to Celebes, but those of Biarro, Tagulandang and Gunong Api to Sangi. Meyer syllabifies the cry of this Pigeon as ‘hiiu’, hollow, and difficult to imitate. It generally flies in pairs and feeds on fruits. + 260. PTILOPUS CHRYSORRHOUS (Salvad.). Sula Black-capped Fruit-pigeon. Plate XXXVIII. a. Ptilonopus melanocephalus var. (1) Wall. P. ZS. 1862, 335, 344. b. Ptilopus melanocephalus part. (1) Schl, Ned. Tdschr. Dierk. IT, 1866, 207; (2) id., Mus. P.-B., Col., 1873, 28, 29 (Sula); (3) Elliot, P. Z. 8S. 1878, 551 (Sula Besi). ce. Jotreron chrysorrhoa (J) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. VII, 1875, 671. d. Ptilopus sulaensis (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen V, 1876, 81; (2) Salvad., Ibis 1876, 385. Ptilopus chrysorrhous (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen, 1876, IX, 196, Nr. 9; (2) Elliot, P. Z. 8. 1878, 553; (3) Salvad., ib. 1879, 638; (4) id., Orn. Pap. IIT, 1882, 51; (5) id., Cat. B. XOXT, 1893, 144; (6) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 19. For further synonymy cf. Salvadori 5. Descriptions. Wallace a1; Salvadori ¢7, 4, 4. Adult male. Like P. melanocephalus, but the black occipital patch small, almost confined to the nape; gular stripe orange; vent and shorter under tail-coverts dark orange (cad- mium-orange); tail below blackish, broadly tipped with grey; sides of lower hind neck yellowish green; under surface of body considerably darker green than the upper (co, Sula Besi, from Boucard — C 10486). Measurements. Wing 116—120 mm; tail 85 c.; tarsus 20 c¢.; bill from feathers of forehead 14.5—15 (Sula, 3 adult male examples); wing 109—114 mm (5 adult males, Peling and Banggai). Distribution. Sula Islands: Sula Besi (Bernstein b 2, Hoedt 6 2), “Sula Islands” (Allen a1, 5); Peling and Banggai (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Mus.); Ceram (Moens bi, 62, Wall. 67, 6 2). Two individuals from Ceram are recorded by Schlegel, who states that they are absolutely identical with Sula birds. Most likely the species has strayed to Ceram in recent times. ‘The differences of the Sula birds from those of Celebes and Java were first pointed out by Wallace, and afterwards con- firmed by Schlegel and Salvadori. The last writer speaks of the gular stripe as like that of P. melanospilus, but we find it narrower and orange in colour, as against deep lemon-yellow. The Sula race is one of the best-marked of the group; on the whole it and the Javan form seem to mark the extreme variations Birds of Celebes: ‘Treronidae. 611 in colour of the group, to which Count Salvadori gave the subgeneric name Spilotreron. We have included the birds of Peling and Banggai with the Sula “species”, but it would be preferable in many ways to represent them as P. melanospilus — chrysorrhous, as they occupy a somewhat intermediate position between the Sula and the Celebes birds. They run smaller in size than in Sula; the orange-yellow of the chin and throat is generally yellower, and often just as in Celebes birds, but the black occipital patch is about as small as in Sula birds. + * 261. PTILOPUS XANTHORRHOUS (Salvad.). Sangi Black-capped Fruit-pigeon. Plate XXXVIII. a. Ptilopus melanocephalus part. (1) Schl., Ned. Tdschr. Dierk. III, 1866, 207; (2) id., Mus. P.-B., Col., 1873, 29. b. Iotreron xanthorrhoa (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. VI, 1875, 671; (2) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 120, 160, 162. ¢. Ptilinopus nuchalis (1) Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Bremen V, 1876, 80; (2) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 160. d. Yonotreron xanthorrhoa (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. TEX, 1876, 61. Ptilopus xanthorrhous (7) Elliot, P. Z. 8. 1878, 553; (2) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 613, 642; (3) Meyer, J. f. O. 1891, 70, 71; (4) Salvad., Cat. B. XXT, 1893, 145; (5) M. & Wg., J. f. O. 1894, 238, 248; (6) iid, Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 9, p. 7. “Lendu”, Great Sangi, Nat. Coll. “Lengu”, Siao, iid. “Lenggu”, Tagulandang, Ruang and Biarro, iid. “Lungu” or “Puney”, Talaut, iid. For further references cf. W. Blasius 2; Salvadori 4. Adult male. Like P. melanocephalus, but largerz, vent and shorter under tail-coverts deep orange; occipital black patch broader (Great Sangi, 20. VII. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12660). “Iris yellow, feet cherry-red, bill yellow-green” (Platen 2). Adult female. Parrot-green, abdomen yellower, head and throat greyer; longest under tail- coverts lake-red, tipped with dark yellow (Great Sangi, 30. VI. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12659). “Iris yellow-green; feet cherry-red, bill black” (Platen 2). Young. A specimen, similar to that described as an adult female, has the under tail-coverts entirely green, and is probably immature (Tagulandang, Aug. 1894: Nat. Coll. — C 13493). Prof. W.Blasius describes the female plumage as uniform green, but out of six examples from Gt. Sangi, Siao, Tagulandang and Ruang the above is the only one which wants red on the longest under tail-coverts. Measurements (20 adult males from Gt. Sangi after Prof. W. Blasius 2). Wing 130—140; tail 84—103; culmen 14.5—17.5 mm. Specimens from Biarro, Ruang, Tagulandang and Siao are not intermediate between P. melanospilus and P. xanthorrhous, but agree with the latter, as the follow- ing measurements of adult males only show: i be | ———————— 612 Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. : | Bill from Measurements. Wing | feather of | forehead a. (C 12661) Great Sangi, July 1893 (Nat. Coll). . . . . . . | 1389) 17 b. (C 12660) Great Sangi, July 1893 (Nat. Coll). . . . . . . | 184] 15 b’. (Tring Mus.) Great Sangi, 13. Dec. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) . . . . | 137 | 15.5 é. (C'12642) Siao, June 1893 (Nat Coll:) 7 see ee ee lee eda d. (CO 13492) Tagulandang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) . . . . . . | 1382) 15 e. (Tring Mus.) Tagulandang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll) . . . . . | 136 _ 15.5 f. (C 13495) Ruang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll)... .. . . . | 132] 16 g. (© 13496) Ruang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll), . 9.3.4, (s) 2 =) a2eedtn eee h. (Tring Mus.) Ruang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll) . . ... . . | 183] 15.5 7. (Tring Mus.) Ruang, Aug. 1894 (Nat. Coll) . . . . . . . | 130} 16 j. (C 13498) Biarro, 2. Sept. 1894 (Nat. Coll) . . . .. . . | 130} 16 k. (C 13096) Salibabu, Talaut, Oct. 1893 (Nat. Coll) . . . . . | 127| 15 I. (C 13094) Kabruang, Talaut, Nov. 1893 (Nat. Coll.) . . . . | 128] 15 m.(C 13093) Kabruang, Talaut, Nov. 1893 (Nat. Coll) . . . . | — 16 n. (C 13827) Karkellang, Talaut, Oct. 1894 (Nat. Coll) . . . . | 124] 15 o. (C 13829) Karkellang, Talaut, Nov. 1894 (Nat. Coll) . . . . | 127) 15 p. (C 13826) Karkellang, Talaut, Oct. 1894 (Nat. Coll.) . . . . | 131] 16 q. (C 13830) Karkellang, Talaut, Nov. 1894 (Nat. Coll) . . . . | 130) 14.5 r. (C 15410) Karkellang, Talaut, autumn 1896 (Nat. Coll.) . . . | 124] 16 s. (C 15409) Karkellang, Talaut, autumn 1896 (Nat. Coll.) . . . | 128| 15.5 Distribution. Sangi Islands: — Great Sangi (v. Rosenb. a 2, Hoedt a 2, Bruijn 61, Platen 2, Nat. Coll.); Siao (Hoedt a 2, v. Duivenb. a 2, Meyer, Nat. Coll.); Tagulandang, Ruang and Biarro (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. and Tring Mus.)}; Talaut Islands (Nat. Coll.). The Sangi race follows the rule for Sangi in being larger than its fellow- species, P. melanospilus, of Celebes; it is further distinguishable by its paler yellow gular stripe and slightly darker green plumage; the female likewise has the plumage slightly darker green. Under the name P. muchalis Brig gemann descri- bed 11 specimens from Fischer and one from Riedel, all said to be from Celebes, and Prof. W. Blasius found them to be identical with P. xanthorrhous. It is quite incredible that P. wanthorrhous and melanospilus could exist together in the same locality and yet keep distinct; their slight differences have certainly arisen under separation, and we cannot doubt that the birds would interbreed freely and lose them if they met. As in several other cases Briiggemann was led by false labels or other causes to record Sangi species from the mainland of Celebes, so in this case also some confusion of the kind must have taken place. It is interesting to find that the birds on Biarro and Tagulandang are not intermediate between the Sangi and the Celebes species, but belong to the former; showing that the birds are extremely stationary and that these inter- mediate islands must afford the same conditions, whatever they may be, as Great Sangi. ‘The specimens from Great Sangi appear to differ in the green shade from specimens of the southern islands. In the last few years large numbers from the Talaut Islands have reached the Dresden Museum and have been closely examined. All that can be said Birds of Celebes: Treronidae. 613 for them is that they are on an average slightly smaller than those of the Sangi Islands. - 262. PTILOPUS TEMMINCKT (Des Murs & Préy.). Painted Pigeon. . Columba superba, fem. (J) Prév. & Knip, Pig. HW, 1838—43, pl. 42. . Kurukuru temminckii (1) Des Murs & Préy., Voy. Vénus, Zool. 1846—55, 236, 268. Ptilonopus formosus (1) Gray, P. Z. 8. 1860, 360; (2) Wall., Ibis 1865, 379. . Ptilopus formosus (1) Schl., Ibis 1863, 120; (2) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 248, 269 (Sulu), 556; (3) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 257 (Sulu). e. Ptilonopus superba pt. (1) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 176. f. Ptilopus superbus pt. (1) Schl., Ned. Tdschr. Dierk. 1866, III, 209; (2) id., Mus. P.-B., Columbae, 1873, 30, 32 (Cel): (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 275. g. Ptilonopus celebensis (1) Wallace, Malay Archip. 1869, 41, 366 (German ed. by A.B. Meyer, I, 332). h. Ptilonopus formosus (7) Gray, HL. LU, 1870, 227, Nr. 9159; (2) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 79. 7. Lamprotreron formosa (1) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1872, VIL, 82; (2) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 135. Ptilopus temmincki (7) Elliot, P. VA S. 1878, 544; (2) Selruda ib. 1879, 62; (2%) id., Orn. Papeete assi. tit = LED) We Blas. Z. ges, Orn. 1885, 302, pl. XIV; (4) Balvad., Cat. B. XXL 1898, 115; (5) M. & Wg., Abh. Mate Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 15; (6) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 163. “Neul-ngul werreng”, near Manado, Nat. Coll. “Wakian kapala mera”, Malay, Minahassa, iid., (“Wakian pongot”, given by Guillemard d 2 as the name of this pigeon, is that of P. melanospilus). For further references cf. Salvadori 4. Figures and descriptions. Knip aJ(Q); W. Blasius I/J (of ad. et juv.); Wallace e 2; Briiggem. h 2; Elliot 1; Salvadori 4) Adult male. General colour above parrot-green, the inner wing-coverts, scapulars and inner quills with an oval black spot near the ends; entire head above aster-purple; hind- neck and sides of neck dragon’s-blood-red, shading off into the green of the mantle; sides of occiput and ear-coverts green, becoming grey on malar region, chin, throat and jugulum; the upper breast rose-purple, the feathers on chest and jugulum forked at the tip (as if the middle part of the web had been cut out with scissors); passing on lower breast into a broad band of blackish plum-purple; on and near the carpal edge a large spot of this colour; sides, thighs and flanks green, thighs greyer, flanks tipped with Naples-yellow; abdomen and under tail- coverts yellowish white, the inner webs of the latter partly green; centre tail- feathers above green, greyish at tip, all the lateral tail-feathers blackish, tipped with grey, washed with green; tail below dusky greyish, terminal bar whitish; quills above black, washed externally with green, finely edged with yellowish; wings below slaty, the first primary much attenuated for 2 em ca. and incurved. “Iris yellow; — bill black (Q ?) or green or yellow-green (< 32.3 —33.3 mm (from Seebohm XXIJ**), Nest. One found by Seebohm in the valley of the Yenesei was “merely a hollow in the ground, upon a piece of turfy land, overgrown with moss and lichen, and was lined with broken stalks of remdeer moss (XXJ*s). Distribution. Asia; Alaska; Polynesia; throughout the East Indies; Australia; New Zealand; N. E. Africa; Europe as a straggler (cf. Sharpe and Dresser IJ; Salvadori 5, 18, 36; Legge 13; Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. e1; HE. P. Ramsay 27; Buller 26; Wiglesw. 39; Taczanowski 42). In the Celebesian area: — Minahassa (Meyer 12, etc.); Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten d 1, etc.); Gulf of Boni — Luwu (Weber 42); Togian (Meyer 12); Talaut Is. (Nat. Coll. 43, 49); Saleyer (Everett 51). This species, the eastern representative of the Golden Plover, C. pluvialis, of Europe, is distinguishable from that bird by its grey axillaries (not white), and smaller size. ‘The American form, C. dominicus, is less easily if at all to be separated, but, as Prof. W. Blasius (23) and others point out, while the bill and tarsus of C. fulvus are as long or longer, its wing and tail are notably shorter than in the American bird; the latter is also said to have one or two more bars on the tail. Dr. Sharpe, however, has found that they seem to overlap to such an extent that their distinction does not appear advisable. C. fulvus is undoubtedly a great migrant, the main body of the species probably breeding in Siberia, where its eggs have been found by v. Middendorff (IIT, 42), and there are carefully identified specimens taken by Seebohm (X XI"); Nelson also recorded it as breeding on both coasts of the Bering Sea (42). It breeds, nevertheless, in New Caledonia, as shown by Mr. Layard (10, 71, 15, 16), and Sir Walter Buller (26) records the discovery of a nest and eggs on Portland Island, New Zealand. In North Celebes Meyer got this Plover at Limbotto in July and on Togian Island in August; some birds, therefore, remain throughout the year, but, as already remarked, we have seen none in breeding plumage. Finsch says that it is found throughout the year on the Gilbert and Marshall atolls, and our artist, Mr. B. Geisler, tells us that this is the case in New Britain. Swinhoe described it as common all the year round in Formosa (b/), but the supposed eggs obtained by him are discredited by Seebohm (Ibis 1879, 154), Legge (B. Ceylon 1880, 942), and Harting (P. Z. S. 1882, 355), who hold them for those of Aegialitis geoffroyi. Sufficient, however, is known to show that many individuals of a great migratory species remain behind in their winter quarters, and some of them even breed there. Such facts seem to throw some light upon the nature of the migratory instinct in birds, as also upon a process — one of many — of colonisation by birds, affecting the questions of geographical distribution. Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 741 GENUS AEGIALITIS Boie. Structurally like Charadrius, but the upper surface fairly uniform brown in coloration, not spangled, and the size generally smaller. The scaling of the tarsus is variable, being sometimes reticulate and sometimes scutellate anteriorly, and this in species which are undoubtedly closely allied (e. g. A. geoffroyi and A. mongola). Generally migratory; almost cosmopolitan. +318. AEGIALITIS VEREDA (J. Gd.). Oriental Dotterel. a. Charadrius veredus (1) Gould, P. Z.S. 1848, 38; (IZ) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 14; (3) Seebohm, Ibis 1882, 425; (4) id., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 115; (5) id., B. Japan 1890, 311, note; (6) Styan, Ibis 1891, 503. b. Cirrepidesmus asiaticus (1) Gould (nec Pall.), Handb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 229. ce. Charadrius asiaticus (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Cursores, 1865, 38, pt.; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 277. d. Eudromias veredus (J) Harting, Ibis 1870, 209, pl. VI; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIII, 88; (3) Swinh., Ibis 1873, 365; (4) Ball, Str. F. 1873, I, 83; (5) Hume, ib. 1874, I, 288; (6) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 315; (7) Prjev., Rowl. Orn. Misc. 1877, I, 434; (8) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 19: (9) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 21. Aegialitis vereda (or veredus), (1) Swinh., P. Z.S. 1870, 141; (IZ) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 425, pl. 120; (3) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 438; (4) id., ib. 1879, VILL, 200; (5) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 296; (6) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 143; (7) id., Ibis 1888, 374; (8) id., Ornis 1888, 319; (9) Whitehead, Ibis 1890, 58; (10) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 200; (11) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 496. e. Ochthodromus veredus (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 232, 741. “Manna”, Talaut Islands, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 5; Sharpe e 1. Figures and descriptions. Gould a JJ (juv.); Harting d J; David & Oust. IZ; Seebohm a 4 (woodcut); Salvadori 5; Sharpe e 1. Adult male in summer. Head and neck pure white, with a small patch of greyish brown on the nape; remaining upper parts clear earthy brown; breast tawny rufous (roux fauve) bounded below by a black band; remaining under-parts pure white; remiges brown; centre tail-feathers earthy brown, the lateral ones similar, tipped with white, the outermost ones pure white; iris brown; wing 170 mm; tail 60; tarsus 46; middle toe 20; bill from forehead 21 (David & Oustalet JZ: China). Swinhoe describes the soft parts thus: bill deep olive-brown, blacker on the terminal portion; eyelids greyish black; legs light brownish flesh-colour; feet washed with grey, blackish on joints, claws black. Young. “Crown, back and upper portion of the wings greyish brown, each feather margined with buff; forehead, eyebrows, chin, sides of face and neck buff, this colour extending in the form of a collar round the neck; the pectoral band not well defined, but a cloudy patch of pale buffy brown, extending across the breast, becomes gradually paler above and below as it approaches the chin and vent; pri- maries and axillaries as in the adult [axillaries smoke-grey]; secondaries broadly edged with buff” (Harting d I). Adult in winter plumage. It has not yet been discriminated from the young. Two specimens 742° Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. from v. Schierbrand (Java) in the Dresden Museum, answering pretty well to Mr. Harting’s description above, might be adult birds; they do not, however, display anything of the dusky patches on the sides of the breast which Mr. Harting supposes the adult to possess in winter. One specimen from Talaut has broad cinnamon edgings to the feathers of the upper surface (young?), a second is nearly uniform (adult?). Chick, eggs, nest. Undescribed. The species has, however, been observed breeding in Mongolia by David (IJ) and Prjevalsky (d 7). Distribution. South-west Siberia — Samarkand (fide Seebohm a@ 3); Mongolia (David JI, Prjevalsky d7); China (Swinhoe d 3, Styan a 6, etc.); Cambodia (Conrad a 5); Andamans (Ball d 4); Java (Horsfield 5, v. Schierbrand); Philippines — Palawan (Platen 7, 8); Talaut Islands — Karkellang (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.); Celebes — Gorontalo Distr. (Riedel 6), Macassar (Wallace a I, d JI, d 2, e 1); Ternate, Amboina, New Guinea, Kei, Aru (Salvad. 5); N. and E. Australia (Ramsay d 8). This rare Plover has been met with, no doubt as a winter visitor or bird of passage, only by Wallace and Riedel in Celebes. A specimen from Riedel in the Brunswick Museum, one (? from Wallace) in the same collection recorded by W. Blasius (6), four in the British Museum and one in the Dresden Museum are the only examples from the island of which we can find notice. Two in winter plumage were obtained in Talaut in the autumn, 1896, by our native hunters. In Mongolia David found it plentiful: “It establishes its breeding-quarters on high plateaus, among stony plains, on the shores of the bitter lakes and of the rare water-courses with which the country is supplied. It runs on the ground with extreme lghtness and astonishing rapidity, and feeds on small insects, principally Coleoptera of the genera Asida, Gonocephalus and Tentyria, which abound in summer in the sandy regions”. Prjevalsky met with it on the salt plains of S. E. Mongolia, sometimes at great distances from the water. It was very shy, even when it had young. Abbé David further observes that it passes through China as a bird of passage, residing there only accidentally; Mr. Styan (a 6) on the Lower Yangtse and Mr. De La Touche (//) in the South China (Foochow) likewise remarked that it passes on in migration. In all probability the birds found in the East Indies and Australia are members of this southern wandering from Mongolia and other suitable breeding areas in the neighbouring territories. A. vereda most closely resembles A. asiatica (Pall.), from which it may, however, readily be distinguished by its greater size (wing 20—25 mm longer), its drab-brown axillaries (white in asiatica), the dusky shafts of the remiges, except the first two (all being white in asiatica), — characters pointed out among other marks of distinction by Mr. Harting (d J). Compared with the other Plovers of the genus < 25.4 mm (Harting 15 — Madagascar). Some eggs described from Formosa by Swinhoe (d 1) as those of Charadrius longipes ave almost certainly those of this species, as was first supposed by Seebohm (Ibis 1879, 154) and Legge (13) and afterwards confirmed by comparison with Harting’s specimens. Four in number (Swinhoe d ih), Nest. A loose nest of dried grasses and fibres placed in a hollow (Swinhoe d 1 — from the south-west marshy plains of Formosa). Distribution. Asia, except (as yet) Siberia; Africa, East Coast from Egypt to Central Africa (Emin a 15) and the Cape, also Benguela; Madagascar, the Seychelles, Mauritius; East India Islands; Australia; N. W. Polynesia; Europe — a rare straggler (cf. Dresser XI; Legge 13; Hartlaub a4; Milne-Ed. & Grandid. a 6; Salvadori 17, 44; Sharpe f 1; Ramsay 34; Wiglesworth 45); India (Blyth 17, Hume 3, ¢ 3, ete.); Ceylon (Legge 13); Laccadive Is. (Hume 7); Andamans, Nicobars (Hume & Davison ¢ 2); Christmas Island. (Lister a 11); Burmah (Oates 19); Tenasserim (Armstrong 10); Malay Peninsula (Hume 12, Kelham 14); China (Swinh. d 1, 17, David 8); Japan (Whitely I, a 13); Formosa (Swinhoe 17, d 1); Hainan (Styan a 20), Philippines (Cuming 17, Everett 13", etc.); Borneo (Diard, etc., a 3, 38); Sumatra (S. Miiller a 3, Horner a 3);. Nias (Modigliani 28); Java (Kuhl & v. Hasselt @ 3); Sumba (ten Kate @ 17); Flores (Wallace 17); Timor (Wallace 17, ten Kate a 16); Celebes — Gorontalo Distr. (Meyer e 1, Riedel 27), Minahassa (Guillemard 23, etc.), Macassar and Goa (Weber a 19); Sangi Islands — Gt. Sangi (Bruijn 6), Siao (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.); Talaut Is. — Kabruang (iid. ib.); Peling (iid. 55); Moluccas — Morty, Halmahera, Ternate, Batchian, Buru, Ceram, Amboina (Salvadori 17, 44); Papuasia — Timorlaut, Waigiou, ? Mysol, Salawatti, New Guinea, Aru (Salvadori 17, 44); Northern Australia (Ramsay 34); Pelew Is. (Semper 45); Carolines — Kushai (Lesson 43). The present species as regards its geographical range may be compared with the Eastern Golden Plover, Charadrius fulvus, except that it occurs neither so far north nor south, not being recorded as yet from Siberia or Mongolia by Taczanowski and Prjevalsky, nor from S. Australia, Tasmania or N. Zealand. Like Charadrius fulvus, it has straggled to Europe, a specimen being recorded by Giglioli from Italy, though Temminck’s supposed Russian example re- mains doubtful (25). Like C. fulvus also, the main body of individuals are migratory, but many remain in the tropics throughout the year, and the breed- ing of this species in Madagascar (15) may be compared with the breeding of C. fulvuus in New Caledonia and New Zealand. In Celebes the bird appears to be present all the year, for Meyer obtained it at Limbotto in July; but this example is in winter plumage. In Malacca it is found in great numbers, according to Kelham, during the N. E. monsoon (winter). In Palawan Whitehead observed it arriving in flocks about the middle of August and speaks of it as the commonest winter visitor to Labuan, where it remains “late enough to attain its full summer plumage”. According to Mr. De La Touche, it passes through South China on migration; where these individuals breed remains to be dis- covered. As has been made evident by Seebohm and Harting, it was the Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec, 3rd, 1897), 94 746 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. eges of this species which Swinhoe obtained in Formosa, but its chief breed- ing grounds are probably on the mainland further north. In coloration both in summer and winter A. geoffroyi is extremely like A. mongola which occurs in many localities, including Celebes, with it; the former may, however, be recognised by its larger size and much larger and stronger bill (from forehead 23 mm, as against 18 mm in mongola). - + 320. AEGIALITIS MONGOLA (Pall.). Lesser Shore Plover. a. Charadrius mongolus (7) Pallas, Reise 1766, ILI, 700. b. Charadrius mongolicus (1) Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. 1811, 136; (JZ) Midd., Sibir. Reise 1853, ID (1), 241, t. XTX, fig. 2,3; (3) Schl, Mus. P.-B., Cursores, 1865, 41; (IV) Heugl., Vog. N. O. Afr. 1871, 1023, t. XXIV, f. 4; (5) id., J. f. O. 1874, 53; (6) Palm., ib. 1876, 43; (7) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (8) Severtz., Ibis 1883, 72; (9) Seeb., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 147; (10) Rehw., J. f. O. 1889, 265; (11) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 308; (12) Styan, Ibis 1891, 503; (23) Campb., Ibis 1892, 246; (14) Styan, Ibis 1893, 436. c. Charadrius pyrrhothorax “T'emm.” (I) Gld., B. Europe 1837, IV, pl. 299; (2) J. H. Blas. in Naum., Vig. Deutsch]. 1860, XTIT (2), 228. d. Charadrius crassirostris (7) 8S. Miill. (nee Spix), Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—43, 90. é. Charadrius ruficollis (7) 8. Miill. op. cit. in Index, 470; (2) id., Reize Ind. Archip. L858. ee 2: f. Hiaticula inornata part. (J) Gld., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 19 (lesser figure). g. Aegialitis mongolica (or mongolicus) (1) Swinh., [bis 1870, 360; (2) Harting, t. c. 384; (3) Hume, Str. F. 1873, I, 17, 309; (4) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 316; (5) Armstr., Str. F. 1876, IV, 339; (6) Hume, t.c. 293, 444, 463; (7) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 427; (8). Seeb., Ibis 1879, 25; (9) Vidal, Str. F. 1879, VILL, 172; (10) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 943; (11) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works, Index 1881, 659; (11%) Nelson, Cruise “Corwin” 1881, 85; (12) Salvad., Orn. Pap. III, 1882, 299; (13) Kelh., Ibis 1882, 10; (14) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, II, 368; (15) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1888, 127; (16) Baird, Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, 167; (17) Nehrk., J. f. O. 1885, 35; (18) Mats. & Ziem., t. c. 188; (19) Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, 664; (20) Sharpe, Ibis 1886, 167; (22) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 148; (22) Shell, Ibis 1888, 305; (23) Hume, Str. F. XI, 1888, 314; (24) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 19; (25) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 205; (26) Oates, ed. Hume's Nests and Eggs 1890, II, 337, note; (27) Sharpe, Yarkand Mission, Aves 1891, 187; (28) Salvad, Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 200; (29) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 496; (30) Barnes, Ibis 1894, 169; (31) M.& Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894, Nr. 4, p. 3; (32) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 31; (383) Grant, Ibis 1896, 126; (384) Salvad., Boll. Mus. Torino 1896, XI, 250. Aegialitis mongolus (or mongola) (1) Swinh., P. Z. 8. 1870, 140; (2) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 455; (3) Hume, ib. 1878, VII, 438; (4) id., ib. 1879, VIII, 69; (5) Vidal, ib. 1880, TX, 81; (6) Butler, t.c. 426; (7) Oates, ib. 1880, X, 237; (8) Stejn., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1885, Nr. 29, p. 105; (9) id., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 126; (10) Tacz., P. Z. S. 1888, 456; (12) Sclat., Ibis 1889, 249; (12) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 19; (13) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, IT, 822. S / _ | Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. T47 h. Cirrepidesmus mongolicus (1) Hume, Str. F. 1873, I, 230; (2) id., ib. 1874, II, 289, 482; (3) Butler, ib. 1877, V, 232, 236; (4) Heine & Rehw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 336. i. Aegialitis mastersi (1) Rams., Pr. L. Soc. N. 8. W. 1876, I, 135; (2) id., Tab. List 1888, 19. j. Aegialitis pyrrhothorax (1) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 148; (2) Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 126. k, Ochthodromus mongolus (7) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 223, 740. 1. ?Ochthodromus pyrrhothorax (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXTYV, 226. “Lorie mulut pende”, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvad. g 12, g 28; Sharpe kJ, 211. Figures and descriptions. Midd. ) 17; Heuglin b IV; Gould ¢ J, f I (winter); Seebohm b 9 (head, woodcut); Stejneger 9 (heads, woodcut), 8; Harting g 2; David & Oust., g 7; Legge g 10; Salvadori g 12; Oates g 14; Baird, Brewer & Ridgway g 16; Ramsay 71; Taczanowski 13; Sharpe k 1, Adult in winter plumage. Similar to A. geoffroyi (see swpra) in winter plumage; the brown on the breast apparently more extended, meeting (or almost meeting) so as to form a pectoral collar. Size slightly smaller; bill and tarsus much shorter (18 and 33 mm respectively, as against 23 and 38 mm). “Iris dark brown; bill dusky black; legs and feet greyish plumbeous” (Armstrong 4). Summer plumage. In summer also the two species correspond. “In summer the upper parts deepen in colour. A light rusty chestnut colour marks the upper forehead, runs round the crown, and forms a broad nuchal collar extending across the breast and colouring the greater part thereof. The white of the forehead is diminished in size and divided in its centre by a narrow black line; a black line runs across above the white over the eye to the ear-coverts, and another below the white above the bill to the eye, and under it over the ear-coverts. A little white occurs under the eye, and a little above it in the eyebrow, which is for the most part rufous” (Swinhoe 1). Sometimes, as Stejneger shows, the entire forehead of the male in summer is black; more usually a space of white of very variable width, divided by a black line is found on the anterior forehead. Female in breeding plumage. “Differs from the male in having the rufous parts much paler. The black markings on the forehead are almost absent, and under the eyes and on the ear-coverts replaced by blackish” (Stejneger §). Young in first plumage. “Resembles somewhat the adults. The brownish grey of the back is paler, and each feather narrowly edged with isabella color, with which also the lower parts are suffused; on the pectoral region a buffish tinge replaces the rufous collar, and the black markings are absent from the head, the cheeks and ear-coyerts being slightly dusky; forehead between the bill and eyes whitish suffused with isabella color” (Stejneger 8). Measurements. | Wing} Tail |'Tarsus eed aaa .a. (C 13532) ? imm., Main, Minahassa, 8. I. 94 (Nat. Goll.) | 138 ‘| 54 |. 32 | 19 b. (C 13252) ad., Main, Minahassa, 4. I. 94 (Nat. Coll.) | 135 | 52 | 34) 18 ce. (© 13254) ad., Main, Minahassa, 8. I. 94 (Nat. Coll) | 137 | 54 | 32.5) 18 Remark. The remiges of these Celebesian specimens killed in February are in good con- dition, as if the moult had taken place not very long ago. They are somewhat larger than the examples measured by Dr. Stejneger and Prof. W. Blasius: 8 adults examined by the former had the wing 127—133 mm, but Taczanowski (13) records one of 140 mm. 94* bol es eee ea Pe Xs oe 748 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. | Eggs. Bering Island, where a few nests were discovered by Dr. Stejneger, is the only spot from where eggs are as yet known. Dr. Stejneger (8) describes them as resembling those of A. semipalmata, but larger, somewhat deeper in ground colour, in two examples more olive, in the others more buff; the spots in general smaller, herein more like eggs of A. hiaticula. Two of the nests contained three eggs; size in 7 examples: 36—37.25 >< 26.5—27.25 mm. Nest. In a slight hollow in the ground between the stems of four Angelica archangelica, formed of the leaves and stems of this plant, and numerous seeds of the same (Stejneger 8 — nest from Toporkof Islet, Bering Is., 4% June, 1883). Distribution. N. America — Alaska (g 16, g 11s, 13); Asia from East Siberia and Kamtschatka (g 13) west to Turkestan (b 8, g 27) and Palestine (g 10), south to Oman (g 20) and Aden (g 10, g 30); East Africa from Egypt (b 5) to the Somali coast (b JV), Lamu (g 22) and Zanzibar (b 10); India (Blyth g 12, Jerdon g 10, g 12; etc.); Ceylon (Legge g 10); Laccadive Is. (Hume g 6); Andamans (Tytler g 12, etc. 3, h 2); Nicobars (Hume & Davis. h 2); Burmah (Oates g 14); Tenasserim (Davison 2); Malay Peninsula (Kelham g 13, Hume 4); China (Swinhoe 1, David g 7, etc.); Japan (Blakiston, ete. 6 11); Hainan (Swinhoe g 10); Philippines (Everett, etc. g 11, g 32); Borneo (Schwaner, ete. g 25); Sumatra (f. Salvadori g 34); Java (Horsfield g 12); Celebes — (Rosenberg 67), Gorontalo Distr. (Riedel g 21), Minahassa (Nat. Coll.), Buton Id. (S. Miiller e 7, e 2); Moluccas — Morty, Hal- mahera, Ceram (f. Salvadori g 12); Papuasia — Waigiou, Salawatti, New Guinea, Aru, Taguteedes Duke of York Id., Admiralty Is., Torres Str. Is. (f£ Salvadori g 12); N. Australia (HE. P. Ramsay 5 24, 2 2). Count Salvadori (g 12) includes Madagascar in its range, but the species is not admitted by Hartlaub nor by Milne-Edwards & Grandidier. The present species, always distinguishable by its much smaller bill and tarsus from its near ally, A. geoffroyi, has a range somewhat similar to that bird, but it is known to occur much further north in Asia. Severtzow observed it breeding in Turkestan, and Stoliczka also noticed it apparently breeding there, but its nest, like those of other Aegialitis-species, is most difficult to find, and Dr. Stejneger alone has as yet succeeded in finding the eggs, viz. in Bering Island, where the bird is very plentiful in summer. In autumn it mi- grates south, visiting Aden, as Barnes observed; Ceylon, according to Legge, in numbers in September and October; India; passing through China in spring and autumn, as shown by the remarks of David and De La Touche; and oc- curring as a winter visitor, rare apparently, in the East Indies. But, as in the case of A. geoffroyi and many other migrants, some individuals appear to remain in the tropics throughout the year; Salvadori records an example killed on an island in Torres Straits in May, and another from Halmahera in July, while Hume and Davison (#2) show that many remain on the Andamans all the year round, and Butler noticed that this was the case at Kurrachee in regard to A. mongola and a number of other waders. But the opinion expressed by the latter observer (and it is also suggested by Baird, Brewer and Ridgway touching Strepsilas interpres in the words: “Do birds after they have become old, effete, or barren, prefer to stay in a warm climate?” — Water B. N. Am. I, 123) Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 749 that these are barren birds and birds of the previous year which do not breed the first season, is controverted, or at least shown to be only half true, by Mr. Hume’s record (g 6) of specimens apparently just newly fledged from the Andamans, and by the known breeding of allied species, A. geoffroyi, Char. fulvus (see supra), in their southern quarters. ‘The birds are certainly not all barren; why they do not go north to breed remains to be explained; perhaps they find it wiser to stay where they are, perhaps they do not know the way. A. mongola is a species rarely met with in Celebes. S. Miiller says he found it in Buton, and Rosenberg has its name in his list of Celebesian birds, but no confirmation of this occurred till W. Blasius (g 75, g 27) made known an example from Riedel in the Brunswick Museum. ‘This record was unfortunately overlooked by us, and three specimens obtained by our native hunters at Main in the north of the Minahassa found mention (g 3/) as new for Celebes. There are also two from Manado in the British Museum (& 7), most likely from Meyer. They add confirmation to Prof. W. Blasius’ Celebesian specimen, which did not bear a label, and so by itself seemed hardly complete proof of the locality. A. pyrrhothorax (Temm.), which was believed by W. Blasius (j 7) to be a constant variety having all the forehead black or brown, a somewhat shorter wing and longer tarsus, is held by Dr. Stejneger (j 2) to be identical, since “the frontal and cervical marks are subject to an almost indefinite variation”, and these variations are not correlated with the length of the wing and tarsus. Sharpe, however, separates it again (/ 7). For the habits of this Plover cf. Stejneger (S) and Legge (g 10). ~ 321. AEGIALITIS CURONICA (Gm.). Lesser Ringed Plover. a. Charadrius dubius')? (1) Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. 1786, 93; (2) Hartert, Kat. Vog. Slg. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 217. b. Charadrius curonicus (7) Gm., S. N. 1788, I, 692 (ex Beseke). ec. Charadrius philippinus (1) Lath., Ind. Orn. 1790, I, 745; (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Cursores, 1865, 28; (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 277; (4) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1882, XLU, 105. : d. Charadrius minor (1) Meyer & Wolf, Vég. Deutsch]. 1805, I, 182; (IZ) Naum., Vég. Deutschl. 1834, VII, 225, t. 177; (III) Gld., B. Eur. 1837, IV, pl. 297; (IV) Seeb., Br. B. 1883, Il, 16, pl. 26 (egg); (5) id., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 130; (6) id., B. Japan 1890, 306; (7) Styan, Ibis 1891, 503; (8) Campb., Ibis 1892, 246; (9) De La Touche, t. c. 496; (10) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, IT, 282. . Charadrius fluviatilis (1) Bechst., Naturg. Deutsch]. 1809, IV, 422. f. Aegialitis minor (1) Boie, Isis 1822, 558; (IZ) Gld., B. Gt. Brit. 1871, IV, pl. 42: (3 Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 830. d 1) For reasons why it is undesirable to make use of this name, see Legge (5). It might belong to curonica, or jerdoni, or some other species; the description of course suits neither of the former exactly, Several authors enumerate specimens of dubius and cwronica. as if they were distinct species. Do they mean jerdont by the former name, or what? 750 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. Aegialitis curonica (or curonicus) (1) Keys. & Blas., Wirbelth. Eur. 1840, 71; (IZ) Dresser, B. Europe VII, 491, pl. 524 (1876); (3) Prjev., Rowl. Orn. Mise. 1877, II, 435; (4) Hume & Davis. Str. F. 1878, VI, 456, 521; /5) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 952; (6) Bolau, J. £.O. 1880, 131; (7) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, IL, 304; (8) Baird, Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, 159; (9) Dedit., J. £. O. 1886, 527; (10) Radde & Walter, Ornis 1889, 107; (11) M.& Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr8; pi 7, (22) aids) ibs 18965) Ne: top. 6 g. Aegialitis dubia (1) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1872, VIII, 89; (2) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 429; (3) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VII, 227; (4) id., ib. 1879, VIL, 69; (4%) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works 1881, 659, Nr. 309; (5) Kelham, Ibis 1882, 10; (6) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 370; (7) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 203; (8) W. Bilas., Ornis 1888, 319; (VIII) Meyer, Vogelskel. 1886, I, pl. CVIL; (9) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 205; (10)"Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 58; (11) Sh., t. c. 142, 284; (12) Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs 1890, IIT, 338; (13) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 25; (14) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 31; (15) Everett, Ibis 1895, 34; (16) Grant, t.c. 266, 472; (17) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 263, 744; (18) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 590. h. Charadrius philippinensis (7) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167. i. ? Aegialitis peroni (1) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1892, LI, 409. For further synonymy cf. Dresser IJ; Seebohm d 5; Sharpe g 77. Figures and descriptions. Naumann d JJ; Gould d J//, f IJ; Dresser I; Meyer g VIII*s (skel.); Seebohm d 5 (woodcut); Vorderman c 4; Taczan. f 3; Legge 5; Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. 8; Oates g 6; Sharpe g 17. Adult in winter. Above drab-brown, with paler edgings to the feathers, forehead paling into buff-white; lores blackish, this colour passing under the eye on to the ear-coverts; cheeks, chin, throat and nuchal collar white, bounded below by a blackish collar round neck, tinged with pale brown on jugulum; remaining under-parts white; primary coyerts and outer primaries blackish, the first with the shaft white, the inner remiges browner, slightly tipped with white; middle tail-feathers drab, the terminal 20 mm blackish, all the lateral tail-feathers broadly tipped with white, mereasing towards the outermost, which are white with a cross-mark of black on the immer web; “iris dark brown; bill black, yellow in some at the base of the under mandible; eyelid yellowish; legs and feet dusky yellow; joints and tips of toes greenish brown”: Legge 5 (co, Tondano, 17. Nov. 1894: P.& F. Sarasin). Young in first plumage. Very like the adult described; the blackish wanting on the ear- coverts, less pronounced on the lores; the dark collar smaller, pale brown on the jugulum, dusky on sides thereof; the feathers of the upper parts more conspicuously margined with pale brown (cj, Kema, 26. Oct. 93: P.& F. Sarasin). Adult in breeding plumage. Has the collar jet-black, passing narrowly across the hind- neck, broadly across the jugulum and sides of breast; a patch of black covering lores, subocular region (except for a narrow white mark just below the eyelid) and ear- coyerts; a broad bar of black across crown from eye to eye; forehead white, except just at base of bill (ot ad., Dresden: Schwarze — Nr. 14150). Measurements. Wing | Tail Tarsus Pera a. (Sarasin Coll.) Gt juv., Kema, 26. Oct.938 . . . .| 115 | 58 | 25.5) 13 b. (Sarasin Coll.) ot Kema, 20;0ct.93 . « 5 3. 015) oS) 260) 9 de ce. (Sarasin Coll.) Gt Tondano, 17. Sept.94 . . . . .| 1416 | 62 | 27 | 125 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 751 Eggs. 4; pyriform; pale buff, speckled and streaked with surface spots of dark and light brown, with underlying markings of inky grey; size 29—30.5 >< 21.6—22.9 mm (from Seebohm d 4). Nest. None; the bird “scratching a little hollow in the sand or shingle, which it treads into a very neat, round, shallow basin” (Seebohm d 4). Distribution. Europe; Africa down to the Gaboon and Mozambique; Asia; ? N. America (Alaska and coast of California); Philippines and Great Sunda Islands (see Dresser IJ, Legge 5, Taczanowski f 3, Sharpe g 17); India (Jerdon, ete. 5); Ceylon (Legge 5); Burmah (Oates g 6); Tenasserim (Hume & Davison 4; Malay Penin- sula (Hume g 4, Kelham g 45); China (David g 2, ete.); Corea (Campb. d 8); Japan (Blakiston, Pryer d 6); Formosa (Swinhoe ¢ 2); Philippines — Luzon, Leyte, ’ Bohol, Negros, Guimaras, Catanduanes, Mindanao, Palawan (Everett g 4, Steere g 13, Bourns & Worces. g 14, Whitehead g 7, g 16, etc.); Borneo (S. Miller Mottley, etc. g 9); Java (Kuhl & v. Hasselt ¢ 2, Boie c 2); Sumba (Doherty g 18); Celebes — Gorontalo Dist. (v. Rosenb. ¢ 2), Minahassa (P.& F. Sarasin), Macassar (Weber d 10). In the eastern parts of Asia the Little Ringed Plover, according to Taczanowski, has not yet been found in Kamtschatka, and the limits of its northern range in KE. Siberia are not yet known. Prjevalsky observed it breed- ing in Mongolia, and Taczanowski describes eggs from Dauria, and Nikolski affirms that it breeds in Sakhalien Island. In these territories it is only a summer visitor. Godlewski remarks that it arrives in Dauria at the beginning of May and leaves at the end of September; in Mongolia Prjevalsky (3) ob- served its first appearance on 9" April. Throughout China it is, according to David, extremely abundant, even in winter. As to its residence in winter, this remark probably has more strict reference to South China, for Styan (d7) describes it as common in the Lower Yangtse basin during migration in March, April and May, and again in September and October. In Southern China Mr. De La Touche (d9) observed it passing Foochow from the beginning of March to the beginning of May; it winters in Swatow. The southern migration seems to pass on across the China Sea, but in diminished numbers; in North Borneo Whitehead (g//) speaks of it as “a winter visitor, generally seen singly or in pairs on the sea-coast”; in Palawan he first observed it on 30" July. From Celebes we are able to point only to 6 specimens: one in the Leyden Museum killed by Rosenberg at Lake Limbotto, 6" August, 1863; three obtained by the Drs. Sarasin late in the year in the Minahassa, as shown above; two in Prof. Weber's collection from Macassar. The Little Ringed Plover has very close affinities with A. jerdoni, a species which seems to have often been confused with it in India, and about which there is still much obscurity. In India A. jerdoni has been reported as a per- manent resident (Hume N. & Eggs Ind. B. 1890, III, 340), but A. curonica is re- corded as a breeding species there as well (perhaps through mistaken identity?). Legge believed that he discovered the eges of A. jerdoni in Ceylon, but only knew A. curonica as a winter visitor there. Salvadori records A. jerdoni i. AC ee ere 752 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. | further from New Guinea and New Ireland, and questions Schlegel’s deter- mination of the specimens of A. curonica from Java, Borneo, and Celebes in the Leyden Museum, suggesting that they may be jerdoni. Since A. jerdoni occurs in New Guinea as well as India, it is of course almost certain that it will be found in the intermediate countries, either as a migrant or a resident; at present, however, we know of no satisfactory proof of this. The Sarasins’ specimens from Celebes show themselves by their large size and by their bills to be A. curonica, most likely wanderers from the north, and Schlegel’s specimens are probably the same. A. jerdoni is described by Legge as having the wing 99—108, tail 51—56, tarsus 24—25.4 mm, and without or with a very small amount of black extending from the lores across the base of the forchead, with more yellow on the bill, the basal half of the lower mandible and a spot at the base of the culmen being yellow, and with a remarkably protuberant and corrugated fleshy orbital circle. It appears possible that A. jerdoni has arisen from A. curonica from individuals which have settled in the winter quarters, like as Charadrius fulvus and Aegialitis geoffroy: seem to have done in one or two spots. The Little Ringed Plover may be looked for on the strand of fresh water lakes and of rivers, especially as Naumann says, those which have not a muddy bed; among other places it is plentiful along the Elbe near Dresden, where it breeds, leaving for the winter. Its note is a plaintive pipe or whistle, rather like that of a young chicken, and well expressed by Naumann as “dia”, both vowels uttered shortly and almost in one tone. +322. AEGIALITIS PERONTI (Sch1.). Malay Shore Plover. a. Charadrius peroni [Temm. in Leyden Mus.], (2) Bp., Compt. Rend. 1856, XLII, 417, Nr. 68 (descript. nulla); (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Cursores, 1865033; (3) Gray, HL. 1871, ILI, 16, Nr. 10005; (4) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 89; (5) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 277; (6) Seeb., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 166. b. Charadrius alexandrinus //) Mottl. & Dillw. (nec Hasselq.), Contr. Nat. Hist. Lab. 1855, 47 (fide Salvad.). e. Charadrius philippinus (1) Pelz. (nec Lath.), Novara Reise, Vég. 1865, 116, 162. d. Aegialites perronii (1) Swinh., P. Z. 8. 1870, 139. Aegialitis peroni (J) Wald., Tr. Z. 8S. 1872, VIII, 90, pl. X, fig. 2; (2) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 315; (3) Tweedd., P. Z. S. 1878, 344, 711; (4) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 141; (5) Hume, Str. F. 1879, VIII, 200, 201; (6) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 948; (7) Sharpe, Ibis 1884, 322; (8) Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, 417; (9) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 203; (10) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 319; (11) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 205; (12) Whitehead, Ibis 1890, 58; (13) Sh. & Whitehead, t. c. 142; (14) Steere, List B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 25; (45) Heine & Rchw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 336; (16) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 243, 258; ? (17) Vorderm.'), N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, 1) A specimen recently described by Dr. Vorderman (N. T. Ned. Ind. 1892, LI, 409) from Java as A. peront shows itself by its long wing (116 mm) to be some other species — perhaps curonica, since the shaft of the first primary only is white and the tail measures 55 mm. Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 7153 LIV, 351; (18) Grant, Ibis 1896, 126; (19) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 273, , 745; (20) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 598. Figures and descriptions. Walden J; Seebohm a 6 (head); Hume 5; Schlegel a 2; Swinhoe d1; Sharpe 19. Adult. Forehead and superciliary region white; a bar across the fore crown, lores and ear-coverts black; rest of head above and nape brown-rufous; chin, cheeks, throat, a narrow collar round hind-neck, and entire under-parts white; a cervical collar, nearly (sometimes quite). meeting on jugulum, black, duskier above mantle; remaining upper-parts drab-brown with pale tips, the greater wing- and primary-coverts broadly tipped with white, the others less conspicuously; remiges dark brown, the shafts white, all, except the external primaries, tipped with white, and the five inner primaries white on the outer webs, except towards tip; tail dark brown, the three outermost feathers pure white: legs pale (Banjermassing, Borneo: y. Schierbrand — C 12402). Female. Without the black frontal band, the black on mantle, hind-neck, and sides of neck replaced by brown (Sharpe 19). Young. Differs from the adult in wanting the black markings on the head and in haying the cervical collar brownish rufous, not black (Banjermassing: v. Schierbrand — C 12403). A second and younger specimen from Timor (Riedel — OC 6261) has the inner quills more broadly tipped with white than in the adult bird, the upper parts broadly bordered with very pale brown (wood-brown), the least wing-coverts with whitish tips, the other wing-coverts more conspicuously edged and tipped with white. Measurements. Was | ted Tarsus| Forehead, a. (©3529) ad., Minahassa (v.. Faber) . . .°. = . . | 400 | 40 295i aslo b. (C 12402) ad., S. Borneo (v. Schierbrand) . . . .| 99/ 45 | 29.5) 15.5 ce. (C 12403) imm., S. Borneo (v. Schierbrand). . . .) 97} 48 | 27.5) 13.5 d. (C 6261) juv., Koepang, Timor (Riedel). . . . . .| 94] 41 | 27.5] 13.5 Eggs. 3; “of a buff colour, thickly blotched with sepia at the larger end, speckled and marked to a lesser degree all over with the same colour and lighter grey; sometimes they are speckled and streaked all over without any blotches at the large end; size 33 >< 24 mm” (Whitehead 72). Nest. None. On the sand-spits and bays round the coast of North Borneo. The eggs are placed in the full glare of the burning sun amongst the sea-drift (Whitehead 12). Distribution. Java (Kuhl & v. Hasselt a 2, Vriese a 2); Borneo (S. Miiller, ete. a2, 11); Labuan, Tega and Mengalan Is. (Everett 19); Philippines — Leyte and Bohol (Everett 3), Negros, Siquijor and Mindanao (Steere 14), Sooloo — Sibutu (Everett 16); N. Celebes — Minahassa (Wallace 19, Fischer a 4, Faber), Gorontalo Distr. (Meyer 4), Macassar (Wallace Z); Lombok (Vorderman 17, Everett 20); Timor (Riedel in Dresden Mus.); Semao (S. Miller a 2). Mr. Whitehead remarks that the present species is a resident in Borneo and Palawan. ‘There can be little doubt that such it is also in the other East India Islands in which it occurs. From its characters it may be termed a slight modification of A. cantiana of Europe and Asia, or rather of the cantiana-group of Plovers, consisting of the typical form, dealbata of China and Formosa, minuta Seeb. (not of Pallas) of the coast of the Red Sea and Ceylon, mivosa of North Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 3rd, 1897). 95 754 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. America, collaris of S. America, and ruficapilla of Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand. It would be a matter for no great surprise if three of these closely allied forms were to be found in Celebes besides Aegialitis peroni; namely A. cantiana and dealbata as winter visitors, and A. ruficapilla as a straggler from Australia or New Guinea. A. ¢antiana, which is already known from Borneo and some of the Philippines, may be recognised by its black (or leaden) legs and larger size (wing 104—114 mm: Seebohm); A. dealbata has light yellowish brown or flesh-coloured legs like peroni, but is fully as large as cantiana and, as in that bird, the black collar (or rather the remains of it) is found only on the sides of the neck, not on the hind-neck; A. ruficapilla is of about the same size as A. peroni, but, as Seebohm remarks, it has neither the black nor the white nuchal collar; the tarsi are light grey, feet blackish brown. An example in the Dresden Museum (Nr. 11440) with the wing 114 mm, labelled “Philippines”, seems to be dealbata. Compared with A. curonica and its closest allies, the cantiana-group differs in having a relatively longer tarsus, shorter tail (shorter by about ‘'/,) and much longer and stouter bill; the three outer tail-feathers are pure white, the shafts of all the remiges are white (except at the tip), and the head of the adult is rufous behind the black bar of the fore crown. A recent writer on migration asserts that northern birds do not increase their breeding range towards the tropics. Swinhoe (d 7) remarks of A. dealbata of China, Hainan and Formosa, that no one can doubt the fact of its being derived from A. cantiana. In the same way it might be urged that peroni and the other forms of the south were sprung from that species, in other words, that A. cantiana has spread its breeding range southward, where it has under- gone local modifications. On the other hand it may be supposed that one of the tropical races gave rise to the northern cantiana. The former view seems the more plausible one, because, as has been shown, certain allied migratory species stay the summer in their winter quarters, and cases are known of their breeding there’). As to the modifications of A. peroni, Seebohm remarks that “its small size is probably connected with the fact that it lives upon islands and not upon a continent”, and believes that, being of a somewhat arctic genus. it has decreased in size in the uncongenial climate of the tropics. If peroni is really sprung from cantiana, it has of course decreased in size (supposing cantiana has not since grown larger), but more proof of a decrease in size of northern forms in the tropics is desirable, for as a rule a more luxuriant growth pertains to the tropics, and it does not appear that islands are likely to harbour smaller forms than continents (except, perhaps, among the Raptores); the small Sangi Islands at all events produce larger races than the large island of Celebes. '! Charadrius fulvus, Aegialitis geoffroyt, deg. mongola, Strepsilas interpres and Limosa novaezealandiae. Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. Way GENUS STREPSILAS Il. The Turnstone is about the size of a ‘Thrush, has the bill about as long as the cranium, very slightly recurved, no dertrum or swollen tip, the maxil- lary groove not carried on to the terminal third; legs rather short, tarsus equal to middle toe and claw in length, anteriorly transversely scutellated; a small hallux present; toes cleft to the base, the soles broadened; wing long, the first large quill the longest, the middle secondaries less than half its length. The absence of a dertrum, the short tarsus, and the toes with no basal web serve to distinguish it from the Plovers, the short nasal groove from other Celebesian Limicolae, the short legs, ete. from Himantopus. Almost cosmopolitan. * 323. STREPSILAS INTERPRES (L.). Common ‘Turnstone. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.); (1) Illiger, Prodr. 1811, 263; (IZ) Naum., Vég. Deutschl. VU, 303, t. 180 (1834); (JZ) Gld., B. Gt. Brit. IV, pl. 60, (1870); (IV) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 39; (5) id., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, IT, 269; (6) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Cursores, 1865, 438; (7) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 181; (8) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Centralpol. 1867, 197; (9) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIM, 91; (10) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 320; (XI) Dresser, B. Europe VII, 555, pl. 532 (1875); (12) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 433; (13) Oust., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1878, 183; (14) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 141; (15) Milne-Ed. & Grandid., Ois. Madag. 1879, I, 512; (16) Finsch, Ibis 1880, 432; (17) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 900; (18) Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1881, 767; (19) Salvad., Orn. Pap. IL, 1882, 289; (20) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 376; (21) Baird, Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. I, 1884, 119; (22) Seeb., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 410; (23) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 20; (24) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 319; (25) Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2"4 ed. 1888, Il, 14; (26) Seeb., B. Japan. Emp. 1890, 331; (27) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 59; (28) Steere, List Philipp. 1890, 26; (29) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 198; (30) Styan, Ibis 1891, 504; (31) Wiglesworth, Av. Polyn. 1892, 63; (32) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 497; (33) Taczan., Faun. Orn. Sib. Or. 1893, LI, 845; (34) Bourns & Worces., B. and M. Menage Exp. Philipp. 1894, 31; (35) Pearson & Bidw., Ibis 1894, 234; (36) Everett, Ibis 1895, 34, 39; (37) Grant, Ibis 1896, 126; (38) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 180. a. Strepsilas collaris (B. Meyer); (1) S. Mill, Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—44, 90, 110; (2) id., Reizen Ind. Archip. 1858, pt. I, 13. b. Charadrius interpres (1) Seeb., Brit. B. 1885, LT, 12. ce. Tringa interpres L.; (1) Giitke, Vogelwarte Helg. 1891, 524. d. Arenaria interpres (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 92, 728. “Lorie burik”, Banka Id., Minahassa, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references cf. Naumann JJ; Finsch & Hartl. 8; Salvadori 10, 19; Dresser XI; Milne-Ed. & Grandid. 15; Legge 17; Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. 21; Seebohm 22; Sharpe d 1; etc. Figures and descriptions. Naumann JZ; Gould III, IV; Dresser XJ; Seebohm 22; Finsch & Hartl. 8; Legge 17; Taczanowski 33, Sharpe d 1; ete. 95* Birds. of Celebes: Charadriidae. Old male in breeding plumage. Head above, sides of occiput, hind neck, and cervical collar white, with black centre-streaks on crown and occiput; breast black, passing on to the shoulders and sides of neck; a branch from the latter bifurcating on the cheek into a broad submalar and subocular streak, the latter turning at the front of the eye narrowly to the forehead, enclosing a quadrangular white patch; chin and throat white; mantle and wings light hazel, mixed with black; greater and lesser wing-coverts drab, the latter tipped with white; primaries greyish black, shafts white; back, rump, and under-parts white; longer upper tail-coverts and tail white, the shorter ones and a broad terminal bar on tail blackish; “bill blackish; iris dark brown; legs orange-red”: Dresser XI ({<] ad. Canada: Dr. Ross — Nr. 2720). Probably specimens in this plumage are not to be found in Celebes. Breeding female. It is much like the male, but less brilliantly particoloured. Adult in winter. Has less chestnut in the plumage; the black portions of the head, etek and breast obscured by white tips to the feathers, and intermixed with white feather (from Dresser X/), Young in winter. Head, neck, mantle, scapulars and wing-coverts dark brown with paler margins, greyer brown towards the head, greater wing-coyerts broadly tipped with white; back, longer upper tail-coverts, base and tip of tail, and under- parts white, shorter under tail-coverts and rest of tail blackish; upper breast blackish, with pale tips to the feathers, continuing on to the sides of neck and cheeks; throat white (Gorontalo Distr.: Riedel — C 14129). : Celebesian examples seen by us are young in this type of plumage. Half-grown chick. Much like the above in coloration; the wings and scapulars broadly bor- dered with tawny (Sweden, July — Nr. 12462). Measurements (adult). Circa: wing 153 mm; tail 64; tarsus 25; middle toe 25; bill from fore- head 22. 4. “Differmg considerably from those of the typical Plovers, and approaching much more closely those of the Sandpipers ... pale olive-green of. different shades to pale buff in ground-colour, dashed, clouded, spotted, and blotched with olive-brown and very dark brown and with underlying markings of purplish Brey”; ; size 38.6—43.2 < 28—30.5 mm (from Seebohm b 7). “A few bits of dry herbage or withered leaves, scratched into a little hollow, which is usually selected under a tuft of herbage, or under a broad-leaved plant, or behind a bush” (Seebohm b 2). ‘Distribution. Europe; Africa; Asia; Australia; Polynesia; America. For the East Indian and Papuan Islands (cf. Salvad. 19, 29); Australia and Tasmania (E. P. Ramsay 23); Polynesia (Wiglesw. 31); New Zealand (Buller 25); In the Celebes Province: — Minahassa (Meyer 14), Banka (Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo (Riedel in Dresden Mus.), Buton (8. Miiller @ 7), Saleyer (Everett: 38). The Turnstone has been met with in many places on the sea-coast from Spitzbergen to the Cape, from the Arctic shores of Siberia to Tasmania and New Zealand, from 82'/,° N. in Greenland to Chili. It is known as a breeding species in the higher northern latitudes and, generally, as a bird of passage in, or winter visitor to, the more temperate intermediate, tropical, and southern localities; yet there seem to be many exceptions to this. Dresser repeats Layard’s opinion that it breeds on Robben Island, South-west Africa, Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae, WBS y 7 Du Cane Godman’s belief that it breeds in the Azores, and Bolle’s statement that it is a permanent resident in the Canaries; Mr. N. B. Moore (27) found that many remain all through the year on the coast of Florida; Dr. Finsch held this to be the case in the Marshall and Gilbert atolls. It seems clear that its migration is not quite thorough-going and complete; birds often remain behind in their winter quarters, and this, probably, is more generally the rule with migrant birds than is at present supposed. In Celebes, where few specimens have been obtained, the Turnstone probably occurs as a bird of passage. A specimen from Banka obtained by our native collectors is dated as late as 15™ May. GENUS HIMANTOPUS Briss. The Stilt is easily distinguishable from the other Waders occurring in Celebes by the great length of the tarsus, which is longer than the tail and about 3 times as long as the middle toe; no hallux; bill slender, straight or slightly recurved, about twice as long as the head, without a dertrum, nasal groove in the basal half, nostril in the basal fourth; wing long and pointed, the outer- most large quill the longest. General colours black and white. Dr. Sharpe recognises 6 species, occurring in the temperate and tropical regions of the world. +324. HIMANTOPUS LEUCOCEPHALUS J. Gd. White-headed Stilt. Himantopus leucocephalus (7) Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, 26; (IZ) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 24; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 106; (4) Blyth, Ibis 1865, 35; (5) Gould, ibe BarAvsiedso5, UE 246-9 /6) “Wialds) irs Zis: 18725 -VilHE 94/3/77) 1d. ib: 1875, TX, 228; (8) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (9) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 141; (10) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 921; (12) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works Index 1881, 654, 659; (12) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (13) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 309; (14) W. Blas. J. f. O. 1883, 139; (15) id. ib. 1884, 218; (16) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1885, XLIV, 204; (17) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 559; (18) id., Cruise “Marchesa” 1886, II, 208; (19) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 163;.(20) Rams., Pr. L. Soc. N.S. W. 1886, (2) I, 1099; (21) Seeb., Ibis 1886, 225, 233; (22) id., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 283; (23) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 20;. (XXIV) Bull, B. N. Zeal. 2™4 ed. 1888, Il, 21, pl. XX VI; (25) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. AWS. 1889, 206; (26) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 310; (27) Studer, Reise “Gazelle” 1889, III, 219; (28) Steere, List Coll. Birds & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 25; (29) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 201; (30) Mc Lean, Ibis 1892, 252; (31) Ribbe, Jb. Ver. Erdk. Dresden 1892, 173; (32) Biittik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1892, XIV, 206; (33) id., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 283; (34) Madar., Aquila 1894, 105; (35) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 15; (36) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 180; (37) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 317, 751. a. Himantopus (1) Reinw., Reis Ind. Archip. 1858, 592. i “Lilimo” Rosenb. 8, or “Lilimu” Joest, Das Holontalo 1883, 105; Gorontalo Distr. yt oe op oe a, ‘ 758 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. | For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 13, 29; Sharpe 37. Figures and descriptions. Gould JJ, 5; Buller XXIV; Seebohm 22 (woodcut); Salv. 13; Sharpe 37. Adult. Entire head and nape, a collar above the mantle, lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts and tail, and entire under-parts white; hind-neck, mantle and wings (including under wing-coverts) black, glossed with green; “iris yellow; bill black; legs bright red”: Guillem. 17 (N. Celebes: Faber — C 3566). “Tris red” (of, P. & F. Sarasin). Sexes. According to Gould, the male is larger than the female. Young of the first autumn. “Crown of the head and hind-neck dusky black, mottled with white; shoulders spotted with black darkening towards the back; upper part of back and scapulars brownish black; upper surface of wings glossy black; the median coverts as well as the feathers of the back narrowly tipped with brown; lower part of back and rump white; tail-feathers dull black, tipped with brown, their coverts (which are very fluffy) plumbeous at the base, white on their apical portion, and tipped with yellowish brown; lining of wings black, the rest of the plumage pure white; bill black, brownish towards the base; irides reddish yellow; legs pale yellow; the claws brown” (Buller XXIV). A young specimen in the Dresden Museum differs from the adult in wanting the black hind neck, the entire neck being white like the under-parts, the crown and occiput smoke-grey, the mantle mottled with grey, the upper back brown (Q, Limbotto, July, 1871: Meyer — C 1989). Other stages of plumage are described by Sir Walter Buller (XXIV). Measurements. Wing | Tail |Tarsus pretie a. (C 1988) of ad., Limbotto, July, 71 (Meyer). . . .| 222 | 70 | 120} 60 bi (C13566) tad: ON: (Celebes: (Baber) ae -ana ee cme ee e223 a meoe edulis amon ec. (C 3565) ad., N. Celebes (Faber). . . Bees eo | alae Ge d. (C 5251) ad, Gorontalo, Jan. 76 (v. Massa) oe (DRA FOL e) 126 = e. ‘a 1989) juv., Limbotto, July, 71 (Meyer). . . . .| 194] 64 | 98] 54 jf. (Sarasin ‘Ooll.) \¢' ad., hake Posso, 21.5; 95... 2 )pae25076 | eas eae g. (Sarasin Coll;)-O ad.; Thake Posso, 2a L95" >. 1/2245) 755) Oreos Eggs. 4. “The East Indian eggs are clay-yellow, with numerous, sharply delineated, black and black-brown spots. The measurements are 40—41 >< 32 mm” (Nehrkorn MS.). See, also, North 26, Buller XXIV. Nest. “A slight structure ... a few short pieces of rush and grass, placed in and around a depression at the foot of a clump of rushes growing near the water’s edge of a lagoon” (South Grafton, Australia: Ramsay 26). Sometimes no nest is made (Buller XXIV). Distribution. All Australia (Gould I, Ramsay 23); New Zealand (Buller XXIV); New Guinea; Ferguson Id.; Mysol; Amboina; Ternate (cf. Schleg. 3, Salvad. 13, 29); Ceram (Ribbe 37); Celebes — Tondano (Reinw. a 1, Meyer 9), Limbotto (Forsten 3, v. Rosenb. 3, ete.), Lake Tempe, 8. Celebes (Weber 33), Lake Posso (P.& F. 8. 35), Saleyer (Everett 36); Timor (S. Miller 3); Rotti (ten Kate 32); Sumbawa (Forsten 3); Java (S. Miller 3, de Bocarmé 3); Borneo (Schwaner 3, 25); Philippines — Mindanao (Cuming 7, Steere 28). The White-headed Stilt is a breeding species in Celebes, as is shown by a young specimen in down in the Leyden Museum. It is a common bird on Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 759 Lake Limbotto, but has, apparently, been much more rarely obtained on the better known Lake of Tondano. In Australia Gould found it feeding on insects and small shelled snails; it runs with grace and celerity, but flies heavily, uttering a plaintive piping cry. Its long red legs are adapted for wading, and by them and by its black and white plumage it may be easily distinguished from other Celebesian birds. Seebohm (22) recognised 11 species of Stilts and Avocets, of which the latter, numbering 5 species, are usually separated generically (Recurvirostra) in virtue of their webbed feet and remarkably thin and strongly upcurved bills. The present species has, perhaps, its nearest connections with the Himantopus candidus Boun. of temperate Europe, Africa, and Asia, but may be distinguished from it and the other similar Stilts by its entirely white head. In H. candidus and the others the black of the hind neck passes on to some part of the crown or face. But the distribution of the black and white on the head and neck appears to change in a remarkable way with age, and might form a profitable field for study. In New Zealand a melanotic form occurs, producing a young one much like the young H. leucocephalus. GENUS TOTANUS Behst. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw, transversely scutellated before and behind; a small hallux; bill longer than the head, slender, straight, or slightly recurved or decurved, no dertrum, but the nasal groove never encroach- ing into the terminal third; the loral plumes growing considerably in front of the gape; tail longer than the tarsus or equal to it, white at least at the base, as are often the lower back and rump also; wing rather long, about twice the length of the shorter secondaries, the inner secondaries much lengthened. Migratory; almost cosmopolitan. + 395. TOTANUS GLOTTIS (L.). Greenshank. a. Scolopax glottis (1) Linn., 8. N. 1766, I, 245; (2) Gm., 8. N. 1788, I, 664. b. Seolopax nebularius (1) Gunner, in Leem, Lap. Beskr. 1769, 251 (fide Stejneger). c. Totanus canescens (1) Gm., 8. N. 1788, I, 668. Totanus glottis (1) Bechst., Orn. Taschenb. 1803, Il, 287; (IZ) Naum., Vog. Deutschl. 1836, VII, 145, t. 201; (ZZ) Gould, B. Europe IV, pl. 312; (4) Schl, Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 61; (5) Wald. Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIII, 97; (6) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 328; (7) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1875, IX, 234; (8) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 462; (9) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 463; (10) Oust., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1878, 186; (11) Milne-Edw. & Grandid., Ois. Madag. 1879, I, 630; (12) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (13) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 143; (14) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 840; (15) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (16) Seeb., B. Gt. Brit. 1885, III, 149; (17) id., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 355; (18) Everett, J. Str. Br. 760 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. R. A: S. 1889, 208; (19) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26; (20) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 321; (21) W. Blas., J.f. O. 1890, 145; (22) Styan, Ibis 1891) 507; (23) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 202; (24) Campb., Ibis 1892, 246; (25) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 860; (26) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 283; (27) Newton, Dict. B. 1893, 384. d. Glottis glottoides (Sykes) (I) Gld. B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 36. e. Totanus canescens (1) Adams, P. Z.8. 1859, 169; (2) Finsch & Hartl, Vég. O. Afr. 1870, 745; (11D) Sh. & Dress., B. Europe 1871, VIII, 173, pl. 570; (4) Hume, Str. F. 1874, Il, 299; (5) Briigg., ‘Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 95; (6) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works, Index 1881, 660; (7) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, I, 325; (8) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 402; (9) W. Blas, Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 200; (10) HE. Rams., Tab. List 1888, 20. f. Totanus nebularius (1) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, V, 37; (2) Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, 267; (3) Stejn., Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1885, Nr. 29, 128. g. Totanus littoreus L.; (1) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 180. h. Glottis nebularius (1) Sharpe; Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 481, 763. For further synonymy and references cf. Finsch & Hartlaub e 2; Legge 74; Salvadori e 7; Taczanowski 25; Sharpe h 1, ete. Figures and descriptions. Naumann JZ; Gould JJ, dI; Sharpe & Dresser e IZ; Legge 14; Seebohm 16, 17 (woodcut); Salvadori e 7; Taczanowski 25; Sharpe h 1; etc., ete. — Eyton, Ost. ay. 1867 figured the skeleton, pl. 8 k and 34, 1; Milne- Edwards, Ois. foss. 1867—8 some particulars; as well as Jiger, Sb. Ak. Wien 1857, XXII, pl. U, figs. 16—17. Winter plumage. General colour above mealy drab-brown, the feathers with dark shafts and notched at the edges with dark brown and whitish; head and hind neck dus- kier, striolated with white; lower back and rump white, the longest upper tail- coyerts slightly barred with brown towards the tips; tail white, laterally barred with brown, the middle feathers terminally washed with ashy grey; sides of forehead, cheeks and under-parts white, the lores with dusky spots; under wing-coverts white with bars or sagittate centre-spots of dark brown; “iris light brown; bill bluish leaden at base, changing to brownish towards the tip ...; legs and feet bluish leaden, the toes and tibie somewhat greenish”: Legge 14 (Gorontalo: Riedel — CO 274). Changes of plumage. “The changes of plumage in the Greenshank at the four different seasons of the year are well marked. In winter it is pure white underneath, and clear ashy-grey above. In April it begins to show traces of breeding plumage, the feathers of the back exhibiting signs of approaching black, while the under surface is also spotted here and there with black on the upper part of the breast. By June the bird is in full breeding dress, very dark on the upper surface, and all the fore part of the throat and breast thickly covered with oval spots, while the flanks and under tail-coverts are also marked with blackish. By the end of July the bird begins to change, and in August rapidly passes into a somewhat lighter dress, assuming buffy white edgings to the feathers of the upper surface, while the underside of the body is quite white, excepting slight remains of dark markings on the fore part of the breast; at this season of the year the tail is very different, the centre feathers being distinctly barred, whereas at all other times they are more or less uniform grey with indications of bars only on the basal part of the feathers” (Sharpe & Dresser e III). Measurements. Wing 180—193 mm; tail 75—82; bill from feathers of forehead 52—59; tarsus 57—65; middle toe with claw 35—39 (from the measurements of 8 EK. Siberian examples by Taczanowski 25, and 2 from N. Celebes in the Dresden Museum). Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 761 Moult. A specimen killed by Meyer at Limbotto in July, 1871, is shedding its remiges (C 1970). Eggs. 4; creamy white to buff in ground-colour, blotched and spotted with rich dark brown (often forming a zone at the large end), and with underlying shell-markings of pink- ish brown and grey; size 46.2—52 >< 33.0—35.6 mm (from Seebohm 16). Nest. Sometimes close to water, or in a tuft of grass, or on a little piece of higher ground surrounded with marsh: cunningly concealed amongst the heath and short herbage, the nest is a mere depression in the ground, lined with a few hits of dry grass or withered leaves (Seebohm 16). Distribution. Europe; Africa; Madagascar; Asia; America as a straggler — Florida (Audubon f 2); through the East Indies, to Australia. — In the Celebesian area: Minahassa (Meyer 13); Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten 4, Rosenb. 15, Riedel e 9, Meyer 18); Bonthain (S. Miller 4); Palima and Luwu (Weber 26); Saleyer Island (Everett g 1). ; The Greenshank is a wide-spread migrant, ranging from North Europe and North Asia south to Cape Colony and Australia. It is absent from New Zealand, but it has been known to straggle to Florida. It breeds in Northern Europe, in some places in Scotland and the Hebrides, and v. Middendorff (25) observed it nesting plentifully on the eastern slopes of the Stanowoi Mts., N. E. Siberia, while it was not rare on the marshes down to the coast. This is the only record of its breeding in Siberia given by Taczanowski (29). Through S. E. Siberia from Irkutsk to the Sea of Japan Dybowski and Godlewski observed it only in the spring and autumn migrations. In Bering Island Stejneger (f3) says it occurs regularly in the spring migration; Nikolski only saw it on migration in Sakhalien; Campbell (24) records it as extremely common in spring and autumn in Corea, though Kalinowski speaks of it as common there in passage in autumn, rare in spring. It winters in China — in the Lower Yangtse basin according to Styan (22), and at Swatow according to De La Touche, though it does not stay at Foochow. In Celebes Meyer (/3) got it in summer, viz. at Kakas in June and at Lake Limbotto in July. These individuals were of course left out of the general migration; why, it is impossible to say. One is before us (Q Limbotto, July) and is in winter plumage, assuming fresh remiges. Ordinarily the bird is most likely only a winter visitor to the island. From the allied species which occur in Celebes with it the Greenshank may be distingnished on the wing by its large size, its white lower back and rump, its dark wings in which no white tips or band are present, and the loud piping call of “yo-yo-yo” with which it starts up and repeats vociferously. +326, TOTANUS CALIDRIS (L.). Common Redshank: a. Scolopax calidris (1) Linn., 8. N. 1766, I, 245. Totanus calidris (1) Bechst., Orn. Taschenb. 1803, I, 284; (ZZ) Naum., Vog. Deutschl. 1836, VIL, 95, t. 199; (III) Gould, B. Europe LV, pl. 310 (1835); (IV) id., B. Gt. Brit. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 4th, 1897). 96 762 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. IV, pl. 54 (1870); (5) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 65; (6) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIII, 96; (7) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 328; (8) Hume, Str. F. 1874, I, 299; (IX) Dresser, B. Eur. 1875, VIII, 157, pl. 567, f.1, pl. 568, £.2, pl.569; (10) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 464; (11) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (12) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 464; (12%) Hume, ib. 1879, VIL, 70; (13) Tweedd., P. Z. 8. 1879, 73; (14) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 852; (15) Rosenb., Zool.’Garten 1881, 167; (16) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works, Index 1881, 660; (17) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 404; (18) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 561; (19) Seebohm, Brit. B. 1885, HI, 140; (20) id., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 353; (21) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 320; (22) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 208; (23) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 26; (24) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 59; (25) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 321; (26) Hagen, T. Ned. Aard. Genoots. 1890, (2) VII, 164; (27) Styan, Ibis 1891, 507; (28) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 500; (29) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 283; (30) Tacz., Faune Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, Il, 866; (31) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 31; (82) Newton, Dict. B. 1894, 774; (33) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 180; (34) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 414, 758. “Lori” (Sandpiper), Minahassa, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references confer Naumann JJ; Dresser IX; Legge 14; Taczanowski 30; Sharpe 34, ete. Figures and descriptions. Naumann JJ; Gould J/I, IV; Dresser IX; Legge 14; Seeb. 19, 20; Oates 17; Taczanowski 30; Sharpe 34, etc., ete. Winter plumage. Above drab-brown, the inner wing-coverts and tertiaries edged with whitish and notched with dark brown bars; lower back and rump white; upper tail- coverts and tail white barred with brown; primary coverts and primaries dark brown; secondaries and adjacent parts of the inner primaries white, the basal parts of the feathers more or less brown, primary coverts broadly tipped with white where they lie upon the white of the secondaries; supraloral stripe white passing to above the eye; lores and ear-coverts drab; cheeks and under-parts white, clouded with brown on sides of breast, streaked with brown on cheeks, jugulum, breast, and flanks, taking an irregular bar-shape on sides of breast, under tail-coverts and edge of wing below; “iris reddish or yellowish brown; bill black, upper mandible with the base as far as the nostril reddish, and nearly half the under mandible red (the amount of red variable); legs and feet orange-red, joints in some greyish”: Legge 14 (Tondano neighbourhood, Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10957). Moult. The specimen described has remains of summer plumage, the tertiaries, some feathers on the mantle, scapulars and wing-coverts being old feathers of that season. The remiges are new. We conclude that its moult must have commenced immediately after the breeding season (probably the end of June or beginning of July), and that it would have lasted in this specimen till at least the end of September. As Naumann points out (IZ), the Redshank moults twice a year. Breeding plumage. In summer the upper-parts are greenish drab, with streaks of blackish on the head, neck, and mantle, and irregular bars on the other upper-parts; lower back etc. as in winter white; below white, striated with brown on throat and fore neck, taking more the form of drop-streaks on breast and sagittate spots on sides; remiges as in winter (Semipalatinsk, Siberia — Nr. 11300). Measurements. Wing 150—164 mm; tail 54—70; tarsus 45—52; middle toe with claw 30.5 —34; bill from gape 47—51 mm (from Legge 14 and Taczanowski 30). Eggs. 4; pyriform; ground-colour very pale buff to rich ochraceous buff, spotted and blotched with rich dark brown, with underlying spots of paler brown and grey; size 42—48 >< 30—33 mm (from Seebohm 79). Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 763 Nest. Placed on the ground, often in a grass-tuft, or beneath the shade of a tall weed or little bush of heath, sometimes amongst drifted rubbish above high-water mark: the hollow formed by the bird is sometimes lined with a few dead bents, straws, scraps of moss, ete. (from Seebohm 19). Distribution. Europe; Africa; Asia; the Hast Indies as far as Java and Celebes. — S. E. Siberia (v. Middend., Kalinowski ete. 30); N. E. Mongolian frontier (Radde 30); Corea (Kalin. 30); Sakhalien (Nikolski 30); Japan — Nipon (Pryer 25); China (David 10, Styan 27, De La Touche 29); India (Jerdon, etc. 14); Ceylon (Legge, etc. 14); Andamans (Davison 8); Nicobars (v. Pelzeln IX); Burmah (Oates 17); Tenasserim (Davison 12); Cochin China (fide Oates 17); Singapore (Hume 12); Sumatra (Hagen 30); Java (Kuhl & v. Hasselt 5); Bawean (Diard 5); Borneo (Schwaner, etc. 5, 22); Philippines — Palawan (Platen 21, Whitehead 24), Cebu (Bourns & Worces. 31), Negros and Siquijor (Steere 23), Basilan (Averett 13, 16); Celebes — (Forsten 5), Minahassa (Guillem. 18, Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo District, Limbotto (Rosenb. 15), Luwu (Weber 29); Saleyer (Everett 33). The Common Redshank is found from Iceland and Lapland as far south in winter as Cape Colony, and from E. Siberia to Java and Celebes. It is, however, less arctic in its habitat than its relatives 7’ glottis and T.glareola; it breeds not only in Iceland and Northern Europe, but also in England, Germany — among other spots near Dresden, in Holland, and Col. Irby (7/4) records it as nesting in numbers in the marismas of some parts of the Guadalquivir in Spain. Moreover it is a bird rather of Europe and Western Asia than of North-east Asia. Taczanowski (30) points out that Dybowski and Godlewski did not procure any examples in S. E. Siberia, and Steller and Dybowski did not see it in Kamtschatka. Stejneger makes no mention of it from Bering Island, von Middendorff got only one specimen on the shore of the Sea of Ochotsk, Kalinowski only two in Amurland, Nikolski found it rare in Sakhalien, and Seebohm (25) records only one specimen from Japan. On the other hand Radde found it breeding in great numbers on the Tarei Nor on the Mongolian frontier, it is common in Corea during the autumn migration according to Kalinowski (30), it is perhaps the commonest wader in China during migration time according to Abbé David (10), a statement confirmed by De La Touche as regards Swatow, South China It is not said to winter in the country except by Swinhoe (/4). From these statements we conclude that the species migrates first east and then south, or fairly direct S. E. from Central Siberia or further west. It winters plentifully in Ceylon according to Legge (/4), in Burmah according to Oates (/7), and in Tenasserim from the observations of Davison (12). It seems to be a somewhat scanty visitor to Celebes and the other Great Sunda Islands, where it has escaped the notice of many collectors. When the Common Redshank starts up in flight it is at once recognisable by its white secondaries and lower back and rump, and, should its nest or chicks be near, it flies in wide circles with a light but somewhat jerky flight round the intruder, uttering an incessant cry of anxiety or warning, “kei-kei- kei’, or varying this note with a loud whistle like “giff’, the call-note of the 96* i _ we Seo 764 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. species. Occasionally it will settle daintily, but with some difficulty, on the top of a neighbouring stake, but it is rarely seen except on the ground, where, immediately after settling, it raises its wings high and folds them nicely to its sides. Free from anxiety it frequently, as it flies, gives vent to its melodious love-note, “tra-liddle-tra-liddle-tra-liddle” (Wiglesw., Moritzburg). It in- habits swampy ground by lakes, rivers and the sea-shore, feeding upon small molluscs, worms, insects, etc. Dr. Sharpe remarks (34): “The Eastern Redshanks from Central Asia and India are much more richly coloured in the breeding season than European in- dividuals, being much more rufous, and having the inner median coverts rufous with distinct blackish bars. The European specimens appear to be always more dusky, both in winter and summer plumage”. + 327. TOTANUS GLAREOLA (L.). Wood Sandpiper. a. Tringa glareola (1) Linn., 8. N. 1766, I, 250. Totanus glareola (1) Temm., Man. d’Orn. 1815, 421; (ZZ) Naum., Vég. Deutschl. 1836, VII, 78; t. 1985) ( 120) Gld5 Bs Hurope 1837, DViyplast5, ft. 22 80) de SG ibritesiaye pl. 57 (1870); (5) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 71; (6) Swinh., P. Z. 8. 1871, 406; (7) Salvadori, Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 327; (8) Hume, Str. F. I, 1874, 298; (9) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VU, 680; (10) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 95; (11) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 464; (XII) Dresser, B. Europe VI, 148, pl. 565 (1877); (13) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (14) Seeb., Ibis 1879, 152; (15) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 857; (16) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (17) Kelh., Ibis 1882, 17; (19) Salvad., Orn. Pap. IL, 1882, 323; (20) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1883, XLU, 99; (21) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 401; (22) Stejn., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1885, Nr. 29, 130; (23) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 561; (24) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 314; (25) Seeb., Brit. B. 1885, IL, 132; (26) id., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 365; (27) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 320; (28) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 208; (29) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 59; (30) Sharpe, t. c. 144, 285; (31) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 324; (32) Hagen, T. Ned. Aard. Genoots. 1890, (2) VII, 164; (33) Styan, Ibis 1891, 507; (34) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 202; (35) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 500; (36) Tacz., Faune Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, U, 874; (37) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise in Ost-Ind. 1893, III, 282; (38) M. & Wg,, J. f. O. 1894, 251; (39) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 31; (40) Newton, Dict. B. pt. IIT, 1894, 812; (41) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 9, p. 8; (42) Grant, Ibis 1895, 472; (43) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 6. b. Totanus affinis (1) Horsf., Tr. L. S. 1821, XII, 191. c. Rhyacophilus glareola (1) Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. 1829, 140; (2) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works 1881, 660; (3) A. Mill, J. f. O. 1882, 435; (4) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26; (5) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 490, 764. d. Actitis glareola (1) Wald., Tr. Z.S. VIL, 1872, 96; (2) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 142. “Lorie” (Sandpiper), Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Bararanga sutarangej”, Kabruang and Karkellang, Talaut, iid. “Kea-kea”, Tjamba Distr., Platen 24. ee - | Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 765 For further synonymy and references cf. Dresser XII; Legge 15; Salvadori 19; Stejneger 22; Taczanowski 36; Sharpe ¢ 5. Figures and descriptions. Naumann JJ; Gould JJ, IV; Dresser XII; Seebohm 25, 26 (woodcut); Legge 15; Salvad. 19; Vorderman 20; Oates 21; Taczanowski 36; Sharpe ¢ 5; etc., ete. Winter plumage. Above bistre-brown, margins of the feathers paler, changing into whitish notches with intermediate dark brown bars on the scapulars and tertiaries, and into spots on the wing-coverts; upper tail-coverts white, the longest with sagittate spots of brown; tail barred with brown and white, the outermost feathers white, only spotted with brown; remiges dark brown, shaft of first white; supraloral and superciliary stripe whitish; lores and ear-coverts brown; under-parts white, striated with brown on sides of face and jugulum, clouded with pale brown on breast; sides and flanks scantily barred, under tail-coverts shaft-streaked with brown; under wing-coverts white, with bars of brown, axillaries narrowly barred; “iris dark brown; bill blackish olive; below at base lighter brownish olive; feet light greyish olive”: Stejneger 22 (Manado: y. Musschenbroek — C 5265). Female. Not known to differ from the male. Summer plumage. In summer the bird is darker in colour above than in winter, and the neck, breast and jugulum are thickly streaked with brown. Young in first plumage. Has the lateral spots of the feathers of the upper parts fulvous, instead of whitish (Archangel: Henke — Nr. 12119). Observation. The white lateral spots on the feathers of the upper parts mark the site of a structural difference in the feathers, namely the web is less substantial at these spots, and, as the plumage becomes old, the web breaks away or is worn off here, leaving the feather with a jagged saw-like edge well seen in the tertiaries. It is displayed in a more or less pronounced condition in a number of specimens before us. Moult. A specimen killed near Tondano in August—September, 1892, and three from Limbotto, July, 1871, are shedding their remiges and acquiring fresh ones. The tertiaries are not yet moulted, nor indeed in 2 examples killed in Talaut in November, but the feathers of the upper parts seem to be shed later than the remiges. Seebohm (25) mentions a specimen killed by Emin in Central Africa on February 15" with growing first primaries. Measurements. Wing (11 specimens — Celebes and the islands near) 119—129 mm; tail ca. 50; tarsus 37—41; middle toe with claw ca. 34; exposed culmen 26—30. Eggs. 4; creamy white to dull buff and very pale olive, spotted and blotched with rich reddish brown, the spots varying in size from a pea downwards; size 35.6—39.4 >< 25.4—27.9 mm (from Seebohm 25). Nest. A patch of dry ground overgrown with heath, sedges, and coarse grass is generally selected: the nest a mere hollow in the ground, lined with a few dry stalks and blades of grass (from Seebohm 25). Distribution. Europe; Africa; Asia, south to the Moluccas and Timor. — For localities in the East Indies see Salvadori 19, adding Sumatra (Davis. 8, Hagen 32), and some additional Philippine Is. (Bns. & Worces. 39, Platen 27, Whitehead 29). In the Celebesian Province: Talaut Islands — Kabruang and Karkellang (Nat. Coll. 38, 41), Minahassa (Meyer d 2, Guillemard 23, etc.), Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten 4, Meyer d 2, Rosenb. 16), Tjamba Distr. (Platen 24), Macassar (Weber 37). The distribution of the Wood Sandpiper is much like that of the Common Sandpiper, except that the latter ranges as far south as Tasmania, while the 766 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. present species is known only as far as the Moluccas. Both alike are absent in America and New Zealand, but are distributed over nearly all parts of the Old World. As shown by Mr. Dresser the Wood Sandpiper has been known to breed in England, it breeds more or less plentifully in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, parts of Germany, Finland, North Russia. Seebohm (/4, 25) found it extremely common in summer in the valleys of the Yenesei and Obi; v. Middendorff (36) says it nests somewhat numerously in N. Siberia on the Boganida, Prjevalsky records it (36) as nesting in Ussuriland, Nikolski in Sakhalien, Stejneger (22) in Bering Island. According to Dybowski and Godlewski (36), Prjevalsky (36), Abbé David (17), Swinhoe (/5) and De La Touche (35) it passes over Lake Baikal, Lake Khanka, and China, as a bird of passage. In winter Legge remarks (/9) that it is extraordinarily abundant in Ceylon, and adds that “at the end of April, and during the first week in May, they collect in very large flocks and fly northward during the night; and one year on the 28 April immense numbers passed over Colombo after dark, piping loudly”. Oates finds it less abundant in Burmah. Whitehead (29) speaks of it as fairly common in the migratory season in Borneo. It is, apparently, a fairly common winter visitor to the Celebesian group, and we have three in winter plumage killed by Meyer at Limbotto in July, which, probably, had remained there through the summer. The present species may be easily distinguished, even in flight, from 83" 30 m. (C 3567) ad., Minahassa (Faber). . . . .| — | 65 | — | — | 33 | 31 n. (C 907) ad., Siao (Meyer) . . .| — | 66 | 38 | 19 | 33 | 30 o. (C 12632) ad., Siao, 1. VIL. 93 (Nat. Coll.) .| 166 | 69 | 38 | 19 | 32 | 30 p. (C 3651) ad., ie Sangi (Meyer). . . 165 | 68 | 38 | 20 | 33 | 30 q. (C 12666 :) ad., Gt. Sangi, 28. VII. 93 (Nat. Coll.) 158 | 62 | 38 | 22 | 33 || 29 r. (C 13035) ad., Kabruang, 2. XT. 93 (Nat. Coll.)} 163 | 67 | 38 | 19 | 32 | 30 s. (C 13036) oe Kabruang, 5. XI.93(Nat. Coll.)| 163 | 68 | 37 | 19 | 31 | 29 Moult. Of the above Celebesian examples: two (d, e) killed late in January are growing fresh primaries, viz. all but the first ones (the outermost) in each wing are new, the second ones just sprouting; three (a, b, c) killed in April have new and perfect remiges, but are changing the contour feathers of the upper-parts; under-parts in summer dress; one (0), dated 1: July, has the four outermost primaries new (the first crowing), the succeeding two or three inner ones old, as perhaps others; the upper- parts mostly with new winter feathers; one, dated 28 July, is in much the same con- dition as the last, the two outermost primaries on one side, the three outermost on the other, being new; both specimens in full winter dress below; one (f), August— September, is a little more advanced than the last; one (7), 2"1 November, is in nearly complete winter dress, the primaries are new but many not full grown, some of the secondaries and tertiaries seem to be old. The above seem to be adult birds. The inference is that winter dress is assumed on the under-parts before July; that winter dress is assumed on the upper- parts from July to September; that breeding plumage on the under-parts makes its appearance before April; that the upper-parts assume breeding plumage about April; that the primaries are moulted from July and earlier till September, the wing being probably complete in Noyember—December, but, as we have specimens assuming fresh outer primaries at the end of January, we are undecided as to whether the bird sheds its quills twice or only once a year, in the latter case the process lasting over several months. (See, also, Young.) Sexes. They are not known to differ. Young? ‘Two specimens (g, s, supra) which we take for birds of the year, are like the adult in summer plumage. One of these two killed on 5 November is still in plumage of the breeding type below and only commencing to assume winter plumage above, whereas those which we take for adults are in winter dress below (partly above) as Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 769 early as July. The bird which Taczanowski (g 1) describes as young, and that of the allied H. icanus which Mr. 8. B. Wilson figures (a 8, hinder fig.), appear to us to relate to the winter dress of the species, whether old or young. Eggs. Unknown. Distribution. N. E. and E. Siberia (Middendorff, Dybowski, ete. g 1); Baikal (Radde b 3); Bering Id. (Stejneger 1); Sakhalien (Nikolski g 2); Kurile Is., Japan, Loochoo Is., Bonin Islands (Seebohm d 15); China (David d 4), Formosa (Swinhoe a 2); Philippines (Challenger Exp., Everett, etc. d5, d6, d12, d 14); Borneo (S. Miiller, etc. d 5); Talaut Is. — Kabruang (Nat. Coll.); Great Sangi (Meyer d9, Bruijn d 3, Nat. Coll.), Siao (Meyer d 9, Nat. Coll.); Celebes — Manado tua and Mantehage (Nat. Coll.), Minahassa (Meyer b 4, etc.), Gorontalo Distr. (Riedel d 12), Luwu (Weber a 9); Moluccas and Papuasia (Salvadori d7, 4); Australia (Ramsay d 13). So far as can as yet be judged this Sandpiper inhabits the countries washed by the West Pacific and its seas, breeding in some unknown quarters in the high north and migrating south in winter, probably as far as Australia. Until 1855 it was believed to have a much wider range, to wander all over the islands of the Pacific as far as New Zealand and down the west coast of N. America from Alaska to California, in addition to the territories enumerated; but Stejneger has shown that the East Pacific birds belong to a different species H. incanus, having the nasal groove about 7/, as long as the exposed culmen (instead of about '/, as in brevipes), while the middle of the abdomen and the under tail- coverts, like the other under-parts, are uniformly barred with blackish grey in the breeding dress (the under tail-coverts and abdomen being white and un- barred in brevipes), the upper tail-coverts of imcanus are only tipped, not barred, with white, and its size is somewhat larger. Seebohm ( f 1) also points out that the tarsus of incanus is reticulated at the back, of brevipes scutellated. Owing to the former confusion of the two species it is impossible to define their geographical ranges with exactitude: it is necessary that the whole of the material should be looked through again. It is probable, for instance, that H. brevipes occurs in some of the western parts of Polynesia, and both are known to range to Bering Island and the Bonin Islands. Dr. Stejneger considers the two forms perfectly distinct, and we find it easy to separate the series in the Dresden Museum (those from the Celebesian area, Buru, and Timor being brevipes, one from Samoa incanus), but Seebohm was of opinion that they intergrade. The genus Heteractitis, represented only by these two forms, is intermediate between < 25.4—28.7 mm (from Seebohm 6 3). Nest. Usually near the water: on sandy banks, where coarse grass is growing; or amongst herbage on the higher land; or on sand and gravel strewed with large stones and tufts of herbage; in woods on the banks of a river; even in gardens, orchards, or turnip-fields. The nest — a little hollow scratched in the ground, lined with a few bits of dry grass, scraps of heather, dry leaves, or bits of withered rush (from Seebohm b 3), Distribution. Europe; Africa; Madagascar; Asia; throughout the East India Islands to Australia and Tasmania and N. W. Polynesia, — Celebes Province: Talaut Is. — Kabruang (Nat. Coll.); Great Sangi (Meyer d 13, Bruijn d 3); Siao (Meyer d 13); Manado tua and Mantehage (Nat. Coll.); Minahassa (Meyer, Guillemard d 15, P.& F. Sarasin 6 12, ete.); Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten 4, Meyer 10, Rosenb. J, etc.); Togian (Meyer 10); Lake Posso (P.& F. Sarasin 17); Tete Adji, South Penins. (Weber 5 9); Saleyer (Weber 56 9). The Common Sandpiper ranges from the arctic shores of Europe to the Cape of Good Hope, from Kamtschatka to Tasmania, from Ireland in the west to Japan in the east; it is found alike on the strand of the Elbe at Dresden and of the Bay of Manado, Celebes. It is not known, however, in America, nor in New Zealand, being represented in the New World by Actitis macularia (L.) in which, when adult and in breeding plumage, the under-parts are spotted with blackish. The legs of the latter are yellower, which with some other small differences may serve to distinguish it in winter and when younger. In the northern parts of its range the Common Sandpiper is only a summer visitor, migrating southward in autumn. In Celebes it is to some extent a re- sident, as shown by specimens collected by Meyer at Limbotto in July and August and at Togian in August, but its numbers are probably greatly increased by migrants from the north in winter. In Borneo, where it is fairly common, according to Whitehead, some also apparently remain throughout the year. | Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. wlbidles It is resident in China according to David and Styan, in Formosa according to Swinhoe, and Hume records its breeding in N. W. India. There is no evidence as yet that it ever breeds in Celebes. The genus Actitis may be described as intermediate between Totanus and Tringa. It has the bill much as in the latter genus, the foot as in the former. The maxillary groove, in which the nostril is situated, is continued almost to the tip of the bill, or fully seven-eights of its length, while in Totanus the maxilla is round and solid at the sides for almost the terminal half of its length before the groove commences. A small web is found at the base of the middle and outer toes of Actitis, whereas in Tringa the toes are free. The white bar across the remiges of Actitis, very conspicuous when the bird is in flight, easily distinguishes it from both these allied genera. Some anatomical differences, such as a modification in the sternum, are further pointed out by Nitzsch. GENUS TEREKIA Bp. Differs from Totanus in having the tarsus much shorter than the bill, in having the maxillary groove traceable almost to the end of the bill, and by the absence of white on the tail and rump; from Actitis it differs chiefly by its long recurved bill, and there is a small basal web connecting the inner, as well as the outer toe, with the middle one. Migratory; the single species is found from E. Europe and Asia south to Australia and 8S. Africa. -830. TEREKIA CINEREA (Gild.). Terek Sandpiper. a. Scolopax cinerea (I) Giildenst., N. Comm. Petrov. XIX, 473, pl. XXI (1774). b. Totanus javanicus (1) Horsf., Tr. L. 8. 1821, XIII, 193. ¢. Scolopax sumatrana (1) Rfl., Tr. L. 8S. 1822, XT, 327. d. Limosa terek Temm. (Z) Gld., B. Europe IV, pl. 307 (1837). Terekia cinerea (1) Less., Compl. de Buff. Ois. 1838, 679; (IZ) Gld., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 34; (8) id., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 261; (IV) Sh. & Dress., B. Europe 1871, VIL, 195, pl. 572; (5) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 330; (6) Hume, Str. F. 1874, Il, 296; (7) Hartl., Vig. Madag. 1877, 325; (8) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 460; (9) Hume & Davis. Str. F. 1878, VI, 460; (10) Tweedd., P. Z.S8. 1878, 711; (11) Hume, Str. F. 1879, VIII, 70; (12) Milne-Ed. & Grandid., Ois. Madag. 1879, I, 629; (13) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 836; (14) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, IT, 326; (15) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, H, 407; (16) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 55; (16%) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1884, XLII, 116; (17) Stejn., Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1885, Nr.29, p. 132; (18) Sharpe, Ibis 1886, 492; (19) W.Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 166; (19%) Meves, Ornis 1886, 255; (20) Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, 133; (21) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 203; (22) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 209; (23) Rad. & Walt., Ornis 1889, 119; (24) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 59; (25) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26; (26) Sharpe, Ibis 1891, 114; (27) Styan, t. c. 331, 507; (28) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 203; (29) De La Touche, wee = ee ee 774 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. Ibis 1892, 500; (30) Barnes, Ibis 1893, 171; (31) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 856; (32) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 31; (33) Yerbury, Ibis 1896, 35; (34) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 474. e. Limosa cinerea (1) Gray, Gen. B. III, 570 (1847); (2) Heugl., Vog. N. O. Afr. 1871, II, 1157. f. Totanus cinereus (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 77; (2) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 283. g. Totanus terekius (J) Seeb., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 369; (2) id., B. Japan 1890, 326. h. Tringa (Terekia) cinerea (1) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 20. ?. Totanus calidris err. (1) M. & Wg., (nec L.), Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 18. For further synonymy and references cf. Heuglin e 2; Salvadori /4 (excl. Terekia guttifera); Legge 13; Taczanowski 31; Sharpe 34. Figures and descriptions. Gould d J, IJ; Sharpe & Dresser IV; Hartlaub 7; David & Oust. 8; Legge 13; Salvadori 14; Oates 15; Vorderman 16"; Seebohm g 1 (diagn.); Taczanowski 31; Sharpe 34. Winter plumage. Above drab, the feathers with blackish shaft-streaks, some of the scapu- lars blackish, outer tail-feathers whitish grey with a darker submarginal border; remiges, lesser and metacarpal wing-coverts darker brown than the back, shaft of first quill white, the second whitish, the rest brown; secondaries broadly (about 1 cm) tipped with white, greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; forehead and face white, marked on lores and cheeks with dark streaks; entire under-parts white, a few dark streaks on jugulum; edge of wing below brown, with white tips and edgings; bill strongly recurved (Minahassa: v. Faber — C 3540). A second specimen from Celebes which from its smaller bill seems to be young is like that described, but more thickly striated with brown on the fore-neck and sides of breast; “bill black, at base yellowish; feet yellowish; iris dark” (oj, Kema, 14. Sept. 1892: P.& F. Sarasin). Sexes. Not known to differ in coloration. Breeding plumage. The black shaft-streaks of the upper surface are broader, occupying more of the feather. Young. The young bird scarcely able to fly is very like the adult, but the inner wing-coverts, scapulars, and tertiaries are tipped with dull dark cinnamon, and the breast is cloud- ed with grey-brown with dark shaft-streaks (Nr. 11442). Vs Exposed e<{ Mid. toe | 72 Measurements. Win Tail |Tarsus th aie beast a. (C 3540) ad., Minahassa, 1877 (Faber). . . | 132] 49 | 30 25 52 b. (Sarasin Coll.) ot (juv.?), Kema, 14. LX. 92 | 129 | 52 | 28 23 46 Eggs. 4 in number (31); pear-shaped; Sandpiper-like, not resembling Limosa-eggs; ground- colour dull buff, the markings light purplish grey and dark purplish brown; size 35.6 —39.4 >< 25.4—27.4 (Sh. & Dr. IV, Legge 13). Nest. In North Russia: “A slight depression in the ground, about four inches in diameter, on small bits of rotten wood, pieces of reed, and but seldom leaves, behind a small knot of drift wood, a root, or a slightly elevated piece of ground” (Hoffmannsegg and Henke in Sharpe & Dresser IV). Distribution. Europe, principally East (Sh. & Dresser IV); South Africa (Ayres IV, 13); Madagascar and Mauritius (Hartlaub 7); Asia, through the East Indies, to Australia: — Siberia (Pallas, Middendorff, etc. 31); Bering Id. (Stejneger 17, 20); Sakhalien (Nikolski 31), Japan (Pryer & Ouston g 2); China (Swinhoe, David, Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. i t ete. 8, 14, 29); India (Jerdon, etc. 13); Ceylon (Holdsworth 13); Andamans (Hume & Davison 6); Burmah (Oates etc. 15); Tenasserim (Davison 9); Malay Peninsula (Hume 12); Sumatra (Raffles ¢ 72); Java (Horsfield b 1, 34, Kuhl & v. Hasselt £2, Vorderman 16%); Borneo (Doria & Beccari 22, Everett 34); Philippines — Palawan (Whitehead 21, 24), Bohol (Everett 10), Negros (Steere 25), Masbate (Bourns & Worcester 32); Celebes — Gorontalo Distr. (Riedel 19), Minahassa (Faber, P.& F. Sarasin ¢ 72), Luwu (Weber f 2); Moluccas — Morty ? and Halmahera (Bernstein f 1, 14); Ceram (Riedel 16, 28); Australia — Queens- land and N. 8. Wales (Gould IJ, Ramsay h 1). The Terek Sandpiper is known to breed in North Russia and in North Siberia, in the latter country on the banks of the Wilui, a tributary of the Lena (3/). In S. E. Siberia, Sakhalien and Bering Id. it is known only as a migrant; on the south shores of the Sea of Ochotsk von Middendorff observed it through the summer in flocks composed chiefly of females, but they were not breeding. In China and Japan it seems to be a bird of passage (S, 27, 29, g 2). It winters in some abundance in Pegu and in the Andamans (1), 6), but in 1880 Legge knew of only one specimen killed im Ceylon, though Dr. Sharpe (34) records a second in the British Museum. In the East India Islands few specimens have been obtained, though Bernstein met with some success in finding it in September and November, 1861, in Halmahera and Morty, as shown by seven specimens in the Leyden Museum collected by him. As to Celebes in 1886 W. Blasius placed on record an unlabelled speci- men to all appearance collected by Riedel in the Gorontalo District in 1566 —1867. Weber got four examples from Luwu in February, 1889, as shown by Biittikofer; and two from the Minahassa, one obtained by Faber and the other by the Sarasins, are described above. The Terek Sandpiper, the type of the genus Terekia, seems to have its nearest affinities with < 24.5 mm (from Newton JI and B., B. & R. 7 — from near the Anderson River, America, 68° N. — MacFarlane). Nest. That in which the above eggs were found is said to have been of hay and decayed leaves (III). Distribution. Europe; Africa; Madagascar; Asia; America. — E. Siberia (Middend. ete. 11); China (David 4, Swinhoe, De La Touche 10); Japan (Blakiston, etc. a 4); India (Hume, etc. 5); Ceylon (Legge 5); Burmah (Armstrong 6); Cochin China (Tiraud 6); N. Borneo (Everett 8, 12,14, Pretyman 14); Java (Kuhl & v. Hasselt a 2); 2N. Celebes — Limbotto (v. Rosenberg a 3); Marshall Is. (Finsch a 6); Sandwich Is. (Wilson 9). In Rosenberg’s list (a 3) of the birds collected by him at Lake Limbotto from August 11 to September 14%, 1863, and January 5" to February 3", 1864, 1) This specimen, which was shot by K. Schwarze of the Dresden Museum on the strand of the Elbe, affords the first record of the occurrence of the Sanderling in Saxony. 784 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 5 specimens of Tringa arenaria are put down. ‘The record in itself is probable enough, and y. Rosenberg’s list of birds from Limbotto seems to be fairly free from error, which is unfortunately more than can be said for that in his “Malayischen Archipel”. Where these five specimens, if rightly determined, now are is unknown; the most accomplished travellers, without a museum and library to help them, sometimes err in their determinations, and some doubt must exist about the occurrence of the Sanderling in Celebes until further evi- dence is forthcoming. Mr. Biittikofer kindly informs us (in lit.) that there is no specimen of C. arenaria from Celebes in the Leyden Museum, which contains most of v. Rosenberg’s results. As a breeding species the Sanderling is an arctic bird, and its eggs rank among the greatest rarities, having been discovered as yet only in four spots — in British Arctic America as mentioned above, in Grinnell Land, Green- land, and Iceland. In autumn it migrates south and has been met with as far as Cape Colony in Africa and Patagonia in America. According to David it is abundant in China both as a bird of passage and as a winter visitor. Further south in this direction it seems to be of much more uncommon occurrence. In 1880 Legge (5) could only point to one specimen killed in Ceylon out of a flock, and Armstrong up to 1883 had alone obtained it in Pegu (6). Three specimens are now known from North Borneo (/2) and three from Java. None have as yet been recorded from the Philippines, nor from Sumatra, nor from the islands east and south-east of Java and Celebes. The Sanderling may easily be distinguished from all other Stints by its having no hind toe. From the three-toed Plovers its more slender deeply grooved bill, in the basal fourth of which the nostril is situated, and for most cases its transversely scaled (not reticulated) tarsus are sufficient marks to distinguish it. Some embryos from eggs taken in Iceland, believed to be of the Sanderling, were found by Messrs H. H. Slater and T. Carter (Ibis 1886, 50) to possess a hind toe. The Sanderling haunts the strand of the sea, of rivers and of lakes, feeding upon insects, their larvae and small worms. GENUS PHALAROPUS Briss. The Phalaropes are easily distinguished from the other Limicolae by having the soles of the toes broadened so as to form swimming lobes, much as is seen in the Coots and Grebes, and towards the base of the toes united to form a web. In other respects they are like the Stints. (Compare, also, fig. of sternum in Seebohm’s “Charadriidae”, pp. 343, 414). They differ from their allies by their aquatic habits. Three species are known; migratory; almost cosmopolitan. Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 785 4 335. PHALAROPUS HYPERBOREWUS (L.). Red-necked Phalarope. a. Tringa hyperborea (1) Linn., S. N. 1766, I, 249, b. Tringa lobata (1) Linn., S. N. 1766, I, 249 (? partim), Phalaropus hyperboreus (1) Lath., Index Orn. Suppl. 1790, I, 775 (syn. excl.); (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 58; (III) Dresser, B, Eur. 1874, VII, 597, pls. 537, 539, fig. on right; (4) Seeb., Brit. B. 1885, IU, 89, pl. 27 (egg); (5) id., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 340; (6) id., B. Japan 1890, 318; (7) Newton, Dict. B. pt. III, 1894, 712; (8) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 698. c. Phalaropus angustirostris (J) Naum., Vog. Deutschl. 1836, VIII, 240, t. 205. d. Phalaropus australis [Temm. MS.]; (1) Bp., Compt. Rend, 1856, XLII, 421, Nr. 159; (2) Schl. Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 59, Nr. 10. e. Lobipes hyperboreus Cuv. (1) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1872, VIL, 97; (2) Hume, Str. F. 1873, I, 246; (3) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 482; (4) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 150; (5) Barnes, ib. 1880, IX, 459; (6) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 311; (7) id., ib, Agg. 1891, 201, f. Phalaropus lobatus (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 96; (2) Stejn., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. Nr. 29, 1885, 139; (3) id., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 394. g. Lobipes lobatus (1) Baird, Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, 330. h. Phalaropus cinereus (1) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, IT, 848. “Lorie tobo”, Manado tua, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references cf. Naumann ¢ J; Dresser II; Salvadori e 6; Baird, Brewer & Ridgway g 1; Taczanowski h 1; Sharpe 8. Figures and descriptions. Naumann ¢ J; Dresser III; Seebohm 4, 5 (woodcut); Hume e 2; Salvad. e 6; Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. g 1; Taczanowskih1; Sharpe 8; ete. Winter plumage, Head above (except forehead), hind neck and ear-coverts smoky blackish, feathers of crown fringed with buff; mantle, back, scapulars, inner- most remiges and upper tail-coverts sooty black, with broad buff margins to the feathers; middle of rump greyer than the back; wing-coverts and quills browner, the greater coverts broadly tipped with white, some of the inner secondaries edged and tipped with the same; shafts of the remiges white; tail-feathers grey, edged with white; forehead, cheeks, sides of neck, and under-parts white, mottled with brownish grey on sides of breast and sides, metacarpal under surface brownish grey and white (Astrachan: Henke — Nr, 13561). Changing plumage, winter—summer. Differs from the winter plumage in haying a broken collar of ferruginous on neck and jugulum, a few marks of ferruginous on mantle and scapulars; the upper plumage is slaty grey with whitish edges to the feathers (not blackish, with buff edges; the change being possibly due to bleaching in the living bird). Manado tua Id., 11. April, 1893: Nat. Coll. — C 12108). Breeding plumage. On sides of nape and neck, passing around the jugulum, a broad collar of ferruginous; chin, upper throat and below the ear-coverts white; rest of head and hind neck, cervical collar, and upper parts sooty black, passing on to the breast and sides; a stripe of ferrugimous along each scapulary region, the greater wing-coverts. broadly tipped with white, some of the middle ones slightly so; lower breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts white, shaded with brown about the flanks; “legs greyish lead-colour, the webs of the lobes lighter; iris dark brown”: Dresser II (Europe — Nr. 11362). Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. Sth, 1897), 99 es om oo ee oo 786 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. Female. The female is larger than the male, very similarly, but much more brightly and richly coloured. Exposed culmen Measurements. | Wing | Tail Tarsus ae ie 3 of ad., Bering Id. (Stejneger f 2) .|101—104| 47—52 | 19—21 | 20—21 | 20—21 4 © ad., Bering Id. (Stejneger f 2) .|106—113| 50—54 | 20—22 | 20—22 | 20—22 ad., Manado tua, 11. April, 1893 107 52 21 19 18 Eggs. 4; pale buff and rich ochraceous buff to pale olive, thickly blotched, spotted and speckled with rich umber-brown, blackish brown and pale brown, and with a few greyish underlying markings; size 26.7—30.5 >< 20.3—21.6 (from Seebohm 4; see, also, Naumann ¢ J, Dresser JJ, Taczanowski h1, Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. g 7, etc.). Nest. In the neighbourhood of water, on short grass or among low plants, where on a dry spot, usually a small hillock, the birds form a slight hollow among small grass-tufts, - lining it in a careless manner with a few dry bents (from Naumann). Distribution. Europe; N. W. Africa; Asia; N. America (Dresser JJ, Baird, Brew. & Ridgw. g 1). — India (Jerdon e 6, Hume e 2, e 4); East Siberia (Middend., ete. h 1); Bering Id. (Stejneger f 2); Sakhalien (Nikolski h 1); Kurile Is. (Snow 6); Japan (Perry, etc. 6); Loochoo Is. (Nishi f 3); China (Swinh. e 6, David e 3); Celebes — (Reinwardt 2), Minahassa (Fischer f 1), Manado tua Id. (Nat. Coll.); Amboina, New Guinea, Aru, New Britain (Salvad. e 6). The Red-necked Phalarope has rarely been met with on the coast of Celebes, and is probably a somewhat irregular winter visitor. In Borneo and the Philip- pines, where it must also occur, it has not yet been noticed. It was first ob- tained in Celebes by Reinwardt, subsequently in one example by Fischer, and in two (one now in the Dresden and the other in the Tring Museum) from the little island of Manado tua in April, 1893, by our native hunters; all four examples were in more or less complete winter dress. ‘The bird breeds in rather high latitudes, for instance, some parts of the west coast and islands of Scotland, the Faroes, Iceland, Greenland, Finmark, Perm, the Taimyr River, E. Siberia, Bering Island, the northern coast of America, as shown in the works of Dresser, Taczanowski, and Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. In winter a southern migration takes place, but the majority of individuals do not, as a rule, appear to pass so far south as the East Indies, where it must be regarded as a rare species. The food of the Red-necked Phalarope was found by Naumann to consist of very small worms, which infest floating sea-weeds, insects, larvae and such like. This food it seeks on the strand, especially in muddy spots, also wading after it, or taking it as it swims about. Prof. Newton remarks: “A more en- trancing sight to the ornithologist can hardly be presented than by either of the two species (P. hyperboreus and P. fulicarius). Their graceful form, their lively coloration, and the confidence with which both are familiarly displayed in their breeding-quarters can hardly be exaggerated, and it is equally a delight- ful sight to watch these birds gathering their food in the high-running surf, or Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 187 when that is done peacefully floating outside the breakers” (7). To the orni- thologist, also, who has never watched them in life, the Phalaropes are interest- ing birds in virtue of the strongly pronounced seasonal change of plumage, of their Coot-like feet, and from the circumstance, which Naumann suspected in part and which Prof. Newton now states definitely, that the male undertakes the duty of incubation, when it sits so fast that it only leaves the nest to escape being trodden upon; moreover, it is the female which wears the brighter, hand- somer plumage and is the larger bird. The same conditions are found in Turnixv and Centrococcyx. These facts, of which there are very few examples in ornithology, prove that a higher development of plumage and ornament on the one hand and the so-called maternal instincts on the other are not exclusively connected with sex. GENUS LIMICOLA K.L.Koch. Plumage like that of a Snipe. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, shorter than the bill. The bill is very high at the base, flat in the middle, and decurved towards the tip. It differs from the Snipes by its short toes, and the eye not being set far back in the head; from the Stints by its plumage and bill. A single species ranging from the north of the Palaearctic Region to Celebes and the Moluccas in winter. +336. LIMICOLA PLATYRHYNCHA (Temm.). Broad-billed Sandpiper. a. Tringa platyrincha (1) Temm., Man. d’Orn. 1815, 398. b. Limicola pygmaea (Bechst.); (1) Koch, Baier. Zool. 1816, 316; (2) Radde & Walter, Ornis 1889, 114, 232, 277. ¢. Tringa platyrhyncha (1) Meyer & Wolf, Orn. Taschenb. 1822, III, 259; (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 49; (3) Hume, Str. F. 1873, I, 244; (4) id. ib. 1874, U1, 298; (5) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 470; (6) Seeb., Ibis 1884, 33; (7) id, Distr. Charadr. 1877, 433; (8) id., B. Japan 1890, 337; (9) Styan, Ibis 1891, 330, 506; (10) Gitke, Vogelwarte Helgol. 1891, 525; (12) Styan, Ibis 1893, 437; (12) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 283; (13) Newton, Dict. B. pt. II, 1894, 813. d, Limicola hartlaubi (1) Verr. in Vinson’s Voy. Madag. Annexe B. 1865, 5; (2) Hartl., Vog. Madag. 1877, 322. Limicola platyrhyncha (1) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 322; (IZ) Dresser, B. Europe VIL, 3, pl. 545 (1876); (3) Hume & Davis. Str. F. 1878, VI, 461; (4) Wald., P. Z. S. 1878, 712; (4%*) Hume, Str. F. 1879, VIII, 158; (5) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 896; (6) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works 1881, 660; (7) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 387; (8) Gigl. & Salvad., P. Z. S. 1887, 586; (9) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 319; (10) id., Ibis 1888, 374; (11) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A.S. 1889, 207; (12) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 59; (13) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26; (14) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 612, 769. For further synonymy cf. Dresser JJ; Sharpe 14. 99* ae +. 788 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. Figure and descriptions. Dresser I; Legge 5; Oates 7; Sharpe 74; etc., ete. Summer plumage. Snipe-like: crown and occiput black, running down narrowly to the culmen, the feathers slightly margined with yellowish brown; sides of forehead pale brown, passing as a streak on to sides of occiput, a second streak above the ear- coverts; lores and ear-coverts dark brown; neck and breast whity-brown, whiter on cheeks and throat, everywhere streaked or spotted with dark brown; upper-parts black, with borders of tawny olive and whity-brown to the feathers, upper tail-coverts nearly black, mixed at the sides with white; wing-coverts and remiges dusky, the greater coyerts tipped with white, shafts of remiges white; under-parts white, streaked and spotted with brown on sides, under tail-coverts at sides, and against the meta- carpal edge; “iris brown; bill black, slightly pale at the base beneath; legs brown” (Legge 5); wing 107 mm; tail 38; tarsus 22.5; middle toe 21; exposed culmen 31 _ (N. Europe — Nr. 11375). Adult in winter. “Upper parts generally ashy grey with a dusty brownish tinge, the centres of the feathers darker; rump black, most of the feathers with light margins; wing and tail as in the summer dress, but rather lighter; under-parts white, the throat slightly marked with small, short, blackish grey striations” (Dresser IZ). Young in first autumn. According to Dresser, differs but little from the adult in summer. Eggs. Stone-buff, darker or lighter, marked with a few faint purplish grey underlying shell- spots, and with a great or smaller amount of rich dark umber-brown or reddish umber surface-spots and blotches; size 31—31.7 >< 21.6—23.5 mm (from Dresser 1). Nest. “The broad-billed Sandpiper differs from other wading birds in the situation of its nest, choosing open soft spots in the marsh where there is little else than bog-moss with a light growth of a kind of sedge; and on a low tuft just rising above the water its nest may be found, often without much difficulty ... its eggs... about the third week of June. Many empty nests are found for one that is occupied... They are neatly rounded hollows, and have a few bits of dry grass at the bottom” (Wolley IZ — Lapland). Distribution. Europe; Egypt; Madagascar; 8. W. Asia; Indian countries; Japan to Celebes. — India (Jerdon, ete. 5); Ceylon (Legge 5); Andamans (Davison c¢ 4); Burmah (Oates, etc. 7); Tenasserim (Armstrong 3); Malay Peninsula (4%, 7); China (David ¢ 5, ¢ 9); Corea (8); Japan (Blakiston ¢ 8); Formosa (Swinhoe ¢ 5); Hainan (Styan c¢ 11); Philippines — Bohol (Everett 4), Negros (Steere 13), Palawan (Platen 9, 12); Java (Reinwardt ce 2); Celebes — Luwu on the Gulf of Boni (Weber ¢ 12); Amboina (Wallace 14), A single specimen of the Broad-billed Sandpiper from Celebes in Prof. Weber’s collection has recently been recorded by Mr. Biittikofer. It is new to the avifauna. The genus Limicola may be distinguished from Tringa by its bill — very high at the base, flat and broad in the middle, decurved at the tip — and by its Snipe-like plumage. Its affinities seem to lie between the Sandpipers and the Snipes. The present species, with a supposed eastern race L. sibirica Dress., is the only representative of the genus. According to Mr. Dresser the East Siberian bird in breeding plumage has the upper parts rufous, herein agreeing with the eastern race of the Little Stint; this form is found in China in winter. Its validity is admitted in Taczanowski’s work (Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, II, 924), but a fresh comparison does not seem to have been made. Other authors, Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 789 among them Sharpe (/4), do not admit it as a good species. In the usual order of things it should be this supposed eastern form which descends to Japan, China, Formosa, Hainan, the Philippines, but Java and South-central Celebes are equally likely to be reached by specimens descending the Malay Peninsula from the north-west, as seems to be the case with Lanius tigrinus and perhaps Butastur liventer. My. Dresser himself, however, believed Everett’s specimen from Bohol, Philippines (4), to be L. platyrhyncha. The Broad-billed Sandpiper was found breeding in Lapland by Wolley and on the Dovrefjeld in Norway by Mitchell and others; the eggs are not yet known from Eastern Asia. In autumn it migrates south, but in the East the greater number seem to stop before reaching the Archipelago, and the specimens which have been obtained there are so few in number that they almost seem to come under the head of stragglers. GENUS GALLINAGO Leach. In the Snipes the eye is situated far back, almost as it were in the side of the occiput; the bill is straight, about twice the length of the head, termi- nally soft and nervous, the upper mandible overlapping the lower and notched behind the tip to allow for the latter fitting to it, the nasal groove reaching well into the terminal third. Middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus, which is transversely scutellated. Rectrices 12 to 26 in number, the lateral ones ‘greatly attenuated when the number is large. Wing moderate, the inner se- condaries nearly as long as the primaries, the middle ones about half their length. The Snipes are migratory, and almost cosmopolitan in their distribution. “337. GALLINAGO MEGALA Swinh. East Siberian Snipe. Gallinago megala (1) Swinh., Ibis 1861, 343; (2) id., Ibis 1863, 415; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 12; (4) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIII, 98; (5) Salvad., Cat. Uce. Borneo 1874, 334; (6) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1875, IX, 235; (7) Tweedd., P. Z. 8. 1877, 768; (8) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 477; (9) Tweedd, P. Z. 8. 1878, 345, 953; (9%) Prjev., Rowl. Orn. Misc. 1878, II, 92; (10) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 143; (11) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 817; (12) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, I, 337; (13) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 206; (14) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 60; (15) Sharpe, t. c. 145; (16) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philippines 1890, 26; (17) Styan, Ibis 1891, 330, 505; (18) Wiglesworth, Av. Polyn. 1892, 67; (19) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 492; (20) Biitt., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, II, 283; (21) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, IT, 956; (22) Buns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 31; (23) Grant, Ibis 1894, 522; (24) Hart., Noy. Zool. 1896, 180; (25) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 624, 769. a. Scolopax (Spilura) stenura (I) Radde (nec Kuhl), Reis. 8. O. Sibir. 1863, 334, pl. XIII. b. Gallinago heterocerca (1) Cab., J. f. O. 1870, 235; (2) Tacz., ib. 1873, 104, t. TI, f. 34 (egg). rw oon >. ¢ ot e@@= Tans 790 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. é. Seolopax megala /1) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (2) id., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (3) Seeb., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 479; (4) id., B. Japan 1890, 343. d. % Scolopax australis (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 203. e. Seolopax stenura Kuhl (Gallinago stenura awctorwm). For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 12; Taczanowski 21; Sharpe 25. Figure and descriptions. Radde a J, Swinhoe 1; David & Oust. 8; Salvadori 12; Seebohm ¢ 3 (woodcut of tail); Taczanowski 27; Sharpe 25. Autumn. Head above black, with a mesial stripe of buff-brown; back and scapulars black, with a long buff-brown interscapulary stripe on each side and the scapulars broadly edged with buff-brown; lower back blackish brown, with whitish tips, rump with buff-brown tips; upper tail-coverts more russet brown, with indistinct bars; tail-feathers, 20 in number, black, with a broad (ca. 1 cm) subterminal space of dark ferruginous on the six middle feathers, bounded distally with an irregular black line, the tip whitish; the lateral rectrices much attenuated (the outermost ca. 2.5 mm broad at 10mm from tip, the sixth ca. 6mm broad), tipped with white, basally blackish, the outermost two or three mottled basally with blackish and white; lesser and outer greater wing-coverts, primary coverts and remiges dark hair- brown, most of the coverts tipped with white; middle and inner greater wing- coverts and tertiaries pale brown varied with blackish bars; sides of forehead and superciliary stripe, cheeks and upper throat buff-brown; loral stripe blackish; neck all round, ear-coverts, jugulum, upper breast, sides and under tail-coverts duller buff-brown, streaked with blackish, tending to form bars on sides and tail-coverts; abdomen white; under wing-coverts barred with blackish and white, the dark bars rather the broader; “bill blackish brown; feet grey; iris nearly black” (Taczan. 21); wing 140 mm; tail 55; tarsus 33; mid. toe with claw 38; exp. culmen 60 (o', N. Bohol, Noy. 1877: Everett — C 5426). Sex. The sexes are similar in coloration. Young. The young in down are described by Taczanowski as having a colour quite different from that of the young of G. scolopacina, being altogether paler (des- cribed: b 2, 21). Eggs. Ground-colour cream-white or a little more yellowish, or pale and dirty ochre; under- lying spots reddish ashy, superficial ones reddish brown or brown, the large ones obliquely grouped as dashes at the large end, where there are also some streaks, some zigzags or black spots, on the rest of the surface only points and little streaks intermingled with a small number of dashes of moderate size; measurements 40—43 >< 30—32 mm (from Taczanowski 21). Nest. Situated in a dry place covered with plant-growth, always in the open, even in bush- grown spots; the nest a little cavity lmed with dry plants (Baikal country — Taczanowski 21). Distribution. East Siberia (Radde, etc. 21); Sakhalien (Nikolski 22); Japan (Pryer ec 4); China (Swinhoe 1, David 8, etc.); Formosa (Swinhoe 2); Philippmes — Luzon (Jagor 6, Whitehead 23), Cebu and Leyte (Everett 7, 9), Siquijor, Negros, Masbate, Panay, Sibuyan, Calamianes, Tawi-Tawi (Bourns & Worcester 22), Basilan (Steere 16), Mindanao (Everett 9, Steere 16), Palawan (Whitehd. 13, 14); N. Borneo (Whitehead 15); Celebes — Manado (Meyer 10), Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten 3, vy. Rosenb. ¢ 2), Macassar (Weber 20); Saleyer (Everett 24); Moluccas — Halmahera, Ternate, Batchian, Amboina (Salvadori 12); Pelew Is. (Kubary 18). Swinhoe separated this Snipe from G. stenwra (Kuhl) on the ground that it was larger and had fewer and broader attenuated lateral rectrices. The eggs Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 79t of G. stenura are not yet on record; Seebohm met with it on the Yenesei, and Taczanowski remarks that it takes its way to East Siberia for its nidification: it is in E. Siberia that G. megala breeds. G. stenura is, however, said to wander in winter through China, to India, Ceylon, Burmah, Tenasserim down the Malay Archipelago to Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Timor. G. megala, on the other hand, is supposed to have a West Pacific migration, passing through China to the Philippines, N. Borneo, Celebes and the Moluccas. As to size, we can see no difference between the two birds: this also was the experience of Legge (11). The only reliable mark of distinction is supposed to be found in the rectrices, of which stenura has 26, the outermost 8 on each side much attenuated (2 to 4mm, according to Seebohm), while megala should have 20, the outermost 6 attenuated (4 to 8 mm, Seebohmc 3). We suspect that the two forms are not distinct, but that stenura is simply represented by older individuals, megala by younger ones, or vice-versa. Legge finds the normal number of “pin” tail- feathers in stenura to be six, but “seven and even nine have been detected on careful examination, and Swinhoe speaks of a specimen with only four”. As to the total number of rectrices, we have a specimen apparently of G. megala labelled Celebes, with 22 feathers; Schlegel says megala has 18 or 20, and Taczanowski gives 24 to 26 as the number in stenwra. The sequence is, there- fore, complete; and we believe that these figures are not easily to be explained on the ground of moulting or shooting away, but that the tail varies with age or individually. Another Snipe, which is almost sure to be found in Celebes sooner or later, is G. australis Lath., which Seebohm diagnoses by its having 18 tail-feathers, of which only two on each side are less than 7.6 mm in width; it is also larger than G. megala, viz. wing 152—165 mm. It is known from Japan, where it breeds, and from Australia and Tasmania, where it winters. GENUS LIMOSA Briss. The bill of Zimosa has much in common with that of Gallinago, being very long, with the nasal groove continued almost to the tip, but it is upcurved and not pitted at the tip. The tarsus is also longer than the middle toe, and there are 12 rectrices. The size is much larger. The bill, with its continuous groove and the gape not overreached by the loral and malar feathers sufficiently distinguishes Limosa from the Totanine forms, and shows its affinities to be more with the Snipes. Dr. Sharpe recognises 4 species, breeding in the North and wintering in more southern latitudes of the World. 792 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. + 338. LIMOSA NOVAEZEALANDIAE (G. R. Gray). Pacific Bar-tailed Godwit. a, Limosa baueri (1) Naumann, Vog. Deutschl. 1836, VIII, 429 (descr. null.‘)); (2) Pelz. , Sitzb. Ak, Wien 1860, XLI, 327; (3) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 331; (4) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 459; (5) Sharpe, Ibis 1878, 419; (6) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 329; (7) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 410; (8) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 165; (9) Gigl. & Salvad., P. Z.S. 1887, 588; (10) Sclat., Ibis 1889, 249; (11) Salvad., Orn. Pap, Agg. 1891, 203. b. Limosa brevipes (1) Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Grallae, 1844, 95 (descr. null. — fide Seebohm 7 2).?) c, Limosa lapponica var. Novae Zealandiae (1) Gray, Voy. Ereb. & Terror, B. 1844, 133. Limosa novae-zealandiae (1) Gray, Gen. B. II, 570 (1847); (2) Dresser, B. Europe VII, 206 (1872); (3) Finsch, J. f. O. 1874, 196; (4) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 833; (V) Buller, B. New Zeal. 2°4 ed. 1888, II, 40, pl. XXVIII; (6) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 66; (7) H.O. Forbes, Ibis 1893, 529; (8) Sharpe, Cat. B, 1896, XXIV, 377, 755. d. Limosa uropygialis (1) Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, 38; (IZ) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 29; (3) Swinh., Ibis 1863, 409; (4) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 25; (5) Gld., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, Il, 252; (VZ) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Centralpol. 1867, 177, t, XIII, figs. 1, 2; (7) Finsch, J. f£. O. 1870, 348; (8) Homeyer, t. c. 423; (9) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIIL, 97; (10) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (11) id., Zool, Garten 1881, 167; (12) Hartl., J. f. O, 1883, 279; (13) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 20; (14) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8S. 1889, 209; (15) Gigl., Ibis 1891, 296; (16) Styan, t. c. 331, 507; (17) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 500; (18) Newton, Dict. B, 1893, 367; (19) Rickett, Ibis 1894, 225; (20) M. & We., J. f. O. 1894, 252; (21) iid., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 18. e. Limosa rufa (nec Briss.); (1) Temm. & Schl., Faun. Jap., Aves 1850, 114; (2) Middend., Sibir. Reise 1851, I, pt. 2, p. 217, t. XIX, f. 5 (egg); (3) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 328. f. t Limosa lapponica (1) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26. g. Limosa lapponica uropygialis (1) Dyb. & Tacz., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1884, 146; (2) Seeb., Brit. B. 1885, TI, 157. h. Limosa lapponica novae-zealandiae (1) Baird, Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, 258; (2) Mats. & Ziem., J. f. O. 1885, 189. 2. Limosa lapponica baueri (7) Stejn., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, Nr. 29, p. 122; (2) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 933. Jj. Limosa rufa uropygialis (1) Tacz., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr, 1885, 475; (2) Seeb., Distr, Charadr, 1887, 387. “Bararanga”, Kabruang, Talaut, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy-and references cf. Finsch & Hartl. d VI; Salvadoria 6; Stejneger 71; Taczanowski 7 2; Sharpe 8, Figures and descriptions. Gould d I, d 5; Buller V, Finsch & Hartl. d VI; Middend. e 2 (fig. of egg); David & Oust. a 4; Salvad. a 6; Taczanowski? 2; Sharpe 8; ete. !) With all deference to the opinion of Dr. Stejneger we cannot admit that Naumann ever described this bird, He does not pretend to discriminate it loc. cit. from Z,. adspersa (= fedoa), and his only distin- guishing remark that both are much bigger or longer-legged than LZ. meyert (= lapponica) is wrong if applied to LZ. novaezealandiae. It is true only of ZL. fedoa. *) Swinhoe, Schlegel, and Salvadori apply this name to the eastern form of the Black-tailed Godwit, LZ. melanuroides Gould, —— ee, Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 193 Adult male in winter plumage. Head above, mantle, scapulars, tertiaries and wing- coverts dark brown (hair-brown), with borders to the feathers of fulvous white or white, very broad on the wing-coverts, forming deep notches on the tertiaries and scapulars; hind-neck grey, with obscure dark centres; lower back brown with fulvous tips; rump, upper tail-coverts and tail barred with dark brown and white; metacarpal and primary coverts and remiges blackish brown, the inner primaries and secondaries paler and bordered with white; shafts of remiges white, the exposed tips thereof blackish; supraloral stripe to above the ear-coverts whitish; face whitish, striolated with brown; fore-neck and breast pale buff-brown, with dark shaft-streaks chiefly at the sides; remaining under-parts buff-white, a few brown spots and shaft-streaks on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries, the former with horse-shoe bars, the latter with irregular bars of grey- brown; primaries below grey mottled on basal half of inner web with whitish; “pill reddish white, tip black; feet slate-blue” (P.& F. Sarasin); iris “dark brown”: Stejneger (of, Kema, 23. Oct. 1893: P. & F. Sarasin). This specimen has some of the cinnamon-tinted feathers of breeding plumage still left on forehead, lores and cheeks and upper throat. Female in winter, Larger than the male. The tail is grey-brown in this example, mottled with white towards its base (Q, 8. Island, New Zealand, Oct. 1872 — O 4715). According to Seebohm (g 2) in the western form of this Godwit, L. lapponica (L.), “the tail of the young in first plumage, and of the adult in summer plumage, is always barred. Adults in winter plumage have plain tails, but those of birds of the year occasionally show traces of bars”. The male described, like a second before us (Bohol, Noy. 1877) seems to be still wearing its summer tail. Breeding plumage. In breeding plumage the bird has the face and under-parts rufous, the fore-neck, under tail-coverts, etc. more or less marked with brown; the upper-parts varied with rufous instead of white. Sex. Sexual differences in this form have not received much attention since Middendorff pointed out (e 2) that the female, besides being much larger than the male, has a longer and flatter forehead (this we should think depends upon the size of the bill), a straighter bill, the upper tail-coverts with the white bars never washed with rusty; the belly variable — greyish white, or with black sagittate spots, or with rusty streaks, or unspotted. Young. Much like the adult in winter (cf. Buller V, Taczanowski ? 2). | ; id. toe | Exposed Measurements. Wing | Tail | Tarsus ut clnwl* Oakes 8 Males. 199— 223 | 68—81 | 50—61 | 33—41 |78—110 3 Females... . . . . . . . | 225-243 | 75—80 | 55—64 | 34—41 |98—111 (from measurements given by Stejneger ¢ 1, Taczanowski 7 2, and of North Celebes, and Q New Zealand). Eggs. According to v. Middendorff 2 or 3 to a sitting; one figured is ovate, dusky olive with irregular black spots; size 56 >< 38mm (e 2). Messrs Baird, Brewer and Ridgway (h 1) describe two eggs as deep greenish drab and pale drab respectively in ground-colour, the blotches on the former being of a dilute umber, much more pronounced in the second specimen; size 57 >< 36 — 37 mm. Nest. A rounded depression in a sedge tussock, with a lining of dry grasses (Dall hil — Alaska). Distribution. Alaska (Dall h 1, Nelson a 10); Bering Id. (Stejneger 2 1); Prijbilof Is. (Elliot #1); Aleutian Is. (Nelson h 2); East Siberia to the Taimyr River (Midd., Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. Sth, 1897), 100 794 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. ete. 7 2); Corea (Kalinowski 7 2); Kurile Is. (Pallas, Snow e 3); Japan (Siebold, etc. e 3, e 1); China (David, etc. a 4); Formosa seen only, and Hainan (Swinhoe d 3, a 6); Philippines — Bohol (Everett 8), ? Negros (Steere f 3); Borneo (Ever. d 14); Singapore (Davison 8); Java (v. Hasselt d 4); Timor (Sal. Miller d 4); Talaut — Kabruang (Nat. Coll. d 20); Celebes — (Forsten d 4), Minahassa (P.&F.S.), Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenb. d 11, Riedel a 8); Moluccas — Halmahera (Bernst. d 4, Wallace 8); Papuasia — Aru, New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon Is. (f. Salvad. a6); Is. Torres Str. (Salvad. a 6); Australia and Tasmania (Gould d II, Ramsay d 18); Polynesia — New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., New Hebrides, Caroline Is., Gilbert Is., Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga Is. (fide Wiglesw. 6); New Zealand (Buller, etc. V); Chatham Is. (H. O. Forbes 7). The Pacific form of the Bar-tailed Godwit is very closely related to the Limosa lapponica of Europe and Asia (except the East), but may be recognised by its brown lower back with fulvous or whitish terminal edgings, as against the white with a few brown heart-shaped or arrow-head spots in L. lapponica; also the rump and upper tail-coverts of L. novaezealandiae are white barred with brown, as against white with a few brown spots (bars on the longer tail-coverts) in the western form, and a corresponding difference is seen on the under wing- coverts. L. novaezealandiae holds itself to the countries and islands washed by the Western and Northern Pacific; L. lapponica has been recorded as far east as the Yenesei (Seebohm) and by Lord Tweeddale (P. Z. 8. 1878, 711) from Bohol in the Philippines. One of these specimens from Bohol is now before us; it cannot be separated from L. lapponica. The Pacific Godwit breeds in the highest northern latitudes, and as yet its eggs seem to have been recorded from, only two spots — from the Taimyr Peninsula of Siberia, 75° N., by von Middendorff, and from the mouth of the Yukon by Dall (A 7). In winter the main body of individuals migrate across the Pacific, or over China, to Australia and New Zealand, in which latter country some remain all the year, and Sir Walter Buller (V) mentions an egg from there, which he can refer to no other species. The number of in- dividuals which visit New Zealand seems to be enormous; Buller speaks of tens of thousands of birds having been seen setting off from the north of North Island on their northward journey, and mentions a case reported to him of ninety-seven being killed out of a pack at a single shot with an ordinary gun! In the East India Islands, on the other hand, this Godwit is evidently a rare bird. From Celebes we know of only three recorded specimens in Museums, but Rosenberg puts down 5 in his list of birds of Limbotto (d 1/1), Schlegel records 2 specimens from Halmahera, | from Java, 2 from Timor; more recently it has been recorded by Dr. Sharpe and Mr. Everett from Sarawak and Labuan, also from the Philippines; David (a 4) and Styan (d /6) mention it as a bird of passage in China, but the former author adds that it even winters there also. The bill of this bird, perhaps the most highly specialized organ of it, is very variable in length. From Totanus the genus Limosa may best be distin- “ Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 795 guished by its bill which is 1'/, to 2 times the length of the tarsus and has the nasal groove running down it almost to the extreme tip; from Scolopaa the up- curved character of the bill, the middle toe shorter than the tarsus, the small web between the basal phalanges of the outer and middle toes, as well as the different type of plumage serve to separate it. In its changes of plumage from the greys and browns of winter to the fine brick red and brown of the breeding season it resembles Phalaropus fulicarius and certain Tringae, especially Tringa subarquata. As in Phalaropus, the female Limosa is a finer bird (at least in point of size) than the male. Moreover, as Prof. Newton (D. B. 366) points out, the male is believed to take the chief duty of incubation on himself’). Limosa melanuroides Gld. which ranges from East Siberia south in winter to Australia, and which must sometimes set foot on Celebes, may be distin- guished from the present bird by its black tail (except at base) and white upper tail-coverts. GENUS NUMENIUS Briss. The Curlews are best characterized by their long decurved bills, with the nasal groove discernible down to the terminal fourth; the toes webbed at the base and shorter than the tarsus; the tarsus for the most part transversely scutel- lated in front (in N. minutus behind also). Most of the species are of large size, and wear a general plumage of brown, varied with pale brown and white, below chiefly whitish, streaked or barred with brown. Several forms occur, probably as winter visitors only, in Celebes. The genus is almost cosmopolitan. + 339. NUMENIUS MINUTUS J.Gd. Little Whimbrel. Numenius minutus (1) Gld., P. Z. S. 1840, 176; (ZZ) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 44; (3) Schl,, Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 101; (4) id., Ned. Tdschr. Dierk. 1866, IH, 348; (5) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIL, 96; (6) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 334; (6s) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 464; (7) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 458; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 334; (9) Meyer, Z. ges. Orn. 1884, 295; (10) Seeb., Ibis 1884, 34, 268; (11) id., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 335; (12) Dorries, J. f. O. 1888, 90; (13) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 317; (14) Styan, Ibis 1891, 331, 508; (15) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 205; (16) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 501; (17) Tacz., Faune Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 947. a. Numenius minor (nec Briss., Leach); (1) 8. Miill., Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—44, 110; (II) Temm. & Schl., Faun. Jap., Aves 1850, 111, pl. 67; (3) Swinh., Ibis 1863, 409; (4) Gld., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, II, 280; (5) Dresser, B. Europe VIII, 245 (1873); (6) Seeb., Ibis 1885, 363; (7) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 20. 1) This point has received confirmation from Prof. Newton himself, who informs us (in lit.) that he has had the male bird shot from the nest. 100* ‘ : a P er a a, ee ee eo ee 796 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae, b, Mesoscolopax minutus (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 371, 755. For further references cf. Salvadori 8; Sharpe 0b 1. Figures and descriptions. Gould I, a4; Temm, & Schl. a J; Salvad. 8; Dresser a5 (diagn.); Seebohm 11 (diagn.); Tage b 1, Description. Head above dark brown, varied with buff-brown edgings; mantle, scapu- lars and tertiaries dark brown, with buff-brown side-notches and tips; middle and greater wing-coverts much the same, but with more whitish mottlings; lower back and rump dark brown with whitish tips, the upper tail-coverts with whitish tips and notches; tail pale brown, with about 8 dark bars; lesser wing-coverts, alula, primary-coyerts and remiges dark brown; lores and superciliary stripe buff, ear-coverts browner; under surface buffy, with streaks of brown on the neck all round, taking the form of narrow sagittate and brace-shaped bars on breast and sides; the under wing-coverts and axillaries buff with narrow bars; “iris black; bill fleshy (coloured) at the base, olive-brown at the tip; feet bluish’ lead- colour” (Gould @ 4); wing 180mm; tail 75; tarsus 50; mid. toe with claw 32; exposed culmen 45 (“Q”, Java: v. Schierbrand — C 12375). Female. The female is described by Taczanowski (17) as having the top of the head more strongly varied with fulvous than the male, the streaks on the sides of the head finer and less numerous, the outer web of the lateral rectrix yellow in the clear spaces. Young. The young has not yet been described; probably it is much like the adults, but has the tertiaries, scapulars, etc. spotted, rather than notched, with buff-brown. Eggs. Unknown. Distribution. East Siberia from Dauria to Lake Baikal (Dybowski & Godlewski 17); Mongolia (David 7); Japan (Siebold a IJ, Pryer a 6, 13); Formosa (Swinhoe a 3); China (Swinhoe, David, etc. 7, 8, 14, 16); Java (v. Schierbrand); North Celebes (fide Schlegel 4, Riciel 6s). Batenian (Wallace 8); Amboina (S. Miller 3, 8); ? Mysol (y. Rieenikers 8); Aru (fide Schl. 4 8, Ribbe 9); Australia (Gould IZ, a4, Ramsay a 7). The Little Whimbrel has been recorded only twice from Celebes, viz. by Schlegel, who received an example, or examples, from the North of the island subsequently to publishing his catalogue of the Scolopaces in 1864, and by Briggemann from Gorontalo, where it was obtained by Riedel. It seems to be altogether a somewhat rare species. Gould only once encountered a flock in Australia, but Dr. E. P. Ramsay is able to note its occurrence at a number of different points in the country. In the breeding season, Godlewski (17) observed it in Dauria, but did not find it breeding, as the traveller did not at this time visit the vast steppes covered with a feeble vegetation where the bird then takes up its quarters. Seebohm in 1890 could record only two examples from Japan. It has been more abundantly observed in China as a spring and autumn migrant; Mr. De La Touche remarks that, according to the native wild-fowlers, it is common during the spring passage near Foochow. In the East India Archipelago the records of its occurrence are of an isolated character. Numenius minutus is at once distinguishable from the other Curlews found in Celebes by its small size and small slender bill; its lower back and rump ! Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 797 are concolorous with the other upper-parts, and its primaries are not varied with pale notches on the inner webs. Its nearest affinities are with N. borealis of America which differs by its somewhat larger size and shorter tarsus (the wing being about 4'/, times the length of it as against about 3'/, times in minutus). ‘The hinder side of the tarsus of N. borealis is covered with small reticulate scales, that of minutus is described by H. Seebohm as being trans- versely scutellated behind as in front, but we find this character to be variable. Dr. R. B. Sharpe separates N. minutus generically on account of the scaling of the tarsus. + 340. NUMENIUS VARIEGATUS (Scop). Oriental Whimbrel. a. Le Courlis tacheté de l’Isle de Lucon (J) Sonn., Voy. Nouv. Guin. 1776, 85, pl. 48. b. Tantalus variegatus (1) Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. 1786, I, 92, Nr. 78. ¢. Numenius luzoniensis (1) Gm., S. N. 1788, I, 656; (2) Dresser, B. Europe VIII, 245 (1873); (3) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 911, d. Numenius phaeopus (nec Linn.); (1) Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-As. 1811, I, 169; (2) S. Miill., Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—43, 22; (3) id., Reize Ind. Archip. 1858, II, 13; (4) Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Scolopaces, 1864, 97, pt.; (5) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VII, 96; (6) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (7) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 142; (8) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; ? (9) Vorderman, N. T, Ned. Ind. 1884, XLII, 119; (10) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26; (11) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 316; (12) Vord., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1891, L, 516; (13) id., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1891, 129; (14) id., N. T, Ned. Ind. 1895, LIV, 352. e. Numenius uropygialis (7) Gld., P. Z. S. 1840, 175; (IZ) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 43; (3) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1876, LX, 63; (4) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 56; (5) Guillem., P. Z. 8. 1885, 560; (6) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 20. Numenius variegatus (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1882, XVIII, 330; (2) id., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 332; (3) Meyer, Isis 1884, 6; (4) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 629; (5) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 20; (6) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 209; (7) W. Blasius, J. f. O. 1890, 145; (8) Styan, Ibis 1891, 508; (9) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 204; (10) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 66; (11) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 501; (12) Biittik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1892, 204; (13) Meyer, t. c. 265; (14) M.& Wg., J. f, O. 1894, 252; (15) iid. Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 18; (16) Sharpe, Cat, B. 1896, XXIV, 361, 754. f. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (1) Stejn., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, Nr. 29, p. 138; (2) Seeb., Distr. Charadr, 1887, 330; (3) Tacz., Faune Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, H, 943. ~Krombek”, (Dutch) Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Totupo”, Gorontalo?, Rosenb. d 6. “Bararang”, Gt. Sangi and Siao, Nat. Coll. “Bararanga” (a general name for Shore-birds), Talaut, iid. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 2, 9; Stejneger f1; Taczanowski f 35 Sharpe 16. Figure and descriptions. Gould e IZ; Salvadori 2; Taczanowski f 3; Sharpe 16; ete, Adult (winter). Above dark brown (bistre), the feathers of mantle and scapulary region with pale edges, spreading out on the longer scapulars and tertiaries into ill-defined pale 798 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. brown notches, which are whiter and better defined on the secondaries and wing-coverts ; a mesial stripe of whity-brown along the head above; hind-neck striated with pale brown; lower back and rump white, with subterminal heart-shaped or sagittate brown spots and dusky bases to the feathers; upper tail-coverts barred with brown and fulvous white or pale brown; tail hair-brown, crossed with about eight bars of darker brown; alula, primaries and their coyerts blackish, the coyerts and inner quills tipped with white, the outermost with the shaft white; superciliary stripe, face, neck, jugulum and breast fulvous, streaked with brown, brownest on ear-coyerts, lores, and sides of breast; remaining under-parts whitish, clear on the middle of the abdomen, chin and upper throat, barred with rufous brown on sides, flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries barred with hair-brown and white; “iris dark brown; bill brownish black, below at base reddish grey”: Stejneger f7 (Main, Minahassa, 23. Febr. 1894: Nat. Coll. — C 13251). Young. In the young the pale brown notches on the back, scapulars and wing-coverts of the adult have the form of round spots arranged in pairs on opposite sides of each feather; the bars on the tail are of about equal width (in the adult the dark bars are narrower); the mesial streak on the head above seems to be smaller (juv., Kema, 14. Sept. 1892: P.& F. Sarasin, and others). Observation. There seems to be no particular difference between winter and summer plumage. Moult. We have specimens moulting their remiges in November (Kabruang, C 13050) and February (C 13251). Others lalled in April, May, June, July seem to haye a per- fect wing. Measurements. Wing (in 26 expls. from the Hast Indies) 112—151 mm; tail ca. 80—100; tarsus ca. 58; middle toe with claw ca. 38; exposed culmen (straight) 77—100 mm. Probably the female is considerably larger than the male. Eggs. Unknown /(f 2, f 3). Distribution. Hast Siberia from Kamtschatka to Lake Baikal (Taczanowski f 3); Bering Id. _ (Stejneger f 1); Sakhalien (Nikolski f 3); Corea (Kalin. f 3); Japan (Blakiston, ete. d 11); China (Swinhoe 2, etc.); Formosa (Swinhoe 2); Philippines (Sonnerat, Everett 2, Steere d 10, Platen 7); Borneo (Schwaner, etc. 2, 6); Sumatra (S. Mill, etc. d 4, 2); Java (Horsfield, Diard d 4 2); Banka (v. d. Bossche d 4 2); Billi- ton and Mendanau (Vorderman d 12, d 13); Lombok (Vorderman d 14); Sumba (Riedel, ten Kate 12, 13); Flores (Semmelink d 4, 2, Wallace 16); Timor (S. Miller d-4, 2); Celebes — Buton (8S. Miller d 2), Bonthaim (S. Miiller d 4), Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenb. d 8), Minahassa (Forsten d 4, etc.), Manado tua (Meyer, Nat. Coll), Mantehage and Banka (Nat. Coll.), Talissi (Guillemard e 5); Sangi Is. — Siao (Meyer 3, Nat. Coll.), Gt. Sangi (Bruijn e 3, Platen 4, Nat. Coll.); Talaut Is. — Kabruang (Nat. Coll. 13); Sula Islands (Wallace 16); Moluccas — Morty, Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera, Batchian, Buru, Ceram, Amboina, Ceramlaut, Goram (fide Salvadori 2); Papuasia — Guebeh, Waigiou, Obi major, Salawatti, New Guinea, Timorlaut, Kei, Aru, Jobi, Admiralty Is., Duke of York, New Britain, Solomon Is., Yule Id., Is. of Torres Str. (fide Salvadori 2); Mysol (Wallace and Rosenberg 16); Australia and Tasmania (Ramsay e 6); Polynesia — New Caledonia, Fiji Is., Caroline Is., Pelew Is., Marianne Is. (f. Wiglesw. 10). The Eastern Whimbrel offers in some respects a case parallel to Limosa novaezealandiae, but in its winter migration it keeps more to the western side of the Pacific and to the East India Archipelago, and it is not known from New Zealand. Corresponding differences separate both from their Euro-Asiatic allies, Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 799 compared with which they may be said to have a more saturated coloration. Much as with Limosa, N. variegatus may be distinguished from N. phaeopus by its axillaries in which the white bars are not more than twice the width of the brown (usually the bars are of about equal width), while in the adult N. phacopus the white bars are three or four times the width of the brown; also the under wing-coverts of N. variegatus are thickly barred and spotted with brown, while in N. phaeopus they are much whiter, the second and third rows being almost pure white; the lower back of N. variegatus is always white marked with large spots of brown, changing to bars on the rump and upper tail-coverts, whereas the lower back of N. phaeopus appears pure white and the spots only attain to the size of bars on the longer upper tail-coverts. Seebohm (f 2) says the two forms completely intergrade, but this is certainly not the case in 26 specimens of variegatus and two of phaeopus before us, though the birds vary much in size and coloration, both individually and with age and with the wearing-away of the feathers. The Oriental Whimbrel apparently breeds in very high northern latitudes, for it is recorded only as a bird of passage by Dr. Stejneger from Bering Island, and by Taczanowski as such from Kamtschatka and other parts of East Siberia. Its breeding grounds have not yet been discovered, though Nikolski believes that it nests in Sakhalien. As to Celebes it seems to be a plentiful winter visitor, and some individuals remain all the year. We have a specimen from Manado tua and another from Banka killed in May, one from Siao in June, one from Great Sangi in July. Others are noted by Meyer in Legge’s Birds of Ceylon (p. 912) as killed in May in Ternate and Waigiou, in June in New Guinea, in July in New Guinea, in August at Mactan in the Philippines. 341. > NUMENIUS ARQUATUS (L.). Common Curlew. a. Numenius lineatus (1) Cuy., Régne An. 1829, I, 521; (2) Hume, Str. F. 1873, I, 237; (3) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 906; (4) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 209; (5) Steere, Philipp. List 1890, 26; (6) Whitehead, Ibis 1890, 59; (7) Salvadori, Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 203. Numenius arquatus (1) Jerd., B. Ind. 1864, IL, 683; ?(2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (3) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, Il, 412; (4) Seebohm, B. Japan 1890, 314; (5) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 341, 753. b. Numenius arquatus lineatus (1) Seebohm, Brit. B. 1885, II, 95; (2) id., Distr. Charadr. 1887, 324; (3) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 938. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori a7; Legge a 3; Sharpe 5. Descriptions. Legge a 3; Oates 3; Seebohm b 2 (diagn.); Salvad. a 7; Taczanowski 6 3. Particulars of the skeleton have been figured by Giebel, Milne-Edwards and Garrod. Diagnosis. Differs from N. variegatus by its much larger size (wing ca. 310 mm, tarsus ca. 85; 800 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. bill 140—203 [Seeb.]), and by its head above being pale striated brown (not blackish brown with a single pale streak along the middle). Distribution. East Siberia (Dybowski, ete. b 3); Mongolia (David } 3); Kurile Is. (Steller 4); Japan (Pryer 4); Loochoo Is. (Cassin 4); China (David, Swinhoe a7, b 3); Formosa (Swinhoe a 7); India (Jerdon, etc. a 3); Ceylon (Legge, etc. a 3); Lacca- dives, Andamans and Nicobars (Hume, etc. a 3, a7); Burmah (Oates, etc. a 3); Tenas- serim (Davison 3); Cochin China (f. Oates 3); Malay Peninsula (f. Oates 3); Suma- tra, Java (f. Salvad. a7); 8S. Borneo (Croockewit a4); Palawan (Whitehd. a4, a6); Negros (Steere a5); Halmahera (Leyden Mus. f. Schl. a 7); ? Celebes (Rosenb. 2), In the East the Curlew differs from the typical form of Europe, Africa, and Western Asia, according to Seebohm by having the lower back ordinarily white (not streaked with brown), the axillaries white (not spotted with brown), the margins of the scapulars and feathers on the upper back nearly white (as against grey in the western form) and the bill 5'/, to 8 inches (as against 4'/, to 7 inches), but he adds that “none of these characters are constant and inter- mediate forms are very common”. It is interesting to observe that in this case it is the eastern form in which the lower back and axillaries are white, whereas in the Whimbrel this effect is produced in the western form, as also in the Bar-tailed Godwit. There is, however, some difference in their ranges, the Eastern Curlew being a more continental bird than N. variegatus, and it does not visit such high northern latitudes to breed. Its nest and breeding habits in Dauria are described by Godlewski, and its egg by Taczanowski (b 3). Dr. Sharpe does not consider the eastern form separable from the western, and this judgment we have accepted. This species is included with a query among the birds of Celebes in virtue of its name being found in von Rosenberg’s list (2), which is unfortunately not to be relied upon without further proof. Prof. W. Blasius (Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 199) expresses the opinion that it was the next species, N. cyanopus Vieill., which the traveller met with; it is, however, at least as probable that Rosenberg was right in his determination of the bird, as the eastern form of N. arquata (N. lineata) is almost certain to occur in Celebes occasionally, if not regularly, in winter. One example has been recorded from Halmahera. Up to 1889 Dr. Croockewit alone had met with it in Borneo to Mr. Everett’s know- ledge; it was not known to Lord Tweeddale from the Philippines, but Mr. Whitehead (a 6) saw a few, and Dr. Steere records it from Negros. It seems to be a somewhat rare visitor to the Archipelago. From WN. variegatus its differences have been pointed out, supra; from N. cyanopus it may be distinguished by its white lower back and white axillaries. +342. NUMENIUS CYANOPUS Vieill. Brown-rumped Curlew. Numenius cyanopus (1) Vieill., Nouv. Dict. VIII, 306 (1817); (2) Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, Il, 277; (3) Rams., P. Z. 8. 1877, 339; (4) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, I, Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. 801 330; (5) Seebohm, Ibis 1884, 34; (6) Mathew, Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 1885, 255; (7) W. Blasius, Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 199; (8) Seebohm, Distr. Charadr. 1887, 326; (9) Buller, B. New Zeal. 24. ed. 1888, II, 45; (10) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 20; (11) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 210; (12) Seebohm, B. Japan 1890, 315; (13) Salvadori, Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 204; (14) De La Touche, Ibis 1999, 501; (15) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, Il, 940; (16) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1896, XXIV, 350, 753. a. Numenius australis (1) Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, 155; (II) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 42; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Scol., 1864, 90; (4) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 333. ; b. Numenius major pt. (I) Temm. & Schl., Faun, Jap., Aves 1850, 110, pl. 66; (2) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26. ce. Numenius rufescens (1) Gould, P. Z. 8. 1862, 286; (2) Swinh., Ibis 1863, 410; (ZIZ) Gld., B. Asia VII, pl. 60 (1864). d. Numenius tabitiensis (nec Gm.); (1) Swinhoe, P. ZS. 1871, 410; (2) David & Oust. Ois. Chine 1877, 458. ; For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 4, 13; Taczanowski 15; Sharpe 16. Diagnosis. Differs from NV. variegatus by its much larger size and relatively much longer bill, by its lower back and rump being concolorous with the other upper parts viz. grey- brown with dark brown centres (not white with brown streaks), by the head above being grey-brown eyenly streaked all over with dark brown (not dark brown with a light mesial stripe), and the feathers of the mantle, scapulars and lesser wing-coverts with blackish centres and paler edgings, giving a more varied appearance. From Nwmenius arquatus it is distinguishable by its lower back and rump of yaried browns concolorous with the upper parts (as against white pure or slightly spotted in that species). Young. Presenting differences from the adults corresponding to those seen in N. variegatus. Taczanowski describes a young male as having the lower scapularies and the ter- tiaries with more regular and rounded spots (as against the deep notches of pale brown and fish-bone bars of dark brown in the adult), the lower back and rump with large reddish drops scattered on a brown ground, the streaks of the under-parts much finer, etc. (15). } Middle | Exposed Measurements. Wing} Tail /Tarsus} toe with | culmen ae | | claw (straight) a. (C 8049) ad., Cebu (Schadenberg). . . . | 295 | 125 | 93 56 «| 245 b. (C 6262) ad., Sumba (Riedel) 287 | 107 | 96 BT, t/Mcl99 @s(@ 12366) Australia. 2.) eee 2 | 800 | 120 | 87 Bie pia: Eggs. Unknown. Distribution. Coast of Alaska (fide Taczanowski 15); East Siberia from Kamtschatka to the Wilui (trib. of Lena) and Corea to Lake Baikal (Taczan. 15); Bering Id. (Wosnessenski & de Maack 15); Japan (Blakiston & Pryer 12); China (Swinh. d1, David d 2, De La Touche 14); Formosa (Swinhoe ¢ 2); Philippines — Negros (Steere b 2), Cebu (Schadenberg); Borneo (Ussher, Croockewit 11); N. Celebes — Gorontalo Distr. (Riedel 7); Sumba (Riedel 13); Moluccas — Halmahera, Buru, Amboina, Ceram-laut (Salvadori 4); Papuasia New Guinea, Yule Island (Salvad. 4); Is. of Torres Str. (MacGull. 4); Australia and Tasmania (Gould a IJ, 2, Ramsay 10); New Zealand (Travers, etc. 9). Only one example of this Curlew is as yet known from Celebes; it was obtained by Dr. Riedel in the Gorontalo neighbourhood, as recorded by Prof. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. Sth, 1897). 101 802 Birds of Celebes: Charadriidae. W. Blasius. The breeding grounds of this species are unknown, but are probably situated in N. E. Siberia. Taczanowski mentions an example from Kamtschatka so young as to be incapable of making a great journey; one may assume, there- fore, that it was bred in the vicinity. By a curious mistake the distinguished Polish ornithologist spoke of it as nesting in nearly all parts of Australia, and Gould suspected that it did so in the highlands of Tasmania. There is, however, no reason to doubt that the bird is an ordinary winter migrant to the southern continent, and if it ever breeds there the case must be exceptional. At present there seems to be no evidence whatever that it has ever done so. It is, however, of plentiful occurrence in the country. On the other hand, specimens from the East Indies, especially from the more western and southern islands, are extreme- ly scarce, a circumstance which may be due to its ordinarily holding a more eastern and direct route to Australia, or to its passage across the Archipelago being very rapid. In New Zealand it occurs only as an occasional straggler (Buller 9). The closest affinities of this species seem to be with the North American N. longirostris, which, as Seebohm points out, may be distinguished by its uniform buff (not brown and white barred) axillaries, and by its rich buff under-parts unstreaked on the breast and belly. ORDER CICONIITFORMES. Under this name Dr. Gadow includes 4 suborders: Steganopodes, Ardeae, Ciconiae, and Phoencopteri. The Steganopodes, consisting of the Gannets, Pelicans, etc., are at least in habits and external appearance further removed from the other three groups than the latter are from one another, and their short legs, webbed feet, and natatorial habits sufficiently distinguish them as an order for themselves. The young of the Ciconiiformes are hatched helpless and are covered with neossoptile down; the groups possess also, as Gadow points out, the following characters: aquintocubital, oil-gland feathered, desmognathous, vomer complete, basypterygoid processes wanting, spina interna sterni wanting, only one pair of sterno-tracheal muscles; they are water or marsh birds, with swimming or wading feet. By the last-named character they differ from the Accipitres, and by the absence of the basipterygoid processes and the single pair of sterno-tracheal muscles from the Anseriformes. SUBORDER CICONIAE. Containing the Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills, differing pterylologically and anatomically from the Ardeae by the position of the old downs, neck-tracts, Z | = | ‘ Birds of Celebes: Ibidae. 803 simple hypotarsus, syrinx without muscles, intestinal convolutions, form and size of the spina externa, U-shaped furcula, without apophyses (Gadow, in Bronn’s Kl. & Ordn. VI, Abth. 4, Vég. 1893, pt. 2, p. 141). FAMILY IBIDAE. The Ibises bear much resemblance to the Curlews, though Gadow con- siders there is little in common between the two forms but the arched bill, the tongue, and the schizorhinity. It should be added also that a corresponding summer and winter change of plumage is passed through by the Ibis (at least Plegadis) and certain Limicolae, such as Limosa and some Curlews. Some of the most striking differences between the two forms are the nostrils situated high, almost horizontally, on the maxilla of the Ibises, the nasal groove running down to the tip of the bill or nearly, more or less of the face usually bare, and the long hallux. The long decurved bill is the best means of distinction between the Ibises and the Storks and Spoonbills. GENUS PLEGADIS Kaup. Culmen about 3 times as long as the cranium, arched, nostrils linear, situ- ated high and nearly horizontally at the sides of the culmen in its basal fourth, nasal groove running to the tip of the bill; loral and periocular region naked; tarsus long, anteriorly transversely scutellated; toes long, middle toe and claw a little shorter than the tarsus, hallux with claw about half the length of the middle toe and claw; rectrices 12, about as long as the tarsus; wing rather large, the shorter secondaries about */, its length. Summer and winter plumage very different. Migratory. Range: most of the temperate and tropical regions of the World. + 343. PLEGADIS FALCINELLUS (L.). Glossy Ibis. a. Tantalus faleinellus (1) Linn., S. N. 1766, I, 241; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278. b. Faleinellus igneus (1) Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, 87; (IZ) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 47; (3) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIL, 101; (4) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 361; (5) Elliot, P. Z. 8S. 1877, 503; (6) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1884, XLIV, 253; (7) Bennett, Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 1887, 1059; (8) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A.S. 1889, 191. c. Falcinellus peregrinus (1) Bp., Consp. 1855, 159; (2) Joest, Holontalo 1883, 105. d. Ibis falcinellus (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ibis, 1863, 2; (2) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 182; (3) Finsch & Hartl., Vég. O.-Afr. 1870, 730; (4) Heugl., Vog. N.-O.-Afr. 1871, 1132; (5) Hartl., Vog. Madag. 1877, 316; (6) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 101* 804 Birds of Celebes: Ibidae. 455; (7) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167: (8) Browne, Auk 1887, 97; (9) Ramsay, Tab. List. Austr. B. 1888, 20; (10) North, Nests and Eggs Austr. B. 1889, 396. Plegadis falcinellus (1) Salvad., Atti Soc. It. Sc. Nat. Mil. 1864, VI; (2) id. (transl.), J. f. O. 1865, 315; (II) Fritsch, Vog. Europ. 1870, 378, t. 43, f£.3; (IV) Dresser, B. Europe VI, 335, pl. 409 (1878); (5) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1109; (6) Salvad., Orn, Pap. 1882, III, 382; (7) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, II, 271; (8) W. E. Clarke, Ibis 1884, 134, 147; (9) Brd., Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, T, 94; (10) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs Ind. B. 1890, 231; (11) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 284; (12) Newt., Dict. B. 1893, 456; (13) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 29.1) e. Ibis falcinella var. peregrina (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 98. f. Plegadis falcinellus var. peregrinus (1) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 170. g. Falcinellus falcinellus (1) Rchw., Vég. Deutsch O.-Afr. 1894, 55. “Mololoneo”, Gorontalo Distr., v. Rosenb. a 2, Joest ce 2. “Swekko itam trompet”, Malay, Minahassa; Nat. Coll. “Pokok remdeng trompet”, ib.; iid. For further synonymy and references cf. Finsch & Hartlaub d 3; Heuglin d 4; Elliot b 5; Dresser IV; Legge 5; Salvadori 6; Sharpe 13; etc. Figures and descriptions. Plates in all the standard works on European birds; Gould 6 IJ; Legge 5; Ridgway 9; Sharpe 73, etc. Adult in breeding plumage. Forehead and crown glossy bronze-green; rest of head, entire neck, under-parts, scapulars (except the longest) and carpal region chestnut, lightest and brightest on the under-parts; remaining upper parts, under wing-coverts, axillaries, hind flanks and under tail-coverts dark metallic green, glossed with violet on the back and under tail-coverts, more bronze-green on wings, under wing-coverts and axillaries (Europe, Nr. 11736; Australia, Nr. 11726). “Tris brown, in some mottled with grey; bill dark livid brown; facial skin livid, extending round the eye from the centre of the forehead and thence to the sides of the lower mandible; legs and feet bronzed brown, bluish above the knee” (Legge 5). Sexes. Similar in coloration, but the male is said to be larger on an average. Young in first plumage. Dull brown, with but little gloss on the upper parts; head and neck finely streaked with white. Adult in winter plumage. Head and neck earthy brown, finely streaked with white; upper parts as in summer — dark green glossed with purple and amethystine; jugulum, breast and abdomen earthy brown, with glossy purpurascent middles to the feathers, and pale terminal edgings (Lake Limbotto, January 1876: van Musschenbroek — C 5272; Tondano, Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10986). Observation. Ornithologists are not generally aware, though the fact did not escape Naumann, nor recently Sharpe (13), that this species has a winter plumage, birds in this dress having usually been taken for immature individuals. That the adult puts on a dress in winter resembling that of the young is proved by the above-described example from Limbotto, which is moulting and has the head, neck and breast with brown feathers mixed with the chestnut ones of breeding plumage, but the chestnut feathers are old and worn and the brown feathers new ones on the breast, and the brown-and-white ones on the neck and head — though not quite so new as those on the breast, are in much better condition than the chestnut ones. 1) Dr. Sharpe has most obligingly sent us the proof-sheets of the Catalogue of the Plataleae and Herodiones. Birds of Celebes: Ibidae. 805 Measurements. | Wing | Tait | Parsus |e cae stright a. (C 5272) ad., Limbotto, Jan. 76 (Mussch.)| 248 | 90 81 73 103 é (C 10986)ad., Tondano, Aug. edd iN. ©) 254 | 90 81 72 102 . (Nr. 2191) ad., aipeuate Pa : 286 — 102 79 127 i. (Nr. 11726) o} AORN Ss —o 5 « 292 — — — — Seven examples agin Europe and N. Aa |255-300} — |84—108| — — Eggs. Elongated ovals as a rule, regularly pointed towards the small end, beautiful uniform ; blue, scarcely any tinge of green in any; shell very fine and compact (the pores being very inconspicuous), with a slight gloss (Hume 10. See, also, W. E. Clarke 8; Bennett 67; North d 10; etc.). Nest. “The nests were small and mostly made of twigs and grass-roots, almost flat in shape and placed upon the horizontal forks of small branches high up in the trees” — thorny trees growing in the half-dried bed of a small tank (Ceylon — Legge 5, 10). Distribution. America — Eastern portion of the United States; Central and Southern Europe; Africa; Madagascar; Asia — Asia minor, Persia to the Indian countries, the East India Archipelago to New Guinea and Australia. In Celebes: N. Peninsula — Minahassa (Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo Dist. (Forsten d 1, v. Rosenberg a 2, e1,d7, Riedel f 1, v. Musschenbr.), 8. Peninsula — Macassar (S. Miller di), Tete Adji (Weber 11). The Glossy Ibis is a dweller in most of the temperate and warm countries of the globe. In South and Central America and the western parts of North America the typical form is represented by two closely allied species, Plegadis guarauna (L.) and P. ridgwayi (Allen), the first differing by its white face and ranging from the Western United States to the Argentine Republic, the latter, said to have shorter stouter legs and feet and some differences of intensity in colour, inhabiting Peru and Chili (see Ridgway’s Manual N. Am. Birds 1887, 124). It is probable that Plegadis falcinellus also is not perfectly uniform in its characters throughout its vast range. Bonaparte separated the birds of Java and Celebes as I’. peregrinus under the belief that they differed in colour. No proof of this has been found since, but Briiggemann and, later, W. Blasius have held them separate as a subspecies in virtue of their small size. The two Dresden specimens from Celebes are also small, but one from Ternate, which island lies nearly in sight of Celebes, is very large. Before they can be ad- mitted as racially distinct in Celebes and Java, more specimens should be measured. It is also an open question at present whether the species is not simply a winter visitor to these islands. In the Minahassa the Glossy Ibis appears to be of rather rare occurrence, but this is clearly not the case at Lake Limbotto, from where there are four or five examples obtained by Forsten in September and October, 1841, and where Rosenberg and his hunters shot 16 specimens in two months in 1863 and 1864; he speaks of it as very abundant. In Europe it is only a summer visitor — a straggler to the British Islands, Norway, Denmark, North Germany, Holland, Belgium and Northern France, but breeding plentifully in Hungary, and 9 ee 806 Birds of Celebes: Ciconiidae. | said to breed in Spain (Dresser IV). The bird probably winters in Africa, where it is known nearly as far south as the Cape Colony. In India it is, as Legge points out, a cold-weather visitant, and it has not been recorded as breeding there, except in Sind. In Ceylon it is a resident. It is also known to breed in Australia. In general appearance the Ibis, particularly Plegadis, calls to mind the Curlew. The present species dons a chestnut dress on the neck and breast in the breeding season like certain Shore-birds and Waders, to wit, the Godwits, the Grey Phalarope, one or more of the Stints, the Curlew-sandpiper, ete. Probably a position somewhere between the Limicolae and the Storks and Herons will not be far wrong for the Ibises. FAMILY CICONIIDAE. The Storks may be distinguished from the Herons by their having the hallux raised above the plane of the other toes instead of on a level with them; the claw of the middle toe is not pectinated. The straight Heron-like bill distinguishes them at once from the Ibises and Spornbills. See, also, supra, Ciconiae. GENUS DISSOURA Cab. Size large; bill about 3 times as long as the head, large, straight, pointed, nostril in the basal fourth, linear; face naked, the skin leaden in colour, neck covered with down, without contour-feathers; tail a little longer than the tarsus, the lateral upper tail-coverts lengthened, forming a strong lyre-shaped support to the rectrices; lower half of tibia and tarsus naked, reticulated; the tarsus twice as long as the middle toe and claw; wing large, the inner secondaries about as long as the primaries, the shorter secondaries about '/, shorter. The genus is found in Africa, and from India to Celebes. + 344. DISSOURA EPISCOPUS (Bodd.). White-necked Stork. a. Ardea episcopus (1) Bodd., Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 54. b. Ardea leucocephala (1) Gm., 8. N. 1788, I, 642. c. Ciconia leucocephala (1) Horsf., Tr. L. 8. 1821, XIII, 188; (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ciconiae, 1864, 9; (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 235, 278. d. Ciconia episcopus (1) G. R. Gray, Gen. B. II, 561 (1848); (2) Hartl. & Finsch, Vég. O.-Afr. 1870, 722, pt.; (3) Heugl. Vog. N.-O.-Afr. 1871, 1108, pt; (4) Rehw., J. £0. 1877, 168. e, Cieonia microscelis (I) G. R. Gray, Gen. B. 1848, II, 561, pl. 151; (IZ) Rehb., Grallat., 1851, t. 144, £. 2388. f. Sphenorhynchus umbellata (J) Rchb., Grallat. 1852, t. 165, f. 456. . Melanopelargus episcopus (1) Blyth, Ibis 1867, 172; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIII, 101; ~) Birds of Celebes: Ciconiidae. 807 (3) Adam, Str. F. 1873, I, 398; (4) Ball, ib. 1874, II, 433; (5) Salvad., Ucc. Borneo 1874, 356; (6) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 469; (7) Tweedd., P. Z. 8. 1878, 344, 953; (8) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 144, 146; (9) Sharpe, t. c. 272; (10) W. Blas., J. £. O. 1882, 254; (11) id., Verh. z.-bot. Ges. Wien 1883, 72; (12) id., J. f. O. 1883, 140; (13) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1885, XLIV, 239; (14) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 170; (15) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 191; (16) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 27; (17) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 32; (18) Grant, Ibis 1895, 267; (19) P.& F. Sarasin, Z. Ges. Erdk. Berlin 1895, 333; (20) M.& Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1896, Nr. 1, p. 15. Dissoura') episcopus (1) Salv. & Scl., Ibis 1878, 477; (2) Hume, Str. F. 1879, VIII, 71; (3) Vidal, t. c. 173; (4) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1119; (5) Vidal, S. F. 1880, IX, 88; (6) Butler, t. c. 483; (7) Reid, ib. X, 1881, 74; (8) Oates, t. c. 1882, 243; (9) Davis., t. c. 1883, 416; (10) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, Lf, 265; (11) Brd., Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, 77; (12) C. Swinh., Ibis 1885, 135; (13) Heine & Rehw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 311; (14) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests and Kegs Ind. B. 1890, III, 268; (15) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 598. “Timbao” [Gorontalo Distr.]|, Rosenberg ¢ 3. “Swekko burung taon”, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references [excluding the African form] cf. Hartlaub & Finsch d 2; Heuglin d 3; Salvadori g 5; Oates 10. Figures and descriptions. Gray e J; Reichenbach e JJ, f J; Schlegel c 2; Legge 4; Oates 10; Vorderman g 13; etc. Adult. Black, glossed with metallic green, some steel-blue on the back; breast glossed with auricula-purple; lower breast, thighs anteriorly, sides and under wing-covyerts dusky glossed with green; abdomen, thighs behind, and tail-feathers white; neck clothed with white down; crown and nape glossy blue-black; skin of face, and sides of upper neck bare, “leaden” (Legge), forehead covered with a little down (‘, Lake Posso, Central Celebes, 12. Febr. 1895: P.& F. Sarasin). The upper tail-coverts are much lengthened laterally, forming a strong fork, reaching nearly to the end of the rectrices. “Tris scarlet, with a yellow disk in the sclerotic or space surrounding the iris; bill black, changing to red at the tips of both mandibles, margins red; ... legs and feet dusky red, the edges of the webs whitish; .. bare skin along the ulna vermilion- red” (Legge 4). Young. In the first plumage the sides of the head are feathered, and the neck, though clothed in white down, shows also blackish brown feathers, but which fall out in proportion as the down-feathers increase in extent (Schlegel ¢ 2; see also Legge 4, W. Blasius g 10). Measurements. es | Tail |Tarsus Med ie Uaposed a. (Nr. 3199) ad., N. Celebes, 1871 (Meyer) . .| 485| 200| 165) 81 139 b. (C 2010) © ad., Limbotto, July 71 (Meyer) .| 490 | 190 | 172) — 157 ce. (C 13278) ad., Main, Minahassa, Feb. 94 (Nat.C.)| 490 | 205 | 168 85 137 d. (C 13861) ad., Malalajang, Minah., Nov. 94 (iid.)| 485 | 185 | 174) 89 5d e. (Sarasin Coll.) gi ad., Lake Posso, Feb. 95 .| 475 | 205 | 162 | 83 146 For comparison: D. pruyssenaert: | (C 5824) ad., W. Africa (v. at acta . . .| 455] 185] 145 | 88 | 138 (C 15906) ale “Abyssinia” . . . . .| 490 | 234] 154] 88 140 1) Also spelt Dissura by many ornithologists, but Dissoura is the original of Cabanis (cf. Reichenowd 4). 808 Birds of Celebes: Ciconiidae. Eggs. “The eggs in my collection from East India are considerably smaller than those of our Ciconia alba, but resemble them in structure. They measure 60—65 >< 47 mm” (Nehrkorn MS.). Four eggs make up the sitting. They are said by Hume to vary much in shape and when perfectly fresh to be of a faintly bluish white, or, held against the light, of a delicate pale green. See, also, Bocarmé e 2. Nest. In large trees; “they are densely built of twigs and small branches, and have a con- siderable central depression, sometimes thinly lined with down and feathers, and sometimes almost filled with straw, leaves and feathers, in amongst which the eggs are sunk as if packed for travelling” (Hume 14). Distribution. India (Jerdon, etc. g 5, 4, 14); Ceylon (Legge, etc. 4); Burmah (Oates, etc. 10); Tenasserim (Davison g 6); Malay Peninsula (Blyth 2); Sumatra (Wagler g 5); Java (Horsfield c 1, de Bocarmé e 2, etc.); Lombok (Everett 15); Borneo (Treacher g 9, Platen g 10, Grabowski g 11, g 15); Philippine Islands (Everett g 7, Steere g 16, Bourns & Worcester g 17, Whitehead g 18); Celebes — Minahassa (Meyer g 8, Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo Distr. (Riedel g 14, Meyer g 8), Saussu River, Tomini Gulf (Rosenberg ¢ 2, ¢ 3), Togian Id. (Meyer g 8), Lake Posso (P.& F. Sarasin g 19, g 20). The White-necked Stork also inhabits Africa under a form which differs slightly from that of the Indian countries, and which seems worthy of specific or subspecific distinction. The bird from the White Nile was named Ciconia pruyssenaeri by Heuglin, who afterwards withdrew the name, but our two specimens from West Africa and Abyssinia are recognisable as distinct from D. episcopus of India by the black feathers of the occiput having a mesial terminal streak of white in them, and those of the nape white like the neck, but the feathers of the nape are contour-feathers and not down as on the neck. The down on the face and forehead is for the most part black; in D. episcopus it is white. ‘The toes also seem to be longer when compared with the tarsus. Dissoura episcopus is not often found in the Minahassa, according to Meyer's observations, but is not rare in the Gulf of Tomini. It has not yet been re- corded from South Celebes, but the cousins Sarasin found it an inhabitant of Central Celebes on the marshy ground at the southern end of Lake Posso. It is probably a constant resident in the island, which marks, so far as is known, the easternmost bounds of its range. In many respects Dissowra is a curious bird. The neck of the adult is clothed in white down; the contour-feathers are here wanting, but they are produced (at least to some extent) in the young bird, which no doubt displays a more ancestral condition in this respect. ‘The face is naked save for a very little down, but on the head there is a sort of skull-cap of normal contour- feathers. The Storks and Ibises in general appear as if they were undergoing the process of becoming bald about the head and neck, as witness the Adjutants (Leptoptilus), the Jabiru (Mycteria), Tantalus, Geronticus, Threskiornis, etc. 'The skull-cap of Dissowra has all the appearance of being a remnant of the original covering of the head and neck of the bird. Whilst it has lost feathers on the head and neck, it has developed in size those of the tail, the lateral upper — Birds of Celebes: Plataleidae. $09 not “under” as Reichenow (d4) says — tail-coverts being very long, forming a lyre-shaped fork reaching to within an inch of the tip of the tail-feathers and evidently affording the tail much support at the sides by their stiffness. On the under side of the ulna the skin is bare, and in life, as Rosenberg and others observe, brilliant red in colour. Its habits and nidification are described by de Bocarmé (c 2), Legge (4), Hume (14), and others. As to its food, it appears to be to a large extent insectivorous, though frogs, snails and reptiles probably form its chief sustenance. For the African form Heuglin furnishes the following list of what it eats: bees, grasshoppers, dragon-flies, caterpillars, beetles, frogs, crabs, snails, reptilia and mice. FAMILY PLATALEIDAE. The Spoonbills are easily distinguishable from the Storks, Herons, etc., by their bill, which is flat, long, narrow at the base and middle, and broadened into a large spoon-shaped end; the general plumage is white (in one American form washed with rosy, in parts crimson), and more or less of the head is naked. GENUS PLATALEA L. Dr. Sharpe (Cat. B. 1897, XXVI, 43) recognises 3 genera, the American Ajaja differing from Platalea by its entirely bare head and partially crimson plumage, the Australian Platibis by its having the nostrils situated in a deep groove with lateral ridges. Platalea is nearly cosmopolitan. (See, also, Grant, Ibis 1889, 32—858, pl. I). 345. PLATALEA sp. Spoonbill. a. Platalea (1) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 235. b. Platalea luzoniensis (1) Rosenb., t. c. 278; (2) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 126. Touching the occurrence of a Spoonbill in Celebes von Rosenberg wrote: ‘During my residence at Lake Tondano I received the bill of an example of this genus shot several years before in the rice-fields of the village of Langowan. I myself saw the bird at Saussu, but could not get within gun-shot. Moreover, there are several examples in the Leyden Museum killed in the neighbouring Sulla Islands”. Mr. Biittikofer, after going over the material in the Leyden Museum, has, however, informed us that there is no Platalea whatever from Sula in that collection and that he is quite unable to say from where von Rosenberg got his knowledge. Rosenberg describes his encounter with the species at Saussu as follows: “Sailing along close to the coast, on the following day I saw on a sandbank at the mouth of the Saussu River a large Heron (Ardea goliath), Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 9th, 1897). 102 Oe Ape a oh aD iii | > = 810 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. and on the broad muddy bank, left dry by the ebb, swarms of white Herons (Ardea garzetta), Spoonbills (Platalea), white-necked Storks (Dissoura episcopus) and small shore-birds. I could not possibly withstand this sight, gave orders to anchor, was put ashore and was so fortunate as to kill two splendid examples of the Stork with both barrels. At the report the remaining birds took to flight with loud cries, and for a long time afterwards I saw the beautiful Spoonbills describing wide circles in the air at an unattainable height, until the falling darkness removed them from my eyes. In the hope of getting another couple of lucky shots next morning, I remained there. At sunrise indeed the birds made their appearance, but were so shy that it was impossible to approach within range”. The species was most likely Platalea melanorhyncha Rehb., known from Timor and Australia and straggling to New Zealand, or P. intermedia Grant, from New Guinea and Borneo. The plumage is, of course, white, and Mr. Ogilvie-Grant (Ibis 1859, 52, pl. I) distinguishes Platalea intermedia from melanorhyncha by its having “the naked skin of the forehead and throat, as well as the culmen, intense black, without any yellow spots above the eyes, and the spatule rounded, instead of being obtusely truncate”. The primaries with black tips. The birds seen by Rosenberg might also have been P. minor T.& S. of China and Japan, or even P. major, which ranges from Egypt and India to Japan. It is impossible to say what Spoonbills may ultimately be found in Celebes, SUBORDER ARDEAE. Two remarkable African species, the Hammer-head, Scopus umbretta, and the Shoe-bill, Balaeniceps rex, represent distinct families or subfamilies of the Herons. Scopus seems to be in many respects intermediate between the true Herons and the Storks, while Balaeniceps, though perhaps standing nearer to the true Herons, differs from them in some important characters, such as its enormous bill, furnished with a praemaxillary hook, its havnig no powder-down patches on the ventral surface, no serrations on the middle claw, the tongue much reduced, etc. (see Gadow, in Bronn’s Kl. & Ord. VI, 4, Aves II, 137, 139). The remaining forms constitute the family Ardeidae. FAMILY ARDEIDAE. The true Herons may generally be distinguished at a glance from most other birds by the long neck, legs, and straight, pointed bill; on the ground they walk with a sedate, elastic stride, rarely, or never, running (wherein they differ from the Rails, etc.); in flight they are characterized by the ample, slowly moving wings and the feet stretched out far beyond the short tail. The forms most like them in general appearance are the Storks and, in some ways, the Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 811 Cranes. The hallux of the Herons not raised above the plane of the other toes, and the pectinated middle claw serve to distinguish them from the Storks, which differ also in many anatomical characters (see, supra, Ciconiae); while the Cranes, among other differences, are nidifugous or able to run about almost immediately after leaving the egg, thereby showing their affinity with the Rails, etc., whereas the Herons are hatched helpless and are fed by the parents for a long time in the nest. GENUS PHOYX Stejn. The Purple Herons differ from the Herons of the genus Ardea by their longer toes, the middle one being with the claw about equal to the tarsus; by the upper two-thirds of the tarsus in front being covered with transverse shields, instead of with irregular scales; by the hind claw being more than half as long as the joint of the hallux. Two species or races are known. Range: Europe — chiefly the Southern and Central countries; Africa; Madagascar; Asia (excluding Siberia, at least N. E., and Japan) as far as Celebes. * 346. PHOYX MANILENSIS (Meyen). Oriental Purple Heron. a. Ardea purpurea var. manillensis (1) Meyen, Acta Acad. Leop. Carol. 1833, XVI, Suppl. p. 102; (2) id., Reise um d. Erde 1831, LI, 226. b. Ardea purpurea (nec Linn.); (2) Hume, Ibis 1869, 238; (2) Tees J. f. O. 1878, 405; (3) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 345, pt.; (4) Hume, Str. F. 1874, II, 303; (5) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1875, TX, 236; (6) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 680; (7) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 96; (8) Lenz, t. c. 380; (9) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 438; (10) Hume & Dav., Str. F. 1878, VI, 472; (11) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (12) Hume, Str. F. 1879, VIII, 158; (13) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 143, 146; (14) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1879, XIV, 253; (15) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1132; (16) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (17) W. Blas., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1883, 71; (18) Joest, Das Holontalo 1883, 106; (19) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, Il, 245; (XX) Meyer, Vogelskel. 1884, I, t. LX XI; (21) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 315; (22) Vord., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1885, XLIV, 233; (23) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1887, 80; (24) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 311; (25) Platen, Gefied. Welt 1887, 206; (25%*) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 188; (26) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 146, 285; (27) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs 1890, IIT, 235; (28) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26; (29) Hagen, T. Ned. Aard. Genoots. 1890, (2) VU, 166; (30) Styan, Ibis 1891, 327, 491; (31) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891—92, (2) XT, 76, 141; (8%) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 488; (32) Hose, Ibis 1893, 420; (83) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 283; (34) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 31; (35) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 18; (36) P. & F. Sarasin, Z. Erdk. Berlin 1895, XXX, 353. e. Ardea manillensis (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 427. Phoyx manillensis (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 431; (IZ) id., Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 63, 102* 812 he” ere on s ee 6h Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. pl. I; (3) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd, 1896, Nr. 1, p. 15; (4) Hart., Noy. Zool. 1896, 164, “Tomeo”, Gorontalo Distr., Rosenb. 18, Joest 24. “Swekko burik besar”, Malay in the Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Pokok werreng sela”, Minahassa, iid. “Kondor karro”, South Celebes, Platen 27, For further references cf. Sharpe JZ. Figures and descriptions. Sharpe JJ; Meyer b XX (skeleton); Legge b 21; Oates b 25; Vorderman b 28; etc. Adult male. Head above slaty black, two feathers on the occiput lengthened to c. 140 mm; chin and upper throat white; neck and sides of head rufous chestnut, three slaty black stripes, whereof two extending from gape, over ear-coverts, down the neck on either side, the third from nape half-way down the hind neck, the last becoming cinereous and spreading out on lower hind neck into lengthened filamentous feathering; upper-parts slate-grey, browner on the wing-coverts, the lower scapulars much lengthened and shreddy, cinereous, the longest cinnamon-rufous; gorget of lengthened, pointed feathers rufous, blackish, and white, the longest white; breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts dark slate, strongly inclining to maroon-purple on breast and sides thereof, rufous and whitish towards base of under tail-coverts; sides, flanks and axillaries dark cinereous; thighs, under wing-coverts and carpal and metacarpal edge cinnamon-rufous or rufous chestnut; remiges below slate- grey, the three or four outermost with a shallow notch on the inner web (oj ad. Lake Posso, Central Celebes, 14. Feb. 1895: P. & F. Sarasin). “Tris yellow; bill above brown-black, below yellow [including much of upper bill]; feet black-brown” (Platen b 27), Adult female. Very similar to the male; the two long occipital feathers are absent or nearly absent (Q ad. Kema, 21. Aug. 1892: P. & F. Sarasin). Young, Very different from the adult: head above blackish; sides of head, occiput, upper neck and wing-coverts cinnamon; lower neck and upper-parts brown with cinnamon tips and edgings; wings and tail brownish slaty; chin and upper throat white; fore neck pale cinnamon, streaked with dark brown; breast and abdomen pale cinnamon, the breast with dusky edgings; sides of body dark grey; metacarpal edge rufous (juv. Tondano Distr., Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10965). | Middle | Exp. Measurements. Wing | Tail |Tarsus} toe Cul- : with claw | men a. (Sar. Coll.) Gt ad., Lake Posso, 14.11.95 . . .| 380 | 146 | 140 | 138 | 136 b. (Sar. Coll.) Gt ad., Lake Posso, 13, 11.95 . . .| 362 | 134 | 135 = 124 e.; (Sar, Coll.) © ad.; Kema, 21. VIM 92, 2-29 183720) 442 eas 132 140 d. (Sar. Coll.) [gt] ad., Kema, 16. VII. 92 . . .| 356 | 130 | 129) 125 | 123 e. (C 10949) ad., near Manado, VIII.—IX. 92 (N. C.)| 378 | 187 | 1384 | 134 | 124 f. (C 10964) ad., Tondano Distr., VIL.—IX. 92 (N.C.)| 382 | 185 | 125 | 127 | 124 g. (C 5267) ad., Limbotto, Jan. 76 (v. Mussch.). .| 344 | — | — |’ — 128 h. (C 10965) juv., Tond. District, VITI.—IX. 92(N.C.)| 360 | 128 | 128} 130 | 118 Eggs. 3; ovate to oval; glossless, somewhat rough and porous; whitish blue with a tinge of green; size 52—55 >< 40—42 mm (Mapane, Gulf of Tomini, 28. Feb. 1895: P. & F. Sarasin). Nest. Resembles {in construction) a Common Heron’s nest (Mapane — P. & F. Sarasin). ail Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 813 Hume and others describe the bird as building on platforms made by bending down the tops of the rushes in ponds or jheels, laying 4 eggs, sometimes 5, on nests of twigs. Some favorite nest-sites mentioned by Legge and Dresser are on screw- pines, on the ground in marshy localities, or on floating islands of aquatic herbage. Distribution. China (Swinhoe, David, etc. b 3, b 9); India (Jerdon, ete. b 15); Ceylon (Legge, etc. 615); Andamans and cater (Davison b 4); Burmah (Oates 6 19); Tenasserim (Davison b 10); Malay Peninsula (Hume 5 12); Sumatra (Beccari b 14, Klaesi b 23, etc. 6 29, b 30); Engano (Modigl. b 31); Java (Horsfield b 3 Vorderman b 22); Borneo (Schwaner, etc. b 3, b 25, b 26, b 32); Philippine is. (Meyen a1, b 5, Steere b 28, Bourns & Worteseer b 34); Gelehes: — N. Penin- sula (Rosenb. 6 11, b 16, Meyer b 2, b 13, etc. b 7, b 35), Mapane, Gulf of Tomini, (P. & F. Sarasin), Take Posso (P. & F. Space, Tampira River, East Genre (P.& F. Sarasin), S. Peninsula — Tjamba Distr. and Maros (Platen b 21), Tempe (Weber b 33), Bulekomba (Everett 4). The first examples of Purple Heron from Celebes of which there is notice were obtained in the Gorontalo District by von Rosenberg in 1863—64, and Meyer found it to be very plentiful in the Northern Peninsula and Gulf of Tomini in 1870—71. Dr. Platen and Prof. Weber met with it in the Southern Peninsula, and the cousins Sarasin discovered it at Lake Posso on their ex- pedition through Central Celebes and got a clutch of three eggs at Mapane. Later, they encountered it when passing through splendid virgin forest down the Tampira River in East Celebes (Z. Ges. Erdk. Berlin 1896, 355). The bird is evidently a resident. Dr. Sharpe (c 7), unlike Prof. W. Blasius (b 2/) and others, divides Phoya purpurea into an eastern and western race or species, the former of which bears the name P. manilensis Meyen and inhabits the localities China and India to Java and Celebes as specified above, while the typical P. purpurea is stated to belong to other more western parts of Asia, Central and Southern Europe, and Africa. The eastern form, P. manilensis, according to Sharpe, is “distin- guished by its uniform chestnut throat and fore neck, which has scarcely any black streaking at all, by the much more distinct lateral black streaks on the neck, by the slaty black colour of the chest, abdomen and under tail- coverts” (II). This handsome species may be easily recognised (when adult) among the other Herons occurring in Celebes by its blackish slate belly taking a strong maroon-purple tinge on the breast, and by its chestnut-rufous neck with a black stripe down each side of it and across the face, and a third one behind. Its toes are long, the middle one being sometimes a little longer, sometimes a little shorter than the tarsus; the tarsus is not reticulate-scaled in front (except near the joints) but encased in large oblique scales. The Purple Heron seems to have no very close allies. The subgenus Phoya was made for it by Dr. Stejneger in his Review of Japanese Birds (Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 311). 814 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. GENUS ARDEA L. The typical Herons are of large size, particoloured (except one American species, which is white), furnished with a crest and jugular tuft of elongated feathers, the bill long, straight, terminally serrated; the toes’ large, about two-thirds the length of the tarsus. The proportions of the toes and tarsus serve to distinguish Ardea from Phoyx, the serrated bill from Notophoyx and Demiegretta, the same character and the coloured plumage from Herodias. > 347. ARDEA SUMATRANA Raffl. Great Slaty Heron. Ardea sumatrana (1) Raffl., Tr. L. S. 1822, XII, 325; (2) Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, II, 296; (3) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIL, 98; (4) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 344; (5) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 464; (6) Rchw., J. f. O. 1877, 267; (7) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 469; (8) id., 1879, VIL, 158; (9) Sharpe, P. Z. 8S. 1881, 800; (10) Kelh., Ibis 1882, 192; (11) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 340; (12) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, Il, 244; (13) Sclat., P. ZS. 1883, 52, 200; (14) H. O. Forbes, ib. 1884, 434; (15) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 56; (16) Nehrk., J. f. O. 1885, 35; (17) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 201; (18) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 21; (19) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 203; (20) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 320, 638; (21) Hartert, J. f. O. 1889, 379; (22) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 188; (23) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 317; (24) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 60; (25) Sharpe, t. c. 146, 285; (26) Hagen, T. Ned. Aard. Genoots. 1890, (2) VII, 166; (27) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1890, XLIX, 417; (28) Salvad., O. P. Agg. 1891, 205; (29) Meyer, J. f. O. 1892, 264; (30) Newton, Dict. B. pt. U, 1893, 418; (31) Hose, Ibis 1893, 420; (32) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 18; (33) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 68. a. Ardea typhon (I) Temm., Pl. Col. Nr. 475 (1829); (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 3; (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (4) id., Zool. Gart. 1881, 167; (5) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 126; (6) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1885, XLIV, 233. b. Ardea rectirostris (1) Gould, P. Z. 8. 1843, 22; (IZ) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 54. c. Ardea goliath “Temm. ex ins. Celebes”; (1) Bp., Consp. 1855, Il, 110; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 235, 241. d. Typhon robusta et sumatrana et rectirostris (1) Bp., Consp. 1855, I, 110. e. ? Leptoptilus javanicus (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1879, 272 (eggs); (2) Hume, Str. F. 1880, IDSC, PEBy “Swekko sapie”, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Pemmaro”, Siao, iid. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 1. Figures and descriptions. Temmincka J; Gould b IJ, 2; Schlegela 2; Hume 7; Salvad. 11; Oates 12; Vorderman a 6; Sharpe 33. Adult. Above dark slate-grey, with brown or violet reflections according to the light on the back; neck browner; the feathers of the head above, lower neck and some of the scapulars much lengthened and pointed, whitish ashy; remiges and tail-feathers slaty, wing-coverts (especially the lesser series) browner; carpo-metacarpal edge white; sides of head and of upper neck greyish brown; chin and upper throat Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 815 white; a blackish plait-like stripe down the middle of fore-neck for ca. 1/, its length; breast and under-parts smoke grey, with a fulvous tint on the abdomen, most of the feathers with white shaft-streaks; “iris gold-yellow” (P.& F. Sarasin); legs and feet in the skin leaden blackish, bill blackish, the tip, under surface and base of lower mandible yellowish (ad., Banka Id., Minahassa, 20. V. 93: Nat. Coll. — © 12117). Immature. Browner and less dark slaty than the adult; the lanceolate whitish feathers of the occipital crest and lower neck little developed, only one or two present on the scapulars; wing-coverts fulvous brown; neck and under-parts fulvous brown, varied with slaty and with white centre-streaks (juv., Banka, 16. V. 93: Nat. Coll. —C 12118). Middle Measurements. es “4 Tail |Tarsus ee eee a. (O 12117) ad., Banka Id., 20. V. 93 (Nat. Coll.) .| 500 | 185 | 175 | 195 | 174 b. (OC 14145) ad., Lembeh Id., 10. IIT. 95 (iid.) . .| 495 | 190 | 168 | 120 | 168 e. (Sarasin Coll.) vix ad., near Lembeh Id., 27. VIL. 92) 455 | 165 | 165 | 4b 7 60 d. (C 885) ad., Siao (Meyer) a) ie saga Soe AGU eta. e170 e. (© 12629) vix ad., Siao, July 93 (Nat. Coll.) . .| 470 | 170 | 165 | 120 | 167 f. (C 12118) juv., Banka, 16. V.93 (iid.) . . . .|460 | 160|158 | 120 | 155 Eggs and nest. “The nest observed by Gilbert was built in an upright fork of a large and lofty Melaleuca at about eighty feet from the ground, and was formed of an outer layer of very strong sticks, with a few small twigs as a lining, and contained two eggs of a light ash-grey” (Gould 6 J, 2). Distribution. Arrakan (Blyth 12); Tenasserim (Davison 7); Cochin China (Tiraud 12); Malay Peninsula (Hume 8, Kelham 10); Sumatra (Raffles 1, Hagen 26); Billiton (Brit. Mus. 33); N. Borneo (Everett, etc. 22); Palawan (Whitehead 19, Platen 20); Sangi Is. — Siao (Meyer 15, 20, Nat. Coll.); Celebes: — (Reinwardt a 2), Banka Id. and Lembeh Id. (Nat. Coll.), Minahassa (P.& F. Sarasin 32), Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenberg a 3, a4, ¢ 2, Riedel 5,17); Java (Vorderman a 6); Flores (Wallace 12); Timor (S. Miller 1); Timorlaut (H. O. Forbes 13, 14); Moluccas — Morty, Halmahera, Batchian (fide Salvadori 22); Goram (Wallace 33); Papuasia — Waigiou (Platen 16), New Guinea, Mysore, Aru (fide Salvadori 71); North & East Australia (Gould 2, Ramsay 18). In the long list of Herons occurring in Celebes the present species is easily recognised by its great size, and by its general coloration of slate-grey, with ashy white hackle-feathers in the occipital crest, on the neck and jugulum and among the scapulars. Its nearest affinities are with Ardea affinis Hodgs. of the inland parts of N. India below the Himalayas, and N. Burmah; this form, as shown by Mr. Hume (7), differs in having the under-parts white (not dark grey), and in other points. Davison found Ardea sumatrana about the sea-coast and the mouths of the large creeks and rivers in South Tenasserim; Kelham de- scribes it as plentiful among the jheels and paddy-swamps of Perak; it seems not to wander far inland from the sea-coast, and in N. Celebes, judging from the number of specimens examined by us, it would seem to be more plentiful on the small islands off the coast than elsewhere. Its food was ascertained by Davison to be small fish, crabs, etc. 1 Measured over the wing. When measured straight under the wing the length is about 30 mm less. 816 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. A. sumatrana was separated generically, as Typhon, by Reichenbach, but there is no prominent peculiarity, so far as we can see, by which it may be separated from the Common Heron, A. cinerea, the type of Ardea, to the young of which it bears much resemblance in coloration. Its tarsus is covered with hexagonal and pentagonal scales of irregular shape, and its middle toe is about three-quarters the length of the tarsus, wherein, amongst other points, it differs from the Purple Heron, Phoya. GENUS NOTOPHOYX Sharpe. Herons of small-medium size, distinguishable from Ardea by the slender, unserrated bill, from Herodias by their coloured plumage, the absence of decom- posed dorsal plumes, from Demiegretta by their crest, relatively longer tarsus, longer bare part of tibia (?/; the length of the tarsus). and longer tail. The tarsus is transversely scaled anteriorly on the upper two-thirds, reticulated with small scales behind. * 348. NOTOPHOYX PICATA (J.Gd.). Pied Egret. a. Ardea (Herodias) picata (1) Gld., P. Z. 8S. 1845, 62. b. Herodias picata (J) Gld., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 62; (2) id., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 306; (3) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 21. Ardea picata (1) Gray, Gen. B. App. 1849, 25; (2) Rchw., J. f. O. 1877, 262, 277; (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (4) id., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (5) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 343; (6) W. Blas., J. £ O. 1883, 126; (7) Bittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1886, 67; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 205; (9) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, LI, 283. d. Ardea aruensis (1) Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, 188, 197; (2) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, I, 344; e. Ardea lansbergi (1) Schl., Notes Leyden Mus. 1879, 113; (2) Rehw. & Schal., J. f. O. 1879, 421; (3) W. Blas., ib. 1883, 124. Notophoyx picata (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 112. f. Notophoyx aruensis (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XX VI, 113. For synonymy and further references cf. Salvadori ¢ 5, d 2; Biittikofer ¢ 7, ¢ 9. Figure and descriptions. Gould b J, 6 2; Salvadori ¢ 5; Schlegel e1, e 2 (= juv.); Sharpe 1, fi ; Adult. “Upper part of the head, occiput, occipital plumes, the whole of the plumage of the body, wings and tail bluish slaty black; chin, neck, chest and some of the lanceolate feathers dependent therefrom, white; some few of the lanceolate feathers on the neck and breast have one web white and the other web bluish slaty black; the remainder of these lanceolate feathers are the same colour as the body; irides yellow; bill, legs and feet greenish yellow; total length 430 mm; wing 254; bill 82.5; tail 89; tarsus 82.5” (Gould b 2). Young. Browner, scarcely any ornamental plumes, head dusky; under surface streaked with white (Sharpe 1). Immature plumage. The immature (?)bird has the under parts white, the head and lower throat more ashy, the jugular feathers less lengthened. S Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 817 Nest and eggs. Unknown. Distribution. N. Australia (Gould 6 J, Ramsay b 3); New Guinea (D’Albertis ¢ 5); Aru (Wallace d1, d 2, Rosenb. ¢ 5); Timorlaut (Riedel ¢ 7); Amboina (fide Schlegel e 5); Celebes: — Southern Peninsula (Teijsmann e 1, ¢7, Weber c¢ 9), Northern Pen- insula (Rosenb. ¢ 3, ¢ 4). This rare Heron was discovered in Celebes first by von Rosenberg at Lake Limbotto in 1863—64, when he obtained a single example; subsequently five specimens were collected by Teijsmann in the Macassar District, and three (one adult and two young) by Prof. Weber in October, 1888, at Lake Tempe. Teijsmann’s specimens, which were described by Schlegel as a distinct species, are held by Mr. Bittikofer on good grounds (c7, c 9) to be the young of Gould’s Herodias picata. Prof. Weber’s acquisition of an adult specimen in the full plumage of A. picata seems to prove the correctness of this view. Dr. Sharpe, who in his Catalogue of the Herons has overlooked Mr. Biittikofer’s reference to Prof. Weber’s specimens, as well as giving a some- what confused synonymy, takes a different view; according to this ornithologist Notophoyx picata is one species, and the form with the under surface white a second species, N. aruensis (Gray); North Australia is indicated as the habitat of the former, and N. Australia to Aru and Celebes as that of N. arwensis (though, if the synonymy were correct, many localities would have to be added to the range of N. picata, and Celebes should be queried in that of N. aruensis). Dr. Sharpe has examined and described a young example of N. picata, and this is different from the white-bodied N. aruensis, while the two specimens of the latter in the British Museum do not appear to be immature; they are, there- fore, held to be distinct. Seasonal and sexual (the female is undescribed) dif- ferences — if any — are not taken into consideration, nor, in our opinion, is sufficient room allowed for the supposition of immaturity, i.e birds in second plumage. If Sharpe’s view be correct, then both species, N. picata and aruensis, belong to Celebes. Like Gould, Salvadori, and Biittikofer, we do not believe them to be two distinct species. The Pied Egret is a well marked species, and its slaty black plumage with white throat, neck and gorget easily distinguishes it from other Herons. Nothing seems to have been recorded about its habits. In Australia it is only known from the North; here Gilbert discovered it among the swamps near Port Essington and found it in numbers on the islands in Van Diemen’s Gulf. From its dis- tribution it appears to be rather of Papuan than of Australian origin. Celebes marks its western bounds so far as is yet known. 4349. NOTOPHOYX NOVAEHOLLANDIAE (Lath.). White-fronted Heron. a. Ardea novae-hollandiae (1) Lath., Ind. Orn. 1790, HI, 701; (ZZ) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, "VI, pl. 53; (3) Pucher., Rev. Zool. 1851, 565; (4) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dee. 9th 1897). 103 818 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 28; (5) Gld., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, IT, 299; (6) Pelz., Ibis 1873, 120; (VIZ) Buller, B. N. Zeal. 1873, 231, fig.; (8) Rehw., J. f. O. 1877, 263; (9) Rams., P. Z. 8S. 1877, 341; (10) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 342; (11) Meyer, Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1884, 196, 216; (12) Sclat., P. Z. S. 1887, 319; (13) Rams., ‘Pr. L. Soc. N. 8S. W. 1887, 172; (14) Buller, B.N. Zeal. 2™4ed. 1888, II, 134; (15) Rams., Tab. List 1858, 21; (16) Pelz., Ann. Nat. Hofmus. Wien 1888, 54; (17) Cox & Hamil., Pr. L: Soc. N. 8S. W. 1889, 420; (18) North, t. c. 1025; (19) id., Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 318; (20) Tristr., Cat. Coll. B. 1889, 54; (21) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 205; (22) Hartert, Kat. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 202; (23) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 67; (24) North, Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 1893, 238; (25) Buttik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, LI, 306; (26) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894, Nr. 4, p. 3; (27) iid., ib. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 18; (28) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 565, 598. b. Herodias novae-hollandiae (1) Gray, List Grallae Br. Mus. 1844, 80; (2) E.L. & L. C. Layard, Ibis 1882, 531, 544. : c. Demiegretta novae-hollandiae (1) Gray, Hl. 1871, LUI, 28; (2) Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1881, 767. , Notophoyx novae hollandiae (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 109. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvad. a 10. Figures and descriptions. Gould a lJ, a5; Buller a VIZ, a 14; Schlegel a 4; Salvadori a 10; Sharpe 1. Adult. General colour cinereous; forehead, face, chin and upper throat white; the rest of head above, ear-coverts, neck and upper surface dark cinereous, the occipital feathers lengthened (about 40—50 mm), the scapulars lengthened and narrow, wing-coverts washed with brown; remiges and tail-feathers slaty, the lateral tail- feathers browner; under parts, including lower fore-neck and elongated pectoral feathers, vinous grey; under wing-coverts paler, the longest and the axillaries whitish; bill blackish, base of under mandible yellowish; “iris whitish yellow; legs yellow” (P. & F. Sarasin); wing ca. 300—330 mm (tips of longest quills broken off in this specimen); tail 140; tarsus 96; mid. toe with claw 69; exposed culmen 84 (Q, Kema, 20. Oct. 1893: P. & F. Sarasin). Male. According to Gould (a JZ), it is a little larger than the female. Young. “Differs from the adult in having more white about the head and neck, and a darker tinge of brown on the under parts; the dorsal plumes, moreover, are scanty, and the delicate purplish tint on the breast is altogether wanting” (Buller a 14). Eggs. 4; uniform pale bluish green; size 50—53 >< 34—35.5 mm (North a 19). Nest. Of sticks and leaves in the topmost branch of a tree overhanging a river or dam (North a 19). Breeding season. “Commences in September and continues during the three following months” (North a 19). Distribution. Australia and Tasmania (Gould a JJ, Ramsay a 15, etc.); New Zealand (Buller a 14); Norfolk Id. (Metcalf a 24); New Caledonia (Layard, etc. a 10, b 2, 1); Loyalty Is. (Lay. a 10); Papuasia — ? New Guinea, Aru, Kei (fide Salvad. a 10); Timorlaut (Riedel a 11); Timor (S. Miller a 4, Wallace a 10, 1); Flores (Weber a 25); Sumbawa (Forsten a 4); Sumba (Riedel ¢ 2); Lombok (Doherty and Everett a 28); ? Java (a 10); Moluccas — Manawoka and ? Goram (Rosenb. a 10); North Celebes — Minahassa (P. & F. Sarasin). The White-fronted Heron is a recent addition to the Celebesian avifauna, being one of the discoveries of the cousins Sarasin, who obtained the adult » t Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. $19 female specimen described above at Kema in October, 1893. It is known from nearly all parts of Australia, where it breeds. The example from Celebes was killed during the breeding season in Australia, which is against the assumption that the bird is a migrant. The best marks for distinguishing the present species from its fellow Herons in Celebes are its white forehead, face and upper throat, its dark grey upper surface with lanceolate scapulars, its yellow legs and blackish bill. The tarsus is encased in front with large transverse scales, taking a smaller reticulate form on the lower part. The toes are not long for a Heron (the middle one being three-quarters as long as the tarsus); the bill is thin and not serrated, and the general structure is light. According to Gould it runs more quickly than the other Herons and never stands motionless in the water; its food consists of crabs, fish and marine insects. It also, as Sir Walter Buller observed, snatches at flies and other insects which come within its reach. It seems to have no very close affinities with any other Heron. ‘The unserrated and slender bill separates it from the true Ardea and discloses relationship with the White Herons, Herodias; in plumage, foot, etc. it shows more resemblance to Demiegretta sacra, from which it may be easily distinguished by the characters mentioned above, besides by its larger size and more slender bill. GENUS DEMIEGRETTA Blyth. The Reef Heron frequents the sea-shore, feeding upon molluscs, crabs, etc., and its toes and claws are stouter and shorter than in most of the fresh-water forms. The tarsus is somewhat short, about equal to the culmen, transversely scutellated in front, reticulated behind; the bill is not serrated, and the edges of the tomia do not quite meet in the terminal third. It occurs under two forms, one slaty, the other white; the differences between the latter and the white Herons of the genus Herodias are pointed out further on (key to the White Herons, p. 823). 350. DEMIEGRETTA SACRA (Gm.). Reef Heron. a. Sacred Heron (1) Lath., Gen. Syn. 1785, LI, 92 (with var. A). b. New Guinea Heron (1) Lath. op. cit. 71, Nr. 34. c. Blue Heron var. B. (1) Lath. op. cit. 78. d. Ardea sacra (1) Gm., S. N. 1788, I, 640; (2) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Centralpol. 1867, 201; (III) Buller, B. New Zeal. 1873, 228, fig.; (4) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 97; (5) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (6) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1137; (7) Ramsay, Pr. L. Soc. N. 8. W. 1883, 42; (8) Seebohm, Ibis 1884, 176; (IX) Buller, B. New Zeal. 2" ed. 1888, II, 129, pl. XXXVI; (10) M.& Wg,, ’Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 18. 103* 820 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. e. Ardea novae guineae (7) Gm., S. N. 1788, I, 644; (2) S. Mill., Reizen Ind. Archip. 1858, I, 12. f. Ardea jugularis [Forst. Icon. ined.]; (1) Wagl., Syst. Av., gen. Ardea 1827, sp. 18; (2) Forst., Descr. An. 1844, 172; (3) Schl, Mus. P-B., Ardeae, 1863, 25; (4) Rehw., J. f. O. 1877, 261; (5) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; ?(6) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 220; (7) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26. g. Ardea aequinoctialis (1) Forst. (nec L.), Descr. An. 1844, 156, 173. h. Herodias greyi (1) Gray, List Grallae Br. Mus. 1844, 80; (ZZ) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 61. 7. Herodias jugularis (1) Gray, List Grallae Br. Mus. 1844, 80; (IZ) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 60. j. Demiegretta jugularis (1) Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, Il, 307; (2) Mathew, Pr. L. Soc. N.S. W. 1885, 255; (3) Walker, Ibis 1892, 257. k, Demiegretta greyi (1) Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, II, 309; (2) Mathew 7 2; (3) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 302; (4) Walker, 7 3. Demiegretta sacra (1) Gray, HL. 1871, Il, 28; (2) Wald. Tr. Z.S. 1872, VIII, 100; (3) Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, 405; (4) Hume, Str. F. 1874, Il, 307; (5) Tweedd., P. Z. 8. 1877, 55; (6) Hume & Dav., Str. F. 1878, VI, 481; (7) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 143; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 345; (9) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 250; (10) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 56; (11) Guillem. P. Z.S. 1885, 561; (12) Bittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1887, 80; (13) North, Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 1887, 445; (14) Rams., Tab, List 1888, 21; (15) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 629; (16) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 319, pl. XVIII, fig.5; (17) Hickson, Nat. in N. Celebes 1889, 96; (18) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 189; (19) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs 1890, III, 246; (20) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 146, 285; (21) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 205; (22) id., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891—92, (2) XII, 37, 142; (23) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 67; (24) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 244, 258; (25) M. & Wg., J. £. O. 1894, 253; (26) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 32; (27) Everett, Ibis 1895, 32; (28) Souéf, t.c. 422; (29) Butt., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1896, 194; (30) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 137. . ? Demiegretta ringeri (1) Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 300. “Swekko wung”, “Swekko abu” and “Swekko abu abu itam”, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Swekko puti” (puti = white), albino-form, Minahassa, iid. “Bahoa maitung”, Great Sangi, iid. “Bahoa kadio”, Siao, iid. “Baleka mawora”, Kabruang, Talaut, iid. For further synonymy and references cf. Finsch & Hartlaub d 2 (excl. Ardea asha Sykes, Herodias pannosus Gld.); Salvadori 8, 21; Wiglesworth 23 (Polyn.); Sharpe 30 (excl. Garxetta eulophotes). Figures and descriptions. Gould h JJ, iJ; Buller d IJ, d IX; Finsch & Hartl. d 2, Salvadori 8; Oates 9; Sharpe 30; ete. Adult. Slate-colour, tinged with brown; a broad streak on chin and upper throat, white; occipital feathers lengthened, feathers of back and scapulary region much lengthened and filamentous, those of jugulum lengthened and lanceolate; neck and under-parts browner than upper surface: soft parts “excessively variable” in colour (Hume 4); “iris light yellow; bill dark brown; feet yellow-brown”: Platen 15 (ad. Gt. Sangi, 31. VIL. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 12668). Immature. The immature bird is without the lengthened scapulary and jugular feathers. Observation. The white throat-stripe is very variable in width, in some absent, in others about 10 mm broad. ae Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 821 Young. In young birds just able to fly “the general colour is somewhat duller and less dark. The whole under surface is paler and duller, the throat-streak [probably not always] is much broader, the elongated breast and back feathers are entirely wanting, and the crest is only indicated” (Hume 4). Observation. According to Oates (9), in non-breeding plumage the pectoral tuft and the dorsal train are wanting. This is the case in many other Herons (Herodias). Sexes. The sexes do not seem to differ in size or coloration (Hume 4). Varieties. Pure white; the occipital, jugular and dorsal feathers lengthened as in the dark form; “iris primrose yellow; bill yellowish straw-colour, with a dusky tinge on the culmen and towards the point; ... legs and feet yellowish green, soles orange”: Gould & 7 (Minahassa: Nat. Coll. — C© 13261). Both sexes are known in this plumage. Pure white young ones are known from the nest (Hume 4, Buller d 1X). Piebald specimens are not uncommon. One before us has the lower hind neck, back, middle and greater wing-coverts, spots at tips of remiges and rectrices, and some streaks on head and jugulum slaty or brown, the other parts white (Tahiti). Mid. Measurements (Celebesian examples). Wing} Tail |Tarsus ee ee claw | ™eP a. (C 12668) ad., Gt. Sangi, 31. VIL. 93 (Nat. Coll). | 295/103 | 76 | 65 | 85 b. (C 12670) ad., Gt. Sangi, 12. VIL. 93 (Nat. Coll.). | 267| — | 69 | 62 | 74 ce. (C 12669) imm., Gt. Sangi, 22. VIL. 93 (Nat. Coll.) | 263) 80 | 69 | — | 71 d. (C 13014) ad., Kabruang, 12. XI. 93 (Nat. Coll.). | 278| 90 | 72 | 66 | 81 e. (C 10950) ad., nr. Manado, Aug.—Sept. (Nat. Coll.) | 280 | 97 | 74 | 63 | 81 f. (C 13260) imm., Minahassa, 22. I. 94 (Nat. Coll.). | 277| 95 | 85 | 70 | 88 g. (C 12096) imm., Banka, 13. V. 93 (Nat. Coll.). . | 270| 90 | 75 | 60 | 76 h. (Sarasin Coll.) imm., o‘, Buol., Aug. 94 . . . | 285/103 | 83 | 66 | 85 zt. (C 13261) ad., (albino), Minahassa, 20. IT. 94 (N.C.) | 280] 97 | 77 | 63 | 80 Moult. A specimen (g) killed in May is acquiring fresh primaries and wing-coyerts, and one (f) killed in January is getting fresh wing-coverts and inner remiges. Eggs. 2 or 3, moderately elongated ovals; shell rather coarse, much pitted with minute pores; entirely glossless; in colour uniform yery pale sea-green; size 40,4—47 >< 31.7— 33.8 mm (from Hume 19; see, also, North 16, fig.). Nest. Described as occupying various sites: in crevices of a rock, and on branches of a tree (Andamans — Davison 19); in a tree, sometimes (when tall) near the summit, or on the root, or on a low stump, or half way up a low bushy tree, or in recesses of the rocks (islands off N. E. coast of Australia and Torres Str. — Macgillivray 7 J, 16); in caves (New Zealand — Buller dJX). The nest is composed of sticks and twigs, herbage being sometimes added. Breeding season. Andamans— April to middle of June; Australia — September, November. Distribution. Australia; New Zealand; Polynesia; Sandwich Islands; East India Archipelago; 8. E. Asia up to Arrakan, Andaman and Nicobar Is.; Loochoo Is. and Japan (D. ringeri Stejn.). In the Celebesian area: — Talaut Islands — Kabruang (Nat. Coll.); Sangi Islands — Great Sangi (Meyer 10, Platen 15, Nat. Coll.), Siao (Meyer 10); Talissi Id. (Hickson 17); Banka Id. (Nat. Coll.); Minahassa (Meyer 7, Guillemard 11, etc.); Gorontalo Distr. (v. Rosenb. d 5, f 5); Buol (P. & F, Sarasin); Buton Id. (S. Miiller e 2). \ 7 oe. *«'* oe 822) Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. The Reef Heron occurs under two forms, one slate-colour, the other white. By some authors these are believed to be two distinct species, by others they are held to be of one species which is dichomatic. Slate-coloured adults and white adults of both sexes are known; also slate-coloured young and white young. Piebald intermediate examples are often observed; and slate-coloured and pure white birds are frequently seen paired. In habits the birds are similar, and they live together; but Hume and Davison in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands found that the white bird was (the rule with albinos?) much the shyer and more difficult to shoot of the two. The white form is much less plentiful than the dark, but it seems to occur everywhere with it, even in New Zealand (d IX), where it has been supposed to be absent. The view that there is only one species with strong tendencies to albinism is the more probable one; in the allied species Ardea gularis of Africa, India and Ceylon, A. coerulea and A. rufa of America closely similar conditions occur, as pointed out by Finsch & Hartlaub, Stejneger, Legge, and Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. Such questions must be studied in the haunts of the birds; from the museum they cannot be answered. Another matter which is likely to cause perplexity is the supposed existence of local races. The Reef Heron is known to breed in many localities (Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji, Andamans, Arrakan), and it may perhaps be station- ary in some localities; it is, however, according to Mr. Whitehead (20), a migrant in North Borneo, which means, of course, that it moves in some other spots. The Arrakan and Nicobar birds were separated by Blyth as Demiegretta concolor, but on grounds subsequently shown by Hume to be invalid; more recently Stejneger named those inhabiting the Loochoo Islands and Corean Strait D. ringeri. Without material from all parts it is difficult to form an opinion on this question, to- wards solving which vol. XX VI of the Catalogue of Birds should go far, and in that work Sharpe does not admit D. ringeri as a species. The Reef Heron seems to have its closest affinities with the Indo-African A. gularis (Bosc) in which the white of the throat extends over the submalar region and much farther down the throat, and, as Legge ,points out, it is longer in the leg and has much more of the tibia bare of feathers. The albino- form of D. sacra is likely to be mistaken at first sight for a white Heron of the genus Herodias; it may best be distinguished by its short tarsus, except from H. eulophotes in which, however, the first primary is the longest and the wing is shorter than in sacra. The bill of Demiegretta is peculiar; it is unserrated, stouter than in Herodias, not tapering to a sharp point, but of fairly even width for */, of its length, the cutting edges meeting at the tip, but not quite meeting for the terminal third behind it — a condition also seen in Anastomus and Esacus magnirostris, for instance, and a result, perhaps, of laying hold of rough objects, such as crabs, coarse-shelled molluscs, etc., on the sea-shore which the birds haunt. The toes of Demiegretta are stout, being covered with unusually thick transverse scales. Birds of Celebes:_ Ardeidae, 823 The differences between Demiegretta and Herodias are, however, so far as is known small, and the very large percentage of albinos in the present species (Hume says — “I cannot recall ever seeing three or four ash-coloured Herons without seeing a white one somewhere near them” — in the Andamans) seems to rank them as intermediate between the white and some of the grey Herons. Probably enough (though it may be long ere mankind sees the proof of it) Demiegretta sacra will end by becoming a white Heron, at least in some localities, as Dr. Stejneger suggests (k 3). The Reef Heron seems to be pre-eminently a bird of the sea-shore, and Gould found that it feeds on crabs and shelled molluscs. GENUS HERODIAS Boie. The Herons or Egrets of this genus are generally easily distinguishable from the other Herons by their entirely white plumage, and when in breeding dress by the dorsal train of decomposed feathers, while other ornamental plumes are usually present on the jugulum or crest according to the species. The tomia are smooth or very little serrated; the tarsus transversely scaled in front, except near the foot. In Celebes the only Herons which could be mistaken for them are Bubulcus and the albinos of Demiegretta, the differences of which are shown in the following key. Key to the White Herons of Celebes. a. Exposed culmen above 65 mm; hind toe and claw shorter than inner toe without claw. Gea Siacwl amo crwine 350 —4 00) mma "iyi ucecs a oon le) oo) Lerodeas) alba: b’. Size smaller, wing not exceeding 320 mm. b". Tarsus long, 95—120 mm. vb”. Toes very long, mid. toe and claw about 90 mm, exceeding length of bill; bill slightly serrated towards tip, in winter yellow; no occipital GRestiie 2) oS Wisse en aaa ee et eke) ag) st dees Cetenmedta: e”. Toes shorter, mid. toe and claw about 70 mm, not so long as the bill; bill not serrated, in winter black, almost as in breeding season; an occipital crest of two long feathers when in breeding plumage: H. garxetta. e". Tarsus short, 70—85 mm. d'”. Size smaller, wing 230—260 mm; first primary as long or longer than second and third; bill, legs and toes slenderer, breadth of claw of middle toe 2 mm; in breeding season with a crest and jugular tuft of numerous lanceolate feathers, and long dorsal train of decomposed plumes: H. eulophotes. e"’. Size larger, wing 260—300 mm, first primary about 5 mm shorter than second and third; bill, legs and toes stout, breadth of claw of middle toe 3 mm, lengthened dorsal feathers lanceolate, not decomposed: Demiegretta sacra (albino). b. Exposed culmen under 65 mm; hind toe and claw equal to inner toe without claw: Bubuleus coromandus. §24 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. + 351. HERODIAS EULOPHOTES Swinh. Short-legged White Egret. Plate XLIV. a. ? Herodias immaculata (I) Gld., B. Austr. VI pl. 58 (1848); (2) Blyth, Ibis 1865, 37; (3) Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X,317; (4) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894. Nr. 4, p. 33 (0) id., 1b; 1895, Nr. 8; p: 19: b. ? Ardea immaculata (1) Gray, Gen. B. Il, 555 (1847). c. ? Herodias melanopus (nec Wagl.); (1) Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1853, XXII, 487; (2) id., Tbis 1865, 37; (3) Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 304; (4) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 21. d. ? Garzetta immaculata (1) Bp., Compt. Rend. 1855, XL, 722; (2) id., Consp. 1855, I, 119. Herodias eulophotes (1) Swinh., Ibis 1860, 64; (2) id., ib. 1863, 418, 425; (3) id. P. Z.S. 1863, 320; (4) id., ib. 1871, 412; (5) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 441; (6) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 478, 480; (7) id., ib. 1879, VIL, 114; (8) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 249; (9) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 318; (10) Ridgw., Sm. Rep. 1889, 358; (11) De la Touche, Ibis 1892, 409, 488; (12) Sclat. t. c. 577. e. Ardea eulophotes (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 29; (2) Rchw., J. £. O. 1877, 274; 3) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 219. f. Ardea nivea pt. (1) Rehw., J. f. O. 1877, 271. g. Ardea melanopus (1) Dress. (nec Wagl.), B. Europe VI, 243 (1880). h. Garzetta nigripes pt. (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 122 (in synon.). i. Demiegretta sacra pt. (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 139 (in synon.). Figure and descriptions. Gould (?)aJ, ¢ 3; Blyth a 2; Swinhoe 1, 2; Hume 6; Oates 8. Breeding plumage. Entirely white; an occipital crest of about twenty very narrow (but not decomposed) feathers, the longest about 100 mm long; jugulum with similar lanceolate plumes; a dorsal train of lengthy decomposed feathers; bill yellow; cere tinged with green and purple, irides light pearly yellow; legs black; feet, and claws greenish yellow: Swinh. 2 (Mantehage Id., N. Celebes, 26. April, 1893: Nat. Coll. — C 12092). Winter plumage. Without the ornamental crest and jugular feathers and dorsal train; bill dark brown, shading off into yellowish on the basal third of upper bill and on the basal two-thirds of lower bill; legs greenish brown: Swinhoe 3 (Q — ? immature, Kema, 7. October 1893: P. & F. Sarasin). Measurements. Wing | Tail |Tarsus eae ce a.(C 12092) ad., MantehageId., 26.1V.93(Nat.Coll.)| 257 | 85 | 84 63 79 b: (Sarasin Coll))\s@™ Kema, 702X593 ea |) 249) 84a is 60 76 (Re winoypishmulaOes yy 2 sey eh oe a 4 ip PB) So | eR 63 = d. ©, Tenasserim (Hume 6). «2 eg ne 2408S 69 75 According to Swinhoe (2) the female is a little larger than the male. Nest. Swinhoe (2) saw this Egret in North Formosa apparently breeding in the same heronries with H. garxetta, but he did not succeed in taking its eggs, which are as yet unknown. Distribution. Japan') (Jouy 10, 12); Formosa (Swinhoe 2, 4); South China (Swinhoe 1, 4, De La Touche 12); Tenasserim (Berdmore & Davison 6); Andamans (Hume 6); ') Or Corea: — the exact locality is not stated. Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. §25 Celebes: — Mantehage Id. (Nat. Coll.), Minahassa — Kema (P.& F. Sarasin a 4, a 5); South coast of New Guinea (fide E. P. Ramsay e¢ 4); Australia (Gould a J, e 3, Ramsay c 4). This rare Egret was first discovered in Celebes in 1893, when our native hunters got an example in breeding plumage in April on the island of Mantehage off the coast of the Minahassa, and the Drs. P.& F. Sarasin a second in October on the mainland at Kema, the latter being in winter or immature dress with- out any decorative plumes and with a partially black bill. Unless we are much mistaken, it is in this partial winter plumage that Gould has figured the species in his “Birds of Australia” as H. immaculata. Here Gilbert says that he met with it in great numbers in Van Diemen’s Gulf, N. Australia. There seem to be only two records of its occurrence in Tenasserim and only one from the Andamans, as shown by Hume and Oates. In North /Formosa Swinhoe found it pretty common, “being frequently seen in parties of four and five and in company with the H. garzetta”, with which they seemed to be nesting. “This and H. garzetta feed almost entirely on fish, shrimps, and Squillae; whereas the Yellow-head (Buphus coromandus) and all the Ardetta group are to a great extent omnivorous. I have kept alive most of the Ardeidae that occur in China”. Swinhoe makes some instructive remarks on the seasonal changes this species undergoes, the bill being of a fine clear yellow in summer, becoming tinged with brown in winter; the legs are in summer black, in winter greenish brown; the crest is shed in August, when the other nuptial plumes are much worn. Mr. De La Touche says that “at Swatow (in South China) it is very abundant during the summer, but goes south for the winter”. We suspect that it is only a winter visitor to Celebes, but there is, of course, as yet no sufficient evidence whereon to ground an opinion. In winter plumage, when much of its bill is blackish, this Egret is very liable to be mistaken for H. garzetta; it may best be distinguished by its short legs (the tarsus being considerably less than 90 mm, while in H. garzetta it is about 100 mm); also its bill is shorter and probably never black on the basal half of the upper, as well as the under, mandible, and the first primary is as long or longer than the second and third, whereas in garzetta it is slightly shorter (2—5 mm). In breeding dress it is easily recognisable by its crest of many lanceolate feathers and yellow bill. Demiegretta sacra has similar short, though much thicker, legs, toes and claws; in the albino state this bird may further be distinguished from H. eulophotes by its longer wing (with the first primary about 5 mm shorter than the third) and by its stout bill. There is little reason to doubt that Swinhoe’s H. eulophotes and Gould’s H. immaculata are one and the same species, as Blyth (c 2) long ago stated them to be. What the Herodias immaculata of Salvadori (Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 356) from New Guinea is we do not know; it is a large bird with the tarsus 110mm long, or 25—35 mm longer than in the subject of the present article, Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. Sth, 1897). 104 =! ee es 826 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. and its crest is formed of numerous decomposed feathers, as in the American H. candidissima. Gould unfortunately does not give the measurements of his H. immaculata, neither does he state the character of the crest, but he says that his plate represents the bird of the size of life, — that is with the tarsus 82 mm long, as in Swinhoe’s eulophotes. Salvadori’s bird is also much longer in the wing. Can it have been a straggler from America of H. candidissima? Sharpe unites H. immaculata with the eastern form of the Black-billed Egret, H. nigripes, including both what Salvadori calls immaculata and what we call immaculata (a 4) under that species, and making Swinhoe’s ewlophotes a synonym of Demiegretta sacra! + 352. HERODIAS GARZETTA (L.). Black-billed White Egret. a. Ardea garzetta (1) Linn., 8. N. 1766, I, 237; (IZ) Naum., Vog. Deutsch]. 1838, IX, 101, t. 223; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 12; (4) Finsch & Conrad, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1873, 3 (sep. c.); (5) Ros., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (VI) Dresser, B. Eur. 1880, VI, 239, pl. 399; (7) Rosenb. Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (8) Joest, Holontalo 1883, 106; (9) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 218; (10) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26. b. Ardea nigripes (1) Temm., Man. d’Orn. 2nd ed. 1840, LI, 377; (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 14. Herodias garzetta (1) Gray, List Grallae Br. Mus. 1844, 78; (2) Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, TI, 305; (3) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 440; (4) Hume, Str. F. 1878, V1, 476, 480; (5) Oust., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1878, 187; (6) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1144; (7) Tweedd., Orn. Works 1881, 399, 528, 601, 625, 660; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, IL, 354; (9) Kelh., Ibis 1882, 193; (10) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, HU, 248; (11) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1885, XLIV, 235; (12) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 316; (13) E. P. Rams., Tab. List 1888, 21; (14) Hartert, J. f. O. 1889, 406; (15) Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs 1890, III, 242; (16) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 206; (17) Styan, Ibis 1891, 327, 492; (18) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 488; (19) Styan, Ibis 1893, 434; (20) M. & We., J. f. O. 1894, 252; (21) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 31. c. Garzetta egretta (Br.), orientalis (J. E. Gr.), and nigripes (Temm.); (1) Bp., Consp. I, 1855, 118, 119. d. Herodias nigripes (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIII, 99; (2) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 349; (3) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 143, 146; (3%) Nicholson, Ibis 1882, 70; (4) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1882, 253; (5) id., ib. 1884, 219; (6) id., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 316; (7) id, Ornis 1888, 630; (8) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 189. e. Garzetta egretta (1) Swinh., P. Z.S. 1871, 412. f. Ardea garzetta var. nigripes (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 96. g. Egretta garzetta (1) Blak. & Pryer, Ibis 1878, 224. h. Herodias immaculata (1) Meyer (nec Gld.), Isis, Dresden 1884, 56; (2) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 206. 7. Herodias garzetta nigripes (1) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 317. Jj. Herodias melanopus “Wagl.”; (1) Rams., Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 1887, 172. k. Garzetta garzetta (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 118. Uf ae. le a ee Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 827 1. Garzetta nigripes (1) Sharpe, op. cit. 122 (syn. emend.). “Tomeo”, Gorontalo, Joest a 8. “Condor putih”, Tjamba and Maros, Platen d 6. “Baroa adioa” [also the name of Bubulcus coromandus], Kabruang, Talaut, Nat. Coll. “Bahoa mawira”, Great Sangi, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori § (excluding Ardea nigrirostris J. BE. Gr ay); Stejneger ¢ 1. Figures and descriptions. Naumann a IJ; Dresser a VI; Hume 4; Legge 6; Salvadori 8; Oates 10; Vorderman 11; Sharpe kJ, 1 1; etc., ete. Breeding plumage. Entirely white; the feathers of the back greatly lengthened, overreaching the tail by about 25 mm, the webs decomposed into long thread-like rami, the shafts curving upwards at the distal ends; an occipital crest of two cee feathers about 120 mm long; feathers of jugulum lanceolate, very narrow, about 100 mm long; “iris light yellow; feet [and legs] black; bill black”: Platen d 6 (ad., Minahassa: Faber — Nr. 3549). According to Legge the bill in summer is entirely black. The specimen described has a little yellowish at the base of the lower bill, as in that of Prof. W. Blasius (d 6), but noticeably less than in our other Celebesian specimens, which are not in breeding plumage, or only partly so. Prof. W. Blasius (d7) regards the perfectly black bill as a character of the male. Winter plumage. The elongated jugular feathers and the occipital lanceolate pair wanting; the dorsal train wanting, or only the worn remains of it present; basal half of lower bill yellowish (Lake Tondano, Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10969). Immature. Like the adult in winter; bill smaller (Kabruang, 5. XI. 93: Nat. Coll. — C 13011). Nestling. Covered with white down (Legge 6). | | Mid. | Measurements (Celebesian examples). Wing | Tail IParsus| | ith oe | claw oF a. (C 3549) ad., Minahassa, N. Peninsula (Faber). .| 265 | 93) 106] 72 | 914 b. (0 10969)ad., L.Tondano, N. Pen., VII.—IX.92(N.C,) | 2968 | 100} 98| 74 | 92 e. (C10966)ad.,Lake Tond., N. Pen., VIIT.—IX.92(N.C.) | 258 | 87 | 105} 66 | 89 d. (0 10967)ad.,LakeTond., N. Pen., VILL—IX. ime, 272 | 98 | 102] 69 | 91 e. (C10968)ad., Lake Tond., N. Pen., VIL.—IX.92(N.C.) | 266 | 90) 104} 72 | 88 f. (C 12672) ad., Great Gael ae 93 (Nat. Coll.) .| 266 | 97/ 100| 69 | 88 g. (C 12671) nile Great Sangi, July 93 (Nat. Coll.) .| 242 | 82] 98] 66 | 88 h. (C 13011) viz. ad., Kabruang, Talaut, Nov. 93 (N.C.) | 262 | 96 | 102] 70 | 82 Eggs. 3 or 4; moderately smooth in texture; pale sea-green; some rather pointed at both ends; size 40.6—47 >< 31.7—35 mm (Legge 6, Hume 15). Nest. Of sticks, in the branches of trees growing in swampy country. Distribution. The southern countries of Europe, a rare straggler in the northern and central portions, but ranging far south in Africa, found right across Asia {not including Siberia], down to the East India Archipelago and Australia (Dresser a VJ). — For exact localities in the Indo-Australian area cf. Salvadori 8, 16; adding some Philippine Islands (Steere a 10, Bourns & Worcester 21), Singapore (Kelham 9), Talaut and Sangi Is. (Nat. Coll.), Burmah (Oates 10), Tenasserim (Dav. 4), Ceram (Riedel h 1), Keeling Is. (H. O. Forbes d 3"). —In the Celebesian area: Minahassa (Meyer d 3, Faber, Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten a 3, v. Rosenberg a7, f 1, etc.), Togian (Meyer d 3), Tjamba and Maros (Platen d 6); Great Sangi (Platen d7, Nat. Coll.); Talaut Is. — Kabruang (Nat. Coll. 20). 104* Ellen SESS fo ee ey S 828 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. The Black-billed Egret has not yet been recorded as breeding in Celebes, but it occurs there in summer as well as in winter, and we have it in almost perfect breeding plumage. In China it is a partial migrant, but its movements seem to be of a somewhat local character; in South Japan it is, according to Seebohm, a resident. In some portions of India it is described as a resident, in others it is not stationary. From Dresser’s investigations it appears to be a summer visitor to most of the places in South Europe where it is found, but it is known to winter in Albania and Epirus; in Northern Africa it is generally a resident, though only a spring and autumn bird of passage in some parts. According to Schlegel (a 3) this Egret is a trifle smaller in tropical Asia than in Europe, the toes and claws are blackish and the base of the bill often yellowish. The last is a sign of non-breeding; as to size it appears from the measurements of Dresser compared with those given above that the tarsus is on an average slightly shorter in the East than in the West. The birds of Java, Borneo and Celebes received the name Ardea nigripes from Temminck. Dr. Sharpe (/ 7) admits H. nigripes as a good species, drawing the line of geographical separation between it and H. garzetta at Celebes and Java as the furthest bounds of the former species, and the Philippines, Borneo and Sumatra as the furthest of H. garzetta. Without denying that the bird tends to get blacker feet in the direction of Australia, we are unable to follow Dr. Sharpe in drawing this clear line of geographical demarkation and think it better to treat of all individuals as belonging to one species. But if two “species” be made of them, the geographical dividing line may certainly be as well fixed where Dr. Sharpe has drawn it, as anywhere else. In America this Egret is represented by H. candidissima (Gm.), in which the two crest-feathers of H. garzetta are replaced by a number of long decom- posed fibrous feathers, and the lanceolate jugular feathers are similarly replaced by decomposed ones. For this reason Dr. Sharpe (Ibis 1894, 432) separates the American bird generically (Leucophoya); and again he allows H. garzetta to stand as a genus Garzetta distinct from Herodias on account of its longer and slenderer bill, which exceeds the length of the middle toe and claw. Few orni- thologists will admit that a slight modification of some of the decorative feathers of a Heron (which are cast off after the breeding season) should warrant its exclusion from the old genus, and we cannot cease to regard the American Little Egret as a brother — in truth a little more highly differentiated — of the Old World form. As to Herodias it would appear from Dr. Sharpe’s re- marks that its bill does not exceed the middle toe and claw in length, but just the opposite is the case in all specimens of Herodias alba (with its Eastern form corra) which we have examined. We fail to see what end is served by con- cealing the affinities of allied forms, such as these white Egrets prove to be, under separate generic appellations; at the most the name Garzetta should be employed for H. garzetta as a subgeneric term not for common use, its differences Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. , §29 from Herodias alba being the possession (when in breeding plumage) of an occi- pital crest and of ornamental jugular feathers, and a less conical bill, which is chiefly black, not yellow, in winter. Of the other Egrets occurring in Celebes H. intermedia may be at once separated from garzetta by its yellow bill and much longer toes (90 mm as against about 70 in garzetia). H. eulophotes Swinh, (H. immaculata G1d.) has a much shorter tarsus than garzetta (80 against 100 mm), shorter toes (63 against ca. 70 mm), shorter bill, its first primary as long or longer, not shorter, than the third, and in the breeding season a yellow bill and a crest of many (not simply two) occipital lanceolate feathers. Bubulcus coromandus in pure white plumage may always be recognised by its short bill. + 353. HERODIAS ALBA (L.). Great White Egret. The Great White Egret is almost cosmopolitan in its range, but, like most species with a wide distribution, it presents some geographical differences. In Indo-China and Australia it is small in size, and it is to these individuals that the following synonymy belongs: a. Ardea torra “Buchanan” (1) Frankl., P. Z. 8S. 1831, 124. b. Ardea modesta (1) J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. 19 (1831); (IZ) id. & Hardw., Ul. Ind. Zool. 1834, I, pl. 49, fig. 1. ? Ardea timoriensis cm: Paris Mus.]; (1) Less., Tr. d’Orn. 1831, 575. d. Herodias syrmatophorus (1) Gould. B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 56. Ardea egretta (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 17; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (3) id., Zool. Garten 1881, 167. Herodias alba finn): (1) Jerd., B. Ind. 1864, IL, 744; (2) Gould, B. Australia 1865, IL AY Vey) Tuy id & Oust. Ois. Chine 1877, 439; (4) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1138; (5) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, Il, 246; (6) Rams., Pr. L. Soc. N.S. W. 1887, 172; (7) id., Tab. List. 1888, 21; (8) Cox & Hamil., Pr. L. Soc. N.S. W. 1889, 421; (9) North, Nests and Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 398; (10) Seeb., B. Japan. 1890, 216; (11) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs 1890, III, 237; (12) Styan, Ibis 1891, 327, 491; (13) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 488. f. Egretta modesta (7) Swinh., P. Z. S. 1871, 412. g. Herodias egretta (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VII, 99. h. Herodias torra (1) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 347; (2) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 472; (3) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 350; (4) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 189; (5) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 146, 285; (6) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 206; (7) M.& We., J.f. 0. 1894, 252. . Ardea alba var. modesta (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 96. Herodias alba modesta (1) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 314. . Egretta alba modesta (1) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 979. . Ardea alba modesta (1) Seeb., This 1893, 52. m. Herodias timoriensis (1) Slee Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 98. “Swekko puti besar” (puti besar — white large), Malay, Tondano, Nat. Coll. § & ~orb.s. ee ae ST a. | q 4 830 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. “Pokok kulo sela”, Tondano, iid. “Baletagi bahejwa”, Kabruang, Talaut, iid. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori h 3; Stejneger 7 1. Figures and descriptions. J. HE. Gray & Hardwicke b UW; Gould dJ, 2; Hume h 2; Legge 4; Salvadorih 3; Oates 5; Taczanowski k 1; Sharpe m 1. Description. Entire plumage white; no ornamental plumes on the nape and jugulum; “iris yellow; bare skin round the eye and of lores greenish” (Taczan.) k 1; tarsi and feet black. Breeding plumage. Bill black; a long dorsal train extending about 100 mm beyond the tail consisting of lengthened feathers, decomposed into shafts with long thread-like rami, which spring from the upper back and scapulary region; bare part of tibia reddish brown. Winter plumage. Bill yellow; tibia black, like the tarsus; the dorsal train wanting, Young. Bill yellow, and the dorsal train wanting, as in the adult in winter; wing and bill apparently smaller. Nestling. “Covered with white down, the legs brownish” (Legge 4). Middle | Ex- Tarsus} toe posed with claw | culm. (C 2004) imm.? Lake Tondano, June, 71 (Meyer)) 350 | 185 | 146 | 101 | 108 . (C 10971) ad., L. Tond., Aug.—Sept. 92 (Nat. C.)| 370 | 136 | 168| 109 | 145 (C 10970) imm.? L. Tond. , Aug.—Sept. 92 (N. C.)| 340 | 120 | 137 95 | 106 . (C 13010) ad., Kabruang, 9. Nov. 93 (Nat. Coll.)| 372 | 150 | 155] 108 | 112 (C 13009) imm.? Kabruang, 7. Nov. 93 (Nat. C.)| 354| 132| 150| 103 | 107 Measurements. Wing | Tail g t. s.9 > Typical Ardea alba (for comparison). (Nr. 13931) Gf, ad., Astrachan (Henke) . . . .| 455 | 185 | 190] 115 | 123 Observation. All the five Celebesian specimens have yellow bills, and those marked adult are still wearing the lengthened filamentous dorsal plumes of the breeding season, or some of them. Comparing the bill with the wing the eastern Great White Heron seems to have a longer bill than the typical alba. Moult. Specimen d killed in November is acquiring fresh ornamental dorsal feathers. Eggs. Three or four in number, moderately smooth in texture, nearly regular ovals in shape, of an uniform pale greenish blue colour; size 51.8—55.9 >< 35.3—38.9 mm (Legge 4). Nest. Of sticks, on the topmost branches of trees, the surface of the nest very flat with scarcely any hollow') for the eggs, which rest upon a lining of roots and twigs (Legge 4). Distribution in the East. Corea, Japan and China west to India and Ceylon, the East Indies to Australia and Tasmania. — In the Celebesian area: Minahassa (Meyer, Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten e 1, Rosenb. e 3, ¢ 1), Talaut Is. — Kabruang (Nat. Coll.); Sula Islands (Wallace m 1). For exact localities cf. Salvadori h 3, h 6, adding Corea (Kalinowski k 1), Loochoo Is. (Stimpson 71, Holst / 1), Talaut Is. (Nat. Coll. % 7), and excluding (?) New Zealand (Buller). The Large White Egret is perhaps not stationary in Celebes, where few specimens have been recorded. One without any dorsal train was obtained in ') A rounded bottom to the nest would probably result in the long-legged young, which squat upon the tarsi, getting crooked shanks; presumably a hollow would be very inconvenient also to the legs of the brooding female. The amusing fallacy that the sitting Heron, as also the Flamingo, sat astraddle on the nest like a man on horseback, may here be mentioned. Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 831 v July, 1844, by Forsten at Gorontalo, one by Rosenberg at the same place in August, 1863 (the one in the British Museum), another by the same collector is mentioned by Briiggemann, one was obtained in June, 1871, by Meyer at Kakas, Lake Tondano, two in August or September, 1892, by our native collectors at the same lake; and they also procured it from Talaut in November. It appears likely that these birds are migrants from East Asia, though some immature indi- viduals, if not also adults, certainly stay all the summer at the large lakes of the island. As to its wandering, Kalinowski says that it is common in Corea in summer and leaves that country for the winter. David states that it occurs in the northern provinces of China in summer and breeds there, but it is present in the southern provinces all the year. Styan makes observations on a remark- able transit which takes place in spring and autumn in the Lower Yangtse district, where a few remain to breed, and in South China (Foochow) De La Touche describes it as only a spring and autumn bird of passage. It is probable that this migration is carried on down to the Kast Indies, as is the case with so many other species. In the opinion of most ornithologists Herodias torra Buchanan, as Salvadori calls it, or timoriensis according to Sharpe’s nomenclature, is only a race of H. alba, the Great White Egret of Europe, Western Asia and N. Africa, differing only by its small size. It seems very probable that interbreeding and a’ com- plete intergradation in size between adults of the two forms may occur in Asia; satisfactory proof of this is wanting. Large birds are found in India and at times in Japan, but they may be visitors of the western race. Broadly viewed the Great White Egret is almost cosmopolitan in its range; in the West (IH. alba) it is largest in size; in South Africa, as in East Asia and the Kast India Islands and Australia (H. torra or timoriensis) it is smallest; in New Zealand (another race) it is large again and the bill seems to be yellow all the year round, though Sir Walter Buller knows of one exception to this rule; in America (H. egretta ) the train is usually longer, extending about 150 mm beyond the end of the tail, and the bill is chiefly yellow (Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, p. 23). From the other White Herons occurring in Celebes the present species may be most readily distinguished by its large size, the wing always exceeding 300 mm (330—390 mm) in length. First, following Salvadori, we allowed the Great White Egret of Indo- China and Australia specific distinction from the typical H. alba, viz. as H. torra. Stejneger, Taczanowski, and Seebohm make it a subspecies. In respect of such forms as this it is, unhappily, almost impossible to avoid dogma, the confessed dogma in this case being the line of geographical separation assumed ‘to exist between alba and torra. Quite recently Sharpe in his Catalogue of the Herons has laid down a fresh line of geographical separation, in that he cuts off a large piece of Salvadori’s range for torra, namely the Indian countries 832 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. and Ceylon. Sharpe makes a clear distinction between his eastern and western species, — the bill of the former is said to be yellow in summer and winter, in the latter it is black in summer. Unfortunately this statement is not correct, except as regards New Zealand. Stejneger (j 7) and Taczanowski (k 1) have shown that in Japan and Corea the bill is black in the nuptial season — some- times, if not always. Sharpe’s specimens from these regions are all in winter (or young?) plumage, except one, which may not, when killed (April 22), yet have assumed the black bill. The beautiful Great White Heron seeks its food in marshes and water (preying on frogs, fish, worms, and such like). In all quarters (e. g. South Africa, Ceylon, New Zealand, America) it is an extremely shy bird, and with good reason, for few species have better cause to shun mankind, by whom its wholesale destruction is brought about in the breeding season for the sake of its dorsal feathers. In captivity the bird becomes very tame. Each of the or- namental feathers consists simply of a long white shaft with the barbs separated, lengthened and thread-like, growing alternately on either side at intervals of about 4mm; the barbules are to be seen with a magnifying glass on the sides of the rami. On a long plume we find about 70 barbs on one side of the shaft; on an ordinary contour-feather from the same region about 110 barbs, on a second one about 120. It appears that the abnormal lengthening of the shaft of the ornamental feather has been accompanied by a reduction in number of the barbs (probably from the distal end of the feather). It is hard to imagine how some of the feathers of the upper back, of all places, can have become originally stimulated to such an aberrant increase in size; but the circumstance that the Herons rest the head and long neck between the shoulders when in flight and sleeping may possibly be worthy of mention in connection with it. * 354. HERODIAS INTERMEDIA (Wag). Lesser White Egret. a. Ardea intermedia [Hasselt in lit.); (1) Wagl., Isis 1829, 659; (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 352; (3) Finsch & Hartl., Vég. N.-O. Afr. 1870, 686; (4) Rchw., J. f. O. 1877, 273; (5) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (6) id., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (7) W. Blas., J. £, O. 1883, 126; (8) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1883, XLII, 230; (9) Seeb., Ibis 1884, 268; (20) id., B. Japan 1890, 217; (11) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26; (12) Newton, Dict. B. 1893, 419. b. Ardea melanopus (1) Wagl., Isis 1829, 659. c. Ardea egrettoides (1) Temm. (nec Gm.), Man. d’Orn. IV, 314 (1840); (IZ) T. & Schl, Faun. Jap. Aves 1850, 115, pl. 69. d. Herodias plumiferus (1) Gould, P. ZS. 1847, 221; (ZZ) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 57. e. Herodias flavirostris (Temm.) (1) Gray, List Grallae Br. Mus. 1844, 78. Herodias intermedia (7) Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. 1849, 279; (2) Swinh., P. Z. S. 1863, 319; (3) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 348; (4) Hume, Str. F. 1874, I, 303; Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 833 (5) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1875, IX, 237; ? (6) Ayres, Ibis 1877, 349; (7) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 440; (8) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 476, 480; (9) Tweedd. P. Z. 8. 1878, 954; (10) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1141; (10%) Meyer, Verh. oa Ges. Wien 1881, 767; (11) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, IIT, 352; (12) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 247; (13) H. Parker, Ibis 1883, 194, 195; (14) Nicholson, t.c. 256; (15) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 56; (16) C. Swin. & Barnes, Ibis 1885, 136; (17) Parker, Ibis 1886, 188; ? (18) Symonds, Ibis 1887, 335; (19) Rams., Pr. L. Soc. N. 8. W. 1887, 172; (20) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1887, 81; (21) Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 315; (22) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 21; (23) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 203; (24) Hume, Str. F. 1888, XI, 333; (25) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 189; (26) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 60; (27) Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs 1890, III, 240; (28) Styan, Ibis 1891, 327, 492; (29) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Age. 1891, 206; (30) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1891, L, 517; (31) id., Notes Leyden Mus. 1891, 129; (32) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 32; (33) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, LIV, 322. f- Herodias egrettoides (1) Swinh., Ibis 1861, 261; (2) Jerd., B. India TI, 745 (1864) (3) Gld., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, II, 303. g. Egretta intermedia Bp.; (1) Seeb., Ibis 1879, 27. h. Mesophoyx intermedia (1) Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. 1894, p. 38, April; Ibis 1894, 432; (2) id., Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 85. a. 2? Mesophoyx brachyrhyncha (7) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 87. j. Mesophoyx plumifera (1) Sharpe, 1. c. “Swekko puti mulu itam”, Lake Tondano, Malay, Nat. Coll. “Pokok kulu remdeng kukulat”, Lake Tondano, Nat. Coll For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 11. Figures and descriptions. Gould d IJ; Temminck & Schlegel ¢ I; Schlegel a 2; Finsch & Hartlaub a 3; Hume 8; Legge 10; Salvadori 11; Oates 12; Vorder- man @ 8; etc. Breeding plumage. Entirely white; no occipital crest; dorsal train of much lengthened de- composed feathers, overreaching the tail by about 100 mm; a bunch of very long (about 160 mm) decomposed feathers on jugulum; bill yellow, tip of upper mandible blackish, terminal 10 mm of tomia serrated; legs and feet black (Kakas, Lake Ton- dano, June, 1871: Meyer — C 2006). The specimen described is moulting its remiges, therefore not yet in full nuptial dress. Hume, Legge and Oates say the bill is black at that time (India, Ceylon, Burmah), Seebohm says it is always more or less dark at the point and yellow at the base of both mandibles (Japan). A specimen from South Celebes in breeding plumage has the soft parts and measurements in the flesh as follows, according to Platen: “Iris light yellow; bill and feet black. Length 60.5 cm, expanse 103 cm” (Q, Maros Waterfall, 23. Feb. 1878 — C 5382). The basal 6 mm of the culmen were evidently yellow. Winter plumage. Without the dorsal train and decomposed jugular feathers; bill entirely yellow (Lake Tondano: Aug.—Sept. 1892: Nat. Coll. — C 10973). ? jand claw! culmen [eee : Mid. toe | Exp. Measurements. | wing Tail Tarsus) P a. (C 2006) ad., Lake Tondano, June, 71 (Meyer)| 303 | 123 | 115 100 76 b. (C 10973)ad., Lake Tond., Aug.—Sept. 92 (N. C.)| 290 | — | 100 [ig 78 e. (C 10972) ad., Lake Tond., Aug.—Sept. 92 (N.C.)| 291 | 116 | 100 94 79 d. (C 5382) © ad., Maros, 23. Feb. 78 (Platen) .| 291 | 123 | 101 86 70 Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 10th, 1897). 105 i. =o 834 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. Eggs. According to Hume these are decidedly paler sea- or bluish green than those of H. alba, A. cinerea and purpurea; in shape often very perfect and rather broad ovals: 43—53 >< 34—39 mm (27). Nest. On trees, in thickets, or among rushes, where it often breeds in dense colonies with other Herons, making a nest of twigs (Hume 27). Distribution. Africa; the Indo-Chinese countries; the East India Islands and Australia. Japan (Siebold ¢ IZ, Blakiston & Pryer a 10); China (Swinhoe 2, Styan 28, etc.); India (Jerdon, Hume, ete. f 2, 10,11); Ceylon (Legge, etc. 10); Andamans (Wardlaw Ramsay 11, Hume & Davison 4); Burmah (Feilden 10, Oates 12); Sumatra ? (H. O. Forbes 74, Klaesi 20); Java (v. Hasselt a 2, Vorderman a 8); Noord- wachter Is. (Vorderman 33); Sumba (Riedel 10%*); Billiton (Vorderman 30, 31); Borneo — Sarawak (Doria & Becce. 3, 25); Philippines — Palawan (Whitehd. 23, 26), Bohol and Samar (Steere a 11), Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester 32), Mindanao (Everett 9); Celebes — Minahassa (Meyer 15, Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo District (v. Rosenberg a 5, a 6), South Peninsula (Platen); Moluccas — Ternate (Bruijn 11); Papuasia — Salawatti, Mafoor, Kei, Aru (fide Salvad. 17); Is. of Torres Str. (McGillivray 72); Australia (Gould d IZ, f 3, Ramsay 22). In his list of birds obtained at Lake Limbotto in 1863—64 Rosenberg (a 6) mentions 9 examples of this Egret. One was obtained by Meyer at Lake Tondano, and two were sent to the Dresden Museum recently from the same spot by our native collector. A specimen from the Maros Waterfall from Platen establishes the occurrence of the species in South Celebes. The Lesser White Egret has a wide range, being found both in East, South, and West Africa, as well as in the countries of Asia and Australasia mentioned above. It is not stationary in all parts of its range. David says that it visits North China (Pekin) in the summer, though it is resident in Central and South China, and Seebohm speaks of it as a summer visitor to Japan. According to Whitehead it is a winter visitor to Palawan. It will be seen that the specimens known from Celebes were obtained both in winter and summer. The best means of distinguishing this species from the allied White Egrets of Celebes is to be found in its long toes, which considerably exceed the bill in length, a condition seen also in Bubulcus coromandus, but that species, when pure white, may be recognised by its smaller size and short bill. Serrations of the cutting edges of the bill near the tip are slightly more apparent than in H. alba, though less so than in Bubulcus. In the breeding season H. intermedia is more easy to distinguish, since its dorsal train is usually much longer than in the other Egrets, it has no occipital crest (in which point it differs from HI. garzetta and eulophotes), and it is furnished with a quantity of long decomposed plumes on the jugulum (not seen in H. alba, and which are lanceolate in garzetta and eulophotes). At this season H. intermedia, like H. alba, gets a black, or chiefly black, bill; in winter the bill is yellow. Dr.Sharpe makes a new genus for it, Mesophoyx, but the student will find that it requires much care to distinguish the white Egrets specifically, not to speak of genera; moreover, —., = Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 835 Sharpe’s diagnosis applies equally well to Bubulcus when the birds are not in breeding plumage’). The Lesser Egret seems to be a fresh-water species, as its light structure suggests. Legge describes it as haunting paddy-fields, marshes and flooded lands: it is shy and very silent, and feeds mostly on fish. GENUS BUBULCUS Bp. The Cattle Egret differs remarkably in habits from the Egrets of the genus Herodias, being chiefly insectivorous in regard to its food; yet it is difficult to point to any strongly pronounced characters wherewith to distinguish it generic- ally as Bubulcus. Its hind toe with the claw is relatively longer than in Herodias and Demiegretta, being just equal to the inner toe without the claw; its bill is short, one-fourth the length of the wing, rather stout, the cutting edges terminally serrated, the ridge of the gonys about one-fourth the length of the bill from the gape (as against about one-third in Herodias). In plumage it is not perfectly white in non-breeding dress, but has the top of the head buff; and in breeding dress the filamentous plumes, besides being golden-tawny in colour, are of a different character from those of Herodias. + 355. BUBULCUS COROMANDUS (Bodd.). Cattle Egret. a. Le Crabier de Coromandel (J) Buff., H. N. Ois. (small fol. ed.) 1783, VIII, 226, pl. 910. b. Caneroma coromanda (1) Bodd., Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, p. 54. 1) After this article was written, Dr. Sharpe had the kind courtesy to send us some of the proof-sheets of his Catalogue of the Herons, wherein he handles this species in a manner differing in many respects from ours. What we, like Legge, Salvadori, and others, regard as one species, Sharpe treats of as three, the birds of the Indian Region being Mesophoyx intermedia, those of Africa M. brachyrhyncha (Brehm), and those of the Australian Region MZ. plumifera (G1d.), the geographical dividing line between the last and the first being assumed to be between Celebes on the one side and Java and the Philippines on the other. We cannot decide to remodel our work to conform with Dr. Sharpe’s touching I. intermedia and plumifera. As to whether African individuals are racially distinct or not, we have no opinion, but would only point out that the characters on which MW. brachyrhyncha is upheld are perhaps of a seasonal, evanescent nature: these are the “yellow” (? yellowish) tibia, a yellow bill and a black patch (in skin) in front of the eye. Now Legge points out {see also our table under Bubuleus coromandus) that the tibiae of Ceylon birds are in breeding plumage yellowish brown (Dr. Sharpe wrongly says “entirely black like the tarsi and toes”); and two of our Celebesian specimens with yellow bills have a blackish mark on the loral skin (perhaps a result of drying), also yellowish tibiae, and one is in partial breeding dress — this should be M. brachyrhyncha! In the same way M. plumifera is allowed to stand as a good species by reason of its yellow (? yellowish brown) tibiae and yellow bill and facial skin when in breeding plumage. This form seems to us to be Herodias intermedia not yet in full nuptial dress, the black of the bill being, apparently, the last adjunct to the breeding characters; a specimen from Celebes in this dress is described above, but another from there in breeding plumage with. a nearly black bill will be found mentioned.‘ Moreover, in some of the Oriental countries H. intermedia is known as a migrant (for instance, in Palawan — according to Whitehead), and we know of no proof as yet, even, whether the Australian birds are not simply visitors to the country from the north. It seems more likely that they are for the most part resident and fairly stationary; therefore, perhaps with racial distinctions, but, until this is proved to be the case by sufficient specimens and observations, we prefer not to split up H. intermedia as Dr. Sharpe has done. 105* ew Be te oa ee 836 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. c. Ardea russata (1) Wagl., Syst. Av. gen. Ardea 1827 sp. 12; (2) Temm. & Schl., Faun. Jap. Aves 1850, 115. ‘ d. Ardea coromanda (1) Gray, Gen. B. 556, LI, Nr. 39 (1847 — syn. emend.); (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 30; (3) Finsch & Conrad, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1873, 3, 18 (sep.c.); (4) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Brem. 1876, V, 97; (5) Rehw., J. f. O. 1877, 259; (6) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (7) id., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (8) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 219; (9) Oust., Nouv. Arch. du Mus. 1894, 87. e. Buphus coromandus (1) Swinh., Ibis 1860, 64; (2) id., ib. 1863, 419; (3) Jerd., B. Ind. II, 749 (1864); (4) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 481; (5) Wardl. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works 1881, 660. Bubulcus coromandus (1) Gray, HL. 1871, II, 30, Nr. 10133; (2) Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, 405; (3) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 350; (4) Hume, Str. F. 1874, I, 309; (5) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 441; (6) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 144; (7) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1147; (8) Tweedd., Or. Works 1881, 399, 413, 619, 625; (9) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 357; (10) A. Mill. J. f. O. 1882, 486; (12) W. Blas., ib. 1883, 118, 140; (12) Nichol. Ibis 1883, 257; (13) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, II, 251; (14) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 57; (15) Vorderman, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1885, XLIV, 236; (16) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1885, 318; (17) Gigl., Avif. Ital. 1886, 281; (18) Sclat. GSaund., Ibis 1886, 517; (19) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 309; (20) Biittik., Notes Leyden Mus. 1887, 81; (21) W. Blas., Ibis 1888, 374; (22) id., Ornis 1888, 330, 631; (23) Hume, Sir. F. 1888, XI, 333; (23%) Gigl., Avif. Ital. pt.I, 1889, 438; (24) Everett, J. Str. Br.R.A.S. 1889, 189; (25) Hartert, J. f.O. 1889, 406; (26) Hicks., Nat. in N. Celebes 1889, 219; (27) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 60; (28) Sh. & Whitehd., t.c. 146; (29) Steere, List. Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 26; (30) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1890, 139; (31) Hagen, T. Ned. Aard. Genoots. 1890, (2) VU, 166; (32) Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests & Hggs 1890, IIT, 247; (33) Styan, This 1891, 327, 492; (34) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 206; (35) id., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) 1891, XII, 77; (36) De la Touche, Ibis 1892, 488, 489; (37) Meyer, Notes Leyden Mus. 1892, 267; (38) Biittik., Zool. Ere. Weber’s Reise 1893, I, 284; (39) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, IL, 985; (40) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 243, 258; (41) M.& Wg., J.f.O. 1894, 253; (42) Bourns & Worc., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 32; (43) Everett, Ibis 1895, 32; (44) Grant, t.c. 267; (45) M& Weg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p.19; (46) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 164, 181; (47) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 217. f. Herodias egretta (1) Lenz (nec Gm.), J. f. O. 1877, 380. g. Herodias nigripes (1) Meyer (nec Temm.), Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1881, 767. “Baroa adioa” (as also H. garxetta), Kabruang, Talaut; Nat. Coll. “Swekko puti mulu kuning”, Minahassa, Malay, iid. “Pokok kulu riri kukulat”, Minahassa, 1id. “Condor pakampi”, Maros and Tjamba Distr., 8. Celebes, Platen 16. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 9; Stejneger 19; Sharpe 47. Figure and descriptions. Buffon a J; Schlegel d2; Legge 7; Salvad. 9; Oates 13; Vorderman 15; Taczanowski 39; Sharpe 47; ete. Non-breeding plumage. White, the head above washed with buff, a slight buff tinge on the back; cutting edges of bill terminally serrated; “bill and cere light yellow; iris golden; legs black; soles of feet greenish yellow”: P. & F. Sarasin (Q, Tomohon, 28. III. 94; ad. Lake Tondano, Aug.—Sept. 92: Nat. Coll. — C 10977). Breeding plumage. The feathers of the head, neck, jugulum, and back much lengthened, decomposed and hair-like, in colour golden tawny, paler on the back, the filamentous Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 837 plumes of which extend to the end of the tail and beyond it; in other respects white, as when not breeding; “tibia yellow” (Legge); tarsus pale, becoming black towards the foot; bill as in winter (ad. Lake Tondano, Aug.—Sept. 92: Nat. Coll. — G 10975). Female. Appears to be smaller than the male. Measurements (12 apparently adult birds from the Celebesian area). Wing 232—265 mm: tail c. 80—100; tarsus 79—90; middle toe with claw c. 75— 83; exposed baleen 56—62. Eggs. “The East-Indian eggs of my collection are paler than the ordinary Heron eggs and measure 45 >< 35 mm” (Nehrkorn MS.). Hume finds them distinguishable as a body from all the other Indian Herons’ eggs by their very pale colour: white, with a faint blue or green tinge; varying much in size and shape, but typically rather broad ovals, somewhat pointed towards , one end (32). Nest. Of sticks, built in trees, often in company with those of other White Egrets (32). In Celebes they nest in the reeds, laying two or three eggs (Meyer 6). ‘ . Distribution. South Japan (Pryer, etc. d 8); Formosa (Swinhoe e 2); 8. E. Siberia — Ussuri- land (Kalinowski 39); Central and South China (Swinhoe, David, ete. e 1, 5, 33, 36); West China or Tibet (Bonvalot & D’Orleans d 9); Caspian Sea (fide Scl. & Saund. 18); India (Jerdon, etc. e 3, 7, 32); Ceylon (Legge, etc. 7); Burmah (Oates 13); Tenasserim (Davison e 4); Cochin China (Giglioli 17, Oates 13); Danger Id. off Siam (Conrad d 3); Andamans (Davison 4); Malay Penins. — Salanga and Perak (Hartert 25); Sumatra (Bock 9, H. O. Forbes, etc. 12, 20, 31, 35); Java (Horsfield, S. Miiller, ete. 9, d 2, 15); Sumba (Riedel g 7, 37); Timor (Wallace 9); Borneo (Doria & Beccari, etc. 3, 24, 28); Philippine Is. (Jagor, ete. 8, 9, 21, 22, 24, 29, 40, 42); Talaut Is. — Kabruang (Nat. Coll. 42); Sangi Is. — Gt. Sangi (Meyer 14, 22); Celebes: — Minahassa (Meyer, etc. 2, 6, d 4, 45), Gorontalo (v. Rosenb. 6, 7), S. Peninsula — Tjamba and Maros Waterfall (Platen 76), Tanette (Weber 38), Bulekomba (Everett 46); Saleyer (id.); Buru, Ternate, Batchian (fide Salvad 9, 34); ? Italy (Giglioli 17); Shoa in Abyssinia (Traversi 23%), The Cattle Egret is to be seen in flocks in North Celebes, where, as else- where, it is remarkable for its habit of perching on the backs of horses and cattle (6). To these it is a welcome guest, for the ticks, which infest their hides, together with flies, maggots, etc., form part of its food. Legge remarks, however, that its position on the backs of the animals seems to be one of rest, for he has never seen it take anything when so seated, though he has ob- served it at other times, picking ticks from the animals’ legs. Besides the food above mentioned Legge adds that it devours grasshoppers, beetles, bugs (Hemiptera), locusts, frogs, crustacea; it feeds “but, rarely, I think, on fish”. A great difference between it and the White Egrets, which it so much resembles in general appearance, is to be seen in its food and habits. Its numbers in Celebes are probably much increased by migration from the north during the winter. Although the proper range of this species seems to be India and China down to Timor and the Moluccas, it has been recorded by Sclater & Saunders from the shores of the Caspian Sea (collector's name not mentioned), and by Giglioli from Abyssinia, and even from Italy. 838 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. Its nearest affinities are with Bubulcus ibis of Africa, Southern Europe and S. E. Asia (Palestine); this bird has shorter toes and in summer yellow legs” (in winter dark brown or dull blackish grey — Dresser), and some differences in coloration when breeding. The changes in colour of the bill and feet according to the season in some of these Eastern Herons are of a curious character; Hume has already written on the subject (Str. F. 1878, VI, 473, 480). The following scheme shows the seasonal variation in the Celebesian Egrets: | Bill - Legs Breeding Non-breeding Breeding | Non-breeding Herodias alba . . .| Black Yellow Black, tibiae red- | Black dish brown | Herodias intermedia .| Black, yellow at| Yellow Black, tibiae yel- | Black base lowish brown | Herodias garxetta . .| Black Black, yellow at) Black Black base of lower bill Herodias eulophotes .| Yellow Dark brown, yel-| Black Greenish brown ; lowish towards base Bubuleus coromandus | Yellow Yellow Yellowish above, | Black black towards | foot GENUS ARDEOLA Boie. Size small; the tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw; the wings white. The latter character, contrasting with the coloured plumage, at once distinguishes it from the other Herons. “356. ARDEOLA SPECIOSA (Horsf). Sundan Squacco Heron. a. Ardea speciosa (1) Horsf., Tr. Linn. Soc. 1821, XIII, 189; (ZZ) id. Zool. Research. in Java 1824, pl. 62; (3) Less., Man. d’Orn. 1828, II, 240; (4) S. Mill., Reizen Ind. Archip. 1858, I, 13; (5) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 96, 464; (6) Rchw., J. f. O. 1877, 258, 277; (7) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (8) id., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (9) Platen, Gefied. Welt 1887, 206. b. Ardea pseudoralloides (1) Brehm, Vég. Deutschl. (fide Rehw. a 6). ce. Ardea malaccensis (1) Less., Tr. d’Orn. 1831, 573, pt. Ardeola speciosa (1) Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, 86; (2) Swinh., Ibis 1860, 65; (3) Blyth, Ibis 1865, 38; (4) Gray, HL. 1871, I, 30, Nr. 10138; (5) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VII, 98; (6) id., Ibis 1874, 149; (7) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 351; (8) Hume, Str. F. 1878, VI, 482; (9) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1151; (10) Meyer, Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 839 Verh. z-b. Ges. Wien 1881, 767; (11) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, I, 253; * (12) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1884, 216, 219; (13) Kutter, t. c. 224; (14) W. Blas., _ Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 206, 319; (15) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1885, XLIYV, 202, 237; (16) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 308; (17) Burck, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1889, XLVI, 116; (18) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 189; (19) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 147, 285; (20) Hartert, Kat. Senckenb. Mus. 1891, 202; (21) id., Ornis 1891, 123; (22) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1892, LI, 412; (23) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 284; (24) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, LIV, 323, 352; (25) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 15; (26) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 164, 598; (27) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, X XVI, 212. d. Buphus speciosus (1) Bp., Consp. 1855, Il, 127; (2) id., Compt. Rend. 1855, XL, 722, Nr. 90. e. Ardea leucoptera speciosa (7) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 34. f. Ardeola leucoptera (1) Guillem. (nec Bodd.), P. Z. 8. 1885, 511, 561. “Duduhu”, Gorontalo, Rosenb. a7; Joest, Holontalo 1833, 105. “Condor pura”, Maros and Tjamba, 8. Celebes, Platen 14. Figure and descriptions. Horsfield a IJ; Lesson a 3; Bonaparte d 1; Hume 8; Vorderm. 15; Sharpe 27. Breeding plumage. Head, neck and jugulum cinnamon, lightest on the head, more cinnamon- rufous on neck, darkest, with a purpurescent brown hue on jugulum where the feathers are broad, lengthened and decomposed; an occipital crest of four or five buff-white elongated feathers (c. 60—100 mm or more); chin, cheeks and upper throat white; back blackish slaty, washed with a hoary grey, the feathers decomposed, very broad and elongated, stretching beyond the tail; wings, lower back, rump, tail, and entire under parts white, scapulars washed with buff, becoming deeper buff on shoulders; “iris light yellow; tip and [culmen] base of bill black, the rest bluish [in the dry skin yellowish white]; feet pale yellow”: Platen 14 (of, Maros Waterfall, S. Celebes, 16. I. 78: Platen — CO 13227). Winter plumage. Head, neck and jugulum dusky black, streaked with buff, the buff increasing in extent on the neck, and almost uniform buff-cinnamon on the jugulum; no occipital crest; back, scapulars and inner remiges purplish brown, the dorsal feathers lengthened and terminally decomposed; the remaining parts white as in summer; upper bill and tip of under bill blackish, base of lower and adjoining part of upper bill yellowish (Java: v. Schierbrand — C 12428). Young. Like the adult in non-breeding plumage, but the buff stripes of the head broader and the back paler and greyer brown (Q, Macassar, Oct. 71: Meyer — C 1995). Observation. Several specimens, striped on the head like the young described, are assuming the long slaty dorsal feathers of breeding plumage. They may be adults changing from winter dress, but we take them rather for young putting on breeding plumage at the beginning of their second year. Sexes. Sexual differences of coloration are not known to exist. Measurements. Wing} Tail | Tarsus Mid. ie Eapovet a. (C 13227) ot ad., S. Celebes, 16.11.78 (Platen)| 205 79 | 52 | 57 59 b. (C 14290) ad., Gorontalo (Riedel) . . . .| 212) 77 | 56 | — 62 : e. (C 3541) ? vix ad., Minahassa (Faber). . .| 208) 81 | — | — 62 d. (© 1995) juv. Q, Macassar, Oct. 71 (Meyer)) 190) 63 | 53 59 7) e. (Nr.11251) ad. Java (v.Schierbr.) . . .| 206} — | 97 63 61 f. (Nr. 11587) ad., Java (v.Schierbr.) . . .| 195| 73 | 53 57 57 840 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. . : l Measurements (continued). Wing | Tail {Tarsus ane He a g. (Nr. 11588) ad., Java (v. Schierbrand) Vf Oai 74 Noe a 55 h. (Nr. 11228) ad., Java (v.Schierbr.) . . : 190) 67 ) — — 60 2. (Nr. 11229) ? juv., Java (v.Schierbr.). . .| 186| 65 | 52 60 61 j. (C 12428) ? vix ad., Java (v.Schierbr.) . .| 207] 74 | 57 — 62 k. (C 12422) ? vix ad., Java (v.Schierbr.) . | 203 | 75 | 54 60 60 l. (C 6272) ad., Sumba (Riedel) . See aeeON ee onaieoo 64 62 m. (C 6273) ? vix ad., Sumba (Riedel). . . | 202| 77 | 57 | 64 63 The examples from Java and Sumba (with one exception, f) have the tips of the outer one or two primaries clouded with a variable amount of drab; this is seen in two of the Celebesian examples (b, d), in the two others not so. Eggs. “Borneo eggs in my collection are bluish and measure 36 >< 30.5 mm” (Nehrkorn MS.). Grabowsky found 4 eggs to the sitting on 25'> April, 1882 (13). Nest. Of grass, carelessly built and flat, lymg on the marsh-grass clumps standing above the surface of the water (Banks of the swamp of Danau Bangkau, 8S. E. Borneo: Grabowsky in Kutter 13). Distribution. Java (Horsfield a1, a IJ, Reinwardt e 1, etc.); Noordwachter Id. (Vorderm. 24); Karimon-Jaya Islands (Burck 17); Lombok (Vorderman 24, Everett 26); Sumbawa (Forsten e 1, Guillemard f 1); Sumba (Riedel 10); Borneo (Schwaner, etc. e 1, 7, 12, 18, 19); Celebes:— (Wall.), Minahassa (Faber), Gorontalo (Rosenb. a7, a8, a5, Riedel 14, Guillem. f1), Southern Peninsula — Tjamba Distr. (Platen 14), Maros Waterfall (Platen 14), Macassar (Weber 23, P. & F. Sarasin 25, Everett 26), Tello, Maros and Tempe (Weber 23), Buton Id. (S. Miller a 4). This Egret is a common species in South Celebes, where Dr. Platen (14) says “dozens of Herons of about six species, A. speciosa, Ardea purpurea, Herodias garzetta, Bubulcus coromandus, Ardetta cinnamomea and Ardeiralla flavicollis, splendid contrasts in colour and size, follow the plough as it turns up the bottomless mud of the rice fields”. Ardeola speciosa may be easily recognised among all its fellow Herons in Celebes, when in breeding plumage, by the decomposed slaty plumes of its back and by its white body and wings; the white wings and body equally serve to distinguish it when young, or in non-breeding dress. “Often enough”, says Mr. Whitehead (19), “when passing a field, you do not observe this little Heron until suddenly dozens of snow-white wings (the small and dull-coloured body being difficult to see) open and slowly flap away”. The nearest affinities of this species are with the Chinese Squacco Heron, A. prasinosceles Swinh. (= bacchus Bp.) of 8. China, and the Siamese and Malay Peninsulas; the latter, according to Hume, is a larger bird with the crest rich vinous chestnut, and some other differences. A. grayi of the Indian countries has the long feathers of the back deep maroon-purple, a greyer hue on the head and neck, etc. The Squacco Heron, A. ralloides (Scop.), of Europe and Africa is the type of the genus Ardeola Boie, which its author just saves from the condition of a nomen nudum by giving as its distinguishing mark: its short “toes” (it should have been “tarsus”). / Birds of Celebes: - Ardeidae. 841 Ardeola has the tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, whereby it may be distinguished from many of the large Herons, as from Bubulews and Herodias, but the most handy mark of distinction is found in the white wings. A. speciosa also differs widely from the type of its genus, A. ralloides, which has an occipital crest of an abundance of lanceolate feathers (not simply about four), the first primary more pointed and scarcely shorter than the longest (it is a migratory species), etc. Ardeola appears to us to have affinities with the Egrets (Herodias) on the one side and with the Night Herons (Nycticorax) on the other. Seebohm, indeed, includes the Chinese Squacco Heron, Ardeola prasinosceles, in the genus Nycticorar (B. Japan 1890, 225), but the true Night Heron differs in having the bill much more massive, the neck shorter, the wing more pointed, the 3—4 outer primaries notched on the inner web, no dorsal breeding train, and in other points. GENUS NYCTICORAX Raf. As a genus Nycticoraxr may be recognised by its stout, strong bill, the height of which is about '/; the length of the culmen, the tomia obscurely serrated; the tarsus is covered with irregular scales; the head is black (slate, etc.) above, with three or more very long narrow feathers sprouting from the nape, which sometimes fold into one another, so as to look like a single plume. In habits nocturnal. +357. NYCTICORAX CALEDONICUS (Gm.). Nankeen Night Heron. a. Caledonian Night Heron (1) Lath., Gen. Syn. 1783, LI, 55. b. Ardea caledonica (1) Gm., 8S. N. 1788, I, 626; (2) Schl, Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 59; (3) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167. Nycticorax caledonicus (1) Steph., Gen. Zool. 1819, XI, 613; (IZ) Gould., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 63; (3) id. Hb. B. Austr. 1865, II, 311; (4) Wald. Tr. ZS. 1872, VII, 100, 114; (5) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1875, VII, 681; (6) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 98; (7) Rehw., J. f. O. 1877, 238; (8) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; (9) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 143; (10) id., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1881, 771, (11) Tweedd., Orn. Works 1881, 199, 400, 542; (12) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, Ii, 372; (13) Nicholson, Ibis 1882, 69; (14) E.L.& L. C. Layard, t. c. 531, 544; (15) W. Blas. & Nehrk., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1882, 431; (16) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 133; (17) Rams., Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 1883, 55, 88; (18) Meyer, Tsis, Dresden 1884, 57; (19) Sharpe, Rep. Voy. Alert 1884, 28; (20) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 324; (21) Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 297; (22) Rams., Pr. L. Soe. N. 8. W. 1887, 172; (23) id, Tab. List 1888, 21; (24) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 632; (25) Buller, B. New Zeal. 24 ed. 1888, Il, 139; (26) North, Nests and Eggs B. Austr. 1888, 320, pl. XVII, f. 1; (27) Studer, Voy. Gazelle 1889, ILI, 198; (28) Cox & Hamil. Pr. L. Soc. N.S. W. 1889, 421; (29) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 223: (30) id. Ibis 1890, 107; (31) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 208; (32) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 68; (33) Meyer, J. f. O. 1892, 264; (34) Biittik., Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 10th, 1897). 106 Neen reece ee a eR a RR EEE eee ee | | 842 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, ILI, 284; (35) M. & Wg., J. f. O. ink 116; (36) Nehrk., t.c. 161; (37) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 2, p. 20; (38) Eleates Nov. Zool. 1896, 181; (39) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1896, (2) XVI, 119; (40) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XX VI, 158. ce. Ardea ferruginea (1) Forster (nec Gm.) Descr. An. 274 (1844). d. 2? Nycticorax gardeni (1) S. Miill. (nec Gm.), Reiz. Ind. Archip. 1858, pt. I, 8. e. Nyctiardea caledonica (1) Gray, HL., 1871, IL, 33, Nr. 10172. f. ? Nycticorax manillensis(?) (1) Hiveraen J. Str. Be R. A. 8. 1889, 190. “Swekko pakek tjatjing”, or “Swekko mera bertjatjing”, Malay, Minahassa, Nat. Coll. “Condor baka”, Tjamba Distr.. Platen 20. “Kaloang sagu”, Banggai, Nat. Coll. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 1/2, 31; Sharpe 40. Figure and descriptions. Gould JJ, 3; Schlegel b 2; Salvadori 12; Buller 25; Sharpe 40. Adult. Head above, sides of occiput, and hind neck slaty black; three very long (150—210 mm) narrow nuchal feathers white, blackish at base; upper parts cinnamon-rufous, palest on the rump, darkest and strongly tinged with vinous on mantle, back, and scapulars, inclining to fawn-colour on face, ear-coverts, sides of neck and of breast; chin, throat, middle of breast and under-parts white, the longer under wing-coyerts vinous grey or cinnamon; “bare space surrounding the eye greenish yellow; irides orange; bill in some specimens black, slightly tipped with yellow, in others black with a streak of greenish yellow along the lower mandible, and a wash of the same hue along the lower edge of the upper one; legs and feet jonquil-yellow; claws black”: Gould JI (ad., Manado tua Id., 6. April, 1893: Nat. Coll) == 6417109). Young. Streaked with brown and isabelline-buff: head above blacker brown with narrow shaft-streaks; sides of head and neck less dark with broad buff centre-streaks; the streaks changing into large terminal spots on the feathers of the back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, remiges and tail; the wing-coverts and inner remiges laterally vermiculated with cinnamon, tending to form bars; under-parts white, the feathers broadly fringed with brown except on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; “iris light yellow; bill above brown, below greenish; feet grey”: Platen 20 (juv., Manado, March, 1871: Meyer — CO 2009). Bird of second year. Intermediate between the above-described young and the adult: head above black; no crest; upper parts rufous brown with some obscure dark cinnamon spots on the scapulars; remiges greyish cinnamon-rufous, tipped with impure white,. subterminally crossed with blackish, under-parts streaked with brown and fulyous or white as in the young (Manado tua Id., May, 1894: Nat. Coll. — C 13356). Measurements (4 adults: N. Celebes). Wing 287—305 mm; tail 105—111; tarsus 80—85; mid. toe and claw 78—83; exposed culmen 70—73 mm. Eggs. 4 in number; pale bluish green: 50—55 >< 37—40 mm (Australia; North 26, who gives a figure of the egg). Pale blue: 50 >< 36 mm (Australia: Nehrkorn MS.). Nest. “A loose structure of a few sticks placed crosswise over forks on the branches of trees overhanging creeks, etc.; ... taken by Mr. Alex. Morton from some low bushes on Schrapper Island, near Port Stephens” (E. P. Ramsay 26). Distribution. From Australia and Tasmania to New Zealand, New Caledonia and New Guinea, west through Papuasia and the Moluccas to Celebes, Sangi Islands, North Borneo, Timor and the Keeling Islands. For exact localities cf. Salvadori 12, 31, adding Lord Howe's Island (Ramsay 17), Dana Id. near Timor (Gazelle Exp. 27), Great Sangi (Platen 24), Djampea (Everett 38), Banggai (Nat. Coll. 37), and cancelling the New Hebrides. Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 843 The Nankeen Night Heron seems to be a fairly common species in Celebes, where the first specimens of which there is any record were apparently obtained by Salomon Miiller at Macassar in 1828. For this bird seems to be “the Blue Night Heron” of which he says that it “sometimes flies around in the night, making a loud rattling cry, which is often to be heard at midnight, and so gives rise amongst the half barbarous people of these warm countries to all sorts of sayings and omens, just as is the case among the poor and ignorant in our part of the world” (d 7). The next record of its occurrence in South Celebes was made by Prof. Wilh. Blasius (20), a young female specimen having been obtained by Dr. C. Platen at Kalibangkere, 15. June, 1878, the label of which bore the tragic notice by the traveller: “Last bird of my admirable hunter Rapung, who was murdered and robbed on the following morning”. Then it was collected by Prof. Weber at Tempe and Maros. Meanwhile the bird had been obtained in the North Peninsula by Forsten, Rosenberg, Meyer, Musschenbroek, and others, both in the Minahassa and the Gorontalo District. Rosenberg says he got 18 specimens at Lake Limbotto in two (separate) months’ collecting in 1863—1864. As Walden first remarked on a young specimen from Meyer, the occurrence of birds in young plumage shows that the species breeds in the island (North Celebes), and W. Blasius points out that Platen’s specimen proves this to be the case in the Southern Peninsula also. A slightly differentiated form of N. caledonica is found in WN. crassirostris Vig. of the Bonin Islands, which has, according to Seebohm (30) a stouter bill (22.8—25.4 mm across the nostrils as against 20.3—22.8 in the present bird). Dr. Sharpe distinguishes the two birds as subspecies. Another closely allied form is Nycticoraxv manilensis, with the entire fore-neck, and sometimes the chin and throat, of a rufous colour, the three crest-feathers tipped with black, some- times entirely black, and the upper parts of a darker hue than in N. caledonicus. Both occur in N. Celebes, where it seems very likely that they interbreed. N. griseus is easily recognised by its back and scapulars of black glossed with green, grey wings and light grey face and under parts. In habits, according to Gould, N. caledonicus is nocturnal, and it feeds on fishes, water-lizards, crabs, frogs, leeches, insects. 358. NYCTICORAX MANILEWNSIS Vig. Philippine Night Heron. Nycticorax manillensis (1) Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, 98; (IZ) Fraser, Zool. Typ. Av. 1848, t. 64; (3) Gray, List Grallae Br. Mus. 1844, 86; (4) id., Gen. B. IIT, 558 (1847); (V) Rehb., Orn., Grallat. 1846, t. 155, £2391; (6) Bp., Consp. 1855, I, 140; (7) Swinh., Ibis 1860, 65, 358; (8) Hartl. & Finsch, P. Z. 8. 1872, 105; (9) Finsch, J. Mus. Godef, 1875, VIL, 33; (10) Wald. Tr. Z.S. 1875, IX, 238; (11) Rchw., J. f O. 1877, 238; (12) Tweedd., P. Z. S. 1877, 769; (13) id., ib. 1878, 288, 345; (14) id., 106* oe 844 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. ib. 1879, 73; (15) Finsch, ib. 1880, 577; (16) Schmeltz, Eth. Abth. Mus. Godef. 1881, 353; (17) Tweedd., Orn. Works 1881, 199, 400, 542, 602, 651; (18) W. Rams., op. cit. 660; (19) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 375; (20) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 297; (21) Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, 203; (22) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A.S. 1889, 190; (23) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1890, 146; (24) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 27; (25) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1992, 69 (syn. Bead, pes & Wsg., J. f.O. 1894, 116; (27) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 541; (28) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 32; (29) Grant, Ibis 1895, 117, 266; (30) M.& Wey Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 19; (31) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 6, note; (32) Sharpe, Cat. B..1898, X XVI, 162. a. Calherodius manillensis (1) Bp., C. R. 1850, XL, 723, Nr. 133. b. Ardea manillensis (7) Schl. (nec Meyen), Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 60. c. Nycticorax caledonicus (1) Hartl. & Finsch (nec Gm.), P. ZS. 1868, 117. d. Nyctiardea manillensis (1) Gray, HL. 1871, IL, 33, Nr. 10173, pt. e. Nycticorax minahassae (1) M. & Wg., J. f. O. 1894, 115; (2) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XXYVI, 163. Figures and descriptions. Fraser IJ; Reichenbach V; Vigors 7; Bonaparte 6; Tweeddale 10, 17; Sharpe 32 Diagnosis. Adult. Like N. caledonicus, but the neck all round vinous cinnamon-rufous, with a white dividing mark down the fore-neck; the slate-colour of the head descending about half-way down the hind neck; chin and upper throat white; the three elongated nuchal plumes white with black tips; the cinnamon-rufous of the back washed with purpurescent-slaty, bill black (Gt ad., Kema, 8. Oct. 1893: P.& F. Sar.). — A second specimen is like the above as regards its under-surface, but has the back as well as the hind neck and head above blackish slate-colour, with a tinge of purple on the back; the nuchal plumes (not fully grown) black, in the middle white stained with black; supraloral stripe narrow, vinous rufous; “bill entirely black; iris yellow”: P.& F. Sar. (ot, Kema, 1. Aug. 1892: Sarasin Coll. — type of N. minahassae M.& Wg.).— A third example almost entirely wants the slaty hue on the back: back vinous cinnamon-rufous; superciliary stripe paler; crest plumes tipped with black; base of lower mandible yellowish (c scarcely? adult, strand between Kema and Lilang, Sept. 1894: Sarasin Coll.). — An adult from Cebu differs from these Celebesian examples in haying the chin and throat, as well as the entire fore-neck and jugulum, vinous cinnamon-rufous, the entire hind neck blackish slaty like the head (C 4566). Walden (10) describes a nearly adult bird from Cebu as having the chin and throat white (i. e. as in the Celebesian bird described). Young. The young seems to differ from the young of N. caledonicus (see foregoing article) in having the rectrices dark cinnamon-rufous as against grey-brown, and a slaty tinge on the mantle, but we do not think that these differences will hold good for all cases; “bill black, below greenish; bare skin of face yellow-green; iris yellow; feet yellowish grey” (Kema, 8. Aug. 92: Sarasin OColl.). Hix: Measurements (adults). Wing | Tail |Tarsus = posed claw | © a. (Sarasin-Coll.) gt, Kema, 1. Aug. 92. . . . .|.317| 112| 78 | 7s | 78 b (Sarasin Coll.) Gt, Kema, 8. Oct. 93 . . 303 | 105 | 84 | 85 | 72 e. (Sar. Coll.) Gf vix? ad., Kema — ee Sept. 94. 303 | 107 | 84 | — | 81 d: (C4566) ad, Cebu. . . . . . .| 313 | 124] 85.| 84 | 73 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. $45 Specimen ) seems to be in complete plumage; ¢ is acquiring new primaries, a has the crest-plumes not fully grown out. Nest and eggs. Undescribed. Distribution. Philippine Islands — Luzon, Cebu, Leyte, Negros, Malamaui, Catanduanes, Siquijor, Marinduque, Samar, Tablas, Sibuyan, Panay, Masbate, Basilan, Mindanao, Tawi Tawi (Gevers b 1, Everett 17, 18, Steere 24, Platen 23, Bourns & Worcester 28, Whitehead 29); N. Borneo (Everett 27); Labuan (id. 32); N. Ce- lebes — Minahassa (P.& F. Sarasin e 1, 30); Pelew Islands!) (Kubary, ete. 25) Caroline Islands — Ruk (Kubary 25). The Philippine Night Heron was first recorded by us from Celebes after examples from Drs. P. and F. Sarasin, who in 1892 obtained three specimens, two young, and the third an adult male characterised by a blackish slate-coloured back; it was named by us N. minahassae. Two more specimens, which the tra- vellers soon afterwards added to their collection, afforded transitions to Nycticorax manilensis, consequently we united (30) minahassae with that species; at the same time the differences between Celebesian specimens of Nycticorax caledonicus and manilensis are almost bridged over. While N. caledonicus has the fore-neck white, N. manilensis has only a white parting down it; also the crest-plumes of caledomcus are not tipped with black as in manilensis, and the back of the former is of a lighter rufous, wanting a slaty purple tinge on the mantle. Moreover, N. manilensis appears to be a variable species, as regards colour, and that inde- pendently of age, sex, and season. The type of N. minahassae may, perhaps, be correctly termed a melanistic variety of N. manilensis. But it is not certain whether the Celebesian birds are quite the same as JN. manilensis of Luzon, the type of which is said to have the fore-neck rufous (no mention being made of a white parting down it); other descriptions, however, seem to show that the bird is subject to considerable variation in the Philippines, as well as in Celebes. Another possibility is that N. caledonicus and N. manilensis interbreed in North Celebes, and that we have to do with a mixed race. According to Sharpe (32) there is an adult and a young example of Nycticorax caledonicus from Celebes in the ’weeddale Collection in the British Museum, but none of manilensis. 4359. NYCTICORAX GRISEUS (L)). Common Night Heron. a. Ardea nycticorax (1) Linn., S. N. 1766, I, 235; (II) Naum., Vég. Deutschl. 1838, IX, 139, t. 225; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 56. b. Ardea grisea (Briss. Orn. 1760, V, 412, pl. 36]; (1) Linn., S. N. 1766, I, 239. c. Ardea naevia (1) Bodd., Tabl. Pl. Enl. 1783, 56. d. Nycticorax europaeus (1) Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. 1819, XI, 609. e. Nycticorax nycticorax (1) Boie, Isis 1822, 560; (2) Seeb., Ibis 1887, 181; (3) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 295; (4) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 222; (5) Biittik., Zool. 1) Nycticorax caledonicus, according to Sharpe. 846 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, ILI, 306; (6) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 426; (7) id., Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 146. Nycticorax griseus (1) Strickl.; (2) Gray, List Grallae Br. Mus. 1844, 84; (3) Swinh., This 1861, 53; (4) id., Ibis 1863, 423; (5) Hartl. & Finsch, P. ZS. 1872, 105; (6) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VII, 100; (7) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 356; (8) Rehw., J. f. O. 1877, 237; (9) Hume & Davison, Str. F. 1878, VI, 484; (X) Dresser, B. Europe VI, 269, pl. 402 (1879); (11) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1165; (12) Tweedd., Orn. Works 1881, 199, 400, 413, 561; (13) Wardl. Rams., op. cit. 660; (14) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 376; (15) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 166; (16) Cazin, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1887, (4) VIL, 177; (17) St. John, Ibis 1889, 178; (18) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A.S. 1889, 190; (19) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 148, 285; (20) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 27; (21) Hagen, T. Ned. Aard. Genoots. 1890, (2) VII, 167; (22) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1891, L, 408; (23) Styan, Ibis 1891, 327, 493; (24) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891, (2) XII, .77; (25) Wiglesw., Aves Polyn. 1892, 69; (26) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 489; 27) Styan, Ibis 1893, 434; (28) Hose, t. c. 420; (29) Newton, Dict. B. 1893, 420. f. Nyctiardea nycticorax (1) Swinh., P. Z.S. 1872, 413; (2) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 444; (3) Oates, B. Brit. Burmah 1883, II, 259; (4) id., ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs 1890, I, 258. g. Nycticorax aegyptius (Hasselq.); (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 98. h. Nycticorax griseus naevius (1) Brd., Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am, 1884, I, 55. For further synonymy and references cf. Naumann a JJ; Salvadori 6; Dresser X; Stejneger e 3; Sharpe e 7. Figures and descriptions. Naumann a JJ; Dresser X; Legge 11; Oates f 3; etc., etc. Adult. Head above, mantle, back, scapulars and innermost remiges black, strongly glossed with green; three or more very long narrow occipital plumes white; neck, a broad superciliary stripe, face, fore neck and under parts, with lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts light grey; wings and tail browner grey; “iris variable — deep red, crimson, scarlet; bill — upper mandible black, loral skin and gape bluish green, base of under mandible greenish yellow, tip black; legs and feet pale orange-yellow, in some yellow” (Legge 10); wing 280; tail 110; tarsus 73; mid. toe & claw 80; exp. culmen 74 mm (? Java: v. Schierbrand). Young. Brown, streaked with fulvous, the streaks spreading out into broad terminal spots on the remiges, wing-coverts and back, as in Nycticorax caledonicus juv., from which it is not easily distinguished. The greater wing-coverts and remiges are grey-brown | with white terminal spots; in caledonicus they are dusky brown, yermiculated or barred on the outer web with rufous; the tail is greyer, in caledonicus browner; the general tint is greyer than in caledonicus (juv. Nr. 11386). Remark. Perhaps the best means of distinguishing the two forms is found in the pro- portions of the toe and tarsus: according to our method of measuring the middle toe with claw of NV. grisews is 5—10 mm longer than the tarsus, im caledonicus (as in manilensis) the two parts are approximately equal. Eggs. Of variable shape; in colour delicate pale sea-green, varying to bright light green and greenish white; size 42.7—52.3 <38—36.8 mm, average of 18 specimens 48.8 <34.3 mm (Hume f 4). Nest. Of sticks, placed in reed-beds, on trees or bushes, where the birds often breed in very large colonies (cf. Swinhoe 3, 4; Hume f 4). Distribution. “The present species is chiefly to be met with in the southern and eastern portions of our continent (Europe), and but seldom occurs in Northern Europe. In Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. S47 Africa it is found as far south as the Cape of Good Hope; in Asia east to Japan and south to the Malay archipelago; and in America from the Northern United States down to Central America” (Dresser X). In the Oriental Region: — India (Jerdon ete. 11); Ceylon (Legge 12); Nico- bars (Davison 11); Burmah (Oates f 3); Tenasserim (Davison 9); China (Swinhoe 3, f1, David f 2, etc.); South Japan (Siebold, Pryer e 4); Formosa (Swinhoe 4); Hainan (Styan 27); Philippine Is. — Luzon (Meyen 12, Steere 20), Mindanao (Everett 12); Borneo (Croockewit, etc. 7, 18); Sumatra (Hagen 21, Modigliani 24); Banka (vy. d. Bossche a 3); Java (Horsfield 7, Boie a 3, Vorderman 22); Flores (Weber e 5); North Celebes — Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten a 3, v. Rosenb. g 1, Riedel 15); Caroline Is. — Uap (Kubary 5); Sandwich Is. (Knudsen h 1). The Common Night Heron is found in most of the warm and temperate countries of the globe, excepting the Moluccas, Papuasia, Australia, New Zea- land and Southern Polynesia. Celebes and Flores mark the south-eastern bounds of its range as at present known in the Oriental countries. Only four specimens, as Prof. W. Blasius points out (/5), are as yet known from the island — apparently all from the Gorontalo District, probably Lake Limbotto. Mr. Hose (28) says that it breeds at Lake Ansok, Borneo, but there is as yet nothing to show whether it is a resident in Celebes or not. Some of the head-quarters of the species seem to be in China and Formosa; a wonderful account of the ereat breeding colony at the Honam Temple, Canton, is given by Swinhoe (3), and vast numbers were found by him breeding in company in Formosa. Mr. Oates describes a similar condition in Burmah. Their nocturnal habits cause them to be regarded with superstitious fear by the natives, and the trees round the temples have become one of their favourite nesting haunts. A curious circumstance is related in the “Water Birds of N. America” (h 1) showing the persistency with which a first impression reoccurred to and influenced the movements of a tame young Night Heron. The bird had had occasion three or four times to go round a cart and fly half over a heap of rubbish which lay in its path; the heap was then removed, but always afterwards, when the bird had to cross the spot, it did so by “making a circuit around the spot where the cart had formerly stood, and in giving a flying leap over the place where once the pile had previously made this necessary”. Such facts should be of interest to students of mental philosophy. The Common Night Heron is a very distinct species, easily distinguishable from its congeners, N. caledonicus, manilensis and crassirostris, by its glossy green- black head above and back, its dark grey wings and tail, and the light grey of the rest of its person. The young birds of these species are on the other hand hard to discriminate. Small local variations are found in N. griseus; the N. American form has been named zaevius, and that found in the southern countries of S. America, obscurus. The last is on an average larger in size (h 1). 848 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. GENUS GORSACHIUS Bp. Differs from Nycticorax by its shorter toes, the middle one being considerably shorter than the tarsus, by its smaller and shorter bill, with the nasal groove broader and more membranous in front of the nostril; by the absence of the narrow, elongated nuchal plumes, by its more variegated and Bittern-like color- ation. ‘The pectinations on the claw of the middle toe are much larger, and the soles of the feet more expansive. For further particulars see below (p. 849). Range: India to Japan, the Pelew Islands, Halmahera and Java. + 360. GORSACHIUS KUTTERI (Cab). Philippine Tiger-bittern. a. Ardea limnophylax (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 55, partim; ?/2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278; ? (3) W. Blas., J. £. O. 1883, 126. b. Gorsachius') melanolophus (nec Raffl.); (1) Blyth, Ibis 1865, 38 pt. (Philippines); (2) Slvd., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 355, pt.; (3) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1875, LX, 238, pt.; (4) Slvd., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 371, pt.; (5) Biittik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1887, IX, 81, pt.; (6) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 204; (7) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 320; (8) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 190; (9) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 60, 147; (10) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 147, 285; (11) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 27; (12) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 32; (13) Everett, Ibis 1895, 32; (14) M.& Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 9, p. 8; (15) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XX VI, 166; (16) Grant, Ibis 1897, 250. c. Ardea philippensis (1) Martens (nec Gm.), J. f. O. 1866, 28. d. Butio kutteri (1) Cab., Orn. Centralbl. 1881, 159; J. f. O. 1881, 425; Rehw. & Schal., t. ¢. 1882, 115; (IZ) Kutter, t. c. 178, t. II; (3) Heine & Rchw., Nomencl. Mus. Heine 1890, 309. e. Butio (Goisachius) kutteri (1) Schalow, J. f. O. 1891, 230. “Tola mariri”, adult, and “Tola ambatja”, young, Talaut Islands, Nat. Coll. Figure and description. Cabanis d1; Kutter d IL. Adult. Head above and occipital crest blackish slaty; neck dark cinnamon, inclining to raw umber on sides of head; chin white; a stripe of whitish feathers streaked with brown down the fore neck; upper parts slaty brown, the scapulars and wing-coverts mottled and vermiculated with cinnamon, some of the primary coyerts chestnut, tipped with white; remiges slaty blackish, broadly tipped with white, with a subterminal blotch of hazel, tail blackish slaty; under parts including under wing coverts white, stamed with buff and streaked and spotted irregularly with dark brown, forming bars on the sides, flanks and axillaries; upper part of upper mandible horn- colour, the rest yellowish; legs and feet brown, claw whitish (in the skin), (Hsang, Talaut Is., 20. Oct. 1894: Nat. Coll. — C 13854). Young. Head and nape black, with white terminal edgings and the nuchal plumes with large, subterminal, sagittate spots of white; sides of head, neck and upper parts sooty black, the feathers tipped with white, and with large, irregular, subterminal ‘| The word is variously spelt Gorsakius, Gorsachius, Gotsakius, and Goisachius. The first is a nomen nudum and Gorsachius comes next in chronological order (cf. Stejneger. Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae, 849 spots or (on scapulars and wing-coverts) vermiculate bars of white; some of the inner primary coverts chestnut with broad white tips and a subterminal black portion ; remiges blackish slaty, broadly tipped with white; tail-feathers blackish slaty, the lateral ones with imperfect subterminal white narrow bars; under parts buff-white, mottled and spotted with blackish brown, as in the adult (juy. Esang, Talaut 29. Oct. 94: Nat. Coll. — © 13856). i ; Transition. A third example is changing from young to adult plumage: general plumage as in the adult, but numerous worn feathers of immaturity (blackish with white sagittate spots or tips) on the sides of the neck, nape, and sides of head; others among the wing-coverts and inner remiges (Hsang, 24. Oct. 94: Nat. Coll. — © 13855). Measurements. Wing | Tail [Tarsus| Mid toe | Exposed a. (C 13854) ad., Talaut (Nat. Coll.) . . . . | 235] 83 | 60 48 48 b. (C 13855) vix ad., Talaut (Nat. Coll). . . | 239] 88 | 65 53 51 e. (C 13856) juv., Talaut (Nat. Coll). . . . | 229] 82 | 61 51 49 For comparison: G. melanolophus d. (0 12415) imm., Java (v.Schierbrand) . . | 256| 95 | 67 | 56 44 e. (C 12414) juv., Java (v.Schierbrand). . . | 254} 92 | 63 53 |ea.44 jee Nicobarvis. ct adi? (Elume 3). . 5 . . | 260) =" |) 58 — 44 Pacorersi. 1) (Hume 8) 2... | 939) | 5B | 16 Nest and eggs. “The nest was placed among the tangled masses of undergrowth a few feet from the ground, and contained two white eggs, slightly greenish, on 27 June. Axis 1.9, diam. 1.45” = 48 >< 37 mm (Palawan: Whitehead 19). Distribution. Philippines — Luzon (Kutter d 1), Cebu and Masbate (Bourns & Wore. 6 12), Guimaras and Mindanao (Steere 6 11), Palawan (Whitehead b 6, 6 9, Plat. 6 7); North Borneo (Whitehd, 6 10); Talaut Islands — Karkellang (Nat. Coll. b 14); ? North Celebes — Gorontalo (Rosenberg a 2). The genus Gorsachius is a form about which it is almost impossible at present to obtain exact knowledge. It consists probably of three or more species or local races found from India and Japan as far as Pelew Islands, Halmahera and Java. Systematically Gorsachius seems to haye affinities with the Night Herons, Nycticorax, but differs by its toes being much shorter than the tarsus, by the more expansive skin on the soles of its feet, by the longer and coarser pectinations of the claw of the middle toe, by its differently shaped bill (the nasal groove being broader and deeper); it lacks the long, narrow, occipital plumes of Nycticorax, while the broad white tips to the remiges of Gorsachius form a very unusual character in a Heron, except in young birds. It agrees with Nycticorax in having the scales on the front of the tarsus for the most part reticulate or irregular, in having 12 tail-feathers as Seebohm first re- marked (B. Japan, 225), and by its short neck. ‘The plumage of the young is more Bittern-like than that of Nycticoray, and the adult also resembles the Bitterns in the irregular character of the markings on its wings and under sur- face, but the true Botawrus has 10 tail-feathers and very long toes. The New Guinea Bittern, Zonerodius, which has 12 tail-feathers, evidently stands nearer to it than Botaurus. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 10th, 1897). 107 §50 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. For a long time ornithologists were uncertain whether there was one or more species of Gorsachius, a matter which Mr. Biittikofer’s careful examination (b5) has gone far to clear up. This ornithologist recognises two species: Gorsachius goisaki of Japan, also occurring in Formosa and the Pelews, the adult having the crown and occiput rusty red and the bill shorter; and Gorsachius melanolophus ranging from India and China to the Philippines, Borneo, Java, the Nicobars and Ceylon, and having a black crest, and a longer, stouter and straighter bill. Both black-crested and red-crested birds have been recorded from Formosa, the Philippines, and apparently Japan, but Mr. Biittikofer re- marks that he would believe rather in the occurrence of the two species in the same places than in the identity of G. goisagi with G. melanolophus. ‘The state- ment of Legge, that G. melanolophus migrates from Malacca to Ceylon and India during the N. E. monsoon (the winter months from October onwards), is not allowed by Biittikofer, who says that it is a winter visitant to the Malay Peninsula and the Sunda Islands, as well as to Ceylon and the Nicobars; the bird is, however, one that is rarely observed in life and is rare in collections, and there seems to be at present no sufficient evidence for drawing conclusions as to its wanderings. On the other hand Mr. Whitehead’s discovery of a nest and eggs in Palawan seems to be proof that there are resident birds in the Kast India Islands. It appears probable, also, that the Archipelago may be visited in winter by others, as Mr. Biittikofer supposes. Care is required in ascertaining the sex of the birds; according to Hume and Oates, the female has the head rufous, or reddish above, and it might, therefore, be mistaken for goisagi. The resident race of Talaut seems to be Botaurus kutteri of the Philippines including, according to Heine & Reichenow, Palawan, and we should think, most likely, N. Borneo. In describing it Prof. Cabanis says in effect nothing more than that it has a black head, but is smaller in all its dimensions than G. melanolophus. The Talaut birds are longer in the bill and shorter in the wing than those of Java, the under parts are much whiter, the ground-colour in the young Javan bird being cinnamon, inclining to white only about the middle of the feathers, the whole being more copiously streaked, mottled and vermiculated with black; while our rather older Javan example differs more widely in having the fore-neck and breast dark greyish cinnamon-rufous with scanty markings of black. GENUS BUTORIDES Blyth. This form has much in common with Nycticorax, but is very much smaller (about as large as a Partridge) and the dorsal feathers are lengthened and lanceolate. It differs from the other small Herons of Celebes (Ardetta) by having the tarsus reticulated with large scales, by its shorter and stouter legs and feet, and in the adult by the ornamental dorsal feathers. Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 851 +361. BUTORIDES JAVANICA (Horsf.). Little Grey Bittern. The Little Grey Bittern, described first by Horsfield from Java in 1821 (Tr. L. S. XIII, 190), may, apparently, best be treated as a single species of wide range, inhabiting the countries from S. E. Siberia and India to Australia and some of the islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but within this broad area it varies locally to an appreciable degree. The differences are not great, and the northern birds also migrate in winter into some of the quarters of the southern forms, so that it may sometimes be exceedingly difficult to know whether we have to do with a resident example or with a northern visitor. A race of large size inhabits Siberia and Japan, migrating through China down to the Philippines (Palawan — Everett, Ibis 1895, 38) and Labuan, and in- vestigation is almost sure to prove that it goes further; this form was named var. amurensis by v. Schrenck. Gould recognised two forms in Australia, which he called Ardetta macrorhyncha and stagnatilis but the former seems to be simply stagnatilis in immature dress. Hodgson called the Indian bird chloriceps, Peale that found by him in Tahiti patruelis. Dr. Sharpe, who, with the col- lections of the British Museum, should best be able to form a sound opinion on the matter, recognises (Ibis 1894, 295, 296) four races with the following ranges: B. javanica: India and Ceylon east to Southern China, and south throughout the Burmese countries to the Malayan Peninsula and the Indo-Malayan Islands as far as Celebes. B. amurensis (Schrenck), subsp.: Amurland and the Japanese Islands south to Southern China, Formosa, the Philippine Islands and Labuan. B. spodiogaster Sharpe, subsp.: Andaman and Nicobar Islands. B. stagnatilis Gid., subsp.: N. & E. Australia to New Guinea and throughout the Moluccas to Timor and Flores, eastwards to the Solomon Group, New Caledonia, the Fiji, Society and Friendly (?) Islands. So far as we can judge, Sharpe is fully justified in making these sub- divisions: B. amurensis ordinarily has the wing 10—30 mm longer than in the typical form; B. stagnatilis is much more rufous brown on the cheeks, throat and under parts; while B. spodiogaster is said to be much darker leaden grey in colour than the typical javanica. But, if closer examination be made, there can be little doubt that resident birds will be found to differ in many localities; for instance, the North Celebesian examples before us are not quite identical with the typical form from Java, being more slaty and less green on the crest and upper surface. The following references bear upon the occurrence of the species in Celebes: a. Ardea scapularis (1) S. Miill., Reizen Ind. Archip. 1858, pt. I, 15, 65 (note). b. Ardea javanica (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 44; (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 183; (3) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Centralpol. 1867, 210; (4) Briiggem., Abh. Ver. Brem. 1876, V, 97; (5) Rosenb.,.Malay. Archip. 1878, 278. 107* ie nD aie a 852 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. Butorides javanica (1) Walden, Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIII, 100; (2) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 143; (3) Guillem., P. Z. 8.41885, 561; (4) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 167; (5) Bittik., Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 284; (6) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 13; (7) Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, 181; (8) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XX VI, 177. ce. Ardea stagnatilis (1) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167. “Sweko itam” (Black Heron), Malay (Meyer 2); “Rarappera”, Minahassa (id.). “Swekko kaki biru”, “Swekko abu abu sedang”, “Swekko burik ketjil”, Minahassa (N. C.). The following reference apparently proves the occurrence of the migratory E. Asiatic B. javanica amurensis in Celebes: d, Butorides macrorhyncha (1) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 169. For further synonymy of B. javanica and its races cf. Salvadori, Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 359, Agg. 1891, 206; Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XX VI, 177. Adult in breeding plumage. Head above, crest, and a patch on the ear-coverts slaty black, glossed with green; remaining parts grey — dark grey on face and neck, more slate-grey, partly with strong green reflections, on the lanceolate feathers of mantle and scapulars; rump greenish grey, wings and tail-feathers slaty, glossed with green, the wing-coverts and inner remiges edged with buff or white; under parts lighter grey, white along mesial line of throat and metacarpal edge, stained with buff on jugulum (Minahassa, Faber — CO 3546). “Iris light yellow; bill above black; bill below, and feet, light green” (Platen, Sarawak: in W. Blas., J. f. O. 1882, 254). Apparently the lengthened lanceolate plumes of the back and scapulars are a sign of mature age — not simply of nuptial dress, to be lost as soon as the breeding season is over. Sex. The sexes are not known to differ in plumage. Immature. Like the adult, but the wing-coverts more broadly margined with buff and cinnamon, the primary coyverts and quills conspicuously tipped with white, the lanceolate plumes of the back shorter; neck, face and under-parts grey-brown (near Manado — C 10952). Young. Without the lanceolate dorsal feathers; head above not black, but blackish, streaked with cinnamon; upper parts bistre-brown, the wing-coyerts broadly edged with cinnamon and tipped like the remiges with white or whitish; under parts buff, white on throat, broadly streaked with dusky and brown (Tondano — C 10985). . : Middle | Exposed Measurements. Wing| Tail |Tarsus toe and i ea a. (C 3545) ad., Minahassa, 1877 (Faber) . . .| 180| 66 | 47 | 51.5 62 b. (C 3546) ad., Minahassa, 1877 (Faber) . . .| 182] 70 | 46 49 57 ce. (C 13259) vixad., Minahassa, Feb.94 (Nat. Coll.)| 174 | 62 | 45 48 56 d. (OC 13258) vix ad., Minahassa, Feb. 94 (iid.). .| 173 | 57 | 46 50 62 e. (C 13257) vix ad., Minahassa, Feb. 94 (iid.). .| 171 | 60 | 48 52 59 f. (C 10952) vix ad., Minahassa, Aug.-Sept. 92 (iid.)| 174, — | 45 48 53 g. (C 12097) vix ad., Manado tua, 9. IV. 93 (iid.)| 167 | 60 | 43 47 57 h. (C 5271) juv., Manado (Musschenbroek). .| 168| 58 | 44 AT 60 i. (010951) juv., nearManado, Aug.-Sept.92(N.C.)| 166) — | 46 | — | 56 Jj. (C 10985) juv., near Manado, Aug.-Sept. 92 (iid.)| 168 | — | 44 | — 57 k, (C 13255) juv., Minahassa, Feb. 94 (iid.). . .| 167| 59 | 46 — 56 l. (Sarasin Coll.) Giad., Kema, Sept.93 . . .| 182| 66 | 47 | 51 60 m.(Sarasin Coll.) Q juv., Macassar, 20. LX. 95 .| 160 | 58 | 44 — 52 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 853 Nest and Eggs. In Celebes the bird builds its nest near the water in the reeds (Meyer 2), “Eggs from the Amur and KE. India are dark blue and measure 39 >< 28—29 mm” (Nehrkorn MS). Other authors term the tint blue-green, etc.: cf. Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B., Oates ed. 1890, IIT, 249; Taczanowski, Faune Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 988; North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 322; ete. Distribution (with racial differences). 8. E. Siberia and Japan, south throughout the East India Islands to Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji and Tahiti, Ceylon, the Andamans and Nicobars, Chagos, Mauritius, Rodriguez, Seychelles, Comoros (cf. Salvadori and Sharpe). In the Celebes Province: — Minahassa (Meyer 2, Fischer b 4, ete.), Gorontalo District (Forsten b 1, Riedel 4), Manado tua (Nat. Coll.), small island off Buton (S. Miller @ 1), Tempe, S. Celebes (Weber 5), Macassar (P.& F. Sarasin), Saleyer (Everett 7). This little Heron seems to be not uncommon in Celebes, though it has not yet been found in the neighbouring island groups, Sangi, Talaut and Sula. The first record of its occurrence in the Province is due to Salomon Miiller, who found it on a small island near Buton Island. Meyer observed that it “flies alone. Sits much on a twig over or near the water, bent together, but eagerly looking for food, and suddenly rushing down on a fish ora crab. Also feeds on eggs of fresh-water fishes, especially Ophiocephalus striatus (native name ‘Kobés’), which is common in the lake of Tondano; but often the strong fish attacks the bird, and hinders it from devouring the eggs” (2). Rosenberg (b 3) describes it and Ardea macrorhyncha (the present bird in im- mature dress?) as also haunting the strand at ebb-tide, where it finds its food among the roots of the mangroves, eating all kinds of marine animals, especially crabs. B. javanica, which has been placed by many authors among the Little Bitterns (Ardetta), by Seebohm (B. Japan 1890, 224) among the Night Herons, (Nycticorax), is the type of the genus Butorides. Dr. Sharpe recognises five or six species, these being spread over most of the temperate and tropical parts of the globe, except of Europe and Western Asia. Its affinities are more with the Night Herons than with the Little Bitterns; its black pileum and crest, and reticulate-scaled tarsus display its relationship to the Night Herons; it differs by the feathers of the back and scapulars elongated and lanceolate, much as in Ardea, and in wanting the three long, white nuchal plumes. Its somewhat short and stout legs, toes, and claws appear well adapted for poking about among the rough places of the sea-strand, as is the case with Demiegretta, and herein it differs from the Little Bitterns, Ardetta, which have more delicate toes, longer, thinner and straighter claws, and the tarsus clad with regular transverse scales. As is indicated above, two forms of B. javanica occur in Celebes, a resident race and a larger bird, of which a young specimen has been recorded from Gorontalo by Prof. W. Blasius and identified by him with the Australian B. macrorhyncha (G1d.), but which may more probably be an individual of the large race from S. E. Siberia and Japan, which migrates south in winter (Seebohm, B. Japan 1890, 224; Everett, Ibis 1895, 38; Styan, Ibis 1891, Sails 493; De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 489; David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 442). 854 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. GENUS ARDETTA G.R.Gray. The Little Bitterns are about the size of a Turtle Dove. The bill is long and slender, slightly serrated; the tail short, about as long as the tarsus and consists of 10 feathers; the toes and claws slender; the tarsus covered with trans- verse shields in front and behind, or covered behind with large polygonal scales. No ornamental dorsal plumes. The scaling of the tarsus and the small tail of 10 feathers serve to distinguish them from Butorides. Their nearer affinities are with Botawrus, which differs in the characters pointed out below (p. 856). +362. ARDETTA SINENSIS (Gm.). Little Yellow Bittern. a. Ardea sinensis (1) Gm., S. N. 1788, I, 642 (ex Latham); (IZ) Gray & Hardwicke, IL. Ind. Zool. 1830—34, I, pl. 66, f.2; (3) Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Ardeae, 1863, 40; (4) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 97; (5) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 278. b. Ardea lepida (1) Horsf., Tr. L. 8. 1821, XIII, 190; (2) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167. Ardetta sinensis (1) Gray, List Grallae Br. Mus. 1844, 83; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VI, 99; (3) Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, 405; (4) Salvadori, Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 354; (5) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 448; (6) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 484; (7) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1156; (8) Salvadori, Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 363; (9) Kelham, Ibis 1882, 196; (10) W. Blas., J. f.O. 1883, 140; (12) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, IT, 257; (12) Guillem., P. Z. S. 1885, 274, 561, 665; (13) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1885, XLIV, 238; (14) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1886, (2) IV, 563; (15) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 289; (16) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 190; (17) Sh. & Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 148; (17%) Heine & Rchnw., Nom. Mus. Hein. 1890, 308; (18) Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs 1891, II, 255; (19) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 206; (20) id., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1891, (2) XT, 77; (21) Styan, Ibis 1891, 329, 492; (22) Wiglesworth, Av. Polyn. 1892, 68; (23) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 489; (24) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 988; (25) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 258, 425; (26) Bns. & Worces., B. & M. Menage Exped. 1894, 32; (27) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr.8, p.19; (28) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 227. ce. Ardeola sinensis (1) Bp., Consp. Av. 1855, I, 133; (2) Oust., Bull. 8S. Philom. 1878, 187. d. Botaurus sinensis (1) Rchnw., J. f. O. 1877, 244; (2) Seebohm, B. Japan 1890, 227. “Swekko burik ketjil”, Malay, Tondano, Nat. Coll. “Pokok werreng okie”, T'ondano, iid. For further synonymy and references cf. Oustalet ¢ 2; Salvadori 8, 19; Sharpe 28. Figure and descriptions. Gray & Hardwicke a IJ; Legge 7; Salvadori 8; Oates 11; Vorderman 13; Stejneger 15; Taczanowski 24; Sharpe 28. Adult. [) Head above black, the feathers of forehead edged with brown, those of nape lengthy; upper parts isabelline-olive, chestnut on lower hind neck and shoulders, more drab-brown on scapulars, deep buff on wing-coverts; primary-coverts, remiges and tail-feathers black; upper tail-coverts slaty; under surface buff, with a pink tint on breast, face and ear-coyerts; throat, under wing-coverts, axillaries, and longest under tail-coverts white; lateral pectoral feathers with broad blackish brown centres (ad., C 10984, Aug.—Sept. 92: Tondano neighbourhood — Nat. Coll.). Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. $55 “Trides yellow; legs and beak pale yellowish green, the latter dusky on its ridge” (Kelham 9). Female. The female has the black of the head restricted to the middle of the crown and nape, the sides of crown pale chestnut and the feathers of forehead broadly edged with the same; a plait-stripe of pale rufous down the middle of the throat; wing- coverts less clear buff (Q, Tomohon, 22. IV. 94: Sarasin Coll.). Young. Differs from the adult in having the feathers of head above chestnut-red with blackish centre-streaks, those of back dark brown with tawny-buff edgings; wing-coverts buff with dark centre-streaks; under parts streaked with brown, on throat and breast with orange-rufous (Tondano, Aug.—Sept. 1892 — © 10982). Measurements (6 adults from Celebes). Wing 125—136 mm; tail 41—46; tarsus c. 46; middle toe with claw c.47—50; exposed culmen c. 49—53. Eggs. “East Indian eggs are faint blue, and measure 29 >< 24mm” (Nehrkorn MS8.). See, also, Hume 18. Nest. In a tussock of grass, or bunch of reeds, or platform of rushes (Doig 18). Distribution. Askold Id., 8S. E. Siberia (Jankowski 24); Japan (Blakiston & Pryer d 2); Marianne Is. (Quoy & Gaimard 22); Pelew and Caroline Is. (Kubary 22); China (Swinhoe 8, David 5, etc.); Formosa (Swinhoe 8); Cochin China (Germain ¢ 2); India (Blyth, etc. 7, 8, 18); Ceylon (Legge, ete. 7); Andamans and Nicobars (Hume, Str. F. I, 311); Burmah (Oates 11); Tenasserim (Davison 6); Perak and Singapore (Kelham 9); Sumatra (Davison 7, Modigliani 20); Nias (Modigliani 74); Java (Horsfield 8, Vorderman 13); Borneo (Schwaner, Everett 16); Philippines (Leschenault 8, Bourns & Worcester 26); Sooloo (Guillem. 12); N. Celebes: — Minahassa (Fischer a 4, Faber in Dresd. Mus., ete.), Gorontalo (Meyer 3 in Dresd. Mus., Rosenberg b 2, etc.); Flores (Wallace 8); Timor (fide Heine & Reichenow 17”); Moluccas — Ternate (Rosenb. 8); Amboina (Beccari 8); Ceram (Wallace 28); New Britain (Finsch 8 ; Australia (Brit. Mus., Cockerell 25, 28); Seychelles (E. Newton, Lantz e 2). Specimens of the Little Yellow Bittern from Celebes are somewhat rare in collections, perhaps rather on account of the difficulty of shooting it among the scrub and reeds of its marshy haunts than by reason of its actual scarcity in the island. So far it has been recorded only from (or near) the two large lakes of the Northern Peninsula, Tondano and Limbotto. There is reason to suppose that it breeds there, as it has been killed in summer, viz. at Limbotto in July by Meyer, at Tondano in August or September by our native collectors. But in China the bird is only a summer visitor, and it is probable that in its winter migrations it may reach Celebes. It has been found on such far distant islands as the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, and the Mariannes and Carolines in the Pacific, a result most likely due to straggling during its migrations. Ardetta sinensis has its strongest affinities with the Little Bittern of Europe and Western Asia, A. minuta, and the latter's geographical representatives, A. pusilla (V.) of Australia and New Zealand, A. podicipes Bp. of S. Africa and Madagascar, A. evilis (Gm.) of N. America, and A. erythromelas (V.) of S. America; but these forms differ from it conspicuously in having the back black. Ardetta cinnamomea and A. eurythma, which occur in Celebes with the present species, may be distinguished from it at all ages by their having the first joint of the 856 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. middle toe as long or longer than the second joint, whereas in A. sinensis the first joint is very short, being only about two-thirds the length of the second joint. A. sinensis has been seen by Legge to perch on a perpendicular reed- stalk, in exactly the same manner as an ordinary Passerine bird. Dr. Sharpe recognises 9 species of the genus Ardetta (25). In the “Water Birds of N. America” (I, 71) the author of the article Ardetta remarks that he can find no difference in form or proportions between Botaurus and Ardetta. Prof. Reichenow (d 7) points out that the plumage sits more smoothly in Ardetta than in the true Bittern; neither have any decorative plumes, and they agree in having the inner toe longer than the outer, and 10 tail-feathers. A few differ- ences might haye been mentioned: the tarsus of the Common Bittern, Botawrus stellaris, is covered behind with small reticulate scales, in Ardetta it is scutellated, though somewhat irregularly; the legs of Botaurus are shorter, but particularly the bill, when compared with the wing-length, the wing of the Common Bittern being nearly 5 times the length of the exposed culmen, while in Ardetta it is about 3 times this length. The plumage of the Common Bittern is “broken up” in pattern as if for concealment and has the soft glossless character of a noc- turnal bird, that of typical Ardetta is of a diurnal type, as seen in the defined pattern of coloration, and its brighter, closer fitting dress. "363. ARDETTA EURHYTHMA Swinh. Schrenck’s Little Bittern. Plate XLV. a. Ardea (Ardeola) cinnamomea (J) Schrenck (nec Gm.), Reis. Amurlande 1858, I, 447, t, SM, £ 3 (juy-): Ardetta eurhythma (1) Swinhoe, Ibis 1873, 73; (2) id., Ibis 1875, 132, 455; (3) id., Ibis 1876, 335; (4) Blak. & Pryer, Ibis 1878, 223; (5) iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. 1880, VIU, 199; (6) Sharpe, Ibis 1879, 271; (7) Bolau, J. f. O. 1881, 62; (8) Blak. & Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, X, 118; (9) Blak., Amend. List B. Jap. 1884, 12; (10) Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 291; (11) Dorries, J. f. O. 1888, 91; (12) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 489. b. Ardetta eurythma (J) Swinh., Ibis 1873, 74, pl. UW; (2) Cab., J. f. O. 1874, 325 (note); (3) Tacz., J. f£. O. 1875, 256; (4) id., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, 259; (V) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 447, pl. 119; (6) Tacz., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1878, 140; (7) id., J. f.O. 1881, 188; (8) id., Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1885, 476; (9) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 190; (10) Styan, Ibis 1891, 327, 493; (11) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, IT, 989; (12) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 426; (13) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 19; (14) iid., ib. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 6. Ardetta sinensis (1) Tacz. (nec Gm.), J. f. O. 1874, 325. d. Botaurus eurhythmus (1) Rchnw., J. f. O. 1877, 245; (2) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 227. . Ardetta riedeli (1) Meyer & Wiglesw., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1894—95, Nr. 4, p. 2; (2) Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. 1895, XX XI, 5; Ibis 1896, 256. f. Nannocnus eurythma (7) Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C. 1895, XX XI, 5; Ibis 1896, 256; (2) id., Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 242. S Sd Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. : 857 “Swekko burik ketjil” (a name of B. javanica and A. sinensis), Minahassa, Nat. Coll. Figures and descriptions. Schrenck a I; Swinhoe b J; David and Oustalet b V; Taczanowski b 11; M. & Weg. e 1. Adult male. Above glossy deep bay, black on forehead and middle of crown, passing into chestnut on sides of head, below eye, ear-coverts, sides of and hind neck, and most of the lesser wing-coverts; middle and greater wing-coverts cinnamon; remiges and primary coverts dusky slate, the latter and some of the secondaries whitish at the tip, innermost quills bay, like back; tail-feathers blackish; submalar region and under surface cinnamon-buff, nearly white on under tail-coyerts and axillaries, a plait-stripe of red-brown down middle of throat; lateral pectoral plumes black, broadly edged with tawny-olive or dark cinnamon (¢, Tomohon, 7. X. 94: P. & F. Sarasin). “Bill blackish brown on culmen, yellowish brown on the rest, darker on sides of upper mandible near tomia, light on sides of lower and on gonys. Cere and bare skins round eye purplish flesh-colour, tinged with green. Iris straw-yellow. Legs and toes grass-green” (Swinhoe 2). Female and young male. Differ from the adult male in having the back and scapulars black varied with chestnut and covered with white spots of the size of a grain of rice; wing-coverts chestnut, broadly tipped and laterally spotted with cinnamon (where not exposed, with white); under-parts light rufous-buff, broadly streaked with chestnut and blackish; axillaries white, with slaty centres (Q, type of A. riedeli, Kema, 12. Oct. 93: P. & F. Sarasin; Main, 10. Feb. 94: Nat. Coll. — C 13256). “Iris gold- yellow; feet and legs green, feet below yellow; bill above black, at the sides and below greenish yellow” (P.& F.8.). The female is sometimes found in adult male dress, probably when old (Swinhoe 2). A nearly adult male (apparently moulting) has some white spotted feathers among the scapulars and inner secondaries, and the throat is streaked with dark brown; axillaries grey, edged with white; in other respects it is very like the adult male described (cj, Tomohon, 16. Nov. 94: P. & F.S8.). Mid. Measurements. Wing | Tail |Tarsus age aaa with culm: | claw a. (Sarasin Coll.) gf ad., Tomohon, 7.X.94 ... .| 149] 40 | 51 | 55 | 53 b. (Sarasin Ooll.) Gt vix ad., Tomohon, 16. XI. 94 .| 144) 44 | 47 | 53 | 49 ¢. (Sarasin Coll.) Q, Kema, 12.X.93 . . . . .| 142| 39 | 47 | 53 | 45 d. (C 13256) [Q?], Main, 10. II. 94 (Nat. Coll.) . .| 140 | 40 | 47 Pa ee eri e. (C 12429) [Q?], Java (v. Schierbrand). . . . . 149) At! 47 15d aT Eggs. “Short and nearly elliptical, pure white with a slight gloss on the surface; shell translucent white: size of a sitting from the banks of the river Argoun in Dauria: 33><27; 33><27; 33.5><27.3 mm” (Taczanowski 11). Three seem to be the full complement of eggs (Swinhoe 1). Distribution. S. E. Siberia (Schrenck a J, Dybowski, ete. 6 11); Japan (Blakiston & Pryer 4, d 2); China (Swinhoe 1, 2, Styan 6 10, De La Touche 12); Cochin China (fide Sharpe b 12); N. Borneo (Treacher 6, b 9); N. Celebes: Minahassa (P.& F. Sarasin, Nat. Coll.); Java (v. Schier brand). This Little Bittern was first discovered by v. Schrenck in Amurland, where he obtained a young example which he identified with A. cinnamomea. Much of what is known about the bird is from the pen of Swinhoe, who first detected it as new to science and described the remarkable differences of coloration in Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 11th, 187). 108 $58 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. the sexes. He also ascertained (so far as was possible) that, though the white- spotted birds as a rule are females and young males, the female sometimes assumes the dress of the adult male; also that the young male pairs when still wearing the spotted plumage. “From the number of adult females I examined there can be no doubt that the immature dress is the full feminine costume; and that an occasional female, probably well advanced in years, should affect the male plumage is a very ordinary circumstance among birds. But what means the adult male in immature dress? I presume that males require two years to acquire their full plumage, and breed in their first year”. It appears that the allied A. cinnamomea also is not in full dress in its second year. Further ob- servations by Godlewski (b /7) tend to prove that it is the male which hatches the eggs. Schrenck’s Bittern is a migratory species, and it is hardly to be doubted that the specimens discovered in Celebes were simply winter visitors to the island, as indeed their dates of capture or killing seem to prove. The first specimen was from the Drs. Sarasin, and it was closely followed by a second from our native hunters. Both were in the white-spotted dress, and we, in ignorance of the great sexual difference in A. eurhythma, took it for a new species and described it as A. riedeli. A further specimen, a male in fully adult plum- age, from the Sarasins soon convinced us of our error; and subsequently a third valuable specimen in transition-plumage was obtained by them. Dr. Stejneger in his excellent “Review of Japanese Birds” (10) makes a subgenus, Nannocnus, for this species and A. cinnamomea, pointing out that they differ from Ardetta in having the lower end of the tibia naked (not feathered nearly to the heel joint), and a relatively shorter tail. It might have been added that there is a considerable difference in the foot, the toes of Nannocnus being more slender and longer, the claws shorter, and the proportions of the phalanges different — the first joint of the middle toe half as long again as in Ardetta, and the first joint of the inner toe also longer and not crooked. But by their plumage < 26—27 mm” (Nehrkorn MS8.). See, also, Hume 20, Legge g 1, Kutter 12, Meyer d 2. Nest. “Of grass and rushes in a clump of grass in the middle of a field, or in a bush growing by the side of a drain, sometimes a few feet above the ground” (Legge g 1). Distribution, India (Jerdon, ete. 4, g 1, 20); Ceylon (Legge, etc. g 1); Nicobars (Hume & Davison 5); Burmah (Oates 14); Tenasserim (Davison 9); China (David 6, Styan 23, ete.); Manchuria and Amurland (fide David & Oustalet 6); Formosa (Swinhoe 4); Cochin China (Oates 74); Malacca (Kelham, ete. 17, 13); Singapore (Kelham 11); Sumatra (Raffles b 2, Klaesi 18, etc.); Java (Horsfield 4, 8. Miller b 5, Vorderman 6 11); Lombok (Everett 36); Borneo (Schwaner b 5, Grabowsky, ete. 15, 19); Philippine Is. (Ever. 7, 8, Steere, etc. 21, 30, 31, 32, 35); Celebes: — Gorontalo Distr. (v. Rosenberg 8, b 9, Riedel 16, Meyer in Dresden Mus.), Minahassa (P.& F. Sarasin 33, Nat. Coll.), 8. Celebes (Platen 16, P.& F. Sarasin 34, Everett 36). The Cinnamon Bittern is a somewhat curiously coloured bird; the cinnamon- rufous of its plumage and the soft silky look thereof recalls the Night Herons of the N. caledonica-group, and like them it seems not to be of diurnal habits. Abbé David terms it nocturnal, and Legge remarks that in India it is said to ‘| Not always present. Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. $61 feed in the morning and evening, keeping quiet during the day; he has, how- ever, seen it about long before evening. It seems to have its nearest affinities with Ardetta eurhythma, the preceding species; when adult A. cinnamomea is very different in appearance, but in second plumage they are not so easy to distin- guish; the cinnamon-rufous remiges and longer toes of A. cinnamomea then afford the best criterion for their separation. That the Cinnamon Bittern breeds in Celebes is shown by the young bird described above from Dr. Platen; it was killed on May 31%, and looks as if it might have left the nest a fortnight before. Eggs have been described from Java and the Philippines. In China, however, and in the N. W. Provinces of India the bird is known as a seasonal visitant from the observations of David, Styan, De La Touche, and Hume, and it is probable that this movement may be felt as far south as Celebes. So far as is at present known this island and Lombok mark the limits of its range towards the south-east. GENUS XANTHOCNUS Sharpe. Structurally very like Ardetta, also with 10 tail-feathers, differing chiefly by its larger size, the absence of “epaulets” or tufts of feathers with broad black centres on the sides of the breast, and by the long, loose plumage of the sides of the neck and jugulum. + 365. XANTHOCNUS FLAVICOLLIS (Lath.). ; Yellow-necked Bittern. The following references bear upon the occurrence of this species in the Celebesian Province: a. Ardea flavicollis (1) Finsch, Neu-Guinea 1865, 183; (2) Briigg, Abb. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 97; (3) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 116, 121. b. Ardetta flavicollis (1) Rchw., J. f. O. 1877, 218. c. Ardeiralla flavicollis (1) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 364; (2) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 57; (3) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1885, 321; (4) id., Ornis 1888, 632, 643; (5) Biitt., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, IIT, 284; (6) M. & Wg., J. f. O. 1894, 253. d. Ardeirallus flavicollis (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 427. Xanthoenus') flavicollis (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 431. e. Dupetor flavicollis (1) Sharpe, Cat. B. 1898, XX VI, 247. “Baletagi”, Talaut Is. — Kabruang and Lirung, Nat. Coll. ¢ 6. For further synonymy and references to the species and its races cf. Salvadori e1; Sharpe el. Figures and descriptions. Gray & Hardwicke, Ill. Ind. Orn. pl. 66, £. 2 (India); Gould, B. Australia VI, pl. 65 (Australia); Salvadori ¢1 (Papuasia and Moluccas); Legge, 1) We do not think Dr. Sharpe (Bull. B. O. C. XX XI; Ibis 1896, 256) should have rejected his name Xanthocnus for Dupetor of Heine (Nomencl. 1890, 308), which is a nomen nudum intended as a substitute for Ardetralla Verr. a at ee i il i ee 862 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. : | B. Ceylon 1880, 1159 (Ceylon); W. Blasius ¢ 3 (Q Celebes); David & Oustalet, Ois. Chine 1877, 446; Sharpe e 1, etc. Adult. Head, sides of face, ear-coverts, hind neck and upper parts blackish slaty; a narrow white metacarpal edge; under surface greyer slaty; sides of neck buff; fore neck varied with a broad plait of black, slaty, chestnut, buff, and white; elongated jugular plumes slaty grey broadly edged with white (ad., Limbotto, Jan. 1876: vy. Musschenbroek — C 5269). An adult from Talaut has only a slight shade of blue on the back, the under surface paler and browner, and the fore-neck less richly varied, there being no pure chestnut on the feathers (C 13017). Female. The female has been described from other quarters — Ceylon, Moluccas and Papu- asia, and Australia — as having the upper surface brown, but Prof. W. Blasius describes the female from Celebes as having the head above black with a bluish hue, and the back blackish in many places. Probably the old female may come to resemble the male in time, but the dark colour of Prof. Blasius’ specimens and the blue-black tint of what seems to be the adult male are most likely peculiarities of a geographical character, perhaps confined to Celebes. Immature. Differs from the adult in having the fore-neck mostly chestnut, varied with white and a little slaty, the jugular plumes slaty, broadly edged with dull chestnut; back and wing-coverts brown (more slaty on latter) with terminal edges of cinnamon; under parts slaty brown, strongly varied with cinnamon on the abdomen and thighs. This specimen is in process of acquiring a brownish black back (Manado, March, 1871: Meyer — CO 2005). Young. Like the immature bird, but the feathers of the upper parts more broadly tipped with cinnamon, the fore-neck and under parts varied with cinnamon, slaty brown, and white (Talaut — C 13016). Mid. toe | Exposed Measurements. Wing | Tail | Tarsus saindibsal| maalkiven a. (C5269) ad., Limbotto, Jan.76(v.Musschenbr.)| 211 | 75 | 68 76 80 ‘~. b. (C 2005) imm., Manado, Mch. 71 (Meyer). .| 205 | 70 | 70 78 84 e, (0°883)).ad_, Siao.(Meyer) 5 2 =>" Soe Ge eds sos aoe 65 79 d. (C 13017) ad., Kabruang, Nov. 93 (Nat. Coll.)| 205 | 77 | 65 67 76 e. (C 13015) imm., Salibabu, Oct. 93 (Nat. Coll.)| 213 | — | 63 66 77 f. (C 13016) juv., Salibabu, Oct. 93 (Nat. Coll.)| 215 | 70 | 63 66 76 g. (C 12416) imm., Java (v.Schierbrand). . .| 216 | 70 | 68 72 76 h. (C 12417) imm., Java (v.Schierbr.). . . .| 185 | 60-| 62 68 76 2. (Nr. 11250) ad., Java (v. Schierbr.). . . .| 201 | 70 | 64 77 80 j. (Nr. 11525) juv., Java (v.Schierbr.). . . .| 215 | 78 | 64 65 78 Variation. This bird displays great individual variation in the length of its members, especially of the toes. Eggs. Described by Hume in India as “broad ovals of the usual Heron-type. The ground- colour is white, with a very faint green tinge”. Size 42 < 32 mm (Doig in Nests & Eggs Ind. B. Oates ed. 1890, IIT, 251. Compare also: North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 321, pl. X VIL, f. 4). Nest. “Of tamarisk twigs, with sometimes a few aquatic weeds on which the eggs are laid; they are generally placed about 5 feet over the water, either in a dense tamarisk bush or thick clump of weeds, and are about 9 inches in diameter, 3 inches thick, and have a very slight depression in which the eggs, always four in number, are laid” (Doig lL. c.). Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. 863 Distribution. In the Celebesian area: Talaut Is. — Kabruang and Salibabu (Nat. Coll.); Sangi Is. — Siao (Meyer ¢ 2); Celebes — N. Peninsula (Rosenberg a 2, Faber b 1, Meyer, v. Musschenbroek, Riedel e¢ 3); §. Peninsula (Platen ec 3, Weber c 5). Dr. Sharpe (d1) gives the following range for X. flavicollis — India and Central and Southern China to Ceylon, the Malayan countries, Java, Borneo and Celebes — distinguishing the birds of the Moluccas, Papuasia, and Australia respec- tively as three species. Count Salvadori includes the latter localities in the range of the single species, Ardetralla flavicollis, describing a second species, A. melaena, as occurring with it in Great Sangi and Halmahera. The Yellow-necked Bittern is a puzzling species to the systematist, as it varies much individually as regards measurements (see above) and apparently also in coloration, moreover racial differences seem to exist. If this is the case — and we can hardly doubt it — it is pretty certain that such differences will occur in almost every locality where the bird is resident. The difficulty is in- creased by the circumstance that the bird is only a summer visitor to China; in winter it proceeds to other quarters, and one is not sure whether this or that specimen in hand from the Celebesian Province was a resident individual there, or a winter visitor from China. Dr. Platen got a young specimen from South Celebes in July (c 3), so that the species must be regarded as a breeding bird in Celebes. This is a handsome species, its general coloration recalling in many ways that of the Purple Heron. It has often been placed in the genus Ardetta, but its affinities with the Little Bitterns look as if they were distant, though it is not easy to find points of structural difference in skins. The long and broad loose feathers of the jugulum, and the absence of the tufts of feathers with broad black or blackish centres on the sides of the breast below the shoulder, are perhaps the most striking differences between it and Ardetta. + 366. XANTHOCNUS MELAENUS (Salvad.). Black Bittern. . Ardetta melaena (1) Salvad., Atti Acc. Torino 1877—78, XIII, 1186. . Ardeiralla melaena (1) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 367; (2) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 57; (3) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 631; (4) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 207. c. Ardeirallus melas (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 427. d. Xanthoenus melas (1) Sharpe, Ibis 1894, 431. e. Dupetor melas (7) Sharpe, Ibis 1896, 256; (2) id., Cat. B. 1898, XXVI, 251. Adult. Black, slightly slaty; abdomen dusky blackish; bill and feet entirely black, Wing 220 mm; tail 80; tarsus 70; bill 84 (Salvadori a 1). Immature? Dusky brown, paler below, inclining to russet down middle of throat; bill black, under mandible paler; legs and feet dark brown. Wing 212 mm; tail 78; tarsus 62.5; middle toe with claw 67; exposed culmen 79 (Sangi — C 10511). Young. Feathers of fore-neck slightly margined with brown; feathers of back and abdomen lightly washed with white (Salvadori a 1). ~~) 864 Birds of Celebes: Ardeidae. Distribution. Great Sangi (Bruijn @ 1); Halmahera (Bruijn a 1, b 1); Batchian, Morty and Buru (fide Sharpe e J). Count Salvadori points out that, while this species resembles X. flavicollis in all its dimensions, it differs from that species by its uniform black coloration. He dismisses the supposition that it is a melanotic form, having seen two similar individuals. It is a rare species, and the only examples so far recorded from Sangi are the type, stated by Laglaize to have been obtained by Bruijn’s hunters in the Sangi Is, and the specimen in the Dresden Museum labelled Sangi — collector unknown — which we believe to belong to this species. Further confirmation of its occurrence in this island is desirable, also to decide the question whether it may not be only a melanistic form of X. flavicollis. ORDER ANSERES. In the “Catalogue of Birds (vol. XX VII, 1895) Count Salvadori, following Prof. Huxley, groups the Phoenicopteri, Palamedeae and Anseres in the order Chenomorphae. Dr. Gadow (Bronn’s Kil. u. Ord. VI, 4, Vég. II, 1893, 144) ex- cludes the Phoenicopteri, placing them among the Ciconiuformes, and leaves the Anseres and Palamedeae to form the order Anseriformes Mr. Sclater in 1880 regarded the Palamedeae as a distinct order, which he places next to the true Anseres (Newton, DB. 820). The Anseres, with these two more or less closely allied orders or suborders excluded, embrace the Geese, Swans, Ducks and Mergansers. ‘These are well characterized by the bill, which is more or less broad and flat, the edges with a pectinated fringe or serrated, the tip furnished with a nail; by the short tarsus which is about as long as the middle toe or less; by the toes, the three in front fully webbed, and the hallux. which is often very minute, not connected with the other toes by a web. Among their internal, etc. characters may be mentioned: the desmognathous palate, with the basi- pterygoid processes placed very far forward, as in the Galli; the sternum with two pairs of notches, sometimes forming into fenestrae; “the tongue is large, fleshy, with the margins toothed” (Salvadori, Gadow); the ulna does not exceed the humerus in length, the wing is short and its motion in flight swift and accompanied by a whizzing noise, very different from what is noticed in the Gulls, which resemble the Anseres in certain respects. The Anseres feed upon vegetable matter, fish, etc. In many genera of the Ducks the male wears a handsome nuptial dress. The eggs are unspotted and numerous, placed in an inartificial nest, often composed in part of the down of the parent bird; the young are covered with down, and capable of running and swimming immediately after issuing from the egg. Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. 865 FAMILY ANATIDAE. Description as for the order. Count Salvadori (1. c.) recognises 11 sub- families, of which 3 are represented in Celebes — the Plectopterinae by Nettopus, the Anatinae by Dendrocycna, Anas, Nettion and Querquedula, and the Fuligulinae by Nyroca. GENUS NETTOPUS Brandt. Bill Goose-like, shorter than the head, across the nostrils as high as broad; hind toe small, not lobed; no wing-speculum; size small. Four species, inhabit- ing the Indian, Australian, and Ethiopian Regions. +367. NETTOPUS PULCHELLUS J.Gd. Australian Pygmy Goose. a. Nettapus pulchellus (1) Gould, P. ZS. 1841, 89; (ZZ) id. B. Austr. VII, pl. 4 (1842); (III) Rehb., 8. A., Natatores, 1844, t. 96 (LV, Spl. XXII), figs. 938, 939; (4) Gould Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 357; (5) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 202, 210; (6) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 22, Nr. 661; (7) North, Nests and Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 337. b. Anserella pulchella (1) Gray, HL. 1871, I, 77, Nr. 10595. Nettopus pulchellus (7) Sclat., P. Z.S. 1880, 505; (2) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, IIT, 384; (3) Finsch, Mt. orn. Ver. Wien 1884, VIII, 109; (4) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 210; (5) id., Cat. B. 1895, X XVII, 67. For further references see Salvadori 2, 4 5. Figures and descriptions. Gould a I/, 1, 4; Reichenbach a IJ; Salvadori 2, 4. Adult male. Above glossy bottle-green, the feathers of head above tipped with, and crossed with a subterminal bar of pale brown; a broad collar round neck and throat dark bottle-green ; upper tail-coverts vermiculated with white; secondaries partly white, two or three of the middle ones entirely white, forming a white band on the wing; face and ear- coverts white, dusky between the gape and eye; under-parts white, the jugulum, sides of neck and of body crossed with U- und V-shaped bands of bottle-green and blackish; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish bottle-green; under tail- coverts blackish, the shorter ones glossy ({[] ad., Amboina: Riedel — C 7324). “Trides dark brown; bill dark greenish grey (nib white), under mandible irregularly blotched with a lighter colour; legs and feet blackish brown, with a yellowish white nail” (Gould a IZ). Female. Wants the green collar of the male, and has the head above uniform dark glossy brown, continuous with a green gloss down the hind neck. Immature male or male in non-breeding or winter plumage. According to Finsch both sexes are similar. Probably this is when the male is not in nuptial dress or is im- mature. Measurements. Wing 170—178; tail c. 75; tarsus 26; middle toe with claw c. 46; exposed culmen c. 35 mm. Nest and eggs. Gilbert found a nest of this species at Port Essington near the margin of a lake; it was “built up in the long grass about a foot above the water, the bottom of the nest resting on its surface; it was composed of long dry grasses, slightly hol- Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec, 11th 1897). 109 866 Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. lowed for the reception of the eggs: the nest in this instance was destitute of any kind of lining; but one afterwards brought him by the natives was interiorly con- structed with feathers and contained six eggs, which are white, one inch and seven- eighths long by one inch and three-eighths broad” (Gould a 4, a 7). Distribution. Northern Australia (Gould etc. a I, a 4, a 6, 5); New Guinea — Southern (D’Albertis 4, Finsch 3, Goldie 5), North-western (Dresden Mus.); Tenimber Islands (H. O. Forbes 4, 5); Moluccas — Amboina (Hoedt 2, Riedel in Dresden Mus.); Celebes — Gorontalo Distr. (Riedel a 5). Only a single specimen of the Australian Pygmy Goose has been recorded from Celebes. It is in the St. Petersburg Museum, where it was found by Prof. W. Blasius, who determined it as a female. But we doubt if any really valid mark of distinction has yet been pointed out between the female and the male when the latter is in winter or immature dress. This species has its nearest affinities with Nettapus coromandelianus (Gm.) which also occurs in Celebes. The male of the latter is easily distinguishable by its having a broad white patch across the primaries, but the secondaries only tipped with white (none of them entirely white as in N. pulchellus); it wants the crescentic bars on the sides of the neck and body, and in breeding plumage has the collar placed much lower — viz. across the upper breast like a necklace. The two females may be known by N. coromandelianus having the secondaries only tipped with white, the under tail-coverts dull white like the under surface, and by its wanting the dark well-defined crescentic bands on the sides. +368. NETTOPUS COROMANDELIANUS (Gm.). Indian Pygmy Goose. a, Anas coromandeliana (1) Gm., 8. N. 1766, I, 522 (ex Latham). b. Anas girra (J) J. E. Gray in Hardw., Ul. Ind. Zool. pl. 68 (1832). c. Nettapus coromandelianus (1) Gray, List B. Br. Mus. 1844 pt. II, 129; (IZ) Rchb., 8. A. Nat., 1845, t. LV (96), figs. 9833—35; (3) Licht., Nomencl. Av. 1854, 10; (4) Schl, Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 1866, 76; (5) Rehw., J. f. O. 1877, 218; (6) David & Oust. Ois. Chine 1877, 501; (7) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 486; (8) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1066; (9) Tweedd., Orn. Works 1881, 269, 404, 413; (10) Kelham, Ibis 1882, 198; (11) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 121, 122; Rehw., l. c. note; (12) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1883, XLI, 121; (13) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, LU, 272; (14) W. Blas., J. £. O. 1884, 216, 220; (15) id., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 203; (16) Hartert, J. f. O. 1889, 436; (17) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8S. 1889, 192; (18) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs Ind. B. 1890, III, 280; (19) Styan, Ibis 1891, 317, 328, 495; (20) De la Touche, Ibis 1892, 491; (21) Styan, Ibis 1893, 485. d. Nettapus coromandelicus (1) Hume, Str. F. 1874, LH, 315. e. Nettapus kopschii (1) Swinh., Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1873, (4) XI, 16. Nettopus coromandelianus (7) Blyth, B. Burmah 1875, 165; (2) Salvad., Cat. B. 1895, XXVII, 68. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 2. Figures and descriptions. J..E. Gray b I; Reichenbach ce I; Schlegel ¢ 4; Legge c 8; Vorderman ce 12; Salvadori 2; ete. Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. 867 Adult male in breeding plumage. Head above glossy blackish brown; face, superciliary region, sides of occiput, neck, and under-parts white, mottled with brown at the back of the neck, finely vermiculated with dark brown on the sides of the breast and body; round lower neck and jugulum a glossy black collar; under tail- coverts tipped with glossy brown; upper-parts glossy bottle-green, very finely speckled with pale brown, some violet reflections on the wings; middle part of primaries and tips of secondaries white, tips of primaries brown; longer upper tail-coverts white, vermiculated with brown; tail dark brown; under wing-coverts dusky green (Java: v. Schierbrand — Nr. 10792). “Irides crimson; legs and feet greenish yellow, tinged with black, webs black” (Kelham ¢ 10); bill black. : Female. With no pectoral collar, no brown on the under tail-coverts, and little or no white on the primaries: top of head and back greenish drab, wing-coverts dark green; secondaries tipped with white; forehead, face, neck, and under parts dull white, barred with brown on neck and jugulum, faintly mottled or barred with pale drab on the sides, with brown intermixed on forehead and hind neck, and with a dark stripe through the eye (Java: v. Schierbrand — Nr. 10794). “Trides dark brown; bill yellowish black” (Kelham e¢ 10). Male in winter. “Similar to the female but always retains the conspicuous white patch on the primaries” (Salvadori 2). Young male. “Similar to the female till the first spring” (Oates e¢ 13). Young in down. See Salvadori 2. Measurements. Wing (6 specimens) 161—171 mm; tail ca. 70; tarsus 24; middle toe with claw 40; exposed culmen 22. Eggs. Oval; delicate ivory-white, very smooth; size 39—44.5 >< 29.7—35 (Hume e 18). Nest. In holes in trees, in ruins, or a floating nest in the water; said to nest sometimes in chimneys in China (cf. Hume ¢ 18 and Styan e 19). Distribution. India (Latham, etc. a1, ¢ 8, ¢ 18); Ceylon (Legge etc. c 8); Andamans (W. Ramsay & Wimberley d 1, 2); Burmah (Oates ¢ 13); Tenasserim (Davison e 7, Darling 2); China (David ¢ 6, Styan e 19), Hainan (Styan ¢ 21); Cochin China (St. Pierre 2); Malay Peninsula (Cantor 2, Kelham c 10); Sumatra (ec 3); Java (Reinwardt, etc. ¢ 4, c 12, 2); Borneo (Grabowsky ¢ 14, ¢ 17, Wallace 2); Philip- pine Islands — Luzon (Cuming e 9, Maitland-Heriot 2); Celebes — Minahassa (Faber cd, ¢ 11, British Museum 2). An example of the Indian Pygmy Goose, or Goose-teal, as it is more commonly called, was contained in a collection of birds from Celebes presented to the Berlin Museum by von Faber some twenty years ago, and was placed on record by Prof. Reichenow (c 5). In answer to inquiries by Prof. W. Blasius as to the Celebesian origin of this and other skins, Reichenow was able to confirm his former statement (c //). Recently Count Salvadori has recorded a second specimen from Celebes (Manado, collector unknown) in the British Museum, so that there can be no doubt about the right of the species to be included in the Celebes list. Probably it is only a winter visitant there, perhaps only an occasional one. David (c6) and Styan (c 19) say it is a summer visitant to China, and of course these birds proceed somewhere to the south in winter. In Borneo and the Philippines it seems to be of almost as rare occurrence as in Celebes. 109* 868 Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. This species has its closest affinities with Nettopus albipennis Gould of Australia which according to Count Salvadori (2) differs only by its larger size and is considered by him as doubtfully distinct. The differences between N. coromandelianus and pulchellus have been pointed out in our article on the latter species. One other species of the genus Nettopus is known — UN. auritus (Bodd.) of Africa and Madagascar. The habits of the present bird are interestingly described by Kelham (c 10) and by Legge (cS). It is said to be a very bad walker, and the former ob- server could not recall a case of having seen it on dry ground. The cry is described as Goose-like. GENUS DENDROCYCNA Sw. The ‘Tree Ducks are furnished with a longer hallux than is usual among Ducks, being with the claw '/. the length of the tarsus or more; toes long; tarsus about */, the length of the middle toe and claw, covered in front with small reticulate scales; no wing-speculum; exposed culmen slightly shorter than the tarsus; size medium. Sexes alike. Range: the tropical parts of the World. +369. DENDROCYCNA ARCUATA (Horsf.). Black-spotted Tree Duck. a. Anas areuata (I) Horsf., Zool. Research. in Java 1822, pl. 65; (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 183. b. Dendrocygna areuata (I) Gld., B. Austr. (1846) VU, pl. 14; (ZZ) Diggl., Orn. Austr. (1870) pl. 114, f. 2; (3) Salvad., Ucc. Borneo 1874, 362, pt.; (4) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1884, 212, 216, 219, 221; (5) id., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 171; ?(6) Hagen, T. Ned. Aard. Genoots. 1890, (2) VII, 168; (7) Wiglesw., Aves Polyn. 1892, 69; (8) Grant, Ibis 1895, 267; (9) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1896, Nr. 1, p. 15; (10) Sarasin, Z. G. Erdk. Berlin 1896, XX XI, 15; (11) Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, 590; (12) id., ib. 1897, 166. Dendrocygna vagans (I) Fraser, Zool. Typ. pl. 68 (1849); (2) Schl. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 1866, 88; (3) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Centralpolyn. 1867, 211; (4) Wald. Tr. Z.S8. 1872, VIL, 102; (5) id., ib. 1875, IX, 242; (6) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 98; (7) Tweedd., P. Z. S. 1877, 834; (7%) id., ib. 1878, 346, 712; (8) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (9) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 144; (10) W. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works Index 1881, 660; (11) W. Blasius, J. f. O. 1883, 133; (12) Vorderman, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1887, XLVI, 222, 240; (13) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 22; (14) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 27; (15) Bourns & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 32. d. Dendrocygna gouldi (Bp.); (1) Gld. Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 374. e. Anas vagans (1) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 183; (2) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 168. f. Dendrocyena vagans (1) Sclat., P. Z. S. 1880, 510. Dendrocycna arcuata (1) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 385; (2) Meyer, J. f. O. 1892, 265; (3) id., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1893, Nr.3, p.29; (4) Salvad., Cat. B. 1895, XX VI, 153. Ss Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. 869 “Duwiwi” — name for all ducks (Gorontalo), Rosenberg ¢ 8. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 4’). Figures and descriptions. Horsfield a J; Gould b J, di; Diggles 6 IJ; Fraser ¢ I; Finsch & Hartlaub ¢ 3; Salvadori 1, 4; ete. Adult. Head above and a stripe down hind neck brown-black; back and scapulars black, the feathers broadly edged with cinnamon; lower back, rump, tail, and wings black, the lesser and median wing-coverts chestnut; the longer upper tail-coverts buff and black; face, sides of head, neck, and under parts cinna- mon, paling almost to white on the throat, upper neck, and under tail-coyerts, inten- sifying to cinnamon-rufous on the body below; neck and breast spotted with black, abdomen and thighs mottled with blackish, feathers of the sides of body and of flanks lengthy and slashed with buff and black; wing below dark brown, the first primary notched on the inner web (Lake of Lino, Minahassa: Meyer — C 857). “Trides dark brown; bill black; tarsi greenish grey; feet blackish grey” (Gould d 1). Sex. The sexes are similar in coloration. Middle Measurements. Wing | Tail |Tarsus bee auld Eepored a. (C 857) ad., Lake of Lino, May 71 (Meyer) .| 205 | 55 | 50 | 68 mS b. (C 856) Lake of Tondano, June 71 (Meyer) .| 192 | — | 48 70 41 e. (Sarasin Coll.) Gi ad., Lura Lake, 9. VIII. 95| 200 | 50 | 50 68 42 d. (Nr. 3170) ad., Gorontalo (Riedel) . . . .| 210] 65 | — 69 45 e. (Nr. 3169) ad., Gorontalo (Riedel) . . . .| 204 | — | 48 69 44 7 (Nz. 3171) ad., Gorontalo (Riedel) . . . .| 200 | — | 52 72 43 Eggs and nest. Eggs supposed to belong to this species are described as creamy white in colour, 48 >< 38 mm; found in nests built in long grass (small islands at Port Essing- ton: Gould d 1). Distribution. Philippines (Cuming, Jagor, Everett, etc. ¢ 5, ¢7, ¢ 8,¢14,¢ 15, 4); Borneo (Grabowsky 64, Vorderman c¢ 12); Java (Horsfield a I, Wallace ¢ 2, Vorderm.); Sumba (fide Salvadori 4, Doherty 6 11); Timor (Wallace 1, 4); Celebes — Mina- hassa (Forsten ¢ 2, Meyer ¢ 9), Gorontalo Distr. (v. Rosenberg ¢ 2, Riedel b 5), Paguatt, Tomini Gulf (Rosenberg ¢ 2), Lura Lake, S. E. Central Celebes (P.& F. S. b 9, b 10), West Celebes (Doherty b 12), Macassar (Wallace 4); Moluccas —? Am- boina (Finsch a 2, e1, 1); New Guinea (D’Albertis 1, Geisler 3, etc.); Australia except the South (Gould ) J, Ramsay ec 13); New Caledonia (fide Verreaux, Layard 6b 7); Fiji Islands (Rayner, Layard 6 7). The Whistling Tree Duck — so called from the continuous whistling-noise it emits when on the wing and from its habit of occasionally perching on trees — is a resident in Celebes, as is proved by the circumstance that Rosenberg got a young one in down at Paguatt in July, 1864. According to Salvadori, there are nine species of the genus Dendrocycna, spread over the warmer countries 1) It is unfortunate that G. Cuvier has generally been cited as the author of this species. No de- scription of his D. arcuata was ever published, and nobody knew whether it was D. javanica (Horsf.) or the present bird, and some authorities saddled the name on to the one species, some on to the other. As Count Salvadori now shows, Cuvier evidently did not distinguish the two species at all. Neither did Horsfield distinguish them as species, but by a piece of good luck he described one bird as D. javanica and afterwards gave a picture of the other as D. arcuata, and the names are now valid for the two birds. But such confusion of the synonymy bas resulted, that even Count Salvadori himself has scarcely succeeded in unrayelling it perfectly. 870 Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. of the globe, and of these the present species is most nearly allied to D. fulva (Gm.) of the Indian countries, Africa and America, which has no black spots on the neck and breast and the upper tail-coverts buff-white, and to D. javanica (Horsf), which ranges from India to Java, and like D. fulva has the neck and breast unspotted, but the upper tail-coverts chestnut. The hallux of Dendrocycna is scarcely at all lobated, but furnished with a considerable hooked claw, which doubtless stands in connection with its arboreal habits. Salvadori points out that the lower part of the tarsus in front, being covered with small reticulate scales, and not with transverse scutellae, serves to distinguish Dendrocycna from all the Anatinae. 'The name has commonly been spelt Dendrocygna, but Sclater (f 1) has shown that Dendrocycna is correct. +370. DENDROCYCNA GUTTATA Schl. White-spotted Tree Duck. a. Dendrocygna guttulata “Temm.”; (1) Wall., P. Z. 8. 1863, 36 (descr. null.); “S. Mill. MS.” (2) Sclat., P. Z. 8S. 1864, 300; (3) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 464; (IV) Salvad., Cat. B. 1895, XX VII 164, pl. I; (5) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1896, Nr. 2, p. 20. b. Dendrocygna guttata [Forsten MS.]; (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 1866, 85; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIII, 102; (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (4) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 140; (5) Sclat., P. Z.S. 1883, 52, 200; (6) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 202; (7) id., J. £. 0. 1890, 146; (8) M.& We, J. £. O. 1894, 253. ec. Dendrocyena guttulata (1) Sclat., P. ZS. 1880, 509. d. Anas guttata (1) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167. Dendrocycna guttata (1) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1882, XVIII, 401; (2) id., Orn. Pap. 1882, IT, 388; (3) id., ib. Agg. 1891, 210; (4) id., Cat. B. 1895, XX VIL, 164. “Taminga”, Kabruang, Talaut, Nat. Coll. “Manu Lantang”, Tonkean, Hast Celebes, iid. “Bebetalaga”, Main, Minahassa, Malay, iid. For further synonymy and references see Salvadori 1, 4. Figure and descriptions. Salvadori a IV, 1, 4; Schlegel 6b 1. Adult. Head above brown of a burnt umber tint, a stripe down hind neck darker brown; upper parts dark brown, the feathers broadly edged with pale brown; remiges dark brown; lower back and rump blackish with pale tips; upper tail- coverts black, the basal ones conspicuously barred or spotted with white; tail blackish, paler at tip; eyebrow, face and sides of upper neck!) greyish brown, mottled with whitish; upper throat whiter, tinged with rufous; loral stripe passing through the eye dark brown; lower neck and under parts yellowish rufous, becoming almost white on the abdomen, the bases of the feathers of the neck and breast white, marked with brown so as to enclose white spots, the spots larger and very conspicuous on the sides of body and on flanks, under tail-coverts barred black and white; wing below dark brown, some of the wing-coverts and ends of the axil- laries barred with white (Kabruang, Nov. 1893: Nat. Coll. — C 18019). 1) Keuleman’s plate in Salvadori’s Catalogue shows the grey of the upper neck sharply defined from the rufous of the lower neck, but the transition is more gradual. Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. 871 Sex. The sexes are not known to differ in coloration. About half of our specimens have the middle of the neck and throat blackish grey, narrowly barred or spotted with whitish — possibly a sexual difference. “Bill black; tarsi and feet ashy, more or less tinged with reddish; irides brown or chestnut” (D’Albertis 4). Young. The young in first plumage have the white spots on the feathers of the flanks whitish, broadly edged with black, and the feathers of the sides and breast with the white spots drawn out into irregular mesial streaks (N. Celebes — © 10421), | Middle ‘ Measurements. — Tail: c. 70 mm Wing |Tarsus| toe with Exposed alan culmen a. (C 14495) ad., Tonkean, E. Cel., V.—VIIL. 95 (N.C.)| 212] 47 | 67 | 44 b. (C 14496) ad., Tonkean, E. Cel., V.—VIII. 95 (iid.)| 218 | 50 70 45 c. (C 13266) ad., Minahassa, Feb. 94 (iid.). . . . .| 213] 45 68 42 d. (C 13267) ad., Minahassa, Feb. 94 (iid.). . . . .| 215] 51 74 45 caeaosairad..N. Celebes.-2 . 2 . . 2. « .'' 210/54 75 43 fee uted ejay, IN: Celebés, 3) 2) wo 8s | B10 J -- 41 g. (C13020) ad., Kabruang, TalautIs., Nov.93 (Nat. Coll.) | 222 | 50 73 44 h. (C 13019) ad., Kabruang, Talaut Is., Nov. 93 (iid.) .| 223 | 50 — 46 z. (C 13018) ad., Kabruang, Talaut Is., Nov. 93 (iid.).| 226} 48 71 43 Jj. (C 13022) ad., Kabruang, Talaut Is., Nov. 93 (iid.).| 222 | 50 72 45 k. (C 13021) ad., Kabruang, Talaut Is., Nov. 93 (iid.).! 218 | 50 73 46 I. (C 13023) ad., Kabruang, Talaut Is., Nov. 93 (iid.).| 223 | 51 | 74 45 Nest and eggs. Recorded from New Guinea. According to Dr. E. P. Ramsay the bird nests in holes in trees. D’Albertis speaks of the eggs as white, the ducklings yellow and black (1). Distribution. Philippines — Mindanao (Platen 6 7); Talaut Is. — Kabruang (Nat. Coll); Celebes — Minahassa (v. Rosenberg 6 1, Nat. Coll.), Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenberg b 1, d1), B. Celebes (Nat. Coll. a 5); Moluccas — Buru, Ternate, Batchian, Kelang, Ceram, Amboina, Goram, Ceramlaut (see Salvadori 1); Papuasia — Timorlaut, Kei, Aru, New Guinea (Salvadori 7, 3). The White-spotted Tree Duck is said by v. Rosenberg, whose remarks relate chiefly to the Gorontalo District, to be very plentiful in Celebes. In two months shooting with his hunters on Lake Limbotto, the traveller obtained 23 examples. It also seems to be plentiful in the Talaut Islands. Here, judging from our measurements, it is a little longer in the wing than in Celebes. The type of D. guttata was obtained by Forsten in Celebes. It is curious that it is wanting in most collections from there. Probably it makes a good roast. The present species may be distinguished from its compatriot in Celebes, Dendrocycna arcuata, by its rufous white, not cinnamon-rufous, under surface; by its wanting the black spots on the breast, but having here white ones in- distinctly seen through the yellow-rufous of the breast, but showing conspicuously on the sides. By reason of its white spots, it is placed by Schlegel and Salvadori next to D. arborea (L.) of the West Indies. The latter is a larger bird, with shorter toes, no white on the upper tail-coverts, with black spots on the wing-coverts, and other differences (6 7): §72 Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. From its quieter coloration, D. guttata might be taken for a simpler type of Tree Duck than its fellow-species, D.arcuata; yet, from the circumstance that the flank-feathers of the young of D. guttata present the longitudinally striped appearance seen in the other bird as an adult, it is probable that the round white spots of D. guttata are a peculiarity of recent origin. GENUS ANAS L. In the typical Wild Ducks the culmen is longer than the tarsus and about equal in length to the head, much broader than deep as measured across the nostrils; the tarsus transversely scutellated on its lower part in front, the hallux less than half its length; a broad metallic speculum on the secondaries, the shortest of which are about half the length of the wing, or a little more. Its larger size and relatively larger bill afford the best means of distinction from Nettion. ‘The males of some species very different in coloration from the females. Cosmopolitan. + 371. ANAS SUPERCILIOSA Gm. Australasian Wild Duck. Anas superciliosa (1) Gm., 8S. N. 1788, I, 537 (ex Latham); (IZ) Gould, B. Austr. 1848,. VU, pl. 9; (Ii) Rchb., 8. A., Natatores (t. 85) figs. 913—14 (1845), (t. 94) f. 2347 (1850); (4) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 1866, 42; (5) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Central- polyn. 1867, 213; (6) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 394; (7) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 57; (74%) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1884, 327; (8) Ramsay, Tab. List 1888, 22, 38; (9) Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2™4 ed. 1888, II, 251; (10) North, Nests and Eggs Austr. B. 1889, 341; (11) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1890, XLIX, 419; (12) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 210; (13) Meyer, Abh. Mus. Dresden 1891, Nr. 4, p. 17; (14) Wiglesw., Aves Polyn. 1892, 70; (15) Biittik., Zool. Ergeb. Weber’s Reise 1898, III, 306; (16) Salvad., Cat. B. 1895, XXVII, 206; (17) P.& F. Sarasin, Z. Ges. Erdk. Berlin 1895, XXX, 333; (18) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1896, Nr. 1, p. 15; (19) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 598. “Kiti balang”, South Celebes, Platen 7. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 6, 12, 16. Figures and descriptions. Gould JJ; Reichenbach IZ; Schlegel 4; Finsch & Hartl. 5; Salvadori 6, 16; Buller 9; ete. Adult. General colour above and below brown, above darker, more sepia brown, below grey- brown, — all the feathers edged with whitish brown or buff, on the secondaries a speculum of metallic green, changing to blue in certain lights, framed on three sides with black, formed by the tips of the greater wing-coverts, the adjacent tertiaries and the tips of the secondaries; head above, loral stripe passing through the eye to the occiput, and a short rictal stripe brown-black, the last stripe breaking up into little brown streaks on the middle of the cheeks and ear-coverts, and pass- ing into the brown-streaked neck; remainder of face, superciliary stripe from forehead to occiput, chin and upper throat clear buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries white. Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. 873 “Iris brown; bill green-black; feet light brown-yellow” (oj, Maros, Waterfall S. Celebes, 24. IT. 78, Platen — (5383). Sex. The sexes are similar in coloration. The black frame enclosing the wing-speculum is perhaps less sharply defined in the female; in this specimen the greater wing-coverts are broadly edged with pale brown, the tertiary adjacent to the speculum edged with olive, the secondaries terminally edged with white, though next the speculum black (Q, Lake Posso, 12. IT. 95: P& F. Sarasin). Measurements (3 adults from Celebes). Wing 240—262 mm; tail 85—95; tarsus 43—45; mid. toe c. 58; exposed culmen 49—51 mm. A specimen from Java (?) has: wing 260, one from Australia 250 mm. Count Salvadori says specimens from Timor, the Pelew, Fiji and Samoa Islands are decidedly smaller than those from Australia and New Zealand. Young in down cf. Buller 9. Eggs. “Somewhat paler than those of the common Anas boscas, otherwise perfectly similar” (Nehrkorn MS.). Up to 10 in number, dull creamy white, 63.5 >< 40.6 mm (Buller 9). Nest. Of dry grass, flags, etc., lined with the bird’s own down, placed on forks of trees, or cliffs, or in herbage on the ground (Buller 9, Ramsay 10). Distribution. Celebes: — North (in Dresden Mus.), Central (P.& F. Sarasin), South Platen); ?Sumatra (Vorderm. 17); Java (Boie, Junghuhn 4); Lombok (Everett 18); Sumba (Riedel 6); Timor (S. Miiller 4, Wallace 6, 16); Moluccas — Buru H. O. Forbes 16); Papuasia — New Guinea, New Hanover, Solomon Is., Santa Cruz Is. (cf. Salvadori 6, 12, 16); Australia and Tasmania (Gould IZ, Ramsay 8, etc., 16); Polynesia — New Caledonia (Verreaux, Layard 14); Loyalty Islands? Layard 14); New Hebrides (Layard 74); Pelew Is. (Tetens, Kubary 14); Fiji Is. Peale, Griffe, Layard 5, 14); Tonga Is. (Peale, etc. 5, 14); Samoa Is. (Peale, etc. 5, 14); Society Is. (Peale, Wodehouse 5, 14); Lord Howe Id. and Norfolk Id. (Ramsay 8); New Zealand and Chatham Is. (Buller, ete. 9, 16). The two specimens of the Australasian Wild Duck from Celebes in the Dresden Museum and the one in the Sarasin Collection are the only ones as yet on record from the island. The credit of its first discovery there belongs to Dr. Platen, whose collections included the fine male described above, which was killed at the Maros Waterfall in the South. A second specimen is labelled “N. Celebes, 1883”; it was received from a dealer with a piece of the label (probably bearing the collector's name) clipped off — why, we do not know. In 1895 this Duck was found by the Sarasins on their arrival at the southern end of Lake Posso in Central Celebes; they write: “Small flights of two species of Duck, the large Anas superciliosa and the small Anas gibberifrons were plentiful here; we managed to kill four of them at one shot”. Anas superciliosa is very abundant in New Zealand, where its habits are interestingly described by Sir W. Buller. It is a shy bird, as well it may be, when we read of seven thousand — though not all of this species — being caught by the Maories on one lake in three days; that is, when they had shed their quills and were incapable of flight. Dr. E. P. Ramsay records it from all the great divisions of Australia, and it is known from most of the island- groups of Polynesia. In the Moluccas, curiously enough, it has been recorded only from Buru. It seems to be most nearly related to Anas luzonica Fraser Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 13th 1897). 110 874 Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. of the Philippines, but that species has the superciliary stripe and face rufous, a narrow white band on the wing, the general plumage without the conspicuous pale edges to the feathers. Anas obscura of N. America is a good deal similar in general plumage, but is much larger, has the speculum blue, without the buff superciliary and blackish transocular stripe. Somewhat more remote in degree of resemblance is the female of the common Anas boscas (or male after the nuptial moult), but, while the male of Amas boscas nearly all the year wears a very handsome and distinct dress, the two sexes of the Australasian Wild Duck are similar at all seasons. GENUS NETTION Kaup. Teal are of small size; culmen 1 to 1'/. times as long as the tarsus, the nail small; hallux less than half the length of the tarsus; wing-speculum rather broad; secondaries 7/3; the length of the wing. Of cosmopolitan distribution. Sexes of some species dissimilar in coloration, of others not so. + 372. NETTION GIBBERIFRONS (Ss. Miill.). Wood Teal. a, Anas (Mareca) gibberifrons (1) S. Miill., Verh. Natuurk. Comm. 1839—44, 159. b. Mareca gibberifrons (1) Gray, Gen. B. IL, 614, Nr. 5 (1845); (2) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIL, 102; (3) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 144. Anas gibbifrons (1) Wall., P. Z. 8S. 1863, 487. . Anas punctata (1) Gld., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, Il, 365, part; (IZ) Newt., P. Z.S. 1871, 649, pt., fig. 2, fig. 4; (3) Rcehw., J. f. O. 1877, 218; (4) W. Blas., ib. 1883, 121; (5) Rehw., t. c. 122. . Anas gibberifrons (7) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Anseres, 1866, 58; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (3) Sclat., P. ZS. 1880, 452, 519, 5385; (4) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (V) Sclat., P. Z. 8. 1882, 452, pl. XXXII; (6) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, IIT, 398; (7) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1882, XLI, 219; (8) W. Blas., Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1885, 325; 1886, 171; (9) Ramsay, Tab. List 1888, 22, 31; (10) Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2"¢ ed. 1888, II, 261; (11) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 342; (12) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 70; (13) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, IL, 285, 306; (14) P.& F. Sarasin, Z. Ges. Erdk. Berlin 1895, XXX, 333; (15) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1896, Nr. 1, p. 15. f. Anas gracilis (1) Buller, [bis 1869, 41. Nettion gibberifrons (1) Gray, Hl. 1871, IL, 83, Nr. 10663; (JZ) Salvad., Cat. B. 1895, XXVIII, 254, pl. I, fig. 2; (3) Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, 165, 181; (4) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1896, XXXVI, 119; (5) Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, 590. g. Anas castanea (1) Rams. (nec Hyt.), Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 1879, III, 115, 301; ib. IV, 102. h. Mareca castanea (1) Meyer (nec Eyt.), Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1881, 767. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori e 6, II. Figures and descriptions. Sclater e V; Salvadori e 6, IJ; Newton d 2 (sternum and trachea); Schlegel e 1; Vorderman e7; Buller e 10. Adult. Above sepia-brown, with pale brown edges to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts, a iss) Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. 875 lower back and rump almost uniform darker brown, slightly glossy; secondaries velvety black, narrowly tipped with white, the tenth feather metallic green, except at tip, the adjacent part of the next feather similar; the outer 9—11 greater wing- coverts white, except quite at the base, the inner feathers brown, tipped with whitish brown; forehead and face rufous brown, finely streaked with brownish black, be- coming on crown and nape almost uniform brownish black; chin and upper throat white with rusty tips to the feathers; remaining under parts cinnamon, bright with brown-black spots (the colour of the middles of the feathers) on the breast, dull, with obscure grey-brown spots for the rest; under tail-coverts blackish, with pale edges; under wing-coverts blackish brown, some of the longer inner ones edged with white; axillaries white (', Lake Posso, 12. Feb. 95: P.& F. Sarasin). Female. Seems to be quite similar to the male, but smaller with a smaller bill. This spe- cimen has the throat buff white, without rusty tips to the feathers (Q Towuti Lake, 1. March, 1896: P.&F.S.). Measurements Wing Tail Tarsus aid foe ee a. (Sar. C.) ot, S. Centr. Cel., 31. Jan. 95 184 80 34 47 34 b. (Sar. C.) of, Lake Posso, 12. Febr. 95 184 77 34 45 37 e. (Sar. C.) ©, Towuti Lake, 1. Mch. 96 182 81 34 44 35 d. (C 852) Lake of Lino, May 71 (Meyer) 185 80 37 47 _ e. (C 853) Lake of Lino, May 71 (Meyer) 178 — 32 44 34 f. (Nr. 3166) Gorontalo (Riedel) . . . 184 — 34 AT 38 Nine specimens after W. Blas. (e 8). . | 172-190] 77-89 | 32-36 | 44-51 |34—38,5 g. (Nr. 3165) Java (v.Schierbrand) . 192 — 35 48 34 h. (C 6294) Sumba (Riedel) . . . . 180 80 35 45 33 @a(© 6293) ©, Aru (Riedel). . . . |2170 | — 34 43 31 j- o; New Zealand (fide Buller) . . 203 101 32 32 (!) 38 k. QO, New Zealand (fide Buller) .°. 190 89 — — |= For comparison NV. castaneum U. (Nr. 10519) (ot ad.] Australia . .. 230 110 41 52 42 m.(Nr. 10813) [fiad.] Australia . . . 225 _ 37 47 44 m. (Nr. 12646)[Q] Australia. . . . . 209 = 35 AT 38 o. (Nr. 10500) [(Q] Australia. . . . . 208 — — 39 Eggs. Described by Dr. E. P. Ramsay (e 1) as from six to ten in number; creamy white; laid in the hollow branches of trees. Size about 48 >< 37 mm. Distribution. With racial differences: Celebes — Minahassa (Forsten e 7, Meyer 0 3), Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten e1, Rosenberg e1, e 4, etc.), Paguatt (Forsten e 1), Lake Posso, Central Celebes (P.& F. Sarasin e 14, e 15), Luwu, head of Gulf of Tomini (Weber ¢ 13, P.& F.S), South Celebes (S, Miiller ¢ 1, Platen e 8, P.& F.S., Everett 3); Saleyer Id. (Everett 3); Java (Vorderman e 7, Diard I, vy. Schierbrand); Sumba (Riedel h 1, Doherty 5); Flores (Wallace ¢1, iit, Weber e 13); Timor (S. Miiller e 1, Wallace ¢ 7, I); Aru (Riedel); New Guinea (Loria 4; New Caledonia (e 1, ¢ 12); Australia (Gould d1, Ramsay e 9); New Zealand (Buller, etc. e 10). Touching the question of the identity of N. castanewm and N. gibberifrons, or their distinctness as two species, the difficulty may be stated as follows: 110* 876 Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. brown Teal are plentiful in which the males and females are similar and they are known to breed in this dress, but a male bird often occurs (in Australia, at least) which has a green-black head and neck and chestnut under parts; its female is similar to the brown birds: is it a distinct species, or is the chestnut dress of the male only a phase of plumage? Gould took the chestnut dress for the nuptial plumage of the old male. He writes: “It is very rare that the male is killed in the nuptial dress, and I am induced to believe that it is not assumed till the bird is two or three years old; after the breeding-season the sexes are alike in plumage, and for at least nine months of the year there is no difference in their outward appearance”. While repeating this remark in his Handbook afterwards issued, he greatly modifies it in effect by an additional remark: “There appear to be two very distinct races of this bird, one of which is much larger than the other; so great in fact is the difference in this respect in specimens from various parts of the country, that the idea presents itself of their being really distinct species. ‘The smaller race inhabits Tasmania, the larger the western and southern portions of Australia”. Dr. E. P. Ramsay was at first under the impression that Australia was inhabited by only one form of this Teal, N. castaneum: comparing it with a specimen of LN. gibberifrons from New Zealand, he points out some differences — the smaller feet and toes and smaller size of the flattened portion of the bill at the base of the forehead of the New Zealand specimen (Pr. L. Soc. N.S. W. 1879, ILI, 38). Later (ib. 1886, 2 ser. I, 1151; Tab. List 1888, 22, 31), Dr. Ramsay recognised both species as occurring in Australia, but remarks: “I have not been able to find any good characteristics between the females of this species up to the pre- sent time”. In 1871 (P. Z. S. 649), Prof. A Newton stated that the female of Nettion castaneum possessed a bulla ossea on the lower larynx, like that of the male. Now the bulla ossea is known only in the male sex in the Duck family. The supposed female had a free process on the posterior sternum, the male an enclosed fenestra. Dr. Ramsay, however, showed that the female of the bird known to him as Anas castanea was without the bulla ossea. (Pr. L. Soc. N.S. W. 1879, III, 154). The Zoological Society of London received 18 living examples of a duck in 1879, which were registered as Anas punctata (castanea). Dr. P. L. Sclater wrote in the following year (P. Z.S. 1880, 452): “Having examples of both sexes we naturally expected that the male would put on in the spring the chestnut breast and full breeding plumage portrayed by Mr. Gould in his figure of that sex. Such, however, has not been the case; little change has occurred except the brightening of the colour; and, as far as I can make out, the birds do not belong to A. punctata at all, but to < 36.8 mm, The bird nests on the ground, in herbage or rushes, using rushes and dry grass, with its own down for a lining (Sharpe & Dresser IJJ). Distribution. “Palaearctic Region, wintering in Northern Africa as far south as Shoa and Somali-land, in Palestine, India with Ceylon, in Burmah, China, Japan, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Celebes, Ternate and Ceram” (Salvadori 21). Philippines — (Leyden Mus. a 3), Luzon (Steere 17); N. W. Borneo (Hose 21), Labuan (Lempriére 15, Everett 22); Sumatra (fide Vorderman 14); Java (S. Miller a 3, Vorderman 12); Celebes — Lake Limbotto (Rosenberg a3, a5, Meyer 9, Riedel b 2, 13, Faber and v. Musschenbroek in Dresden Mus.), ? Manado (in British Mus.); Ternate (Rosenberg a 6); Ceram (Wallace 21). The Garganey is, most likely, simply a winter visitor to Celebes, though some individuals remain there during the summer, as is shown by the fact that Meyer got it at Limbotto in July, 1871, while W. Blasius records an example obtained by Riedel in the summer dress of the male. Up to the present the Lake of Limbotto is the only locality in Celebes positively known for this Duck; here it is said by Rosenberg and Meyer to be rather scarce. The nearest part of Asia, where it is known to nest, seems to be S. E. Mongolia; where it was found breeding by Prjevalsky (S$, a7). It has indeed been recorded as breeding in India, but more evidence thereof is wanting (16). In South-east Mongolia it arrives about the middle of April. In South China it is known as a bird of passage; Mr. De La Touche reports it “abundant at Foochow from the end of February to the late spring. They pass again towards the middle of September, but not in such numbers. This Teal also passes Swatow in spring and autumn.” It is recorded as a winter visitor to India, Ceylon, Burmah, Japan, by Hume, Legge, Oates, and Seebohm (16, 63, 11, b 4). In the Catalogue of the Ducks, Salvadori separates Querquedula from Nettion somewhat widely, but it is not very easy to point to structural charac- ters wherein the two forms differ. The chief difference seems to lie in the wing: the secondaries of Querquedula are shorter than in Nettion — about one- third shorter, as measured from the tips of the greater coverts, forming a Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. 881 narrower speculum; while the primaries of Querquedula are narrower and more pointed. Altogether the wing of Querquedula is that of a bird of greater flying- powers. ‘The present species is very distinct; its nearest affinities are pee with Q. discors (L.) of N. America and, in winter, the West Indies and ae parts of S. America; the latter has the lesser and middle wing-coverts light blue and, in the male, a white crescentic patch down the face, but no such mark along the sides of the head and nape as in Q. circia. GENUS NYROCA Flem. This genus may be distinguished from the preceding Celebesian Ducks by its hallux which is lobated as markedly as that of a Grebe. The bill is broad and flat, longer than the tarsus; the outer toe is equal in length to the middle one. Of cosmopolitan distribution. + 374. NYROCA FULIGULA (L.). Tufted Duck. a. Anas fuligula (1) Linn., 8. N. 1766, I, 207; (2) Steere, List Coll B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 27. b. Anas cristata (1) Leach (nec Gm.), Syst. Cat. M. & B. Br. Mus. 1816, 39. Nyroca fuligula (7) Flem., Phil. of Zool. I, 260 (1822). ec. Fuligula cristata (1) Steph., Gen. Zool. XII, 2, 190 (1824); (2) Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godef. 1875, VIII, 40; (IZZ) Dresser, B. Europe YI, 573, pl. 437 (1879); (4) Hume, Str. F. 1879, IX, 115; (5) Everett, Ibis 1890, 263; (6) Seeb., B. Japan. 1890, 255; (7) Styan, Ibis 1891, 328, 497; (8) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 492. d. Morillon des Isles Mariannes (1) Less., Tr. d’Orn. 1831, 632 (fide Salvadori). e. Fuligula fuligula (1) Licht., Nomencl. Av. 1854, 102; (2) Salvad., Cat. B. 1895, XXVII, 363. f. Fulix cristata (1) Swinh., P. ZS. 1871, 419; (2) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 508; (3) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 1167. g. Aythya fuligula (1) Stejn., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1885, Nr. 29, p. 160. h. Nyroca cristata (1) Newt., Dict. B. 1894, 736. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori e 2. Figures and descriptions. The standard works on Birds of the countries of Europe; Dresser e I; Taczanowski f 3; Salvadori e 2; ete. Adult male. Upper surface, breast and under tail-coverts black; back and scapulars duskier, finely peppered with whitish specks; a long decurved crest; lower breast, sides and abdomen white; thighs dusky; secondaries white, tipped with black; unexposed part of inner primaries whitish (7, Saxony — Nr. 10454). “Bill lead-blue, tipped with black; iris yellow; legs dull olive-plumbeous, with blackish webs” (Dresser JIZ). Female. The black parts in the male replaced by brown, darkest on the lower back, more ferruginous on the face and breast, palest on anterior parts of cheeks; scarcely any crest; abdomen and sides with brown intermixed with the white (Q, Pillnitz, Saxony — Nr. 12429). Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 13th, 1897). 111 882 Birds of Celebes: Anatidae. Changing plumage. Male undergoing the post-nuptial moult, or young assuming the adult male dress. Browner than the adult male; forehead, face and chin blackish; neck pale dull brown (broccoli-brown); upper breast blackish, the feathers terminally edged with white; wing 204 mm; tail ca. 45; tarsus 37; middle toe and claw 59; exposed culmen 39 (Celebes [Gorontalo]: Riedel, 1875 — C 257). Young [male]. Brown like the female; forehead and face blackish; the white under-parts marked with indistinct bars and streaks; wing 205 mm; exposed culmen 38 (Celebes: Riedel, 1875 — C 256). Young in down. See, Dresser c¢ JUI. Eggs. Like all Ducks’ eggs, but rather dark with a tint of clay-colour: size about 57 >< 40 (Uleaborg, Lappland). Nest. Chiefly composed of the dark brown down of the bird, bits of grass-stalk, etc. inter- mixed; placed on the ground near the water. Distribution, “Palaearctic Region from the Atlantic to the Pacific; in the Ethiopian Region it extends as far south as Shoa, and apparently breeds in the high lakes of Abyssinia; im winter in South China, Japan and India, but not in Ceylon or in Burmah; acci- dental in the Malay Archipelago (Philippines and Borneo), and in Polynesian Is- lands: Marianne Islands and Pelew Islands” (Salvadori e 2). Philippines — Luzon (Maitland-Heriot e 2), Basilan (Steere a 2); Labuan (Everett ¢ 5, e 2); North Celebes — Gorontalo (Riedel in Dresden Mus.); Marianne Is. (Quoy & Gaimard d 1, e 2); Pelew Is. (Tetens c 2). The Tufted Duck is now recorded for the first time from Celebes, the two specimens in the Dresden Museum from Dr. Riedel, which were most probably shot on the Lake of Limbotto, being the only ones as yet known from the island. Its nearest breeding grounds known are in South-east Siberia; it is a winter visitor in China and Southern Japan. In Europe also, as is shown by Dresser’s studies, it is in general a northern species in summer, breeding abundantly in Finland and North Russia. Further south it is much rarer in the breeding season; it is known to nest in two or three spots in England and Scotland, and more plentifully in North Germany. Certainly one of its southernmost nesting stations is Saxony, where, though the eggs (at this moment) have not yet been taken, it breeds in one or two places — among them, on two of the fish-ponds at Moritzburg near Dresden (see Meyer & Helm, VII.—X. Jahresber. orn. Beob.- stat. Ker. Sachsen, 1896, p. 131). The male of the present species may be easily recognised at a great dis- tance by its crest, black back and breast, and white belly. Its form is short and compact, and it is a more incessant diver than its allies on fresh waters. N. marila is distinguishable by its grey back and crestless head, N. novaezealandiae by having hardly any exposed white on the secondaries, no crest, and the abdomen brown. Count Salvadori separates these species and two American forms generically from Nyroca, but his genus Fuligula is one of those forms calling for a close comparison with Nyroca before the differences can be seen, and we are very doubtful whether it ought to be separated even subgenerically. Birds of Celebes: Fregatidae. 883 ORDER STEGANOPODES. The Frigate-birds, Cormorants, Gannets, Tropic-birds and Pelicans form an order of natatorial birds, some of which (the Tropic-birds) bear some resemblance to the Terns, others (the Darters) to the Divers and Grebes, others (the Pelicans) to the Duck-family, but the Steganopodes may always be distinguished by their feet which have a continuous web, the hind toe being placed laterally on the inner side and connected with the others by a web (almost absent in the Frigate- birds). They differ further from other natatorial birds (except the Petrels and Penguins) in having their young hatched blind and helpless, and in other points. FAMILY FREGATIDAE, The Frigate-birds are well characterized by the bill which is about twice as long as the head, nearly straight, with a terminal hook like that of a Bird- of-prey; by the extremely long wing, coupled with magnificent powers of flight; by the very short tarsus, about '/, the length of the middle toe and claw; by the feet, webbed only towards the base of the anterior toes, with the hallux practically free, and the claw of the middle toe very long and pectinated. The sexes are somewhat different, the old male being ornamented about the inter- scapulary region with glossy hackle-feathers. GENUS FREGATA Briss. Description as for the family. + 375. FREGATA MINOR (Gm). Lesser Frigate-bird. Fregata minor [Brisson, Orn. 1760, VI, 509]; (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Pelecani, 1863, 3; (2) Sclat. & Salv., P. Z. S. 1878, 650; (3) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1203; (4) Hume, Str. F. 1880, IX, 119; (5) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 404; (6) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, I, 228; (7) Pleske, Bull. Ac. Sc. Petersb. 1884, XII, 137; (8) Brd., Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, I, 128; (9) Biittik., Notes Leyd. Mus. 1886, VIII, 68; (10) Ridgw., Man. N. Amer. B. 1887, 83; (11) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 204; (12) W. Blas., t.c. 373; (13) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 187; (14) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 61; (15) Sh. & Whitehd., t.c. 149; (16) Sh., ib. 285; (17) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 211; (18) Sibree, Ibis 1892, 271; (19) Newt., Dict. B. 1893, p. 294; (20) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 32; (21) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, LIV, 324; (22) Grant, Ibis 1896, 125. a. Pelecanus minor (1) Gm., 8S. N. 1788, I, 572. b. Tachypetes minor (1) Vieill., Nouv. Dict. XII, 144 (1817); (2) Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, II, 499; (3) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Centralpolyn. 1867, 267; (4) Sharpe, 111* ee — 884 Birds of Celebes: Fregatidae. Rep. Trans. Venus Exp., B. Kerguelen 1877, 52; (5) Hartl., Vég. Madag. 1877, 399; (6) Lay., Ibis 1878, 265; (7) Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, 353; (8) Nichols., Ibis 1882, 71; (9) North, Nests and Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 364. c. Atagen ariel [Gould MS.]; (J) Gray, Gen. B. III, 669, Nr. 2, pl. 184 (1845); (IZ) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, VII, pl. 72. d. Tachypetes ariel (1) v. Musschenbroek, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1876, XXXVI, 380. e, Atagen (or Attagen) minor (7) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 534; (2) Kelham, Ibis 1882, 202; (3) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 25. /. Tachypetes aquila var. minor (J) Milne-E. & Grand., Ois. Mad. 1879, I, 705, pls. 286 —8 (I1]). g. ? Fregata aquila (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 99. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 5. Figures and descriptions. Gray ¢ I; Gouldc I; Schlegel 1; Legge 3; Hume 4; Salvad. 5; Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 8; Ridgway 10; Milne-Edwards & Grandidier f I (skel.); ete. Adult male. Schistaceous black, the feathers of head, neck and back lanceolate and glossed with green and violet; a patch on the flanks white; tail very long and deeply forked; chin and middle of throat bare, “deep red” (oj, Macassar, 17. Sept. 1895: P. & F. Sarasin). “Tris red; bill grey; skin of throat red; eyelid black; legs and feet black” (Legge 3). Female. Breast, flanks, sides, and a narrow collar round the lower neck white; the rest of the plumage, including the abdomen, brownish black, the remiges and rectrices glossed with violet, the head with green and violet, the lesser and middle wing-coverts broadly edged with whitish, the back with brownish edgings; much less of the throat bare than in the male (Q, Macassar, 9. [X. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Young male. Head and neck white, washed with cinnamon, deeper cinnamon on the jugu- lum; abdomen white; lower breast, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts brownish black with a purplish gloss; upper parts as in the adult female; “iris dark brown; bill bluish, anteriorly whitish; feet bluish with a flesh-red tint” (oH juv. 27. VII. 94, near Manado: Sarasin Coll.). Young female. Like the young male, but with more white about it: most of the breast and sides white; the head and neck deeply stained with cinnamon (Q, Macassar, 9. IX. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Measurements. Wing | Tail |Tarsus peter a. (Sarasin Coll.) Gf ad., Macassar, 17.TK.95 . . .| 540] 350| 15 85 b. (Sarasin Coll.) of ad., Macassar, 17.1X.95 . . .| — | 420] 16 100 e. (Sarasin Coll.) Gt vix ad., Macassar, 8.TX.95 . .| — | — | — 100 d. (C 6961) [cM] ad., Celebes, 1883 (Ribbe & Kithn) .| 585 | 355| — | 97 e. (Sarasin Coll.) O ad., Macassar, 9.1X.95. . . .| 555 | 300) — 91 f. (Sarasin Coll.) Oo juv., Manado, 27. VII.94 . . .| 565 | 350] — 100 g. (Sarasin Coll.) QO juv., Macassar, 9.1X.95. . . .| 565) 340} — 90 For comparison: h. (Nr. 11847) [co] ad., F. minor, America? . . . . .| 503 | 320) — 90 t. (C 13417) of ad. F. aquila, Bahamas, 15. V.92 . .| 620 | 460} — 108 j. (C 13418) O ad., F. aquila, Bahamas, 2.11.92. . .| 685 | 460| — 120 Nestling. Clothed in white down. Nest and eggs. Breeds in colonies, forming a nest of sticks and twigs on the ground or on Birds of Celebes: Fregatidae. SS5 a low bush; eggs 1—2, of a chalky whiteness: 63.5 >< 43.2 mm (Islands of Torres Straits, North d 9). Interesting accounts of the breeding of the large form Ff. aquila will be found in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway (8). Distribution. Indian and Pacific Oceans. The range has not yet been satisfactorily deter- mined. — Coasts of Celebes (Ribbe & Kiihn, P. & F. Sarasin, ? Rosenberg g 1) A series of six Frigate-birds were obtained by the Drs. Sarasin on the coast of Celebes, and these, with another from the island collected by Ribbe and Kiihn, are before us. The difficulty of determining them is very great. We are only able to state that one specimen may be determined as I’. minor, and that the others may perhaps belong to a slightly larger race, though smaller than specimens of IF’. aquila from the Bahama Islands. The Frigate-birds breed in great colonies, and we incline to the opinion that we have to do with in- dividuals from two different colonies, which vary racially, as do members from different colonies of the Edible-nest Swifts, Collocaliae. At present two species of Fregata are recognised — I’. aquila and F’. minor, and most authorities write of them as if it were the easiest matter imaginable to distinguish them, though others confess themselves greatly perplexed. Among the opinions expressed it may be cited that Schlegel (Z) distinguished I’. minor by its smaller size and white flanks; Oustalet (e /) would distinguish F’. minor not only by its smaller size, but by its naked throat and more uniform plumage; Legge (3) like Schlegel by its smaller size and, in the adult male, by the white patch on the flanks; Salvadori (5) by the smaller size of F. minor, its white flanks and by its glossy green (more or less bluish) back and scapulars — as against violet in F. aqula; Sharpe (b 7), baving questioned the validity of I’. minor elsewhere (b5), was again inclined to separate it, after examples from Borneo, by reason of the “red” colour of the bill (Legge says “grey”, Gould “bluish horn”) and much shorter wings and toes; Ridgway (10) found the plumage of F’. minor “not very obviously different” from F’. aquila, while large specimens of the former had much longer wings than small specimens of the latter, but the bill (culmen) of J’. aquila was found to measure more than 4.15 in. (105 mm), that of EF’. minor less than this. Three adult, or nearly adult, specimens from Celebes in the Sarasin Col- lection and the Dresden Museum want the white patch on the flanks, and should therefore be IF’. aquila; but their size is not large, their bills under 105 mm and the upper surface more or less glossed with green, for which reasons they should be F’. minor, but, besides the absence of the white side- patches, their bills are larger than in the more typical specimen of that bird before us. They seem to break through the supposed line of separation between F. minor and aquila and make it probable that the maintenance of the two names is misleading, and that there are not two species of Frigate-bird, but, as sug- gested above, a number of ancient colonies, the inhabitants of which differ more or less from one another in size and other characters. Want of material renders it advisable for us, however, to leave matters as they are for the present. 886 Birds of Celebes: Phalacrocoracidae. The Frigate-bird is perhaps the finest flyer among birds, and those, who have watched them in nature, have much that is interesting to say about their magnificent evolutions on the wing, and their densely crowded breeding islands. They feed on fish and other marine animals, often harassing other sea-birds and causing them to disgorge their prey. FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE. Toes fully webbed, the outermost one the longest, much longer than the tarsus, claw of middle toe pectinated; plumage generally dark and glossy above; wings rather short, reaching to about the base of the tail; tail moderately long and stiff, usually rounded, 12 or 14 feathers, upper tail-coverts short; neck long; nostrils wanting. The Darters and Cormorants are best distinguished from other Steganopodes by the outer toe being considerably the longest, and by their short wings and stiff tails. GENUS PLOTUS L. The Darters differ from the Cormorants chiefly by the straight slender bill, with the tomia furnished with long serrations directed backwards; by the ex- tremely long neck, which is as long or longer than the body; and by the absence of any appreciable pouch on the upper throat. The genus is represented by four species in the warm parts of America, Africa, and Asia to Australia. + 376. PLOTUS MELANOGASTER (Penn.). Indian Darter. a, Anhinga melanogaster (I) Penn., Ind. Zool. 1781, p. 13, pl. XIII; (2) Newt., Str. F. 1879, IX, 415; (3) Hartert, J. f. O. 1891, 302. Plotus melanogaster (1) Gm., 8. N. 1788, I, 580, pt.; (2) Lath., Ind. Orn. 1790, I, 865; (3) Horsf,, Tr. L. 8. XTIT, 1821, 198; (4) Raffl., t. c. 1822, 330; (5) Begbie, Malay Penin. 1834, 515; (6) Gray, Gen. B. III, 664 (1848); (7) Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8S. B. 1849, 299; (8) Bp., Consp. 1855, II, 181; (9) Schl., Mus. P.-B, Pelecani, 1863, 26, pt.; (10) Jerd., B. India 1864, III, 861; (11) Mart., J. f. O. 1866, 230; (12) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1872, VIII, 106; (12) Meyer, J. £. O. 1873, 405; (14) Adam, Str. F. 1873, I, 403; (15) Ball, ib. 1874, II, 440; (16) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1875, IX, 247; (17) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 367 pt.; (18) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 99; (19) Hartl., Vig. Madag. 1877, 396; (20) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (21) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 496; (22) Meyer; ~ Ibis 1879, 145; (XXIII) Milne-Ed. & Grandid., Ois. Madag. 1879, I, 690, pls. 284, 285 (syn. emend.); (24) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1194; (25) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (26) W. Rams., Index Tweedd. Orn. Works 1881, 660; (27) W.A. Forbes, P. Z. 8S. 1882, 208; (28) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 407; (29) Kelh., Ibis 1882, 203; (30) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, IT, 235; (81) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. Birds of Celebes: Phalacrocoracidae. SS7 1883, XLUT, 197; (32) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 140; (33) Soest, Holontalo 1883, 106; (34) H. Parker, Ibis 1883, 194, 195; (35) Oust., Ann. Sc. Nat. 1882, XII art. 7, p. 7; (36) Cazin, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1884, XVIII, 128; (37) C. Swinh. & Brns., Ibis 1885, 138; (38) Tristr., Ibis 1886, 41 pt.; (39) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 175; (40) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1886, (2) IV, 617, (41) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1886, XLVI, 240; (42) Gurney, Ibis 1887, 336; (43) Whitehd., Ibis 1888, 412; (44) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1889, XLIX, 419; (45) id., ib. 1889, L, 409; (46) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 188; (47) Hartert, J. £. O. 1889, 407; (48) Sharpe, Ibis 1890, 149, 285; (49) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 27; (50) Heine & Rehw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 352; (51) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests and Eggs 1890, 274; (52) Sibree, Ibis 1892, 272; (53) Hose, This 1893, 420; (54) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 285; (55) Whitehd., Exped. Kina Balu 1893, 32. -“Dondohulu”, Rosenberg, or “Tontohulu”, Joest, in Gorontalo. For further references cf. Oates 30. Figures and descriptions. Pennant a J; Milne-Edwards & Grandid. XXIII (skel.); Legge 24; W. A. Forbes 27 (stomach); Oates 30; Vorderman 31; etc. Adult. Head and neck tawny-olive-brown, streaked with black, most intensely on head above and hind neck; a fine white line from forehead to behind eye; a white stripe from suborbital region to nearly half-way down side of neck; chin and upper throat white, with brown centres to most of the feathers; scapulars, wings and tail black, spotted with silver-white on the shoulders, extending into broad mesial stripes on the scapulars; wing-coyerts silver-white, edged with black; back, rump, upper tail- coverts, jugulum and under parts glossy black more or less tinged with greenish or brownish (Manado: y. Musschenbroek — C 5277). “Iris pearly white, with an inner and outer ring of yellow; bill with the upper mandible brownish olive, paling ito horny grey at the tip; under mandible yellow, changing into greyish green at the base; legs and toes bluish; inside of tarsus and webs yellowish; toes dusky at the tips” (Legge 24). Female. Resembles the male, but “the neck is more fulvous; the black on the chest is bor- dered by a yellowish band which extends up the neck, and the streaks on the upper plumage are yellowish” (Oates 30). Nestling. Covered with white down. First plumage. The assumption of the earliest dress is well described by Legge (24); in the first plumage the black feathers of the under-parts have pale tips, the white stripe on the face and neck is only indicated, the scapulars, though lanceolate, are short and have fulvous margins. Observation. One of our specimens from Celebes — apparently a female — has the abdomen dull umber-brown, perhaps a result of attrition of the black ends of the feathers (Manado, March, 1871: Meyer — C 2008). Measurements. Wing 345 mm; tail 260; tarsus 40; middle toe and claw 72; exposed culmen 79 (ad.: Manado — C 5276). Eggs. 3—5. “The eggs resemble those of the known Graculus-species, are white, with a chalky coating, seen against the light grey. They measure 56—57 >< 35—36 mm” (Nehrkorn MS.). See also Whitehead 43, Hume 51. Nest. Of small sticks, a firm structure, lined with leaves. The bird breeds in colonies, in low trees round the water (Whitehead 43). Distribution. India (Jerdon, Hume, etc. a I, 10, 14, 15, 24, 37); Ceylon (Legge, ete., 24, 34); Burmah (Oates 30, Fea 40); Tenasserim (Davison 21); China (f. Bonap. 8); Sss Birds of Celebes: Phalacrocoracidae. Malay Peninsula (Begbie 5, Kelham 29, Hartert 47); Sumatra (Raffles 4, 17, 44); Java (Horsfield, Serouoe Miiller, etc. 3, 9, 31); Borneo (Beccari, etc. 17, 46, 58, 55); Philippines — Luzon (Meyer 16), Nested eae 16), Mindoro (Steere 49, Schmacker a 3); Celebes — Manado (Meyer 12, 13, 22), Gorontalo Distr. (Rosenb. 18, 20, 25, Riedel 39), Pampanua, 8. Peninsula (Weber 54); Madagascar (Pollen 19). The Indian Darter most closely resembles Plotus novaehollandiae Gould of Australia and New Guinea, which has the lower fore-neck hazel, and a second white stripe bordering the bare skin behind the chin. In the Region of the Caucasus and Western Asia another allied form, P. chantrei Oust., has been described (35). In Africa it is represented by P. levaillanti, and in the warm parts of N. and S. America by P. anhinga, but these species differ more widely. The Darters are easily recognisable by their long, thin necks and straight ser- rated bills, and this creates an appearance which has given rise to the name “Snake-bird” for them. For the rest, they are very like Cormorants. ‘Their powers of diving are very great, and they have the capacity, like the Grebes, of submerging the body, so that they are capable of swimming with the head only above water. A curious character of their plumage is the corrugated, or ribbed, character of the outer web of the innermost remex and of the outer web of the middle tail-feathers. In Celebes the Indian Darter has as yet been recorded from three localities only, among them Lake Limbotto where it seems to be plentiful, for Rosenberg got 14 specimens there, and it is to be expected that it will be found on all the lakes of the island which are suited to its mode of life. It is said to feed entirely upon fish by Legge, who gives an excellent description of its habits (24). GENUS PHALACROCORAX Briss. In the Cormorants the bill is generally longer than the head, hooked at the tip, not serrated; anterior malar region and upper throat naked; feet com- pletely webbed, the outermost toe much the longest, the claw of the middle one serrated; wings rather short, rounded to fit the body; tail moderately long, the feathers 12 or 14 in number, stiff, and exposed almost to their bases owing to the shortness of the upper tail-coverts; exterior nostrils wanting. Food: fish. Range: cosmopolitan. +377. PHALACROCORAX MELANOLEUCUS (Vieill.). Pied Cormorant. a. Hydrocorax melanoleucus (1) Vieill., Nouv. Dict. 1817, VIII, 88. b. Carbo dimidiatus (1) Less., Tr. d’Orn. 1831, 604 (ex Cuy. MS.); (2) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 183; (3) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (4) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 127, 128. a) Birds of Celebes: Phalacrocoracidae. 889 ¢. Graculus melanoleucus (1) Gray, Gen. B. 1845, III, 667, Nr. 23; (ZU) Rehb., Natatores t. XXXV, figs. 872—73; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Pelecani, 1863, 15; (4) Finsch, J. Mus. Godef. 1875, VIII, 48; (5) v. Musschenbroek, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1876, XXXVI, 380; (6) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 99; (7) Joest, Holontalo 1883, 105; (8) Rams., Pr. L. Soc. N. S. W. 1887, (2) I, 203; (9) id., Tab. List 1888, 25; (10) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 366. Phalacrocorax melanoleucus (I) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 70; (2) id., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, II, 493; (3) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VII, 106; (4) Buller, B. N. Zealand and ed. 1888, II, 173; (5) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 598. d. Microcarbo melanoleucus (1) Gray, Hl. 1871, Il, 129, Nr. 11145; (2) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, HI, 410; (3) Sharpe, Rep. Voy. Alert 1884, 28; (4) Meyer, Z. ges. Orn. 1884, 271, 295; (5) W. Blas., ib. 1886, 173; (6) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 73; (7) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 211; (8) Meyer, J. f. O. 1892, 266; (9) Madarasz, Aquila 1894, 106; (10) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 181; (11) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Ciy. Gen. 1896, XXXVI, 119. e. Graculus dimidiatus (1) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279. f- Carbo melanoleucus (1) Rosenb., Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (2) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 127, 128. g. Carbo suleirostris (1) v. Rosenb. (nec Brandt)!), Zool. Garten 1881, 167; (2) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1888, 127, 128; (3) id., Z. ges. Orn. 1856, 174. “Manon-ulobo”, Rosenberg, or “Monunulopo”, Joest, Gorontalo. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori d 2, d 7. Figures and descriptions. Gould J, 2; Reichenbach ¢ ZI (after Gould); Salvadori d 2; Buller 4 Adult. Upper surface, with under wing-coverts and sides of body glossy black, the scapulars and wing-coverts powdery green-black, with jet-black edgings to the feathers; under parts, throat and sides of neck, face, superciliary region and forehead next base of bill glossy white (Aru: Riedel — OC 6301). “Trides greyish white; bill yellow, except the culmen which is dark horn-colour; orbits dull reddish brown; throat (naked pouch) yellow; legs and feet black” (Gould J). Sex. The sexes are similar in coloration (Gould J). ° Immature. The feathers of the upper surface edged with whitish brown; the head above and hind neck more brown than black owing to the pale edgings (Sumba: Riedel — C 6300). . | uter he Measurements. Wing | Tail /Tarsus pete ea a. (0 15919) ad. loc. incog. (Riedel) . . . .| 242 Ee = 33 ba (@iG301)ad.,) Aru (Riedel). 2.5: . 2). 8-288 | 170). — ea 31 e. (C 6299) vix ad, Timor (Riedel). . . . .| 285) — | 38 a 32 d. (C 6300) juv., Sumba (Riedel). . . . . .| 250) — | — 72 33 e. (C 10429) Jad., Germ.N. Guin. 1891 (Geislers)| 217 | 143 | 35 64 33 f. ad., Gorontalo (Riedel fide W. Blas. d 5) .| 216 | 166 | 36 | — | 34 Eggs. “The eggs are, like all Graculus-species, white, and furnished with a chalky coating, under which the bluish shell-colour shines through. 43 >< 31 mm” (Nehrkorn MS8.). See, also, Finsch c 4, North e¢ 10. Nest. Of sticks, placed on a bush in or near the water (North c 10). Distribution. Australia and Tasmania (Peron, Gould, Ramsay J, d 2, ¢ 8); New Caledonia 1) See the next article. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 13th, 1817). 112 a -s i os §90 Birds of Celebes: Phalacrocoracidae. (Marie d 6); Is. of. Torres Straits (Macgillivray d 2, Voy. Alert d 3); Papuasia — New Guinea, Salawatti, Aru, Kei, Mysol, Waigiou (fide Salvadori d 2, d 7); Moluccas — Ceram, Amboina, Batchian, Halmahera, Ternate (d 2, d 7); Timor (S. Miiller ¢ 3, Riedel); Sumba (Riedel d 12); Lombok (Everett 5); Celebes area — Djampea (Everett d 10); N. Celebes — Gorontalo (Forsten ¢ 3, y. Rosenberg e1, 63, f 1, ¢6, Riedel d5, vy. Musschenbroek ¢ 5); Pelew Islands (Tetens & Kubary ¢ 4, d 6); ? New Zealand (Buller 4). About a dozen specimens of the Pied Cormorant have been collected in Celebes, all, apparently, on the large, shallow, weed-overgrown lake of Limbotto. Rosenberg says it is fairly common here and attracts attention to itself from its habit of sunning itself on branches of trees overhanging the water, with half-expanded wings after the fashion of a heraldic eagle. The Little Pied Cormorant has a rather short and strong bill, yellow in colour except on the culmen, and with a slight denticulation towards the end of the tomium. ‘The tail is rather long, the feathers twelve in number. ‘This is the number in the Shag, P. graculus, but the Common Cormorant, P. carbo, has fourteen. Gould (I) represents P. melanoleucus with its auricular and occi- pital feathers very smartly brushed up, so as to form a sort of side-fringe to the hind head and nape; this mode of bearing the feathers is not apparent from skins. ‘Though very distinct as a species, we have been unable to find sufficient reason for separating it generically from Phalacrocorae. + 378. PHALACROCORAX SULCIROSTRIS Brdt. Little Black Cormorant. Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt); (1) Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. 1844, 185; (JZ) Gld., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 67; (3) Hart., Nov. Zool. 1896, 598. a. Graculus sulcirostris (1) Gray, Gen. B. 1845, III, 667, Nr. 11; (IZ) Rehb., Natatores t. 316, figs. 2547—48; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Pelecani, 1863, 13; (4) v. Musschenbr., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1876, XXXVI, 381; (5) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, LI, 306. b. Phalacrocorax stictocephalus (Bp.); (1) Gld., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 495. ¢. Microcarbo sulcirostris (1) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 365; (2) id., Orn. Pap. 1882, UI, 408; (3) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 188. d. Graculus stictocephalus (2) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 25; (2) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 367. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori ¢ 2. Figures and descriptions. Gould JJ, b 1; Reichenbach a I; Schlegela 3; Salvad. ¢ 2. Adult. Glossy green-black, the feathers of the back, scapulars and upper wing-coverts of a mealy greyish green appearance with black edges; superciliary region and sides of occiput with small white streaks; wing 260 mm; tail 160; tarsus 45; outer toe with claw 81; exposed culmen 49 (ad., locality uncertain — Nr. 11667). A second example (West Australia, Nr. 11105) has the exposed culmen only 38 mm long; wing 234. “Trides deep grass-green; orbits and gular pouch brownish black, the pouch strongly tinged with blue; feet black” (Gould JJ). Eg a : Birds of Celebes: Sulidae. 891 Eggs. Elongated ovals, pale bluish white, thickly coated with lime: 53—54 >< 36—37 mm (North d 2). Distribution. Australia (Gould, Ramsay IJ, b 1, d 1); New Guinea, Kei, Aru, Amboina, Ceram, Batchian, Halmahera (see Salvadori ¢ 2); Flores (Weber a 5); Celebes — Lake Limbotto (v. Musschenbroek a 4); South Borneo (Croockewit aa, C3) Lombok (Everett 3). An example of an entirely dark-coloured species of Cormorant was obtained by van Musschenbroek at Limbotto and was somewhat doubtfully determined by him as P. sulcirostris. We were much interested to learn from Mr. Biittikofer that this specimen is in the Leyden Museum and that it is a true P. sulcirostris. Von Rosenberg (Zool. Garten 1881, 167) indicated no fewer than six P. sulcirostris as having been shot by him and his hunters at Limbotto, but the indication has been much questioned by Prof. W. Blasius (J. f.O. 1883, 127; Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1886, 174), who suggested that they were P. me/anoleucus and with perfect right. Mr. Biittikofer writes that van Musschenbroek’s example “is the only specimen of P. sulcirostris known to me from Celebes. ‘The specimens recorded by von Rosenberg under this name from Celebes all belong to P. melanoleucus; they make part of our collections!” When adult this species is easily distinguished from P. melanoleucus by its entirely green-black plumage, as well as by its bill, which is weaker, with the culmen much broader and more rounded. We are not acquainted with the young of P. sulcirostris, but that of P. javanicus is brown above and pale grey on the under parts, much as that of P. pygmaeus. The adult P. javanicus is distinguished by its white upper throat and small bill and the absence of white spots on the head; P. pygmaeus by its chestnut head and upper neck, and the small white longitudinal spots on the under surface and lower neck. FAMILY SULIDAE. The bill of the Gannets is longer than the head, large at the base, taper- ing towards the tip, without external nostrils, the tomia serrated for the terminal half; more or less of the upper throat and base of jaw naked; tarsus shorter than the toes, the middle toe with the serrated claw slightly longer than the outer one; wings long, about twice the length of the secondaries; tail moderate; a “system of subcutaneous air-cells, some of large size, pervading almost the whole surface of the body, communicating with the lungs, and capable of being inflated or emptied at the will of the bird” (Newton, D. B. 1893, 308). GENUS SULA Briss, Description as for the family. 892 Birds of Celebes: Sulidae. +379. SULA LEUCOGASTER (Bodd.). Booby Gannet. This wide-spread species seems to be smaller in size in the Atlantic than in the Pacific Ocean. There not being sufficient material in the Dresden Museum for a proper geographical study of the species, the following references bear only upon its occurrence in the Celebesian Province: a. Sula fiber (nec L.); (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Pelecani, 1863, 41; (2) Salvad., Ucc. Borneo 1874, 369; (3) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 464; (4) Rosenberg, Malay. Archip. 1878, 279. b. Dysporus sula /1) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIII, 106; (2) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 145; (3) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 140. c. Sula fusca (1) v. Musschenbr., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1876, XXXVI, 380. Sula leucogaster (Bodd.); (1) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1177; (2) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 421; (3) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6, 57; (4) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 633; (5) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1896, Nr. 1, p. 15. Adult. Entire upper parts, with throat and jugulum, warm bistre-brown; remaining under "parts white (ad., Atlantic Ocean, Nr. 11101). Young. Paler and greyer brown, the under parts whitish brown, instead of white (of juv., Gulf of Boni, 19. I. 95: Sarasin Coll.). Measurements (two young examples from Celebes). Wing 395, 430 mm; tail 215, 215; tarsus 35, 45; middle toe and claw c. 88; exposed culmen 83, 105. Distribution (as a species). Most of the tropical and subtropical seas of the globe. — In the Celebesian Province: Celebes (vy. Rosenberg a4, v. Musschenbroek ¢ 1, P. & F. Sarasin 5); Sangi Islands — Great Sangi and Siao (Meyer 3). Some half dozen examples of this Gannet have been recorded from Celebes, where, according to v. Rosenberg, it appears at times in flocks of 10—12, chasing the shoals of fish swimming near the surface. The habits of the species have been well described by Dr. Bryant and others (see Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Water B. N. Am. 1884, IT, 181; Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 507). The birds breed in colonies, and two white eggs are laid on the sand, rock, etc., or in a nest slovenly made of dried herbage; the young are at first naked and livid blue in colour, but soon become covered with white down. Sula piscatrix (L.). This species has not yet, so far as we know, been recorded actually from Celebes, but Biittikofer (Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 285) mentions the skeleton of a Gannet shot between Madura and Celebes as belonging to this species, and it is certain ultimately to be found on the coasts. The adult is easily distinguishable from S. leucogaster by its white plumage (except the remiges and greater wing-coverts, which are dusky grey); the young is not always easy to distinguish, but in life it has red feet, the young of S. leucogaster greenish yellow legs and feet. Birds of Celebes: Laridae. $93 ORDER *LART. The systematic position of the Gulls — whether they should be placed nearer to the Plovers or to the Petrels — is not yet decided; perhaps an inter- mediate position would be most correct. They have the following characters whereby they may be distinguished as an order. They are of more or less ex- clusively natatorial habits, feeding chiefly upon fish, and furnished with webbed feet (in some genera the webs much indented), differing, especially by the former point, from the Charadriidae; the young are covered with down and spotted, and are able to leave the nest at an early age; the eggs are richly spotted, and do not apparently exceed 3 in number; the nostrils are schizorhine — wherein they differ from the Tubinares and Steganopodes; further from the former by the shape of the tongue, coracoid, furcula and hypotarsus, etc. (Gadow), from the latter by the hind toe, when present, not being webbed and joined on to the other toes; the bill is simple, not furnished with a nail at the tip or ser- rations or lamellae at the edges; the wing is long, the ulna exceeding the humerus — whereby they differ from the Ducks, as well as by their eggs, young, and various osteological characters. FAMILY LARIDAE. Mr. Howard Saunders divides the Lari or Gaviae into two families, Laridae and Stercorariidae, the former being distinguishable by their “bill with- out a cere; sternum with two notches on each side of the posterior margin; toes partially or fully webbed; claws feeble or moderate”. He subdivides the Laridae into Sterninae, Rhynchopinae and Larinae; the Sterninae have a straight, tapering bill with both mandibles of about equal length, whereas in the Larinae the tip of the maxilla turns down over the mandible, while the bill of Rhynchops is of abnormal appearance, the lower mandible projecting considerably beyond the upper one. GENUS HYDROCHELIDON Boie. These small, Marsh Terns are distinguishable from the other Terns by their having the feet webbed only about as far as the first joint of the middle toe, and the feet do not appear to be used for swimming. There are four species, generally of dusky plumage. + 380. HYDROCHELIDON LEUCOPTERA (Meisn. Sch.). White-winged Black Tern. a. Sterna leucoptera (I) Meisner & Schinz, Vig. Schweiz 1815, 264; (II) Naum., Vog. Deutschl. X, 214, t. 257 (1840); (3) Stejn., Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. 1885, Nr. 29, 316; (4) Buns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 31. "Es. eee 894 Birds of Celebes: Laridae. b. Sterna grisea (1) Horsf., Tr. L. Soc. 1821, XII, 199. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (1) Boie, Isis 1822, 563; (IZ) Dresser, B. Europe VIII, 321, pls. 590, 591 (1875); (3) Saund., P. Z. 8. 1876, 641; (4) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 524; (5) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1000; (6) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, II, 420; (7) Brd., Brew. & Ridgway, Water B. N. Am. 1884, IT, 323; (8) Buller, B. N. Zeal. 224 ed. 1888, Il, 77; (9) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 210; (10) Saund., Cat. B. 1896, XXYV, 6. c. Hydrochelidon nigra (1) Gray (nec Linn.), List Anseres Br. Mus, 1844, 180; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIII, 103; (3) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 372; (4) id., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1877, TX, 63; (5) W. Blas. & Nehrk., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1882, 432; (6) W. Blas., ib. 1883, 73; (7) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6; (8) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 634; (9) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1891, LI, 413; (10) Biittikofer, Zool, Erg, Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 285. d, Sterna nigra (1) Schl. Mus. P.-B., Sternae, 1863, 31. e. ?Hydrochelidon hybrida (1) Salvad. (nec Pall.), Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 566. /. Hydrochelidon fissipes (Pall.); (1) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, I, 1015. For further synonymy and references cf. Saunders 10. Figures and descriptions. Naumann a JJ; Dresser JJ, and plates in other standard works on European birds; Legge 5; Oates 6; Buller 8; Saunders 10; ete. Breeding plumage. Head, neck, mantle and under parts including under wing- coverts and axillaries black, deepest on head and neck; back and scapulars blackish grey; lesser wing-coverts and metacarpal edge white, becoming pearl- grey on the other wing-coverts and outer webs of primaries’), and more slate-grey on the secondaries; shafts of quills white; rump, vent, upper and under tail-coverts and tail white. Wing 210 mm; tail 67; tarsus 18; middle toe and claw 23; exposed culmen 23 (cj ad., Europe — Nr. 1315). “Tris dark brown; bill reddish black; inside of mouth yellowish red; legs and feet orange-red, claws black” (Legge 5). Sexes. Similar in coloration. Winter plumage. Differs from the summer dress in having the black of the head, neck and under parts replaced by white, except on the occiput and nape, which are mottled with black, and there is a black spot in front of the eye. Changing plumage. Moulting specimens, with the head, neck and under parts varied with black and white feathers, occur in early spring and autumn (Legge 5, Saunders 10). Young. “Posterior portion of the crown, a patch on the side of the head and one on the hind neck dark sooty grey, the feathers with lighter margins, the patch on the hind neck with brownish markings; rest of the head, neck and entire under parts pure white; back and scapulars blue-grey, broadly tipped with blackish grey; wings as in the adult in winter, but the wing-coverts tipped with light reddish brown, rump and upper tail-coverts white; tail light French grey, becoming darker towards the tip” (Dresser II). Eggs. 3, rarely 4; short oval; shell delicate, smooth, without gloss; dark olive-yellow or pale olive; shell-spots and dots grey-brown, thickly distributed, superficially blotched, dotted and scratched with reddish black-brown, or black (Naumann a IJ). Size 34 >< 25.5mm. Nest. Formed of bits of reed, rush, grass-stalks etc. in spots far out in marshes. Distribution, Central and Southern Europe in summer; Africa; temperate Asia eastward to E. Siberia (f 1), south to Australia and New Zealand; once in Barbados; once in 1) As Mr, Saunders (10) says, the pearl-grey, which has a frosted or velyety appearance on the pri- maries, soon wears off on the outer quills, leaving the webs sooty black. Birds of Celebes: Laridae. $95 Winconsin (Saunders 10). — In the East Indies: Philippines — Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester a4, Moseley 10); Borneo (Grabowsky ¢ 6,9, Everett 10); Java (Horsfield 6 1,10, Vorderman ¢ 9); Celebes — North Peninsula (Forsten d 1), South Peninsula, Tempe (Weber ¢ 10); Great Sangi (Bruijn ¢ 4, ¢ 8); ? Amboina (Platen ¢ 5, e1, c 6). The White-winged Black Tern has been recorded three times from Celebes, two of the specimens being in the Leyden and the third in the British Museum, One specimen is known from Sangi. Following the lead of Gray and Schlegel, writers on birds from the Kast Indies have generally called this Tern H. nigra, but the true Black Tern of Europe does not, according to Mr. Saunders, range east beyond Turkestan and Abyssinia. From the latter species, H. leucoptera, which Naumann considered the most beautiful of all the Terns, may be dis- tinguished when adult by its white lesser and metacarpal wing-coverts, blackish red bill, white tail, which is very little forked, by its smaller size, but larger feet, which are scarlet in colour and less webbed than in H. nigra. H. hybrida may be distinguished from H. /eucoptera at all times by its larger size and grey (not white) tail, which is not almost square but forked to a depth of 15—20 mm, and in the breeding season its cheeks and throat are grey, and a white stripe passes across the face. 381. HYDROCHELIDON HYBRIDA (Pall.). Whiskered Tern. a, Sterna hybrida (1) Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. 1811, I, 388; (2) Schl, Mus. P.-B., Sternae, 1863, 32; (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (4) Oates, ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs 1890, UI, 305. b. Sterna leucopareia (1) Natterer in Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1820, 746; (JZ) Naum., Vog. Deutschl. 1840, X, 168, t. 255. ¢. Sterna javanica (1) Horsf., Tr. L. Soc. 1821, XIII, 198 (the species in Horsfield’s Zool. Res. in Java is S. ene Ts Pie Saunders). Hydrochelidon hybrida (1) Bp., Cat. Ucc. Eur. 1842, 77; (2) Swinh., Pp. Z. 8S. 1871, 421; (3) Salvad., Ucc. Borneo 1874, 372; (IV) Dress., B. Eur. 1877, VIII, 315, pls. 588, 589; (5) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 524; (6) Tweedd., P. ZS. 1877, 536, 551; (7) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 491; (8) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 996; (9) W. Rams., Tweedd. Orn. Works, Index 1881, 660; (10) Salvadori, Orn. Pap. 1882, II], 427, 566; (11) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1882, XLII, 126; (12) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, I, 419; (13) Seeb., Ibis 1884, ae (14) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 204; (15) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 204; (16) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 23; (17) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 353, 402; (18) Hiyorett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 210; (19) Radde & Walter, Ornis 1889, 127; (20) Whitehead, Ibis 1890, 61; (21) Styan, Ibis 1891, 331, 509; (22) De La Pomehy: This 1892, 502; (23) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 285; (24) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 30; (25) Saund., Cat. B. 1896, XXYV, 10; (26) Grant, Ibis 1896, 127. d. Hydrochelidon fluviatilis (1) Gld., P. Z. 8. 1842, 140; (II) id., B. Austr. 1848, VII, pl. 31. i oS en Se ee ee 896 Birds of Celebes: Laridae. e. Hydrochelidon indica (Steph.); (1) Gray, Gen. B. (1846) II, 660. f. Hydrochelidon leucopareia (1) Gld., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, II, 406; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIII, 103; (3) id., ib. 1875, LX, 244; (4) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 146. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 10; Saunders 25. Figures and descriptions. Naumann 0) JJ; Dresser IV, and the other standard works on European birds; Gould d I; Legge 8; Saunders 25; etc. Breeding plumage. Top and sides of head nearly down to the level of the under eyelid, and nape black; from rictal region and chin to sides of upper neck white; general colour of remaining plumage grey, pale on cheeks and upper throat, darkest — blackish grey on lower breast and abdomen, velvety pearl-grey on primaries and their coverts, the worn tips of the former blackish; under wing-coverts, crissum and under tail-coverts white. Wing 243 mm; tail 85; tarsus 22; middle toe with claw 31; exposed culmen 31 mm (8. Europe, Nr. 10958). Bill bright blood-red; iris deep hazel or dark brown; eyelid black; feet blood- red, lighter than the bill (Naumann / JJ). Old male. The old male in the breeding season has the breast much darker than the female, but males in their second year are liable to be mistaken for females several years old (Naumann + IJ). Winter plumage. In winter the entire under parts are white; forehead white, rest of head above and nape streaked with black and white. “Bill (variable) blackish red, dull red, almost black in some; legs and feet likewise varying from dark reddish to dull lake”. Eggs. “Moderately broad ovals, a good deal pointed towards one end. The texture is very fie and close but they have little or no gloss. The ground-colour varies, and is sometimes a pale olive stone-colour, sometimes an olive-brown, sometimes a bright decided green, or a rich or pale blue-green, sometimes a greenish grey, but most commonly a pale clear olive-green. The markings, which are generally pretty numerous, consist of streaks, spots and blotches of deep blackish brown, umber-brown, or reddish brown, and of a number of very pale purplish brown clouds, streaks, and spots under- lying the primary markings.” Mr. Hume describes some of the more pronounced types of markings. Size 35—42 >< 26—29 mm (Hume a4). See, also, North 17, Naumann 0 JI, etc.). Nest. Of rushes, weeds, grasses, placed on hillocks of mud, or, on heaps of rush, reed or other rubbish driven together by the wind, on the leaves of the water-lily or lotos (Indiaj, the locality chosen being a large swamp or jheel (b IJ, a 4). Distribution. “South-western, Central, and Southern Europe in summer and to about 55° N. lat. on migration; eastward throughout temperate and warmer Asia to China; south- wards by Malayasia to Australia as far as 35°8. lat., throughout Africa; Barbados once” (Saunders 25). — In the East Indies: Philippines — Luzon (Meyer f 3, Murray etc. 6, 24, 25, 26), Samar, Mindanao, Sulu, Tawi Tawi, Calamianes, Tablas, Romblon, Sibuyan, Panay, Guimaras, Negros, Masbate, Cebu, Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester 24), Palawan (Whitehead 15, 20, Moseley 25); Borneo (Diard, Schwaner, etc. a 2, 3, 18); Java (Horsfield c 1, Vorderman 11); Celebes — Gorontalo Distr. (Forsten a 2, Riedel 14), Togian (Meyer f4, 25), S. Peninsula, Tempe (Weber 23); Buru (Bruijn 10); ? Amboina (Platen 10); Salawatti (Bruijn 10); New Guinea (D’Albertis 10). No naturalist travelling in Celebes has paid close attention to the sea-birds of the island, and specimens of such are rather rare in collections. Of the Whiskered Tern over a dozen have been recorded from Celebes, from which it Birds of Celebes: Laridae. 897 would appear that the species is not rare. We suppose it to be a resident, as a number of specimens were collected by Meyer at the Togian Islands in August, and the bird breeds in India —- except the Central and Southern parts of the country, — and in Australia. Mr. Saunders makes mention of some appreciable racial differences in this species; these are: slightly smaller size in India, a darker hue in the resident birds of S. Africa, a tendency to paler tints in Australia. The members of the genus Hydrochelidon may be distinguished from the other Terns by their toes being only slightly webbed — not more so, in fact, than in such a bird as Phalaropus, and Naumann remarks of the present species that it is hardly ever to be seen swimming, and, even then, there is no forward paddling, as the bird simply rests a little upon the water. The web connecting the outer toe, which is the larger web, is indented almost as far down as the distal end of the first joint of the middle toe, the other web is considerably shorter. Four species of Hydrochelidon are admitted by Mr. Saunders (Catalogue of Birds 1896, X XV, Gaviae). The Whiskered Tern may be distinguished from its three allies in winter by its larger size, further from H. leucoptera by its grey tail forked to a depth of about 2 cm, and from H. migra by its larger feet. The fourth species is the American form of H. migra, H. surinamensis. In its summer plumage H. hybrida is very different from them. As Naumann remarks, this species by its size, form, colour, markings and to some extent even in its habits stands midway between the Common ‘Tern, Sterna hirundo and H. nigra. GENUS STERNA L. In the true Terns the feet are somewhat small, with the anterior toes webbed not quite to their ends, the middle toe and claw longer than, or equal to, the tarsus; the tail forked, more or less deeply; the wing long, more than twice the length of the secondaries; the first primary the longest; more or less of the head black in the breeding season, in one species this colour being reduced to a black transocular streak. Food: fish, caught by plunging. Mr. H. Saunders (1896) describes 33 species, of cosmopolitan distribution. + 382. STERNA MEDIA Horsf. Lesser Yellow-billed ‘Vern. Sterna media /1) Horsf., Tr. L. Soc. 1821, XU, 199; (2) Finsch & Hartl., Vig. Ost- Afr. 1870, 830; (3) Heuglin, Orn. N.-O. Afr. 1871, 1430; (4) Salvad., Cat. Uce. Borneo 1874, 377; (5) Saund., P. Z. 8. 1876, 655; (VI) Dress., B. Europe VIU, 285, pl. 583 (1878); (7) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1030; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, Ill, 437; (9) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 129, 140; (10) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, II, 426; (11) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 23; (12) Oates ed. Hume Nests & Eggs Ind. B. 1890, III, 299; (13) Salv., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 211; (14) Konig, J. f£. O. Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 14th, 1897). 113 898 Birds of Celebes: Laridae. 1883, 96; (15) Barnes, Ibis 1893, 178; (16) Kuschel, J. f. O. 1895, 83; (17) Saund., Cat. B. 1896, XXYV, 86. a. Sterna affinis (I) Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas p. 23, t. 14 (1826); (2) Koénig-Warth., Ibis 1860, 127, pl. V (eggs); (3) Schl, Mus. P.-B., Sternae, 1863, 6; (4) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 184; (5) Hartl, Vog. Madag. 1877, 383; (6) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (7) id., Zool. Garten 1881, 168. b. Sterna bengalensis (1) Less., Tr. @Orn. 1831, 621. c. Thalasseus torresii (1) Gld., P. Z. S. 1842, 140; (IZ) id., B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 25. d. Pelecanopus medius (1) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIII, 104; (2) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 145. | For further synonymy and references cf. Finsch & Hartlaub 2; Heuglin 3; Salvadori 8; H. Saunders 77. Figures and descriptions. Gould ¢ lJ; Dresser VI; Heuglin 3; Legge 7; ete. | Breeding plumage. Head above down to the level of the lower eyelid, and nape black, the nuchal feathers lengthened into a short crest; loral region, face, neck, and entire under parts white; upper parts grey, the greater wing-coverts tipped with white, the primaries frosted with pearl-grey, tail deeply forked — to a depth of 50 mm or more. “Iris brown; bill orange-yellow; legs and feet black, soles of toes yellowish” (Legge 7). Winter plumage. Like that of summer, except that the forehead is all white, and the crown white streaked with black; nape and a mark in front of the eye black (Nr. 11829). Measurements. Wing 255 mm; tail c. 100—150; tarsus 28; middle toe with claw 25; exp. culmen 50. Eggs. 2 or 3. “There are two principal varieties with respect to coloration: (A) white or greenish white with coarse spots, sometimes scattered, sometimes arranged in groups. The centre of each spot is violet-grey or blackish grey, which colour passes into a beautiful chestnut-brown and dark brown towards the periphery; the edges are gene- rally burnt brown ... (B) Yellowish, sometimes with a reddish shade, dotted and striolated, the darkest points, dots, and streaks are black-brown or brownish red; the margins of the spots shining brown or red” (vy. Kénig-Warthausen a 2, with plate; see, also, Heuglin 3, Hume 72, Barnes 15). Nest. On slightly raised sandy flats, covered with Madrepore-remains, not far from the water’s edge, in places where only a scanty vegetation of soda plants exists ... nu- merous nests often rather crowded together (Red Sea: Heuglin 3). Distribution. “Mediterranean, from Straits of Gibraltar (sparingly) eastwards to Egypt; Red Sea; East Africa to Madagascar and islands of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Lower Bay of Bengal, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, and Celebes; Aru and Yule Id. (8); Australia, chiefly the north” (Saunders 77). In Celebes: — Macassar (S. Miiller a 3); N. Celebes (Forsten a 3); Strait of Lembeh (Meyer d 2); Lake Limbotto (Rosenberg a 7). Among the few species of Tern known from Celebes the present species is most like S. bergii, but is much smaller, darker grey on the upper parts, and in the summer the black of the head reaches to the base of the upper bill. Both species have the nuchal feathers so lengthened as to form a sort of crest. The legs are black, the toes short and fully webbed. ‘The Roseate Tern, Sterna dougalli Mont., which will probably be found in Celebes some day, since it is known from the Moluccas and Australia as well as from the Indian countries, Birds of Celebes: Laridae. 899 has red legs and a black, or mostly black, bill, and the rectrices are white, the outermost greatly prolonged in the adult. S. longipennis Nordm., which for the same reasons may be expected in Celebes, has black legs and bill, and a white deeply forked tail. The nearest ally of S. media is probably S. ewrygnatha Saund , which has a white tail and the legs partly yellowish. The habits of S. media are well described by Legge (7) and Heuglin (3). ~ 383. STERNA BERGII Leht. Greater Yellow-billed Tern. Sterna bergii (1) Licht., Verz. Doubl. Berl. Mus. 1823, 80; (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Sternae, 1863, 11; (3) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Centralpolyn. 1867, 216; (4) Heuglin, Orn. N.-O. Afr. 1871, 1436; (5) Hume, Str. F. 18738, I, 283; (6) id., ib. 1876, IV, 470; (7) Saund., P. Z. 8S. 1876, 657; (8) Butler, Str. F. 1877, V, 300; (9) Sharpe, Tr. L. Soc. 1877, (2) I, 350; (10) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 498; (11) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1026; (12) W. Ramsay, Tweedd. Orn. Works, Index 1881, 660; (12) Kelh., Ibis 1882, 201; (14) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 432; (15) W. Blas. & Nehrk., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien 1882, 434; (16) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, II, 428; (17) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 57; (18) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 172; (19) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1887, X, 392; (20) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 23; (21) W. Blas., Orn. 1888, 320; (22) Sharpe, Ibis 1888, 204; (23) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 354, pl. XIX, f..2 (egg); (24) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8S. 1889, 210; (25) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 60; (26) Sharpe, t. c. 149, 285; (27) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. Is. 1890, 27; (28) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs Ind. B. 1890, III, 297; (29) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 229; (30) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 211; (30%) id., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1890, X XTX, 591, ib. 1891, XXX, 833; (31) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 74; (32) Biittik., Zool. Erg. Weber’s Reise 1893, III, 285; (33) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exp. 1894, 31; (34) M.& Wg,, J. £.O. 1894, 253; (35) iid., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 20; (36) W. E. Clarke, Ibis 1895, 479; (37) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1895, LIV, 325; (38) Saund., Cat. B. 1896, XXV, 89; (39) Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. 1896, XXXVI, 120; (40) Hartert, Nov. Zool. 1896, 250. a. Sterna cristata (1) Steph. (nec Sws.), in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XII (1), 146 (1826); (2) Swinh., Ibis 1863, 430; (3) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 376. b. Sterna velox (J) Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas 1826, 21, t.13; (2) Kénig-Warth., Ibis 1860, 127, pl. V (eggs). c. Sterna pelecanoides (1) King, Survey Int. Austr. 1826, I, 422; (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Sternae, 1863, 9; (3) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (4) Ribbe, Jb. Ver. Erdk. Dresd. 1892, 174. d. Thalasseus pelecanoides (J) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, VII, pl. 23. e. Thalasseus poliocercus Gould; (Z) id., B. Austr. 1848, VU, pl. 24. “Manuana”, Kabruang, Talaut, Nat. Coll. “Ngeo”, general name for the Terns [Gorontalo], Rosenberg ¢ 3. For further synonymy and references cf. Finsch & Hartlaub 3; Heuglin 4; Salvadori 14, 30; Saunders 38. Figures and descriptions. Gould d J, e J; Cretzschmar b J; Schlegel 2, ¢ 2; Finsch & Hartlaub 3; Heuglin 4; Legge 11; Saunders 38; ete. ete. 113* ee. ee ee oe 900 Birds of Celebes: Laridae. Adult in winter plumage. Forehead, face, entire neck and under parts, including wing below, white; feathers of crown tipped with black, becoming all black on the occiput and nape, where the feathers are very long; a blackish spot in front of eye; back, wings, and tail grey, frosted with pearl-grey on exposed ends and outer webs of the primaries, the inner webs blackish grey, with a white space down the middle towards the base; tips of the greater wing-coverts and inner edges of the remiges white; tail deeply forked (to about 9 cm), the outermost rectrices very narrow (Manado: v. Musschenbroek — C5274). Adult in summer plumage. The crown, but not the forehead, is black like the occiput and nape. “Tris dark brown; bill murky yellow, tinged with green in parts; roof of mouth and tongue bluish; legs and feet black, with a reddish tinge, soles yellowish” (Legge 11). Young — moulting (in second plumage on the head). Forehead white, rest of head above with black centres to the feathers; the grey feathers of the back with pale tips, upper tail-coverts whitish; remiges more broadly edged with white than in the adult; greater wing-coverts tipped with white, middle series white, the outer webs with a dusky mark, forming an ill-defined bar (Talaut, Nov. 1893: Nat. Coll. — C 13030). Nestling. See, Saunders 38. Measurements (4 expls. Celebes area). Wing 315—330 mm; tail c. 155; tarsus c. 28; middle toe and claw c. 32; exp. culmen 48—55 mm. Eggs. “The eggs are very handsome. .The ground-colour is a saturated grey-yellow, with a reddish hue. Distributed over the whole of the eggs are sharply defined black and grey-brown hieroglyphics, blotches, and dots, which in some eggs are gathered into a circlet around the blunt end. The measurements are: 60—64 >< 40—45 mm” (Nehrkorn M$). See, also, vy. Kiénig-Warthausen 6 2, with figures; North 23, figure; Hume 6, 28. Nest. None — “the eggs are laid on the bare ground in the most open and exposed parts of the island {of Astola in the Gulf of Oman] about one foot apart, and when sitting the birds seem packed together as close as possible, without perhaps actually touching each other” (Butler 8). Colonel Butler observed the daring manner in which the eggs of these Terns are seized and devoured by Gulls (Larus hemprichi), and re- marks that it seems evident that the birds lay in groups to protect their eggs from such ravages. On islets in the Red Sea between Suakin and Massowa, Heuglin found the species breeding on rubbish and sand aboye high-water mark, between soda plants and low shrubs, the birds not rarely sitting in close proximity to one another (4). Distribution. The coasts of South, West, and East Africa, of South Asia to Japan; the East India Archipelago; Australia and Tasmania; throughout Polynesia (but not New Zealand); Hawaiian Islands. — In the Celebesian area: Talaut Islands, Kabruang (Nat. Coll. 34); Celebes — (Forsten), Minahassa (Meyer and Musschenbroek in Dresd. Mus., P.& F. Sarasin 35), Gorontalo Distr. (Riedel in Brunsw. Mus. 18, and Dresd. Mus.), S. Peninsula, Macassar and Goa (Weber 32). ? The Larger Yellow-billed Tern appears to be a resident in Celebes. It was most likely this Tern, rather than S. media, that Meyer found breeding in large flocks on the rocks in the Strait of Lembeh, N. E. Celebes, for a specimen from there, previously determined as S. media, proves to be this bird. It is distinguishable from S. media by its larger size, the grey of the upper parts is lighter, and in the breeding season the forehead remains white. Birds of Celebes: Laridae. 901 Three or four species have been made of the bird which we, following Finsch & Hartlaub, Heuglin, Salvadori, and Saunders, regard as one species which ranges from Australia to Japan and round the coasts washed by the Indian Ocean to South-west Africa. But it varies locally to a considerable extent. “As regards size”, writes Mr. H. Saunders, “the smallest are those from the south of Australia. . . . In North Australia birds are nearly as large as those from the Red Sea and Mekran coasts, and there is every gradation over the area frequented. In colour, the birds with the darkest upper parts are those from the Red (“S. velox”) and Arabian Seas and the Bay of Bengal, and these dark birds — slightly falling off in size — run down to the northern part of Australia (“S. pelecanoides”). There and in the Moluccas they meet and blend with the smaller southern race (“S. poliocercus”) from which they gradually be- come indistinguishable. In birds from South Africa and the Mascarene Islands the size of the Indian form is maintained, but the tint of the upper parts is of a purer grey without the brownish tinge, and this also holds good of most of the Polynesian examples, though the latter show a slight diminution in size”. As the probable chief cause of these differences in tint, Mr. H. Saunders suggests the influence of the sun: “Under the hot sun of the Arabian and Indian Seas the grey feathers of the mantle and tail soon acquire a brownish tinge at their edges, and brown is a very assertive colour; whereas in the Southern Seas and in the Pacific the sun’s direct force is much feebler”. But in his ad- mirable catalogue (p. 14) in the case of another species, the Whiskered Tern, Mr. Saunders shows that Northern African examples do not attain to the dark hue sometimes met with in resident examples from the cooler area of South Africa; and Indian birds are slightly smaller in size, not among the largest. This species is a true Sea Tern. It breeds in large colonies, one of the most celebrated being that on the island of Astolah in the Gulf of Oman, made known in a highly interesting manner by the observations of Mr. Hume (6, 28) and Colonel Butler (8). About 7000 eggs of this species were brought away by some fishermen in June, 1878. Here the birds, as Butler found, suffer from the depredations of a Gull; on Oyster Island near Akyab Captain Shopland observed that they had a great enemy to their breeding in the Hermit-crab. which was always ready, when opportunity offered, to seize their eggs (28). + 384. STERNA SINENSIS Gm. White-shafted Little Tern. Sterna sinensis (1) Gm., S. N. 1788, I, 608 (ex Latham); (2) Saund., P. Z. 8. 1876, 662; (3) Hume, Str. F. 1877, V, 325; (4) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1019; (5) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, H, 430; (6) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 211; (7) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 60; (8) Oates ed. Hume's Nests & Eggs Ind. B. 1890, III, 312; (9) Seebohm, B. Japan 1890, 298; (10) Styan, This 1891, 331, 509; 902 Birds of Celebes: Laridae. (11) Bns. & Worces., B. Menage Exped. 1894, 31; (12) Saund., Cat. B. 1896, XV, 1413. a. Sterna pusilla (1) Temm., Man. d’Orn. 2"4 ed. 1840, pt. 4, 465. b. Sternula sinensis (1) Boie, Isis 1844, 183; (2) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 527; (3) A. Mill, J. f. O. 1882, 438; (4) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, IIT, 445; (5) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 23; (6) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. App. 1890, 405; (7) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 212; (8) Meyer, Abh. Mus. Dresden 1891, Nr. 4, p. 17; (9) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 503; (10) Tacz., Faun. Orn. Sib. Orient. 1893, II, 1014; (11) Salvad., Boll. Mus. Torino 1896, XI, Nr. 250, 14. ce. Sterna minuta (nec Linn.); (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Sternae, 1863, 22, partim; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (3) Steere, List Coll. B. & M. Philipp. 1890, 27. d. Sternula placens (1) Gould, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1871, VIII, 192; (ZZ) id., B. New Guinea 1876, V, pl. 72. e. Sternula minuta (nec Linn.); (1) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VIL, 118; (2) Meyer, J. f. O. 1873, 405; (3) id., Ibis 1879, 145. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori b 4, b7; H. Saunders 72. Figures and descriptions. Gould d IJ; Seebohm 9, woodcut of head; Legge 4; Salvadori b4; Oates 5; Taczanowski b 10; H. Saunders 12. Breeding plumage. Crown, occiput, nape, and a band from the eye to the base of the bill uniform black; forehead white, extending as a stripe to over the eye; upper parts light grey, pearl-grey on neck, primaries frosted with pearl-grey, all the shafts above, as well as below, white; secondaries tipped with whitish; tail and upper tail-coverts nearly white; chin, face, and under parts, including under wing-coverts und tail below white; primaries below greyish dusky, whitish on inner portion of inner webs; wing 180 mm; tail 95; depth of fork about 48; tarsus 18.5; middle toe and claw 17; exposed culmen 30 (Japan — C 11337). “Tris hazel-brown; bill gamboge-yellow, sometimes without a dark tip, but generally with more or less of the tips of both mandibles, for a distance of 8.9 mm, black; legs and feet orange-yellow. In some females the legs are dusky orange” (Legge 4). Winter plumage. In winter the crown as well as the forehead is white: blackish in front of the eye. Young. Above pale cinnamon-buff and grey, the feathers marked with subterminal U-shaped bars of dusky; nape and sides of occiput and spot in front of eye black; crown streaked with black and buff-brown; forehead whitish; under parts including tail white (New Britain: B. & H. Geisler — C 10164), “Bill, lower mandible and edge of upper fleshy yellow, culmen and tip of lower mandible dusky; legs and feet dingy yellow” (Legge 4). Eggs. Resemble those of S. mimuta of Europe with fie spots. The ground-colour is a pale clay-yellow, the spots and points smaller than those on eggs of the European species compared; the superficial ones of dark brown, the inferior of greyish brown are rather numerous and distributed over the whole surface, more numerously at the blunt end. Dimensions: 33 >< 25 mm; 34 >< 26; 38 >< 23 (Ussuriland — Taczanowski 5b 10); see, also, Legge 4; Hume 8; North 6 6. Nest. A little hollow scratched out, lined with a few bits of grass-stalk, etc., on gravel, or shingle, or sand, on the shores of rivers or on islands therein, or in dried-up reservoirs, shores of lagoons, or of bays of the sea (4, 8, b 9). Distribution. §. E. Siberia, Ussuriland and Corea (b 10); Japan and Loochoo Islands (9); Formosa (12); Hainan, China (b 2, 10); Bay of Bengal, Ceylon, Burmah and Malacca Birds of Celebes: Laridae. 903 (4, 5, 12); Sumatra (fide Salvadori 6 11); Java (Horsfield 6 4, 12); Borneo (Schwaner, etc. 6, 12, ¢ 1); Philippines — Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester 11), Palawan (Whitehead 7), Mindanao (Steere e¢ 3); Celebes — North (Meyer e1, e 2, e 3); ? Timor (S. Miiller ¢ 7); New Guinea — §. coast (fide EB. P. Ramsay b 4, 65); New Britain (Finsch 6 4, B. & H. Geisler b 8); Islands of Torres Straits (Gould, Masters d II, b 4, 12); Australia — Northern and Eastern (Ramsay, ete. b 5, b 6, 12). The Oriental form of the Little Tern was met with by Meyer in 1870—71, but has not since been obtained from Celebes, unless the two immature ex- amples in the British Museum are from another source. Meyer obtained several adults, recorded by Lord Walden. Most probably it is only a winter visitor to Celebes. Mr. Whitehead (7) says it is a winter visitor to Palawan, arriving about the 20 September; Mr. Styan (/0) notices it as a spring and autumn bird of passage on the Lower Yangtse, and Kalinowski (b /0) found it abundant in Corea in spring, rare in summer and absent in winter. Mr. De La Touche discovered it nesting in South China at Swatow in June; here it is a summer visitant. In Ceylon Legge found it to be most noticeable in the breeding season, but he is not prepared to say that most of the birds leave the island for the rest of the year. Mr. North has recorded its breeding in Australia, and it is clear from the young specimen in the Dresden Museum that it also nests in New Britain, but there seem to be no observations to show whether it is strictly stationary or not, south of the equator. The White-shafted Little Tern is one of a group of closely allied forms, so closely allied in fact that we fear that the marks of distinction pointed out by Mr. Howard Saunders and others will hardly hold good for all cases; but of this we have no proof. S. sinensis is separable from S. minuta, which ranges from Europe and Africa to India and has occurred in Java, by the shafts of the primaries which are white, whereas in S. minuta the two or three outer- most are brown above. Sterna nereis Gould of New Zealand, Australia and New Caledonia is also white-shafted, but it has only a spot of black in front of the eye, instead of a band reaching to the base of the bill. S. sawndersi Hume, ranging from E. Africa to Burmah is described as black-shafted and with a straight culmen (/2). Other forms are found in America. + 385. STERNA MELANAUCHEN Temm. Black-filletted Tern. Sterna melanauchen (J) Temm., Pl. Col. 1827, pl. 427; (IZ) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, VU, pl. 28; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Sternae, 1863, 28; (4) Gould, Hb. B. Austr. 1865, Il, 400; (5) Finsch, Neu Guinea 1865, 184; (6) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Central- polyn. 1867, 224; (7) Finsch, J. Mus. God. 1875, VII, 41; (8) Saund., P. Z. S. 1876, 661; (9) David & Oustal., Ois. Chine 1877, 526; (10) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (11) Nehrk., J. f. O. 1879, 409; (12) Finsch, J. f. O. 1880, 295; (13) Lay., Ibis 1882, 540, 544; (14) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, Il, 443; (15) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, II, 429, (16) W. Blasius, J. f. O. 1883, 127; 904 Birds of Celebes: Laridae. (17) Meyer, Ztschr. ges. Orn. 1884, 196; (18) W. Blasius, Ornis 1888, 320; (19) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 23; (20) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 211; (21) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 356; (22) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests & Eggs Ind. B. 1890, III, 302; (23) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 297; (24) Salvadori, Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 212; (25) Wiglesworth, Av. Polyn. 1892, 74; (26) De La Touche, Ibis 1892, 502; (27) Salvad., Ann. Mus. Gen. 1892, XXXII, 142; (28) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 20; (29) Saund., Cat. B. 1896, X XV, 126. t. Onychoprion melanauchen (1) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1872, VIL, 104. Sternula melanauchen (7) Hume, Str. F. 1874, II, 319. Onychoprion sumatranus') (“Raffl.”); (1) Salvadori, Cat. Uccelli Borneo 1874, 374; (2) Vorderm., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1884, XLIV, 253; (3) id., ib. 1892, LI, 415. d. Sterna sumatrana (1) Hume & Davis., Str. F. 1878, VI, 493; (2) Kelh., Ibis 1882, 202. For further synonymy and references cf. Finsch & Hartlaub 6; Salvadori 14, 24; H. Saunders 29. Figures and descriptions. ’emminck J; Gould WZ; Schlegel 3; Finsch & Hartlaub 6; Salvadori 14; Oates 15; Seebohm 23 (woodcut); H. Saunders 29. Adult. Head above, face, and under parts, including wing below, and tail, white; a black band through the eye (but not reaching to the base of the bill) round the nape (where it is broadest); upper parts very light grey; upper hind neck, tail- feathers, except the basal ones, and tips of secondaries, imner edges and shafts of primaries white; outer web of outermost primary black (Banka Id., N. Celebes, May, 1893: Nat. Coll. — C 12094). The tail is forked to a depth of 8—9 cm. Winter plumage. In winter, according to Mr. Howard Saunders (29), the adult has less black in front of the eye and round the nape. Tris dark brown; bill and legs black (Kelham d 2). Young. Above impure cream-colour, the feathers crossed with subterminal U-shaped bars of dusky, bases pale grey, the head above with a few fine streaks of dusky; a band of black with paler tips to the feathers through eye round the nape; remiges grey, the tips and most of the inner webs cream-white or white, shafts white, outer- most primary blacker; under parts cream-white; “iris dark; feet brownish; bill black” (juv., Lembeh Id., N. Celebes, 18. July, 1893: P. & F. Sarasin). SoS Measurements. Wing Tail |Tarsus aa eee | pa Rie a. (12095) ad., Banka Id., May, 1893 (Nat. Coll.) 223 | — | 19.5| 23 35 b. (C 12094) ad., Banka Id., May, 1893 (Nat. Coll.) 228 | 146 EM 18.5 | 23 ae e. (012093) ad., Banka Id., May, 1893 (Nat. Coll.)| 235 | 156 | 20 | 24 37 d. (Sarasin Coll.) juv., Lembeh Id., 18. July, 1893) 162 | 70/19 | 22 25 Eggs. 2. “Eggs from islands of all parts of the South Seas are similar. They have a grey- yellow ground, with violet shell-spots and light and dark brown surface-spots, which in most eggs are evenly distributed over the whole surface. They stand nearest to the eggs of Sterna minuta, but are notably larger and measure 38—41 >< 27—29 mm” (Nehrkorn MS). See, also, Hume 61, 22; North 27; Finsch 7. 1) Raffles’ species of this name is included by Mr. H. Saunders with a query in the synonymy of S. sinensis, by Salvadori doubtfully (14) in that of the present species. From the original description (Trans. Linn, Soc. 1822, XIIT, 329) it is quite impossible to decide what the species may have been. Birds of Celebes: Laridae. 905 Nest. The eggs are laid upon a little collection of small lumps of coral and stone on the bare rock, or in a little depression in the sand (Andaman and Nicobar Is., Hume 22). Distribution. Indian and Pacific Oceans — from Tenasserim and the Andamans to the island-groups north of Madagascar; from the Loochoo Islands and E. and §. China through the East India Archipelago to New Guinea, New Caledonia and N. and EK. Australia, west as far as the Marshall, Phoenix, and Samoa Islands in Polynesia. — In Celebes: Celebes (Reinwardt 3); Banka Island (Nat. Coll.); Lembeh Island (P. & F. Sarasin). The type of the Black-filletted Tern was obtained, apparently in 1821, by Reinwardt in Celebes, but not many examples have been collected there since. It breeds, however, at Lembeh Island, as is proved by the young example killed there by the cousins Sarasin; it looks as if it had not been more than a fortnight out of the nest. Other known breeding places are the Andamans and Nicobars, S. and E. China, the Pelew Islands, sandbanks off N. Australia, and various islands of Polynesia (eggs in the Nehrkorn Coll.). It is, however, to some extent also a migrant, for instance Abbé David (9) and Mr. De La Touche (26) observe that it comes to the rocky islets off the coast of China in great numbers in the warm season to breed; and similarly, as Hume and Davison (b 7) found, it visits the Andamans towards the end of April for this purpose. , This is a beautiful and very distinct species, easily recognised by its having the whole head above white encircled by a band of black passing through the eye and round the nape, by its light pearl-grey upper plumage with the outer web of the outer primary black, and black bill and feet. From the angular cut of its shorter remiges, which bear resemblance to those of the next species S. anaestheta, it is evidently an admirable flier. Its most special characteristic is the restriction of the black of the head to a broad fillet. In the Sterninae black is a very persistent colour over the forehead, crown and nape; in a large number of typical Terns the whole upper head, down to the level of the under eyelid and nape is black; white appears first (or black disappears first, as the case may be) on the forehead and supraloral region, as shown in many species, for instance S. minuta, S. bergii, S. fuliginosa; in S. melanauchen the black is re- stricted to a band round the head, in VN. ¢rudeaui of S. America the band no longer passes round the nape, but it remains as a stripe through the eye; in Gygis there is no black at all in the plumage. In a species of Anous, Anous leucocapillus, the entire state of things is reversed; the head above and nape are white and the rest of the bird black. In the true Terns it may be noted that the black on the head expands, so to say, in the breeding season and recedes in the winter; the young of many species of Terns also show a tendency to acquire black on the nape and on the region of the eye, but less so on the crown and not at all on the forehead. As a parallel case may be cited a group of Orioles: Oriolus melanisticus of Talaut, O. broderipi, celebensis, galbula, and others, in which the black on the head and nape forms (sometimes) an almost 114 Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (Dec. 14th, 1897). 906 Birds of Celebes: Laridae. complete hood in the first species, leaves a broad yellow forehead in the second, a black fillet, much as in Sterna melanauchen, in the third, and finally a simple loral stripe of black in O. galbula. ~*~ 386. STERNA ANAESTHETA Scop. Brown-winged Tern. Sterna anaestheta') (1) Scop., Del. Faun. et Flor. Insubr. 1786, I, 92; (2) Saund., P. Z. 8. 1876, 664; (3) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1040; (4) Oates, B. Br. Burmah 1883, I, 431; (5) Brd., Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, II, 316; (6) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. 8. 1889, 211; (7) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 356; (8) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 301; (9) Oates ed. Hume’s Nests & Eges Ind. B. 1890, IT, 300; (10) Saund., Cat. B. 1896, XXV, 101. a. Sterna panayensis (1) Gm., S. N. 1788, I, 607; (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Sternae, 1863, 26. b. Sterna panaya (1) Lath., Ind. Orn. 1790, IL, 808; (2) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Centralpolyn. 1867, 228, t. IV, figs. 1, 2, 3 (eggs); (3) iid., Voég. Ost.-Afr. 1870, 833. ce. Sterna melanoptera (1) Sws., B. W. Afr. 1837, II, 249; ? (2) Rosenberg, Zool. Garten 1881, 167. d. Onychoprion panaya (J) Gould, B. Aust. 1848, VIL, pl. 33. é. Onychoprion anaesthetus (1) Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. 1849, 298; (2) Wald., Tr. Z. S. 1872, VII, 104; (3) Salvad., Cat. Ucc. Borneo 1874, 374; (4) Wald. Tr. Z. 8. 1875, IX, 244, 252; (5) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 449; (6) W. Blas., Ornis 1888, 634; (7) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 212; (8) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 76; (9) Meyer, Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1893, Nr. 3, p. 29; (10) M. & Wg., ib. 189€, Nr. 1, p. 15. f. Haliplana anaestheta (1) Swinh., P. ZS. 1871, 422; (2) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 528. g. Hydrochelidon anaesthetus (1) Heugl., Orn. N. O. Afr. 1871, 1453. For further synonymy and references cf. Finsch & Hartlaub b 2, b 3; Salvadori e 5, e 7; H. Saunders 10. Figures and descriptions. Gould dJ; Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 5, woodcut of head; Seebohm 8, woodcut of head; Finsch & Hartlaub } 2,b3; Heugling 1; Legge 3; Oates 4; Salvadori e 5; H. Saunders 10; etc. Adult in winter plumage. Forehead and superciliary stripe white; crown black, with white tips and edges to the feathers; occiput and nape more uniform black; re- maining upper parts hair-brown, remiges and lesser wing-coverts darker, palest on hind neck; from base of upper mandible to eye a band of black mixed with white; rest of face, entire under parts, edge of wing, and under wing- coverts white, with a cast of French grey on the body below; remiges and rectrices below dusky, paling into white towards their bases, shafts white, tail forked to a depth of about 10 em (o, Constantinhafen, New Guinea: Kubary — C 9952). “Tris brown; bill and feet black” (Platen e 6). Breeding plumage. In breeding plumage the bird has the crown, occiput, and nape, and the band from the base of the bill through the eye to the sides of the occiput uniform black, forehead and superciliary stripe white. 1) Variously spelt anaethetus, anaestheta, anostheta. Birds of Celebes: Laridae. 907 Immature. Similar to the adult in winter plumage, but with the feathers of the upper parts tipped with whitish, and head above browner (', Bonthain, 8. Celebes, 15. Jan. 1895: P.& F. Sarasin). Young. “Head streaked and mottled with brownish black; feathers of the upper parts dark brown with rufous tips, which subsequently become paler, approaching white, and finally wear away; under parts greyish white; bill and toes brownish” (H. Saunders 10). Measurements. Wing 240—278mm (the smallest being the above immature bird from Bonthain, the largest an exceptionally large example from Sangi measured by Prof. W. Blasius), tail c. 170, depth of fork c. 100; tarsus 22; middle toe with claw 29; exposed culmen c. 40—45, Eggs. 1, sometimes 2. “The eggs have a white ground, violet shell-spots, and light and dark brown superjacent spots, some sharply defined, some washy. The variability is very great. Size 50—51 >< 35—36 mm” (Nehrkorn MS); see, also, Finsch & Hartlaub 6 2, with figures; Heuglin b 3; Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 5; North 7; Hume 95 ete. Nest. None. The egg (or eggs) is laid in a depression in the sand near high-water mark, or among fragments of rock, or in clefts of the rocks, or in holes dug in the ground to a depth of 1 to 1'/. feet, or under a tuft of grass, or under a small bush. Gene- rally rather well concealed (9, b 3, 7, etc.). Distribution. From the Gulf of Mexico and the West Indigs to W. Africa; the coasts washed by the Indian Ocean and its seas, including the East India Archipelago and Australia; the Western Pacific Ocean from Japan to the Phoenix and Tonga Islands (see H. Saunders 10). — In the Celebesian area: Great Sangi Island (Platen e 6); Celebes — S. Peninsula at Bonthain (P.& F. Sarasin); Saleyer Island (Wallace e 2, 10). Up to the present time we know of only one example of this wide-ranging Tern from the mainland of Celebes, the immature male obtained by the cousins Sarasin in the South. There is an immature example from Saleyer from Mr. Wallace in the British Museum, and a male of unusually large size, as Prof. W. Blasius shows, from Great Sangi in the Brunswick Museum. The Brown-winged Tern is easily distinguishable from the other Terns, breeding in or visiting Celebes, by its brown upper parts and white under sur- face. Its toes have the webs somewhat deeply indented, and in this respect it forms an approach to the genus Hydrochelidon, as it does also by its somewhat thin, sharply pointed bill and by its tendency to dusky hues; but its tail- feathers, lengthened laterally into rather long streamers, as well as its marine habits, serve to separate it from that genus. It has the wing of a bird of great flying powers — lengthened primaries, the inner ones with the ends somewhat angularly cut, and short secondaries, and Heuglin describes it as the predicate of a perfect flier; its movements in the air, even against strong breezes, are as active as strong, light, soft, and enduring. With two other species, Sterna fuliginosa Gm. inhabiting the warmer seas of the globe, and S. lunata Peale from some of the warmer parts of the Western Pacific, east to Hawaii and the Paumotu Islands, the present species has been placed in the genus Onychoprion, which has this peculiarity amongst others, of usually laying only a single egg; 114* 908 Birds of Celebes: Laridae. but Mr. Howard Saunders remarks that with every desire to separate them generically, he is unable to find any structural differences which would warrant such a proceeding. S. lunata may be recognised by its grey upper parts and the entirely pure white outer web of the outermost rectrices; S. fuliginosa is larger, has the upper surface blackish, and in summer the black stripe from the eye descends towards the gape instead of running horizontally towards the nostril as in S. anaestheta. Both S. lunata and fuliginosa are not unlikely to be found in Celebes. GENUS ANOUS Steph. The Noddy Terns are easily distinguishable from the other Terns by the shape of their tails and by their coloration. In Anous the tail of 12 feathers is more than half the length of the wing, graduated, the fourth pair of rectrices, counting from the outside, being the longest; its plumage is of a uniform sooty black or brown, with the head above grey in the typical forms. They range over the warmer seas, breeding in colonies and laying a single egg at a sitting. The nostril is situated rather far forward, the anterior margin reaching to the middle of the bill. + 387. ANOUS STOLIDUS (L.). Noddy Tern. a. Sterna stolida (I) Kittl., Kupfertafeln 1833, II, 27, t.36, f.2; (IZ) Audub., B. N. Amer. 1844, VII, 123, pl. 440; (3) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Sternae, 1863, 36. Anous stolidus (7) Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, 100; (ZZ) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, VU, pl. 34; (3) Finsch & Hartl., Orn. Centralpolyn. 1867, 234; (4) Lenz, J. f. O. 1877, 381; (5) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1043; (6) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, IIT, 452; (7) Meyer, Isis, Dresden 1884, 6; (8) Brd., Brew. & Ridgw., Water B. N. Am. 1884, II, 325; (9) MacFarlane, Ibis 1887, 210, 211, 212, 213; (10) Finsch, Ornis, 1887, 372, R. Blasius, ib. 386, pl. IL (eggs); (21) W. Blasius, Ornis 1888, 320, 636; (12) North, Nests & Eggs Austr. B. 1889, 358, 375, pl. XXI, f. 2 (egg); (13) Whitehd., Ibis 1890, 60; (14) J.B. Young, Ibis 1891, 146; (15) A. J. Campb., Ber. II. Orn. Congress Budapest 1893, 158, phot.; (XVI) Rothsch., Av. Laysan pt. I, 1893, 41, pl; (17) Newton, Dict. B. 1894, 643; (18) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1895, Nr. 8, p. 20; (19) Saund., Cat. B. 1896, XXV, 136. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 6; H. Saunders 19. Figures and descriptions. Kittlitz aZ; Audubon aJJ; Gould I; Rothschild XVI; Finsch & Hartlaub 3; Legge 5; Salvadori 6; Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 8; H. Saunders 19; etc., etc. Adult. Sepia brown, darkest on the primaries, paler below, with a leaden cast on neck, throat and chin, head above light silvery grey; loral region and ear-coverts blackish; under wing-coverts grey-brown; wing 271; tail c. 160; tarsus 23; middle toe with claw 35; exposed culmen 35 mm (ad., Manado, 15. April, 1893: Nat. Coll. — C 12105). “Tris deep brown; bill black, orange at gape; legs and feet dusky vinous purple, webs paler; claws black” (Hume 5). Birds of Celebes: Laridae. 909 Sexes. The sexes are very similar. Mr. Howard Saunders describes the female as being, as a rule, somewhat browner on the shoulders and with less lead-colour on the throat, slightly smaller and with a weaker bill (19). Young. Differs from the adult in being paler brown, the feathers of the back and the wing- coverts with paler edges; abdomen whity-brown; head above brown like the back, becoming grey on the forehead; superciliary and suborbital stripe white; loral region and above front of eye blackish brown; “feet brownish; bill black” (ot, Manado, 16. Nov. 1893: P.& F. Sarasin). Eggs. Only one to a sitting. “The most usual variety found is of a creamy white ground- colour, with crowded spots and blotches of chestnut-red and faint bluish grey, the latter colouring appearing as if beneath the shell’s surface; these markings are more thickly disposed towards the larger end of the egg, and in some specimens form an irregular zone”; size 50.2 < 35.3 mm (North 12); see, also, Gould JJ; Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 8; O. Finsch & R. Blasius 10; etc. The yolk is yellow; in Sterna fuliginosa deep orange-reddish (Crowfoot, and Finsch 10). Nest. Of sea-weed, about 6 inches in diameter, 4—8 in. in height, so completely plastered with the excrement of the bird that at first sight they appear to be entirely formed of that material; placed on the ground in a clear open space, or on the tops of the thick scrub (Gilbert in Gould ZZ: Houtmann’s Abrolhos — see photograph of breeding grounds by A. J. Campbell 15). In the South Seas Dr. Finsch found the Noddy always breeding in trees; the nests were roughly constructed of dry twigs on the leayes of cocoa-palms, by preference in a parasitic fern growing thereon. On the contrary at Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean Dr. Finsch found the species breed- ing on the ground, though the open spot was surrounded by trees (10). Interesting accounts of the breeding of this species have been given by many writers. Distribution. The warmer parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. — In the Celebes Province: — Sangi Islands (v. Biiltzingsléwen 4, 11); N. Celebes (Nat. Coll., P.& F. Sarasin 18). Hitherto the Common Noddy had not been recorded from Celebes, and the adult from our native collectors and the young specimen from the Sarasins described are the only examples from the island with which we are acquainted. This well-known species is easily distinguishable from the Terns by its dark smoke-brown plumage and grey cap, and structurally by the shape of the tail, which is graduated, the fourth pair of rectrices from the outside being the longest. Not taking into consideration the doubtful form, Anous galapagensis Sharpe, the Common Noddy finds its nearest relatives in the members of the genus Micranous, which Mr. H. Saunders separates by their longer and thinner bill, and the third pair of rectrices from the outside being the longest. Micranous leucocapillus G1d. and possibly M. tenuirostris Temm. may ultimately be found on the coasts of Celebes; the former may be recognised by its head which is white above, by its sooty black plumage and jet-black lores; the latter is like A. stolidus, but is distinguishable by its grey lores and black mark in front of and over the eye; both are also much smaller than A. stolidus. Noddy, meaning stupid, is a sailors’ name for this species, given on ac- count of its being free from a wholesome dread of man. It has been known to 910 Birds of Celebes: Laridae. suffer itself to be taken by hand, and, when breeding, must often be pushed off the nest in order that its egg may be taken. Probably, like man, it knows when adult hardly any enemy in the animal kingdom, its most serious incon- venience, as with him, being a too rapid increase of population. Consequently it lays only one egg, but the returns from its nurseries seem to suffer great reduction from enemies to its eggs and young. At the Houtmann’s Abrolhos off West Australia Gilbert found a small lizard which preyed upon the young (devouring only the brain and marrow) to such an extent that he expressed the conviction that not more than one in twenty of the birds hatched ever reach maturity; besides which great numbers of the old birds were constantly killed (IJ). GENUS STERCORARIUS Briss. See description of family Laridae, p. 893. 388. STERCORARIUS sp. In the “Natuurkundig Tijdschrift v. Ned. Indié” 1876, XXXVI, p. 379, van Musschenbroek records a species of Stercorarius as having been seen, but unfortunately not obtained, by him. Mr, H. Saunders (Cat. B. 1896, XXV, 326) records S. pomatorhinus (Temm.), which has a vast range chiefly in the Northern Hemisphere, both from Japan and from Cape York, Australia, so that its occurrence in Celebes seems probable. Under the name S. hardyi, Stercorarius parasiticus L. was recorded by Bonaparte (C. Av. 1856, II, 210) as having been captured between the Philippine and Sandwich Islands. Still more likely to occur in Celebes is S. crepidatus (Banks), a circumpolar species, ranging south to Australia and New Zealand. ‘The two latter species according to Mr. H. Saunders, have the wing under 356 mm, but S. pomatorhinus above this length; S. parasiticus has only two outer primaries with white shafts, and the central rectrices longer than in SN. crepidatus, sometimes projecting 230 mm. ORDER TUBINARES. The Petrels and Albatroses may always be distinguished from other sea- birds by the shape of the nostrils, though some of them are extremely like Gulls or Skuas in external appearance. The nostrils take the form either of two short tubes on the sides of the maxilla (Albatros), or lie close together as tubes on the surface of the culmen, or are laterally united with a single orifice above the culmen. For further particulars see Salvin, Cat. B. 1896, XXV, 340—42; Gadow in Bronn’s Kl. u. Ord. VI, 4, Aves 1893, II, 129; ete. Birds of Celebes: Puffinidae. 911 FAMILY PUFFINIDAE. The Shearwaters and Fulmar Petrels are distinguished by Salvin from the other members of the Tubinares as follows: “Nostrils united externally, or nearly so, above the culmen; margin of the sternum uneven; distinct pterygoid processes; manubrium of furcula very short; coracoids short, wide at the base and divergent; 1 primary the longest, or not shorter than the second”. The Fulmars are further marked off as a subfamily by their having the sides of the palate furnished with lamellae. GENUS PUFFINUS Briss. Bill much like that of a Frigate-bird (Fregata) — nearly straight with a terminal hook, but differing of course by the tubular nostrils on the dorsal sur- face of the maxilla; tarsus laterally compressed, reticulated, shorter than middle toe and claw; the outer toe about equal to the middle one; tail rounded or cuneate; wings moderate. Cosmopolitan. / 389. PUFFINUS CUNEATUS Salv. Snow’s Wedge-tailed Shearwater. Puffinus cuneatus (1) Salvin, Ibis 1888, 353; (2) Stejn., Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1889, XII, 377; (3) Seeb., Ibis 1891, 191; (4) Wiglesw., Av. Polyn. 1892, 80; (V) Wilson, Av. Hawaii. pt. IV pl. (1893); (6) Salvin, Cat. B. 1896, XXV, 371. a. Puffinus knudseni (1) Stejn., Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, XI, 93. b. Puffinus chlororhynchus (nec Less.); (1) M.& Wg., J. f. O. 1894, 116; (2) iid., Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1895, Nr. 8, p. 20. Figure and descriptions. S. B. Wilson V; Salvin 7, 6; Stejneger a1. Immature. Above sepia-brown, darkest on lower back and lesser wing-coverts, greyer on hind neck, darker and duller brown on head above; mantle, scapulars, and greater wing-coverts with paler edgings; wings and tail blackish brown; submalar region, chin and under parts white with a shade of pearl-grey in it, sides of neck greyer; under tail-coverts sepia-brown; under wing-coverts white, varied with grey- brown; “iris dark brown; bill steel-blue, tip darker; feet and legs pale flesh-red”; wing 291 mm; tail 136, lateral rectrices 90; tarsus 48; middle toe with claw 56, outer toe about 2 mm shorter; exposed culmen (straight) 38 (QO, Kema, N. Celebes, 15. Sept. 1893: P. & F. Sarasin). Adult. The adult answers well to the above description, but as the specimen described is manifestly changing to a greyer brown plumage (as shown by the presence of new and of more abraded feathers); the bird is evidently more smoky and less sepia-tinted when adult. Nest and eggs. Mr. 8S. B. Wilson (V) draws attention to Dr. Finsch’s observations on the breeding of a Shearwater, which seems to have been this species, in the Sandwich Islands, but the bird was only seen, and broken fragments only of its eggs obtained. Seebohm (3) records it as breeding abundantly on Sulphur Island, Bonin Group; an egg from there measured 63.5 >< 42 mm. 912 Birds of Celebes: Puffinidae. Distribution. From North Celebes to the Sandwich Islands: — Kema, North Celebes (P.& F. Sarasin 5 1, b 2); Bonin Islands (Holst. 3, 6); Krusenstern Id., N. Pacific (H. J. Snow J, 6); Sandwich Islands (Knudsen a 1, 2, V). A single specimen of a white-bellied Wedge-tailed Shearwater was obtained by the cousins Sarasin at the N. E. extremity of Celebes in September, 1893, and was identified by us with P. chlororhynchus Less., but now, after much uncertainty, we hold it to be Mr. Salvin’s P. cuneatus. Ordinarily Puffinus chlororhynchus has the under surface sooty-brown and P. cuneatus white, and from Mr. Salvin’s measurements it appears that the middle and outer toes of the former are equal in length, but in the latter the middle toe is given as about 3mm the longer. < 40—42 mm (North 7). Nest. None. “This bird digs out a hole in the soft soil on the faces of the cliffs, also in the sand on flat ground. Some of the burrows are six feet and more in length. The bird also lays extensively on Philip Island in shallow recesses under overhanging boulders and in colonies, i. e. many may be found close together. On Norfolk Island its holes are always isolated and the burrows deep” (Crowfoot a@ 45; see, also, E. Newton 2; Gould a HW; Griffe 3; North a7). Distribution. From Loango (3) over the Indian Ocean south to Tasmania, east across the Pacific as far as the Society Islands and New Zealand. # 390. PUFFINUS LEUCOMELAS (Temm.). Streaked Shearwater. a. Procellaria leucomelas (J) Temm., Pl. Col. 587 (1835); (2) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Proc., 1863, 24. Puffinus leucomelas (1) Less., Compl. de Buff. Ois. 711 (1838); (IZ) Temm. & Schl., Faun. Japon., Aves 1850, 131, pl. 85; (3) Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1864, 130, 144; (4) Wald., Tr. Z. 8. 1875, TX, 243, -252; (5) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 98; (6) David & Oust., Ois. Chine 1877, 515; (7) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 144; (8) Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, 800; (9) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, III, 461; (10) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 120, 121; (11) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 212; (12) Seeb., B. Japan 1890, 264; (13) Salvad., Agg. Orn. Pap. 1891, 213; (14) Meyer, J. f. O. 1892, 266; (15) Salv., Cat. B. 1896, XXV, 370. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 9, Salvin 15. Figures and descriptions. Temminck a J; Temminck & Schlegel IJ; Seebohm 72, wood- cut of head; David & Oustalet 6; Salvadori 9; Salvin 15; etc. Description. Above dull sepia-brown, the feathers of the back, shoulders and wing-coyerts with whitish edges; wings and tail darker brown, the concealed basal part of the feathers white; head, face, and neck white streaked with blackish brown, becoming almost uniform blackish brown on middle of occiput and on hind neck; entire under parts white; “feet, with claws, very pale rose-colour; bill blackish, passing into red- dish on the sides of the mandibles, and into whitish towards the extremity of the upper mandible; iris deep olivaceous brown, around the pupil a cirele of yellowish brown” (T. & 8. IZ); wing 335 mm; tail 150, lateral rectrices 100; tarsus 50; middle toe with claw 64, outer ditto 62; exposed culmen (straight) 52 (Dorey, New Guinea, March, 1873: Meyer — Nr. 2193). Nest and eggs. We are not aware that these have been described. Distribution. Japan (Siebold a J, Il, a 2, Pryer 12, etc.); Corea (G. Stephen 15); China (David 6); Philippines — Luzon (Cuming 4, 15); N. Borneo (Pryer 8, U1, 15); N. Celebes (Rosenberg 5, v. Musschenbroek ? 7); Moluccas — Morty (Bernstein a 2, 9), Ternate (Bruijn 9, Fischer 13), ? Buru (9), Amboina (9); Papuasia — New Guinea (Meyer 9, Beccari 9, Geisler 14), Duke of York Id. (Hiibner 9); N. E. Australia (Cockerell 15), An example of the Streaked Shearwater obtained by von Rosenberg in 1863—1864, probably on the Gorontalo coast, has been placed on record by Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (May 17th, 1898). 115 914 Birds of Celebes: Diomedeidae. Briiggemann, and Mr. Biittikofer informs us that there are two specimens (Sj & Q) of this species from the same traveller in the Leyden Museum. Musschenbroek informed Meyer (7) that he got a specimen of this species between Manado and Kwandang in the Minahassa, but he himself elsewhere (N. T. Ned. Ind. 1876, XXXVI, 379) speaks of a Procellaria leucoptera, and the name seems to relate to the same specimen; we cannot tell which species is really concerned in this case. The Streaked Shearwater is a rather rare species, and but little is known of its habits. By its strongly graduated wedge tail it belongs to the same group as P. cuneatus and chlororhynchus, but it is easily recognised by its larger size and much larger bill, and by its face and fore part of head being white, streaked with blackish. “Procellaria leucoptera” van Musschenbroek, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1876, XXXVI, 379. As is mentioned above, Musschenbroek under this name mentions a bird obtained by him in Celebes, which seems to be the same as that recorded by Meyer after his information as Puffinus leucomelas (Ibis 1879, 145). Musschenbroek announced that he was bringing an example to Europe. We do not know whether this specimen still exists or not, but Mr. Bittikofer states (in lit.) that there is neither Proc. leucoptera nor Puffinus leucomelas from v. Musschenbroek in the Leyden Museum. Schlegel has recorded a Procellaria leucoptera from Ternate, but Mr. Salvin includes this in the synonymy of his P. heraldica of Chesterfield Is., W. Pacific Ocean. Its occurrence in Celebes appears highly probable, but there is at present no satisfactory evidence that it has ever been found there. FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE. GENUS DIOMEDEA L, 391. DIOMEDEA sp. Albatros sp. 2 “Diomedea brachyura” van Musschenbroek, N. T. Ned. Ind. 1876, XX XYI, 379. Musschenbroek here announces that he shot an Albatros in Celebes, but afterwards lost the skin. Such birds are of course very likely to appear occasionally off the coast of Celebes. From the distribution of the species given in Mr. Salvin’s catalogue (Cat. B. 1896, XXV, 440—448) it would appear that D. albatrus Pall., D. evulans L. and D. nigripes Aud. are the species more likely to occur there than the others; of these D. nigripes may be recognised by its smaller size (wing 470—546 mm: after Baird, Brewer & Ridgway), by its uniform dusky plumage and black legs and feet, D. albatrus by its white plumage (when adult), except the tail and remiges which are slaty-brown, and straw- Birds of Celebes: Podicipedidae. 915 yellow head, D. ewulans, when adult, by its large size (wing 670—740 mm), white plumage with black remiges, and whitish legs and feet. The young of the two latter are dusky (the face of D. ewulans white) and require more care- ful discrimination from D. nigripes (cf. Water B. N. Amer. 1884, II, 346; Cat. B. 13690; X XV, Il ce.) ORDER PYGOPODES. This order should apparently be restricted to contain the Grebes and the Divers, as the Alcae, though very like in general appearance, are shown by Fiirbringer and Gadow to deviate in many important points of structure in which the two groups might have been expected to agree. The Pygopodes are natatorial birds, taking their food by diving, and are best characterized by their legs, which are situated so far back as to necessitate an almost upright carriage on land, where the bird rests upon the back of the tarsus as well as on the foot; by the very reduced tail which is hardly notice- able; by the small wings, rounded to fit the body; and by the straight, pointed bill, not serrated along the edges. The feet are either webbed (Colymbidae) or lobed ( Podicipedidae), the outer toe is as long or more often longer than the middle one, the hallux, when present, is small, lobated, and not united with the other toes. The eggs are unspotted, and the young are able to swim immediately after being hatched. FAMILY PODICIPEDIDAE. GENUS PODICEPS Lath, The toes of the Grebes are four in number, lobated, i.e. furnished with broad side-flaps, the hallux small and situated on the inner side of the tarsus at a higher level than the anterior toes; the tarsus is much compressed and furnished with rugose scutellae along its hind edge upon which the bird rests; there is hardly any appreciable tail, what there is of it consisting of hair-like feathers; the wing is small, fitting the body, 12 primaries. ‘The nest is a floating mass of decaying vegetation; the eggs are white, but soon become discoloured from the nest-materials, with which the bird also has the habit of concealing them on leaving the nest. The Grebes are almost cosmopolitan in range. +392. PODICEPS TRICOLOR (G.R. Gray,). Moluccan Little Grebe. a. Podiceps (Sylbeocyclus) tricolor (1) Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1860, 366. Podiceps tricolor (1) Wall., P. Z. S. 1863, 36, 487; (2) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 470; (3) W. Blas., J. f. O. 1883, 140; (4) Pleske, Bull. Ac. Petersb. 1884, XT, 115* 916 Birds of Celebes: Podicipedidae. 139; (5) W. Blas., Z. ges. Orn. 1886, 204; (6) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 213; (7) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1894, Nr. 4, p. 3. b. Podiceps minor (nec Gm.); (1) Schl., Mus. P.-B., Urinat., 1867, 45, part.; (2) Rosenb., Malay. Archip. 1878, 279; (3) Meyer, Ibis 1879, 145; ? (4) Ribbe, Jb. Ver. Erdk. Dresden 1892, 174. c. Podiceps minor var. tricolor (1) Briigg., Abh. Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 98. d. Podiceps gularis (nec Gld.); (1) Rosenb., Zool. Gart. 1881, 167; (2) id., Reistogt. in Gorontalo 1865, 66; ? (3) Joest, Holontalo 1883, 106. e. Colymbetes tricolor (1) Heine & Rchw., Nomencl. Mus. Hein. 1890, 364. “Maweres”, Malay, Minahassa, Meyer 0 3. “Wangel”, Meyer, or “Bebek mudong”, Nat. Coll., Minahassa. “Tangulele” or “Tongulele”, Gorontalo, Rosenberg 6 2, Joest d 3. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 2. Descriptions. Gray a1; Salvadori 2. | Adult. Head above, hind neck, and upper parts blackish, glossed with an indistinct colour; remiges dull brown, whitish below on basal part of feathers and on under wing-coyerts; sides of rump ochraceous; face, ear-coyerts, throat, and sides of neck chestnut, on chin blackish; remaining under parts dusky, on sides as dark as the upper surface, on breast and abdomen yaried with wood-brown; bare skin around the gape and at base of lower mandible yellow; “iris carmine-red; bill black ...; feet grey-green”: Fischer 4 (adult, Main, Minahassa, 16. Feb. 1894: Nat. Coll. — C 13269). Young. Face and neck striped with black and white; fore neck white varied with pale chestnut; some of the feathers of the crown with chestnut bases; breast and ab- domen greyish white (juv. Main, Feb. 1894: Nat. Coll. — C 13271). Another young example (apparently about a week older) from the same spot, has a triangular patch of white on the crown, bordered behind with chestnut; jugulum dusky; breast and abdomen white tinged with buff; bill, and legs and feet yellowish (C 13272). Measurements (4 adults from N. Celebes). Wing (over the arc) 103—112 mm, (straight) 88—102; tail (feathers hair-like) ca. 25; tarsus 38; middle toe with claw ca. 48; exposed culmen 22—26.5. Egg. Yellowish white (doubtless through discoloration); length 36 mm, breadth 24.5 (Ternate: Pleske 4). Distribution. Papuasia: — ? New Guinea and Aru (v. Rosenberg 6), Kei (v. Rosenberg 6 1); Moluccas: — Ceram (v. Rosenberg 6, ? Ribbe 6 4), Amboina (Hoedt 0b 7), Buru (Wallace 7), Ternate and Halmahera (Bernst., etc. b 1, 1, 6); Celebes: — Minahassa (Meyer b 3, v. Musschenbroek and Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.), Gorontalo Distr. (v. Rosenberg b 2, c1, di, Riedel 5); Flores (Wallace 7); Timor (Wallace 1, S. Miller 6 2). In the Island of Celebes this Grebe is at present known only from the Northern Peninsula, where it breeds, as is proved by two young specimens killed when incapable of flight before us. At Lake Lino, Minahassa, Meyer encountered it in large flocks in May, 1871. Its eggs have recently been obtained in Ternate by Fischer, as shown above, and it appears probable that it is a resident in all parts of the Archipelago where it occurs. In winter the Little Grebe of Europe and Asia, P. minor (Gm.), often called P. philippensis (Bonn.) in Eastern and Southern Asia, is not unlikely to occur in Celebes, as it has been recorded Birds of Celebes: Podicipedidae. 917 from the Philippines and is only known as a summer visitor in some parts of China and of Japan. At present, however, P. tricolor is the only Grebe known to occur on the mainland of Celebes. Schlegel united both P. tricolor and P. gularis with P. minor, and the two former have since occasionally been confused with one another or identified with P. minor. As Briiggemann and Count Salvadori have shown, P. tricolor is distinguishable from P. minor by several characters. The bill is much longer, the culmen straighter, there is a broader space of yellow at the base of the lower mandible, the blackish of the chin does not extend on to the upper throat and malar region, the secondaries are on the outer webs uniform brown (not white on the basal half thereof), the inner webs white laterally for only about half the width of the webs (instead of being here almost entirely white). The secondaries and bill of P. gularis present the same differences with P. tricolor as do those of P. minor; it differs further from P. tricolor by its black face and upper throat, with a stripe of chestnut running from the corner of the eye one-third of the way down the side of the neck, and the lower breast and abdomen are silky white. 393. PODICEPS GULARIS J.Gd. Black-throated Little Grebe. a. ? New Holland Grebe (1) Lath., Gen. Hist. 1826, X, 33. b. 2? Podiceps novae-hollandiae (1) Steph., Gen. Zool. XII, 18 (1826); (2) Briigg., Abh., Ver. Bremen 1876, V, 99; (3) Legge, B. Ceylon 1880, 1060; (4) Rams., Tab. List 1888, 22; (5) Cox & Hamil, Pr. L. Soc. N. 8S. W. 1889, 422; (6) North, Nests & Eggs B. Austr. 1889, 348. Podiceps gularis (1) Gould, P. Z. 8. 1836, 145; (2) Gray, List B. Br. Mus. 1848, pt. TI, Anseres, etc., 151; (IZ) Gould, B. Austr. 1848, VI, pl. 81; (IV) Rehb., Nat. 1848, t. VII (Spl. IT), figs. 758—59; (5) Gld., Hb. B. Austr. 1865, I, 513; (6) Salvad., Orn. Pap. 1882, II, 469; (7) Rams., Pr. L. Soc. N. 8. W. 1887, 173; (8) Salvad., Orn. Pap. Agg. 1891, 213; (9) M. & Wg., Abh. Mus. Dresden 1894, Nr. 4, p. 3. c. Podiceps minor (1) Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Urinat., 1867, 46, part.; ? (2) Wald., Tr. Z.S. 1872, VILL, 105. d. Podiceps tricolor (nec Gray); (1) Vord., N. T. Ned. Ind. 1882, XLII, 119; (2) id. ib. 1884, XLIV, 205; ? (3) id., ib. 1886, XLVI, 222, ? (4) Everett, J. Str. Br. R. A. S. 1889, 212; (5) M.& Wg, J. f. O. 1894, 253. e. Tachybates gularis (1) Madardasz, Aquila 1894, 106. “Tenggoka”. Kabruang, Talaut, Nat. Coll. “Bararang woki’, Great Sangi, 11d. For further synonymy and references cf. Salvadori 6. Figures and descriptions. Gould J/J, 5; Reichenbach JV; Salvadori 6; Vorderm. d 1. Adult. Above dusky, glossed with some indistinct colour more pronounced on head; primaries dull brown, white on inner webs towards their bases; secondaries white, dull brown on exposed parts of the outer webs; cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, and upper throat black; a stripe of chestnut leading from the eye above the ear-coyerts to nearly half-way down the side of the neck, on which it widens and nearly encloses the black of the throat; rest of neck and throat brown, duskier with the hairy tips 915 Birds of Celebes: Podicipedidae. of the feathers white on the jugulum; sides and flanks browner; lower breast and abdomen silky white (ad., Kabruang, Talaut Is., Noy. 1893: Nat. Coll. — C 13024. “Bill greenish grey, with a light ash-coloured spot at the extreme tip of the upper mandible; sides of the upper mandible from the tip to near the nostrils, and the tip of the lower mandible bluish grey; base of both mandibles yellowish grey; gape primrose-yellow; irides lemon-yellow; inner side of the tarsi yellowish grey, passing into greenish grey on the outer side and feet” (Australia — Gould 5). Immature. Differs from the adult in haying the chin, upper throat and cheeks white; the chestnut stripe on the head and neck imperfect (Kabruang, Noy. 1898 — C 13025). Measurements (5 adults from Talaut and 1 Sangi). Wing (over the arc) 100—112 mm, (straight) ca. 94—104; tarsus ca. 34; middle toe with claw ca. 50; exposed culmen 18—22 mm. Eggs. 5, occasionally 6; bluish white when first laid, thinly coated with lime, but quickly becoming soiled with the wet and decaying weeds of which the nest is formed (North 6 6). Nest. Of sedges and other aquatic herbage, attached to a few reeds in the water (North 0 6). Distribution. Australia and Tasmania (Gould, Ramsay, ete. 1, IZ, 5, b 4, b 5, b 6); New Guinea (D’Albertis, Morton & Blunden 6); Sangi Islands — Great Sangi (Nat. Coll. in Dresd. Mus.); Talaut Islands — Kabruang (Nat. Coll. d5, 9); Java (Vorderman d 1); ? Borneo (Vorderman d 3, d 4). Until quite recently this little Grebe was known only from Australia and New Guinea, but in August, 1893, a specimen was sent to the Dresden Museum from Great Sangi, to be followed by a nice series shot in November the same year on Kabruang in the Talaut Islands. It was not included in two sub- sequent collections from that group. Previously to this Dr. Vorderman had described a bird from Java as P. tricolor, which is, however, obviously the present species; and we suppose his subsequent record under this name of a bird from Banjermassing, Borneo, must be P. gularis also. If so, it is probable that P. gularis will be found from Borneo to Tasmania. In Celebes, where P. tricolor occurs, P. gularis is not yet known; on the other hand, P. tricolor has not been sent to us from Sangi and Talaut, though P. gularis appears to be plentiful in the latter group. This species is easily distinguishable from /P. tricolor by its black chin, cheeks and upper throat, by a stripe, simply, of chestnut on the head and neck, by its white secondaries with only the part of the outer webs exposed on the closed wing brown, by its shorter bill, and its white belly. It has nearer affinities with P. minor, the Little Grebe of Europe, Africa and Asia, which has, how- ever, the fore neck (except the lower part), the ear-coverts and sides of neck chestnut, as compared with the chestnut stripe starting narrowly from the corner of the eye and widening on the sides of the neck in the Australian or Black- throated Little Grebe, Podiceps gularis. INDEX. The ciphers in ¢talies refer to the Introduction, those in thick type to the page where the species abbotti (Blyth), Trichostoma 506 Abrornis 520 abyssinica Guér., Zosterops 492,493 | Acanthopneuste borealis Oates 528 | accentor Sharpe, Androphilus 503 Accipiter Briss. 23, 24, 67, 69, 652 — affinis Hdgs. 28, 29 Falco peregrinus Briss. 85 gularis (T. & 8.) 28, 29, 30 gularis Hume 28 hiogaster (S. Miill.) 14, 27 manilensis 29 manillensis Meyen 28 minullus 23 nisoides Blyth 28, 30 nisus 18 peregrinus Gerini 85 rhodogaster (Schl.) 62, 71, 90, 113, 115, 127, 25, 26, 27, 32,67, 79, 162 rubricollis Wall. 27 rufotibialis Sharpe 29, 30 stevensoni Gurn. 28, 29, 30 stevensoni Tw. (necGurn.) 28 sulaensis (Schl.) 60, 61, 71, 90, 123, 124, 26, 27 trinotatus Bp. 21 trinotatus Wall. 23 virgatus (Temm.) 44, 90, 27, 29, | 30, 31, 32 | virgatus Sharpe 28 | virgatus Swinh. (nec Temm.,) 17 | — affinis (Hdgs.) 90, 28, 31 — gularis (Temm. Schl.) 41, 43, | 90, 126, 28, 30, 31, 32 } — manilensis (Meyen) 90,28,31 — — rufotibialis (Shrpe) 90, 29,31 | Accipitres 1, 172, 802 | Aceros 244 | — nepalensis (Hdgs.) 238 | aciculatus Fr., Chrysopogon 221 | is treated of systematically. Acmonorhynchus Oates 70, 441, 449, 450, 451 annae Biitt. 450 aureolimbatus (Wall.) 100, 113, 116, 128, 449, 450, 451, 452 quadricolor 450, 451 sangirensis (Salvad.) 59, 100, 120, 122, 450, 451, 452, 560 vincens (Scl.) 450, 451 | Acomus 669 Acredula caudata caudata 53 Acridotheres Vieill. 112, 113, 565, 567, 569 cinereus Bp. 104, 117, 128, 566 cristatellus 567 ginginianus 567 javanicus 566 — tristis (L.) 565 Acrocephalus Naum. 515, 521, 524, 525, 527 australis Wall. 521 fasciolatus Gray 524, 525 insularis Wall. 524 orientalis (Temm. Schl.) 4/, 44, 45, 102, 621, 522, 523 phragmitis 461 stentorius (H. H.) 522 | — turdoides 44, 522 Acromyodi 340 acrorhynchus Vig., 591, 593 Actenoides hombroni Rehw. 297 Actitis 11]. 769, 770, 773, 775 — empusa Gld. 771 — glareola Wald. 764 — hypoleucos (L.) 42, 45, 48, 63, 108, 120, 121, 126, 127, 766, 770 — incanus 767 — macularia (L.) 772 Actodromas acuminatus 776 — albescens 780 Oriolus 589, Actodromas australis 780 damascensis 778 ruficollis 780 salina Salvad. 778 subminuta 778 acuminata, Heteropygia 776 — Pelidna 776 — (Horsf.), Tringa 42, 48, 49, 108, 776, 778 — Tringa 776 acuminatus, Actodromas 776 — Limnocinclus 776 — Horsf., Totanus 776 acuticauda Hdgs., Munia 552 adansoni (Verr.), Excalfactoria 666 adspersa, Limosa 792 advena Rsbg. (nec Schl.), Corvus581 — Schl. (nec Brehm), Corvus 584 aedon (Pall.), Arundinax 526 Aegialites perronii Swinh. 752 Aegialitis Boie 62, 741, 742, 748 — asiatica (Pall.) 742 cantiana 753, 754 collaris 754 curonica (Gm.) 42, 44, 49, 108, 742, 749, 750, 751, 752, 754 curonicus 750 dealbata 753, 754 dubia Wald. 750 geoffroyi (Wagl.) 42, 48, 49, 50, 63, 108, 120, 121, 124, 740, 741, 742, 748, 746, 747—749, 752, 754 hiaticula 748 jerdoni 742, 751, 752 mastersi Rams. 747 minor Boie 749 minuta Seeb. 753 mongola (Pall.) 42, 48, 49, 50, 108,741, 742, 746, 748, 749, 754 mongolica 746 mongolicus 746 920 Aegialitis mongolus 746 nivosa 753 peroni (Schl.) 108, 742, 752, 754 peroni Vorderm. 750 pyrrhothorax (Temm.) 747, 749 ruficapilla 754 semipalmata 748 vereda (J. Gd.) 42, 48, 108, 121, 741, 742 veredus 741 Aegotheles 324 Aegothelinae 324, 325 aegyptius, Milvus 60 — (Hasselq.), Nycticorax 846 aenea Hart., Carpophaga 615 — (L.), Carpophaga 619, 620, 621 — Peale, Carpophaga 621 — Temm. Knip, Columba 617 aeneicauda (Verr.), Urococeyx 228 Aepypodius 1/2, 680 aequinoctialis Forst., Ardea 820 aeruginosus Saly., Cacomantis 198 Aesacus magnirostris Sund ey. 733 aesalon, Falco 48 Aethopyga Cab. 458, 455—457, 469 — andersoni Oates 455 — beccarii Salvad. 6, 454 cara Hume 455 duyvenbodei (Schl.) 456 flavostriata (W all.) 100, 116, 128, 4538, 454, 455 magnifica Sh. 455 mystacalis (T.) 455 nicobarica Hume 435 seheriae (Tick.) 455 shelleyi Sharpe 457 siparaja (Rfl.) 455 sp. Salvad. 453. temmincki (S. M.) 455 — vigorsi (Syk.) 455 affine (Blyth), Malacopt. 102, 508 — Malacopterum 508 — Blyth, Trichastoma 508 affinis Hdgs., Accipiter 28, 29 — (Hdgs.), Accipiter virgatus 28, 31 — Hdgs., Ardea 815 — A. Hay, Calornis 555, 556 — (Hay), Calornis panayensis 556 Horsf., Caprimulg. 96, 321, 322 Centrocoecyx 214 Horsf., Centropus 213, 217 Centropus bengalensis var. 214 M’Clell., Coracias 311 H. J., Iole 497 J. Gd., Milvus, 58, 59, 60 Milvus govinda 61 (J. Gd.), Milvus migrans 60, 61 (Tytler), Ninox lugubris 95 Salvad., Setaria 508 Crtschm., Sterna 898 Index: Aegialitis —Amaurornis. affinis Wall., Tanygnathus 146, 148, 149 — Horsf., Totanus 764 Agapornis 133 alaudarius, Tinnunculus $0 Alaudidae 65 alba, Ardea 830 alba (S. Miill.}, — Ciconia 808 — Gm., Columba 627 (L.), Herodias 48, 108, 121, 125, 823, 828, 829, 831, 834, 838 modesta Ardea 829 — (J. E. Gray), Egretta 829 — (J. E. Gray), Herodias 829 Motacilla 533 var. modesta, Ardea 829 albatrus Pall., Diomedea 914 albertinae Schl., Charitornis 104, 125, 576, 579 — Gray, Eulabes 579 albescens, Actodromas 780 — Schoeniclus 780 — Temm., Tringa 778, 780 albicapilla Bp., Macropygia 60, 106, 117, 124, 125, 127, 637, 641, 642 — — amboinensis var. 637 — sangirensis (Salvad.), Macro- pygia 59, 106, 120, 121, 122, 688 albicollis Vieill., Pica 575 — Vieill., Streptocitta 2, 61, 104, 117, 128, 129, 176, 575, 576, 577, 579, 584 albigularis Gray, Carpophaga 624 — (Bp.), Columba 106, 120, 124, 125, 355, 688, 634, 636, 637, 711 — Bp., Janthoenas 633 albipennis Gld., Nettopus 868 albirostris, Hydrocissa 244 — Wall., Tanygnathus 140 albiventris (Peale), Myiagra 387 — Sharpe, Scops 105, 107 — (Sharpe), Scops manadensis 105 — Rchb., Zosterops 495 albocristatus, Corythaix 57 albofasciata (Riipp.), Pratincola 392 albogularis (Bp.), Carpophaga 633 — Tick., Spizaetus 35 alboniger Blyth, Spizaetus 37 albonotatus Tick., Caprimulgus 318, 319 — (Tick.), Caprimulgus macrurus 317, 318 Alcea 70 Aleae 915 Alcedidae 302 Alcedinidae 64, 261, 275, 308 Alcedininae 273, 274 Alcedo L. 262, 2783—275, 278, 308 — asiatica Hume 266 Cacatua 131, 132 Alcedo asiatica Sw. 266 — beavani Hume 266 — beavani Wald. 266, 268 — bengalensis Gm. 262, 263, 268 — bengalensis 8. Mill. 264 chloris Bodd. 292 collaris (Scop.) 292 floresiana 263 ispida L. 94, 120, 121, 125, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 285 — bengalensis (Gm.) 262 ispidioides (Less.) 264 moluccana 264 var. Less. 264 var. moluccana Less. 264 var. sondiaca 263 ispidioides Less, 264 melanorhyncha Temm, 269 meninting Beav. 266 meninting Horsf. 96, 123, 127, 266, 268, 274 — beavani (Wald.) 266 — rufigastra (Wald.) 266 minor moluccensis Schl. 264 moluccana (Less.) 96, 120, 121 123, 124, 125, 126, 263, 264, 265, 267, 274 moluccensis Blyth 261 pileata Bodd. 283 rufigastra Wald. 266 sindiana 263 Alcippe 203 Alcyone 273, 274, 277, 278 — cyanipectus 273 aldrovandi Reinw., Falco 81 Alectoropodes 662, 670 alexandrinus Mottl. Dillw., Cha- radrius 752 Allocotops 504 Alophonerpes 176 — fulvus Cab. Heine 179 — fulvus (Q. G.) 175 — wallacei 179 altirostris Salvad., Calornis 558,560 —(Salvad.), Calorn. panayensis 558 amabilis Wall., Loriculus 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 161, 163, 164, 165 — Wald., Loriculus 151 Amadina brunneiceps (Wald.) 544 — molucea (L.) 550 — pallida (Wall.) 546 — sinensis Motl. Dillw. 544 amauronota Cab., Strix 112, 113 Amaurornis Rchb. 704,706,713, 714 — cinerea (Vieill.) 49, 106, 121, 126, 704, 705, 706, 707 — insularis 710 — isabellina (Schl.) 106, 113, 117, 28, 706, 712, 713 — leucomelaena (8. Miill.) 708, 710 Amaurornis moluceana (Wall.) 49, 54, 106, 120, 125, 711, 712, 713 — olivacea 712, 713 — phoenicura (Forst.) 106,120, 121, 125, 708, 710, 713 — phoenicura (Penn.) 707 ambiguus Briigg., Haliastur indus var. 53, d4 amboinense (Hartl.), 423, 424 amboinensis (L.), Aprosmictus 170 — (L.), Macropygia 641 — Platycercus 170, — var. albicapilla, Macropygia 637 — var. macassariensis Wall., Ma- | cropygia 641 amicta, Nyctiornis 260 amictus, Nyctiornis 260, 261 Ampelis garrula 565 amurensis (Schrenck), Butorid. 851 — Butorides javanica $52. anaestheta (Scop.), Haliplana 906 — Scop., Sterna 110, 120, 126, 905, 906, 908 anaesthetus (Scop.), Hydrochel, 906 — Onychoprion 906 anais (Less)., Melanopyrrhus 573 Anas 865 — L. 872 arcuata Horsf. 868 boscas 873, 874 castanea 876, 877, 878 cireia L. 879 coromandeliana Gm. 866 cristata Leach 881 fuligula L. 881 gibberifrons (S. Mill.) 873, 874, 876, 877 (Mareca) gibberifrons S.Miil1.874 gibbifrons Wall, 874 girra J. E. Gray 866 gracilis Bull, 874 guttata 870 luzonica Fras. 873 obscura $74 — punctata Gld. 874, 876, 873 punctata Temm. 878 punctata var. Gray 877 querquedula L. 879 superciliosa Gm, 110, 872, 873 vagans 868 Anastomus 77, 822 Anatidae 64, 65, 865 Anatinae 865, 870 anatum Bp., Falco 87 — (Bp.), Falco peregrinus 87 andamanicus Hume, Caprimulg, 320 — (Hume), Cyrtostomus 462 andersoni Oates, Aethopyga 455 Edoliisoma | castaneaRams.(nec Hy t.) 874,876 | Index: Amaurornis—Ardea. | Androphilus Sharpe 496, 501, 503, 506 — accentor Sharpe 503 — castaneus (Bitt.) 102, 116, 128, 502, 503, 506 — everetti Hart. 9, 502 aneiteumensis, Porphyrio 720 angustirostris Naum., Phalarop. 785 Anhinga melanogaster Penn. 886 — Plotus 888 | Anisomyodae 340 | Anisomyodian Passeres 340 anjuanensis HE. Newt., 492, 493 annae Biitt., Acmonorhynchus 540 Zosterops jannectens Briigg., Corvus 583 — Shufeldt, Corvus 583 anomala M. & Wg., Zosterops 100, 114, 116, 128, 492, 493, 494 Anorrhinus Rchb. 237, 242, 243 — exaratus Bp. 236 Anous Steph. 905, 908 — galapagensis Sharpe 909 — leucocapillus 905 — stolidus (L.) 110, 120, 908, 909 Anser segetum 50 | Anserella pulchella 865 | Anseres 864 Anseriformes 802, 864 Anthocincla 340 Anthothreptes 457, 477 — celebensis 475 — chlorigaster 477 — malaccensis 475, 477 Anthothreptus 477 — malaccensis 475, 477 Anthracoceros 237, 242, 243, 244 — convexus 242, 244 — coronatus 237, 244, 246 — malayanus 242 — montani 242 Anthreptes 453, 484 — Sw. 472, 477 celebensis Shell, 475, 476 chlorigaster Sharp e470, 474,477 griseigularis Tweedd. 474 lepida Wall. 475 malaccensis (Scop.) 100, 472, | 473, 474, 475, 476 — celebensis (Shell.) 100, 116, 124, 127, 473, 474, 475 — chlorigaster (Sharpe) 49, 100, 120, 473, 474, 477 — rhodolaema Shell. 474 Anthus Behst. 537 — batchianensis Gray 538 — cervinus (Pall.) 4/7, 44, 45, 62, 102, 540 — gustavi Swinh. 4/7, 44, 49, 102, 26, 588, 540, 541 Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (May 17th, 189S). 921 Anthus richardi V. 44 — stejnegeri Ridgw. 538 — seebohmi Dress. 538 Antothreptus 477 — malaccensis 475, 477 apiaster, Merops 253 apicalis Sou., Loriculus 155, 156, 161, 163, 166, 169 apivorus, Pernis 54, 71 Aplonis metallica Gld. 562 Aprosmictus J. Gd, 170, 171 — amboinensis (L.) 170 — buruensis Salvad. 171 — dorsalis (Q. G.) 170 — sulaensis Rehw. 78, 94, 123, 124, 170, 171 Apus pacificus 328 aquaticus, Rallus 693, 711 Aquila chrysaetus (L.) 1/3 aquila Fregata 884, 885 Aquila malayensis Vig, 38 aquila var. minor, Tachypetes 884 Aquila(Heteropus)pernigra Hdgs.38 Arachnechthra asiatica (Lath.) 469 — frenata 458 — lotenia (L.) 469 Arachnocestra longir. Rehb, 478 Arachnothera 452, 478 —? celebensis M. & Wg. 481 — longirostrisMiill. Schl.477, 478 Arachnotherinae 453 Aramidae 688 Aramides 1/3, 690, 691, 692 Aramidopsis Sharpe 1/2, 113, 125, 690, 691, 692 — plateni (W. Blas.) 8, 106, 117, 28, 690, 691 arborea (L.), Dendrocyena 871 Arboricola 669 arcuata Horsf., Anas 868 — (Horsf.), Dendrocyena 71, 110, 121, 868, 869, 871, 872 Ardea L. 56,70, 811, 814, 816, 819, 853 aequinoctialis Forst, 820 affinis Hdgs. 815 alba 830 — modesta 829 — var. modesta 829 aruensis Gray 816 asha Syk. 820 caledonica Gm. 841 cinerea 816, 834 cinnamomea Gm, 859 (Ardeola) cinnamomea 856, 859 coerulea $22 coromanda Gray 836 egretta Schl, 829 egrettoides Temm. 832 episcopus Bodd, 806 eulophotes Schl. 824 116 922 Ardea ferruginea Forster 842 — flavicollis Lath. 861 — garzetta L. 810, 826 — — var. nigripes 826 — goliath Temm. 809, 814 — grisea L. 845 — gularis (Bosc) 822 — immaculata 824 — intermedia Wagl. 832 — javanica $51 — jugularis 820 — lansbergi Schl. 816 — lepida Horsf. 854 — leucocephala Gm. 806 — leucoptera speciosa 839 — limnophylax Schl. 848 — macrorhyncha 853 — malaccensis Less. 838 — manillensis (Vig.) 844 — manillensis (Meyen) 811 — melanop. Dress. (nec Wagl.) 824 — melanopus Wagl. 832 — modesta J. E. Gray 829 — naevia Bodd. 845 — nebulosa Horsf. 859 — nigripes Temm. 826, 828 — nigrirostris J. E. Gray 827 — nivea Rehw. 824 — novae guineae Gm. 820 — — -hollandiae Lath. 817 — nycticorax L. 845 — philippensis Martens 848 — picata Gray 816, 817 — pseudoralloides Brehm 838 — purpurea (nec L.) 811, 834 — — var. manillensis Meyen 811 — rectirostris Gld. 814 — rufa 822 — russata Wagl. 836 — sacra Gm. 819 — scapularis 8. Mill. 851 — sinensis Gm. 854 — speciosa Horsf. 838 — stagnatilis $52 — sumatrana Raffl. 108, 120, 814, 815, 816 — timoriensis Less. $29 — torra Frankl. 829 — typhon Temm. 814 Ardeae 802 Ardeidae 64, 810, 825 Ardeiralla Verr. 861 — cinnamomea (Gm.) 859 — flavicollis (Lath.) 840, 861, 863 — melaena Salvad. 863 Ardeirallus flavicollis 861 — melas Sharpe 863 Ardeola Boie 62, 838, 840, 841 — bacchus Bp. 840 — cinnamomea (Gm.) 859 |— insignis Sel. 434, 435 '— leucogaster, 433, 434, 435 Index: Ardea—atricapilla. Ardeola grayi 840 — leucoptera Guillem. 839 — prasinosceles Swinh. 840, 841 — ralloides (Scop.) 840, 841 — sinensis (Gm.) 854 — speciosa (Hors f.) 110,888,840,841 | Ardetta G.R. Gray 825, 850, 853, 854, 856, 858, 861, 863 — cinnamomea (Gm.) 110, 840, 855, 857, 858, 859, 861 — erythromelas (V.) 855 ul — eurhythma Swinh. 42, 45, 56, 110, 121, 856, 858, 861 — eurythma Swinh., 855, 856 — exilis (G@m.) $55 — flavicollis (Lath.) 861 — macrorhyncha $51 — melaena Salvad. 863 — minuta 855 — podicipes Bp. 855 — pusilla (V.) 855 — riedeli M. & Wg. 4, 856, 857, 858 | — sinensis (Gm.) 110, 854, 855, 856, | 857, 858 — — Tacz. 856 — stagnatilis $51 Ardea purpurea 840 arenaria (L.), Calidris 108, 615, 782, 783, 784 Arenaria interpres (L.) 755 arenaria L., Tringa, 782, 784 argentatus Tweedd., Ceyx 273 Argusianus 669 ariel Gray, Atagen 884 — Tachypetes 884 armstrongi Sh., Haleyon 295 arquatus (L.), Numenius 108, 799, 800, 801 — lineatus Seeb., Numenius 799 Arrhenoidia lateralis 68 Artami 435 Artamidae 64, 480, 433 Artamides, 82, 410, 412 — bicolor Hartl. 411 — schistaceus Sharpe 416 — temmincki Sharpe 415 Artamus Vieill. 48, 480, 433, 434 — celebensis Tweedd. 431 — — Gray 431 — — (Val.) 100, 124—127, 480 — leucopygialis J. Gd. 430 — leucorhynchus Gr. 431 — — var. celebensis Briigg. 431 — monach. Bp. 100, 116,124, 434,435 — musschenbroeki A. B. M. 431,433 — spectabilis Briigg. 434 aruensis Gray, Ardea 816 — (Gray), Notophoyx 817 aruensis Sharpe, Notophoyx 816 arundinaceus Bp., Caprimulgus 321 Arundinax aedon (Pall.) 526 — blakistoni Swinh. 526 — fasciolatus Swinh. 524 asha Syk., Ardea 820 asiatica (Pall.), Aegialitis 742 — Hume, Alcedo 266 — Sw., Alcedo 266 — (Lath.), Arachnechthra 469 asiaticus Schl., Charadrius 741 — Gld., Cirrepidesmus 741 — Cyrtostomus 463 Asida 742 Asionidae 93 aspasia §. Miill., Nectarinia 465 aspasiae, Cinnyris 464, 465 assimilis Gr., Cacomantis 198 |— Jard. Selby, Circus 48, 90, 6, 7, 8, 68, 381, 688 /— var.major Salv., Cacomantis 198 Astur Lac. 9, 24, 69 — badius 19 — cruentus J. Gd. 15 — cuculoides (Temm.) 17, 18, 19 — griseiceps Schl. 4, 90, 113, 115, 127; 9, 13, 14 — griseigularis 16, 23 — (Nisus) gularis Temm. Schl. 28 — hiogaster (8S. Miill.) 14, 15, 16, 23 — iogaster 13 — Wieneri G. 8. 35 — liventer (Temm.) 49 — pallidiceps Salvad. 15 — rufitinctus (McClell.) 12 — soloensis (Horsf.) 17, 18, 19 — tenuirostris Briigg. 90, 127, 18 14, 15 — torquatus (Temm.) 15, 16 — trinotatus Bp. 21, 23 — trivirgatus (Temm.) 90, 11, 12, 13, 14 — (Lophospizia) trivirgatus 12 — trivirgatus rufitinctus (M’Clell.) 90, 12 — virgatus 19 asturinus Briigg., Cuculus 185, 187 Atagen ariel Gray 884 — minor (Gm.) 884 ateralbus, Centropus 220 Athene florensis Wall. 96 — japonica (Temm. Schl.) 96 — ochracea Wall. 94 — punctulata Gray 100 athertoni, Nyctiornis 260 atra L., Fulica 42, 108, 722 atra japonica T. Schl., Fulica 723 atricapilla brunneiceps, Munia 545 — (Gm.), Haleyon 283 — Munia 5438, 546 . ~a) wert atricapilla (Vieill.), Munia 544 — Less., Pitta 349, 351, 352 — sanghirana Schl., Pitta 351 — Salvad., Zosterops 488, 489 atriceps Hagle Clarke, Falco 86 — (S. Miill.), Graucalus 417 atrifrons Wall., Zosterops 100, 116, 128, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493 atrocaeruleus Gr., Dicrurus 440 Attagen minor S84 Attagis 724 aurantiifrons Schl., Loriculus 150, 151, 161, 163, 164 — subsp. meeki, Loriculus 161 aurantiiventris (Salvad.), Iyngipi- cus 174 aurea (Tweedd.), Iole, 100, 127, 496 497, 498 aureiventris Hume, Zosterops 495 aureolimbata Wall., Pachygl. 449 aureolimbatum, Dicaeum 449 — Piprisoma 450, 452 aureolimbatus (Wall.), Acmono- rhynchus 100, 113, 116, 128, 449, 450, 451, 452 — Wall., Prionochilus 4149 aureus Wald., Criniger 496 — Tole 498 auriceps, Cinnyris 464 — |G. R. Gray), Hermotimia 100, 124, 464, 465, 466 — G. R. Gray, Nectarinia 464 auritus Eyt., Iyngipicus 178 — (Bodd.), Nettopus 868 aurora Tweedd., Cyrtostomus 462 australasiae Shaw, Scythrops 231 australis Wall., Acrocephalus 521 — Actodromus 780 — Salvad., Calamodyta 521 — J. Gd., Cypselus 327 — Kurystomus 314 — Sw.), Eurystomus orient. 312,313 — Gld. Excalfactoria 664, 665 — Excalfactoria chinensis 665 — Gld., Fulica 724 — Lath., Gallinago 791 Leach, Glareola 728 Gld., Numenius 801 Bp., Phalaropus 785 — Schoeniclus 776 — Scolopax 790 — Jard. Selby, Tringa 776 — Less., Tringa 780 avensis, Geocichla 510 axillaris Salvad., Dicruropsis 438 ‘Salvad.), Dicrurus 435 Salvad.), Dicrurus leucops 100, 120, 122, 436, 488 Lath.), Elanus 63, 64 Elanus coeruleus 64 Index: atricapilla—boarula. axillaris Bp., Osmotreron 601 Aythya fuligula (L.) 881 azurea (Bodd.), Hypothymis 377 — Myiagra 376 babelo M. & Wg., Zosterops 59, 100, 121, 122, 495 bacchus Bp., Ardeola 840 bacha, Spilornis 3 — celebensis Schl., Circaetus 2 badius, Astur 19 — Swinh., Micronisus 17 Balaeniceps 810 — rex 810 bangueyensis A. B. M., Ptil. 607, 608 bankiva Temm., Gallus 667 bantamensis Sparrm., Columba 646 banyumas, Cyornis 368 — Horsf., Muscicapa 368 — Niltava 368 — (Horsf.), Siphia 98, 125, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373 barbatus (Hyt.), Poliornis 45 basalis Chaleococcyx 196 — (Horsf.), Chrysococeyx 94, 128, 195, 196 — Salvad., Chrysococeyx 194 — Horsf., Cuculus 195 — Lamprococcyx 196 basilanica Steere, Zosterops 495 Basileornis Bp. 82, 24, 571, 573, 576, 577 Basileornis celebensis G. R. Gray, 104, 114, 117, 128, 572, 573, 574 — corythaix (Wagl.) 573, 574 — galeatus A. B. M. 104, 124, 125, 573, 574 basilica, Carpophaga 626 Basilornis celebensis Gray 572, 573 — celensis Rsbg. 572 — corythaix 572 batchianensis Gray, Anthus 538 Batrachostomus 324, 336, 337, 338 — hodgsoni (Gray) 338 baueri Naum., Limosa 792 — Limosa lapponica 792 | Baza Hdgs. 78, 75 — bismarcki Sharpe 77 borneensis Briigg. 75 celebensis Rosenb. 65 — Schl. 90, 115, 123, 124, 73, 75, 77 erythrothorax Sharpe 73, 75 gurneyi Rams. 77 incognita Hume 75 — jerdoni Blyth 75 lophotes 75 magnirostris Gray 75 magnirostris Wall. 73 reinwardti Finsch 73 923 Baza reinwardti Mill. Schl. 2, 90, 126, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 reinwardtii Schl. 73 rufa Schl. 77, 78 stenozona Gray 76 subcristata J. Gd. 75, 77 timorlaoensis Meyer 77 beavani Hume, Alcedo 266 — Wald., Alcedo 266, 268 — (Wald.), Alcedo meninting 266 beccarii Salvad., Aethopyga 6, 454 — Salvad., Turnix 6, 687 beema Syk., Motacilla 533 bellus Gld., Porphyrio 721 bengalensis Gm., Alcedo 262, 263, 268 — §. Miill., Alcedo 264 — (Gm), Alcedo ispida 262 — (Gm.), Centrococcyx 64, 68, 94, 120, 121, 126, 207, 213, 214, 224 is Centropus 213, 217—220, 224 — Gm., Cuculus 213 — Less., Sterna 898 — var. affinis, Centropus 214 — var. javanensis, Centropus 214 — lepidus, Centropus 215 Berenicornis 242, 243, 244 bergii Lc ht., Sterna 110, 121,898,899 bernsteini Schl., Megapodius 3, 106, 125, 676 Bhringa 75, 439 bicincta (Jerd.), Osmotreron 601 bicolor, Artamides 411 — Campephaga 411 — Carpophaga 250, 627 — Temm., Ceblepyris 411 — Less., Centropus 222 — Scop., Columba 627 — (Temm.), Graucalus 62, 70, 78, 79, 98, 113, 116, 127, 128,411, 412, 413, 427, 428, 615, 630 — (Scop.), Myristicivora 39, 44, 78, 106, 120, 121, 126,617, 627, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 660, 661 — Syk., Pratineola 392 — Pyrrhocentor 222 bicornis, Dichoceros 244 bimaculata Salvad., Phlogoenas 106, 128, 129, 656 bisignatus, Caprimulgus 322 bismarcki Sharpe, Baza 77 bistrigata (Raffl.), Calobates 535 biwaensis Bp., Dicrurus 440 blagrus Daud., Faleo 40 blakistoni Swinh., Arundinax 526 blasii Hart., Hypothymis puella 124 boarula L., Motacilla 44, 49, 102, 584, 535 — melanope (Pall.), Motacilla 47, 102, 535 116* 924 bonapartei Sou., Loriculus 58, 156, ' 161, 163, 166, 169 bonensis M. & Wg., Pachycephala 98, 113, 116, 127, 129, 401, 402 boneratensis M.& Wg., Oriolus 104, 126, 589, 590 bonthaina M. & Wg., Pachycephala 98, 127, 129, 401, 402 — Hart., Siphia 98, 127, 372, 373 bonthainensis (Meyer), Tricho- glossus meyeri var. 126 — (A. B.M.), Trichoglossus meyeri 92, 127, 129 borealis Oates, Acanthopneuste 528 — (Pall.), Cuculus canorus 191 — (Sundev.), Motacilla 533, 534 — Numenius 797 — Blas., Phyllopneuste 527 — Phyllopneustes 528 — (Blas.), Phylloscopus 41, 44, 45, 51, 102, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 527, 529, 530, 540 borneensis Briigg., Baza 75 — (Sharpe), Dicrurus 438, 440 — Bp., Ninox 98, 99 — (Bp.), Urococcyx 228 boscas, Anas 873, 874 Botaurus 849, 854, 856 — cinnamomeus 859 — eurhythmus 856 — kutteri 850 — sinensis 854 — stellaris 856 bournsi, Ceyx 276 bouruensis Sharpe, Scops 106, 107 boyeri, Graucalus 416 brachyotus, Otus 102 Brachypodidae 506 Brachypodinae 496 brachyrhyncha(Brehm),Mesophoyx 833, 835 Brachypteryx celebensis Blas. 505 | brachyurav. Mussch., Diomedea914 — (L.), Pitta 354 Brachyurus celeb. (Miill.Schl.) 341 — cyanopterus (‘Temm.) 353 — forsteni Bp. 350 bracteatus J.Gd., Dicrurus 440 brevipes (Vieill.), Heteractitis 42, 46,48, 49, 63, 108, 120, 121, 766, 767, 769, 770 — Heteroscelus 767 — Gray, Limosa 792 — Vieill., Totanus 766 — Totanus incanus 767 brevirostris, Chibia 353 — (M’C1,)), Collocalia fuciphaga 331 breweri, Merops 260 broderipi, Oriolus 905 — Bp., Oriolus 590 Index: bonapartei—caerulescens. Broderipus celebensis Wald. 585 — coronatus Wald. 585, 586 — formosus (Cab.) 590, 591 — frontalis (Wall.) 589 bronzé H. J., Stourne 562 brookii Sharpe, Scops 107 — (Sharpe), Scops manadensis 107 brunneicauda (Salvad.), Pachy- cephala 395 — Guillem., Zosterops 486 — Salvad., Zosterops 487 brunneiceps (Wald.), Amadina 544 — Wald., Munia 543, 544, 546 — Munia atricapilla 545 — (Wald.), Munia formosana 102, 117, 127, 544 — Spermestes (Munia) 544 brunneipectus, Gerygone 388 Bubulcus Bp. 56, 62, 64, 70, 823, 834, 885, 841 — coromandus (Bodd.) 110,120,121, 126, 823, 827, §29, 834, 835, 836, 838, 840 — ibis 838 Buceros 178, 242, 243, 244, 246 — cassidix Temm. 239 — (Cranorrhinus) cassidix 239 — corrugatus 238 — exaratus 235, 237 — exarhaetus 235 — exarhatus Temm, 235 — rhinoceros 242, 244 — sylvestris 242 | Bucerotes 284 Bucerotidae 123, 177, 178, 233, 235, 238, 242, 243, 244, 246, 603, 604 Bucerotinae 235 Bucoracinae 235 Bucorvinae 235 Budytes flava (L.) 532 — novae guineae A. B, M. 535 — viridis Wald. 532 bullockoides Smith, Merops 259 Buphaga 569 Buphus coromandus $25, $36 — speciosus Bp. 839 burbidgeiS harpe, Tanygnathus142 Burhinus magnirostris (Vieill.) 733 burki (Burton), Cryptolopha 531 buruensis Salvad., Aprosmictus 171 — Salvad., Zosterops 487 Butalis griseosticta (Swinh.) 363 — hypogrammica (Swinh.) 363 Butastur Hdgs. 45 — ichthyaetus 45 — indicus (Gm.) 41, 45, 90, 120, 121, 31, 45, 51, 100, 410 — liventer (Temm.) 90, 128, 31, 49, | 51, 410, 789 Buteo desertorum Vieill. 51 pee - Soni (mae Buteo liventer Cuy. 49 — melanoleucus Vieill. 68 — pallidus Less. 49 — poliogenys (Temm.) 45 — vulgaris Leach 113 Butio kutteri Cab. 848 Butorides Blyth $50, 853, 854 — amurensis (Schrenck) 851 — javanica (Horsf.) 110, 126, 851, 852, 853, 857 — — amurensis $52 — macrorhyncha (Gld.) $52, 853 — spodiogaster Sharpe 851 — stagnatilis Gld. 851 Cacatua Vieill. ex Briss. 55, 128, 131, 132 — alba (S. Miill.) 131, 132 — citrinocristata (Fras.) 131 — cristata 132 — ducorpsi J. & P. 131 — galerita (Lath.) 131, 132 — goffini Finsch 131 — gymnopsis Sel. 131 — haematuropygia (8. Mill.) 131 — leadbeateri (Vig.) 131, 132 — moluccensis (Gm.) 131 — ophthalmica Sel. 131 — parvula (Bp.) 131 — roseicapilla Vieill. 131 — sanguinea J. Gd. 131, 132 — sulphurea (Gm.) 92, 115, 127,128, 130—132, 133, 381, 431, 433, 630 — sulphurea Hart. 130 — — djampeana Hart. 92,126,130 — —parvula (Bp.) 92, 130 — triton (Temm.) 131 Cacatuidae 128, 132, 133 Cacomantis 8. Miill. 181, 196, 199, 209, 220 — aeruginosus Salvad. 198 — assimilis Gr. 198 — assimilis var. major Salvad, 198 — flabelliformis (Lath.) 199 — lanceolatus (8. Mill.) 199 — merulinus (Scop:) 94, 126, 197, 198, 199, 200 — pallidus (Lath.) 199 /— passerinus (Vahl) 196, 199 — sepulchralis (S. Miill.) 198, 200 — sepulchralis Wald. 196 — threnodes Cab. 200 — virescens (Briigg.) 94, 115, 123, 124, 196, 197, 198, 199 'caeruleitorques Salvad., Pitta 59, 96, 120, 122, 343, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349 caeruleogriseus (Gray), Graucal. 416 caerulescens, Merops 251 — (Lath.), Zosterops 489 bel i a a cajeli Wall., Ceyx 273, 274 — Schl., Dacelo 272 Calaenas nicobarica 657 Calamodyta australis Salvad. 521 — fasciolata Gray 524 — insularis (Wall.) 524 — ochotensis (Midd.) 526 — orientalis (Temm. Schl.) 521 Calamoherpe limnorica Temm. 521 — orientalis 521 — turdoides orientalis 521 Calamoherpinae 515 Calao (Cassidix) cassidix 239 caledonica Gm., Ardea 841 — Bp., Gazzola 584 — Nyctiardea 842 — Pica 575 — Streptocitta 575 ealedonicus Lath., Corvus 575 — (Gm.), Corvus (Graucalus) 584 — Joest, Garrulus 577 — (Gm), Nycticorax 49, 110, 120; | 124, 126, S41, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847 Calherodius manillensis (Vig.) 844 Calidris Cuv. 782 — arenaria(L.) 108, 615, 782, 783, 784 calidris L., Scolopax 761 — (L.), Totanus 42, 44, 108, 125, 761, 766 — M.& Wg,, Totanus 774 caligatus Raffl., Spizaetus 35 Callaenas nicobarica 657 Callialeyon 274, 277, 279, 280, 283 — coromanda (Lath.) 282, 283, 286 — — rufa 280, 283 — rufa (Wall.) 280 Callioenas nicobarica 657 Calloenas nicobarica 657 Calobates bistrigata (Raffl.) 535 — melanope 535, 536 — sulphurea 536 Caloena nicobarica 657 Caloenadinae 658 Caloenas G.R.Gray 39, 40, 657, 658, 660 — nicobarica (L.) 39, 44, 106, 120, 629, 657, 673 — pelewensis 658 calonyx, EHurystomus 314 — Sharpe, Hurystomus orientalis 312, 313 Caloperdix 669 calorhenchus, Zanclostomus 226 calorhynchus Temm., Phoenico- phaes 57, 61, 94, 113, U5, 127, 129, 226, 228, 230, 614 _ meridionalis M. & Wg., Phoeni- cophaes 94, 127, 129, 227, 229 — Temm., Phoenicophaus 226 Index: cajeli—Carduelis. calorhynchus Phoenicophaus 227 — Rhamphococcyx 226, 227 Calornis G. R. Gray 113, 554, 559, 564, 565, 569 affinis A. Hay 555, 556 altirostris Salvad. 558, 560 cantor Blyth 556 chalybea (Horsf.) 555, 556 circumseripta A. B. M. 562, 963 enganensis Salvad. 558, 560 erythrophrys Gray 564 fuscovirescens Salv. 563 gularis Gray 564 inornata Salv. 563 metallica (Temm.) 104, 124, 557, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565 metallicus Rsbg. 559 minor (Bp.) 104, 125, 126, 128, 560, 561, 562, 563 neglecta Wald. 555, 597, 562 nitida Gray 563 obscura Salvad. 562 obscura var. Wall. 561 — panayensis (8 cop.) 102,127,554, BBB, 557,558, 561, 562, 563, 672 — — affinis (Hay) 102, 556 — altirostris (Salvad.) 104, 558 — chalybea (Horsf.) 102, 555, 556, 558 — enganensis (Salvad.) 104, 558, 559 — sangirensis (Salvad.) 59, 104, 120, 121, 123, 557, 558, 560, 563 — tytleri(Hum.) 102,557,558,560 purpureiceps Salv. 563 sangirensis Salvad.559, 557, 560 sulaensis Sharpe 104, 124, 561, 562, 563 tytleri Hume 997 ealvus Vieill., Porphyrio 106, da We 718, 720, 721, 722 — yar. palliatus, Porphyrio 718 calyorhynchus Less., Melias 226 Campephaga bicolor Gray 411 leucopygia 413 leucopygialis (Iweed 4d.) 425 melanolaema Gray 419 melanotis Wall. 424 morio (S. Mill.) 419 obiensis 425 temmincki 416 temminckii 415 timorensis Gray 428 Campethera fulva 175 Campophaga 412, 425 Campophagidae 362, 410, 411, 415, 427, 580 Campophaginae 416 Cancroma coromanda Bodd. 835 candida, Scelostrix 112 925 candida Tick., Strix 92, 111,112,118 candidissima(G m.), Herodias 826,828 candidus Bonn., Himantopus 799 canescens Gm., Totanus 759, 760 canicapillus (Bl.), Iyngipicus 174 canorinus Cab. Heine, Cuculus 188 canoroides §. Miill]., Cuculus 188, 190, 192 — (S§. Muill.), Cuculus canorus 4J, 45, 94, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 188, 191 canorus borealis (Pall.), Cuculus 191 — canoroides (S.Miil].), Cuculus 47, 45, 94, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 188, 191 — (L.), Cuculus 44, 94, 187, 188, 189, 190,191, 192, 193, 209, 210 cantatrix Temm., Muscicapa 368 cantiana, Aegialitis 753, 7o4 cantor Blyth, Calornis 556 — Gm., Turdus 590 capistratus, Drymocataphus 503 capnodes Gurn., Scops 105 — (Gurn.), Scops manadensis 105 caprata L., Motacilla 390 — (L,), Pratine. 98, 125, 390, 391,392 — Saxicola 390 Caprimulgidae 316, 317, 324, 325, 326, 337 Caprimulginae 324, 325 Caprimulgus L. 317, 319, 320, 322, 324, 325 affinis Horsf. 96, 321, 322 albonotatus Tick, 318, 319 andamanicus Hume 320 arundinaceus Bp. 321 pisignatus 322 celebensis Grant 96, 116, 127, 319, 820, 321 faberi A. B. M. 321, 322 griseatus (Wald.) 322 macropterus (Bp.) 323 macrurus Horsf. 96, 125, 126, 317, 318, 319, 320 — albonotat. (Tick.) 96,317,318 manilensis Hart. 320, 321 monticola 322 nipalensis Hdgs. 318 salvadorii Sharpe 317 sp. Wald. 320 capucinus M. & Weg., Monachaleyon 96, 127, 129, 296, 299, 300 — Monachaleyon monachus 299 cara Hume, Aethopyga 455 Carbo dimidiatus Less. 888 — melanoleucus 859 carbo, Phalacrocorax 890 Carbo sulcirostris Rsbg. 889 carbonarius Bp., Dicrurus 440 Carduelis 253 926 Caridonax fulgidus 299 carolinensis Gm., Pandion 90, 91 — (Gm.), Pandion haliaetus 90 Carpophaga Selby 602, 615, 624, 626, 627, 631, 660 — aenea Hart. 615 — aenea (L.) 619, 620, 621 — albigularis Gray 624 — albogularis (Bp.) 633 — basilica 626 — bicolor (Scop.) 250, 627 — cineracea (Temm.) 622 —concinna Wall. 39, 104, 120, 121, 126, 615, 616, 617, 619, 620, 622, 629, 660 — everetti Grant 621 — forsteni (Bp.) 3, 106, 114, 117, 128, 623, 624, 626, 627 — forsteni (Préy. Knip) 623 — forsteri Gray 623 — geelvinkiana Schl. 616, 620 — gularis 622, 623 — intermedia M. & Wg. 59, 104, | 121, 122, 616, 619 — latrans 661 — luctuosa (Temm.) 250, 629, 631 — mindorensis Grant 623 — nuchalis Cab. 619 — paulina (Bp.) 61, 104, 117, 124, 125, 617, 618, 619, 621, 622, 627 — paulina Hickson 615, 616 — paulinae Briigg. 617 — pickeringi Cass. 39, 104, 121, 621, 622, 629, 660 — pistrinaria Bp. 621 — poecilorrhoa Briigg. 106, 113, 117, 128, 625, 627 — (Cryptophaps) poecilorrhoa 615 — poliocephala 625 — pulchellaTweedd.104, 127,619 — radiata (Q. G.) 106, 117, 128, 606, | 622, 623, 625, 626, 627 — rosacea (Temm.) 104, 126, 620, 626, 627 — roseinucha Schl. 615 — rufinuchalis Cass. 617 — (Ducula) sp. Lenz 625 — spilorrhoa 250, 629 — vanwycki Cass, 621 Carpophaginae 595 cassidix Temm., Buceros 239 — Calao (Cassidix) 239 — (Temm.), Cranorrhinus 55, 63, 94, 113, 115, 127, 289, 241, 242, 244 — Rhyticeros (Cassidix) 239 castanea, Anas 876, 877, 878 — Rams. (nec Eyt,), Anas 874, 876 — A.B.M., Mareca 874 castaneiceps Peale, Columba 634 anim Tee Centropus 214 |— Schl., Circaetus bacha 2 |'— Gray, Eulabeornis 697 |— Gray, Macronus 505 Index: Caridonax—Centropus. castaneum, Nettion 875, 876, 877, 878 castaneus (Biitt.), Androphilus 102, 116, 128, 502, 503, 506 — Biitt., Drymocataphus 502 — Bitt., Turdinus 502 castanops, Strix 112 Casuarius 64 catamene, Coryllis 151 — Schl., Loriculus 94, 120, 122, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 161, 163, 164, 165 — Psittacus 151 catamenia Rehw., Coryllis 151 Cataponera 508 — Hart. 112, 113, 125, 503, 504 — turdoidesHart. 102,116,128, 508, Catharus 508 caudacuta (Lath.), Chaet. 47,329,330 caudata caudata, Acredula 53 — Pica 230 Ceblepyris bicolor Temm. 411 — morio §. Mill. 419 — orientalis 8. Mill. 425 — temminckii 8. Mill. 415 — timorensis 8. Miill. 428 celaenops Stejn., Merula 511 celebense Wald., Trichostoma 506 celebensis, Anthothreptes 475 — Shell., Anthreptes 475, 476 — (Shell.), Anthreptes malaccensis 100, 116, 124, 127, 473, 474, 475 — M.&Weg., Arachnothera? 481 — Tweedd., Artamus 431 — Artamus leucorhynchus var. 431 — G.R.Gray, Basileornis 104, 114, 117, 128, 572, 573, 574 — Rosenb., Baza 65 — Schl., Baza 90, 115, 123, 124, 73, 75, 77 — (Strickl.), Brachypteryx 505 — Brachyurus 341 — Broderipus 586 — Wald., Broderipus 585 — Grant, Caprimulgus 96, 116, 127, 319, 820, 321 — celebensis, Pyrrhocentor 222 — Q.G., Centropus 221 — (Scl.), Chaetura 96, 329, 330 — Scl., Chaetura gigantea var. 329 — Salvad., Cisticola 517, 518 — Bp., Erythropitta 341 — Salvad., Hirundinapus 329 — (Q.G.), Hypotaenidia 106, 117, | 128, 694, 697, 698, 699 — A.B.M., Lalage timoriensis var. 428 celebensis M.& Wg., Melilestes 100, 113, 116, 128, 129, 481 — meridionalis M.& W g., Melilestes 100, 128, 129, 482 — meridionalis Hart., Oriolus 104, 128, 129, 586 — W. Blas., Merops philippinus var. 253 — Bitt., Merula 102, 117, 128, 510, 511 — (Tweedd.), Oriolus 104, 117, 121, 127, 128, 129, 585, 586, 588, 905 — Oriolus coronatus var. 585 — (Schl.), Pernis 1/5 — (Wall.), Pernis 61, 90, 123, 6, 34, 65, 67, 68,69, 71, 72, 162, 451 — Wall., Pernis cristatus var. 65 — Mill. Schl., Pitta 96, 116, 127, 340, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 351 — Schl., Pitta 344 — Briigg., Ptilinopus melanoce- phalus var. 608 — Wall., Ptilonopus 613 — (Q. G.), Pyrrhocentor 94, 115, 127, 221, 222, 224 — rufescens M. & Wg., Pyrrhocentor 94, 127, 228, 300 — Q.G., Rallus 697 — Schl., Rallus 698 — Bitt., Rhipidura 98, 126, 379 — (Strickl.), Trichostoma 102, 114, 116, 128, 129, 502, 504, 506, 507 — Turdinus 505 celebicum 8. Miill., Dicae. 100, 116, 127, 128, 441, 444, 445, 448, 449 — Wall., Dicaeum 443 celensis Rsbg., Basilornis 572 Centrococcyges 220 Centrococeyx Cab. Heine 54, 55, 64, 69, 218, 220, 221, 224, 787 — affinis 214 — bengalensis (Gm.) 64,68, 94,120, 121, 126, 207, 218, 214, 224, 225 — eurycercus 221 — javanensis 214 — lepidus 213, 214 — medius 214 — moluccensis 214 — rectunguis 214 — viridis 22! Centropinae 224 Centropodinae 69, 181, 212, 225 Centropus 55, 220, 221, 224 — affinis Horsf. 213, 217 — ateralbus 220 |— bengalensis 213, 217, 218, 219, 220, 224 — — var. affinis 214 — — var. javanensis 214 Centropus bengalensis lepidus 215 — bicolor Less. 222 — celebensis F. H. B. 214 === 10) G2 — dimidiatus Blyth 213 — goliath 220 — javanensis 214, 218 — javanicus 214, 217, 218 — lepidus Horsf. 213, 217 — lignator Swinh. 213 — medius Bp. 213 — moluccensis 214 — rectunguis Strick]. 213, 219 — senegalensis 221, 224 — sinensis 215 — viridis 220 — — Swinh. 214 Cephaloptynx Kaup 100, 102 (—) granti Sharpe, Ninox 102 — punctulata (Q.G.) 92, 115, 127, 100, 102 ceramense Sharpe, Edoliisoma 423 Cerchneis moluccensis 78 certhiola (Pall.), Locustella 526 cervina Pall., Motacilla 540 cervinus (Pall.), Anthus 41, 44, 45, 62, 102, 540 Ceryle 305, 308 Ceyces 275, 277 Ceycopsis Salvad., 82, 112, 125, 262, 272, 275, 278, 279, 451 — fallax (Schl.) 96, 115, 127, 271, 275, 277, 278 — sangirensis M. & Wg. 59, 96, 120, 122, 278, 560 ceylonensis (Swains.), Culicicapa 186, 388 — (Gm), Spizaetus 34- Ceyx Lac. 112, 70, 261, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 283 — argentatus Tweedd. 273 — bournsi 276 — cajeli Wall. 273, 274 — cyanipectus Lafr. 273, 274 — dillwynni 276 — euerythrus Sharpe 274 — fallax 275 — flumenicolus Steere 273 — gentianus Tristr. 273 — lepida Wall. 272, 273 — malamaui 276 — melanurus 276, 277 — philippensis 273 — philippinensis 273, 274 — rufidorsus 274 — solitarius 273, 274 — tridactylus 273, 274, 276, 280 — wallacei Sharpe 4, 96, 124, 272, 273, 274, 277 Chaetura Steph. 329, 330, 337 Index: Centropus—chloropus. Chaetura caudacuta (Lath.) 47, 329 — celebensis (Scl.) 96, 329, 330 — gigantea 329, 330 — gigantea var. celebensis Scl. 329 — indica Hume 330 — nudipes 330 — picina Tweedd. 330 Chaeturinae 327, 337 Chaetusia cinerea Blyth 735 Chalcites minutullus 194 Chalcococeyx 194, 209 — basalis (Horsf.) 196 — malayanus (Raffl.) 194 Chaleoparia 457 Chaleophaps J. Gd. 70, 71, 637, 648, 652, 654 — chrysochlora (Wagl.) 652 — hombroni Wall. 653 — indica (L.) 106, 120, 121, 124,| 125, 127, 649, 652, 654 — indica var. sanghir. W. Blas. 650 | — indicus 649 — javanica 649 — moluccensis Gray 649 — mortoni Rams. 654 — natalis Lister 652 — sanghirensis 650 — stephani Rehb. 106, 652,658, 654 — wallacei Briigg. 653 Chaleostetha 463 — insignis (Jard.) 469, 470, 472 — porphyrolaema (Wall.) 465 — sangirensis A. B. M. 469 challengeri Salvad., Eos 7, 118 — (Salvad.), Kos histrio 115, 118 chalybea (Horsf.), Calornis 555 — Calornis panayensis 555, 556,558 chalybeus Horsf., Turdus 556 chantrei Oust., Plotus 888 Charadrii 688 Charadriidae 662, 732, 893 Charadrius L. 62,70,736,737, 738,741 — alexandrinus Mottl. Dillw. 752 — asiaticus (nec Pall.) 741 — crassirostris 8. Mill. 746 — curonicus Gm. 749 — dominicus P. L. 8. Miill. 739, 740 — — fulvus 739 — dubius Scop. 749 — fluviatilis Bechst. 749 — fulvus Gm. 42, 44, 48, 49, 50, 62, 108, 121, 125, 737, 788, 740, 745, 749, 752, 754 — geoffroyi Wag]. 743 — helveticus 737 — interpres 755 — leschenaulti Less. 743 — longipes 738, 743, 745 — minor M. W. 749 — mongolicus Pall. 746 927 Charadrius mongolus Pall. 746 — peroni 752 — philippinensis Rsbg. 750 — philippinus Lath. 749 — philippinus Pelz. 752 — pluvialis 44, 740 — — var. fulvus 739 — — orientalis Temm. Schl. 739 — pyrrhothorax Gld. 746 — ruficollis 8. Mill. 746 — squatarola (L.) 736 — veredus Gld. 741 — xanthocheilus Wag]. 738 Chardriiformes .728 Charitornis Schl. 113, 576, 577, 579, 580 — albertinaeS chl. 104, 125,576,579 Charmosyna 122 — pulchella Gray 126 Charmosynopsis 122 cheela Lath., Spilornis 3 Chelidon urbica 356 Chenomorphae 864 Chettusia cinerea (Blyth) 735 — inornata 735 'Chibia brevirostris 353 — hottentotta 353 — laemosticta 353 — leucops 436 — pectoralis 439 chinensis australis, Excalfact. 665 — Coturnix 663 — (L.), Excalfactoria 106, 663, 665, 666, 669 — Oriolus 589 — Synoicus 663 —L.,, Tetrao 663 — (Scop.), Turtur 645 — Wall., Turtur 643 chlorigaster, Anthotreptes 477 — Sharpe, Anthreptes 470,474,477 — (Sharpe), Anthreptes malace. 59, 100, 120, 473, 474, 477, 560 chloris Bodd., Alcedo 292 — Dacelo 292 — Bodd., Haleyon 54, 96, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 279, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 316 — Sauropatis 292 — Bp., Zosterops 487 Chlorocharis 486 — emiliae Sharpe 485 — squamiceps Hart, 485 chlorogaster, Anthreptes malac- censis 477 chlorolepidotus, Psitteuteles 126 chlorophaea, Rhinortha 229, 230 chloroptera Tweedd., Myzomela 100, 116, 125, 126, 478 chloropus L., Fulica 715 928 chloropus (L.), Gallinula 106, 714, 715, 716 — orientalis, Gallinula 715 chlororhyncha, Procellaria 912 chlororhynchos, Thiellus 912 chlororhynchus, Puffinus 914 — Less., Puffinus 912 — M. & Wg., Puffinus 911 Chordeiles 324 chrysaetus (L.), Aquila 113 chrysochlora (Wagl.), Chalcoph. 652 Chrysococcyx Boie 194, 195, 204 — basalis (Hors f.) 94, 128, 195, 196 — basalis Salvad, 194 — lucidus J. Gd. 196 — malayanus (Rfl.) 94,128,194, 196 — minutullus J, Gd, 194 — plagosus (Lath.) 195 — poecilurus Gray 195 Chrysocolaptes 178 Chrysoenas 651 chrysolaema Salvad., Zosterops ; 489, 491 chrysonotus, Loriculus 161, 163, 166 Chrysophlegma 178 chrysorrhoa Salvad., Iotreron 610 chrysorrhous (Salvad.), Ptilopus 104, 124, 125, 607, 608, 610 Chrysotis 56 Ciconia alba 808 — episcopus (Bodd.) 806 — leucocephala (Gm.) 806 — microscelis G. R, Gray 806 — pruyssenaeri H gl, 808 Ciconiae 802, 806, 811 Ciconiidae 806 Ciconiiformes 802, 864 cineracea (Tem m.), Carpophaga 622 cinerascens Te mm., Drymophila 384 — Monarcha 384 — Salvad., Pachycephala 398 cinerea (Vieill.), Amaurornis 49, 106, 121, 126, 704, 705, 706, 707 — Ardea 816, 834 — Blyth, Chaetusia 735 — Chettusia 735 — (Gm.), Gallicrex 723 — (Giild.), Limosa 774 — (Vieill.), Ortygometra 705 — Perdix 54 — Poliolimnas 705 — Porzana 705 — Giild., Scolopax 773 — Sylvia 487 — (Giild.), Terekia 42, 45,48,108,773 — Tringa (Terekia) 774 cinereicapilla Savi, Motacilla 534 cinereicollis Sharpe, Phyllerg. 520 cinereus Bp,, Acridotheres 104, 117, 128, 566 Index: chloropus—Collocalia. cinereus (Blyth), Lobivanellus 42, 45, 108, 785, 736 — Microsarcops 735 — Tacz., Phalaropus 785 — Pluvianus 735 — Vieill., Porphyrio 705 — Totanus 774 cinnamomea Gm., Ardea 859 — Ardea (Ardeola) 856, 859 — Ardeiralla 859 — Ardeola 859 — (Gm.), Ardetta 110, 840, 855, 857, 858, 859, 861 cinnamomeus, Botaurus 859 — Sharpe, Zeocephus 383 Cinnyridae 64 Cinnyris 64, 70 — aspasiae Gad, 464, 465 — auriceps 464 — frenata 458, 459 — — dissentiens Hart. 458, 459, 460 — — meyeri Hart. 459 — — plateni 459 — — saleyerensis Hart, 458 — frenatus 458, 459 — grayi 467 — jugularis 458, 459 — porphyrolaemus 465 — sanghirensis 469 — sangirensis 469 — sp. Wall, 453 — teijsmanni Biitt. 462 Circaetus bacha celebensis Schl. 2 — liventer (G. Mill.) 49 — rufipectus 2 — — sulaensis (Schl.) 4 — sulaensis Schl, 4 circia L., Anas 879 — (L.), Querquedula 110, 125,879, 881 circumscripta A. B. M., Calornis 562, 563 Circus Lac. 6 — assimilis Jard. Selby 48, 90, | 6, 7, 8, 68, 381, 688 — gouldi Bp. 8 — jardinii J.Gd. 48, 7 — macrocelis Newt. 8 — maillardi Verr. 8 — rufus 8 — spilonotus Kaup 8 — spilothorax Salvad. D’Alb. 8 — wolfi Gurn. 8 cirratus, Spizaetus 32, 71 Cirrepidesmus asiaticus Gld. 741 — geoffroyi 748 — mongolicus 747 cirrhatus (Gm.), Spizaetus 34 Cisticola Kaup 62, 506, 515, 519 — celebensis Salyad. 517, 518 — cisticola 515 a. Cisticola cursitans (Frk1.) 102, 124, 515, 517, 518, 519 — cursitans Meyer 517 — exilis (Vig. Horsf.) 102, 124, 127, 517, 518, 519 — grayi Wald. 517 — isura 518 — oryziola (8. Miill.?) 516 — ruficeps 518 cisticola, Salicaria 515 Cisticola schoenicola Bp, 515 cisticola Temm., Sylvia 515 Cisticolae 518 Cisticolinae 518, 520 citrinella Bp., Zosterops 492, 493 citrinocristata (Fras.), Cacatua 131 Cittura Kaup 64, 70, 72, 82, 112, 125, 162, 262, 308, 305, 307, 504 — cyanotis Lenz 306 — cyanotis (Temm.) 64, 96, 115, 27, 308, 305, 307 — sangirensis Sharpe 49, 64, 96, 120, 122, 303, 305, 560 Clamatores 340 clara Sharpe, Zosterops 488, 489 clio Wall., Pachycephala 98, 124, 399, 400 coccinea, Domicella- 115, 117 — Eos 115 — Briss., Psittaca indica 115 coccineus, Lorius 115 | — Psittacus 115 Coccothraustinae 553 Coccyges 180, 181 Coceygomorphae 234 Coccystes Glog. 181, 200, 201, 209 — coromandus (L.) 41, 45, 94, 201, 202, 203, 207 — — var, fuliginiventer Swinh. 201 — glandarius (L.) 203 Coecyzus 209 coerulea, Ardea 822 — §. Miill., Muscicapa 376 coeruleus, Hlanus 63, 64 Colaptes 179 — mexicanus 68 collaris, Aegialitis 754 — (Scop.), Alcedo 292 — Haleyon 292 — (B. Meyer), Strepsilas 755 — Todiramphus 292 Collocalia G. R. Gray 56,831,332,356 — esculenta Horsf. 337 — esculenta (L.) 96, 124, 126, 332, 334, 335 — francica (Gm.) 96, 126, 332, 335 — fuciphaga (Thunb.) 96, 3381, 333, 335, 537 — — brevirostris (M’Clell.) 331 Collocalia fusea Hicks, 331 — hypoleuca Gray 334 — infuscata Salvad, 335 — nidifiea Gray 331, 337 — sp. Bitt. 334 — spodiopygia Cass. 335 — terrae-reginae J. Gd, 335 — unicolor (Jerd.) 331 — vanicorensis Gray 331 — viridinitens Gray 334 Collocaliae 50, 332, 333, 337, 338, 537, $85 Index: Collocalia— crassirostris, commutatus Briigg., Monarcha 98, 120, 122, 888, 384, 385 concinna Wall., Carpophaga 39, 104, 120, 121, 126, 615, 616, 617, 619, 620, 622, 629, 660 — Pitta 355, 356 concolor, Demiegretta 822 convexus, Anthracoceros 242, 244 Coraciae 247 Coracias L. 125, 308, 311, 312, 315, 327, 413 — affinis M’Clell. 311 Colluricincla Vig. Hsf. 393,402, 403 — cyanogaster Cuy. 311 — megarhyncha (Q. G.) 402 — melanorhyncha (A. B. M.) 402 | — enca 311 _— garrulus 311 — sangir. (Oust.) 98, 120, 122,402 — olivaceiceps Sharpe 311 collurio, Lanius 404, 432 collurioides Less., Lanius 406 colonus Hart., Rhinomyias 124 Columba L. 683, 635, 637 — aenea Temm. Knip 617 — alba Gm. 627 — albigularis (Bp.) 106, 120, 124, — papuensis Q. G. 309 — pileatus Bp. 309 | — temmincki (Vieill.) 78, 96, 113, 116, 127, 309, 311, 314 Coraciidae 308 Coracina leucopygia 413 cornix L., Corvus 114 125, 355, 633, 634, 636, 637, 711 | | Cornopio 315 — bantamensis Sparrm. 646 — bicolor Scop. 627 — castaneiceps Peale 634 — forsteri Prév. Knip 623 — gouldiae Gray-Hdw, 657 — griseigularis (Wall. Lay.) 635 — gularis Q. G. 605 — hypoenochroa (G1d.) 634 — indica L. 649 — javanica Gm, 649 — leopoldi (Tristr.) 634 — littoralis Temm. Knip 627 — livia 71 — luctuosa Temm. 631 — malaccensis Gm. 646 — manadensis Q. G, 635 — melanocephala Forst. 607 — metallica Temm. 635 — nicobarica L. 657 — radiata Q. G. 622 — rosacea Temm. 620 — striata L. 646 — superba Préy. Knip 613 — tigrina Temm. Knip 643 — tristigmata (Bp.) 654 — vernans L. 599 — vitiensis Q. G. 634 | coromanda Gray, Ardea 836 — (Lath.), Callialeyon 282, 283, 286 — Bodd., Cancroma 835 — Dacelo 280 — (Lath.), Halcyon 274, 279, 280 — rufa, Callialeyon 280, 283 — rufa (Wall.), Halcyon 96, 115, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 280 coromandeliana Gm., Anas 866 — Schl., Dacelo 280 coromandelianus (G m.), Nettapus866 |— (Gm.), Nettopus 110, 866, 868 coromandelicus Hum., Nettapus $66 | coromandus (Bodd.), Bubulcus 110, 120, 121, 126, 823, 827, 829, 834, 835, 836, 838, 840 — Buphus 825, 836 — (L.), Coccystes 41, 45, 94, 201, 202, 203, 207 — L., Cuculus 201 — yar. fuliginiventer Swinh., Coc- cystes 201 — Haleyon 282 |— Oxylophus 201 coronatus, Anthracocer. 237, 244,246 — Wald., Broderipus 585, 586 — var. celebensis, Oriolus 585 Columbae 70, 594, 595, 606, 636, 728 |— (Tick.), Macropteryx 338 Columbidae 595, 683, 637 Columbinae 633 Colymbetes tricolor 916 Colymbidae 915 — Sw., Oriolus 588 ead Blyth), Phyllergates 520 /corone L., Corvus 113, 114 | Corone enca (Horsf.) 580, 581 |— macrorhyncha (Wagl.) 580 comata (Temm.), Macropteryx 388 — philippina (Bp.) 580 communis Gm., Falco 85, $7, 88 — Schl., Falco §6 le yalidissima (Sch].) 580 | corrugatus, Buceros 238 Meyer & Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (May 1Sth, 1898). 929 |corrugatus, Cranorrhinus 38, 241, 242, 244 Corvidae 712, 339, 554, 576, 680 Corvus L. 55, 209, 580, 583, 584 — advena Rsbg. (nec Schl.) 581 '/— advena Schl. (nec Brehm) 584 — annectens Briigg. 583 /— annectens Shufeldt 583 — caledonicus Lath, 575 | — (Graucalus) caledonicus(Gm.)584 — cornix L, 1/4 /— corone L. 113, 114 — culminatus 208 — dauricus Pall. 584, 585 |— enca 208, 583, 584 |— enca Horsf. 78, 104, 125, 127, 580, 581, 582 |— — orru (Bp.) 581 |— — philippinus (Bp.) 581 — — validus (Bp.) 580 — — violaceus (Bp.) 581 — fallax Briigg. 583 — macrorhynch.(Wagl.)580,582,583 — — japonensis (Bp.) 583 — — levaillanti (Less.) 583 — melanops Lath. 417 — modestus Briigg. 583 — monedula L. 113 — neglecta Schl. 585 — orru 583 — splendens 208, 209 — tenuirostris Moore 580 — yalidissimus 581 — validus Bp. 581 — violaceus 583 Corydalla gustavi Swinh, 538 Coryllis catamene 151 — catamenia Rehw. 151 — exilis 149 — quadricolor 157 — sclateri 153 — stigmata 158 — stigmatus 159 Corythaix albocristatus 57 corythaix, Basilornis 572 — (Wagl.), Basileornis 573, 574 — Wagl., Pastor 573 Coturnix chinensis 663 — excalfactoria Temm, 663 — minima 664 — philippensis Briss. 663 Cracticus 435 Cranorrhinus Cab. Heine 5d, 125, 239, 242, 243, 244, 246 — cassidix (Temm.) 55, 63, 94, 113, 115, 127, 289, 241, 242, 244 — corrugatus 38, 241, 242, 244 — leucocephalus 241, 242 — waldeni 242 crassirostris S. Mii 1]., Charadrius746 117 930 crassirostris, Cuculus 182 — Kuhl, Enneoctonus 404 — Eurystomus 316 — Scl., Eurystomus 313 — Tw., Hierococcyx 94, 113, 115, 127,182, 183, 185, 327, 413, 615 — Lanius 404 — Vig., Nycticorax 813, 847 — Otomela 404 — Wall, Pitta 354 — Temm. Schl., Tringa 778 Crateropodidae 484 Crateropodinae 113, 496, 503 crepidatus (Banks), Stercorar. 910 Crex 706 — fusca 701 — pratensis 697 Criniger 496, 497, 499 — aureus Wald. 496 — longirostris Wall. 497 — platenae W. Blas. 8, 498 crissalis Sharpe, Zosterops 495 cristata Leach, Anas 881 — Cacatua 132 — Gm., Fulica 724 — Fuligula 881 — Fulix 881 — Nyroca 881 — Parra 726 — Steph., Sterna 899 cristatellus, Acridotheres 567 — Jard. Selby, Spizaetus 35 cristatus var. celebensis Wall., Pernis 65 — Bp., Hydralector 726 (—) Lanius phoenicurus 404 — Schl., Pernis 65 — Plissolophus 129 — Labill., Psittacus 128 — Vanellus 735 Crotophaga 181 eruentus J. Gd., Astur 15 — Nisus 16 Cryptolopha Sw. 515, 5380 — burki (Burton) 531 — davisoni Sharpe 530 — flavigularis Bourns Wore. 531 — montis Sharpe 530 — nigrorum Mos. 531 — sarasinorum M. & Wg. 9, 102, 117, 128, 580 — schwaneri 530 — trivirgata (Strickl.) 531 — vordermanni Bitt. 531 Cryptophaps 625, 626 (—) poecilorrhoa, Carpophaga 615 Crypturi 64. Cuculidae 64, 180, 181. Cuculinae 181, 191, 209, 220, 225 cucullatus (Temm.), Phyllergat. 520 Index: crassirostris—Cyrtostomus. cuculoides (Temm.), Astur 17,18, 19 — Cuculus 191 — Temm,, Falco 17 — Tachyspizias 17, 18, 19 Cuculus L. 181, 183, 187, 209, 210, 220 — asturinus Briigg. 185, 187 — basalis Horsf. 195 — bengalensis Gm. 213 — canorinus Cab. Heine 188 — canoroides 8. Miill. 188, 190,192 — canorus L. 44, 94, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 209, 210 — — borealis (Pall.) 191 — — canoroides (S. Mill.) 41, 45, 94, 120, 121, 124—126, 188, 191 — coromandus L. 201 — crassirostris 182 — cuculoides 191 — fugax Horsf. 185 — himalayanus 190 — himalayanus (nec Vig.) 190, 192 — hyperythrus J. Gd. 185 — intermedius 190, 192, 193, 210 — intermedius Seeb. 188, 191 — javanensis Dumont 213 — lathami Gr. 185 — malayanus Raffl. 194 — melanorhynchus 205 — merulinus Scop. 199 — micropterus J. Gd. 190 — mindanensis L. 211 — monosyllabicus 8 winh. 190, 192 — optatus J. Gd. 188 — pallidus (Lath.) 187 — peninsulae Stejn. 192 — poliocephalus 192 — praesagus Reinw. 231 — saturatus Hdgs. 94, 190, 191, 192, 193 — sonnerati Lath. 187 — sparverioides Vig. 184 — strenuus J. Gd. 184 — striatus Drapiez 190, 192, 193 — striatus Swinh, 188 — virescens Briigg. 196 Culicicapa Swinh. 363, 387, 388 — ceylonensis (Swains.) 186, 388 — helianthea (Wall.) 98, 124, 125, 387, 388 — panayensis Sharpe 387 culminatus, Corvus 208 cumingi Dillw., Megapodius 106, 127, 671, 675, 676, 677, 679 Cuncuma leucogaster (Gm.) 41 cuneata (Lath.), Geopelia 646 cuneatus Salv., Puffinus 110, 911, 912, 913, 914 curonica (Gm.), Aegialitis 42, 44, 49, 108, 742, 749, 750, 751, 752, 754 curonicus, Aegialitis 750 curonicus Gm., Charadrius 749 curruca, Sylvia 487 cursitans (Frk1.), Cisticola 102, 124, 515, 517, 518, 519 — Meyer, Cisticola 517 — Frkl., Prinia 515 curvirostra, Loxia 54 curvirostris Shaw Nodd., Rhino- coccyx 228 Cyanalcyon forsteni (Bp.) 292 cyanescens Sharpe, Zeocephus 378 cyaniceps Sharpe, Prioniturus 75, 139 cyanipectus, Aleyone 273 — Lafr., Ceyx 273, 274 cyanocephala Forsten, Dacelo 300 — Briigg., Halcyon 301 — Monachalcyon 301 Cyanocincla solitaria Hume 512 Cyanoderma 485 cyanogaster Cuv., Coracias 311 cyanogrammus, Trichoglossus 122 cyanonota, Pitta 343, 344, 347, 348 — Temm., Pitta 349 cyanoptera Temm., Pitta 41,45, 96, 349, 852, 354 cyanopterus, Brachyurus 353 cyanopus Vieill., Numenius 42, 48, 108, 800 cyanotis Lenz, Cittura 306 — (Temm.), Cittura 64, 96, 115,127, 303, 305, 307 — Temm., Dacelo 303 eyanus, Monticola 513 — (L.), Petrophila 44, 78, 102, 512 — solitaria (P. L. 8. Miill.), Petro- phila 41, 45, 102, 120, 512, 514 — solitarius, Monticola 513 Cyclopsittacidae 122, 133 Cyornis banyumas (Horsf.) 368 — hyperythrus (Blyth) 366 — rufigula Wall. 372 Cypselidae 327, 334, 337 Cypselinae 327, 337 Cypselus I1]. 327, 328 — australis J. Gd. 327 — leuconyx Blyth 329 — pacificus (Lath.) 41, 47, 48, 96, 120, 327, 328, 329 . — vittatus Jard. Selby 328 Cyrtostomus Cab. 453, 457, 463, 469 — andamanicus (Hume) 462 | — asiaticus 463 — aurora Tweedd. 462 — flammiaxillaris (Blyth) 462 — frenatus (8S. Mill.) 100, 116, 124, 458, 459, 460, 462, 476, 964 — — dissentiens (Hart.) 100, 128, 460 — — meyerl 6 es ee Ts oa = — Cyrtostomus frenatus var. plateni W. Blas. 8, 459, 460 — — saleyerensis Hart. 100, 125, 127, 128, 129, 458, 459 — jugularis (L.) 462 — pectoralis (Horsf.) 462 ° rhizophorae (Swinh.) 462 — sp. M.& Wg. 462 teijsmanni (Biitt.) 7, 100, 126, 462, 469 zenobia (Less.) 463, 469 Dacelo 261, 273, 275, 279, 307 cajeli Schl. 272 chloris 292 coromanda 280 coromandeliana Schl. 280 cyanocephala Forsten 300 cyanotis Temm. 303 fallax Schl. 275 forsteni (Bp.) 292 gigas 234, 315 melanorhyncha (Temm.) 269 monachus (Bp.) 297 monachus Temm. 300 pileata 284 princeps Forsten 297 princeps 297, 301 rufa (Wall.) 280 sancta (Vig. Horsf.) 287 sanghirensis (Sharpe) 306 wallacei (Sharpe) 272 Daceloninae 273, 274 damacensis, Limonites 779 damascensis, Actodromas 778 — Totanus 778 — Tringa 778, 779 — (Horsf.), Tringa 42, 45, 108, 778 — Tringa 778 Dasylophus 181, 229 daudeni Cuy., Merops 253 daurica Pall, Sturnia 571 dauricus Pall., Corvus 584, 585 davisoni Sharpe, Cryptolopha 530 — Hume, §pilornis 3 dealbata, Aegialitis 753, 754 delicatula Sharpe, Zoster. 489, 490 demeryi Biitt., Zosterops 492, 493 Demiegretta Blyth 77, 814, 816, 819, 822, 823, 835, 853 — concolor 822 — greyi 520 — jugularis 820 novae-hollandiae (Lath.) 818 ringeri Stejn. 820, 822 sacra (Gm.) 55, 56, 108, 120, 121, 819, 820, 822, 823, 825, 826 — Sharpe 824 > Dendrochelidon klecho var. wall.336 — wallacei J. Gd. 336 Index: Cyrtostomus— dorsalis. Dendrochelonidae 337 Dendrocopus 178 Dendrocycna Sw. 865, 868, 869, 870 — arborea (L.) 871 — arcuata (Horsf.) 71, 110, 121, 868, 869, 871, 872 fulva (Gm.) 870 guttata Schl. 71, 110, 121, 870, 871, 872, 878 — guttulata Sel. 870 javanica (Horsf.) 869, 870 Dendrocygna gouldi (Bp.) 868 — guttulata Wall. 870 — vagans Fras. 868 | (Dermophrys) jagori (M.), Munia 544 desertorum Vieill., Buteo 51 Diacromyodae 340 Dicaeidae 440, 441, 451, 452 Dicaeum Cuv., 349, 441, 442, 443, 445, 447, 451 — aureolimbatum 449 celebicum 8. Mill. 100, 116, 127, 128, 441, 444, 445,448, 449 — Wall. 443 hirundinac. (Shaw Nodd.) 445 hosei Sh. 10, 100, 116, 128, 448 leclancheri Lafr. 3, 441 mackloti M. & S. 445, 447 monticola Sharpe 444, 445 nehrkorni W. Blas. 100, 113, 116, 128, 441, 447, 448, 449 salvadorii A. B. M. 445, 447 sangirense Salvad. 59, 100, 120, 122, 444, 445, 446, 452, 560 sanguinolentum Temm. 445 | splendidum Biitt. 100, 125, 126, 441, 445, 446, 447 sulaense Sharpe 100, 124, 448 talautense M. & Wg. 59, 61, 100, 121, 122, 445, 446, 560 Dichoceros 242, 243 244 — bicornis 244 dichrorhyncha M. & Wg., Pelar- gopsis 71, 96, 123, 271, 272 dichrous Gray, Monarcha 378 Dicruridae 4385, 580 Dicruropsis axillaris Salvad. 438 — leucops (Wall.) 436, 438 — pectoralis (Wall.) 439 Dicrurus Vieill. 55, 203, 435 — atrocaeruleus Gr. 440 — axillaris (Salvad.) 435 — biwaensis Bp. 440 — borneensis (Sharpe) 438, 440 — bracteatus J. Gd. 440 — carbonarius Bp. 440 — hottentottus (L.) 435, 438, 439 — laemostictus Sel. 440 — leucops Wall. 59, 100, 116, 121, 125, 127, 4385, 436—440, 565 931 Dicrurus leucops axillaris (Salvad.) 100, 120, 122, 488 — palawanensis Tweedd. 440 — pectoralis Finsch 436 — — Wall. 100, 124, 438, 489, 440 — propinquus (Tristr.) 440 — sumatranus W. Rams. 440 Didunculidae 595 dillwyniTweedd., Megapodius 671 dillwynni, Ceyx 276 dimidiatus Less., Carbo 888 — Blyth, Centropus 213 — Graculus 889 Dimorpha superciliaris Blyth 366 | Diomedea L, 914 — albatrus Pall. 914 brachyura v. Mussch, 914 exulans L. 914, 915 nigripes Aud, 914, 915 sp. 110, 914 Diomedeidae 914 discors (L.), Querquedula 881 discurus, Prioniturus 137, 139 discurus(Vieill.), Prionitur. 75, 139 — (V.), Psittacus 139 'Dissemurus 75, 439 dissentiens Hart., Cinnyris frenata 458, 459, 460 — (Hart.), Cyrtostomus frenatus 128, 460 Dissoura Cab. 806, 807, 808 — episcopus (Bodd.) 71, 108, 127, 806, 807 808, 810 Dissura 807 djampeana Hart., Cacatua sulphu- rea 126, 130 — Hart., Siphia 72, 98, 126, 370, 371, 372 — Hart., Trichoglossus forsteni 126 dohertyi Hart., Geocichla 510 — Rothsch., Pitta 10, 124 Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.) 63 domestica Pall., Hirundo 43 domesticum, Lansium 39 Domicella coccinea 115, 117 — histrio 115 domicola Jerd., Hirundo 359 — (Jerd.), Hypurolepsis 359 dominica Lenz, Lalage 428 dominicana Salvad., Sturnia 570 dominicus P. L. S. Miill., Chara- drius 739, 740 — fulvus, Charadrius 739 Donacola pallida (Wall.) 546 doreya Bp., Macropygia 641 doris, Tanysiptera 302 dorsalis (Q. G.), Aprosmictus 170 — Platycercus 170 — vyar., Platycercus 170 17 932 dougalli Mont., Sterna 898 Dromaeus 64 Drymocataphus 502, 503 — capistratus 503 — castaneus Biitt. 502 Drymoecinae 515 Drymophila cinerascens Te mm. 384 Dryobates 71 Dryococcyx 228, 229 Dryopicus fulvus (Q. G.) 175 dubia Wald., Aegialitis 750 dubium, Scissirostrum 567 — Lath., Scissirostrum 104, 117, 124, 127, 567 dubius Scop., Charadrius 749 — Lath., Lanius 567 ducorpsi J. & P., Cacatua 131 Ducula 626 — paulina Bp. 617 — rosacea ([Temm.) 620 (—) sp. Lenz, Carpophaga 625 duivenbodei (Schl.), Eudrepanis 3, 100, 120, 122, 456 duperrei, Megapodius 677 duperreyi Less. Garn., Megapodius 106, 125, 126, 677 Dupetor Heine 861 — flavicollis (Lath.) 861 — melas (Sharpe) 863 duyvenbodei, Aethopyga? 456 — Eudrepanis 456 — (Schl.), Nectarinia 456, 469 Dysporus sula Wald. 892 Eclectus 162, 168 — flavicans Schl. 138 — luconensis (L.) 144 — megalorhynchus (Bodd.) 146 — muelleri (Mill. Schl.) 141, 142 — platurus (Kuhl) 134 Ectopistinae 633 Edoliisoma Jacquin. Puch, 162, 410, 418, 421, 422, 425 — amboinense (Hartl.) 423, 424 — ceramense Sharpe 423 — emancipata H. 98, 126, 422, 424 — everetti Sharpe 421, 422 — meyeri 422 — morio (8. Mill.) 98, 116, 127, 128, 129, 419, 420, 422425 — — septentrionalis M. & Wg. 98, 128, 129, 420, 421 — muelleri Salvad. 424 — nigrum 422 — obiense Salvad. 98, 124, 424 — panayensis Steere 421 — salvadorii Sharpe 98, 120, 122, 492, 423, 424 — talautense M.& Wg. 98,121, 122, 422, 423, 424, 446 Index: dougalli—Eudynamis. edwardsi E11., Porphyrio 720 — Tylas 66 | Egretta albamodesta (J. E. Gra y)829 egretta Schl., Ardea 829 Egretta garzetta (L.) 826 egretta (Br.), Garzetta 826 — Herodias 831 — Wald., Herodias 829 — Lenz, Herodias 836 Egretta intermedia (Wagl.) 833 — modesta 829 egrettoides Temm., Ardea 832 — Swinh., Herodias 833 Elanus Sav. 62, 64 — axillaris (Lath.) 63, 64 — coeruleus 63, 64 — hypoleucus (J. Gd.) 90, 126, 62, 63, 64 — intermedius Schl. 63 — melanopterus v. Mart. 63 ellioti Salvad., Porphyrio 720, 721 emancipata Hart., Edoliisoma 98, 26, 422, 424 Emberizidae 65 Emberizinae 553 emiliae Sharpe, Chlorocharis 485 empusa Gld., Actitis 771 enca, Coracias 311 — (Horsf.), Corone 580, 581 — Horsf., Corvus 78, 104, 125, 127, 208, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584 — orru (Bp.), Corvus 581 — philippinus (Bp.), Corvus 581 — validus (Bp.), Corvus 580 — violaceus (Bp.), Corvus 581 enganensis Salv., Calornis 558, 560 — (Salvad.), Calornis panayensis 558, 559 Enneoctonus crassirostris Kuh] 404 — lucionensis (L.) 407 — magnirostris (Less.) 404 — schwaneri Bp. 407 — tigrinus (Drap.) 404 Enodes Temm. 82, 112, 113, 125, 564, 565, 566, 569 — erythrophrys (Temm.) 104, 117, 128, 208, 564, 565 Entomobia pileata (Bodd.) 284 Entomothera 280 Eos Wagl. 115, 117, 118, 125, 349 — challengeri Salvad. 7, 118 — coccinea 115 — fuscata 115 — histrio (St. Mill.) 57, 61, 92, 120, 122, 116, 118, 119, 120 — — challengeri (Salvad.) 92, 115, 118 — — talautensis M. & Wg. 61, 92, 121, 122, 115, 117, 594 719, Eos indica Wag]. 115, 117, 118 — riciniata (Bechst.) 119, 120 — rubiginosa (Bp.) 118, 120 Ephialtes leucospila 106 — menadensis (Q. G.) 103 episcopus Bodd., Ardea 806 — Ciconia 806 — (Bodd.), Dissoura 71, 108, 127, 806, 807, 808, 810 — Melanopelargus 806 ernesti Sharpe, Falco 86, 87, 88 — (Sharpe), Falco peregrinus 86 Erythaca 344 Erythra isabellina Salvad. 712 — leucomelaena (S. Miill.) 708 — phoenicura (Forst.) 708 — quadristrigata Gld. 705 erythrogaster, Pitta 343, 345—348 erythrognathus, Urococcyx 228 erythromelas (V.), Ardetta 855 erythronota Scl., Geocichla 102, 116, 128, 509, 510 erythronotus Vig., Lanius 410 — Gray, Turdus 509 erythrophrys (Temm.), Calornis 564 — (Temm.) Enodes 104, 117, 128, 208, 564, 565 — Lamprotornis 564 Erythropitta celebensis Schl.) 341 erythroptera (Gray), Petrophila514 Erythrospiza 23 — iogaster (8S. Miill.) 14 — trinotata (Bp.) 21 Erythrospizias 23 — trinotatus (Bp.) 21, 23 erythrothorax Sharpe, Baza 73, 75 — Temm. Schl. Gallinula 701 — Porzana 701, 702 Erythrura phoenicura (Forst.) 708 Hsacus Less. 77, 732 — magnirostris (Vieill.) 108, 125, 126, 733, 734, 822 — recurvirostris (Cuv.) 734 esculenta (L.), Collocalia 96, 124, 126, 332, 884, 335, 337 — L., Hirundo 334 Estrildinae 541 Eudrepanis Sharpe 453, 456, 457 — duivenbodei (Schl.) 5, 100, 120, 122, 456 — jefferyi Grant 457 — pulcherrima Sharpe 457 Eudromias 64 — geoffroyi (Wagl.) 743 — veredus (J. Gd.) 741 Eudynamis Vig. Horsf. 55, 61, 64, 67, 70, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 271, 435 — fascialis Wall. 124, 205 (Mill. > ill ; = rr. w Eudynamis honorata (L.) 208, 211 — maculata 210 — malayana 208 — malayana Sharpe 211 — melanorhyncha 8. Miill. 64, 94, 115, 123, 124, 126, 191, 205, 207, 208, 210, 212, 220, 225, 270 — mindanensis (L.) 94, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 220 — — sangirensis W. Blas. 94, 120, 121, 123, 207, 211, 212 — niger Briigg. 211. — orientalis 211 — orientalis Whitehead 211 — sp. nov.? Salvad. 211 euerythrus Sharpe, Ceyx 274 Eulabeornis celebensis (Q. G.) 697 — rosenbergii (Schl.) 689 Eulabes 569 — albertinae (Schl.) 579 eulophotes, Ardea 824 — Garzetta 820 — Swinh., Herodias 48, 108, 822, 823, S24, 825, 826, 829, $34, 838 eurhythma Swinh., Ardetta 42, 45, 56, 110, 121, 856, 858, 861 eurhythmus, Botaurus 856 europaeus Steph., Nycticorax 845 Eurostopodidae 731 Eurostopodus 325 eurycercus, Centrococcyx 221 Euryceros 569 eurygnatha Saund., Sterna 899 Eurylaemi 308 Eurylaemidae 339, 340 Eurypyga 688 Eurystomus Vieill. 47, 247, 308, 312, 315 — australis 314 — australis Sharpe 314 — calonyx 314 — crassirostris Sel. 313, 316 — laetior 314 — orientalis (L.) 48, 96, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 812, 313—316 — — australis (Sw.) 312, 313 — — calonyx (Sharpe) 312, 313 — — laetior (Sharpe) 312, 313 — pacificus Wall. 47, 313, 314 — pileatus (Bp.) 309 — solomonensis Sharpe 313, 316 eurythma S winh., Ardetta 855, 856 eurythmus, Nannocnus 856 Euryzona isabellina Bp. 712 euryzonoides (Lafr.), Rallina 700 euteles Temm., Trichoglossus 126 eutreptorhyncha Hart., Pelargop- sis melanorhyncha 124 everetti Hart., Androphilus 9, 502 — Grant, Carpophaga 621 Index: Eudynamis—ferruginea. everetti Sharp., Edoliisoma 421,422 — Tweedd., Iole 496 — Hart., Monarcha 10, 98, 126,385 — Hart., Pachycephala 10, 98, 126, 400 — Tweedd., Tanygnathus 142 — Tweedd., Zosterops 495 eversmanni Midd., Sylvia (Phyl- lopneuste) 527 exarata (T.), Hydrocissa 236, 237 exaratus, Anorrhinus 236 — Buceros 235, 237 — Penelopides 236 — (Temm.), Rhabdotorrhinus 59, 94, 115, 127, 285, 236, 237, 238 exarhaetus, Buceros 235 exarhatus Reinw., Buceros 235 Excalfactoria Bp. 662, 666, 669 — adansoni (Verr.) 666 — australis Gld. 664, 665 — chinensis (L.) 106, 668, 665, 666, 669 — — australis 665 excalfactoria Coturnix 663 Excalfactoria lepida Hart]. 666 — lineata (Scop.) 664, 665 — minima Gld. 663, 665 — sinensis 664 exilis (Gm.), Ardetta 855 — (Vig. Horsf.), Cisticola 102, 124, 127, 517, 518, 519 — Coryllis 149 — Schl., Loriculus 38, 94, 113, 115, 127, 128, 127, 149, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165 — Psittacus 149 exulans L., Diomedea 914 faberi A. B. M., Caprimulgus 321,322 falcinella v. peregrina (Bp.), Ibis 804 Falcinellus falcinellus (L.) 804 falcinellus Ibis 803 Falcinellus igneus Gray 803 — peregrinus Bp. 803, 805 falcinellus var. peregr., Plegadis 804 — (L.), Plegadis 108, 803, 804, 805 —L., Tantalus 803 Falco L. 81 — aesalon 48 — aldrovandi Reinw. 81 — anatum Bp. 87 — atriceps Hagle Clarke 86 — blagrus Daud. 40 — communis Gm. 85, 86, 87, 88 — cuculoides Temm. 17 — ernesti Sharpe 86, 87, 88 — frontatus Schl. 81 — griseiceps Temm., 9 — guttatus Gray 81 933 Falco haliaetus L. 89 — hiogaster 8. Mill. 14 — humilis Mill. Schl. 43 — indicus Gm. 45 — leucogaster Gm. 40 — liventer Temm. 49 — junulatus Lath. 82, 83 — malayensis Reinw. 38 — melanogenys J. Gd. 86, 87, 88 — melanogenys Gurn. 86 — melanopterus Horsf. 62 — moluccensis 87 — moluccensis (Jacquin Pucher.) 78, 79 — oceanica Temm. 40 — peregrinator Sund. 86, 88 — peregrinus (Gerini) 92, 69, 85, 87, 88, 316 — peregrinus Meyer 86 — peregrinus Briss., Accipiter 85 — — anatum (Bp.) 92, 87 — — ernesti (Sharpe) 92, 86 — — melanogenys (J.Gd.) 92, 86, 87, 316 — — pealei Ridgw. 92, 87 — poliogenys Temm. 45 — polyagrus Cass. 87 — (Lophotes) reinwardti Mill. Schl. 73, 75 — rufipedioides Hdgs. 81 — severus Horsf. 81, 82, 83, 84 — — indicus n. subsp. 92, 84 — — papuanus M. Weg. 90, 84 — soloensis Horsf. 17 — subbuteo L. 82, 84 — tinnunculus 80 — tinnunculus 8. Mill. 78 — torquatus Cuy. 15 — trivirgatus Temm. 11 — virgatus Temm. 27 Falconidae 1, 69 fallax A.B.M., Ceycopsis 278 — (Schl.), Ceycopsis 96, 115, 127, 271, 275, 277 — Ceyx 275 — Briigg., Corvus 583 — Schl. Dacelo 275 fascialis Wal]., Eudynamis 124, 205 fasciata (Rfl.), Rallina 700 fasciatus Gld., Turnix 686 fasciolata (Gray), Calamodyta 524 — (G.R.Gray), Locustella 41, 46, 102, 120, 121, 524 fasciolatus Gray, Acrocephalus 524, 525 — Arundinax 524 — Temm., Spizaetus 32 fedoa, Limosa 792 ferox Drap., Lanius 4/3 ferruginea Forster, Ardea 842 934 ferrugineus (Gm.), Gallus 106, 120, 127, 666, 667, 668, 669 — Gm., Tetrao 667 fiber Schl., Sula 892 finschi, Pitta 343 — Tweedd., Trichostoma 102, 128, 129, 505, 506, 507 fischeri, Leucotreron 602 meridionalis M.& We., treron 604 (Briigg.), Ptilinopus 60? (Briigg.), Ptilopus 6, 104, 114, 117, 128, 129, 602, 604—606 A.B.M., Ptilopus 604 — Ptilopus (Rhamphiculus) 602 fissipes (Pall.), Hydrochelidon 894 flabelliformis (Lath.), Cacomant. 199 flammea L., Strix 92, 126, 102, 109, 111, 113 — rosenbergi (Schl.), Strix 5, 92, 120, 109, 113 flammiaxillaris (Blyth), Cyrtosto- mus 462 flava (L.), Budytes 532 — L.,, Motacilla 41, 43, 44, 49, 102, 21, 125, 126, 681, 532, 533, 534, 536, 540 — flaveola (Pall.), Motacilla 534 — (Horsf.), Zosterops 487 flaveola Cab., Gerygone 98, 116, 125, 127, 388, 589 — (Pall.), Motacilla flava 534 flavescens Gray, Silvia 527 flavicans (Cass.), Eclectus 138 — Pionias 135 — Cass., Prioniturus 74, 75, 92, 115, 120, 126, 136, 137, 188, 139 flavicollis Lath., Ardea 861 — Ardeiralla 840, 861, 863 — Ardeirailus 861 — Ardetta 861 — Dupetor 861 — Xanthocnus 83, 864 — (Lath.), Xanthoenus 54, 55, 110, 120, 121, 861 flavigularis Bourns Wore., Crypto- lopha 531 flavirostra Swains., Gallinula 703 flavirostris (Temm.), Herodias 832 — Hartl., Limnocorax 703 — Ortygometra 82, 703 flavostriata (Wall.), Aethopyga 100, 116, 128, 458, 454 — Wall., Nectarinia 453 — Promerops 454 flavoviridis, Psitteut. 61, 71,127, 271 — Wall., Trichoglossus 92, 124, 124, 126, 127 flavus (L.), Budytes 532 florensis Wall., Athene 96 Leuco- Index: ferrugineus—fulvotincta. floresiana, Alcedo 263 — Pelargopsis 271 flosculus Wall., Loriculus 128, 151, 153, 155, 156, 161, 163, 164, 165 flumenicolus Steere, Ceyx 273 fluviatilis Bechst., Charadrius 749 — Gld., Hydrochelidon 895 formosa (Gray), Lamprotreron 613 formosana § winh., Munia 102, 543, 544, 546, 547 — brunneiceps (Wald.), Munia 102, U7, 127, 544 — jagori (Marts.), Munia 102, 544 formosus Wald., Broderipus 599 — Cab., Oriolus 59, 104, 120, 122, 400, 560, 590, 591, 593, 594 — sangirensis, Oriolus 120, 591 — Gray, Ptilonopus 613 — Ptilopus 613 forsteni (Bp.), Brachyurus 350 — (Bp.), Carpophaga 3, 106, 114, 117, 128, 623, 626, 627 — Carpophaga 624 — Cyanaleyon 292 Dacelo 292 Bp., Haleyon 3, 292, 293, 295 Bp., Hemiphaga 624 (Bp.}, Melanopitta 350 Bp., Meropogon 3, 94, 115, 127, 128, 257, 260 Schl., Merops 257, 259, 260 Nyctiornis 257 (Bp.), Pitta 3, 61, 96, 116, 127, 128, 342, 349, 350, 351, 352 Wall., Pitta 350 Pogonomerops 257 Sauropatis 292 Todiramphus 292 Bp., Trichoglossus 92, 123 djampeanus Hart.,Trichoglossus 92, 126, 124 (Bp.), Zonoenas 624 forsteri, Carpophaga 623 — Préy. Knip, Columba 623 francica (Gm.!, Collocalia 96, 126, 332, 335 — Gm., Hirundo 335 frankii Schl., Gallinula 711 Fratercula 63 Fregata Briss. 54, 888, 911 — aquila 884, 885 — aquila Briigg., 884 — minor (Gm.) 110, 8838, 884, $85 Fregatidae 883 Fregilupus 573 — varius |Bodd.) 573 frenata, Arachnechthra 458 — Cinnyris 458, 459 — dissentiens Hart., Cinnyris 458, 459, 460 |frenata meyeri Hart., Cinnyris 459 — plateni, Cinnyris 449 — saleyerensis Hart., Cinnyris 458 _— 8. Mill. Nectarinia 458 |frenatus, Cinnyris 458, 459 |— 'S. Mill), Cyrtostomus 100, 116, | 24, 458, 459, 460, 462, 476, 914 | — dissentiens (Hart.), Cyrtostomus | 100, 128, 460 meyeri, Cyrtostomus 6 var. plateni W. Blas., Cyrto- stomus 459, 460 saleyerensis Hart., Cyrtostomus 100, 125, 458, 459 freycineti, Megapodius 674, 679, 682 — Rehb., Megapodius 671 | Fringillidae 65, 541, 553 Fringillinae 553 _frontalis, Broderipus 589 es Q. G., Hirundo 359 '— Wall., Oriolus 104, 124, 125, | 589, 593 |— Salvad., Zosterops 489 ‘frontata Wall., Gallinula 106, 718, 715 |frontatus Schl., Faleo 81 'fuciphaga (Thunb.), Collocalia 96, 381, 333, 335, 537 — brevirostris (M’Clell.), calia 331 — Thunb., Hirundo 331 fugax Horsf., Cuculus 185 — Hierococcyx 186, 187 — (Horsf.), Hierococcyx 94, 185 fulgidus, Caridonax 299 Fulica L. 713, 722 atra L. 42, 108, 722, 724 — japonica Temm. Sch]. 723 australis Gld. 724 chloropus L. 715 cristata Gm. 724 lugubris 8. Mill. 723 fulicarius, Phalaropus 786, 795 fuliginiventer Swinh., Coceystes coromandus var. 201 fuliginosa Gm., Sterna 905, 907, 908, 909 |fuliginosus (Tw.), Microstictus 177 | Fuligula 882 |fuligula L., Anas 881 — Aythya 881 Fuligula cristata (Leach) 881 — fuligula 881 fuligula (L.), Nyroca 110, 881 Fuligulinae 865 Fulix cristata (L.) 881 fulva Gray, Campethera 175 — (Gm.), Dendrocycna 870 fulviventris Scl., Myiagra 387 fulvotincta Wall., Pachycephala 400 Collo- fulvus Cab. Heine, Alophonerp. 179 — (Q. G), Alophonerpes 175 — Gm,, Charadrius 42, 44, 48, 49, 50, 62, 108, 121, 125, 127, 737, 788, 740, 745, 749, 752, 754 — Charadrius dominicus 739 — — pluvialis var. 739 — Dryopicus 175 — Hemilophus 175 — (Q. G.), Microstictus 94, 113, 115, 126, 127, 129, 174, 176, 177, 180 — Maulleripicus 175, 179 — Q. G., Picus 175 — Pluvialis 739 funebris (Val.), Microstictus 175, 177 fusca Hicks., Collocalia 331 — (L.), Crex 701 — (L.), Porzana 106, 701, 703, 706 — Rallina 701 —v. Mussch., Sula 892 fuscans (Cass.), Munia 546 fuscata, Hos 115 — Munia 543 fuscescens A. B. M., Monarcha 385 fuscovirescens Saly., Calornis 563 fuscus L., Limnobaenus 701 — L,, Rallus 701 galapagensis Sharpe, Anous 909 galbula L., Oriolus 588, 905, 906 galeata Licht., Gallinula 717 galeatus A. B. M., Basileornis 104, 124, 125, 573, 574 galerita (Lath.), Cacatua 131, 132 — Hydrocissa 237 galgulus, Loriculus 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167 Galgulus temmincki Vieill. 309 Galli 662, S64 Gallicrex cinerea (Gm.) 723 gallinacea Temm., Parra 725, 726 Gallinaceae 665, 684 gallinaceus (Temm.), Hydralector 108, 725, 727 Gallinae 65, 181, 468, 658, 661, 728 Gallinago Leach 48, 789, 791 — australis Lath. 791 — heterocerca Cab. 789 — megala Swinh. 42, 45, 108, 126, 789, 791 — scolopacina 790 — stenura (Kuhl) 790 — stenura auct. 790 Gallinula Briss. 705, 713, 714, 722 — chloropus (L.) 106, 714, 715, 716 — — orientalis (Horsf.) 715 — erythrothorax Temm. Schl. 701 — flavirostra Swains. 703 — frankii Schl. 711 — frontata Wall. 106, 718, 715 Index: fulyus— Glareola. Gallinula galeata Licht. 717 — haematopus Schl, 713 — isabellina Temm. 712 — leucomelaena 8. Miill. 708 — lugubris Rsbg. 723 — olivacea Schl. 711 — orientalis Horsf. 715 — phoenicura (Forst.) 708 — — var. leucomelaena (Bp.) 708 — pyrrhorrhoa 716, 717 — ruficrissa Gld. 711 — rubiginosa (Temm.) 701 — superciliaris Rsbg. 706 — tenebrosa Gld. 714 Gallus Temm. (from L. and Briss.) 54, 64, 662, 666, 669, 670 — bankiva Temm., 667 — ferrugineus (Gm.) 106, 120, 127, 666, 667, 668, 669 — gallus 667 — lafayettei Less. 669 gallus L., Phasianus 667 Gallus sonnerati 669 — varius (Shaw Nodd.) 669 gardeni 8. Miill., Nycticorax 842 garrula, Ampelis 565 Garrula torquata Temm. 577 Garrulax 504 Garrulus caledonicus Joest 577 garrulus, Coracias 311 — Lorius 56, 119 Garzetta 828 garzetta L., Ardea 810, 826 — var. nigripes, Ardea 826 Garzetta egretta (Br.) 826 garzetta (L.), Egretta 826 Garzetta eulophotes 820 — garzetta 826 garzetta (L.), Herodias 48, 108, 120, 121, 125, 127, 823, 824, 825, 826, 828, 834, 836, 838, 840 Garzetta immaculata (Gld.) 824 — nigripes (Temm.} 824, 826, 827 garzetta nigripes, Herodias 826 Garzetta orientalis (J. KE. Gr.) 826 Gauropicoides 178 Gaviae 893, 897 Gazzola (Bp.) 82, 113, 114, 588, 584 — caledonica Bp. 584 — typica Bp. 2, 104, 117, 128; 584, 585 geelvinkiana Schl., Carpophaga 616, 620 geelvinkianus A. B. M., Monarcha385 gentianus Tristr., Ceyx 273 Geocichla Kuh] 508, 509 — avensis 510 — dohertyi Hart. 510 — erythronota Sel. 102, 116, 128, 509, 510 935 Geocichla interpres Temm. 510 — machiki 510 — peroni V, 510 — rubiginosa 8. Miill. 510 geoffroyi (Wagl.), Aegialitis 42, 48, 49, 50, 63, 108, 120, 121, 124, 740, 741, 742, 748, 746, 747, 748, 749, 752, 754 — Wagl., Charadrius 743 — Cirrepidesmus 743 — Eudromias 743 — Ochthodromus 743 Geopelia Sw. 595, 646, 648 — cuneata (Lath.) 646 — maugei (Temm.) 648 — striata (L,) 106, 125, 128, 646, 648 — tranquilla Gld. 648 Geopeliinae 646 Geophaps 642 Geophilus nicobaricus (L.) 657 Geotrygoninae 654 Geronticus 808 Gerygone J. Gd. 362, 888, 390 — brunneipectus 388 — flaveola Cab. 98, 116, 125, 127, 388, 389 — modiglianii Salvad. 389, 390 — pectoralis Davis. 389 — salvadorii Biitt. 389 — sulfurea Wall. 390 gibberifrons (8. Miill.), Anas 110. 126, 873, 874, 876, 877 — 8. Mill., Anas (Mareca) 874 — (S. Miill.), Nettion 874, 875, 876, 877, 878 gibbifrons Wall., Anas 874 gigantea, Chaetura 330 — Rsbg., Chaetura 329 — var.celebensisScl., Chaetura329 — Wald., Pelargopsis 271 giganteus Wald., Hirundinapus329 gigas, Dacelo 315 gilberti Gray, Megapodius 671 — Schl., Megapodius 675 ginginianus, Acridotheres 567 girra J. E. Gray, Anas 866 girrenera, Haliastur 54 — — indus 126, 53, 54, 55, 56 — var.ambig. (Briigg.), Haliast. 54 glandarius (L.), Coceystes 203 Glareola Briss. 615, 728, 730 glareola (L.), Actitis 764 Glareola australis Leach 728 — grallaria Temm. 728, 731 — isabella Vieill. 42, 48, 78, 108, 24, 571, 728, 730 — orientalis Leach 78, 729, 731 glareola, Rhyacophilus 764 — (L.), Totanus 42, 45, 48, 49, 108, 121, 127, 763, 764 936 glareola L., Tringa 764 Glareolidae 728 Glaucidium 102 — jardini Bp. 68, 102 — siju Cab, 108, 704 Glossopsittacus 122 Glottis glottoides (Sy k.) 760 — nebularius (Gunner) 760 glottis L., Scolopax 759 — (L.), Totanus 42, 44, 48, 49, 108, 125, 759, 763, 766 glottoides (Syk.), Glottis 760 Glycyphila 485 goffini Finsch, Cacatua 131 Goisachius $48 (—) kutteri, Buteo 848 goisaki, Gorsachius 850 Goisakius 848 goliath Temm., Ardea 809, 814 — Centropus 220 — Phaenorhina 661 Gorsachius Bp. 848, 849, 850 — goisaki 850 — kutteri (Cab.) 1/0, 121, 848 — melanolophus 819, 850 melanolophus Blyth 848 Gorsakius 848 gouldi Bp., Circus 8 — (Bp.), Dendrocygna 868 gouldiae Gray-Hdw., Columba657 gouldii Gray, Megapodius 677 Goura 594, 595, 659 — tristigmata (Temm.) 655 Gouridae 595 govinda Syk., Milvus 58, 59, 60 — (Syk.), Milvus migrans 60 —? affinis, Milvus 61 gracilis Bull., Anas 874 Gracula javanensis 209, 212 Graculae 576 Graculus 887, 889 — dimidiatus Rsbg. $89 — melanoleucus (Vieill.) 889 Phalacrocorax 890 stictocephalus (Bp.) 890 sulcirostris (Brdt.) 890 Grallae 661 grallaria Temm., Glareola 728, 731 — Stiltia 728 Grallina picata 432 granatina, Pitta 349 granti Sharpe, Ninox (Cephalo- ptynx) 101 grata Schl., Malia 102, 116, 125, 128, 129, 499 — recondita (M. & Wg.), Malia 102, 128, 129, 499, 500 Graucalus Cuv. 79, 327, 410, 411, 412, 415, 416, 418, 421, 425 — atriceps (8. Miill.) 417 Index: glareola—Gyps. Graucalus bicolor \Temm.) 62, 70, 78, 79, 98, 113, 116, 127, 128, 411, 412, 413, 427, 428, 615, 630 — boyeri 416 — caeruleogriseus (Gray) 416 (—) ealedonicus (Gm.), Corvus 584 — guillemardi 417 javensis 415 leucopygius Bp. 98, 116, 120, 127, 128, 411, 412, 418, 415, 418 melanocephalus Salvad. 417 melanops (Lath.) 98, 124, 417 — mindorensis (Steere) 417 normani Sharpe 417 papuensis (Gm.) 415 pollens 417 schistaceus (Sharpe) 98, 124, 416, 417 — temmincki (S. Mill.) 98, 116, 124, 411, 415, 416 — temminckii Wall. 416 grayi, Ardeola 840 — (Wall.), Cinnyris 467 — Wald., Cisticola 517 — Hermotimia 466, 467 (Wall.), Hermotimia 700, 129, 467, 468 Wall., Nectarinia 467 A. B. M., Nectarophila 465 Nectarophila 467 Promerops 467 Wall., Zosterops 495 greyi, Demiegretta 820 — Gld., Herodias 820 grisea L., Ardea 845 — Horsf., Sterna 894 griseatus (Wald.), Caprimulgus 322 griseicauda, Osmotreron 598 — Wald., Osmotreron 596 — Rsbg., Ptilopus 596 — Schl., Treron 598 113, 128, |— Wall., Treron 595 griseiceps (Temm.), Astur 4, 90, 118, 115, 127, 9, 13, 14 — Temm.,, Falco 9 — Lophospiza 9 — Lophospizias 9 — Gray, Pachycephala 395 griseigularis Tw., Anthreptes 474 — Astur 16, 23 — (Wall. Lay.), Columba 635 — Urospizias 24 griseonota G. R. Gray, Pachyce- phala 98, 124, 398, 399 griseopygius Gld., Totanus 767 griseosticta (Swinh.), Butalis 363 griseus naevius, Nycticorax 846 grisola, Muscicapa 364, 370 — (Blyth), Pachycephala 395 Gruidae 688 Gruiformes 662 guarauna (L), Plegadis 805 guillemardi, Graucalus 417 Guira 181 gularis (T, & S.), Accipiter 28, 29, 30 — Hume, Accipiter 28 (Temm. Schl.), Accipiter virga- tus 41, 45, 90, 126, 28, 30, 31, 32 — (Bosc), Ardea 822 Temm. Schl., Astur (Nisus) 28 Gray, Calornis 564 — Briigg., Carpophaga 622, 623 — Q. G., Columba 605 — (Horsf.), Hypotaenidia 693 — (Q. G.), Laryngogramma 605 — (Q. G.), Leucotreron 605 — J.Gd., Podiceps 110, 120, 121, 917, 918 — Rsbg., Podiceps 916 — (A. G.), Ptilinopus 605 — (Q. G.), Ptilopus 104, 114, 117, 128, 605, 606, 623 — Horsf., Rallus 692 — (Gld.), Tachybates 917 — (Sharpe), Trichostoma 506, 507 gurial, Pelargopsis 270 gurneyi Rams., Baza 77 — Spizaetus 70, 71 gustavi Swinh., Anthus 4/, 44, 49, 102, 126, 588, 540, 541 — Swinh., Corydalla 538 guttata Anas 870 — Schl., Dendrocyena 71, 110, 121, 870, 871, 872, 878 — Dendrocygna 870 guttatus Gray, Falco 81 guttifera, Terekia 774 guttulata Dendrocyena 870 — Wall., Dendrocygna 870 gutturalis (Scop.), Hirundo 357, 358 — (Scop.), Hirundo rustica 96, 120, 127, 357 Gygis 905 Gymnocrex Salvad. 689, 690 — plumbeiventris Gray 690 — rosenbergi (Schl.), 5, 106, 113, 117, 128, 689, 690 Gymnolaemus 242, 243 Gymnopelia 646 | Gymnophaps poecilorrhoa (Br.) 625 gymnophthalmus, Iyngipicus 174 | gymnopsis Sel., Cacatua 131 — (Swinh.), Muscicapa 41, 46, 96,| Gyps indicus 93 121, 3638, 525 griseus (L.), Nycticorax 110, 843, 845, 846, 847 — sp. 93 haematodes (L.), Trichoglossus 124 haematopus Schl., Gallinula 713 Haematortyx 669 haematuropygia (8. M.), Cacatua 131 haesitandus (Hart.), Spilospizias trinotatus 90, 127, 129, 23 Halcyon Sw. 274, 279, 280, 283, 299, 305 armstrongi Sh. 295 atricapilla (Gm.) 283 chloris (Bodd.) 54, 96, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 279, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 316 collaris (Scop.) 292 coromanda (Lath.) 274, 279, 280 coromanda rufa (Wall.) 96, 115, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 280 coromandus 282 cyanocephala Briigg, 301 forsteni Bp. 3, 292, 293, 295 hombroni 64, 299, 302 humii Sh. 295, 296 lindsayi 299, 302 melanorhyncha (Temm.) 269 meyeri Sharpe 6, 293, 295, 296 monachus (Bp.) 297 — Gr. 301 moseleyi 299 pileata (Bodd.) 41, 45, 96, 279 283, 286 princeps (Forsten) 297 rufa Wall, 280, 282 sancta M. & Wg, 293, 294 — Vig. Horsf, 41, 44, 48, 96, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 279, 287, 291, 316 solomonis Salvad. 295 vagans 288, 291 Haleyones 299 Haleyornis toliapacus 308 Haliaetus Sav. 40, 43 haliaetus carolinensis(G m.), Pandion 92, 90 — L., Falco 89 Haliaetus humilis (Mill. Schl.) 43 haliaetus leucoceph.(J.Gd.), Pandion 92, 120, 121, 123, 126, 89, 90, 91 Haliaetus leucogaster (Gm.) 90, 123, 125, 40, 42 haliaetus (L.), Pandion 92, 120, 121, 89, 90, 91, 92 Haliaetus sphenurus J. Gd, 41 Haliastur Selby 51 — girrenera Meyer 54 — var. ambigua (Briigg.) 54 indus (Bod d.) 90, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 5, 42, 61, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 460, 719 — var. ambiguus Briigg, 53, 54 — intermedius 53 Index: haematodes—hiogaster. Haliastur indus typicus 53, 55 — intermedius (Gurn.) 46, 54 — leucosternus Walden 54 Haliplana anaestheta (Scop.) 906 halmaheira Bp., Janthoenas 633 hantu, Ninox 95 hardyi, Stercorarius 910 Harpagus 66, 67 hartlaubi Verr., Limicola 787 hasselti (T.), Nectarophila 453, 468 helianthea (Wall.), Culicicapa 98, 124, 125, 387, 388 — Wall., Muscicapa 387 — Myialestes 387 — Xantholestes 387 Heliornithidae 688 helvetica (L.), Squatarola 42, 44, 48, 108, 736 helveticus Seeb., Charadrius 737 Hemicercus 178 Hemilophus 177, 178 — fulvus (Q. G.) 175 — pulverulentus 177 Hemiphaga 633 — forsteni Bp. 624 Hemipodius maculosus Temm, 687 — melanotus Gld. 687 hemprichi, Larus 900 heraldica, Procellaria 914 Hermotimia Rehb, 63, 453, 457, 463, 467, 468, 469, 470, 472 — auriceps (G. R. Gray) 100, 124, 464, 466 — grayi (Wall) 100, 128, 129, 466, 467, 468 morotensis (Shell.) 464 porphyrolaema (W all.) 100, 116, 128, 129, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 472 — scapulata M. & Wg. 100, 127, 28, 466 sangirensis (A. B, M.) 59, 100, 120, 122, 463, 467, 469, 470, A471, 472, 477 — talautensis M. & Wg. 459, 63, 100, 121, 122, 466, 467, 470, 471, 472 Herodias Boie 56, 62, 64, 814, 816, 819, 821, 822, 828, 828, 835, 841 alba (L.), 48, 108, 121, 125, 823, 828, 829, 831, 834, 838 — modesta (J. E. Gray) 829 candidissima (Gm.) 826, 828 egretta 831 — Lenz 836 — Wald, 829 egrettoides (Temm.) 833 eulophotes S winh, 48, 108, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 829, 834, 838 flavirostris (Temm.) 832 Meyer & Wigglesworth, Birds of Celebes (May 20th, 1898). 937 Herodias garzetta (L.) 48, 108, 120, 121, 125, 127, 823, 824, 825, 826, 828, 834, 836, 838, 840 — nigripes (Temm.) 826 greyi Gld, 820 immaculata G1d.824, 825,826, 829 — A.B. M. 826 intermedia (Wagl.) 48, 110, 823, 829, 882, 834, 835, 838 — jugularis (Wagl.) 820 melanopus Blyth 824 — Wagl. 826 nigripes (Temm.) 826, 828 — A.B. M. 836 novae-hollandiae (Lath.) 818 pannosus Gld. 820 picata (Gld.) 816, 817 (—) — Gld., Ardea 816 — plumiferus Gld. 832 — syrmatophorus Gld. 829 — timoriensis 831 — — Sharpe 829 — torra 831 — torra Buch. 829, 831 Herodiones 804 Heteractitis Stejn. 766, 769, 770 — brevipes (Vieill.) 42, 46, 48, 49, 63, 108, 120, 121, 766, 767, 769, 770 — incanus 769 heterocerca Cab., Gallinago 789 (Heteropus) pernigra Hdgs., Aquila 38 Heteropygia acuminata 776 Heterornis pyrrhogenys (T.) 570 Heteroscelus brevipes (Vieill.) 767 Heteroscenes 209 hiaticula, Aegialitis 748 Hiaticula inornata Gld. 746 Hierococeyx S. Miill. 181, 183, 209, 220 crassirostris Tw. 94, 113, 115, 127, 182, 183, 185, 327, 413, 615 fugax (Horsf.) 94, 185, 186, 187 hyperythrus (J. Gd.) 185, 186, 187 nisicolor 186 pectoralis Cab. Heine 185 sparveriodes Schrenck 185 sparverioides (Vig.) 41, 45, 94, 181, 183, 184, 209 strenuus Cab, Heine 184 himalayanus auct., Cuculus 190, 192 Himantopus Briss, 54, 755, 757 Himantopus candidus Bonn. 759 — leucocephalus J, Gd. 108, 125, 757, 759 hiogaster (8. Miill.), Accipiter 14, 27 — Astur 14, 15, 16, 23 — §. Mill, Faleo 14 — Urospizias 13, 14, 24 118 938 hiogaster (S. Miill.!, Urospizias 14 Hipurolepsis javanica (Sparrm.) 359 hirsuta Schl., Noctua 96 — japonica, Ninox 96 — japonica Schl., Noctua 96 hirundinaceum (Shaw Nodd.), Di- caeum 445 Hirundinapus celebensis (Scl.) 329 — giganteus Wald. 329 Hirundinidae 48, 356, 433 Hirundo L. 76, 356, 698 — domestica Pall. 43 — domicola Jerd. 359 — esculenta L. 334 — francica Gm..335 — frontalis Q. G. 359 — fuciphaga Thunb. 331 — gutturalis (Scop.) 357, 358 — javanica Sparrm. 96, 120, 121, 124, 127, 358, 361 — neoxena 361 — nigricans Vieill. 361 — pacifica Lath. 327 — rustica L. 41, 44, 856, 357, 358, 360, 361, 537 — — gutturalis (Scop.) 96, 120,| 127, 357 hirundo Sterna 897 Hirundo vanicorensis Q. G. 331 histrio (St. Mill), Domicella 115 | — (St. Mill), Eos 57, 61, 92, 120, | 122, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120 — challengeri (Salvad.), Eos 92, 115, 118 — talautensis M. & Wg., Eos 61, 92, 121, 122, 115, 117, 594 — Lorius 115 — Miill., Psittacus 115 hodgsoni (Gray), Batrachostom. 338 | — (Verr.), Muscicapula 367 holospilus Vig., Spilornis 3, 6, 68, hombroni Rehw., Actenoides 297 — Wall., Chaleophaps 653 — Halcyon 64, 299, 302 homeyeri W. Blas., Pachyceph. 395 honorata (L.), Eudynamis 208, 211 hosei Sharpe, Dicaeum 10, 100, 116, 128, 448 hottentotta, Chibia 353 hottentottus (L.\, Dicrur. 435, 438,439 | humii Sh., Haleyon 295, 296 humilis Mill. Schl, Faleo 43 — Haliaetus 43 — Pandion 43 — (Mill. Schl), Polioaetus 90, 123, | 43, 44, 49 — Polioaetus plumbeus 43 — major, Polioaetus 90, 44 — Pontoaetus 43 Index: hiogaster— indica. hybrida (Pall.), Hydrochelidon 110, 127, 895, 897 : — Salvad., Hydrochelidon 894 — Pall. Sterna 895 Hydralector Wag). 54, 64, 726, 727 — cristatus Bp. 726 — gallinaceus(Temm.) 108,725,727 — novae hollandiae Salv. 726, 727 hydrocharis, Tanysiptera 302 Hydrochelidon B oie 62,893, 897,907 — anaesthetus (Scop.) 906 — fissipes (Pall.) 894 — fluviatilis Gld. 895 — hybrida (Pall.) 110, 127, 895, 897 — hybrida Salvad. 894 — indica (Steph.) 896. — leucopareia Gld. 896 — leucoptera (Meisn. Sch.) 110, 120, 898, 894, 895, 897 — nigra 895, 897 — nigra Gray 894 — surinamensis 897 Hydrocissa 237 — albirostris 244 — exarata 236, 237 — galerita 237 — malayana 237 — monoceros 237 — pica 237 — violacea 237 Hydrocorax 242, 243 — melanoleucus Vieill. 888. Hydrophasianus 727 Hyetornis 229 Hylcaon melanorhynch.(Temm.) 269 Hyloterpe Cab. 395 — orpheus Bp. 397 — sulfuriventer 393, 394 — sulfuriventra Wald. 394 hyperborea L., Tringa 785 hyperboreus, Lobipes 785 — (L.), Phalaropus 42, 45, 108, 785, 786 hyperythra Blyth, Muscicapa 366 — (Blyth), Muscicapula 98, 365,366 hyperythrus J. Gd., Cuculus 185 — Cyornis 366 — (J.Gd.), Hierococcyx 185, 186, 187 Hypocharmosyna 122 hypoenochroa (G1ld.), Columba 631 hypogrammica, Butalis 363 — (Gray), Muscicapa 363 hypoleuca Gray, Collocalia 334 | hypoleucos (L,), Actitis 42, 45, 48, 63, 108, 120, 121, 126, 127, 766,770 — Totanus 770 — L., Tringa 770 — Tringoides 77i hypoleucus J. Gd., Elanus 90, 126, 62, 63, 64 Hypotaenidia Rchb. 692 — celebensis (Q. G.) 106, 117, 128, 694, 697, 698, 699 — gularis (Horsf.) 693 — insignis Scl. 698 — jentinki Sharpe 699 — jouyi Stejn. 693 — macquariensis Hutt. 696 — obscurior Hume 694 — philippensis (L.) 44,49, 106, 694, 695, 697, 698, 704, 707 — philippinensis Sharpe 695 — saturata Salvad. 698, 699 — striata (L.) 106, 692. 694, 696, 703 — sulcirostris (Wall.) 106, 125,698 — torquata (L.) 698 Hypothymis Bo ie 363, 376, 377, 378 — azurea (Bodd.) 377 — manadensis (Q. G.) 378 — occipitalis (Vig.) 377 — puella(W all.) 39, 98, 113, 116, 124, 127, 376, 377, 378 — — blasii Hart. 124 — rowleyi (A.B. M.) 59, 98, 120, 122, 377, 878 Hypotriorchis 84 — severus Gray 81 hypoxantha$ h., Pachyceph. 395, 396 Hypurolepsis domicola J. Gd. 359 Ibidae 803 ibis, Bubulcus 838. This falcinella var. peregrina (B p.)804 — falcinellus (L.) 803 ichthyaetus, Butastur 45 Ichthyaetus leucogaster (Gm.) 41 — nanus Blyth 43 ; ichthyaetus Horsf., Polioaetus 44 Ictinaetus Jerd. 37 —malayensis (Reinw.) 55, 90, 124, 38 — perniger (Hodgs.) 28 igneus Gray, Falcinellus 803 iliolophus, Melilestes 482 Iladopsis 507 immaculata (J. Gd.), Ardea 824 — Garzetta 824 — Gld., Herodias $24, 825, 826, 829 — A.B.M., Herodias 826 immarginatus Blyth, Trichoglos- sus 123 incanus, Actitis 767 — Heteractitis 769 — Schl., Totanus 767 — brevipes (Vieill.), Totanus 767 incertus Swinh., Lanius 40! incognita Hume, Baza 75 indica Hume, Chaetura 330 — (L.), Chaleophaps 106, 120, 121, 124, 125, 127, 649, 652, 654 a indica var. sanghirensis W. Blas., Chalecophaps 650 — L., Columba 649 — Wagl., Eos 115, 117, 118 — (Steph.), Hydrochelidon $96 — Hume, Lophospiza 12 — coccinea Briss., Psittaca 115 indicus (Gm.), Butastur 47, 45, 90, 120, 121, 31, 45, 51, 100, 410 — (L.), Chaleophaps 649 -- Gm., Falco 45 — n. subsp., Falco severus 84 — Gyps 93 — (?Hdgs.), Lophospizias 12 — (Gm.), Loriculus 150, 155, 161, 163, 169 — (Lath.), Metopidius 727 — Schl., Oriolus 585, 586 — Porphyrio 715, 720 — Schl., Porphyrio 717 — Wald., Porphyrio 717 — var. palliatus Brg., Porph. 718 — Gm, Psittacus 115. — Rehb., Rallus 692 indus (Bodd.), Haliastur 90, 120, 121, 123, 124, 5, 42, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 460, 719 var. ambiguus Briigg., Haliastur 53, 54 girrenera, Haliastur 126, 53—56 intermedius, Haliastur 53 typicus, Haliastur 53 inexpectata Schl., Strix 92, 115, 127, 128, 112 infuscata Salvad., Collocalia 335 inornata Salv., Calornis 563 — Jerd., Chettusia 735 — Gld., Hiaticula 746 — (Gray), Metriopelia 643 — Garn., Muscicapa 384 inornatus Temm. Schl., Lobiv. 735 — (Garn.), Monarcha 98, 121, 124, 126, 383, 384, 385 — Sarcogrammus 735 insignis Scl., Artamus 434, 435 — (Jard.), Chalcost. 469, 470, 472 — Scl., Hypotaenidia 698 inspeculataM. & Wg., Pitta 67, 96, 121, 122, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 348, 349, 446, 594 insularis Wall., Acrocephalus 524 — Amaurornis 710 — Gray, Calamodyta 524 — Vord., Oriolus 588 intermedia Wagl., Ardea 832 — M.& Wg., Carpophaga 59, 104, 121, 122, 616, 619 — (Wagl.), Egretta 833 — (Wagl.), Herodias 48, 110, 823, 829, 882, 834, 835, 838 Index: indica—jayanicus. intermedia, Mesophoyx 833, 835 — Grant, Platalea 810 — Wall., Zosterops 100, 125, 126, 128, 486, 487, 493 intermedius, Cuc. 190, 192, 193, 210 — Seeb., Cuculus 188, 191 — Vahl, Cuculus 190 — Schl., Elanus 63 — Gurn., Haliastur 46, 54 — Hart., Monachaleyon monachus 127, 298 interpres (L.), Arenaria 755 — Charadrius 755 — Temm., Geocichla 510 — (L.), Strepsilas 42, 44, 48, 50, 108, 125, 748, 754, 755 — L., Tringa 755 iogaster, Astur 13 — (8. Miill.), Erythrospiza 14 — Nisus 14 — Urospiza 13, 15 — Urospizias 15 iogastra, Erythrospiza 14 Tole Blyth 496, 497, 499, 506 affinis H. J. 497 aurea (Tweedd.) 100, 127, 496, 497, 498 everetti Tweedd. 496 longirostris (W all.) 102, 124,497 — platenae (W. Blas.) 102, 120, 122, 497, 498 Ionotreron xanthorrhoa (Saly.) 611 Totreron melanocephala 608 — melanospila Salvad. 608 — xanthorrhoa Salvad. 611 irena Temm., Pitta 96, 120, 124, 354, 355, 356 isabella Vieill., Glareola 42, 48, 78, 108, 124, 571, 728, 730 — Stiltia 728 isabellina (Schl.), Amaurornis 106, 118, 117, 128, 706, 712, 713 — Erythra 712 Euryzona 712 Temm., Gallinula 712 Oenolimnas 712 Schl., Rallina 712 isidori, Spizaetus 37 ispida L., Alcedo 94, 120, 121, 125, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 285 var. Less., Alcedo 264 bengalensis (Gm.), Alcedo 262 ispidioides (Less.), Alcedo 264 moluccana, Alcedo 264 — var. moluccana Less., Ale. 264 var. sondiaca, Alcedo 263 Ispidina 277, 278 — leucogaster 277 Ispidinae 275 ispidioides Less., Alcedo 264 939 ispidioides(Less.), Alcedo ispida 264 isura, Cisticola 518 Iynginae 172 Iyngipicus Bp. 173, 174, 175, 178, 179 Iyngipicus aurantiiventr. (Saly.) 174 — auritus Hyt. 178 — canicapillus (Bl.) 174 — gymnophthalmus 174 — obsoletus 174 — ramsayi Harg. 174 — temmincki (Malh.) 94, 113, 115 121, 127, 178, 174, 175 Iynx torquilla 270, 419 jagori, Mumia 543, 544, 546 — (Marts.), Munia (Dermoph.) 544 — (Marts.), Munia formosana 544 Janthoenas Rehb. 635 — albigularis Bp. 633 — halmaheira Bp. 633 japonensis (Bp.), Corvus macr. 583 japonica (Temm. Schl.), Athene96 — Temm. Schl., Fulica atra 723 — Ninox 96 — — hirsuta 96 — (T. Schl.), Ninox scutulata 41, 45, 92, 120, 121, 124, 126, 31, 48, 95, 96, 98 — Schl., Noctua hirsuta 96 — T. Schl., Strix scutulata 96 jardini Bp., Glaucidium 68, 102 jardinii J. Gd., Circus 48, 7 — Spilocireus 7 — Strigiceps 7 javanensis (Dumont) Centroc. 214 — Centropus 214, 218 — — bengalensis var. 214 — Dumont, Cuculus 213 — Gracula 209, 212 javanica amurensis, Butorides 852 — (Horsf.), Ardea 851 — (Horsf.), Butorides 110, 126,851, 852, 853, 857 — Chalcophaps 649 — Gm., Columba 649 — (Horsf.), Dendrocyena 869, 870 — (Sparrm.), Hipurolepsis 359 — Sparrm., Hirundo 96, 120, 121, 124, 127, 858, 361 — Merula 511 — Bp., Phyllopneuste 527 — Horsf., Sterna 895 — Gm., Strix 109, 110, 111 — (Horsf.), Zosterops 485 javanicus, Acridotheres 566 — Shell. Centropus 214, 217, 218 — Sharpe, Leptoptilus 814 — Horsf., Merops 253 — Phalacrocorax 891 — Horsf., Totanus 773 118* 940 javensis, Graucalus 415 jefferyi Grant, Eudrepanis 457 jentinki Sharpe, Hypotaen, 699 jeracopsis de Fil., Lanius 407 jerdoni, Aegialitis 742, 751, 752 — Blyth, Baza 75 jobiensis A.B, M., Pachyceph. 395 Jotreron chrysorrhoa Salvad. 610 — melanocephala 607 jouyi Stejn., Hypotaenidia 693 jugularis Temm., Ardea 820 — (L.), Cyrtostomus 458, 459, 462 — Demiegretta 820 — Herodias 820 Kalaoensis Hart., Siphia 72, 98, 126, 371 kalulongae Sharpe, Malacopt. 508 kangeanensis (Vorderm.), Munia molucca 551 — Vorderm., Pyrrhocentor 224 — Vorderm., Uroloncha 551 kennicotti Baird, Phyllopn. 527 keyensis Salvad., Macropygia 641 Kieneri G. §., Astur 35 kieneri, Limnaetus 35 — (G.Sparre), Lophotriorchis 90, 35, 37 — Nisaetus 35 — Spizaetus 35 klecho Horsf., Macropteryx 337 — var. wallacei (J. Gd.) Dendr. 336 knudseni Stejn., Puffinus 911 kochi, Pitta 343 kopschii Swinh., Nettapus 866 Kurukuru temminckii Des Murs Préy. 613 kutteri, Botaurus 850 — Buteo (Goisachius) 848 — Cab., Butio 848 — (Cab.), Gorsachius 110, 121, 848 laemosticta, Chibia 353 laemostictus Sel., Dicrurus 440 laetior, Eurystomus 314 — (Sharpe), Eurystomus orientalis 312, 313 lafayettei Less., Gallus 669 Lagopus mutus 62 Lalage Boie 410, 425 — dominica Lenz 428 — leucomelaena Vig. Horsf. 427 — leucophaea Wall. 428 — leucopygialis Tweedd. 62, 98, 116, 124, 410, 411, 412, 426, 427, 428, 430, 615 — orientalis (@m.) 427 — orientalis Finsch 425 — pacifica (Gm.) 427 — riedelii A. B. M. 428, 430 Index: javensis—leuconyx. Lalage sykesi Sws. 427 — terat (Bodd.) 410, 427 — timorensis (8S. Mill.) 100, 125, 126, 128, 410, 427, 428, 430 — timoriensis var. celebens. A.B.M. 428 — tricolor (Bodd.) 427 Lamprococcyx 209 — basalis J. Gd. 196 — malayanus (Raffl.) 194 — minutullus (J. Gd.) 194 Lamprotornis 577 — erythrophrys Temm. 564 metallica Temm. 562 minor Bp. 561 — obscurus Finsch 561, pytrhogenys Temm. Schl. 570 Lamprotreron 602, 614 — formosa (Gray) 613 lanceolatus (S. Miill.), Cacoman- tis 199 — Gray, Limnaetus 32 — Temm. Schl., Spizaetus 61, 90, 115, 124, 82, 34, 35, 66, 68, 69, 71, 162 Laniidae 339, 362, 398 Laniinae 393 Lanius L. 393, 403, 406 collurio 404, 432 collurioides Less. 406 crassirostris (Kuhl) 404 dubius Lath. 567 erythronotus Vig. 410 ferox Drap. 403 incertus Swinh. 404 — jeracopsis de Fil. 407 lucionensis L. 41, 43, 45, 98, 120, 21, 49, 405, 406, 407—410 luzonensis 407 luzoniensis 407 magnirostris Less. 403 phoenicurus Meyen 406 phoenicurus (Pall.) 43 phoenicurus Schrenek 404 — (cristatus) 404 schwaneri Pelz. 407 sp. Salvad. 404 strigatus Hyt. 404 tigrinus Drap. 41, 45, 98, 49, 354, 408, 405—410, 789 waldeni Swinh. 404 lansbergi Schl., Ardea 816 Lansium domesticum 39 lapponica (L.), Limosa 44, 792—794 lapponica Steere, Limosa 792 — baueri Stejn., Limosa 792 — var. Novae Zealandiae Gray, Limosa 792 |— uropygialis (J. Gd.), Limosa 792 Lari 893 Laridae 64, 898, 910 Larinae 893 Larus 70, 308, 893 — hemprichi 900 Laryngogramma gularis (Q. G.) 605 lateralis, Arrhenoidia 68 lathami Gr., Cuculus 185 latrans, Carpophaga 661 layardi, Megapodius 679 leadbeateri (Vig.), Cacatua 131, 132 leclancheri Lafr., Dicaeum 3, 441 — (Bp.), Ptilopus 606 lenzi W. Blas., Rhipidura 881 leopoldi (Tristr.), Columba 634 lepida, Anthreptes 475 — Horsf., Ardea 854 — Wall., Ceyx 272 — Hartl., Excalfactoria 666 — Mill. Schl., Nectarinia 475 Lepidogrammus 181, 229 lepidus (Horsf.), Centroc. 213, 214 — Horsf., Centropus 213, 217 — Centropus bengalensis 215 — Ceyx 273 Lepocestes 178 Leptoptilus 808 — javanicus Sharpe 814 Leptornis 483 leschenaulti Less., Charadrius 743 leucocapillus, Anous 905 — Gld., Micranous 909 leucocephala Gm., Ardea 806 — Ciconia 806 — Pelargopsis 271 leucocephalus, Cranorrhinus 241, 242 — J. Gd., Himantopus 108, 125, 757, 759 — J. Gd., Pandion 89 — (J. Gd.), Pandion haliaetus 92, 120, 121, 123, 126, 89, 90, 91 leucogaster (Val.), Artamus 100, 124, 125, 126, 127, 480, 431, 433, 434, 435 — Cuncuma 41 — Gm., Faleo 40 — Haliaetus 42 — (Gm), Haliaetus 90, 123, 125, 40 — Ichthyaetus 41 — Ispidina 277 — Val., Ocypterus 430 — (Bodd.), Sula 110, 120, 892 leucomelaena (8. Miill.), Amauror- nis 708, 710 — Erythra 708 — §. Mill. Gallinula 708 — Gallinula phoenicura var. 708 — Vig. Horst. Lalage 427 leucomelas Temm., Procellaria 913 — (Temm.), Puffinus 170, 913, 914 leuconyx Blyth, Cypselus 329 leucopareia, Hydrochelidon 896 — Natt., Sterna 895 leucophaea Wall., Lalage 428 Leucophoyx 828 leucophrys Gld., Porzana 705 leucops, Chibia 436 — Dicruropsis 436, 438 — Wall., Dicrurus 59, 100, 116, 121, 125, 127, 485, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 565 — axillaris (Salvad.), Dicrurus 100, 120, 122, 436, 437, 488 leucoptera Guillem., Ardeola 839 — (Meisn. Sch.), Hydrochelidon 110, 120, 898, 894, 895, 897 — Procellaria 914 — vy. Mussch., Procellaria 914 — Meisn. Sch., Sterna 893 — speciosa Schl., Ardea 839 leucopygia (Bp.), Campephaga 413 — Coracina 413 leucopygialis J. Gd., Artamus 430 — Campephaga 425 — Tweedd., Lalage 62, 98, 116, 124, 410, 411, 412, 426, 427, 428, 430, 615 leucopygius Bp., Graucalus 98, 116, 120, 127, 128, 411, 412, 418, 415, 418 leucorhynchus Gr., Artamus 431 — var. celebensis Briigg., Arta- mus 431 — Reinw., Psittacus 140, 148 leucospila, Ephialtes 106 — Scops 104 — (Gray), Scops 106, 10 leucospilus (Gray), Scops mana- densis 106 leucosternus Walden, Haliastur 54 Leucotreron 602, 606, 607 — fischeri (Briigg.) 602 — — meridionalis M. & Wg. 604 — gularis (Q. G.) 605 levaillanti (Less.), Corvus macro- rhynchus 583 — Plotus 888 Lichtensteinipicus 175 — wallacei (Tweedd.) 179 Licmetis 128 lignator Swinh., Centropus 213 Limicola K. L. Koch 787, 788 — hartlaubi Verr. 787 — platyrhyncha (Temm.) 42, 48, 108, 787, 789 — pygmaea (Bechst.) 787 — sibirica Dress. 788 Limicolae 686, 688, 724, 725, 727, 755, 775, 784, 803, 806 Limnaetus kieneri Strickl. 35 — lanceolatus Gray 32 Index: leucopareia—Loriculus. limnaetus, Spizaetus 34, 68, 70, 71, 72 Limnobaenus 706 — fuscus (L.) 701 — rubiginosus Sundey. 701 Limnocinclus acuminatus 776 Limnocorax Ptrs. 55, 7038 — flavirostris Hartl. 703 — niger (Gm.) 106, 703, 704 limnophylax Schl., Ardea 848 limnorica Temm., Calamoherpe 521 Limonites damacensis (Horsf.) 779 — ruficollis (Pall.) 781 Limosa Briss. 54, 64,774, 791, 794, 795, 799, 803 — adspersa 792 — baueri Naum. 792 — brevipes Gray 792 — cinerea (Giild.) 774 — fedoa 792 — lapponica (L.) 44, 792, 793, 794 — lapponica Steere 792 — baueri Stejn. 792 lapponica var. Novae Zealan- diae Gray 792 — uropygialis (J. Gd.) 792 melanura 615 melanuroides Gld. 792, 795 meyeri 792 novaezealandiae G. R. Gray 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 108, 121, 754, 792, 794, 798 rufa Temm. Schl. 792 — uropygialis 792 terek Temm. 773 — uropygialis Gld. 792 lindsayi, Haleyon 299, 302 lineata (Scop.), Excalfact. 664, 665 lineatus Cuy., Numenius 799, 800 — Numenius arquatus 799 lineolata Wall., Pachyceph. 124, 398 Lipoa ocellata 679 littoralis Temm. Knip, Col. 627 littoreus (L.), Totanus 760 liventer Gray, Astur 49 — (Temm.), Butastur 90, 128, 31, 49, 51, 410, 789 — Buteo 49 — (G. Miill.), Cireaetus 49 — Temm., Falco 49 — Poliornis 49 livia, Columba 71 lobata L., Tringa 785 lobatus (L.), Lobipes 785 — (L.), Phalaropus 785 Lobiophasis 669 Lobipes hyperboreus (L.) 785 — lobatus (L.) 785 Lobivanellus Strickl. 734 — cinereus (Blyth) 42, 45, 108, 735, 736 _— 941 Lobivanellus inornatus Temm. Schl. 735 — miles 736 Locustella Kaup 515, 524, 525 — certhiola (Pall.) 526 — fasciolata (G. R. Gray) 41, 46, 102, 120, 121, 524 — ochotensis (Midd.) 41, 45, 102, 525, 526, 527 (—) ochotensis Midd., Sylvia 526 — pleskei 526, 527 — subcerthiola Swinh. 526 Locustellae 525 longimembris Jerd., Strix 112 longipennis (Raf.), Macropteryx 337 — Nordm., Sterna 899 longipes Swinh., Charadrius 738, 743, 745 longirostra Mill. Schl., nothera 478 longirostris Mill. Schl., Arach- nothera 477, 478 — Arachnocestra 478 — Wall., Criniger 497 — (Wall.), Iole 102, 124, 497 — Numenius 802 — Trichophorus 497 Lophorhina 67 Lophospiza griseiceps (Schl.) 9 — indica Hume 12 — rufitinctus (Mec. Clell.) 12 — trivirgata (Temm.) 12 (Lophospizia) trivirgatus, Astur 12 Lophospizias griseiceps 9 — indicus (? Hdgs.) 12 — rufitinctus 12 — trivirgatus 12 — — subsp. rufitinctus 12 lophotes, Baza 75 (Lophotes) reinwardti Mill. Schl, Falco 73, 75 Lophotriorchis Sharpe 35, 37 — kieneri (G. Sparre) 90, 35, 37 — lucani Sharpe Bouv. 37 Lophura 669 loriae, Pitta 343 Loriculus Blyth 58, 70, 72, 78, 133, 149, 150, 155,156, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 327, 372, 395, 413 amabilis Wall. 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 161, 163, 164, 165 amabilis Wald. 151 apicalis Sou. 155, 156, 161, 163, 166, 169 aurantiifrons Schl. 150, 151, 161, 163, 164 — subsp. meeki 161 bonapartei Sou, 58, 156, 161, 163, 166, 169 Arach- 942 Index: Loriculus—magnirostris. Loriculus catamene Schl. 94, 120,|luctuosa Temm., Columba 631 22.151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 161, 163, 164, 165 chrysonotus 161, 163, 166 exilis Schl. 38, 94, 113, 115, 127, 128, 127, 149, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165 flosculus Wall. 128, 151, 153, 155, 156, 161, 163, 164, 165 galeulus 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167 indicus (Gm.) 150, 155, 161, 163,169 mindorensis 161, 163 philippensis 161, 163, 165, 166 164, 165, 169 quadricolor Tweedd. 56, 94, 126,153, 155, 157, 161, 163—165 regulus 161, 163, 165, 166 sclateri Wall. 94, 124, 158, 155, 156, 157, 161, 163, 164, 165 — ruber M.& Wg. 56, 94, 123, 154, 155, 161 siquijorensis 161, 163, 166 sp. 163 stigmatus (Mill. Schl.) 38, 56, 58, 94,113, 115, 127, 58, 127, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 165, 169 tener 149, 161, 163, 164 vernalis 72, 151, 155, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169 wallacei G. R. Gray 154 worcesteri 161, 163 Loriidae 114, 118, 122, 127, 133 Lorius 115, 118, 125 — coccineus (Briss.) 115 — garrulus 56, 119 — histrio (Miill.) 115 lotenia (L.), Arachnechthra 469 lowi Sharpe, Megapodius 671 Loxia curvirostra 54 — molucca L. 549 — oryzivora L. 542 — variegata 550 lucani Sharpe Bouy., Lophotri- orchis 37 lucidus J. Gd., Chrysococcyx 196 lucionensis (L.), Enneoctonus 407 — L., Lanius 41, 43, 45, 98, 120, 121, 49,405, 406,407, 408, 409, 410 — Otomela 407 — L., Psittacus 144 — (L.), Tanygnathus 144 luconensis, HEelectus 144 — Steere, Prioniturus 75, 137, 139 — (L.), Tanygnathus 73, 94, 120, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149 luctuosa, Carpophaga 250, 629 — (Temm.), Carpophaga 631 pusillus Gray 151, 155, 161, 163, | — Hickson, Myristicivora 628 — (Temm.), Myristicivora 78, 106, 117, 124, 125, 630, 681, 632, 633 |lugubris 8. Miill., Fulica 723 — Gallinula 723 — Motacilla 533 — Tweedd., Ninox 96 — Eagle Clarke, Ninox scutu- lata 96 — (Tick.), Ninox scutulata 95, 97 — (Horsf.), Surniculus 203, 204 — affinis (Tytler), Ninox 95 ‘lunata Peale, Sterna 907, 908 lunulatus Lath., Falco 82, 83 |luzonensis, Lanius 407 — Tanygnathus 144 — M.& Wg., Tanygnathus 145 /luzonica Fras., Anas 873 /luzoniensis, Lanius 407 — Gm., Numenius 797 '— Rsbg., Platalea 809 |Lyncornis J. Gd. 322, 324, 325 — macropterus Bp. 96, 116, 121, 127, 128, 317, 822, 324 — mindanensis 324 macassariensis (W all.), Macropygia 106, 117, 125, 126, 128, 641, 642 — Wall., Macropygia amboinensis var. 641 Machetes 54, 62 |— pugnax 54, 777 machiki, Geocichla 510 mackloti M.&8., Dicaeum 445, 447 — Pitta 343, 344, 347 /macquariensis Hut., Hypotaen. 696 |macrocelis Newt., Circus 8 (Macrocephaloma) maleo, Megapo- dius 679 | Macrocephalon maleo (Hartl.) 679 Macrochires 247, 316 Macrodipteryx 67, 75 Macronus celebensis (Strickl.) 505 macroptera W. Blas., Ninox 96, 100 macropterus (Bp.), Caprimulgus 323 — Bp., Lyncornis 96, 116, 121, 127, 128, 317, 822, 324 Macropteryginae 327, 336, 337 Macropteryx Sw. 336, 337, 338 — comata (Temm.) 338 — coronatus (Tick.) 338 — klecho Horsf. 337 longipennis (Raf.) 337 mystacea (Less.) 3388 spodiopygia Peale 335 wallacei (J. Gd.) 4, 96, 116, 124, 125, 127, 336, 337 Macropygia Sw. 54, 71, 595, 636, 637, 640, 641, 642, 650, 652 Macropygia albicapilla B p. 60,106, 117, 124, 125, 127, 637, 641, 642 — sangirensis (Salvad.) 59, 106, 120, 121, 122, 688 amboinensis (L.) 641 — var. albicapilla 637 — var. macassariensis Wal]. 641 doreya Bp. 641 keyensis Salvad. 641 macassariensis (W all.) 106, 117, 125, 126, 128, 641, 642 maforensis Salvad. 641 magna Wall. 642 manadensis (A. G.) 635 sangirensis Salvad. 637, 638 sp. Salvad. 638 timorlaoensis A. B. M. 642 turtur Schl. 637, 638 Macropygiae 636, 637 Macropygiinae 633 macrorhyncha, Ardea 853 — Ardetta 851 — (Gld.), Butorides 852, 853 — (Wagl.), Corone 4580 — Salvad., Pachycephala 399 — Strickl., Pachycephala 399, 400 macrorhynchos, Psittacus 148 macrorhynchus (Wagl.), Corvus 580, 582, 583 — japonensis (Bp.), Corvus 583 — levaillanti (Less.), Corvus 583 — Gm., Psittacus 146 macrourus, Oriolus 19 macrurus Horsf., Caprimulgus 96, 125, 126, 817, 318, 319, 320 — Hume, Caprimulgus 318 — albonotatus(Tick.), Caprimulgus 96, 317, 318 macularia (L.), Actitis 772 maculata, Eudynamis 210 maculatus Vieill., Turnix 687 maculosa (Temm.), Turnix 48, 106, 687, 688 maculosus Temm., Hemipodius 687 madagascariensis Bp., Ninox 97 — Grandid., Scops 10 mafoorana Schl., Pitta 351 maforensis Salv., Macropygia 641 magica 8. Miill., Strix 105 magicus, Otus 105 — Scops 104, 105, 106 . — (S. Mill), Secops manadensis 105, 106 magna Wall., Macropygia 642 magnifica Sh., Aethopyga 455 magnirostre (Moore), Malacopte- ron 508 magnirostris (Vieill.), Aesacus 733 — Gray, Baza 75 — Wall., Baza 73 . oe magnirostris, Burhinus 733 — (Less.), Enneoctonus 404 — (Vieill), Esacus 108, 125, 126, 738, 734, 822 — Less., Lanius 403 — Vieill., Oedicnemus 733 — Orthorhamphus 733 — Otomela 404 maillardi Verr., Circus 8 Mainatus 576 major Salvad., Cacomantis assi- milis var. 198 — Temm. Schl., Numenius 801 — Platalea 810 — Polioaetus humilis 44 malacca Joest, Munia 550 — Scl. Munia 544 malaccensis, Anthothreptes 475, 477 — Anthothreptus 475, 477 — (Scop.), Anthreptes 100, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476 — celebensis (Shell.), Anthreptes 100, 116, 124, 127, 473, 474, 475 — chlorigaster (Sharpe), Anthrep- tes 59, 100, 120,473,474, 477,560 — Antothreptus 475, 477 — Less., Ardea 838 — Gm., Columba 646 — Turtur 647 Malacopteron Eyt. 496, 507 — affine (Blyth) 102, 508 — kalulongae Sharpe 508 — magnirostre (Moore) 508 Malacopterum affine 508 malamaui, Ceyx 276 malayana Cab. Heine, Eudyna- mis 208 — Sharpe, Eudynamis 211 — Hydrocissa 237 — Onychaetus 38 malayanus, Anthracoceros 242 — (Raffl.), Chaleococcyx 194 — (Raffl.), Chrysococcyx 94, 128, 194, 196 — Raffl., Cuculus 194 — Lamprococeyx 194 malayensis, Aquila 38 — Reinw., Falco 38 — (Reinw.), Ictinaetus 124, 38 — Neopus 38 Maleo Hickson 675 — Temm. 678 maleo, Megacephala 679 — Macrocephalon 679 — (Hartl.), Megacephalon 106, 117, 120, 128, 217, 678 — Megapodius 679 — Megapodius (Macrocephaloma) 679 55, 90, | Index: magnirostris—Melampitta. Malia Schl. 112, 113, 125, 496, 499, 501, 506 — grata Schl. 102, 116, 125, 128, 129, 499 — — recondita 102, 128, 129, 499, 500 — recondita M. & Wg. 499, 500 manadensis Q. G., Columba 635 — (Q. G.), Hypothymis 378 — Macropygia 635 — (Q. G.), Otus 103 — (Q. G.), Scops 59, 92, 115, 120, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 345, 704 — albiventris 92, 105 — brookii (Sharpe), Scops 92,107 — capnodes (Gurn.), Scops 92, 105 —- leucospilus(Gray),Scops 92, 106 — magicus (8. Mill), Scops 92, 105, 106 (Sharpe), Scops — morotensis (Sharpe), Scops 92, 106 — rutilus (Puch.), Scops 92, 105 — sibutuensis (Sharpe), Scops 92, 107 — Q. G., Strix 103 — (Q. G.), Turacoena 60, 106, 117, 24, 125, 127, 685, 636, 641 mangoliensis Rothsch.,Ptilopus125 manilensis, Accipiter 29 — (Meyen), Accipit. virgatus 28, 31 — Caprimulgus 321 — Hart., Caprimulgus 320 — Nycticorax 843, 847 — Vig., Nycticorax 110, 848, 845 — (Meyen), Phoyx 108, 127,811,813 manilla (Bodd.), Petrocincla 512 manillensis Meyen, Accipiter 28 — (Vig.), Ardea 844 — Sharpe, Ardea 811 — Meyen, Ardea purpurea var. 811 — (Vig.), Calherodias 844 — Caprimulgus 320 — (Bp.), Muscicapa 363 — Nyctiardea 844 — Everett, Nycticorax 842 — Vig., Nycticorax 813 — (Meyen), Phoyx 811 mantananensis Sharpe, Scops 107 mantis (Temm. Schl.), Scops 108 Mareca castanea A.B. M. 874 — gibberifrons (8. Miill.) 874 (—) gibberifrons $8. Miill., Anas 874 Mareca punctata 878 maria, Pitta 355, 356 marila, Nyroca 882 maruetta, Porzana 706 massena Bp., Trichoglossus 122 943 mastersi Rams., Aegialitis 747 mauduyti, Spizaetus 68 maugei (Temm.), Geopelia 648 media Horsf., Sterna 110, 127, 897, 899, 900 medius, Centrococcyx 214 — Bp., Centropus 213 — (Horsf.), Pelecanopus 898 meeki, Loriculus aurantiifrons subsp. 161 Megacephala maleo 679 Megacephalon (Temm.) 82, 112,114, 125, 662, 670, 671, 678, 680, 681 — maleo (Hartl.) 106, 117, 120, 128, 277, 678 — rubripes Gray 679 megala Swinh., Gallinago 42, 45, 108, 126, 789, 791 — Scolopax 790 megalorhynchos Bodd., Psittac. 146 megalorhynchus, Helectus 146 — Psittacus 148 — (Bodd.), Tanygnathus 94, 120, 121, 142, 146, 148 — var. sumbensis Meyer, Tany- gnathus 94, 126, 148 Megapodidae 670, 679 Megapodius Q. G. 662, 670, 680, 681 — Wall. 671 -—— bernsteini Schl. 5, 106, 125, 676 — eumingi Dillw. 106, 127, 671, 675, 676, 677, 679 — dillwyni Tweedd. 671 — duperrei 677 — duperreyi Less. Garn. 106, 125, 126, 677 — freycineti Rch b. 671,674,679, 682 — gilberti Gray 671 — gilberti Schl. 675 — gouldii Gray 677 — layardi 679 — lowi Sharpe 671 — maleo Hartl. 679 — (Macrocephaloma) maleo 679 — pritchardi 679 — pusillus Tweedd. 671 — rubripes Q. G. 678 — rubripes Temm. 677 — sangirensis Schl. 59, 106, 120, 121, 123, 673, 675 — tumulus Gld. 677 megarhyncha(Q.G.),Colluricincla 402 — Schl., Pitta 354 megarhynchus, Melilestes 482 Megascops menadensis (Q. G.) 103 melaena, Ardeiralla 863 — Salvad., Ardetta 863 melaenus (Salvad.), Xanthocnus 55, 110, 120, 863 Melampitta 340 944 melanauchen (Temm.), Onycho- prion 904 — (Salvad.), Ptilopus 607, 608 — Temm., Sterna 110, 903, 905, 906 — Sternula 904 melanisticus M. & Wg., Oriolus 55, 59, 61, 104, 121, 122, 400, 446, 560, 598, 594, 905 melanocephala Forst., Columba 607 — lotreron 608 — Jotreron 607 — Mill. Schl., Pitta 350 melanocephalus Salv., Graucal. 417 — var, celebensis Briigg., Ptili- nopus 608 — Wall., Ptilonopus 607, 608, 610 — (Forst.), Ptilopus 104, 125, 126, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611 melanogaster Penn., Anhinga 886 — Blyth, Phoenicophaus 226 — (Penn), Plotus 110, 886 — ., Sterna 895 melanogenys J. Gd., Falco 86, 87, 88 — Gurn., Falco 86 — (J. Gd.), Falco peregrinus 86, 87, 316 melanolaema Gray, Campephag. 419 melanoleuca (Hdgs.), Muscicap. 366 melanoleucus Vieill., Buteo 68 — (Vieill.), Carbo 889 — Graculus 889 — Vieill., Hydrocorax 888 — Microcarbo 889 — (Vieill.), Phalacrocorax 110, 126, 888, 889, 890, 891 melanolophus Blyth, Gorsachius 848, 819, 850 melanonota (J. Gd.), Turnix 687 melanonotus, Porphyrio 720, 721 melanope, Calobates 535, 536 — Pall., Motacilla 535, 537 — (Pall.), Motacilla boarula 4/7, 535 Melanopelargus episcop. (Bo dd.) 806 Melanoperdix 669 Melanopitta forsteni Bp. 350 melanops Lath., Corvus 417 — (Lath.), Graucalus 98, 124, 417 — (Less.), Pyrrhocentor 224 — (Vig.), Stoparola 375 melanoptera Rsbg., Porphyrio 718 — Temm., Porphyrio 720 — Sws., Sterna 906 melanopterus v. Mart., Elanus 63 — Horsf., Falco 62 melanopus Dress., Ardea 824 — Wagl., Ardea 832 — Blyth, Herodias 824 — Wagl., Herodias 826 Melanopyrrhus 112, 573, 576 — anais (Less.) 573 Index: melanauchen—metallica. melanorhyncha Temm., Alcedo 269 — (A. B. M.), Colluricinela 402 — Dacelo 269 — 8. Mill., Eudynamis 64, 94, 115, 123, 124, 126, 191, 205, 207, 208, 210, 212, 220, 225, 270 — Halcyon 269 — Hyleaon 269 — (Temm,), Pelargopsis 71, 72, 79, 96, 115, 127, 269, 270, 271 — eutreptorhyncha Hart., Pelar- gopsis 124 — Rchb., Platalea 810 — Rhamphalcyon 269 melanorhynchus, Cuculus 205 — Pelargopsis 162 melanospila Salvad., Iotreron 608 melanospilus, Ptilinopus 608 — (Salvad.), Ptilopus 104, 117, 127, 128, 607, 608, 610, 611, 612, 613 melanotis Wall., Campephaga 424 — Temm. Schl., Milvus 58, 59 — (T. Schl.), Milvus migrans 60 melanotus Gld., Hemipodius 687 — (Gld.), Turnix 687 melanura, Limosa 615 — Pachycephala 399, 400 melanuroides G1d., Limosa 792, 795 melanurus, Ceyx 276, 277 melas Sharpe, Ardeirallus 863 — Dupetor 863 — Xanthocnus 863 Melias calyorhynchus (Temm.) 226 Melidora 72, 112, 273, 275, 281, 307 Melilestes Salv. 452, 481, 482, 483 — celebensis M. & W g. 100, 113, 116, 128, 129, 481 — — meridionalis M. & Wg. 100, 128, 129, 482 — iliolophus 482 — megarhynchus 482 Meliphagidae 173, 440, 452, 478, 480, 483, 484, 485, 585 Melipotes 483 Melirrhophetes 483 Melittophagus 259 Mellopsittacus 56 menadensis (Q. G.), Ephialtes 103 — (Q. G.), Macropygia 635 — Megascops 103 — Pisorhina 103 — Scops 103, 107 — Turacoena 635 menebiki, Nesocentor 221 meridionalis M. & Wg., Melilestes celebensis 100, 128, 129, 482 — Hart., Oriolus celebensis 104, 128, 129, 586 — Biitt., Pachycephala 60, 98, 127, 129, 395, 396 — M. & Wg., Phoenicophaes calo- rhynchus 94, 127, 129, 227, 229 — (M. & Wg.), Ptilopus 104, 128, 29, 603, 604, 605, 606 — Rhamphococcyx calorhynch. 227 — Biitt., Stoparola 60, 98, 127, 129, 375 Meropidae 247, 249, 258, 260, 308 Meropogon Bp, 112, 125, 24, 257, 259, 260, 261, 271, 501 — forsteni Bp. 3, 94, 115, 127, 128, 257, 260 (—) forsteni, Nyctiornis 257 Merops L, 48, 76, 137, 247, 252, 257, 259, 260, 261, 308, 339, 604 — apiaster 253 — breweri 260 — bullockoides Smith 259 — caerulescens 251 — daudeni Cuv. 253 — forsteni 257, 259, 260 — javanicus Horsf. 253 — ornatus Lath. 41, 47, 48, 49, 94, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 248, 250, 251, 256, 257, 260, 290, 316, A439 — — sumbaensis A. B. M. 251, 252 — philippinus L. 41, 44, 94, 258, 256, 257, 259, 260, 316 philippinus var. celebens. Blas. 253, 256 — salvadorii A. B. M. 251 viridis 256 Merula Leach 504, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512 celaenops Stejn. 511 celebensis Biitt. 102, 117, 128, 510, 511 javanica 511 schlegeli (Scl.) 511 seebohmi Sharpe 511 merula, Turdus 113, 706 | Merula whiteheadi Seeb. 511 merulinus (Scop.), Cacomantis 94, 126, 197, 198, 199, 200 — Scop., Cuculus 199 Mesomyodi 340 Mesophoyx 834 meninting Horsf., Alecedo 96, 123,|— brachyrhyncha (Brehm) 833, 835 127, 266, 268, 274 — beavani (Wald.), Alcedo 266 — rufigastra (Wald.), Alcedo 266 meridionalis M. & W g., Leucotreron fischeri 604 — intermedia 833, 835 — plumifera (G1ld,) 833, 835 Mesoscolopax minutus (J. Gd.) 796 mesoxantha Salvad., Zosterops 495 metallica Gld., Aplonis 562 Ss metallica (Temm.), Calornis 104, 124, 557, 561,562, 563,564, 565 — Temm., Columba 635 — Temm., Lamprotornis 562 metallicus Rsbg., Calornis 555 Metopidius indicus (Lath.) 727 Metriopelia inornata (Gray) 643 mexicanus, Colaptes 68 meyeri Hart., Cinnyris frenata 459 — Cyrtostomus frenatus 6 — Edoliisoma 422 — Sharpe, Halcyon 6, 293, 295, 296 — Limosa 792 — (Tweedd.), Psitteuteles 61, 71, 72, 124, 271 — Tweedd., Trichoglossus 6, 38, 92, 113, 115, 127, 129, 124, 125, 126, 127, 159, 160, 162 — bonthainensis (Meyer), Tricho- glossus 92, 127, 129, 126 Micranous 909 — leucocapillus Gld. 909 — tenuirostris Temm. 909 Microcarbo melanoleucus (V.) 889 — sulcirostris (Brdt.) 890 Microglossus 132 Micronisus badius Swinh. 17 — soloensis (Horsf.) 17 Micropternus 178 — phaeoceps 178 micropterus J. Gd., Cuculus 190 Micropus M. W. 327, 328 — pacificus (Lath.) 328 microrhinus, Urococcyx 229 Microsarcops cinereus Sharpe 735 microscelis G. R. Gray, Ciconia 806 Microstictus Harg. 71, 125, 175, 176, 177, 179, 320 — fuliginosus (Tweedd.) 177 — fulvus (Q.G.) 94, 113, 115,126,127 129, 174, 175, 177, 180 — funebris (Val.) 175, 177 — wallacei (Tweedd.) 94, 113, 127, 129, 176, 179, 180, 300 — wallacii 179 Miglyptes 178 migrans (Bodd.), Milvus 90,57,59,60 — Schl., Milvus 61 — affinis (J. Gd.), Milvus 90, 60, 61 — govinda (Syk.), Milvus 90, 60 — melanotis(Temm.Schl.), Milvus 90, 60 miles, Lobivanellus 736 Milvus Cuv. 57, 60 — aegyptius 60 — affinis J. Gd. 58, 59, 60 — govinda Syk. 48, 59, 60 — —? affinis Gurn. 61 — melanotis Temm. Schl. 58, 59 — migrans (Bodd.) 90, 57, 59, 60 Index: metallica—Monachaleyon. Milvus migrans Schl. 61 — — affinis (J. Gd.) 90, 60, 61 — — govinda (Syk.) 90, 60 — —melanotis (Temm. Schl), 90, 60 Mimocichla 508 minahassa Lenz, Rallina 700 — Wall., Rallina 106, 117, 125, 699, 700 minahassae M. & Wg., Nycticorax 844, 845 mindanensis L., Cuculus 211 — (L.), Eudynamis 94, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 220 — sangirensis W. Blasius Eudy- namis 94, 120, 121, 123, 207, 211, 212 — Lyncornis 324 mindorensis Gr., Carpophaga 623 — (Steere), Graucalus 417 — Loriculus .161, 163 — Steere, Prioniturus 139 minima, Coturnix 664 — Gld., Excalfactoria 663 minor (M. W.), Aegialitis 749 — moluccensis Schl., Alcedo 264 — (Gm.) Attagen 884 — (Bp.), Calornis 104, 125, 126, 128, 560, 561 562, 563 — M. W., Charadrius 749 — (Gm.), Fregata 110, 883, 884, 885 — Bp., Lamprotornis 561 — §. Miill., Numenius 795 — Paradisea 76 — Gm., Pelecanus 883 — Temm. Schl., Platalea 810 — (Gm.), Podiceps 916, 917, 918 — var. tricolor, Podiceps 916 — vel moluce. Bourjot, Psittacus sulphureus 129 — Tachypetes aquila var. 884 minullus, Accipiter 23 minuta Seeb., Aegialitis 753 — Ardetta 855 — Sterna 902, 903, 904, 905 — Schl., Sterna 902 — Wald., Sternula 902 — Tringa 44, 780, 782 — Blyth, Tringa 778 — Gld., Tringa 780 — orientalis, Tringa 781, 782 — ruficollis (Pall.), Tringa 780 minutullus, Chalcites 194 — J. Gd., Chrysococcyx 194 — Lamprococcyx 194 minutus (J. Gd.), Mesoscolopax 796 — Less.. Nisus 17 — J. Gd., Numenius 42, 45, 48, 108, 795, 796, 797 — Scops 108 Meyer & Wiglesworth Birds of Celebes (May 20th 1898). 945 miosnomensisSaly., Pachyceph. 395 mitchelli G. R. Gray, Tricho- glossus 124 Mixornis 485 modesta J. H. Gray, Ardea 829 — Ardea alba var. 829 — Seeb., Ardea alba 829 — (J. E. Gray), Egretta alba 829 — Swinh., Egretta 829 — (J. E. Gray), Herodias alba 829 — (Temm.), Turacoena 636 modestum, Piprisoma 450 modestus Briigg., Corvus 583 modiglianii Salvad., Gerygone 389, 390 molucea (L.), Amadina 550 — L., Loxia 549 — (L.), Munia 102, 121, 549, 551, 552 — Wall., Munia 550 — kangeanensis (Vord.), Munia 102, 551 — propinqua Sharpe, Munia 102, 117, 120, 550, 551, 552 — Sharpe, Uroloncha 550 moluceana (Less.), Alcedo 96, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 263, 264, 265, 267, 274 — Alcedo ispida 264 — Less., Alcedo ispida var. 264 — (Wall.), Amaurornis 49, 54, 106, 120, 125, 711, 712, 713 — Wall., Porzana 711 ‘moluccensis Blyth, Alcedo 264 — Alcedo minor 264 — (Gm.), Cacatua 131 — Cab. Heine, Centrococcyx 214 — Centropus 214 — (Schl.), Cerchneis 78 — Gray, Chalcophaps 649 — Schl., Falco 78, 79, 87 — Oates, Pitta 353 — Bourjot, Psittacus sulphureus minor vel 129 — (Jaq. Puch.), Tinnunculus 78, 80 — occidentalis M.& Wg., Tinnun- culus 90, 126, 79 — orientalis n. subsp., Tinnunculus 90, 79 Momotidae 308 Monachaleyon Rehb. 64, 70, 82, 125, 162, 296, 299, 305 — capucinus M. & Wg. 96, 127, 129, 296, 299, 300 — cyanocephala 301 — monachus 297, 299, 300, 302 — — (Bp.) 64, 96, 113, 115, 127, 129, 296, 297, 301 — — capucinus 299 — — intermed. Hart. 96, 127, 298 — — monachus 297 119 946 Index: Monachaleyon— Myrmecocichla. Monachaleyon princeps Rehb. 96, 118, 115, 127, 300, 301, 302, 305 — — Wald. 297 monachus Bp., Artamus 100, 116, 124, 484, 435 — Dacelo 297, 300 — Haleyon 297, 301 — (Bp.), Monachaleyon 64, 96, 113, 115, 127, 129, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302 — Monachaleyon monachus 297 — capucinus, Monachaleyon 299 — intermedius Hart., Monachal- eyon 96, 127, 298 — monachus, Monachalcyon 297 Monarcha Vig. Horsf. 362, 388, 384, 386 — cinerascens Wall. 384 — commutatus Briigg. 98, 120, 122, 888, 384, 385 — dichrous Gray 378 — everetti Hart. 10, 98, 126, 385 — fuscescens A. B. M. 385 — geelvinkianus A. B. M. 385 — inornatus (Garn.) 98, 121, 124, 126, 383, 384, 385 monedula L., Corvus 113 mongola (Pall.), Aegialitis 42, 48, 49, 50, 108, 741, 742, 746, 748, 749, 754 mongolica, Aegialitis 746 mongolicus, Aegialitis 746 — Pall., Charadrius 746 — Cirrepidesmus 747 mongolus, Aegialitis 746 — Pall., Charadrius 746 — Ochthodromus 747 monoceros, Hydrocissa 237 monosyllabicus Swinh., Cuculus 190, 192 montani, Anthracoceros 242 montanus (L.), Passer 102, 553 — Grant, Prioniturus 137, 139 Monticola 508, 512 monticola, Caprimulgus 322 Monticola cyanus (L.) 513 — — solitarius (St. Miill.) 513 monticolaS harp e, Dicaeum 444,445 — Steere, Passer 553 Monticola saxatilis H. Slat. 512 — solitarius (P.L.$. Miil11.) 384, 512 montis Sharpe, Cryptolopha 530 | morio, Campephaga 419 —§. Miill., Ceblepyris 419 — (8. Miill.), Edoliisoma 98, 116, 127, 128, 129, 419, 420, 422, 423, 424, 425 — septentrionalis M. & W g., Edoli- isoma 98, 128, 129, 420 — Volvocivora 419 morotensis Sharpe, Scops 106, 107 | — (Sharpe), Scops manadens. 106 — (Shell.), Hermotimia 464 mortoni Rams., Chalcophaps 654 moseleyi, Halcyon 299 Motacilla L., 5381 — alba 533 — beema Syk. 533 — boarula L. 44, 49, 102, 534, 535 — — melanope (Pall.) 41, 102, 5385 — borealis Biitt. 532 — borealis (Sundey.) 533, 534 — caprata L. 390 — cervina Pall. 540 — cinereicapilla Savi 534 — flava L. 41, 43, 44, 49, 102, 121, 125, 126, 581, 532—534, 536, 540 — — flaveola (Pall.) 534 — lugubris 533 | — melanope Pall. 535, 537 — sulphurea Bechst. 534, 535 — violacea Bodd, 570 — viridis 533 Motacillidae 531 muelleri Schl., Eclectus 141, 142 — Salvad., Edoliisoma 424 — (Bp.), Pitta 349, 351, 352, 354 — Temm,, Psittacus 140 — (Mill. Schl), Tanygnathus 3, 73, 92, 115, 123, 124, 126, 140, 142, 143 — Wald., Tanygnathus 142 — sangirensis M. & Wg., Tany- gnathus 59, 94, 120, 122, 142, 560 Mulleripicus fulvus (Q. G.) 175, 179 — wallacei Tweedd. 179 Munia Hdgs. 70, 541, 543, 547 — acuticauda Hdgs, 552 — atricapilla (Vieill.) 543, 544 (—) — brunneiceps (Tweedd.) 545 — brunneiceps Wald. 543, 544 — — Spermestes 544 — formosana 644, 546, 547 — formosana Swinh. 102, 548, 544 — — brunneiceps(Wald.) 102, 117, 27, 544 — — jagori (Marts.) 102, 544 — fuscans (Cass.) 546 — fuscata 543 — jagori (Marts.) 543, 544, 546 — (Dermophrys) jagori (Marts.)544 — malacca Joest 550 — malacea Sel. 544 — molucea(L.) 102,127, 549,551,552 — molucea Wall. 550 —-— kangeanensis (Vorderm.,) 102, 561 — — propinqua (Sharpe) 102, 117, 120, 124, 550, 551, 552 |— nisoria (Temm.) 548, 549 Munia oryzivora (L.) 102, 542, 543 — pallida Wall. 38, 102, 128,546, 547, 548 — propinqua (Sharpe) 550 — punctulata (L.) 548, 549 — — nisoria (Temm.) 102,128,548 — race, Blyth 550 — rubronigra 543 — subcastanea Hart. 102, 117, 128, 547, 548 — topela 549 Muscicapa L. apud Briss. 362, 363, 365, 370 — banyumas Horsf. 368 — cantatrix Temm. 368 — coerulea 8. Miill. 376 — griseosticta (Swinh.) 41, 46, 96, 121, 368, 525 — grisola 364, 370 — helianthea Wall. 387 — hyperythra Blyth 366 — hypogrammica (Gray) 363 — inornata Garn. 384 — manillensis (Bp.) 363 — panayensis Scop. 555 Muscicapidae 862, 373, 388, 390, 393, 415, 530 Muscicapula Blyth 70, 363, 365 — hodgsoni (Verr.) 367 — hyperythra (Blyth) 98, 365, 366 — melanoleuca (Hdgs.) 366 — westermanni Sharpe 61,98, 128, 365, 428 Muscitrea Blyth 395 musicus L., Turdus 1/3 Musophagidae 57, 180 musschenbroeki A, B. M., Artamus 431, 433 — A.B.M., Surniculus 55, 94, 208, 204 mutus, Lagopus 62 Mycteria 808 Myiagra Vig. Horsf. 362, 386, 387 — albiventris (Peale) 387 — azurea Pelz. 376 — fulviventris Sel. 387 — puella Wall. 376 — rufigula Wall. 98, 126, 386 Myialestes helianthea 387 Myioceyx 277, 278 Myristicivora Rehb. 39, 55, 64, 132, 435, 627, 632, 660 — bicolor (Scop.) 39, 44, 78, 106, 120, 121, 126, 617, 627, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 660, 661, — luctuosa Hickson 628 — luctuosa (Temm.) 78, 106, 117, 24, 125, 630, 681, 632, 633 — spilorrhoa (G.R. Gray) 630, 632 Myrmecocichla 508 - — tits! er nF Fe . 7 s. > | Index: mystacalis—novae-hollandiae. Nesocentor 221 mystacalis (T.), Aethopyga 455 mystacea (Less.), Macropteryx 388 — menebiki 221 Nestoridae 133 Nettapus coromandelianus (Gm.) 866 Mystacornis 501 Myza M.& Wg. 112, 113, 125, 482,504 — sarasinorum M.& We. 9,100,116, |— coromandelicus Hume 866 128, 483 |— kopschii Swinh. 866 Myzomela Vig. Horsf. 452, 478, — pulchellus Gld. 865 480, 483 Nettion Kaup 865, 872,874, 879,880 — chloroptera Tweedd. 100, 116,|— castaneum 875, 876, 877, 878 125, 126, 478 |— gibberifrons (S. Mill.) 110, 126, — sanguinolenta (Lath.) 480 874, 875, 876, 877, 878 Myzomelinae 452 ‘Nettopus Brdt. 865, 868 albipennis Gld. 868 auritus (Bodd.) 868 coromandel. (Gm.) 170, 866, 868 pulchella J. Gd. 110,865, 866, 868 nicobarica Hume, Aethopyga 455 naevia Bodd., Ardea 845 naevius, Nycticorax griseus 846 Nannocnus 858, 859 — eurythma (Swinh.) 856 |— Callioenas 657 — Caloena 657 — (L.), Caloenas 39, 44, 106, 120, | 629, 657, 673 |— L., Columba 657 nicobaricus Geophilus 657 nidifica Gray, Collocalia 331, 337 Nanodes stigmatus 8. Mill. 158 nanus Blyth, Ichthyaetus 43 narcondami, Rhytidoceros 242 Nasiterma 76 natalis Lister, Chalcophaps 652 nebularius (Gunner), Glottis 760 — Gunner, Scolopax 759 — Totanus 760 niger, Briigg. Eudynamis 211 — Limnocorax 704 | — (Gm.), Limnocorax 106, 7038, 704, — Gm., Rallus 703 nigra, Eudynamis 211 — Hydrochelidon 895, 897 — Gray, Hydrochelidon 894 — Ortygometra 703 — Schl., Sterna 894 nigricans Vieill., Hirundo 361 — Petrochelidon 361 nigricollis, Turnix 69 nebulosa Horsf., Ardea 859 Nectarinia 484 — aspasia 8. Miill. 465 — auriceps G. R. Gray 464 — duyvenbodei A. B. M. 469 — duyvenbodei Schl. 456 — flavostriata Wall. 453 — frenata S. Mill. 458 grayi Wall. 467 lepida Miill. Schl. 475 porphyrolaema Wall, 465 — sp. Wald. 454 nigrifrons Hartl., Zosterops 487 Nectariniidae 113, 440, 451, 452,|nigripes Temm., Ardea 826, 828 472, 475, 484 — Ardea garzetta var. 826 — Aud., Diomedea 914, 915 — (Temm.), Garzetta 824, 826, 827 — Herodias 826, 828 — A.B. M., Herodias 836 — Herodias garzetta 826 nigrirostris J. E. Gray, Ardea 827 nigrogularis, Siphia 370 nigrorum Mos., Cryptolopha 531 nigrum, Hdoliisoma 422 Niltava banyumas (Horsf.) 368 — rufigula (Wall.) 372 Nectariniinae 453 Nectarophila grayi A. B. M. 465 — grayi (Wall.) 467 — hasselti (T.) 453, 468 neglecta Hicks., Calornis 557 — Wald., Calornis 555, 562 | — Seeb., Zosterops 492, 493 neglectus Schl., Corvus 585 nehrkorni W. Blas., Dicaeum 100, 113, 116, 128, 441, 447, 448, 449 — W.Blas., Zosterops 59, 100, 120, 122, 488, 489, 490, 491, 560 | Ninox Hdgs. 98, 100, 102 neobrittanicus A. B. M., Porphyrio|— borneensis Bp. 98, 99 720, 721 |— (Cephaloptynx) granti Sh. 101 Neodrepaninae 453 — hantu 95 Neopsittacus 122 | — hirsutajaponica(Temm.Schl.)96 Neopus malayensis (Reinw.) 38 japonica 96 — perniger (Hdgs.) 38 lugubris Tweedd. 96 neoxena, Hirundo 361 |— — affinis (Tytler) 92, 95 nepalensis (Hdgs.), Aceros 238 | — macroptera W. Blas. 96, 100 nereis Gld., Sterna 903 — madagascariensis Bp, 97 947 Ninox ochracea (Schl.) 92, 115, 127, 128, 94, 95 — odiosa Sel. 102 philippensis Bp. 95 punctulata (Q. G.) 68, 101, 102 scutulata (Raffl.) 92, 95, 97, 99 — japonica (Temm. Schl.) 41, 45, 92, 120, 121, 124, 126, 31, 48, 95, 96, 98 — lugubris Eagle Clarke 96 — lugubris (Tick.) 92, 95, 97 nipalensis Hodgson, Camprimul- gus 318 Nisaetus 37 — kieneri Jerd. 35 — ovivorus Jerd. 38 — pennatus 4 — spilogaster 37 nisicolor, Hierococeyx 186 nisoides Blyth, Accipiter 28, 30 nisoria (Temm.), Munia 548, 549 — (Temm.), Munia punctulata 102, 128, 548 nisus, Accipiter 18 — cruentus 16 (—) gularis Temm. Schl., Astur 28 iogaster (S. Mill.) 14 minutus Less. 17 rhodogaster (Schl.) 25, 27 rufitorques 16 soloensis (Horsf.) 17 sulaensis Schl. 26 — torquatus (Temm.) 15 — trinotatus (Bp.) 21 — virgatus rhodogaster Schl. 25 nitida Gray, Calornis 563 nivea Rchw., Ardea 824 nivosa, Aegialitis 753 Noctua hirsuta Schl. 96 — — japonica (Temm. Schl.) 96 — ochracea Schl. 94 — punctulata Q. G. 100 normani Sharpe, Graucalus 417 Notophoyx Sharpe 814, 816 — aruensis (Gray) 816, 817 — novaehollandiae (Lath.) 48, 108, 817, 818 — picata (J. Gd.) 48, 108, 816, 817 novae guineae Gm., Ardea 820 — A.B. M., Budytes 535 — Rams., Parra 726 — Mill. Schl. Pitta 351 novae hollandiae Lath., Ardea 817 — Demiegretta 818 — Herodias 818 — Salvad., Hydralector 726, 727 — (Lath.), Notophoyx 48, 108, 817, 818 — Gld., Plotus 888 — Steph., Podiceps 917 119* 948 novae hollandiae Lath., Scythrops 47, 48, 94, 121, 230, 231 — var. praesagus (Reinw.), Scy- throps 231 — Strix 112 — (Gm.), Trichoglossus 124 novaezealandiae (G. R. Gray), Li- mosa 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 108, 121, 754, 792, 794, 798 — Limosa lapponica 792 — Gray, Limosa lapponica var. 792 — Nyroca 882 nuchalis Cab., Carpophaga 619 — Briigg., Ptilinopus 611 — Ptilopus 612 nudipes, Chaetura 330 Numenius Briss. 54, 795 — arquatus (L.) 108, 799, 800, 801 — — lineatus (Cuv.) 799 — australis Gld. 801 — borealis 797 — cyanopus Vieill. 42,48, 108,800 — lineatus Cuv. 799, 800 — longirostris 802 — luzoniensis Gm. 797 — major Temm. Schl. 801 — minor 8. Mill. 795 — minutus J. Gd. 42, 45, 48, 108, | 795, 796, 797 — phaeopus Pall. 44, 797, 799 — — variegatus 797 — rufescens Gld. 801 — tahitiensis Swinh. 801 — uropygialis Gld. 797 — variegatus (Scop.) 42, 44, 48, 49, 108, 120, 121, 125, 797, 799—801 Nyctiardea caledonica (Gm.) 842 — manillensis (Vig.) 844 — nycticorax (L.) 846 Nyctibiinae 324, 325 Nyctibius 324, 325 Nycticorax Raf. 841, 848—850, 853 — aegyptius Hasselq. 846 nycticorax L., Ardea 845 Nycticorax caledonicus (Gm.) 49, 110, 120, 124, 126, 841, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847 — caledonicus Hartl. Finsch 844 — crassirostris Vig. 843, 847 — europaeus Steph. 845 — gardeni 8. Miill. 842 — griseus (L.) 110, 843, 845, 846,847 — — naeyius 846 — manilensis Vig. 110,843,845, 847 — manillensis Everett 842 — minahassae M. & Wg. 844, 845 — (L.), Nyctiardea 846 — nycticorax (L.) 845 Nyctidromus 324 Index: novaehollandiae—ornatus. Nyctiornis 112, 257, 259—261, 271 — amictus 260, 261 — athertoni 260 — forsteni (Bp.) 257 — (Meropogon) forsteni 257 nympha Temm. Schl., Pitta 354 Nymphicus 133 Nyroca 865, 882 — Flem. 881 — cristata (nec Gm.) 881 — fuligula (L.) 110, 881 — marila 882 — novaezealandiae 882 Obiense Salvad., Edoliisoma 98, 124, 424 obiensis, Campephaga 425 — Pachycephala 399, 400 obscura, Anas 874 — Salvad., Calornis 562 — var. Wall., Calornis 561 obscurior Hume, Hypotaenidia 694 obscurus Finsch, Lamprotorn. 561 obsoletus, Iyngipicus 174 occidentalis M.& Wg., Tinnunculus moluccensis 126, 79 occipitalis (Vig.), Hypothymis 377 — (Gray), Ptilopus 603 oceanica Temm., Falco 40 ocellata, Lipoa 679 ochotensis (Midd.), Calamodyta 526 — (Midd.), Locustella 47, 45, 102, 525, 526, 527 — Midd., Sylvia (Locustella) 526 ochracea, Athene 94 — (Schl.), Ninox 92, 115, 127, 128,94 — Ninox 94, 95 — Schl., Noctua 94 ochropus, Totanus 766 Ochthodromus geoffroyi (Wagl.)743 — mongolus (Pall.) 747 — pyrrhothorax (Temm.) 747 — veredus (J. Gd.) 741 Ocypterus leucogaster Val. 430 odiosa Sel., Ninox 102 Oedicnemidae 732 Oedicnemus magnirostris V. 733 Oenolimnas 706, 713 — isabellina (Schl.) 712 olivacea, Amaurornis 712, 713 — Schl., Gallinula 711 olivaceiceps Sharpe, Coracias 311 omissa Hart., Siphia 368 Onychaetus malayana (Reinw.) 38 Onychoprion 907 — anaesthetus 906 — melanauchen (Temm.) 904 — panaya (Lath.) 906 — sumatranus (Raffl.) 904 ophthalmica Scl., Cacatua 131 Opisthocomus 181 optatus J. Gd., Cuculus 188 Oreopsittacus 122 orientalis (Temm. Schl.), Acroce- phalus 41, 44, 45, 102, 621—523 — Calamodyta 521 — Calamoherpe 521 — Calamoherpe turdoides 521 — Ceblepyris 425 — Temm. Schl., Charadrius plu- vialis 739 — HKudynamis 211 — (L.), Eurystomus 48, 96, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 312, 3183—316 — australis (Sw.), Euryst. 312, 313 — ealonyx (Sharpe), Eurystomus 312, 313 — laetior (Sharpe), Euryst. 312,313 — Horsf., Gallinula 715 — (J. E. Gr.), Garzetta 826 — Leach, Glareola 78, 729, 731 — Lalage 425 — (Gm.), Lalage 427 — Temm. Schl., Salicaria tur- dina 521 —n. subsp., Tinnunculus moluc- censis 79 — Tringa minuta 781, 782 Oriolidae 580, 585 Oriolus L. 349, 585 — acrorhynchus Schl. 589, 591, 593 — acrorhynchus Vig. 589, 593 — boneratensis M. & Wg. 104, 126, 589, 590 — broderipi Bp. 590, 905 — celebensis ([weedd.) 104, 117, 121, 127—129, 585, 586, 588, 905 — — meridionalis Hart. 104, 128, 129, 586 — chinensis 589 — chinensis Guillem. 589 — coronatus Sw. 588 — — var. celebensis 585 — formosus Cab. 59, 104, 120, 122, 400, 560, 590, 591, 593, 594 — — sangirensis M.&Wg. 120,591 — frontalis Wall. 104, 124, 125, 589, 593 — galbula L. 588, 905, 906 — indicus Schl. 585, 586 — insularis Vord. 588 — macrourus 19 — melanisticus M. & Wg. 55, 49, 61, 104, 121, 122, 400, 446, 560, 593, 594, 905 — palawanensis 589 ornatus Lath., Merops 41, 47, 48, 49, 94, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 248, 250, 251, 256, 257, 260, 290, 316, 439 ornatus sumbaens. A.B.M., Merops 251, 252 — L.,, Psittacus 120, 130, 148 — (L.), Trichoglossus 38, 55, 61, 71, 92, 113, 115, 121, 123, 126, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 159, 271 orpheus, Hyloterpe 397 — Jard., Pachycephala 98, 125, 395, 897, 398 orru, Corvus 583 — (Bp.), Corvus enca 581 Orthorhamph. magnirostris (V.) 733 Orthotomus 520 Ortygometra cinerea (Vieill.) 705 — flavirostris (Sw.) 82, 703 — nigra (Gm.) 703 — phoenicura (Forst.) 708 (—) Porzana 707 — quadristrigata (Horsf.) 705 oryziola (8. Miill.?), Cisticola 516 oryzivora L., Loxia 542 — (L.), Munia 102, 542, 543 — Padda 542 oryzivorus (L.), Dolichonyx 63 Osmotreron Bp. 54, 569, 595, 602 axillaris Bp. 601 bicincta (Jerd.) 601 griseicauda 598 griseicauda Wald. 596 sangirensis (Briigg.) 59, 104, 120, 122, 596, 598 vernans (L.) 104, 599,600, 601, 602 viridis Hume 600 wallacei Salvad. 4, 104, 117, 124, 125, 127, 596, 596, 597, 599, 601, 602 — pallidior Hart. 104, 126, 597 Otidae 688 Otidiphaps 651 Otomela crassirostris (Kuhl) 404 — lucionensis (L.) 407 — magnirostris (Less.) 404 — schwaneri (Bp.) 407 Otus brachyotus 102 — magicus (8. Miil].) 105 — manadensis (Q. G.) 103 oustaleti Hartl., Strix 112, 113 ovivorus Jerd., Nisaetus 38 Oxylophus coromandus (L.) 201 Pachycephala Vig. Horsf. 393 bonensis M. & Wg. 98, 113, 116, 127, 129, 401, 402 bonthaina M. & Wg. 98, 127, 129, 401, 402 brunneicauda (Salvad.) 395 cinerascens Salvad. 398 clio Wall. 98, 124, 399, 400 everetti Hart. 10, 98, 126, 400 | fulvotinecta Wall. 400 Index: ornatus—paulina. Pachycephala griseiceps Gray 395 griseonota G. R. Gray 98, 124, 398, 399 grisola (Blyth) 395 homeyeri W. Blas. 395 hypoxantha Sh. 395, 396 — jobiensis A. B. M. 395 lineolata Wall. 124, 398 macrorhyncha Salvad. 399 macrorhyncha Strickl. 399, 400 melanura 399, 400 melanura Gad. 399 meridionalis Biitt. 60, 98, 127, 129, 395, 396 miosnomensis Salvad. 395 obiensis 399, 400 orpheus Jar d.98,125,395,397,398 phaenonota (S. Miill.) 395 philippinensis Tw. 395 plateni W. Blas. 395 rufescens Wall. 398 septentrionalis 61 sulfuriventer (Tweedd.) 98, 116, 127, 129, 894, 395 396 teijsmanni Biitt. 7, 98, 125, 395, 396, 397, 398 whiteheadi Sh. 395 Pachycephalinae 393 Pachyglossa 70, 441, 450, 451 — aureolimbata (Wall.) 449 pacifica Lath., Hirundo 327 — Gm., Lalage 427 pacificus (Lath.), Apus 328 — (Lath.), Cypselus 41, 47, 48, 96, 120, 327, 328, 329 — Wall., Eurystomus 47, 313, 314 — Micropus 328 Padda oryzivora (L.) 542 pagei Lafr., Scissirostrum 567 Palaeornithinae 133 Palamedeae 864 palawanensis Tw., Dicrurus 440 — Oriolus 589 palliatus, Porphyrio calvus var. 718 — Briigg.,Porphyr. indicus var.718 palliceps Briigg., Pitta 96, 120, 122, 343, 844, 345, 346, 348 pallida (Wall.), Amadina 546 |— Donacola 546 — Wall., Munia 38, 102, 128, 546, 547, 548 pallidiceps Salvad., Astur 15 pallidior Hart., Osmotreron walla- cei 104, 126, 597 pallidus Less., Buteo 49 — (Lath.), Cacomantis 199 — (Lath.), Cuculus 187 palpebrosa (Temm.), Zosterops 491, 492, 493, 494 panaya (Lath.), Onychoprion 906 949 panaya Lath., Sterna 906 panayensis (Scop.), Calornis 102, 127, 564, 555, 557, 558, 561, 562, 563, 672 affinis (Hay), Calornis 102, 556 altirostr. (Salv.), Calorn. 104,558 chalybea (Horsf.), Calornis 102, 555, 556, 558 enganensis (Salvad.), Calornis 104, 558, 559 sangirensis (Salvad.), Calornis 59, 104, 120, 121, 123, 557, 558; 560, 563 tytleri (Hume), Calornis 102, 557, 558, 560 (Sharpe), Culicicapa 387 Steere, Edoliisoma 421 Scop., Muscicapa 535 Steere, Spilornis 6 Gm., Sterna 906 Stoparola 378 — Sharpe, Xantholestes 387 Pandion Sav. 121, 89 — carolinensis Gm. 90, 91 — haliaetus (L.) 92, 120, 121, 89—92 — — carolinensis (Gm.) 92, 90 — — leucocephalus (J. Gd.) 92, 120, 21, 123, 126, 89, 90, 91 — humilis (Mill. Schl.) 43 — leucocephalus J. Gd. 89 Pandionidae 89 pannosus Gld., Herodias 820 papuanus M. Weg., Falco severus 84 papuensis Q. G., Coracias 309 — (Gm.), Graucalus 415 Paradisea 64, 67 — minor 76 Paradiseidae 64, 468, 585, 603 Paralcyon princeps 297 parasiticus L., Stercorarius 910 Paridae 65, 484 Parotia 67 Parra 726 — cristata Schl. 726 — gallinacea Temm. 725, 726 — novae guineae Rams. 726 Parridae 688, 725, 727 parvula (Bp.), Cacatua 131 — (Bp.), Cacatua sulphurea 130 Passer Briss., Pall. 5538 — montanus (L.) 102, 553 — monticola Steere 553 Passeres 132, 171, 172, 308, 339, 340, 356, 430, 435, 440, 541, 553, 574 passerinus(Va h]), Cacomant.196,199 Pastor corythaix Wagl. 573 — ruficollis Wagl. 570 paulina (Bp.), Carpophaga 61, 104, 117, 124, 125, 617, 618, 619, 621, 622, 627 950 paulinga Hickson, Carpophaga 615, 616 paulina Bp., Ducula 617 paulinae, Carpophaga 617 Pavo 669 paykulli (Ljungh), Porzana 703 pealei Ridgw., Falco peregrinus 87 pectoralis (Wall.), Chibia 439 — (Horsf.), Cyrtostomus 462 — Dicruropsis 439 — Finsch, Dicrurus 436 — Wall., Dicrurus 100, 124, 438, 439, 440 — Davis., Gerygone 389 — Cab. Heine, Hierococcyx 185 — Gld., Rallus 694 — (Say), Tringa 778 Pedionomidae 685 Pedionomus 685, 686 Pelargopsis Glog. 61, 71, 69, 174, 268, 270, 271, 279, 435 — dichrorhyncha M. & Wg. 71, 96, 123, 271, 272 — floresiana 271 — gigantea Wald. 271 — gurial 270 — leucocephala 271 — melanorhyncha (Temm.) 71, 72, 79, 96, 115, 127, 162, 269, 270, 271 — — eutreptorhyncha Hart, 124 pelecanoides King, Sterna 899, 901 — Thalasseus 899 Pelecanopus medius (Horsf.) 898 Pelecanus minor Gm. 883 pelewensis, Caloenas 658 — H. &F., Porphyrio 720 Pelidna acuminata 776 Penelopides 112, 237, 238, 242, 243, 271 — exaratus (Temm.) 236 peninsulae Stejn., Cuculus 192 pennatus, Nisaetus 4 Perdix cinerea 54 peregrina, Ibis falcinella var. 804 peregrinator, Falco 86 — Sund., Falco 88 peregrinus Gerini, Accipiter 85 — Bp., Falcinellus 803, 805 — Briss., Accipiter Falco 85 — (Gerini), Falco 92, 69, 85, 87, 88, 316 — anatum (Bp.), Falco 92, 87 — ernesti (Sharpe), Falco 92, 86 — melanogenys (J. Gd.), Faleo 92, 86, 87, 316 — pealei Ridgw., Falco 92, 87 — Plegadis falcinellus var. 804 Peristeridae 595, 642 Peristeropodes 662 perniger, Ictinaetus 38 — (Hdgs.), Neopus 38 Index: paulina—phoenicura. pernigra Hdgs., Aquila (Hete- ropus) 38 Pernis Cuv., 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 451 — apivorus 54, 71 — celebensis Wall. 61, 90, 115, 123, 6, 34, 65, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 162, 451 — cristatus Schl. 65 — cristatus var. celebensis Wall. 65 — ptilonorhynchus 67, 68, 70, 71, 72 — ptilorhyncha Wald. 65 — sp. 90, 125, 72 — tweeddalei 71 peroni (Schl.), Aegialitis 108, 742, 762, 754 — Vorderm., Aegialitis 750 — Bp., Charadrius 752 — V., Geocichla 510 perronii Swinh., Aegialites 752 Petrochelidon nigricans 361 Petrocincla manilla (Bodd.) 512 Petrocossyphus solitarius (L.) 512 Petrophila 508, 512 — Sw. 512 — cyanus (L.) 44, 78, 102, 512 — — solitaria (P. L. 8. Mill.) 47, 45, 102, 120, 121, 512 — erythroptera (Gray) 514 — solitaria 513 Pezophaps 54, 71 Phabinae 648 Phabotreron 633 _ Phaenicophaeinae 177 phaenonota (8. M.), Pachyceph. 395 Phaenorhina goliath 661 phaeoceps, Micropternus 178 phaeopus Pall., Numenius 44, 797, 799 — variegatus, Numenius 797 phaeopyga, Porzana 703 Phalacrocoracidae 886 Phalacrocorax Briss. 888, 890 — carbo 890 — graculus 890 — javanicus 891 — melanoleucus (Vieill.) 110, 126, 888, 889, 890, 891 — pygmaeus 891 — stictocephalus (Bp.) 890 — sulcirostris Brdt. 110, 890, 891 Phalaridium quadristrig. (Hrsf.) 705 Phalaropus Briss. 64, 724, 784 795, 897 — angustirostris Naum. 785 — australis Bp. 785 — cinereus Tacz. 785 — fulicarius 786, 795 — hyperboreus (L.) 42, 45, 108, 785, 786 ’ Phalaropus lobatus (L.) 785 Phasaniidae 64 Phasianidae 662, 669, 670 Phasianus gallus L. 667 phasianus, Poliphilus 221 philippensis Martens, Ardea 848 — Ceyx 273 — Briss., Coturnix 663 — (L.), Hypotaenidia 44, 49, 106, 694, 695, 697, 698, 704, 707 — Loriculus 161, 163, 165, 166 — Bp., Ninox 95 — (Bonn.), Podiceps 916 — L., Rallus 694 — Spizaetus 68, 71 — Gurn,, Spizaetus 34 philippina (Bp.), Corone 580 philippinensis, Ceyx 273, 274 _ — Rsbg., Charadrius 750 — Hypotaenidia 695 — Tw., Pachycephala 395 — Rallus 695 — Sharpe, Siphia 370, 373 — Spizaetus 36 philippinus Lath., Charadrius 749 — Pelz., Charadrius 752 — (Bp.), Corvus enca 581 — L., Merops 41, 44, 94, 258, 256, 257, 259, 260, 316 — var. celebensis W. Blas., Merops 253, 256 Phlegoenas tristigmata Bp. 654 — tristigmata Wall. 656 Phlogoenas Rehb. 654, 656 — bimaculata Salvad. 106, 128, 129, 656 — rufigula (J. & P.) 656 — tristigmata 656 — tristigmata Bp. 106, 113, 117, 128, 129, 654, 655 — tristigma Salvad. 655 Phoenicophaeinae 209, 228, 229, 230, 242, 243 Phoenicophaes Vieill. 54, 125, 209, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 300 — calorhynchus Temm. 37, 61, 94, 113, 115, 127, 129, 226, 228, 230, 614 — — meridionalis M. & Wg. 94, 127, 129, 227 — pyrrhocephalus 229 Phoenicophaeus 226 Phoenicophainae 123, 181, 201, 225, 229 Phoenicophaus 226 — calorhynchus Temm. 226, 227 — melanogaster Blyth 226 Phoenicopteri 802, 864 phoenicura (Forst.), Amaurornis 106, 120, 121, 125, 708, 710, 713 phoenicura (Penn.), Amaurornis 707 | — Erythra 708 — (Forst.), Erythrura 708 — Gallinula 708 — var. leucomelaena (Bp.), Galli- nula 708 — Ortygometra 708 — Porzana 708 phoenicurus Meyen, Lanius 406 — (Pall), Lanius 43 — Schrenck, Lanius 404 — (cristatus), Lanius 404 — Forst., Rallus 708 Photodilus 109 Phoyx Stejn. 811, 813, 814, 816 — manilensis (Meyen) 108, 127, 811, 813 — purpurea 813 phragmitis, Acrocephalus 461 Phyllergates Sharpe 515, 519, 520 — cinereicollis Sharpe 520 — coronatus (Jerd. Blyth) 520 — cucullatus (Temm.) 520 — riedeli M. & Wg. 4, 102, 117, 128, 519 — sumatranus Salvad. 520 Phyllopneuste borealis Blas. 527 (Phyllopneuste) eversmanni Midd., Sylvia 527 Phyllopneuste javanica Bp. 527 — kennicotti Baird 527 Phyllopseustes borealis 528 Phylloscopinae 515 Phylloscopus Boie 410,515,527,530 — borealis (Blas.) 41, 44, 45, 51, 102, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 527, 529, 530, 540 — pseudoborealis Severtz. 530 — sylvicultrix Swinh, 527 — xanthodryas Swinh. 529 Pica albicollis Vieill. 575 — caledonica Less. 575 — caudata 230 pica, Hydrocissa 237 Pica torquata (Temm.) 577 Picariae 171, 172, 177 picata (J. Gd.), Ardea 816, 817 — J.Gd., Ardea (Herodias) 816 — Grallina 432 — Herodias 816, 817 — (J. Gd.), Notophoyx 48, 108, 816, 817 Pici 171 Picidae 65, 172, 179 picina Tweedd., Chaetura 330 pickeringi Cass., Carpophaga 39, 104, 121, 621, 622, 629, 660 Picumninae 172 Picumnus 178 Picus fulvus Q. G. 175 Index: phoenicura—Plictolophus. Picus temmincki Malh, 1738 Piezorhynchus 386 pileata Bodd., Alcedo 283 — Dacelo 284 — Entomobia 284 — (Bodd.), Haleyon 41, 45, 96, 279, 288, 284, 286 pileatus Bp., Coracias 309 — Eurystomus 309 Pinarolestes 403 — sanghirensis Oust. 402 Pionias flavicans (Cass.) 138 — platurus (Vieill.) 134 Piprisoma 450, 451 — aureolimbatum 450, 452 — modestum (Wall.) 450 piscatrix (L.), Sula 892 Pisorhina menadensis (Q. G.) 103 — sulaensis Hart. 124 pistrinaria Bp., Carpophaga 621 pithecops Swinh., Strix 112, 113 Pitta Vieill. 4, 64, 340, 342, 349, 351, 353, 355 — atricapilla Less. 349, 351, 352 — atricapilla Schl. 351 — — sanghirana Schl. 351 — brachyura (L.) 354 — caeruleitorques Salvad. 59, 96, 120, 122, 343, 845, 346, 347, 348, 349 — celebensis Mill. Schl. 96, 116, 127, 840, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 351 — celebensis Schl. 344 — concinna 355, 356 — crassirostris Wall. 354 — cyanonota Temm. 343, 344, 347, 348, 349 — cyanoptera Temm. 41, 45, 96, 349, 362, 354 — dohertyi Rothsch. 10, 124 — erythrogaster 343,345,346,347,348 — finschi 343 — forsteni (Bp.) 3, 61, 96, 116, 127, 128, 342, 349, 350, 351, 352 — granatina 349 — inspeculata M.& Wg. 61, 96, 121, 122, 342, 343, 344, 846, 347, 348, 319, 446, 594 — irena Temm., 96, 120, 124, 354, 355, 356 — kochi 343 — loriae 343 — mackloti 343, 344, 347 — mafoorana Schl. 351 — maria 355, 356 — megarhyncha Schl. 354 — melanocephala Mill. Schl. 350 — moluccensis 353 — muelleri (Bp.) 349, 351, 352, 354 951 Pitta novaeguineae Mill. Schl. 351 —nympha Temm. Schl. 354 — palliceps Briigg. 96, 120, 122, 343, 844, 345, 346, 348 — propinqua 343, 346, 347, 348 — rosenbergi 351 — rubrinucha Wal]. 343, 344 — rufiventris Cab. Heine 343, 348, 350 — sangirana (Schl.) 96, 120, 122, 349, 351 — ussheri 349, 354 — vigorsi 355, 356 — virginalis Hart. 96, 126, 355 Pittidae 64, 340 placens Gld., Sternula 902 plagosus (Lath.), Chrysococcyx 195 Platalea L. 809, 810 — intermedia Grant 810 — luzoniensis Rsbg. 809 — major 810 — melanorhyncha Rehb. 810 — minor Temm. Schl. 810 — sp. 108, 809 Plataleae 804 Plataleidae 809 platenae W. Blas., Criniger 8, 498 — (W. Blas.), Iole 102, 120, 122, 497, 498 plateni (W. Blas.), Aramidopsis 8, 106, 117, 128, 690, 691 — Cinnyris frenata 459 — W. Blas., Cyrtostomus frenatus var. 8, 459, 460 — W. Blas., Pachycephala 395 — W. Blas., Rallus 690 Platibis 809 platurus (Vieill.), Eclectus 134 — Pionias 134 — (Vieill.), Prioniturus 59, 73, 75, 92, 113, 115, 120, 123, 126, 130, 138, 134, 136—139, 144, 439 — talautensis Hart., Prioniturus 82, 121, 122 — Vieill., Psittacus 133 Platycercus amboinensis 170 — dorsalis Schl. 170 — dorsalis var. 170 platyrhyncha (Temm.), Limicola 42, 45, 108, 787, 789 platyrincha Temm., Tringa 787 Plectopterinae 865 Plegadis Kaup 62, 808, 806 — falcinellus (L.) 108, 803, 804, 805 — falcinellus var. peregrinus 804 — guarauna (L.) 805 — ridgwayi (Allen) 805 pleskei, Locustella 526, 527 plicatus, Rhytidoceros 238, 241—243 Plictolophus sulfureus (Gm.) 129 952 Plissolophus ecristatus (Labill.) 129 Ploceidae 64, 541, 545 Ploceinae 541 Plotus L. 886 anhinga 888 chantrei Oust. $88 levaillanti 888 melanogaster (Penn.) 110, 886 novaehollandiae Gld. 888 plumbeiventris Gr., Gymnocrex 690 plumbeus Hdgs., Polioaetus 44 — humilis (M.Schl.), Polioaetus 43 plumifera (G1 d.), Mesophoyx 833, 835 plumiferus Gld., Herodias 832 pluvialis, Charadrius 44, 740 Pluvialis fulvus Schl. 739 pluvialis var. fulvus, Charadrius 739 — orientalis Temm. Schl., Cha- radrius 739 — varius (Briss.) 737 Pluvianus cinereus Blyth 735 Plyctolophus sulphureus (Gm.) 129 Podargidae 324 Podarginae 324, 325 Podargus 324, 325 Podiceps Lath. 915 gularis J. Gd. 110,120,121, 917,918 — gularis Rsbg. 916 — minor (Gm.) 916, 917, 918 — minor var. tricolor 916 novae-hollandiae Steph. 917 philippensis (Bonn.) 916 tricolor (G. R. Gray) 110, 915, 917, 918 — (Sylbeocyelus) tricolor Gray 915 — tricolor Vord. 917, 918 Podicipedidae 249, 915 podicipes Bp., Ardetta 855 poecilorrhoa Briigg., Carpophaga 106, 113, 117, 128, 625, 627 — Carpophaga (Cryptophaps) 615 — Gymnophaps 625 poecilurus, Chrysococcyx 195 Pogonomerops forsteni (Bp.) 257 Polioaetus Kaup 43 humilis (Mill. Schl.) 90, 123, 43, 44, 49 — major n. subsp. 90, 44 ichthyaetus Horsf. 44 plumbeus Hdgs. 44 — humilis 43 poliocephala, Carpophaga 625 poliocephalus, Cuculus 192 — Schl., Porphyrio 722 poliocereus, Sterna 901 — J. Gd., Thalasseus 899 poliogaster Hgl., Zosterops 492, 493 poliogenys, Buteo 45 — Temm,, Falco 45 — Poliornis 45 Index: Plissolophus — pruyssenaeri. Poliolimnas. 705 — cinerea (Vieill.) 705 Poliornis barbatus (Hyt.) 45 — liventer (Temm.) 49 — poliogenys (Temm.) 45 Poliphilus 221 — phasianus 221 polleni, Xenopirostris 66 pollens, Graucalus 417 polyagrus Cass., Falco $7 Polyplectron 669 pomatorhinus (Temm.), Stercor. 910 Pontoaetus humilis Blyth 43 Porphyrio Briss. 688, 713, 717, 721 aneiteumensis 720 bellus Gld. 721 calvus Vieill. 106, 717, 718, 720, 721, 722 calvus var. palliatus 718 cinereus Vieill. 705 edwardsi Ell. 720 ellioti Salvad. 719, 720, 721 indicus 715, 720 indicus Schl. 717 indicus Wald. 717 indicus var. palliat. Briigg. 718 melanonotus 720, 721 melanoptera Rsbg. 718 melanoptera Temm. 720 neobrittanicus A. B. M. 720, 721 pelewensis H & F. 720 poliocephalus Schl. 722 pulverulentus T. 108, 121, 721 samoensis Peale 720 smaragdinus 718, 719, 721 smaragdinus Sharpe 718 vitiensis Peale 718, 720 porphyrolaema (Wall.), Chalco- stetha 465 — Cinnyris 465 — (Wall.), Hermotimia 100, 116,128, 129, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 472 — scapulata M. & Wg., Hermo- timia 100, 127, 128, 466 — Wall., Nectarinia 465 — Promerops 465 Porzana (Ortygometra) 707 — Vieill. 701, 703, 705, 706 — cinerea (Vieill,) 705 erythrothorax (Temm. Schl.) 701, 702 fusca (L.) 106, 701, 703, 706 leucophrys Gld. 705 maruetta 706 moluccana Wall. 711 paykulli (Ljungh) 703 phaeopyga 703 phoenicura (Forst.) 708 714 ? quadristrigata (Horsf.) 705 Porzana tabuensis (Gm.) 703, 704, 706 powelli Guillem., Turnix 687 praesagus Reinw., Cuculus 231 — Scythrops novaeholland. var. 231 prasinosceles Swinhoe, Ardeola 840, 841 pratensis, Crex 697 Pratincola K. L. Koch 890, 392 — albofasciata (Riipp.) 392 — bicolor Syk. 392 — caprata (L.) 98, 125, 390, 391, 392 princeps Forsten, Dacelo 297 — Schl., Dacelo 297, 301 Cass., Haleyon 297 Monachaleyon 301, 302, 305 Rehb., Monachalcyon 96, 113, 115, 127, 300, 301 Wald., Monachaleyon 297 — Bp., Paraleyon 297 Prinia cursitans Frkl. 515 Prioniturus Wagl. 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77—79, 138, 136, 137, 139, 140, 162, 171, 221, 252, 604 — cyaneiceps 75 — discurus (Vieill.) 75, 137, 139 — discurus Wall. 138 — flavicans Cass. 74, 75, 92, 115, 120, 126, 136, 137, 188, 139 — luconensis Steere 75, 137, 139 mindorensis Steere 139 montanus Grant 137, 139 platurus (Vieill.) 59, 73, 75, 92, 118, 115, 120, 123, 126, 130, 138, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 144, 439 — talautensis Hart. 121, 122 setarius Sel. 134 suluensis W. Blas. 75, 139 verticalis Sharpe 75, 137, 139 — wallacei J. Gd. 134 Prionochilus 450, 451 — aureolimbatus Wall. 449 — sanghirensis Salvad. 450, 451 pritchardi, Megapodius 679 Procellaria chlororhyncha(Less.)912 — heraldica 914 — leucomelas Temm. 913 — leucoptera 914 — leucoptera v. Mussch. 914 — sphenura (J. Gd.) 912 Promerops 453 — flavostriata (W all.) 454 — grayi (Wall.) 467 — porphyrolaema (Wall.) 465 propinqua (Sharpe), Munia 550 — Munia molucea 102, 117, 120, 124, 125, 126, 550, 551 — Pitta 343, 346, 347, 348 — Sharpe, Uroloncha 550 propinquus (Tristr.), Dicrurus 440 pruyssenaeri Hgl., Ciconia 808 ——— a oe we eS pe) eee Index: pseudoborealis—quadristrigatus. pseudoborealis Severtz., Phyllo- scopus 530 Pseudochelidon 430 Pseudogerygone 390 pseudoralloides Brehm, Ardea 838 Pseudotharrhaleus 501 Psittaca indica coccinea Briss, 115 Psittaci 70, 114 Psittacidae 133, 167, 168 Psittacula 133, 160 (Psittacula) stigmatus Mill], Schl., Psittacus 158 Psittacus catamene (Schl.) 151 — coccineus Lath, 115 — cristatus Labill. 128 — discurus (V.) 139 — exilis (Schl.) 149 — histrio Mill. 115 — indicus Gm, 115 — leucorhynchus Reinw, 140, 148 — lucionensis L, 144 — macrorhynchus Gm, 146, 148 — megalorhynchos Bodd, 146 — megalorhynchus 148 — muelleri Temm, 140 — ornatus L. 120, 130, 148 — platurus Vieill, 133 — setarius Temm, 130, 133 — spatuliger Bourjot 134 — (Psittacula) stigmatus Schl, 158 — sulphureus Gm. 128, 130 — — minor vel moluccensis Bour- Mill. jot 129 — sumatranus Raffl, 140 — verreauxi M. HE. 168 Psitteuteles 61, 71, 73, 122,125—127 — chlorolepidotus 126 — flavoviridis(W all.) 61, 71,127,271 — meyeri (Tweedd.) 61, 71, 72, 124, 271 Psophiidae 688 Pteridophora 67 Pterocles 728 Ptilinopus fischeri (Briig g.) 602 — gularis (Q. G.) 605 — melanocephalus var. celebensis Brigg. 608 — melanospilus 608 — nuchalis Briigg. 611 Ptilocolpa 626 Ptilolaemus 244 — tickelli 244 Ptilonopus celebensis Wall, 613 — formosus Gray 613 — melanocephalus (Forst,) 607 — melanocephalus Wall, 608, 610 — superba Finsch 613 ptilonorhynchus, Pernis 67, 68, 70, 71, 72 SS a a Ptilopodes 603, 607 Ptilopodinae 595 Ptilopus Sw. 54, 602, 603, 604, 615 — bangueyensis A. B. M, 607, 608 — chrysorrhous (Salvad.) 104, 124, 125, 607, 608, 610 — fischeri (Briigg.) 6, 104, 114, 117, 128, 129, 602, 604, 605, 606 — fischeri A. B. M, 604 — formosus (Gray) 613 — griseicauda Rsbg, 596 — gularis (Q. G.) 104, 114, 117, 128, 605, 606, 623 — leclancheri4Bp.) 606 — mangoliensis Rothsch, 125 — melanauchen (Salvad.) 607, 608 — melanocephalus (Forst.) 104, 125, 126, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611 — melanospilus (Salvad.) 104, 117, 127, 128, 607, 608, 610, 611, 612, 613 — meridionalis (M. & Wg.) 104, 128, 129, 603, 604, 605, 606 — nuchalis Briigg, 612 — occipitalis (Gray) 603 — subgularis M.&Weg. 104, 124, 606, 607 — sulaensis Briigg. 610 — superbus Schl. 613 — superbus (Temm.) 616 — temmincki (Des Murs & Préy.) 104, 618, 614 — xanthorrhous (Salvad.) 59, 104, 120, 121, 123, 607, 608, 610, 611, 612 ptilorhyncha Wald., Pernis 65 Ptilosclera 122 Ptilotis 483 puella (Wall.), Hypothymis 39, 98, 113, 116, 124, 127, 376, 377, 378 — blasii Hart., Hypothymis 124 — Wall., Myiagra 376 Puffinidae 911 Puffinus Briss, 911 — chlororhynchus Less. 912, 914 — chlororhynchus M.& Wg. 911 — cuneatus Salv. 110, 911, 912, 913, 914 — knudseni Stejn. 911 — leucomelas (Temm.) 710, 913 — sphenurus Gld. 912 pugnax, Machetes 54, 777 pulchella, Anserella 865 — Tw., Carpophaga 104, 127, 619 — Gray, Charmosyna 126 pulchellus J. Gd., Nettopus 20, | 865, 866, 868 pulcherrima Sh., Eudrepanis 457 pulverulentus, Hemilophus 177 953 pulverulentus §.Miill., Totanus 767 punctata Gld., Anas 874, 876, 878 — Temm., Anas 878 — var. Gray, Anas 877 — Mareca 878 punctulata, Athene 100 — (Q. G.), Cephaloptynx 92, 115, 127, 100, 102 — (L.), Munia 548, 549 — nisoria (Temm.), 128, 548 — Ninox 68, 101, 102 — Q. G., Noctua 100 — Spiloglaux 100 purpurea, Ardea 840 — Hume, Ardea 811, 834 — y.manillensis Meyen, Ardea811 — Phoyx 813 purpureiceps Saly., Calornis 563 pusilla (V.), Ardetta 855 — Temm,, Sterna 902 pusillus Gray, Loriculus 151, 155, 161, 163, 164, 165, 169 — Tweedd., Megapodius 671 pygmaea (Bechst.), Limicola 787 pygmaeus, Phalacrocorax 891 Pygopodes 915 Pyrrhocentor Cab. Heine 125,221, 223, 224, 504 — bicolor Cab, Heine 222 — celebensis (Q.G.) 94, 115, 127, 221, 222, 294 — — celebensis 222 — — rufescens M. & Wg. 94, 127, 223, 300 — kangeanensis Vorderm. 224 — melanops (Less.) 224 — unirufus Cab. Heine 223 pyrrhocephalus, Phoenicophaes 229 pyrrhogenys, Heterornis 570 — T. Schl., Lamprotornis 570 — Sturnia 570 — Temenuchus 570 pyrrhorrhoa, Gallinula 716, 717 pyrrhothorax (Temm.), Aegialitis 147, 749 — Charadrius 746 — Ochthodromus 747 Pyrrhula vulgaris 68 Munia 102, quadricolor, Acmonorh, 450, 451 — Rehw., Coryllis 157 — Tweedd., Loriculus 56, 94,126, 153, 155,157, 161, 163, 164, 165 quadristrigata (Horsf.), Erythra 705 — Ortygometra 705 — Porzana 705 — Zapornia 705 quadristrigatum, Phalaridium 705 — Temm.,, Porphyrio 108, 121, 721 | quadristrigatus Horsf., Rallus 705 Meyer & Wiglesworth Birds of Celebes (May 20th, 1898). 120 954 Querquedula Steph. 865, $79, 880, 881 querquedula L., Anas 879 Querquedula circia (L.) 110, 125, 879, 881 — discors (L.) 881 — querquedula 879 radiata (Q. G.), Carpophaga 106,117, 128, 606, 622, 623, 625, 626, 627 — Q. G., Columba 622 — Zonoenas 622 raja, Spilornis 6 Ralli 661, 662, 685, 688 Rallidae 48, 688, 727 Rallina Rehb. 699, 700, 705 — euryzonoides (Lafr.) 700 — fasciata (Rfl.) 700 — fusca (L.) 701 — isabellina Schl. 712 — minahassa Wall. 106, 117, 125, 699, 700 — rosenbergii Schl. 689 — superciliaris Hyt. 700, 704 — tricolor Schl. 700 ralloides (Scop.), Ardeola 840, 841 Rallus 688, 690, 691 — aquaticus 693, 711 — celebensis Q. G. 697 — celebensis Schl. 698 — fuscus L, 701 — gularis Horsf. 692 — indicus Rchb. 692 — niger Gm. 703 — pectoralis Gld. 694 —- philippensis L. 694 — philippinensis 695 — phoenicurus Forst. 708 — plateni W. Blas. 690 — quadristrigatus Horsf. 705 — rosenbergi (Schl.) 689 — rubiginosus Temm. 701 — striatus L. 692 — sulcirostris Wall. 698, 699 Ramphastidae 233 ramsayi Harg., lyngipicus 174 Raptores 754 recondita M. & Wg., Malia 499, 500 — (M.&Wsg)), Malia grata 102, 128, 129, 499, 500 rectirostris Gld., Ardea 814 — Typhon 814 rectunguis, Centrococcyx 214 — Shell., Centropus 219 — Strickl., Centropus 213, 219 Recurvirostra 759 recurvirostris (Cuy.), Esacus 734 regalis Voll., Glycyphana 259 regulus, Loriculus 161, 163, 165, 166, reinwardti Finsch, Baza 73 Index: Querquedula—rufescens. reinwardti Miill.Schl., Baza 2, 90, 126, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 — Mill. Schl., Faleo (Lophotes) 73, 75 — (Temm.), Reinwardtoenas 642 Reinwardtoenas reinw. (T'emm.) 642 rex, Balaeniceps 810 Rhabdotorrhinus M. & W g. 112, 125, 235, 237, 238, 242, 243, 261, 271, 504, 520 — exaratus (Temm.) 55, 94, 115, 127, 235, 236, 237, 238 Rhamphaleyon melanorhyncha 269 (Rhamphiculus) fischeri Oust., Pti- lopus 602 Rhamphococcyx 228, 229, 2438 — calorhynchus (Temm.) 226, 227 — — meridionalis M.& Wg. 227 rhinoceros, Buceros 242, 244 Rhinochetus 688 Rhinocichla 504 Rhinococcyx 228, 229, 230, 243 — curvirostris Shaw Nodd. 228 Rhinoplax 242, 243, 244 — vigil 244 Rhinortha 230 — chlorophaea 229, 230 Rhipidura Vig. Horsf. 362,379, 381 — celebensis Biitt. 98, 126, 379 — lenzi W. Blas. 381 — rufifrons 380 — semicollaris M.&S8. 379 — sumbensis Hart. 379 — teijsmanni Biitt. 7, 98, 116, 127, 379, 380, 381 rhizophorae (Swinh.), Cyrtost. 462 Rhizothera 669 rhodogaster Schl., Accipiter 61, 71, 90, 113, 115, 127, 25, 26, 27, 32, 67, 79, 162 — (Schl.), Nisus 25, 27 — Schl., Nisus virgatus 25 — Teraspiza 23, 24, 25 rhodogastra, Teraspiza 25 rhodolaema Shell., Anthrept. 474 Rhopodytes 209, 229 — sumatranus 229 — tristis 229, 230 Rhyacophilus glareola (L.) 764 Rhynchaea 48, 64 Rhynchopinae 893 Rhynchops 893 Rhyticeros (Cassidix) cass. Bp. 239 Rhytidoceros 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 260, 261 — narcondami 242 — plicatus 238, 241, 242, 243 — subruficollis 242, 243, 244 — undulatus 242, 243, 244 richardi V., Anthus 44 riciniata (Bechst.), Hos 119, 120 ridgwayi (Allen), Plegadis 805 riedeli M. & Wg., Ardetta 4, 856, 857, 858 — M. & Wg,, Phyllergates 4, 102, 117, 128, 519 — A. B.M., Lalage 428, 430 ringeri Stejn., Demiegr. 820, 822 risorius, Turtur 623 robusta Bp., Typhon 814 Rollulus 669 rosacea (Temm.), Carpophaga 104, 126, 620, 626, 627 — Temm., Columba 620 — Ducula 620 roseicapilla Vieill., Cacatua 131 roseinucha Schl., Carpophaga 615 rosenbergi (Schl.), Gymnocrex 5, 106, 113, 117, 128, 689, 690 — Pitta.351 — Rallus 689 — Schizoptila 689 — Schl. Strix 109, 111, 112 — (Schl), Strix flammea 5,92, 120, 109, 113 — Schl., Trichoglossus 126 rosenbergii, Eulabeornis 689 — Schl. Rallina 659 rostratum Blyth, Trichostoma 506 rowleyi (A. B.M.), Hypothymis 59, 98, 120, 122, 377, 378 — A.B.M., Zeocephus 378 ruber M. & Wg., Loriculus sclateri 56, 123, 154, 155, 161 rubiginosa (Bp.), Hos 118, 120 — Gallinula 701 — §. Miill., Geocichla 510 rubiginosus, Limnobaenus 701 — Temm., Rallus 701 rubricollis Wall., Accipiter 27 rubrinucha Wall., Pitta 343, 344 rubripes, Megacephalon 679 — Q. G., Megapodius 678 — Temm., Megapodius 677 rubronigra, Munia 543 rufa, Ardea 822 — Schl., Baza 77, 78 — Callialeyon 280 |— — coromanda 280, 283 — Dacelo 280 — Wall., Halcyon 280, 282 — (Wall.), Haleyon coromanda96, 115, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 280 — Temm. Schl., Limosa 792 — uropygialis (J. Gd.), Limosa 792 rufescens Gld., Numenius 801 — Wall., Pachycephala 398 — M.&Wsg.,, Pyrrhocentor celeben- sis 127, 223, 300 — (Rehw.), Trichostoma 507 rufescens Wall., Turnix 688 ruficapilla, Aegialitis 754 ruficeps, Cisticola 518 ruficollis, Actodromas 780 — §. Miill., Charadrius 746 — Wagl., Pastor 570 — Pall., Tringa 42, 44,48, 49, 108, 120, 126, 779, 780, 782 — Wald., Tringa 778 — Tringa minuta 780 — Pall., Trynga 780 ruficrissa Gld., Gallinula 711 rufidorsus, Ceyx 274 rufifrons, Rhipidura 380 rufigastra Wald., Alcedo 266 — (Wald.), Aleedo meninting 266 rufigula Wall., Cyornis 372 — Wall. Myiagra 98, 126, 386 — Niltava 372 — (J. & P.), Phlogoenas 656 — A.B.M., Siphia 368 — (Wall.), Siphia 98, 116, 127, 370, 872, 373 rufilata, Turnix 686 tufilateralis Rsbg., Turnix 686 rufilatus Wall., Turnix 106, 117 128, 686, 688 rufinuchalis Cass., Carpophaga 617 rufipectus, Circaetus 2 — sulaensis Schl., Circaetus 4 — J. Gd., Spilornis 60, 61, 90, 115, 120, 125, 126, 127,1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 33, 641 — sulaensis (Schl.), Spilornis 61, 90, 124, 1, 2, 4, 27 rufipedioides Hdgs., Falco 81 rufitinctus, Astur 12 — (Mc. Clell.), Astur trivirgatus 12 — Lophospiza 12 — Lophospizias 12 — Lophospizias trivirgat. subsp. 12 — M’Clell., Spizaetus 12 rufitorques, Nisus 16 rufiventris Cab. Heine, Pitta 343, 348, 350 rufotibialis Sharpe, Accipiter 29, 30 — (Sharpe), Accipiter virgat.29,31 rufus, Circus 8 — Sharpe, Halcyon 280 — (Gray), Zeocephus 382, 383 russata Wagl., Ardea 836 rustica L., Hirundo 41, 44, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 537 — gutturalis (Scop.), Hirundo 96, 120, 127, 357 rutherfordi Swinh., Spilornis 3 rutilus Puch., Scops 104, 105, 107, 108 — (Puch.), Scops manadensis 105 Index: rufescens— Scissirostrum. sacra Gm., Ardea 819 — (Gm.), Demiegretta 55, 56, 108, 120, 121, 819, 820, 822, 823, 825, 826 — Sharpe, Demiegretta 824 saleyerensis Hart., Cinnyris fre- nata 458 — (Hart.), Cyrtostomus frenatus 125, 468, 459 Salicaria cisticola (Temm.) 515 — turdina orient. Temm. Schl. 521 salina Salvad., Actodromas 778 — Sharpe Dress., Tringa 778 — Tringa 780 — Pall. Trynga 780 salvadorii Sharpe, Caprimulg. 317 — A.B. M., Dicaeum 445, 447 — M.&Weg., Edoliisoma 423 — Sharpe, Edoliisoma 98, 120, 122, 422, 423, 424 — Biitt., Gerygone 389 — A.B. M., Merops 251 — M.&We,, Zosterops 495 samoensis Peale, Porphyrio 720 sancta, Dacelo 287 — M.&Wsg.,, Haleyon 293, 294 — Vig. Horsf., Halcyon 41, 44, 48, 96,120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 279, 287, 291, 316 — Sauropatis 287 sanctus Bp., Todiramphus 287 sandwichensis Rehb., Zapornia 705 sanghirana Schl., Pitta atricap. 351 sanghirensis, Chalcophaps 650 — W.Blas., Chaleophaps indica var. 650 — Dacelo 306 — Oust., Pinarolestes 402 — Salvad., Prionochilus 451 sangirana (Schl.), Pitta 96, 120, 122, 349, 351 sangirense Salvad., Dicaeum 59, 100, 120, 122, 444, 445, 446, 560 sangirensis (S.), Acmonorh. 59, 100, 20, 122, 450, 451, 452, 560 — Salvad., Calornis 555, 557, 560 — (Salvad.), Calornis panayensis 59, 104, 120, 121, 123, 557, 558, 560, 563 — M. & Wg., Ceycopsis 59, 96, 120, 122, 278, 560 — A.B.M., Chalcostetha 469 — Cinnyris 469 — Sharpe, Cittura 59, 64, 96, 120, 122, 303, 305, 560 — (Oust.), Colluricincla 98, 120, 122, 402 — W. Blas., Eudynamis minda- nensis 94, 120, 121, 123, 207, 211, 212 955 sangirensis (A. B. M.), Hermotimia 59, 100, 120, 122, 463, 467, 469, 470, 471, 472, 477 — Salvad. Macropygia 637, 638 — (Salvad.), Macropygia albica- pilla 59, 106, 120, 121, 122, 638 — Schl., Megapodius 59, 106, 120, 121, 123, 673, 675 — Oriolus formosus 120, 591 — (Briigg.), Osmotreron 59, 104, 120, 122, 596, 598 — Prionochilus 450 — Tanygnathus muelleri 59, 94, 20, 122, 142, 560 — Briigg., Treron 598 sanguinea J. Gd., Cacatua 131, 132 sanguinolenta (Lath.), Myzomela 480 sanguinolentum T., Dicaeum 445 sarasinorum M. & Wg., Cryptolo- pha 9, 102, 117, 128, 530 — M.&Wsg,, Myza 9, 100, 116, 128, 483 — M. & Wg,, Zosterops 9, 100, 116, 128, 491, 492, 493, 494 Sarcogrammus inornatus Bp. 735 saturata Salvad., Hypotaenidia 698, 699 saturatus Hdgs., Cuculus 94, 190, 191, 192, 193 saundersi Hume, Sterna 903 Sauromarptis 279 Sauropatis 279 Sauropatis chloris (Bodd.) 292 — forsteni (Bp.) 292 — sancta (Vig. Horsf.) 287 saxatilis H. Slat., Monticola 512 Saxicola 508 — caprata (L.) 390 Saxicolidae 390 scapulata M. & Wg., Hermotimia porphyrolaema 127, 128, 466 scapularis 8. Miill., Ardea 851 Scardafella 646 Scelospizias 24 Scelostrix candida (Tick.) 112 schistaceus Sharpe, Artamides 416 schistaceus (Sharpe), Graucalus 98, 124, 416, 417 : Schizoptila rosenbergi (Schl.) 659 schlegeli (Scl.), Merula 511 Schoeniclus albescens (Temm.) 780 — australis Jard. Selby. 776 schoenicola Bp., Cisticola 515 schwaneri, Cryptolopha 530 — Bp., Enneoctonus 407 — Lanius 407 — (Bp.), Otomela 407 Scissirostrum Lafr. 82, 112, 24, 501, 565, 567, 569, 585 120* 956 Scissirostrum dubium (Lath.) 104, | 117, 124, 127, 567 — pagei Lafr. 567 sclateri, Coryllis 153 — Wall., Loriculus 94, 124, 153, | 155, 156, 157, 161, 163, 164, 165 | |seheriae (Tick.), Aethopyga 455 — ruber M. & Wg., Loriculus 56, 94, 123,154, 155, 161 scolopacina, Gallinago 790 Scolopax 732, 795 — australis Sharpe 790 calidris L. 761 cinerea Giild, 773 glottis L. 759 megala (Swinh,) 790 nebularius Gunner 759 sumatrana Rfl. 773 stenura Kuhl 790 (Spilura) stenura Radde 789 Scops Sav. 102, 103, 106 albiventris Sharpe 105, 107 bouruensis Sharpe 106, 107 brookii Sharpe 107 capnodes Gurn. 105 leucospila (Gray) 104, 106 leucospilus 107 madagascariensis Grandid, 105 magicus (S. Miill.) 104—106 manadensis (Q. G.) 59, 92, 115, 120, 108, 10i—108, 345, 704 manadensis Wall. Wald. 105 — albiventris (Sharpe) 92, 105 brookii (Sharpe) 92, 107 capnodes (Gurn.) 92, 105 leucospilus (Gray) 92, 106 magicus (8. M iil].) 92,105,106 morotensis (Sharpe) 92, 106 — rutilus (Puch.) 92, 105 sibutuensis (Sharpe) 92,107 mantananensis Sharpe 107 mantis (Temm. Schl.) 108 menadensis 103, 107 minutus 108 morotensis Sharpe 106, 107 rutilus Puch. 104, 105, 107, 108 siaoensis Schl. 59, 103, 104, 345 sibutuensis Sharpe 107 Scopus 810 — umbretta 810 scutulata (Raffl.), Ninox 92, 95, 97, 99 — japonica, Ninox 31, 48, 98 — japonica (T.Schl.), Ninox 41,45, 92, 120, 121, 124, 126, 96, 96 — japonica T. Schl., Strix 96 — lugubris Hag, Clarke, Ninox 96 — lugubris (Tick,), Ninox 92, 95,97 Scythropinae 225, 230 Scythrops Lath. 181, 209, 231, 234 — australasiae Shaw 231 Index: Scissirostrum—Spilornis. Scythrops novaehollandiae Lath. 47, 48, 94, 121, 230, 231 — — var. praesagus 231 seebohmi Dress., Anthus 538 — Sharpe, Merula 511 segetum, Anser 50 semicollaris M. & 8., Rhipidura 379 | semipalmata, Aegialitis 748 | senegalensis, Centropus 221, 224 septentrionalis, Edoliisoma morio 128, 129, 420, 421 — Pachycephala 61 — Biitt., Stoparola 61, 98, 116, 27, 129, 874, 375, 376 sepulchralis (S. Miill.), Cacomantis 198, 200 — Wald., Cacomantis 196 Setaria affinis Salvad. 508 setarius, Prioniturus 134 — Temm., Psittacus 130, 133 severus Horsf., Falco 81, 82, 83, 84 — indicus n. subsp., Faleo 92, 84 — papuanus M. Wg., Falco 90, 84 — Hypotriorchis 81 shelleyi Sharpe, Aethopyga 457 siaoensisSch.,Scops 59, 103, 104,345 sibirica Dress., Limicola 788 sibutuensis Sharpe, Scops 107 — (Sharpe), Scops manadens. 107 siju Cab., Glaucidium 108, 704 simplex S winh., Zosterops 492, 493 sindiana, Alcedo 263 sinensis Mot. Dillw., Amadina 544 — Gm., Ardea 854 — Ardeola 854 (Gm.), Ardetta 110, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858 Tacz., Ardetta 856 Botaurus 854 Centropus 215 Excalfactoria 664 Gm,, Sterna 170, 901, 903, 904 — Sternula 902 — Synoecus 663 siparaja (Rfl.), Aethopyga 455 Siphia Hdgs. 70, 70, 363, 365, 367, 369, 370, 373, 374, 393 — banyumas (Horsf.) 98, 125, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373 — bonthaina Hart. 98,127,372,3738 djampeana Hart. 72, 98, 126, 370, 871, 372 kalaoensis Hart. 72, 98,126,371 nigrogularis 370 omissa Hart. 368 philippinensis Sharpe 370, 373 rufigula A. B. M. 368 rufigula (W all.) 98, 116, 127, 370, 372, 373 siquijorensis, Loriculus 161, 163, 166 — Bourns Wore., Zosterops 495 Sissirostrum pagei 567 Sittace 56 smaragdinus Temm., 718, 719, 721 — Sharpe, Porphyrio 718 solitaria, Cyanocincla 512 — Monticola 384 — Oates, Petrophila 513 — (P.L.8. Miill.), Petrophila cya- nus 41, 45, 120, 121, 512, 514 solitarius, Ceyx 273, 274 — (P.L.8. Mill), Monticola 512 — Monticola cyanus 513 — Petrocossyphus 512 soloensis, Astur 17, 18, 19 — Horsf., Falco 17 — Micronisus 17 — Nisus 17 — Tachyspiza 17 — (Horsf.), Tachyspizias 41, 44, 45, 60,90, 120, 121, 124,17, 19,31, 100 solomonensis Sharpe, Eurystomus 313, 316 solomonis Salvad., Haleyon 295 sondiaca, Alcedo ispida yar, 263 sonnerati Lath., Cuculus 187 — Gallus 669 sparverioides Vig., Cuculus 184 — Schrenck, Hierococcyx 185 — (Vig.), Hierococcyx 41, 45, 94,181, 183, 184, 209 Sparvius trinotatus Bp. 21 spatuliger Bourjot, Psittacus 134 speciosa Horsf., Ardea 838 — Ardea leucoptera 839 — (Hsf.), Ardeola 170, 838, 840, 841 speciosus, Buphus 839 spectabilis Briigg., Artamus 434 Spermestes (Munia) brunneiceps 544 — variegata (Vieill.) 550 Sphecotheres 585 Sphenoeacus 506 Sphenorhynchus umbellata Rehb, 806 sphenura Schl., Procellaria 912 sphenurus J. Gd., Haliaetus 41 — J. Gd., Puffinus 912 — Thiellus 912 Sphyropicus 172 Spilocircus jardinii Kaup 7 spilogaster, Nisaetus 37 — Spilornis 3 Spiloglaux punctulata (Q. G.) 101 spilonotus Kaup, Circus 8 Spilopelia Sundey. 643, 645 — tigrina (Temm. Knip) 643 Spilornis G. R. Gray 56, 1, 26, 69 — bacha 3 Porphyrio y ee see UL - La - “i " Spilornis cheela Lath, 3 — davisoni Hume 3 — holospilus Vig. 3, 6, 68 — panayensis Steere 6 — raja 6 — rufipectus J. Gd. 60, 61, 90, 115, 120, 125, 126, 127, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 33, 641 — — sulaensis (Schl.) 61, 90, 124, i, 2h, By, Oi — rutherfordi Swinh, 3 — spilogaster 3 — sulaensis 3, 4, 5 spilorrhoa, Carpophaga 250, 629 — (G.R.Gr.), Myristicivora 630, 632 Spilospiza 23 — trinotata (Bp.) 21 Spilospizias Salvad. 113, 21, 23, 24, 652 — trinotatus (Bp.) 67, 71, 90, 115, 127,129, 21, 23, 24, 26, 66,79, 162 — — haesitandus Hart. 90, 127, 129, 28 spilothorax Saly. D’Alb., Circus 8 Spilotreron 611 (Spilura)stenura Rad de, Scolop.789 Spizaetus Vieill, 32, 37, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 451 — albogularis Tick, 35 — alboniger Blyth 37 — caligatus Raffl. 35 — ceylonensis (Gm.) 34 — cirratus Schl, 32 — cirrhatus (Gm.) 34, 71 — cristatellus Jard. Selby 35 — fasciolatus Temm, 32 — gurneyi 70, 71 — isidori 37 — kieneri (G. 8.) 35 — lanceolatus Temm, Schl. 61, 90, 115, 124, 82, 34, 35, 66, 68, 69, 71, 162 — limnaetus 34, 35, 68, 70, 71, 72 — mauduyti 68 — philippensis Gurn. 34, 68, 71 — rufitinctus M’Clell. 12 splendens, Corvus 208, 209 splendidum Bitt., Dicaeum 100, 125, 126, 441, 445, 446, 447 spodiogasterS harpe, Butorides851 spodiopygia Cass., Collocalia 335 — Macropteryx 335 squamiceps Hart., Chlorocharis 485 — (Hart.), Zosterops 100, 113, 116, 128, 484, 485, 486 squamifrons Sharpe, Zosterops 485 Squatarola Leach 62, 786, 737, 738 squatarola (L.), Charadrius 736 Squatarola helvetica (L.) 42, 44, 48, 108, 736 Index: Spilornis—Strix, stagnatilis, Ardea 852 — Ardetta 851 — Gld., Butorides 851 Starnoenas 594 Steatornis 316, 324, 325 Steatornithidae 324, 325 Steatornithinae 324, 325 Steganopodes 802, 883, 886, 893 stejnegeri Ridgw., Anthus 538 stellaris, Botaurus 856 stenozona Gray, Baza 76 stentorius (H. H.), Acrocephalus 522 stenura auct., Gallinago 790 — (Kuhl), Gallinago 790, 791 — Kuhl, Scolopax 790 — Radde, Scolopax (Spilura) 789 stephani Rehb., Chalecophaps 106, 652, 658, 654 Stercorariidae 893 Stercorarius Briss. 910 — crepidatus (Banks) 910 — hardyi 910 — parasiticus L, 910 — pomatorhinus (Temm.) 910 — sp. 110, 910 Sterna L, 897 — affinis Crtschm, 898 — anaestheta Scop. 110, 120, 126, 905, 906, 908 — bengalensis Less. 898 — bergii Leht. 110, 121, 898, 899 — cristata Steph. 899 — dougalli Mont. 898 — eurygnatha Saund, 899 — fuliginosa Gm, 905, 907, 908, 909 — grisea Horsf. 894 — hirundo 897 — hybrida Pall. 895 — javanica Horsf. 895 — leucopareia Natt. 895 — leucoptera Meisn. Sch. 893 — longipennis Nordm. 899 — lunata Peale 907, 908 — media Horsf. 110, 127, 897, 899, 900 — melanauchen Temm. 110, 908, 905, 906 — melanogaster T. 895 — melanoptera Sws, 906 — minuta 902, 903, 904, 905 — minuta Schl. 902 — nereis G1ld. 903 — nigra Schl. 894 — panaya Lath. 906 — panayensis Gm. 906 — pelecanoides King 899, 901 — poliocereus (J. Gd.) 901 — pusilla Temm, 902 — saundersi Hume 903 — sinensis Gm. 110, 901, 903, 904 957 Sterna stolida (L,) 908 — sumatrana Raffl. 904 — trudeaui 905 — velox Crtschm. 899, 901 Sterninae 893, 905 Sternula melanauchen ('T emm.) 904 — minuta Wald. 902 — placens Gld. 902 — sinensis (Gm.) 902 stevensoni Gurn., Accipit. 28, 29, 30 -- Tweedd.(necGurn.), Accipit, 28 stictocephalus, Graculus 890 — (Bp.), Phalacrocorax 890 stigmatus, Coryllis 158, 159 — (Miill. Schl), Loriculus 38, 56, 98, 94, 113, 115, 127, 58, 127, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161, 163, 164, 165, 169 — Nanodes 158 — Mill. Schl., Psittacus (Psitta- cula) 158 Stiltia grallaria (Temm.) 728 — isabella (Vieill.) 728 stolida L., Sterna 908 stolidus (L.), Anous 110, 120,908, 909 Stoparola Blyth 363, 374 — melanops (Vig.) 375 — meridionalis Bitt. 60, 98, 127, 129, 375 — panayensis 378 — septentrionalis Biitt. 62, 98, 116, 127, 129, 874, 375 376 strenuus J. Gd., Cuculus 184 — Hierococcyx 184 Strepsilas Ill. 755 — collaris (B. Meyer) 755 — interpres (L.) 42, 44, 48, 50, 108, 125, 748, 754, 755 Streptocitta Bp. 54, 82, 112, 125, 573, 574, 576—580, 585 — albicollis (Vieill.) 2,61, 104, 117, 128, 129, 176, 575—577, 579, 584 — caledonica Bp, 575 — torquata Platen 575 — torquata (Temm.) 104, 127, 128, 129, 576, 577 striata L., Columba 616 — (L.), Geopelia 106,125,128, 646, 648 — (L.), Hypotaenidia 106, 692, 694, 696, 703 striatus Drap., Cuculus 190, 192, 193 — Swinh., Cuculus 188 — Ophiocephalus 853 — L.,, Rallus 692 strigatus Eyt., Lanius 404 Striges 93 Strigiceps jardinii (J. Gd.) 7 Strigidae 109 Stringopidae 133 Strix L. 109 958 Strix amauronota Cab. 112, 113 — candida Tick. 92, 111,112, 113 — castanops 112 — flammea L. 92, 126,102,109, 111, 113 flammea rosenbergi (Schl.) 5, 92, 120, 109, 113 flammea sp. 8. Mill. 109 inexpectata Schl. 92, 115, 127, 28, 112 — javanica Gm. 109, 110, 111 longimembris Jerd. 112 — magica 8. Mill. 105 manadensis Q. G. 103 novaehollandiae 112 oustaleti Hart]. 112, 113 pithecops Swinh. 112, 113 rosenbergi Schl. 109, 111, 112 scutulata japonica T. Schl. 96 walleri Diggles 112, 113 Struthiones 325 Sturnia Less. 570 — daurica Pall. 571 — dominicana Salvad. 570 — pyrrhogenys (T. Schl.) 570 — sturnina (Pall.) 571 violacea (Bodd.) 41, 46, 104, 570, 571 Sturnidae 112, 554, 569, 576 sturnina (Pall.), Sturnia 571 subaffinis S cl., Tanygnathus 146, 148 subarquata, Tringa 795 subatrifrons M. & Wg., Zosterops 100, 124, 489, 490 subbuteo L., Falco 82, 84 subcastanea Hart., Munia 102, 117, 128, 547, 548 subcerthiolaS winh., Locustella 526 Subclamatores 340 subcristata J. Gd., Baza 75, 77 subgularis M. & Wg., Ptilopus 104, 124, 606, 607 subminuta, Actodromus 778 — Midd., Tringa 778 subruficollis, Rhytidocer. 242,243,244 Sula Briss. 891 — Wald., Dysporus 892 — fiber Schl. 892 fusca v. Mussch. 892 leucogaster (Bodd.) 110, 120, 892 piscatrix (L.) 892 sulaense, Dicaeum 445 — Sharpe, Dicaeum 100, 124, 443 sulaensis (Schl.), Accipiter 60, 61, 71, 90, 123, 124, 26, 27 — Rehw., Aprosmictus 78, 94, 123, 124, 170, 171 — Sharpe, Calornis 104, 124, 561, 562, 563 — Schl, Circaetus 4 Index: Strix—Tantalus. sulaensis (Schl.), Circaetus rufi- pectus 4 — Schl, Nisus 26 — Hart., Pisorhina 124 Briigg., Ptilopus 610 Spilornis 3, 4, 5 (Schl), Spilornis rufipectus 67, 90, 124, 1,2, 4, 5, 27 — (Schl), Treron 596 — (Schl.), Uraspiza 26 — Urospizias 27 sulcirostris Rsbg., Carbo 889 — (Brdt.), Graculus 890 — (Wall.), Hypotaenid. 106,125,698 — Microcarbo 890 — Brdt.,Phalacrocorax 110,890,891 — Wall., Rallus 698, 699 sulfurea Wall., Gerygone 390 — Motacilla 535 sulfureiventris, Pachycephala 394 sulfureus (Gm.), Plictolophus 129 sulfuriventer, Hyloterpe 393 — (Tweedd.), Pachycephala 98,116, 127, 129, 894, 395, 396 sulphurea (Gm.), Cacatua 92, 115, 127,128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 381, 431, 433, 630 — Hart., Cacatua 130 Vieill., Cacatua 128 djampeana Hart., Cacatua 92, 126, 130 parvula (Bp.), Cacatua 92, 180 Calobates 536 Bechst., Motacilla 534 sulphureus (Gm.), Plyctolophus 129 — Gm., Psittacus 128, 130 — minor vel moluccensis Bo urjot, Psittacus 129 sulphuriventrisWald., Hyloterp.394 suluensis W. Blas., Prionitur. 75,139 sumatrana Raffl., Ardea 108, 120, 814, 815, 816 — Raffl., Scolopax 773 — Raffl., Sterna 904 — Typhon 814 sumatranus W. Rams., Dicrurus 440 — (Raffl.), Onychoprion 904 Salvad., Phyllergates 520 Raffl., Psittacus 140 Rhopodytes 229 Tanygnathus 140 sumbaensis A. B.M., Merops ornatus 251, 252 sumbensis Hart., Rhipidura 379 — (Meyer), Tanygnathus megalo- rhynchus 126,148 superba Préy. Knip, Columba 613 — Finsch, Ptilonopus 613 superbus Schl., Ptilopus 613 — (Temm.), Ptilopus 614 superciliaris Bly th, Dimorpha 366 — Rsbg., Gallinula 706 — Eyt., Rallina 700, 701 superciliosa Gm., Anas 110, 872, 873 suratensis (Gm.), Turtur 645, 646 surinamensis, Hydrochelidon 897 Surniculus Less. 181, 208, 204, 209 — lugubris (Horsf.) 203, 204 — musschenbroeki A. B. M. 55, 94, 208, 204 — velutinus Sharpe 203, 204 Suya 520 sykesi Sws., Lalage 427 (Sylbeocyclus) tricolor Gray, Podi- ceps 915 sylvestris, Buceros 242 Sylvia cisticola Temm. 515 — curruca 487 — (Phyllopneuste) eversmanni Mid. 527 — flavescens Gray 527 — (Locustella) ochotens. Midd. 526 sylvicultrix S winh., Phylloscop. 527 Sylviidae 65, 362, 388, 506, 514, 515 Synoecus sinensis 663 Synoicus chinensis (L.) 663 syrmatophorus Gld., Herodias 829 tabuensis (G m.), Porzana 703, 704, 706 Tachybates gularis (J. Gd.) 917 Tachypetes aquila var. minor 884 — ariel (Gray) 884 — minor (Gm.) 883 Tachyspiza soloensis Horsf. 17 Tachyspizias (Kaup) 16, 24 — cuculoides Gurn. 17, 18, 19 — soloensis (Horsf.) 41, 44, 45, 60, 90, 120,121,124, 17, 19,31, 48, 100 Tagegallus 671 tahitiensis Swinh., Numenius 801 taigoor,. Turnix 686 taitiensis (Sparrm.), Urodynamis 46 talautense M. & Wg., Dicaeum 59, 61, 100, 121, 122, 445, 446, 560 — M.&Weg., Edoliisoma 98, 121,122, 422, 498, 424, 446 talautensis M. & Wg., Eos histrio 61, 92, 121, 122, 115, 117, 594 M. & Wg., Hermotimia 59, 63, 100, 121, 122, 466, 467, 470, 471, 472 Hart., Prionitur. platur. 721, 122 M. & Wg., Tanygnathus 59, 94, 121, 122, 146, 146 M. & Wg., Zeocephus 98, 121, 122, 362, 382 Talegallus 112, 674, 680 Tantalus 808 — falcinellus L. 803 — variegatus Scop. 797 Index: Tanygnathus—'Trichoglossus. Tanygnathus Wag]. 64, 140, 142, 148, 149, 171 — affinis Wall. 146, 148, 149 — albirostris Wall. 140 — burbidgei Sharpe 142 — everetti Tweedd. 142 — luconensis (L.) 73, 94, 120, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149 — luzonensis 144 — luzonensis M.& Wg. 145 — megalorhynchus (Bodd.) 94,120, 121, 142, 146, 148 — — sumbensis (Meyer) 94, 148 — muelleri (Mill. Schl.) 3, 73, 92, 115, 123, 124, 126, 140, 142, 143 — — sangirensis M. & Wg. 59, 94, . 120, 122, 142, 560 — subaffinis Scl. 146, 148 — sumatranus Sou. 140 — talautensis M. & Wg. 59, 94, 121, 122, 145, 146 Tanysiptera 75, 299, 302 — doris 302 — hydrocharis 302 teijsmanni Biitt., Cinnyris 462 — (Biitt.), Cyrtostomus 7, 100, 126, 462, 469 — Biitt., Pachycephala 7, 98, 125, 395, 396, 397, 398 — Biitt., Rhipidura 7, 98, 116, 127, 379, 380, 381 Temenuchus pyrrhogenys (T. 8.) 570 temmincki (S. M.), Aethopyga 455 — (S. Miill.), Artamides 415 — Campephaga 416 — (Vieill.), Coracias 78, 96, 113, 115, 127, 309, 311, 314 — Vieill., Galgulus 309 — (S. Miill.), Graucalus 98, 173, 116, 124, 411, 415, 416 — (Malh.), Iyngipicus 94, 113, 115, 121, 127, 178, 174 — Malh., Picus 173 — (Des Murs Préy,), Ptilopus 104, 613, 614 — Tringa 780 — Yungipicus 173 temminckii, Campephaga 415 — Miill., Ceblepyris 415 — Graucalus 416 — Des Murs Préy., Kurukuru 613 tenebrosa Gld., Gallinula 714 tener, Loriculus 149, 161, 163, 164 tenuirostris Briigg., ?Astur 90, 127, 18, 14, 15 — Moore, Corvus 580 — Temm., Micranous 909 Teraspiza 23, 24, 26 — rhodogaster 23, 24, 25 — virgatus (Temm.) 29 terat (Bodd.), Lalage 410, 427 terek Temm., Limosa 773 Terekia Bp. 778, 775 : — cinerea (Giild.) 42, 45,48, 108,778 (Terekia) cinerea Rams., Tringa 774 | Terekia guttifera 774 terekius Seeb., Totanus 774 Terpsiphone 363 terrae-reginae J. Gd., Collocalia 335 Tetrao chinensis L. 663 — ferrugineus Gm. 667 — tetrix 68 Tetraonidae 662 tetrix, Tetrao 68 Thalasseus pelecanoides (King) 899 | — poliocercus J. Gd. 899 — torresii J. Gd. §98 tickelli, Ptilolaemus 244 Thiellus chlororhynchos (Less.) 912 — sphenurus (J. Gd.) 912 Thinocorus 724, 728 threnodes Cab., Cacomantis 200 Threskiornis 808 Thriponax 178 Tickellia 520 Tiga 178 tigrina Temm. Kn., Columba 643 — Spilopelia 643 — Turtur 643 tigrinus (Drap.), Enneoctonus 404 — Drap., Lanius 41, 45, 98, 49, 354, 408, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 789 — (Temm. Kn.), Turtur 106, 120, 648, 644, 645, 646, 648 Timeliidae 113, 485, 495, 506, 507, 508, 515, 554 Timeliinae 496 timorensis, Campephaga 428 — 8. Miill., Ceblepyris 428 — (S. Mill), Lalage 100, 125, 126, 128, 410, 427, 428, 430 timoriensis Less., Ardea 829 — Sharpe, Herodias 829, 831 — Lalage 428 — var.celebensis A. B. M., Lalage 428 timorlaoensis Meyer, Baza 77 — A. B. M., Macropygia 642 Tinami 662 Tinnunculus Vieill. 71, 78 — alaudarius 80 tinnunculus, Falco 80 — 8. Mill, Falco 78 Tinnunculus moluccensis (Jacq. Puch.) 78, 80 — — occidentalis M. & Wg. 90, 126, 79 — — orientalis n. subsp. 90, 79 Todiramphus collaris (Scop.) 292 — forsteni (Bp.) 292 959 Todirhamphus sanctus (Vig. Horsf.) 287 toliapicus, Halcyornis 308 topela, Munia 549 torquata Temm., Garrula 577 — (L.), Hypotaenidia 698 — (Temm.), Pica 577 — Platen, Streptocitta 575 — (Temm.), Streptocitta 104, 127, 128, 129, 576, 577 torquatus, Astur 15, 16 — Faleo 15 — Nisus 15 — (Temm,), Urospizias 90, 126, 15 torquilla, Iynx 270, 419 torra Frankl, Ardea 829 |— Herodias 829, 831 torresii Gld., Thalasseus 898 Totanus Behst. 759, 766, 769, 770, 773, 794 — acuminatus Horsf. 776 — affinis Horsf. 764 — brevipes Vieill. 766 — calidris (L.) 42, 44, 108, 125, 761, 766 — calidris M. & Wg. 774 — canescens (Gm.) 759, 760 — cinereus (Giild.) 774 — damascensis Horsf. 778 — glareola (L.) 42, 45, 48, 49, 108, 121, 127, 763, 764 — glottis (L.) 42, 44, 48, 49, 108, 125, 759, 763, 766 — griseopygius Gld. 767 — hypoleucos (L.) 770 — incanus Schl. 767 — — brevipes (Vieill.) 767 — javanicus Horsf. 773 — littoreus (L.) 760 — nebularius (Gunner) 760 — ochropus 766 — pulverulentus 8. Mill. 767 — terekius Seeb. 774 tranquilla Gld., Geopelia 648 Trerolaema 606 Treron griseicauda Schl. 598 — griseicauda Wall. 595 — sangirensis Brigg. 598 — sulaensis (Schl.) 596 — vernans (L.) 599 — viridis (Scop.) 600 Treronidae 595, 633 Treroninae 595 Trichastoma affine Blyth 508 Trichoglossi 122, 123, 126 Trichoglossidae 121 Trichoglossus Vig. Horsf. 61, 71, 73, 120, 122, 125, 126 — cyanogrammus 122 — euteles Temm. 126 960 Trichoglossus flavoviridis Wall. 92, 124, 124, 126, 127 forsteni Bp. 92, 123 — djampeanus (Ht.) 92, 126, 124 haematodes (L.) 124 immarginatus Blyth 123 massena Bp, 122 meyeri Tweed. 6, 38, 92, 113, 115, 127, 129, 124, 125, 126, 127, 159, 160, 162 — bonthainensis (Meyer) 92, 127, 129, 125 mitchelli G. R. Gray 124 novaehollandiae (Gm.) 124 ornatus (L.) 38, 55, 61, 71, 92, 113, 115, 121, 123, 126, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 159, 271 rosenbergi Schl, 126 Trichophorus longirost. (W all.) 497 Trichostoma Blyth 496, 503, 504, 506, 507 abbotti (Blyth) 506 celebense (Strickl.) 102, 114, 116, 128, 129, 502, 504, 506, 507 505, 506, 507 gularis (Sharpe) 506, 507 rostratum Blyth 506 rufescens (Rehw.) 507 tricolor Heine R., Colymbetes 916 -- (Bodd.), Lalage 427 — (G. R. Gray), Podiceps 110, 915, 917, 918 — Vord,, Podiceps 917, 918 — Podiceps minor var, 916 — Gray, Podiceps (Sylbeocyel.) 915 — Gr., Rallina 700 — Schl., Rallina 700 tridactylus, Ceyx 2738, 274, 276, 280 Tringa L. 770, 773, 775, 782, 788 acuminata (Horsf.) 42, 48, 49, 108, 776, 778 albescens Temm. 778, 780 arenaria L. 782, 784 australis Jard. Selby 776 australis Less. 780 (Terekia) cinerea (Giild.) 774 crassirostris Temm, Schl, 778 damascensis (Horsf.) 42, 45, 108, 778, 779 glareola L, 764 hyperborea L, 785 hypoleucos L. 770 interpres L, 755 lobata L. 785 minuta 44, 780, 782 minuta Blyth 778 minuta Gld, 780 — orientalis 781, 782 — ruficollis (Pall.) 780 finschi Tweedd. 102, 128, 129, | Index: Trichoglossus—undulatus. Tringa pectoralis (Say) 778 platyrhyncha 787 platyrincha (Temm.) 787 ruficollis Pall, 42, 44, 48, 49, 108, 120, 126, 779, '780, 782 ruficollis Wald. 778 salina Sharpe Dress. 778 salina (Pall.) 780 subarquata 795 subminuta Midd, 778 temmincki 780 Tringoides Bp. 770 — hypoleucos (L.) 771 trinotata (Bp.), Erythrospiza 21 — Spilospiza 21 trinotatus Bp., Accipiter 21 — Accipiter 23 — Astur 21, 23 — Erythrospizias 21, 23 — Nisus 21 — Sparvius 21 — (Bp.), Spilospizias 617, 71, 90, 115, 127, 129, 21, 23, 24, 26, 66, 79, 162 — haesitandus Hart., Spilospizias 90, 127, 129, 23 tristigma Salvad., Phlogoenas 655 tristigmata, Columba 654 — Goura 655 — Bp., Phlegaenas 654 — Wall., Phlegoenas 656 — Bp., Phlogoenas 106, 113, 117, 128, 129, 654, 655, 656 tristis (L.), Acridotheres 565 — Rhopodytes 229, 230 triton (Temm.), Cacatua 131 trivirgata (Str.), Cryptolopha 531 — Hume, Lophospiza 12 | trivirgatus (Temm.), Astur 90, 11, 13 — Hart., Astur (Lophospizia) 12 — rufitinctus (M’Clell.), Astur 90, 12 — Temm., Falco 11 — Lophospiza 12 — Lophospizias 12 — subsp. rufitinctus, Lophospizias 12 Trochilidae 64, 65, 334 trudeaui, Sterna 905 Trynga ruficollis Pall. 780 — salina Pall. 780 Tubinares 893, 911 tumulus Gld., Megapodius 677 Turacoena Bp. 633, 635, 636, 637 — manadensis (Q. G.) 60, 106, 117, 124, 125, 127, 686, 636, 641 — modesta (Temm.) 636 | Turdidae 362, 390, 508, 554 turdina orientalis Temm, Schl, Salicaria 521 Turdinus 502, 508 Te Turdinus castaneus Biitt. 502 — celebensis (Strickl.) 505 — finschi (Tweedd.) 507 turdoides, Acrocephalus 44, 522 — Hart., Cataponera 102, 116, 128, 503 — orientalis (T. Schl.), Calamo- herpe 521 Turdus 504, 508, 510 cantor Gm. 555 chalybeus Horsf. 556 erythronotus (Scl.) 509 merula 113, 706 musicus L, 113 Turnices 661, 662, 685, 724 Turnicidae 64, 685, 686 Turnix Bonnat. 64, 65, 69, 70, 162, 685, 686, 687, 787 — beccarii Salvad. 6, 687 fasciatus Gld. 686 maculatus Vieill. 687 maculosa (Temm.) 48, 687, 688 melanonota 687 melanotus Gld. 687 nigricollis 69 powelli Guillem. 687 rufescens Wall, 688 rufilata 686 rufilateralis Rsbg. 686 rufilatus Wall. 106, 117, 128, 686, 688 taigoor 686 Turtur Selby 595, 642, 643 — chinensis (Scop.) 645 — chinensis Wall. 643 turtur Schl., Macropygia 637, 638 Turtur malaccensis Schl. P. 647 risorius 623 suratensis (Gm.) 645, 646 tigrina 643 tigrinus (Temm. Kn.) 106, 120, 648, 644, 645, 646, 618 tweeddalei, Pernis 71 Tylas edwardsi 66 Typhon 816 typhon Temm., Ardea 814 Typhon rectirostris (J. Gd.) 814 — robusta Bp. 814 — sumatrana (Raffl.) 814 typica Bp., Gazzola 2, 104. 117, 128, 584, 585 typicus, Haliastur indus 53 tytleri Hume, Calornis 557 — (Hume), Calornis panayensis 557, 558 106, umbellata Rehb., Sphenorhyn. 806 umbretta, Scopus 810 undulatus, Rhytidoc. 242, 243, 244 i ae Ss unicolor (Jerd.), Collocalia 331 unirufus Cab. Heine, Pyrrhocen- tor 223 Upupidae 308 Uraspiza Kaup 26 — sulaensis (Schl.) 26 urbica, Chelidon 356 Urococcyx 228 — aeneicauda (J.& A. Verr.) 228 — borneensis (Bp.) 228 — erythrognathus 228 — microrhinus 229 Urodynamis 209, 220 — taitiensis (Sparrm.) 46 Uroloncha kangeanensis Vord. 551 — molucea (L.) 550 — propinqua Sharpe 550 uropygialis Gld., Limosa 792 — Limosa lapponica 792 — Limosa rufa 792 — Gld., Numenius 797 Urospiza iogaster (S. Mull.) 13, 15 Urospizias (Kaup) 15, 24 — griseigularis 24 — hiogaster pt.? Gurn. 13, 14 — hiogaster (S. Mill.) 14, 24 — liogaster 15 — sulaensis Salvad. 27 — torquatus (Temm.) 90, 126, 15) ussheri, Pitta 349, 354 VYagans, Anas 868 — Fras., Dendrocygna 868 — Halcyon 288, 291 validissima (Schl.), Corone 580 validissimus, Corvus 581 validus Bp., Corvus 581 — Finsch, Corvus 581 — var. Wall., Corvus 581 — (Bp.), Corvus enca 580 Vanellus cristatus 735 vanicorensis (Q. G.), Collocalia 331 — Q.G., Hirundo 331 vanwycki Cass., Carpophaga 621 variegata (Vieill.), Loxia 550 — (Vieill.), Spermestes 550 variegatus (Scop.), Numenius 42, 44, 48, 49, 108, 120, 121, 125, 797, 799, 800, 801 — Numenius phaeopus 797 — Scop., Tantalus 797 varius (Bodd.), Fregilupus 573 — (Shaw Nodd.), Gallus 669 — (Briss.), Pluvialis 737 velox Crtschm., Sterna 899, 901 velutinus Sh., Surniculus 203, 204 vereda (J. Gd.), Aegialitis 42, 48, 108, 121, 741, 742 veredus, Aegialitis 741 — J. Gd.,. Charadrius 741 Index: unicolor—Zeocephus. veredus, Eudromias 741 — Ochthodromus 741 vernalis, Loriculus 72, 151, 155, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169 vernans L., Columba 599 — (L.), Osmotreron 104,599, 601,602 — Osmotreron 600 — Treron 599 verreauxi M. E., Psittacus 168 verticalis Sharpe, Prioniturus 75, 137, 139 Vidua 62 Viduinae 541 | vigil, Rhinoplax 244 vigorsi (Syk.), Aethopyga 455 — Pitta 355, 356 vincens (Scl.), Acmonorhynchus 450, 451 violacea, Hydrocissa 237 |; — Bodd., Motacilla 570 570, 571 violaceus Bp., Corvus 583 — (Bp.), Corvus enca 581 virescens (Briigg.), Cacomantis 94, 115, 123, 124, 196, 197, 198, 199 — Briigg., Cuculus 196 virgatus (Temm.), Accipiter 44, 90, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32 — Sharpe, Accipiter 28 '—Swinh. (mec Temm,), piter 17 affinis (Hdgs.), Accipit. 90,28, 31 gularis (Temm. Schl.), Acci- piter 41,45, 90, 126, 28, 30, 31, 32 manilensis (Meyen), Accipiter 90, 28, 31 rufotibialis (Sharpe), Accipiter 90, 29, 31 Astur 19 Temm., Falco 27 rhodogaster Schl., Nisus 25 — Teraspiza 29 virginalis Hart., Pitta 96, 126, 355 viridinitens Gray, Collocalia 334 viridis Wald., Budytes 532 — Centrococcyx 221 — Centropus 220 — Swinh., Centropus 214 — Merops 256 — Motacilla 533 — Hume, Osmotreron 600 — (Scop.), Treron 600 vitiensis Q. G., Columba 634 — Peale, Porphyrio 718, 720 vittatus Jard. Selby, Cypselus 328 Volvocivora morio (S. Miill.) 419 vordermanni Biitt., Cryptolopha531 | vulgaris Leach, Buteo 113 — Pyrrhula 68 Acci- Meyer & Wiglesworth Birds of Celebes (May 20th 1898). |— (Bodd.), Sturnia 42, 46, 104,| 961 Waldeni, Cranorrhinus 242 — Swinh., Lanius 404 wallacei, Alophonerpes 179 — Sharpe, Ceyx 4, 96, 124, 272, 273, 274, 277 — Briigg., Chalcophaps 653 — (Sharpe), Dacelo 272 — J. Gd., Dendrochelidon 336 — Dendrochelidon klecho var. 336 — (Tw.) Lichtensteinipicus 179 — G. R. Gray, Loriculus 154 — (J. Gd.), Macropteryx 4, 96, 116, 124, 125, 127, 836, 337 — (Tweedd.), Microstictus 94, 113, 127, 129, 176, 179, 180, 300 — Tweedd., Mulleripicus 179 — Salvad., Osmotreron 4, 104, 117, 124, 125, 127, 596, 596, 597, 599, 601, 602 — pallidior Hart., 104, 126, 597 — J. Gd., Prioniturus 134 'walleri Diggles, Strix 112, 113 | westermanni Sharpe, Muscica- pula 61, 98, 128, 365 whiteheadi Seeb., Merula 511 — Sh., Pachycephala 395 wolfi Gurn., Cireus 8 worcesteri, Loriculus 161, 163 Osmotreron xanthocheilus Wagl., Charadr. 738 Xanthocnus Sharpe 861 — flavicollis (Lath.) 54, 55, 110, 120, 121, 861, 863, 864 — melaenus (Saly.) 55,110, 120,868 — melas Sharpe 863 xanthodryas Swinh., Phyllose. 529 Xantholestes helianthea (W all.) 387 — panayensis Sharpe 387 xanthorrhoa (Salyv.), Jonotreron 611 — Salvad., Jotreron 611 xanthorrhous (Salvad.), Ptilopus 59, 104, 120, 121, 123, 607, 608, 610, 611, 612 Xanthotis 483 Xenicidae 340 Xenopicus 71, 172 Xenopirostris polleni 66 Yuhina 484 Yungipicus temmincki (Malh.) 173 Zanclostoma 209 Zanclostomus 229, 230 — calorhenchus (Temm.) 226 Zapornia quadristrig. (Horsf.) 705 — sandwichensis Rchb. 705 zenobia (Less.), Crystost. 463, 469 |Zeocephus Bp. 78, 382, 383 — cinnamomeus Sharpe 383 121 962 Zeocephus cyanescens Sharpe 378 — rowleyi A. B. M. 378 — rufus (Gray) 382, 383 — talautensis M.& We. 98, 121, 122, 362, 382 Zonaenas radiata (Q. G.) 622 Zonerodius 849 Zonoenas 626 — forsteni (Bp.) 624 — radiata (Q. G.) 622 Zonophaps 623, 625, 626 Zosteropidae 484, 485, 488, 494 Zosterops Vig. Horsf. 64, 396, 484, 485, 486, 488, 489, 491—494 — abyssinica Guér. 492, 493 — albiventris Rehb. 495 — anjuanensis EH. Newt. 492, 493 — anomala M. & Wg. 100, 114, 116, 128, 492, 493, 494 — atricapilla Salvad. 488, 489 Index: Zeocephus—Zosterops. Zosterops atrifrons Wall. 100, 116, 128, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493 — aureiventris Hume 495 — babeloM.W¢g.59, 100,121,122, 495 — basilanica Steere 495 — brunneicauda Guillem. 486 — brunneicauda Salvad. 487 — buruensis Salvad. 487 — caerulescens (Lath.) 489 — chloris Bp. 487 — chrysolaema Salvad. 489, 491 — citrinella Bp. 492, 493 — clara Sharpe 488, 489 — crissalis Sharpe 495 — delicatula Sharpe 489, 490 — demeryi Biitt. 492, 493 — everetti Tweedd. 495 — flava (Horsf.) 487 — frontalis Salvad. 489 — grayi Wall, 495 Printers, Breitkopf & Hartel, Leipsic. Zosterops intermedia Wall. 100, 125, 126, 128, 486, 487, 493 — javanica (Horsf.) 485 — mesoxantha Salvad. 495 |— neglecta Seeb. 492, 493 — nehrkorni W. Blas. 59, 100, 120, 122, 488, 489, 490, 491, 560 — nigrifrons Hartl. 487 — palpebrosa (Temm.) 491—494 — poliogaster Heugl. 492, 493 — salvadorii M.& Wg. 495 — sarasinorum M.& Wg. 9, 100, 116, 128, 491, 492, 493, 494 — simplex Swinh. 492, 493 — siquijorensis Bourns Worc.495 — squamiceps (Hart.) 100, 113, 116, 128, 484, 485, 486 — squamifrons Sharpe 485 |— subatrifrons M.& Wg. 100, 124, | 489, 490 Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XVIIT Pachycephala bonensis M.& Wa. Pachycephala sulfuriventer (Tweedd.) } Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XIX Land 2. Pachycephala bonthaina M.d& W9. 1.anas. 2. fem. 3. Cryptolopha sarasinorum M.& Wg. Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Graucalus bicolor (Temm.) mas et fem. Plate XX Plate XXI Birds of Celebes Meyer & Wiglesworth Graucalus leucopygius Bp. ad. et jur. = Bt Mean. 7 he? Pats q ’ —_ = Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XXII Edoliisoma obiense Salvad. 1. fem., 4. mas, Edoliisoma talautense M.& Wg. 2. fem, 6. mas. Edoliisoma morio (S. Mill.) 3. fem., 5. mas. { vee Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Edoliisoma salvadoriz Sharpe mas et fem. Plate XXIIT bmg i: Vass em al 2 Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes 1.—2. Dicrurus leucops Wall., 1. ad. 2. ju. q Plate XXIV Dicrurus leucops axillaris (Salvad.) Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XXV 1.—2. Dicaeum celebtcum 53. Dicaeum sangirense Salvad. S. Mill. 1. mas, 2. fem. 4. Dicaeum nehrkorni W. Blas. > Plate Xe Val Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes 1. mas, 2. fem. Mas. 1.—2. Cyrtostomus tejsmanni Biitt., 3. Cyrtostomus frenatus saleyerensis Hart., Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XX VII Acmonorhynchus sangirensis (Salvad.) Hermotimia talautensis M.& Wg., mas et fem. Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Myza sarasinorum M.& Wg. Melilestes celebensis M.& Wg. Plate XXVIII Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Zosterops squamiceps (Hart.), Cataponera turdoides Hart., nat. size 2/3 nat. size Plate XXIX Meyer & Wiglesworth : Birds of Celebes Plate XXX . 1. Zosterops babelo M.& Wo. 2. Losterops subatrifrons M.& Wg. 5. Losterops anomala M.& Wa. Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XXXT Zosterops sarasinorum M.& Wg. Zosterops nehrkorni W. Blas. Bao Mie: PTR en Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XXXII I. [ole aurea (Tweedd.) 2. Tole platenae (W. Blas.) 8 eee : See ee anaes oe Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XXXTIT Malia grata recondita (M.& W9.) Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XXXIV Phyllergates riedeli M.& Wg. Androphilus castaneus (Biitt.) Plate XXXV Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Merula celebensis Biitt. ad. et ju. | mle Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XXXVI Basileornis galeatus A.B. M. Calornis sulaensis Sharpe Plate XXX VIT rds of Celebes U B glesworth i Meyer & Vi Oriolus melanisticus M.& Wg. Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XXX VIII 1. Ptilopus melanocephalus (Forst.) 2. Ptilopus chrysorrhous (Salvad.) 3. Ptilopus xanthorrhous (Salvad.) Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XXXIX Carpophaga concinna Wall. Carpophaga intermedia M.& Wa. ; . m ep ’? Sivires ris Gane S ; ty Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XL Macropygia albicapilla Bp. mas, fem. et pull. Meyer & Waglesworth: Burds of Celebes Plate XLI EX) Megapodius sangirensis Schl. 1. Megapodius cumingi Dillw. ¥ ive é 4 iy it pe rset tie Pad yah Pr.» ong. Plate XLII Meyer & Wiglesworth: Burds of Celebes Zz Blas.) if Aramidopsis platent (W enbergi (Schl.) ° Gymnocrex ro Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XLIII Gallinula frontata Wall. Amaurornis isabellina (Schl.) Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Plate XLIV Herodias eulophotes Swinh. | Meyer & Wiglesworth: Birds of Celebes Ardetta eurhythma Swinh. Plate XLV PUBLISHED BY R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, BERLIN. Abbildungen von Vogelskeletten. n Dr. A. B. Meyer Director des Kéniglichen Zoologischen Museums zu Dresden. 2 Volumes in 4°, 230 pages, 242 plates in Phototype. 1879—1897. Price 360 Mark — 18 ¢. ABHANDLUNGEN UND BERICHTE> des Kéniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden. Herausgegeben yon Dr. A. B. MEYER Director des Museums. 6 volumes in 4% 1343 pages, 90 plates (25 coloured), 101 woodcuts. 1886—1897. Price 250 Mark — 12 ¢ 10 sh. These six volumes contain 51 different papers, among which 13 ornithological ones. Volume VII in preparation. Each volume is sold separately. Vol. 1—5: 40 M. — 2 ¢£ each, vol. VI: 50 M. — 2 ¢ 10 sh. L. Reichenbach's Naturgeschichte der Vogel. System und Monographieen der Vogel nebst Index von A. B. 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